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1,108,101,562,715 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since matching theory \cite{LP09} was established,
a number of generalizations of the matching problem have been proposed,
including
path-matchings \cite{CG97},
even factors \cite{CG01,Pap07,PS04},
triangle-free $2$-matchings \cite{CP80,Pap04},
square-free $2$-matchings \cite{Hart06,Pap07}... |
1,108,101,562,716 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Compressive sensing aims to recover an unknown signal from the underdetermined linear measurements (see \cite{ek,fr} for a comprehensive view). It is known as phase retrieval or phaseless compressive sensing when there is no phase information. The phaseless compressive sensing problem has recent... |
1,108,101,562,717 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Neural encoder-decoder models have been successfully applied to various natural language generation tasks including machine translation~\cite{Sutskever:2014:SSL:2969033.2969173}, summarization~\cite{rush-chopra-weston:2015:EMNLP}, and caption generation~\cite{journals/corr/VinyalsTBE14}.
Still, i... |
1,108,101,562,718 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
{
The development of internet technology has led to the generation of modern data that exhibits several challenges in statistical estimation:
\begin{enumerate}
\item The first challenge comes from the scalability of the data. In particular, modern large-scale data usually cannot be fit into ... |
1,108,101,562,719 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\section{Ease of Use}
\subsection{Maintaining the Integrity of the Specifications}
The IEEEtran class file is used to format your paper and style the text. All margins,
column widths, line spaces, and text fonts are prescribed; please do not
alter them. You may note peculiarities. For exampl... |
1,108,101,562,720 | arxiv | \section{Successive Approximations}
Double successive rough set approximations here, are considered using two, generally different equivalence relations. These are interesting because one can imagine a situation or model where sets/information to be approximated is input through two different approximations before ... |
1,108,101,562,721 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and Motivation}
\label{sec:introduction}
The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics has been the most successful theory of elementary particles that provides excellent explanations of many physical phenomena occurring in Nature~\cite{Workman:2022ynf}. However, there are a plethora of motivations... |
1,108,101,562,722 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A tensor is a multi-dimensional array of numbers, which is a generalization of a matrix. Compared to a ``flat'' matrix, a tensor provides a richer and more natural representation for many data. In this paper, we focus on the third-order tensor which looks like a magic cube. This format of data is... |
1,108,101,562,723 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec1}
Treatment effect analyses often entail a measurement error problem as well as an endogeneity problem.
For example, \cite{black/sanders/taylor:2003} document a substantial measurement error in educational attainments in the 1990 U.S. Census.
At the same time, educational attainments a... |
1,108,101,562,724 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The study of the phase diagram of QCD is very important for astrophysics, cosmology, and particle physics. However, the phase diagram of QCD is still incompletely studied. The reason is that quarks and gluons constitute a strongly interacting system, and this fact complicates the use of analytica... |
1,108,101,562,725 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Gamow-Teller (GT) properties of nuclei in the medium mass
region of the periodic
table are crucial determinants of
the precollapse evolution of a supernova~\cite{bethe:1992}.
The core of a massive
star at the end of hydrostatic burning is stabilized by electron degeneracy
pressure as long as... |
1,108,101,562,726 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In the expanding ejecta of a supernova, dust grains condense from cooling metal-rich gas. These newly formed grains are injected into the interstellar medium (ISM), where they cause interstellar extinction and diffuse infrared emission, serve as a coolant and opacity source, catalyze H$_2$ form... |
1,108,101,562,727 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Magnetic fields are ubiquitous in the photosphere and interact with convective plasmas. Photospheric convective plasma flows advect magnetic fields, and eventually concentrate them. This interaction may cause magnetic reconnections and the excitation of magnetohydrodynamic waves, which could con... |
1,108,101,562,728 | arxiv | \section{#1}\setcounter{equation}{0}}
\newcommand{\subsectiono}[1]{\subsection{#1}\setcounter{equation}{0}}
\def{\hbox{ 1\kern-.8mm l}}{{\hbox{ 1\kern-.8mm l}}}
\def{\hbox{ 0\kern-1.5mm 0}}{{\hbox{ 0\kern-1.5mm 0}}}
\def{\wh a}{{\widehat a}}
\def{\wh b}{{\widehat b}}
\def{\wh c}{{\widehat c}}
\def{\wh d}{{\widehat d... |
1,108,101,562,729 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{section0}
In this paper, we present a simple proof of Perelman's collapsing
theorem for $3$-manifolds (cf. Theorem 7.4 of \cite{Per2003a}),
which Perelman used to verify Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture
on the classification of $3$-manifolds.
\subsection{Statement of Perelman's collap... |
1,108,101,562,730 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The main goal of this paper is to provide a new
calculation of the value of the
gluino condensate
in four-dimensional ${\cal N}=1$ supersymmetric pure $SU(N)$ gauge theory.
Our approach incorporates recent results and ideas of
Refs.~\cite{HKLM,LY,KL,LL,KvBzer,KvBone,KvBtwo}.
Previous to this,... |
1,108,101,562,731 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Large sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) is the largest optical telescope in China\citep{2012RAA....12.1197C}. The size of its main mirror is 6.67 meters with 4 meters effective aperture. LAMOST is characterized by both a large field of view and large aperture.
Aft... |
1,108,101,562,732 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Classical orthogonal polynomials $p_n(x)$ and their generalizations in
the Askey and $q$-Askey scheme have the property that they are eigenfunctions
of some second order operator $L$ with eigenvalues depending on $n$, which
therefore may be called the spectral variable. Moreover, being orthogonal... |
1,108,101,562,733 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
We have been developing a general algorithm framework for
one-step spectral CT image reconstruction (OSSCIR) that
we have applied to experimental data acquired employing a spectral CT system
with photon-counting detectors \cite{Schmidt2017}.
The OSSCIR algorithm framework involv... |
1,108,101,562,734 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Symplectic field theory (SFT), introduced by H. Hofer, A. Givental and Y. Eliashberg in 2000 ([EGH]), is a very large
project and can be viewed as a topological quantum field theory approach to Gromov-Witten theory. Besides providing a
unified view on established pseudoholomorphic curve th... |
1,108,101,562,735 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{introduction_sec}
Metric-affine gravity \cite{Hehl:1995} is a natural extension of Einstein's general relativity theory. It is based on gauge-theoretic principles \cite{Blagojevic:2002,Hehl:2013}, and it takes into account microstructural properties of matter (spin, dilation current, pro... |
1,108,101,562,736 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
High resolution observations of the solar photosphere have greatly
enhanced our understanding of the complex interactions between
magnetic fields and turbulent convective motions. Modern ground-based
telescopes, such as the SST on La Palma, and space-borne instruments,
such as the Solar Optical ... |
1,108,101,562,737 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be the Lie algebra of a connected simple algebraic group $G$ of adjoint type over an algebraically closed field $k$.
A {\it grading} on $\mathfrak{g}$ is a decomposition
$$\mathfrak{g}=\bigoplus_{i\in \mathbb{Z}/m}\mathfrak{g}_i$$
where $m$ is an integer $\geq 0$ and $[\mat... |
1,108,101,562,738 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}{\label{sec:intro}}
Over the past two decades the orbital architecture of giant planets has expanded from a single order of magnitude in the Solar System (5--30 AU) to over five orders of magnitude among extrasolar planetary systems (0.01--5000 AU; Figure~\ref{fig:mass_sma}).
High-contrast adap... |
1,108,101,562,739 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
This paper is an extended and modified version of preprint \cite{EGZ}.
Let $X,X_1,\ldots,X_n$ be independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables
with common distribution $F=\mathcal L(X)$.
The L\'evy concentration function of a random variable $X$ is defined by the ... |
1,108,101,562,740 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and notation}
A variety of important observables are essentially given by the
correlators of currents with different tensorial structure. The cross
section for $e^+e^-$ annihilation into hadrons is governed by the vector
current correlator, the $Z$ decay rate by a combination of vector and
axial ... |
1,108,101,562,741 | arxiv | \section{Introduction: Brackets and deformations in DFT}
Due to the extended nature of closed strings moving in a background, the field theory describing its classical dynamics is different from that of a point particle. In particular, the string can ``wind'' around compact cycles of the background manifold. This gives... |
1,108,101,562,742 | arxiv |
\subsection{Outlier Text Detection}
\label{subsec:otd}
The goal of outlier text detection is to identify semantically-deviating (or out-of-domain) documents from a given text corpus.
The most dominant approach to this task is applying existing outlier detection methods on a low-dimensional vector space, where the sem... |
1,108,101,562,743 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\input{Introduction}
\section{System Model}
\input{SystemModel}
\subsection{Energy Transfer Phase}
\input{DownlinkStage}
\subsection{Information Transmission Phase}
\input{UplinkStage}
\section{Problem Formulation and Optimal Solution}
\label{Section:ProblemFormulati... |
1,108,101,562,744 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are remarkable cosmological standardisable
candles that are routinely used to measure cosmological parameters
\citep{1998AJ....116.1009R,1999ApJ...517..565P,2007ApJ...659...98R,2009ApJS..185...32K,2011ApJ...737..102S,2012ApJ...746...85S}.
As t... |
1,108,101,562,745 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The journal \textit{Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society} (MNRAS) encourages authors to prepare their papers using \LaTeX.
The style file \verb'mnras.cls' can be used to approximate the final appearance of the journal, and provides numerous features to simplify the preparation of pa... |
1,108,101,562,746 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide \cite{world2010treatment}. Although the mortality rate caused by TB has declined in recent years, single- and multi-drug resistance has become a major threat to quick and effective TB treatment. Studies have revealed that p... |
1,108,101,562,747 | arxiv | \section{Summary}
In conclusion, we have constructed the dynamical equations for active
smectics, both in bulk suspensions and in confined systems in contact with a
momentum sink. Our theory is generic, applicable to any driven system with
spontaneous stripe order. We show, extending \cite{sraditiSSCOM2006}, that
noisy... |
1,108,101,562,748 | arxiv |
\subsection{Deterministic Slowdown}
To mitigate the effect of heterogeneity, backup workers and bounded staleness loosen up the synchronization scheme by allowing a worker to advance faster than a few or even all of its incoming neighbors. However, the gap between a worker's iteration and its neighbor's is still bound... |
1,108,101,562,749 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Text understanding starts with the challenge of finding machine-understandable representation that captures the semantics of texts. Bag-of-words (BoW) and its N-gram extensions are arguably the most commonly used document representations. Despite its simplicity, BoW works surprising... |
1,108,101,562,750 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
When $R$ is a commutative ring, the group $K_1(R)$ is an abelian group generated by invertible matrices with entries in $R$.
In particular, when $R$ is a field, it is well-known that the determinant map $\det : K_1(R) \rightarrow R^\times$ is an isomorphism.
An important consequence of this fact ... |
1,108,101,562,751 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The physical and physiological mechanism of sound production are
important to understanding mammal vocalization which ranges from
periodic vocal fold vibrations to completely aperiodic vibration
and atonal noise. Between these two extremes, a large amount of
phenomena have been observed and repo... |
1,108,101,562,752 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}}
\IEEEPARstart{D}{eep} neural networks (DNNs)~\cite{lecun1989backpropagation} have been the workhorse of many challenging tasks, including image classification~\cite{krizhevsky2012imagenet,srivastava2015training,he2016deep,alexey2021vit,liu2021swin}, semantic segmentati... |
1,108,101,562,753 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\yp{Pyramidal neurons, the most ubiquitous type of neurons in the mammalian neocortex, each feature tens of thousands of excitatory convergent synaptic inputs. Most incoming synaptic signals terminate on sub-micron bulbs known as dendritic spines \cite{nimchinsky2002structure}. Spines exhibit a ... |
1,108,101,562,754 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Due to the tremendous potential in learning discriminative feature representation without using data annotations, self-supervised learning has received much attention in the representation learning field.
Contrastive learning \cite{moco_2020,simclr_2020}, as a type of discrim... |
1,108,101,562,755 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are known to be suitable for hardware implementation specially on neuromorphic devices~\cite{zenke2021visualizing,bouvier2019spiking}. However, the temporal dynamics of SNNs both in neuron and network levels along with the non-differentiabilty of spike functions hav... |
1,108,101,562,756 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The breakdown of Dennard scaling \cite{esmaeilzadeh2011dark}, and the seemingly inescapable end of Moore's law~\cite{simonite2016moore}, present new challenges for computer architects striving to achieve increased performance in modern computing systems.
Heterogeneous Computing has emerged to add... |
1,108,101,562,757 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgments}
\par
The author is grateful to Prof. A. Parola and Prof. L. Reatto
for stimulating discussions.
\newpage
\section*{References}
\begin{description}
\item{\ 1.} M.H. Anderson, J.R. Ensher, M.R. Matthews, C.E. Wieman,
and E.A. Cornell, Science {\bf 269}, 189 (1995).
\item{\ 2.} K.B. Dav... |
1,108,101,562,758 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\vspace*{-0.4em}
Of all the clustering algorithms in use today, among the simplest and most
utilized is the venerated $k$-means clustering algorithm, usually implemented
via Lloyd's algorithm: given a dataset $S$, repeat the following two steps (a
`Lloyd iteration') until the centroids of each o... |
1,108,101,562,759 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recently, model combination has gained much attention in many real-world tasks, and stayed as the winning solution in numerous data science competitions such like Kaggle \shortcite{bell2007lessons}. It is considered as a sub-field of ensemble learning, aiming for achieving better prediction perfo... |
1,108,101,562,760 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper, we consider the problem of reconstructing a
$C^{1}$ \emph{figure} -- that is, a family of curves ${ \{ \gamma_i(t)\, |\, i = 0,\dots,M-1 \}}$ from a finite
set of data. More precisely, we assume we are given
an unorganized set of points ${ \{ \vp_{i}\, |\, i = 0,\dots,N-1 \} }$, a... |
1,108,101,562,761 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{The inviscid surface quasi-geostrophic equation}
We are interested in a model of point-vortices for the inviscid surface quasi-geostrophic equation
\begin{equation}\tag{SQG}\label{eq:SQG}
\left\{\begin{split}
&\partial_t\,\omega+v\cdot\nabla\omega=0,\\
&v=\nabla^\perp(-\Delta)^{-s}\o... |
1,108,101,562,762 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgments}
We would like to thank T.\ Banks, M.\ Dine, D.\ Kabat, P.\ Kraus, D.\ Lowe and
V.\ Periwal for helpful conversations and correspondence. The work of
MVR is supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council of Canada (NSERC). The work of WT was supported in
part by t... |
1,108,101,562,763 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Understanding how to best utilize resources distributed over a network has been and is an important question across many industries. For the power/energy industry, solving the centralized AC optimal power flow (OPF) problem is NP-hard and has been the focus of much research since the 1960s~\cite... |
1,108,101,562,764 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature fluctuations provide invaluable information about our Universe, and can give extremely tight constraints on cosmological parameters \citep{Kofman1993, Hinshaw2012, Planck2015-params, Planck2018-params}. The primary CMB anisotropy encodes information ... |
1,108,101,562,765 | arxiv | \section*{Affiliation notes}
$^{\rm I}$ Deceased\\
$^{\rm II}$ Also at: Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Bologna, Italy\\
$^{\rm III}$ Also at: Dipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy\\
$^{\rm IV}$ Also at: M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State Un... |
1,108,101,562,766 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Reachability and safety specifications for robotic and autonomous systems
are one of fundamental problems for the verification of such systems.
It is difficult to imagine deploying robots, without (safety) verification, in practical environments due to possible critical issues such as collisio... |
1,108,101,562,767 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{intro}
Let $(B_t,~t\geq 0)$ be a standard Brownian motion, $T_1$ its first hitting time of level one, and
$U$ a uniform random variable on $[0,1]$, independent of $B$. In \cite{elie2013expectation}, it is first shown that the random variable $\alpha$ defined by
\begin{equation}\label{varia... |
1,108,101,562,768 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The study of the wall--crossing phenomenon in 4--dimensional ${\cal N} = 2$ supersymmetric quantum field theories\cite{SW1,SW2,KS,DG,DGS,GMN:2008,GMN:2009} is unravelling deep relations \cite{CV09,CVN,CDZ} in between BPS spectroscopy and quantum cluster algebras \cite{Cluster} for the class of $... |
1,108,101,562,769 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction}
Densification of wireless cellular networks, by overlaying smaller cells over the traditional macrocell, is seen as an inevitable step in enabling future networks to support the expected increase in data rate demand. As we move towards 5G, networks will become more heterogeneo... |
1,108,101,562,770 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgments}
We thank Pablo Jarillo-Herrero, Xiaomeng Liu, Yuval Ronen and Onder Gul for fruitful discussions. The major experimental work is supported by NSF (DMR-1922172). P.K. acknowledges support from the DoD Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship N00014-18-1-2877. Z.H. is supported by ARO MURI (W911NF-14-1... |
1,108,101,562,771 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and statement of the results}
In this paper we consider the Dirichlet problem for the constant mean curvature equation on a domain of a horosphere in three-dimensional hyperbolic space $\mathbb{H}^3$. In order to fix the terminology, we consider the upper halfspace model of ${\mathbb H}^3... |
1,108,101,562,772 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intr}
Almost all HgMn stars exhibit a strong absorption feature at
3984~\AA, which has been identified as a line of \hbox{{\rm Hg}~{$\scriptstyle {\rm II}$}}.
The wavelength at
which this line is observed depends on the isotopic mix of Hg
(White et al. 1976), which
ranges from the terres... |
1,108,101,562,773 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Traces on an algebra are important linear functionals which come up in
various incarnations in various branches of mathematics, e.g. group
characters, norm and trace in field extensions, many trace formulas,
to mention just a few.
On a separable Hilbert space $\cH$ there is a canonical trace (t... |
1,108,101,562,774 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Statistical inference in general state space hidden Markov models involves computation
of the posterior distribution of a set
$\chunk{X}{t}{t'} \eqdef [X_t, \dots, X_{t'}]$ of hidden state variables conditionally on a record $\chunk{Y}{0}{T}$ of observations,
which we denote as $\post{t:t'}{\... |
1,108,101,562,775 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In recent years, atomistic machine learning models have become increasingly popular as a way to perform fast predictions of molecular and material properties with the accuracy of first-principle quantum mechanical calculations~\cite{behler2017}, but a much reduced cost.
The success of these meth... |
1,108,101,562,776 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In \cite{HuangSo}, Huang and So presented a solution for any quadratic equation $z^2+\mu z+\nu=0$ over Hamilton's quaternion algebra $\mathbb{H}$.
In \cite{Abrate}, Abrate generalized that result for any quaternion algebra over any field of characteristic not $2$.
Being able to solve a quatern... |
1,108,101,562,777 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\par
In this paper we consider the following hydrodynamic system modeling the flow of liquid crystal materials
in three dimensions (see \cite{D,E,L-L,L-L-W})
\begin{equation}
\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+u\cdot\nabla u-\nu\triangle u+\nabla P=-\lambda\nabla\cdot(\... |
1,108,101,562,778 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Entity linking (EL), the task of detecting mentions of entities in context and disambiguating them to a reference knowledge base (KB), is an essential task for text understanding. Existing works on EL mostly assume that the reference KB is complete, and therefore all mentions can be linked. In p... |
1,108,101,562,779 | arxiv | \section{HYDRODYNAMIC MODELS}
\label{ingredients}
Hydrodynamics is one of the main tools for studying the
collective flow in high-energy nuclear collisions. Here, we
shall examine some of the main ingredients of such
a description and see how likely more realistic treatment of
these elements may affect some of the... |
1,108,101,562,780 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since the solitary surface wave was discovered by John Scott Russell \cite{Russell1844} in 1834, many models of solitary waves in shallow water have been developed, such as the Boussinesq equation \cite{Boussinesq1872}, the Korteweg \& de Vries (KdV) equation \cite{KdV}, the Benjamin-B... |
1,108,101,562,781 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We consider the one dimensional equation
\begin{equation}
X_{t}=x+\int_{0}^{t}c(u,a,X_{u-})dN(u,a)+\int_{0}^{t}g(u,X_{u})du \label{i1}
\end{equation}
where $N$ is a Poisson point measure of intensity measure $\mu $ on some
abstract measurable space $E.$ We assume that $c$ and $g$ are infinitel... |
1,108,101,562,782 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec 1} \setcounter{equation}{0}
The well-known Carleman's inequality asserts that for convergent infinite series $\sum a_n$ with non-negative terms, one has
\begin{equation*}
\sum^\infty_{n=1}(\prod^n_{k=1}a_k)^{\frac 1{n}}
\leq e\sum^\infty_{n=1}a_n,
\end{equation*}
with the c... |
1,108,101,562,783 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The study of deep inelastic electron - proton ($ep$) scattering has significantly improved our understanding of the proton structure in the high energy (small - $x$) regime (For a recent review see, e.g. Ref. \cite{rmp}).
In the future the partonic structure of other hadrons will be
inve... |
1,108,101,562,784 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and results}
The aim of this note is to establish new boundary Harnack inequalities for nonlocal elliptic operators in non-divergence form in general open sets.
To our knowledge, the first boundary Harnack principle for nonlocal elliptic operators was established by Bogdan \cite{Bogdan1}, who p... |
1,108,101,562,785 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In many practical applications the ability to observe and control polarization is critical,
as polarization is one of the basic characteristics of transverse light waves \cite%
{Hecht,Wolf,Azzam,Goldstein,Duarte}. Two prominent optical devices for controlling light's polarization state are optic... |
1,108,101,562,786 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Sec:Introduction}
Optimization is ubiquitous in the pursuit of quantum technologies for molecular transformations~\cite{Magann2021}, high-precision sensing~\cite{Degen2017,Poggiali2018}, secure communications~\cite{Waks2002}, revolutionary computing~\cite{Resch2019}, etc. At the physical l... |
1,108,101,562,787 | arxiv | \section*{Nomenclature}
\section{Introduction}
Space settlements need a nearly closed ecosystem for food production. One of
the fundamental parts of a closed ecosystem is the carbon cycle. In
the carbon cycle (Fig.~\ref{fig:earth}), plants fix carbon from
atmospheric CO$_2$ by photosynthesis, producing biomass [appr... |
1,108,101,562,788 | arxiv | \section{\bf{Introduction}}
A smooth metric measure space is a triple $(M, g, e^{-f}dvol)$, where $M$ is a smooth manifold; $g$ is the
Riemannian metric
on $M$; $f$ is a smooth function and $dvol$ is the volume form induced by $g$. This object has been studied
extensively
in geometric analysis in recent y... |
1,108,101,562,789 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental problem essential for understanding the
magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows. Within such flows magnetic flux tubes cross
each other and therefore the properties of the flow depend on whether the tubes
can or cannot cross each other.
The answ... |
1,108,101,562,790 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Autonomous driving is believed \cite{geiger2012we} to have a tremendous positive impact on human society. To ensure a high degree of safety even in uncertain or dynamically changing environments, an autonomous vehicle should be able to anticipate the future trajectories of the s... |
1,108,101,562,791 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recently, much attention has been focused on the new idea suggested by
Verlinde~\cite{verlinde} in which gravity can be explained as an
emergent phenomenon originated from the statistical properties of
unknown microstructure of spacetime. The essential part of this
idea is based on two key i... |
1,108,101,562,792 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The increasing observational evidences that the expansion of the
universe is accelerating (see Ref.~\cite{refsn,refdata} and
reference therein) has stimulated a rising interest to the
reconstruction of its expansion history. An important outcome of
these theoretical studies is to clarify the sen... |
1,108,101,562,793 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Speech enhancement is an important problem in audio signal processing \cite{loizou2007speech}. The objective is to recover a clean speech signal from a noisy mixture signal.
In this work, we focus on single-channel (i.e. single-microphone) speech enhancement.
Discriminative ... |
1,108,101,562,794 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
There are two particular situations where the period map plays an essential role for studying moduli spaces, namely principally polarized abelian varieties and (lattice) polarized $K3$ surfaces. In these cases, the period domains are Hermitian symmetric domains and the period maps are both injec... |
1,108,101,562,795 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Imbalanced data are ubiquitous in scientific fields and applications with binary response outputs, where the number of instances in the positive class is much smaller than that in the negative class. For example, in online search or recommendation systems where billions of impressions appear each... |
1,108,101,562,796 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The use of curved crystals to diffract and focus x-rays comes as a natural extension of the mirror and grating technology for radiation of longer wavelength. Some fundamental concepts, like the Rowland circle, date back to the 19$^\text{th}$ century \cite{rowland1882}.
The fundamental setups us... |
1,108,101,562,797 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Discovering the latent structure from many observed variables is an important yet challenging learning task. The discovered structures can help better understand the domain and lead to potentially better predictive models. Many local search heuristics based on maximum pa... |
1,108,101,562,798 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec-int}
One of the most important factors supporting progress in the miniaturization of
computers and other electronic devices is the continued
exponential increase in the density of data storage.\cite{MCDA05}
Currently, designs are being considered for magnetic recording device... |
1,108,101,562,799 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{i}
Let $A_q(n,d;\mL)$ denote the maximum size of a code of length $n$, minimum distance at least $d$, and contained in a subset $\mL \subset \mF^n$, where
$\mF$ is an alphabet of finite size $q$. A central problem in coding theory is to obtain good upper and lower bounds for $A_q(n... |
1,108,101,562,800 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In recent times, a number of materials for which quasiparticle excitations behave like relativistic two-dimensional fermions have appeared in condensed matter. One of the most fascinating examples of such materials is single-layer graphene, which is a material consisting of a single-layer of grap... |
1,108,101,562,801 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
The ``local models" of this paper are projective schemes
over the integers of a $p$-adic local field
that are expected to model the singularities of
integral models of Shimura varieties at places of (tame, parahoric)
bad reduction. This is meant in the sense that each point on the
integral... |
1,108,101,562,802 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The study of the variations in the meridional flows
is important for understanding the underlying mechanism of
the solar cycle
(Babcock 1961; Ulrich \& Boyden 2005).
Surface Doppler measurements
and helioseismology measurements of the surface and the subsurface flows
(e.g., Ulrich \& Bo... |
1,108,101,562,803 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a simple and widely used unsupervised machine learning tool for dimensionality reduction.~\cite{br_and_ml_book,stat_learning_book,pca_guide} Perhaps the most common application of PCA is for the lossy compression of images. One popular demonstration is the a... |
1,108,101,562,804 | arxiv | \section*{#1},
notes-sep = 0pt,
format = \indent\normalfont,
number = \textsuperscript{#1}
}
\startlocaldefs
\providecommand{\glFnc}[1]{{\mathnormal{#1}}
\providecommand{\glSFnc}[1]{{\mathrm{#1}}
\newcommand{\fcaIR}{\mathtt{I}
\newcommand{\plNStR}{\Omega_{r}
\newcommand{\plNStJ}{\Omega_{j}
\newcommand{\plNVC... |
1,108,101,562,805 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Extruded plastic scintillator bars with wavelength shifting (WLS) fibres and Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) readout
are considered an established technology for massive tracking calorimeters in long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments.
The MINOS experiment~\cite{minos} em... |
1,108,101,562,806 | arxiv | \section{I. Introduction}
Fermion interactions play a central role in a wide range of physical systems. When these interactions are sufficiently strong, the physical properties of systems such as high-$T_c$ superconductors, neutron stars and cold atomic gases begin to exhibit universal behavior. Thanks to recent exper... |
1,108,101,562,807 | arxiv | \section{introduction}
Recent progress in our understanding of non-interacting Bloch electrons~\cite{classification1, classification2, mb, fkm, hm, qi1} reveals a large class of gapped topological phases, the so-called topological insulators and superconductors~\cite{hm, QiRev, KaneRev}. For example, a time-reversal-s... |
1,108,101,562,808 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{intro}
Graph neural networks (GNNs) have shown much success in the learning of graph structured data.
Amongst these noteworthy GNNs, attention-based GNNs \cite{velivckovic2018graph} have drawn increasing interest lately, and have been applied to solve a plethora of real-world problems compe... |
1,108,101,562,809 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Inspired by the great success of transformer \cite{vaswani2017attention} in natural language processing (NLP) \cite{devlin2018bert}, there is an increasing effort on applying it to computer vision. Following vision transformer (ViT) \cite{dosovitskiy2020image}, which is the first attempt of apply... |
1,108,101,562,810 | arxiv | \subsection{Proof of the Claim from Lemma~\ref{lem:extreme-noisy}}
\section{Technical Spectral Lemmas} \label{app:spectral}
\begin{prop}[\cite{davis1970rotation} $\sin\theta$ theorem]. \label{prop:kahan}
Let $B, \hat B \in \mathbb{R}^{p\times p}$ be symmetric, with eigen values $\lambda_1 \geq \cdots \geq \lambda_p$... |
1,108,101,562,811 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The discovery and characterization of extrasolar terrestrial planets
in the habitable zone (HZ) of their central star is one of the most
exciting prospects of exoplanetary science. Such planets are
extremely good candidates for the search for extraterrestrial life.
The HZ is usually define... |
1,108,101,562,812 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper we first present a perfect simulation
algorithm for a multicolor system on ${\mathbb Z}^d$ with interactions of
infinite range. This perfect simulation algorithm is the basis of the construction of a
finitary coding from a finite-valued i.i.d. process to the invariant
probability m... |
1,108,101,562,813 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\vspace{-0.1in}
\label{sec:intro}
In this paper, we focus on developing a deep learning-based speech enhancement model for real-world applications that meets the following criteria:
1. a small and fast model that can reduce single-frame real-time-factor (RTF) as much as possible while keeping com... |
1,108,101,562,814 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:level1} Introduction}
According to a recent study, the number of people choosing to shop at a physical departmental store is on a decline. More and more people today are using the convenience of online shopping \cite{nytimes}. The growth of sites like Amazon and Ebay is evidence of this emerging tre... |
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