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temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_1_16.txt | features of other TRP channels. However, 6 of the transmebrane segments of PKD1-like proteins have substantial sequence homology with TRP channels, indicating they may simply have diversified greatly from other closely related proteins.
Insects have a third sub-family of TRPP, called brividos, which participate in co... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_2_3.txt | the definition of absolute temperature. Experimentally, absolute zero can be approached only very closely; it can never be reached (the lowest temperature attained by experiment is 38 pK). Theoretically, in a body at a temperature of absolute zero, all classical motion of its particles has ceased and they are at compl... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_5_12.txt | alternative definitions of temperature.
Local thermodynamic equilibrium[edit]
Real-world bodies are often not in thermodynamic equilibrium and not homogeneous. For the study by methods of classical irreversible thermodynamics, a body is usually spatially and temporally divided conceptually into 'cells' of small size. ... |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_1_3.txt | central nervous system, for example from the mechanoreceptors in skin.
Efferent nerves conduct signals from the central nervous system along motor neurons to their target muscles and glands.
Mixed nerves contain both afferent and efferent axons, and thus conduct both incoming sensory information and outgoing muscle co... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_1_8.txt | LC) or diacyglycerol (DAG).
TRPML[edit]
Family
Sub-Family
Known Taxa
TRPML
Unknown
Cnidarians, basal vertebrates, tunicates, cephalochordates, hemichordates, echinoderms, arthropods, and nematodes
TRPML1
Specific to jawed vertebrates
TRPML2
TRPML3
TRPML, ML for "mucolipin", gets its |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_8_2.txt | also rely upon the Rankine scale (a shifted Fahrenheit scale) when working in thermodynamic-related disciplines such as combustion.
Units[edit]
The basic unit of temperature in the International System of Units (SI) is the kelvin. It has the symbol K.
For everyday applications, it is often convenient to use the Celsiu... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_3.txt | ational motion or in the inertia of their rotational modes. In monatomic perfect gases and, approximately, in most gas and in simple metals, the temperature is a measure of the mean particle translational kinetic energy, 3/2 kBT. It also determines the probability distribution function of energy. In condensed matter, a... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_1_3.txt | myriapods), molluscs, and echinoderms
TRPA5
Arthropods (only crustaceans and insects)
painless
pyrexia
waterwitch
HsTRPA
Specific to hymenopteran insects
TRPA, A for "ankyrin", is named for the large amount of ankyrin repeats found near the N-terminus. TRPA is primarily found in afferent nociceptive nerve ... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_1_5.txt | be expressed in crustaceans and insects, while HsTRPA arose as a Hymenoptera-specific duplication of waterwitch. Like TRPA1 and other TRP channels, these function as ion channels in a number of sensory systems. TRPA- or TRPA1-like channels also exists in a variety of species as a phylogenetically distinct clade, but t... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_6_0.txt | History of Drosophila TRP channels[edit]
The original TRP-mutant in Drosophila was first described by Cosens and Manning in 1969 as "a mutant strain of D. melanogaster which, though behaving phototactically positive in a T-maze under low ambient light, is visually impaired and behaves as though blind". It also showed a... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_6_6.txt | odies in a steady state but not in thermodynamic equilibrium[edit]
While for bodies in their own thermodynamic equilibrium states, the notion of temperature requires that all empirical thermometers must agree as to which of two bodies is the hotter or that they are at the same temperature, this requirement is not safe ... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_1_14.txt | . Despite TRPA being named for ankyrin repeats, TRPN channels are thought to have the most of any TRP channel, typically around 28, which are highly conserved across taxa Since its discovery, Drosophila nompC has been implicated in mechanosensation (including mechanical stimulation of the cuticle and sound detection) ... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_0_3.txt | permeability to cations, including sodium, calcium and magnesium.
TRP channels were initially discovered in the so-called "transient receptor potential" mutant (trp-mutant) strain of the fruit fly Drosophila, hence their name (see History of Drosophila TRP channels below). Later, TRP channels were found in vertebrates... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_5_13.txt | makes good sense, for example, to say of the extensive variable U, or of the extensive variable S, that it has a density per unit volume or a quantity per unit mass of the system, but it makes no sense to speak of the density of temperature per unit volume or quantity of temperature per unit mass of the system. On the... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_2_5.txt | unit of temperature in the International System of Units (SI). The temperature of a body in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium is always positive relative to the absolute zero.
Besides the internationally agreed Kelvin scale, there is also a thermodynamic temperature scale, invented by Lord Kelvin, also with its num... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_7_1.txt | with no phase change and no chemical change, then the temperature of the body rises and its pressure increases. The quantity of heat transferred, ΔQ, divided by the observed temperature change, ΔT, is the body's heat capacity at constant volume:
C
V
=
Δ
Q
Δ
T
.
{\displaystyle C_{V}={\frac {\Delta Q}{\Delt... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_8_0.txt | Measurement[edit]
A typical Celsius thermometer measures a winter day temperature of −17 °C
See also: Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology, International Temperature Scale of 1990, and Comparison of temperature scales
Temperature measurement using modern scientific thermometers and temperature s... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_8_6.txt | water corresponds to 32 °F and the boiling point to 212 °F. The Rankine scale, still used in fields of chemical engineering in the US, is an absolute scale based on the Fahrenheit increment.
Historical scales[edit]
See also: Conversion of scales of temperature
The following temperature scales are in use or have histo... |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_2_0.txt | Development[edit]
Nerve growth normally ends in adolescence, but can be re-stimulated with a molecular mechanism known as "Notch signaling".
Regeneration[edit]
If the axons of a neuron are damaged, as long as the cell body of the neuron is not damaged, the axons can regenerate and remake the synaptic connections with n... |
temperature_sensed/Room_temperature_1_0.txt | Comfort temperatures[edit]
Main article: Thermal comfort
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language identifies room temperature as around 20–22 °C (68–72 °F), while the Oxford English Dictionary states that it is "conventionally taken as about 20 °C (68 °F)".
Ideal room temperature varies vastly dependin... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_5_9.txt | , also an extensive variable, and other state variables V, N, with U = U (S, V, N), then the temperature is equal to the partial derivative of the internal energy with respect to the entropy:
T
=
(
∂
U
∂
S
)
V
,
N
.
{\displaystyle T=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial S}}\right)_{V,N}.}
... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_1_11.txt | become known for their cold-sensing mechanisms, such is the case with TRPM8. Comparative studies have shown that the functional domains and critical amino acids of TRPM channels are highly conserved across species.
Phylogenetics has shown that TRPM channels are split into two major clades, αTRPM and βTRPM. αTRPMs inc... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_15.txt | in a series of coin tosses, a perfectly ordered system would be one in which either every toss comes up heads or every toss comes up tails. This means the outcome is always 100% the same result. In contrast, many mixed (disordered) outcomes are possible, and their number increases with each toss. Eventually, the combi... |
temperature_sensed/Nerve_3_2.txt | consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain, brainstem and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to all remaining body parts.
Nerves that transm... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_5_3.txt | in prostate cancer associated with more aggressive outcomes. TRPM3 has been shown to promote growth and autophagy in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, TRPM4 is overexpressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with poorer survival, while TRPM5 has oncogenic properties in melanoma.
TRP channels take center stage... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_14_4.txt | quantities
Quantity
SI unit
Name
Symbol
Dimensionsymbol
Unitname
Unitsymbol
time, duration
t
T
second
s
length
l, x, r, etc.
L
metre
m
mass
m
M
kilogram
kg
electric current
I , i
I
ampere
A
|
temperature_sensed/Temperature_11_3.txt | Thermodynamic (absolute) temperature – Measure of absolute temperature
Thermography – Infrared imaging used to reveal temperature
Thermometer – Device to measure temperature
Virtual temperature – Virtual temperature of a moist air parcel
Wet-bulb globe temperature – Apparent temperature estimating how humans are affect... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_7_2.txt | required to increase the temperature of such a unit quantity by one unit of temperature. For example, raising the temperature of water by one kelvin (equal to one degree Celsius) requires 4186 joules per kilogram (J/kg). |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_5_4.txt | are thus imagined to run reversibly with no entropy production. Then the quantity of entropy taken in from the hot reservoir when the working body is heated is equal to that passed to the cold reservoir when the working body is cooled. Then the absolute or thermodynamic temperatures, T1 and T2, of the reservoirs are ... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_23.txt | 3) = f(T1, T2)f(T2, T3) = g(T1)/g(T2) · g(T2)/g(T3) = g(T1)/g(T3)), where g is a function of a single temperature. A temperature scale can now be chosen with the property that
|
q
C
|
q
H
=
T
C
T
H
.
{\displaystyle {\ |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_6_7.txt | given body and any one suitable empirical thermometer can still support notions of empirical, non-absolute, hotness, and temperature, for a suitable range of processes. This is a matter for study in non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
Bodies not in a steady state[edit]
When a body is not in a steady-state, then the notion... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_22.txt | ippard, A.B. (1957/1966), p. 18.
^ Adkins,C.J. (1968/1983), p. 20.
^ Bryan, G.H. (1907). Thermodynamics. An Introductory Treatise dealing mainly with First Principles and their Direct Applications, B.G. Teubner, Leipzig, p. 5: "... when a body is spoken of as growing hotter or colder an increase of temperature is alw... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_9_36.txt | ions (N even less than 10) with a single/double-occupancy system. The finite quantum grand canonical ensemble, obtained under the hypothesis of ergodicity and orthodicity, allows expressing the generalized temperature from the ratio of the average time of occupation
τ
1
{\displaystyle \tau _{1}}
and
τ
... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_33.txt | Wayback Machine
^ "Absolute Zero". Calphad.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
^ Definition agreed by the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) Archived 2020-10-09 at the Wayback Machine in November 2018, implemented 20 May 2019
^ Jha, Aditya; Campbell, Dougl... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_16.txt | 1851).
^ Partington, J.R. (1949), pp. 175–177.
^ Roberts, J.K., Miller, A.R. (1928/1960), pp. 321–322.
^ Quinn, T.J. (1983). Temperature, Academic Press, London, ISBN 0-12-569680-9, pp. 160–162.
^ Tisza, L. (1966). Generalized Thermodynamics, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge MA, pp. 47, |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_6_0.txt | See also[edit]
Actuator
Data acquisition
Data logger
Image sensor
MOSFET
BioFET
Chemical field-effect transistor
ISFET
List of sensors
Machine olfaction
Nanoelectronics
Nanosensor
Sensing floor
Transducer
Wireless sensor network |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_1_1.txt | Converting the sensor's electrical output (for example V) to the measured units (for example K) requires dividing the electrical output by the slope (or multiplying by its reciprocal). In addition, an offset is frequently added or subtracted. For example, −40 must be added to the output if 0 V output corresponds to ... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_4_3.txt | of exactly defined value, a measurement of the speed of sound can provide a more precise measurement of the temperature of the gas.
It is possible to measure the average kinetic energy of constituent microscopic particles if they are allowed to escape from the bulk of the system, through a small hole in the containing... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_2_1.txt | an empirical scale that developed historically, which led to its zero point 0 °C being defined as the freezing point of water, and 100 °C as the boiling point of water, both at atmospheric pressure at sea level. It was called a centigrade scale because of the 100-degree interval. Since the standardization of the kelvi... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_4_3.txt | ceptors leads to the hyperpolarization of the receptor membrane but not to depolarization as in the insect eye. In Drosophila and, it is presumed, other insects, a phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated signaling cascade links photoexcitation of rhodopsin to the opening of the TRP/TRPL channels. Although numerous activators o... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_2_6.txt | motion so that it can account for measurements of temperatures near absolute zero. This scale has a reference temperature at the triple point of water, the numerical value of which is defined by measurements using the aforementioned internationally agreed Kelvin scale.
Kelvin scale[edit]
Many scientific measurements u... |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_2_1.txt | physical parameter varies and this variation is reported by means of an integrated transducer that generates the output signal.
A chemical sensor based on recognition material of biological nature is a biosensor. However, as synthetic biomimetic materials are going to substitute to some extent recognition biomaterials... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_48.txt | arxiv.org Archived 2017-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Realizing Boltzmann's dream: computer simulations in modern statistical mechanics" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
^ Prati, E.; et al. (2010). "Measuring the temperature of a mesoscopic electron system by means of si... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_6_2.txt | or by thermal radiation.
Experimental physicists, for example Galileo and Newton, found that there are indefinitely many empirical temperature scales. Nevertheless, the zeroth law of thermodynamics says that they all measure the same quality. This means that for a body in its own state of internal thermodynamic equili... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_8_1.txt | that may be calibrated to a variety of temperature scales. In most of the world (except for Belize, Myanmar, Liberia and the United States), the Celsius scale is used for most temperature measuring purposes. Most scientists measure temperature using the Celsius scale and thermodynamic temperature using the Kelvin scal... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_10_3.txt | °C
7766.03 nm(mid-wavelength IR)
Iron melting point
1811 K
1538 °C
1600 nm(far infrared)
Incandescent lamp
2500 K
≈2200 °C
1160 nm(near infrared)
Sun's visible surface
5778 K
5505 °C
501.5 nm(green-blue light)
Lightning boltchannel
28 kK
28 |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_2_0.txt | Scales[edit]
Main article: Scale of temperature
Two thermometers showing temperature in Celsius and Fahrenheit
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_4_0.txt | TRP-like channels in insect vision[edit]
Figure 1. Light-activated TRPL channels in Periplaneta americana photoreceptors. A, a typical current through TRPL channels was evoked by a 4-s pulse of bright light (horizontal bar). B, a photoreceptor membrane voltage response to the light-induced activation of TRPL channels, ... |
temperature_sensed/Room_temperature_3_1.txt | The European Pharmacopoeia defines it as being simply 15 to 25 °C (59 to 77 °F), and the Japanese Pharmacopeia defines "ordinary temperature" as 15 to 25 °C (59 to 77 °F), with room temperature being 1 to 30 °C (34 to 86 °F). Merriam-Webster gives as a medical definition a range of 15 to 25 °C (59 to 77 °F) as being s... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_10_5.txt | Core of a high-massstar on its last day
3 GK
3 billion °C
1×10 nm(gamma rays)
Merging binary neutronstar system
350 GK
350 billion °C
8×10 nm(gamma rays)
Relativistic HeavyIon Collider
1 TK
1 trillion °C
3×10 nm(gamma rays)
CERN's proton vs nucleus collisions
|
temperature_sensed/Nerve_4_1.txt | the nerve all cause nerve damage, which can vary in severity.
Multiple sclerosis is a disease associated with extensive nerve damage. It occurs when the macrophages of an individual's own immune system damage the myelin sheaths that insulate the axon of the nerve.
A pinched nerve occurs when pressure is placed on a ne... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_46.txt | olland Publishing Company., Amsterdam, (1st edition 1949) fifth edition 1965, p. 8: "If two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third system then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other."
^ Buchdahl, H.A. (1966). The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 29:... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_8_12.txt | or smoothed out. Temperature discontiuities, rather than merely being anomalies, have actually substantially improved our understanding and predictive abilities pertaining to heat transfer at small scales. |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_5_7.txt | on epithelial cells. TRPV4 activation by LPS was necessary and sufficient to induce nitric oxide production with a bactericidal effect. |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_5_1.txt | limiting specific heat of zero for zero temperature, according to the third law of thermodynamics. Nevertheless, a thermodynamic temperature does in fact have a definite numerical value that has been arbitrarily chosen by tradition and is dependent on the property of particular materials; it is simply less arbitrary t... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_14_0.txt | External links[edit]
Temperature at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsResources from WikiversityData from Wikidata
Current map of global surface temperatures
vteScales of temperature
Celsius
Delisle
Fahrenheit
Gas mark
Kelvin
Leiden
Newton
Rankine
Réaumur
Rømer
Wedgwood
Convers... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_37.txt | 318. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.122845. ISSN 0017-9310. S2CID 246036409.
^ Cahill, D; et al. (27 Dec 2022). "Nanoscale thermal transport". Journal of Applied Physics. 93 (2): 793–818. doi:10.1063/1.1524305. hdl:2027.42/70161. S2CID 15327316. Retrieved 20 |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_10_7.txt | ivity is greater at shorter wavelengths, which makes them appear whiter.
Effective photosphere temperature. The 273.15 K difference between K and °C is rounded to 273 K to avoid false precision in the Celsius value.
The 273.15 K difference between K and °C is within the precision of these values.
For a true black... |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_5_5.txt | series of MOS capacitors in a row, they connected a suitable voltage to them so that the charge could be stepped along from one to the next. The CCD is a semiconductor circuit that was later used in the first digital video cameras for television broadcasting.
The MOS active-pixel sensor (APS) was developed by Tsutomu ... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_3_9.txt | a given frequency band, the noise-power has equal contributions from every frequency and is called Johnson noise. If the value of the resistance is known then the temperature can be found.
Macroscopic thermodynamic scale[edit]
Historically, till May 2019, the definition of the Kelvin scale was that invented by Kelvin,... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_3_11.txt | is directly proportional to its temperature. Some natural gases show so nearly ideal properties over suitable temperature range that they can be used for thermometry; this was important during the development of thermodynamics and is still of practical importance today. The ideal gas thermometer is, however, not theor... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_27.txt | and Statistical Thermodynamics" (PDF). p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-28. Consequently we identify temperature as a driving force which causes something called heat to be transferred.
^ Tait, P.G. (1884). Heat, Macmillan, London, Chapter VII, pp. 42, 103–117.
^ Beattie, J.A., Oppenheim, I. (1979)... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_3_12.txt | how cold it is. Alternatively thinking, the ideal gas law, refers to the limit of infinitely high temperature and zero pressure; these conditions guarantee non-interactive motions of the constituent molecules. |
temperature_sensed/Room_temperature_1_3.txt | preferring higher ambient temperatures.
In the recent past it was common for house temperatures to be kept below the comfort level; a 1978 UK study found average indoor home temperatures to be 15.8 °C (60.4 °F) while Japan in 1980 had median home temperatures of 13 °C (55 °F) to 15 °C (59 °F).
Rooms may be maintained ... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_18.txt | 1960/1985), Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, (first edition 1960), second edition 1985, John Wiley & Sons, New York, ISBN 0-471-86256-8, pp. 146–148.
^ Kondepudi, D., Prigogine, I. (1998). Modern Thermodynamics. From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, John Wiley, Chichester, ISBN 0-471-9739... |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_3_8.txt | of black-body radiation is directly proportional to the temperature of the black body; this is known as Wien's displacement law and has a theoretical explanation in Planck's law and the Bose–Einstein law.
Measurement of the spectrum of noise-power produced by an electrical resistor can also provide accurate temperatur... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_0_4.txt | are activated and regulated by a wide variety of stimuli and are expressed throughout the body. |
temperature_sensed/Temperature_12_12.txt | 1980), Sections 11 B, 11H, pp. 306–310, 320–332.
^ Quinn, T. J. (1983).
^ Germer, L.H. (1925). 'The distribution of initial velocities among thermionic electrons', Phys. Rev., 25: 795–807. here
^ Turvey, K. (1990). 'Test of validity of Maxwellian statistics for electrons thermionically emitted from an oxide cathode'... |
temperature_sensed/Sensor_0_0.txt | A sensor is a device that produces an output signal for the purpose of detecting a physical phenomenon.
In the broadest definition, a sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem that detects events or changes in its environment and sends the information to other electronics, frequently a computer processor.
Senso... |
temperature_sensed/Transient_receptor_potential_channel_1_19.txt | ades are known outside of the deterostomes: nanchung and Iav. Mechanistic studies of these latter clades have been largely restricted to Drosophila, but phylogenetic analyses has placed a number of other genes from Placozoa, Annelida, Cnidaria, Mollusca, and other arthropods within them. TRPV channels have also been de... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/japplphysiol01107200_19_0.txt | ME=𝑊total𝑀total−𝑀rest
Equation 3
The Mrest was calculated from the average rate ofV˙o 2 during the 5 min preceding the exercise bout. These values were calculated and expressed in kilojoules by using the aforementioned equation.
The total heat load generated by the exercise (HLex) for each subject was calculated by ... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/PMC2269891_16_0.txt | To minimise the heat losses to the environment surrounding the exercising leg via convection and conductance, local muscle, skin, and blood temperatures were equalised to the core temperature (õesophageal ≈ 37°C) by perfusing a cuff surrounding the thigh with warm water (∼41°C). This procedure lasted 45–60 min until mu... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/PMC2269891_54_13.txt | , Saltin B. Muscle blood flow at onset of dynamic exercise in humans. American Journal of Physiology. 1998;274:H314–322. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Rasband WS, Bright DS. NIH Image: A public domain image processing program for the Macintosh. Microbeam Analysis Society Journal. 1995;4:137–149. [Google Scholar]
Ratkeviciu... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/PMC2269891_2_1.txt | of Barcroft & Edholm (1942) and Pennes (1948) established the theoretical basis for the quantification of heat transfer in perfused tissue. Despite the complexity of the various tissues, muscle fibre and motor unit recruitment (Lexell et al. 1983), the knee-extensor model could provide a means to precisely determine t... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/japplphysiol01107200_20_0.txt | HLex=𝑀total−(𝑀rest+𝑊total)
Equation 4
The total dry heat loss by radiation, conduction, and convection from the skin surface during exercise (Hsk ex) and during recovery (Hsk rec) was estimated by subtracting the area-weighted H̄Fsk (as above) corrected for body surface area (AD) during rest from those values record... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/documentrepidrep1typ_7_11.txt | , tension-dependent heat, and activation heat in twitchesof
frog skeletal muscle. J. Physiol., Lond. 291, 265-275.
RANATUNGA, K.W. (1977). Influence of temperature on the characteristics of summation of isometric
mechanical responses of mammalian skeletal muscle. Expl Neuml. 54, 513-532. |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/PMC2269891_7_0.txt | Thigh blood flow
Femoral venous blood flow was measured by a modified version of the thermodilution technique originally described by Andersen & Saltin (1985). With the same experimental set-up, we obtained continuous measures of the infusate and femoral venous blood temperatures, allowing the calculation of femoral ve... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/documentrepidrep1typ_6_8.txt | Lond. 143, 454-473.
EDWARDS, R. H. T., HARRIS, R. C., HULTMAN, E., KAIJSER, L., KOH, D. & NORDESJO, L.-0. (1972). Effect of
temperature on muscle energy metabolism and endurance during successive isometric contractions sustained |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/documentrepidrep1typ_5_3.txt | . Investigations exploiting thermal dependence may
well lead to further hypotheses and insights into the nature of the contractile process
itself (e.g. Mittenthal, 1975, on the distance of cross-bridge movement). Muscle from
animals and/or animal groups with very different thermal histories could be
particularly useful... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/PMC2269891_1_9.txt | to obtain an estimate of energy turnover. Bangsbo et al. (1990) have made such an attempt using the knee-extensor model. The anaerobic processes were estimated from the reductions of muscle ATP and PCr, the accumulation of glycolytic intermediates and lactate, and the release of lactate. Although there was an acceptab... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/documentrepidrep1typ_1_0.txt | and relaxation (measured as the inverse of time to return to 50 % of maximal twitch
tension, I/~RT) have Qlo values of 2.36 and 2.82, respectively, between 20 and
30°C. Maximal rate of isometric tetanic tension development (dpo/dt) has a Qlo of
2-22 over this range. The maximal velocity of shortening (V,,) and maximal ... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/japplphysiol01107200_48_1.txt | from previously active musculature may contribute to the sustained elevation in postexercise Tes. Our observation of a prolonged elevation in Tmu at values elevated above esophageal provides further evidence to support this conclusion. Thus, in the absence of a postexercise increase in heat loss response (14), Tes wou... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/japplphysiol01107200_44_0.txt | During the course of exercise, the muscle-to-core temperature gradient increased progressively (Fig. 4), from −1.15°C at rest to +0.90°C by the end of exercise. Also, despite the rapid increase in muscle heat content (as represented by increased Tmu) to values exceeding that for core, the rate of temperature increase o... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/documentrepidrep1typ_0_1.txt | . Muscle
performance generally does not acclimate. There appears to have been
some evolutionary adaptation among species and classes to different
thermal regimes, such that muscles from cold-adapted species maintain
better mechanical performance at low temperatures than do those from
warm-adapted animals. However, rate... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/japplphysiol01107200_9_2.txt | by ultrasound imaging. |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/PMC2269891_50_2.txt | when contraction velocity is < 25 % of the maximal value (Crow & Kushmerick, 1982; Curtin & Woledge, 1991, 1993; Aagaard et al. 1994; Barclay, 1996), the question arises as to whether a shift in fibre recruitment and/or enhanced motor unit recruitment contributed to the observed increases in oxygen uptake and heat pro... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/japplphysiol01107200_42_2.txt | ., vastus lateralis); 2) differences in the muscle mass implicated in the exercise activity; 3) differences in ambient conditions; and 4) difference in work intensity. For example, it would be expected that the temperature profile of the vastus lateralis would be different from that of the medialis, as it is less affec... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/PMC2269891_38_0.txt | Additional heat loss
To the above reported heat production should be added the small heat losses by convection, conduction and convection via the lymph flow (Ha). The amount of heat conducted to the skin of the anterior thigh during exercise was estimated to range from ∼2 J s−1 during the first 5 s of exercise to 6 J s... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/documentrepidrep1typ_2_0.txt | dependence and twitch tension often decreases over this temperature range.
ADAPTATIONS TO TEMPERATURE
This general pattern of high thermal dependence of rate processes might be
expected to pose problems for poikilothermic organisms. As muscle temperature
changes, so do contractile speeds and possibly reaction rates or ... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/PMC2269891_26_2.txt | onso & B. Saltin, unpublished observations; ΔPCr 16.3 mmol (kg wet wt)−1 and Δlactate 22.3 mmol (kg wet wt)−1) and the kinetics described by Gollnick & Hermansen (Fig. 3, p. 12; 1973) and Sinclair et al. (1999). Lactate concentrations were converted into ATP concentrations by multiplying lactate concentrations by a fac... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/PMC2269891_33_0.txt | equation image
An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is tjp0524-0603-f4.jpg
Figure 4
Mean quadriceps muscle temperature, arterial and femoral blood temperature (A) and thigh blood flow (B) for all subjects at rest and during passive exercise, dynamic exercise and recovery
Of note is the ... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/japplphysiol01107200_40_0.txt | DISCUSSION
In this study, an attempt was made to specifically evaluate the kinetics of heat exchange in muscle tissue during and after exercise by using a multisensor thermal probe positioned at a predetermined internal marker. In contrast to previous studies, we observed similar individual and group Tmu profiles durin... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/PMC2269891_54_14.txt | ically induced contractions in man. The Journal of Physiology. 1998;507:593–602. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Ray CA, Dudley GA. Muscle use during dynamic knee extension: implication for perfusion and metabolism. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1998;85:1194–1197. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Richardson RS, ... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/benefitsofextremetem_18_0.txt | Exercise
Fitness
Cold workout
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below_temperature_muscles_not_work/documentrepidrep1typ_4_3.txt | ) and ca2+ uptake
by sarcoplasmic reticulum (Yamamoto & Tonomura, 1967; Blinks et al. 1978).
However, the correspondence between the thermal dependence of contractile events
and isolated enzyme systems associated with them is often poor. For example,
although actomyosin ATPase is thought to be an important determinant ... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/japplphysiol01107200_36_0.txt | Postexercise tissue temperature response.
Tes decreased rapidly (−0.04°C/min) during the initial minutes after the cessation of exercise (Table 2), after which there was a rapid decrease in the rate of temperature decrease to negligible values. At ∼5 min of recovery, Tes reached an elevated value 0.35°C above baseline ... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/japplphysiol01107200_6_0.txt | METHODS
Subjects.
Subsequent to approval of the project by the University Human Research Ethics Committee, seven healthy subjects (6 men, 1 woman) consented to participate in the study. Mean values (±SD) of the subjects' age, height, body mass, maximal oxygen consumption during bilateral concentric knee extensions (V˙o... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/documentrepidrep1typ_2_6.txt | sartorius muscle of Ranapipiens acclimated to 5°C (filled circles), 15OC (open
circles) and 25OC (squares). The only significant difference among acclimation groups is a longer
112 RT for 25°C-acclimated frogs measured at 15T. Data from Renaud & Stevens (1981~).
The lack of acclimation of muscle function is a very puz... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/japplphysiol01107200_46_0.txt | Deep Tmu decreased during the early stages of exercise recovery to values equal to that of Tes, after which deep Tmu remained relatively unchanged from Tes for the duration of recovery, with the deep muscle-to-core temperature gradient no greater than ∼0.02°C. The lack of a difference in temperature gradient between mu... |
below_temperature_muscles_not_work/japplphysiol01107200_62_4.txt | acy Collection
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