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1,116,691,501,415
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} The integration of powered two wheelers (PTWs) to intelligent transport systems as well as the development of PTWs specific innovative transport solutions depends upon the understanding of their mobility behaviors and interaction with other road users. However, PTWs create a peculiar traffic flow...
1,116,691,501,416
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The standard model of elementary particles is the most important achievement in modern physics, and still it gives us the horizon of particle phenomenology~[1]. Supersymmetry ( SUSY )~[2-22] can be understood as one of the ways toward "beyond the standard model", from a viewpoint of particle p...
1,116,691,501,417
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The extensive efforts over the years to reconcile thermodynamics with quantum mechanics~\cite{gemmerbook,mahlerbook,alicki1979quantum,kosloff1984quantum,kosloff2013quantum} have not yet fully resolved the fundamental question: What is truly quantum about quantum thermodynamics? Is there more to ...
1,116,691,501,418
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Einstein's theory of relativity predicts that light rays gets deflected due to the curvature of spacetime known as the gravitational lensing effect. The deflection of light has been extensively studied previously in the literature in various astrophysical systems in the context of the weak as we...
1,116,691,501,419
arxiv
\section{Introduction} We study the problem of information elicitation without verification (``peer prediction''). This challenging problem arises across a diverse range of multi-agent systems, in which participants are asked to respond to an information task, and where there is no external input available against ...
1,116,691,501,420
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this article we apply a method of quantum many-body theory called the coupled cluster method (CCM) \cite{ccm1,ccm2,ccm5,ccm12,ccm15,ccm20,ccm26,ccm27,ccm32,ccm35} to study strongly interacting quantum spin systems. The CCM is not restricted, in principle, by the spatial dimensionality of...
1,116,691,501,421
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this paper, we mainly consider the linear system \begin{equation}\label{eq:1.1} Ax=b, \end{equation} where the matrix $A$ is a complex symmetric matrix. This kind of linear systems (\ref{eq:1.1}) arise from different physical applications, for example, in modeling electromagnetic waves under t...
1,116,691,501,422
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The construction of quantum field theory models is inherently related to the Lorentz invariant partition of classical fields into the positive and the negative frequency parts $$ u(x) = u^+(x) + u^-(x), \quad x \in \mathbb{R}^{1,3} $$ The quantization procedure itself is then based on the commu...
1,116,691,501,423
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Since the late 20th century (see, e.g., \cite{voorhoeve,kazarnovski,khovanski}) it has been known that many of the quantitative results relating algebraic sets and polyhedral geometry can be extended to more general analytic functions, including exponential sums. Here, we show that the rece...
1,116,691,501,424
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \setlength\arraycolsep{2pt} Due to the increasing popularity of wireless devices in recent years, the radio spectrum has been an extremely scarce resource. By contrast, 90 percent of the existing licensed spectrum remains idle and the usage varies geographically and temporally as reported ...
1,116,691,501,425
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Accreting neutron stars in low mass X-ray binaries (LMXB) are among the most luminous compact X-ray sources in the Milky Way. A number of them have luminosities exceeding $\sim {\rm few}\times 10^{38}$ erg/s and presumably accrete matter at the level close to the critical Edd...
1,116,691,501,426
arxiv
\section{Related Work} In this section, we briefly discuss prior work on uncertainty modeling and research on uncertainty visualization. We then describe the importance of modeling and communicating uncertainty in text data. \subsection{Uncertainty Modeling} Uncertainty, error, ambiguity, and other representatio...
1,116,691,501,427
arxiv
\section{} Studying photometric time series in the frequency domain can serve as a means of detecting rotational modulations (e.g. \citealt{reinhold:2013, neilsen:2013}), measuring asteroseismic modes (e.g. \citealt{chaplin:2014}) and even detecting short-period transiting planets \citep{sanchis:2013}. To our knowledg...
1,116,691,501,428
arxiv
\section{Mesoscopic Model } Let's arrange $N$ base pairs (\textit{bps}) on a circle with radius $R$ such that, $2 \pi R / N \sim 3.4$ \AA, as depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig:1}. When all \textit{bps} centers of mass lie on the circumference, which represents the molecule backbone, the system is in the ground state. Say ...
1,116,691,501,429
arxiv
\section*{Abstract} Public health surveillance systems often fail to detect emerging infectious diseases, particularly in resource limited settings. By integrating relevant clinical and internet-source data, we can close critical gaps in coverage and accelerate outbreak detection. Here, we present a multivariate algori...
1,116,691,501,430
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} In this paper we point out the effect of magnetostrictions in the interior of a neutron star on its rotation frequency. The exact composition of the interior of a neutron star still is an ongoing debate, since it critically depends on the equations of state for the different co...
1,116,691,501,431
arxiv
\subsection{Please Capitalize the First Letter of Each Notional Word in Subsection Title} \section{Introduction} Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) feedback now appears as a crucial process in galaxy formation and evolution. It is well-known that the tight correlation between nuclear black hole mass ($M_{\rm BH}$) and b...
1,116,691,501,432
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The defining property of hierarchical spin-glasses is that the Hamiltonian may be defined recursively in terms of the Hamiltonians of the two sub-systems formed by dividing the spins into two equally sized groups: \begin{equation} \label{eq:HM} H_{n}(s) = H_{n-1}(s_L) + H_{n-1}(s_R) + \ep...
1,116,691,501,433
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \newpage The dynamic response of pure Ising systems to time dependent magnetic fields is currently being studied intensively \cite{rmp}. In particular, the response of Ising systems to pulsed fields has recently been investigated \cite{pos,pep1,pep2}. The pulse can be either ``positive'' or `...
1,116,691,501,434
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{introduction} Radio galaxies appear to come in two fundamentally different types, as encapsulated in the Fanaroff and Riley classification scheme \citep{fr74}. FR\,I sources have bright cores and edge-darkened lobes, while FR\,II sources are edge-brightened with hotspots at the end. These ...
1,116,691,501,435
arxiv
\section{\label{}} \section{Introduction} The problem of finding a covariant expression for the distribution and conservation of gravitational energy-momentum for General Relativity dates to the 1910s. Einstein took the requirement that the gravitational field equations alone entail energy-momentum conserva...
1,116,691,501,436
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} GX 3+1 is one of the brightest, persistent Galactic bulge X-ray sources. The source has occasionally produced thermonuclear X-ray bursts when its X-ray flux was low (see \cite{Makish,Sun}). Based on X-ray spectral and temporal variability studies with EXOSAT it has been classified as an atoll s...
1,116,691,501,437
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A linear matrix polynomial $\sA$ (of dimension $k$, in $n$ variables) is a symmetric $k\times k$-matrix whose entries are affine linear polynomials over $\R$, in the variables $\ul X =(X_1,\ldots,X_n)$. Equivalenty, it is a linear polynomial in $\ul X$ with coefficients $A_i$ from $\Sym_{k}(\R...
1,116,691,501,438
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Plurality voting is a popular tool for collective decision-making in many domains, including both human societies and multiagent systems. Under this voting rule, each voter is supposed to vote for her most favorite candidate (or abstain); the winner is then the candidate that receives the high...
1,116,691,501,439
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Parity-time (PT) symmetry is one of the most significant symmetries of open systems with gain and loss. Various open systems can be described by non-Hermitian Schr\"{o}dinger equations. If a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian and its eigenstates respect PT symmetry, the spectrum is entirely real \cite{199...
1,116,691,501,440
arxiv
\section{Background} Electroweak theory couples the baryon (B) and the lepton (L) numbers to the Chern-Simons number of the weak gauge field through the axial anomaly. At temperatures higher than the electroweak phase transition, the rate of Chern-Simons number fluctuations -- the sphaleron rate -- has a nonzero value...
1,116,691,501,441
arxiv
\section*{\sffamily \Large INTRODUCTION} Among the {\em molecular descriptors} which provide information on molecular constitution, {\em topological indices} have several assets such as: (1) easy calculation with very low computer time (cpu) requirements; (2) diversity of possibilities to choose from in order to m...
1,116,691,501,442
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $A$ be an abelian variety over a number field $\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}}\subset \ensuremath{\mathbb{C}}$ and $\overline{\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}}}$ an algebraic closure of $\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}}$. For $v$ a place of $\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}}$ dividing a prime $p$ where $A$ has good reduction a...
1,116,691,501,443
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The purpose of these notes is to provide a new proof of Mattila, Melnikov, and Verdera's theorem. The exposition is self-contained, relying only on a knowledge of basic real analysis. \begin{thm}\label{thm1}\cite{MMV} An Ahlfors-David regular measure $\mu$ whose associated Cauchy transform op...
1,116,691,501,444
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The topological entropy and the metric entropy of dynamical systems are celebrated invariants in the moduli of topological and metric conjugacy. For the continuous dynamics of compact spaces, they are related by the variational principle: The topological entropy is the supremum over the metric e...
1,116,691,501,445
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Game theory has found many applications in multi-agent engineering problems, wherein each agent can be modelled as an independent, selfish decision maker that tries to optimize its individual, but coupled, cost function. These include wireless communication networks \cite{faawb06}, \cite{lh10},...
1,116,691,501,446
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} Accurate measurements of the rest-frame UV luminosity function (LF) are crucial for studying the evolution of galaxies at high redshift and reconstructing the physics and timeline of cosmic reionization. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in measuring the LF...
1,116,691,501,447
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} The detection of faint sources in far IR can be greatly affected by the amount and structure of the background radiation. The main source of background radiation in far IR is the smooth component of the Galactic emission, known as cirrus emission. The amount of emission manifests itself as photo...
1,116,691,501,448
arxiv
\section{Experience with prototypes at future CTA sites} Atmospheric monitoring devices, such as the All-sky Cameras (ASC), the Sun/Moon Photometers and the FRAM robotic telescopes have been, since 2015, gradually deployed on the future sites of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) -- the CTA South site near Cerro Arma...
1,116,691,501,449
arxiv
\section{GRIBOV NOISE} In ref.\ \cite{Gr} Gribov showed that, for non-abelian gauge theory, the standard gauge-fixing conditions used for perturbative calculations do not fix the gauge fields uniquely. The existence of these {\em Gribov copies} does not affect the results from perturbation theory, but their eliminatio...
1,116,691,501,450
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The relationship between apparent peak brightness and redshift of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) depends on the cosmological model; this has provided the most direct evidence for the accelerated expansion of the Universe \citep{riess98,perl99}. Current SN Ia surveys such as SNLS \citep{snls06}, ESS...
1,116,691,501,451
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The presence of Galactic interstellar dust affects astronomical observations over a wide range of wavelengths. In the mid-infrared and far-infrared, Galactic dust emission contributes significantly to the total observed sky intensity. At optical and ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths, dust grains abso...
1,116,691,501,452
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\vspace{-0.05in} Coherent integrated photonic neural networks (C-IPNNs) promise ultra-fast and ultra-low-energy linear multipliers for emerging artificial intelligence (AI) accelerators. C-IPNNs based on singular value decomposition (SVD), referred to as SC-IPNNs in this paper, factorize a linear ...
1,116,691,501,453
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:kura} In \cite{DF1}, the authors studied Lagrangian intersection Floer homology of a pair of monotone Lagrangians in an open symplectic manifold, which is isomorphic to a divisor complement. At the heart of the construction of \cite{DF1}, there is a compactification of the moduli spac...
1,116,691,501,454
arxiv
\section{Introduction} It is known that most stars are born within giant molecular clouds forming clusters \citep{Lad03}. Numerical simulations demonstrate that star formation occurs mainly along the patterns defined by the densest regions of the molecular clouds \citep{Bon03}. Thus, the hierarchical structure observ...
1,116,691,501,455
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Solutions of certain partial differential equations (PDEs) exhibit self-similar dynamics in the asymptotic limit. A self-similar solution in the region of large-time asymptotic limit normally is in the form of \begin{equation}\label{eq:structure} u(x, t) \sim \frac{A}{t^{\alpha}}\phi\left(B\frac...
1,116,691,501,456
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The induction of the Chern-Simons-like Lorentz and CPT violating term, given by ${\cal L}_{CS}=\frac{1}{2}k_{\mu}\epsilon^{\mu\nu\lambda\theta}F_{\nu\lambda}A_{\theta}$, being $k_{\mu}$ a constant vector characterizing the preferred direction of the space-time, is one of the most important result...
1,116,691,501,457
arxiv
\section{Electronic Submission} \nocite{langley00} \section{Introduction} Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) \citep{ASTROM1965174} provides a principled and generic framework to model real world sequential decision ...
1,477,468,749,824
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{Introduction} Calder\'on-Zygmund theory is concerned with $L^2(\mathbb{R}^n)$ bounded singular integral operators, $T$, of the form $$ Tf(x)=\int_{\mathbb{R}^n}K(x,y)f(y)\,dy, $$ where $f$ is compactly supported, $x\notin {\rm supp \,} f$, and $K$ is a kernel function defined on $(...
1,477,468,749,825
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Convex optimization problems arise in areas like signal processing, control systems, estimation, communication, data analysis, and machine learning. They are also useful to bound the optimal values of certain nonlinear programming problems, and to approximate their optimizers. Due to their ubiqu...
1,477,468,749,826
arxiv
\subsection{}\vskip -22pt\hskip \parindent} \def\DY#1{{\cal DY}\left({#1}\right)} \def\YD#1{{\cal DY}{#1}} \def\cO#1{{{\cal O}(#1)}} \defI\!\!R{I\!\!R} \defC\!\!\!\!I{C\!\!\!\!I} \defQ\!\!\!\!I{Q\!\!\!\!I} \defZ\!\!\!Z{Z\!\!\!Z} \defI\!\!N{I\!\!N} \def\T#1{{\rm T}(#1)} \def{\rm V}{{\rm V}} \def{\cal C}{{\cal C}} \def{...
1,477,468,749,827
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Several statistical models are presented in the form of unnormalized densities and the calculation of the normalization constant (or the partition function) is intractable. Namely, \begin{align} p(x ;\theta)=\frac{1}{Z(\theta)} \tilde{p}(x; \theta), \label{nnm} \end{align} where $Z(\theta) ...
1,477,468,749,828
arxiv
\section{introduction} Control of systems with uncertainties is a central challenge in control and is an extensively researched topic. There are various sub-fields in control such as stochastic control \cite{kumar2015stochastic, aastrom2012introduction}, robust control \cite{skogestad2007multivariable} and adaptive co...
1,477,468,749,829
arxiv
\section{abstract} \section{Introduction} Dust is a fundamental constituent of galaxies. Dust is formed from processed stellar material returned back to the interstellar medium (ISM) either through supernovae or stellar winds. Massive stars ($\gtrsim 8 M_\odot$) which end their lives as Type II supernovae (SNe) and t...
1,477,468,749,830
arxiv
\section{The AGILE contribution to the study of Active Galactic Nuclei} Contrary to previous $\gamma$-ray instruments based on gas spark chambers (like COS B and EGRET), the tracker of AGILE, using silicon strip detectors, does not need a separate triggering device. This allows to greatly increase the incidenc...
1,477,468,749,831
arxiv
\section{Introduction} This paper presents a theory that yields exponential growth of the horizontally-averaged magnetic field ({\it i.e., } a large-scale dynamo) in the presence of a time-mean horizontal shear flow and a randomly fluctuating, 3D, barotropic force ({\it i.e., } with spatial variations only within the ...
1,477,468,749,832
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \vspace{-1em} Avec l'essor des assistants vocaux, de plus en plus d'objets connectés sont déployés chez les consommateurs. Ces assistants ont besoin d'une connexion internet et de serveurs centralisés pour fonctionner. Les signaux de parole de l'utilisateur sont envoyés à ces serveurs pour bénéf...
1,477,468,749,833
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} Satellite-based \ac{M2M} communications represent a large fraction of the \ac{IoT} market, showing an increasing popularity both in the research and in the industrial community. The ubiquitous coverage provided by the satellites may represent a key feature to enable the ...
1,477,468,749,834
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{secIN} Statistical-mechanical lattice-gas modeling provides a paradigm for analyzing site-specific single- and multicomponent chemisorption at electrode--electrolyte interfaces. The method is particularly useful to describe spatial ordering and fluctuations in the contact-adsorbed layer, ...
1,477,468,749,835
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:int} An astronomical black hole can be readily characterized with two parameters, mass ($M$) and spin ($a_*$), hence it could be described by Kerr metric \citep{ker1963}. Once we know these two parameters, we can make a complete description to the system. Compared to the mass, the sp...
1,477,468,749,836
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:1} After the notorious Address delivered by H. Minkowski at the Assembly of German Natural Scientists and Physicians in 1908 \cite{Mink1908}, which was devoted to space and time, all physical quantities which were previously described as vectors in 3-D Euclidean space, were recast ac...
1,477,468,749,837
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Riemann--Hilbert correspondence relates the integrable logarithmic (or Fuchsian) connections over an algebraic variety $X$ to the representations of the fundamental group $\pi_1(X\setminus\{D\})$, where $D$ denotes the divisor of poles of a connection. Deligne \cite{De} proved its bijectivity...
1,477,468,749,838
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} In recent years, portable devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs have evolved to reach a significant performance enhancement. However, applications running on those mobile devices also consume many resources, e.g. computing, storage, et al. Particularly, multiple applica...
1,477,468,749,839
arxiv
\section{Implementation} \label{sec:implementation} In this section, we discuss a number of technical aspects of our \textsc{LMQL}\xspace implementation, as published together with this paper. \subsection{Language Runtime} \paragraph{Parser and Python Compatibility} We implement \textsc{LMQL}\xspace{} as a superset...
1,477,468,749,840
arxiv
\section{Introduction} To identify the dynamical state of multi-planetary systems, we use the MEGNO technique (the acronym of Mean Exponential Growth factor of Nearby Orbits; Cincotta \& Sim\`o 2000). This method provides relevant information about the global dynamics and the fine structure of the phase space, and y...
1,477,468,749,841
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The discharge length of fusion machines so far has been of the order of a few minutes only. However, as fusion research approaches reactor relevant conditions the discharge lengths increase. Fusion machines such as Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) aim at discharge lengths of \SI{15}{\min...
1,477,468,749,842
arxiv
\section{Introduction} PCA is probably the most common tool for exploratory data analysis, dimensionality reduction and clustering, e.g.,~\cite{Jol2002}. It can either be seen as finding the best low-dimensional subspace approximating the data or as finding the subspace of highest variance. However, due to the fact tha...
1,477,468,749,843
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Layered heterostructures provide a versatile platform for the construction of nanophotonic devices, enabling extensive functionality of light propagating through nanoscale stratified systems \cite{Xia2014}. The tremendous progress reported using layered systems is significantly fueled by polarit...
1,477,468,749,844
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} There is a recent interest for the formal verification of monadic programs stemming from \newterm{monadic equational reasoning\/}: an approach to the verification of monadic programs that emphasizes equational reasoning~\cite{gibbons2011icfp,gibbons2012utp,mu2019tr2,mu2019tr3,m...
1,477,468,749,845
arxiv
\section{Convex sets and projection} \label{sec:convex} We will prove our main theorems in the more general setting of closed convex cones. Our goal is the following general theorem about projections of convex sets, which will quickly imply Theorem~\ref{thm:generic-ur-min-stress-kernel}. (See Definitions~\ref{def:e...
1,477,468,749,846
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \noindent The Drude model of electric conductivity \cite{d} offers a rather generic behavior for charge transport. Although the concept of the Drude conductivity seems to be old-fashioned it is very useful for different applications, so for chaotic transport and weak localization \cite{jw}, ma...
1,477,468,749,847
arxiv
\subsubsection*{Example: Gaussian states} A generic zero mean Gaussian state can be described by the characteristic function \cite{Hol2} \begin {equation}\label {charact} \Phi(x,y)=\exp\left[-\frac {1}{2}(\sigma _{xx}x^{2}+2\sigma _{xp}xy+\sigma _{pp}y^{2})\right], \end {equation} where $x,y\in {\mathbb R}$ and the co...
1,477,468,749,848
arxiv
\section{\sc Introduction} Different censoring schemes are extensively used in practice to make a life testing experiment to be more time and cost effective. In a type-I censoring scheme, the experiment is terminated at a prefixed time point. But it may happen that, no failure is observed during that time and it w...
1,477,468,749,849
arxiv
\section{Introduction and statement of results} \subsection{Background and motivation - a birds eye view}\label{ss:bird} The purpose of this paper is twofold: We initiate a systematic study of random quasiconformal homeomorphisms, and we develop a framework for homogenization of iterated singular integrals. Our main r...
1,477,468,749,850
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Announcements have recently been made by the four detector collaborations at RHIC \cite{RHIC-QGP} that a new state of matter, distinct from ordinary hadronic matter has been created in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions (URHIC). This state of mattter has shown a number of unexpected properti...
1,477,468,749,851
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \IEEEPARstart{E}{lectromagnetic} field models that do not account for radiation effects are dubbed quasistatic field models. For static fields, the Maxwell equations decouple and enable the consideration of resistive, and capacitive or inductive effects, with either electrostatic, or magnetostati...
1,477,468,749,852
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec.Intro} A complex Hadamard matrix is a square matrix $W$ of order $n$ which satisfies $W\overline{W}^\top= nI$ and all of whose entries are complex numbers of absolute value $1$. A complex Hadamard matrix is said to be Butson-type, if all of its entries are roots of unity. In our earl...
1,477,468,749,853
arxiv
\section{Introduction} When studying a stellar dynamical model (single or multi--component), the fact that the Jeans equations have a physically acceptable solution is not a sufficient criterion for the validity of the model: the minimal requirement to be met by a physically acceptable model is the positivity of the ph...
1,477,468,749,854
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Interesting new directions in topological quantum computing include its extension from anyons to gapped boundaries and symmetry defects with the hope that anyonic systems with non-universal computational power can be enhanced to achieve universality. Enrichment of topological physics in two spat...
1,477,468,749,855
arxiv
\chapter{Introduction} \label{ch: introduction} \pagenumbering{arabic} Inter Stellar Medium (ISM), the medium in between the stars in our Galaxy and other spiral or dwarf galaxies, is composed of mainly gas, dust and charged particles. ISM play an important role in evolution of the spiral galaxies \citep{2011piim.book...
1,477,468,749,856
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgments} M.T. would like to thank Professor Daniel DeBra and Dr. Sasha Buchman for many stimulating conversations about the gLISA mission concept, Dr. John W. Armstrong for reading the manuscript and his valuable comments, and Drs. Anthony Freeman and Daniel McCleese for for their constant encouragem...
1,477,468,749,857
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \vspace{-0.5cm} In \cite{Se17}, we reported about the detection of an extended gamma-ray source, Source A, located $\sim$0$^{\circ}\!\!$.6 south-west of the supernova remnant (SNR) G306.3$-$0.9. Assuming Source A as a point-like gamma-ray source,we detected it with a significance of $\sim$9.7$\si...
1,477,468,749,858
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A vertex algebra describes the symmetries of a two-dimensional conformal field theory, while a factorization algebra over a complex curve consists of local data in such a field theory. Roughly, the factorization structure encodes collisions between local operators. The two perspectives are equiva...
1,477,468,749,859
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is an imaging modality used to visualize corneal \cite{Izatt1994}, limbal \cite{Kira2012}, and retinal structures \cite{Huang1991} with micrometer resolution. OCT can be used to estimate corneal biometric parameters \cite{Kuo2012}, such as cor...
1,477,468,749,860
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{The Problem of Time and underlying Theory of Background Independence} Time is conceived of substantially differently across the observationally established paradigms of Physics. Detailed consideration of this -- the subject of Part I of \cite{ABook} -- reveals the main chasm ...
1,477,468,749,861
arxiv
\section{ I. Introduction} This is a tribute to Gerry Brown who was our mentor, collaborator and good friend for a long long time, from 1964 to 2013 for TTSK, and from 2003 to 2013 for JWH. We remember him and our times together very well, and here we shall review briefly two subjects, `core polarization' and `Bro...
1,477,468,749,862
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this note we will discuss examples of distributions in the sense of Schwartz that we believe are promising for the study of the solutions to the Kadomtsev--Petviashvili. These distributions allow the computation of solutions Kadomtsev--Petviashvili (KP) equation and the Korteweg--de Vries (KdV...
1,477,468,749,863
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} Shape matching is an important area of computational geometry, that has applications in computer vision, pattern recognition, and other fields that are concerned with matching objects by shape similarity. Generally, in shape matching we are given two geometric objects $A$...
1,477,468,749,864
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Multiphase flows are ubiquitious in several industrial applications. In the last three decades, there has been a surge in the numerical methods and algorithms for simulations of complex multiphase flows. There have been several different types of interface capturing strategies that have been p...
1,477,468,749,865
arxiv
\section{A brief review of Wannier functions} \label{sub:WF} Wannier functions (WFs) are defined as the Fourier transformations of Bloch wave functions, with a gauge freedom \begin{equation} \left|w_{\alpha\mathbf{R}}\right\rangle =\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathcal{N}}}\sum_{\mathbf{k}\alpha}e^{-i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{R}}\left...
1,477,468,749,866
arxiv
\section{Introduction} We consider block ciphers acting on a vector space $(\mathbb{F}_2)^n$. It is important to identify conditions on the components of the cipher that may ensure its security. There are many competing notions of security, hence several kinds of security criteria, and some of them focus on the role...
1,477,468,749,867
arxiv
\section{A Review on Convolution Operators \raquel{convolution or convolutional?}} In this section we provide a review on convolution operators over discrete and continuous domain. Convolution is a mathematical operator over two functions $f$ and $g$, which produces a third function $h$. \begin{figure} \inclu...
1,477,468,749,868
arxiv
\section{Introduction} One of the most critical problem in wireless communication techniques is how information gets transmitted from one end (transmitter) to another end (receiver) reliably. During the transmission, the signal suffers from distortion and noise due to complicated channel state and hardware imperfecti...
1,477,468,749,869
arxiv
\section{Introduction} RR Lyrae stars are fundamental standard candles and the accurate determination of their absolute luminosity has a wide range of applications, including the derivation of the Hubble constant and the determination of globular clusters ages. The results of the {\sc hipparcos}\ mission allow in pri...
1,477,468,749,870
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \begin{figure*} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=\paperwidth-5cm]{Heatmaps.pdf} \caption{Attention Head Shapley Values of 3 Languages for XLM-R finetuned on English XNLI. Each value indicates the mean marginal effect an attention head has on accuracy for the XNLI test set in the language.}\l...
1,477,468,749,871
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The transition from a liquid to an amorphous solid that sometimes occurs upon cooling remains one of the largely unresolved problems of statistical physics~\cite{goetze04,debenedetti01}. At the experimental level, the so-called glass transition is generally associated with a sharp increase in the...
1,477,468,749,872
arxiv
\section{Introduction\label{s:int}} Already for a few years, there exists a discrepancy in the determination of the proton charge radius by means of the spectroscopy of ordinary and muonic hydrogen (see, e.g., \cite{muh1,codata2014}), commonly known as the proton radius puzzle. There are different contributions to...
1,477,468,749,873
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} \label{sec:intro} Mass loss in evolved stellar populations affects the chemical evolution of the interstellar medium (ISM) and mass loss from individual stars governs post main sequence evolution. The amount and duration of mass loss that occurs in giant stars remains one of the most uncertai...
1,477,468,749,874
arxiv
\section{Qualitative Analysis} We visualize the distribution of source and target data in the feature space (output of the contrastive head) with the t-sne \cite{van2008visualizing} plots in Figure \ref{fig:tsne}. In particular, we focus on the Ar,Pr,Rw $\rightarrow$ Cl case of the Office-Home dataset: the red dots re...
1,477,468,749,875
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} Atomic systems are prime candidates for long-lived storage and on-demand retrieval of optical quantum states, due to the long coherence times of their optically accessible spin-states~\cite{Lvovsky2009b, Heshami2016c}. Several spin-based memory approaches have been proposed and experimentally st...
1,477,468,749,876
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Since the work of Lotka and Volterra, ecologists have attempted to mathematize the interactions between populations to build predictive models of population dynamics. This is a complex problem -- ecological communities are often composed of a large number of species~\cite{May1988,May1988}, the e...
1,477,468,749,877
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Translationally cold samples of molecules offer interesting perspectives for high-resolution spectroscopy. The long measurement times that are possible with such samples and the reduced Doppler widths are ideally suited for precision measurements of transition frequencies in molecules, and such m...
1,477,468,749,878
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}} \IEEEPARstart{C}{lustering} analysis is one of the important topics in machine learning \cite{jordan2015machine}, which has been widely applied in many fields, including data mining \cite{doring2006data}, pattern recognition \cite{bezdek2013pattern}, image processing \cit...
1,477,468,749,879
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \noindent The subject of this paper are states and orthogonal polynomials in non-commuting variables. The definition is straightforward. The usual orthogonal polynomials are obtained by starting with a measure $\mu$ on $\mf{R}^d$, thinking of $\mf{R}[x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_d]$ as a vector space with...
1,477,468,749,880
arxiv
\section{Proof of the first part of Theorem \ref{TheThm}}\label{SectProof1} We let $(M,g)$ be a smooth compact Riemannian manifold of dimension $n \ge 3$, $p \ge 1$ an integer, and $A: M \to M_p^s({\mathbb R})$, $A = (A_{ij})$, be smooth and such that $A(x)$ is positive as a bilinear form for all $x \in M$. We kno...