paper_id stringlengths 10 10 ⌀ | yes_no bool 2
classes | paper_index int64 0 519 ⌀ | evidence stringlengths 0 37.7k | question stringlengths 4 11.7k | answer stringlengths 1 26k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
null | false | null | Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Electro, Black Lightning | Electro is Marvel, Black Lightning is DC | |
null | false | null | Can you write me a haiku to boost my spirits today? | Sunlight streaming through,
Lightning in the sky,
My spirits lift. | |
null | false | null | How many planets orbit the sun? | For many years astronomers stated that there were 9 planets that orbited the Sun. In 2006 the 9th planet and furthest from the Sun, Pluto, was demoted from a planet to a dwarf planet. Technically there are now 8 planets and 1 dwarf planet that orbit the Sun. | |
null | false | null | Who was the most prolific religious leader ever? | Some know him as Zoroaster and others as Zarathustra. He lived between the 18th and 16th century BCE. The reputed founder of Zoroastrianism, he started the major religion of the Persian Empire. This empire flourished from 550 BCE to 330 BCE.
Nobody knows his birthplace. But many Arabic sources claim he got born in mod... | |
null | false | null | List some reasons why cats are the best pets. | - They are cuddly
- They are independent
- They very frequently bond with their humans
- They provide emotional support
- They are less demanding than dogs
- They are easy to care for
- They don't need constant attention 24/7
- They can be trained to use a litter box or even a real toilet
- They don't take up a lot of ... | |
null | false | null | What do economists do? | Economists study a diverse range of social issues whose outcomes are driven by the choices of individuals under resource constraints and limited information. There are various subfields in economics:
- Microeconomists study the supply and demand decision of individuals and firms, such as how profits can be maximized a... | |
null | false | null | Think up a bunch of different ways to spend time outdoors | Hiking, camping, fishing, kayaking, walking, biking, jogging | |
null | false | null | The Berlin Marathon was established in 1974 by Horst Milde, a baker and running enthusiast in the city. The race had 244 finishers; 234 men and 10 women, and was won by Günter Hallas and Jutta von Haase in times of 2:44:53 and 3:22:01 respectively. In 1977, Christa Vahlensieck established a new women's world record at ... | Extract the names of the winners of the Berlin Marathon from the reference text and provide them as a bulleted list. | * Günter Hallas
* Jutta van Hasse
* Christa Vahlensieck
* Ronaldo da Costa
* Simon Biwott
* Naoko Takahashi
* Eliud Kipchoge |
null | false | 60 | Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems have been evolving quickly and reaching human parity in certain cases. The systems usually perform pretty well on reading style and clean speech, however, most of the available systems suffer from situation where the speaking style is conversation and in noisy environments. It... | What WER did their system achieve on the VLSP 2019 data sets? | 15.09% WER. |
null | false | null | The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, known simply as the American League (AL), is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States and Canada. | How many teams are in the MLB American League | The American League consists of 15 teams (including one Canadian team) aligned in three divisions: the AL East, comprising the Baltimore Orioles, Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, Tampa Bay Rays, and Toronto Blue Jays; the AL Central, comprising the Chicago White Sox, Cleveland Indians, Detroit Tigers, Kansas City Roya... |
null | false | null | The proposed league would have consisted of two conferences split into four divisions. The current KHL would have made up one of the conferences. The other conference would have been composed of a Scandinavian division and a Central European division. The winners of the two conferences would have played each other for ... | Based on this paragraph about the potential Kontinental Hockey League expansion, how many divisions and how many conferences would the proposed league have? | The league would have two conferences and four divisions. |
null | false | null | Give me a title of one of the "Harry Potter" novels. | Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire | |
null | false | 145 | All BERT experiments were trained for 500K steps. The code was written in Python and we used the Tensorflow libraries to create the models. The experiments were trained on a single NVIDIA Tesla V100 32 GB graphic card. The data was first processed into Tensorflow records as the input to the model. The set of hyperparam... | Does BERT outperfom Transformer-XL? | No, cannot say which model architecture has performed better. |
null | false | 4 | Knowledge Base Question Answering (KBQA) systems answer questions by obtaining information from KB tuples BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 , BIBREF4 , BIBREF5 . For an input question, these systems typically generate a KB query, which can be executed to retrieve the answers from a KB. Figure 1 illustrates the proc... | Why is the residual learning method used for sequence matching? | To make the model training easier and results in more abstract (deeper) question representations, thus improves hierarchical matching. |
null | false | null | Education in Singapore is managed by the Ministry of Education (MOE). It controls the development and administration of state schools receiving taxpayers' funding, but also has an advisory and supervisory role in respect of private schools. For both private and state schools, there are variations in the extent of auton... | How is education in Singapore | Education spending usually makes up about 20 per cent of the annual national budget, which subsidises state education and government-assisted private education for Singaporean citizens and funds the Edusave programme. Non-citizens bear significantly higher costs of educating their children in Singapore government and g... |
null | false | null | How many Indian princely states were united by Sardar Patel during 1947-1949 | 565 princely states | |
null | false | null | Who is the Denver Broncos best player in franchise history? | John Elway is widely considered the best player for the Denver Broncos. In addition to leading the team to five Super Bowls, and winning three, he is also a holder of numerous franchise and NFL records. He became a fan favorite for his toughness. His most memorable moment was the "helicopter play" in Super Bowl XXXI... | |
null | false | null | What is the former prince of Wales is now referred as? | King Charles III of United Kingdom | |
null | false | null | Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Chrotta, Frula | Chrotta is string, Frula is woodwind. | |
null | false | 168 | Knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR) is the process of representing the domain knowledge in formal languages (e.g., SPARQL, Prolog) such that it can be used by expert systems to execute querying and reasoning services. KRR have been applied in many fields including financial regulations, medical diagnosis, laws... | What is the major obstacle in KRR? | One major obstacle in KRR is the creation of large-scale knowledge bases with high quality. |
null | false | null | What are four well known movies with Samuel L Jackson? | Four well known movies with Samuel L Jackson are Pulp Fiction, Goodfellas, The Incredibles, and Marvel's the Avengers | |
null | false | null | Why is Pickleball a popular sport? | Pickleball's popularity has been on the rise, thanks in large part to its low entry barrier. With elements of tennis, ping-pong, and badminton, players with experience in racket sports can easily pick up the game. The court is smaller than a tennis court, and the slower-moving ball allows for players of varying athleti... | |
null | false | null | Kenneth John Ortega (born April 18, 1950) is an American filmmaker, touring manager, and choreographer. | Who is Kenny Ortega? | Kenneth John Ortega (born April 18, 1950) is an American filmmaker, touring manager, and choreographer. He is known for directing the films Newsies, Hocus Pocus, The Cheetah Girls 2, High School Musical, Michael Jackson's This Is It, Descendants, and Julie and the Phantoms. He also choreographed the films St. Elmo's Fi... |
null | false | null | What are some good body weight exercises for shoulders? | Good body weight exercises for shoulders include plank front arm reaches, pike pushups, plank shoulder taps, arm circles, and dolphin presses. | |
null | false | null | How do you make a good cappuccino? | There are multiple steps involved in making a good cappuccino:
Step 1: Find fresh coffee beans and grind them finely
For optimal taste, the coffee beans should be fresh and only slightly oxidized. It is important to use a high quality grinder that grinds the beans uniformly and finely. You should fill a portafilter w... | |
1611.02550 | false | null | The data used for this task is drawn from the Switchboard conversational English corpus BIBREF31 . The word segments range from 50 to 200 frames in length. The acoustic features in each frame (the input to the word embedding models INLINEFORM0 ) are 39-dimensional MFCCs+ INLINEFORM1 + INLINEFORM2 . We use the same trai... | Which dataset do they use? | The answers are shown as follows:
* Switchboard conversational English corpus
|
null | false | null | Why does adding water to a hot pan of oil cause fire? | Oil and water do not mix. Water is denser than oil and will settle in the bottom. When you have hot oil in a pan and add a droplet of water the water will sink to the bottom and rapidly heat up to boiling point and vaporize into steam. The steam escapes through the oil leading to a steam explosion. The explosion takes ... | |
null | false | 242 | Automatic Text Summarization deals with the task of condensing documents into a summary, whose level is similar to a human-generated summary. It is mostly distributed into two distinct domains, i.e., Abstractive Summarization and Extractive Summarization. Abstractive summarization( Dejong et al. ,1978) involves models ... | What models are their methods based on? | Glove Model and InferSent model. |
null | false | 206 | Keyphrases are single or multi-word lexical units that best summarise a document BIBREF0. As such, they are of great importance for indexing, categorising and browsing digital libraries BIBREF1. Yet, very few documents have keyphrases assigned, thus raising the need for automatic keyphrase generation systems. This task... | How to collect the data? | By crawling selected news websites. |
null | false | null | Classify each of the following as either a stringed instrument or a percussion instrument: violin, guitar, drums, congas, bongos, bass guitar. | The violin, guitar and bass guitar are stringed instruments. Drums, congas, and bongos are percussion instruments. | |
null | false | 102 | Following lebret2016neural, we used BLEU-4, NIST-4 and ROUGE-4 as the evaluation metrics. We first make a few observations based on the results on the English dataset (Table TABREF15 ). The basic seq2seq model, as well as the model proposed by weather16, perform better than the model proposed by lebret2016neural. Our f... | Which evaluation metric was chosen? | They used BLEU- 4, NIST-4 and ROUGE-4 as the evaluation metrics. |
1704.08960 | false | null | FLOAT SELECTED: Table 3: Statistics of external data.
Neural network models for NLP benefit from pretraining of word/character embeddings, learning distributed sementic information from large raw texts for reducing sparsity. The three basic elements in our neural segmentor, namely characters, character bigrams and word... | What external sources are used? | Raw data from Gigaword, Automatically segmented text from Gigaword, Heterogenous training data from People's Daily, POS data from People's Daily |
null | false | null | According to popular belief, the macaron has been introduced in France by the Italian chef of queen Catherine de Medici during the Renaissance but this appears to be a legend as the macaron is already mentioned in France in the 8th century in the Cormery Abbey. | Where do Macarons originate from? | The Macaron originates from France and is generally thought to have been created by an Italian chef of Catherine de Medici when she was the Queen of France during the 16th century. However the time period and original creator maybe a legend as there are documents referring to the Macaron in the 8th century from Cormery... |
1909.08402 | false | null | In this paper we presented a way of enriching BERT with knowledge graph embeddings and additional metadata. Exploiting the linked knowledge that underlies Wikidata improves performance for our task of document classification. With this approach we improve the standard BERT models by up to four percentage points in accu... | By how much do they outperform standard BERT? | The answers are shown as follows:
* up to four percentage points in accuracy
|
null | false | null | Pink Floyd are an English rock band formed in London in 1965. Gaining an early following as one of the first British psychedelic groups, they were distinguished by their extended compositions, sonic experimentation, philosophical lyrics and elaborate live shows. They became a leading band of the progressive rock genre,... | Extract the name and the release year of the albums of the rock band Pink Floyd. Place them in a bullet list and separate name and year with a comma | - The Piper at the Gates of Dawn,1967
- The Dark Side of the Moon,1973
- Wish You Were Here,1975
- Animals,1977
- The Wall,1979
- A Momentary Lapse of Reason,1987
- The Division Bell,1994
- The Endless River,2014 |
null | false | null | Which is a bird or fish: Redfin perch, Red-breasted merganser | Red-breasted merganser is a bird, Redfin perch is a fish | |
1907.08501 | false | null | The same 36 questions were answered using four QALD tools: WDAqua BIBREF0 , QAKiS BIBREF7 , gAnswer BIBREF6 and Platypus BIBREF8 .
The same 36 questions were answered using four QALD tools: WDAqua BIBREF0 , QAKiS BIBREF7 , gAnswer BIBREF6 and Platypus BIBREF8 . | Which four QA systems do they use? | The answers are shown as follows:
* WDAqua BIBREF0 , QAKiS BIBREF7 , gAnswer BIBREF6 and Platypus BIBREF8
|
1911.00523 | false | null | Non-contextual properties of a word. These features are derived directly from the word and capture the general tendency of a word being echoed in explanations.
Non-contextual properties of a word. These features are derived directly from the word and capture the general tendency of a word being echoed in explanations. | What non-contextual properties do they refer to? | The answers are shown as follows:
* These features are derived directly from the word and capture the general tendency of a word being echoed in explanations.
|
null | false | 213 | According to The National Institute on Deafness, one in thousand infants is born deaf. An additional one to six per thousand are born with hearing loss at different levels BIBREF0. Sign language is commonly used by Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) persons to communicate via hand gestures. An automatic sign language recog... | What kind of architecture do they propose? | An architecture which uses both RGB and skeletal data to improve recognition accuracy. |
null | false | 350 | Machine reading comprehension and question answering has becomes a crucial application problem in evaluating the progress of AI system in the realm of natural language processing and understanding BIBREF0 . The computational linguistics communities have devoted significant attention to the general problem of machine re... | Whose performance is better on the RACE full dataset? Their model or human turkers? | Their single model. |
null | false | null | Should a man get married when he is young, or wait until he is older? | Most importantly, a person should get married when they find the right person. But assuming one has found the right person, there are comparative advantages and disadvantages to marrying at a young age or an older age. Men have the advantage of not needing to worry about the 'biological clock' - unlike women, their rep... | |
1910.07181 | false | null | We evalute Bertram on the WNLaMPro dataset of BIBREF0. This dataset consists of cloze-style phrases like
We evalute Bertram on the WNLaMPro dataset of BIBREF0. | What is dataset for word probing task? | The answers are shown as follows:
* WNLaMPro dataset
|
null | false | null | How can I become the best person? | To want to be the best person, you have to know who or what you want to compare yourself to. It is very advisable to compare yourself only with yourself. Where am I currently in life, what do I want to change and what goals do I want to achieve? Examples are: to have more friends, to be healthier, to develop a better c... | |
null | false | 295 | First, we evaluated the standard HMM model with an uninformative prior (this will be our baseline) for the two different input features: MFCC (and derivatives) and MBN. Results are shown in Table TABREF20 . Surprisingly, the MBN features perform relatively poorly compared to the standard MFCC. These results are contrad... | What are the two different input features? | MFCC (and derivatives) and MBN. |
1701.03051 | false | null | The baseline model for our experiments is explained in the paper by Alec Go [1]. The model uses the Naive Bayes, SVM, and the Maximum Entropy classifiers for their experiment. Their feature vector is either composed of Unigrams, Bigrams, Unigrams + Bigrams, or Unigrams + POS tags.
The baseline model for our experiments... | What previously proposed methods is this method compared against? | The answers are shown as follows:
* Naive Bayes
* SVM
* Maximum Entropy classifiers
|
null | false | null | Because endocrinology encompasses so many conditions and diseases, there are many organizations that provide education to patients and the public. The Hormone Foundation is the public education affiliate of The Endocrine Society and provides information on all endocrine-related conditions. Other educational organizatio... | List some of the endocrinology societies and organizations within Europe and specifically talk about the United Kingdom. | Specifically in the United Kingdom, the Society for Endocrinology and the British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes are the main professional endocrinology organisations. Europe also has the following organisations: the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) and the European Society for Paediatric End... |
null | false | null | What is Jon Snow's true name? | Aegon Targaryen | |
null | false | 168 | Knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR) is the process of representing the domain knowledge in formal languages (e.g., SPARQL, Prolog) such that it can be used by expert systems to execute querying and reasoning services. KRR have been applied in many fields including financial regulations, medical diagnosis, laws... | Why the KALM is superior to the current CNL systems? | Because the KALM has a complex frame-semantic parser which can standardize the semantics of the sentences that express the same meaning via different linguistic structures. |
null | false | null | What are things people do in the morning? | Things that people tend to do in the morning are to wake up, drink coffee and have breakfast. | |
null | false | null | What is India’s rank in UN Human Development Index 2021? | 132nd (total nations 191) | |
null | false | null | Hispania (Latin: Hispānia [hɪsˈpaːnia], Spanish: [isˈpanja]; nearly identically pronounced in Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, and Italian) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula and its provinces. Under the Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. During the ... | What is Hispania | Hispania (Latin: Hispānia [hɪsˈpaːnia], Spanish: [isˈpanja]; nearly identically pronounced in Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, and Italian) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula and its provinces. Under the Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. During the ... |
null | false | null | Give me a list of the greatest basketball players of all time. | Michael Jordan and Lebron James are often considered as the two greatest basketball players of all time. In addition, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Bill Russell, Magic Johnson, Kobe Bryant, and Larry Bird are all considered amongst the best basketball players to play the game. | |
null | false | 306 | Recent years, great efforts have been made on extracting relational fact from unstructured raw texts to build large structural knowledge bases. A relational fact is often represented as a triplet which consists of two entities (subject and object) and semantic relation between them. Early works BIBREF0, BIBREF1, BIBREF... | What situations can not be tackled by tagging-based method? | (1) one entity belongs to multiple triplets (2) multiple entities have overlaps. |
null | false | null | SoftBank Group Corp. (ソフトバンクグループ株式会社, SofutoBanku Gurūpu Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered in Minato, Tokyo which focuses on investment management. The Group primarily invests in companies operating in technology that offer goods and services to customers in a mult... | From the passage mention the different verticals in which SoftBank Group Corp. invests in. Display the results in comma separated format. | robotics, artificial intelligence, logistics, transportation, proptech, real estate, hospitality, broadband, fixed-line telecommunications, e-commerce, information technology, finance, media and marketing |
null | false | null | Which ones of the following are considered nutrient-dense foods: soda, vegetables, fruits, chips, whole grains, seafood, cookies, eggs, beans, peas, lentils, unsalted nuts and seeds, fat-free and low-fat dairy products, fried chicken, lean meats and poultry. | Vegetables, fruits, whole grains, seafood, eggs, beans, peas, and lentils, unsalted nuts and seeds, fat-free and low-fat dairy products, and lean meats and poultry are nutrient-dense foods. | |
null | false | null | What is the largest land animal in the world? | African Elephant | |
null | false | null | What is considered a good meal? | Have plenty and balanced intake of carbs, proteins and fats. Have various ingredients including greens. | |
null | false | null | How to write a college essay? | A college essay is likely the most important part of your college application. While it's important to be factual about the writing, the essay is meant to demonstrate you as a unique person, that's set apart from the other applicants. Examples are unique experiences that changed the path of your life; special activitie... | |
null | false | null | Away from his expeditions, Shackleton's life was generally restless and unfulfilled. In his search for rapid pathways to wealth and security, he launched business ventures which failed to prosper, and he died heavily in debt. Upon his death, he was lauded in the press but was thereafter largely forgotten, while the her... | Besides his expeditions, what was Shackleton's life like? | Despite being considered today a role model for leadership in extreme circumstances, Shackleton was largely forgotten for decades after his death. He was focused on and participated in several get rich quick schemes but they all ended in failure. Shackleton died heavily in debt. |
null | false | null | Both the modern free software movement and the Open Source Initiative were born from a common history of Unix, Internet free software, and the hacker culture, but their basic goals and philosophy differ, the free software movement being more focused on the ethics of software, and their open source counterparts being mo... | Which is better the Free Software Movement or the Open Source Initiative? | The Free Software Movement is the better organization for me since I also hold a high value on ethics and believe in that vision. |
null | false | null | What are foundational models? | Foundational Models as the name says can be the foundation for many applications of the AI Model, using self-supervised learning and transfer learning, the model can apply information it learnt about one situation to another. As an example. You learn to drive one car and without too much effort you can drive most of th... | |
1912.07976 | false | null | We build a joint model for the multi-task of ATE and APC based on the BERT-BASE model. After optimizing the model parameters according to the empirical result, the joint model based on BERT-BASE achieved hopeful performance on all three datasets and even surpassed other proposed BERT based improved models on some datas... | How much better is performance of the proposed model compared to the state of the art in these various experiments? | The answers are shown as follows:
* significantly improves the accuracy and F1 score of aspect polarity classification
|
null | false | null | What is the smallest country in the world? | The smallest country in the world is Vatican City, with an area of less than .5 square kilometers. It is fully encircled by the Italian capital of Rome, and has existed as a sovereign nation since 1929. Due to its small size it is considered to be a microstate. | |
null | false | null | Are universities becoming obsolete ? | The combination of skyrocketing tuition fees and the increase in adoption in remote learning might make most universities obsolete in the future. It’s completely dependent on the individual’s expectation from a University level education but the goals of students are changing. The ability to network or gain popularity ... | |
2004.04435 | false | null | In this section, we empirically compare automatic differentiation (AD, our implementation based on Clad) and numerical differentiation (ND, based on finite difference method) in ROOT. We show that AD can drastically improve accuracy and performance of derivative evaluation, compared to ND.
In this section, we empirical... | How is correctness of automatic derivation proved? | The answers are shown as follows:
* empirically compare automatic differentiation (AD, our implementation based on Clad) and numerical differentiation (ND, based on finite difference method)
|
null | false | null | write a short essay on day spent in central park | Central Park is one of the most iconic landmarks in New York City, and a popular destination for locals and tourists alike. Spending a day in Central Park is an unforgettable experience, filled with beauty, excitement, and relaxation.
The park offers a wide range of activities and attractions, from boating on the lake... | |
null | false | null | Can you tell me what of these are capital cities of their respective countries? Manchester, Madrid, Paris, Milan, London and Munich | A capital city is the city where the government of the country resides. From the previous lists only Madrid, Paris and London are capital cities. Manchester, Milan and Munich are large and important cities in Europe but they are not their country's capital. Some cities like Milan might be consider their country's econo... | |
null | false | 270 | Princeton WordNet BIBREF0 is one of the most important resources used in many different tasks across linguistics and natural language processing, however the resource is only available for English and is limited in its coverage of real world concepts. To cross the language barrier, huge efforts have been made to extend... | What dataset is used when creating the statistics? | The Princeton WordNet synset. |
null | false | 365 | Words with multiple senses commonly exist in many languages. For example, the word bank can either mean a “financial establishment” or “the land alongside or sloping down to a river or lake”, based on different contexts. Such a word is called a “polyseme”. The task to identify the meaning of a polyseme in its surroundi... | What model do they train for context abstraction? | A pseudo language model. |
null | false | 284 | With the massive increase in social interactions on online social networks, there has also been an increase of hateful activities that exploit such infrastructure. On Twitter, hateful tweets are those that contain abusive speech targeting individuals (cyber-bullying, a politician, a celebrity, a product) or particular ... | What are the baselines? | Char n-grams, TF-IDF vectors, and Bag of Words vectors (BoWV). |
null | false | 203 | We base our experiments on a large collection of Bible translations crawled from the web, coming from various sources and periods of times. Any other multilingual data collection would work as well, but with the selected corpus we have the advantage that we cover the same genre and roughly the same coverage for each la... | What data do their experiments base on? | A large collection of Bible translations crawled from the web. |
null | false | null | Name some celebrities who have been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. | Jack Osbourne, Selma Blair, Jason DaSilva, Richard Pryor | |
null | false | 254 | Every day textual information is being added/updated on Wikipedia, as well as other social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, etc. These platforms receive a huge amount of unverified textual data from all its users such as News Channels, Bloggers, Journalists, Field-Experts which ought to be verified before other ... | What model do they use? | BERT's (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) masked language model. |
null | false | null | How do you subtract two numbers? | Subtraction is an operation that identifies the total count of objects in a collection of items after a specific count of items are removed from the starting total.
You can subtract two numbers by starting with an initial count, which represents the number to subtract from, and a second count which represents the numb... | |
null | false | null | What are some ways of traveling from Washington D.C to San Francisco? | - take a direct flight
- drive cross country on paved roads with a car
- drive cross country on dirt roads with a car
- ride cross country on dirt roads with a motorcycle
- ride cross country with a bicycle
- take a ship through the panama canal
- walk cross country
- take a bus
- take a train
- hitchhike
- combine an... | |
1908.06606 | false | null | To implement deep neural network models, we utilize the Keras library BIBREF36 with TensorFlow BIBREF37 backend. Each model is run on a single NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 Ti GPU. The models are trained by Adam optimization algorithm BIBREF38 whose parameters are the same as the default settings except for learning rate set... | What data is the language model pretrained on? | The answers are shown as follows:
* Chinese general corpus
|
1902.10525 | false | null | We present an extensive comparison of the differences in recognition accuracy for eight languages (Sec. SECREF5 ) and compare the accuracy of models trained on publicly available datasets where available (Sec. SECREF4 ). In addition, we propose a new standard experimental protocol for the IBM-UB-1 dataset BIBREF25 (Sec... | What datasets did they use? | The answers are shown as follows:
* IBM-UB-1 dataset BIBREF25
* IAM-OnDB dataset BIBREF42
* The ICDAR-2013 Competition for Online Handwriting Chinese Character Recognition BIBREF45
* ICFHR2018 Competition on Vietnamese Online Handwritten Text Recognition using VNOnDB BIBREF50
|
null | false | null | What's the difference between facts and truth? | Facts are pieces of information that are verifiable and based on empirical evidence whereas truth, although a related concept is related to a subjective perception or belief of what is a fact and does not always require evidence. An example would be a question about whether aliens exists. Many have a personal belief th... | |
null | false | null | Tell me whether each of these wines is red or white: Merlot, Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris, Malbec, Syrah, Riesling, Chardonnay | Merlot: Red
Pinot Noir: Red
Pinot Gris: White
Malbec: Red
Syrah: Red
Riesling: White
Chardonnay: White | |
null | false | 247 | We conduct experiments on a simplified Chinese emotion cause corpus BIBREF31 , the only publicly available dataset on this task to the best of our knowledge. The corpus contains 2,105 documents from SINA city news. Each document has only one emotion word and one or more emotion causes. The documents are segmented into ... | What corpus is used to conduct experiments? | A simplified Chinese emotion cause corpus. |
1908.08593 | false | null | We use the following subset of GLUE tasks BIBREF4 for fine-tuning:
MRPC: the Microsoft Research Paraphrase Corpus BIBREF13
STS-B: the Semantic Textual Similarity Benchmark BIBREF14
SST-2: the Stanford Sentiment Treebank, two-way classification BIBREF15
QQP: the Quora Question Pairs dataset
RTE: the Recognizing Textual ... | What subset of GLUE tasks is used? | The answers are shown as follows:
* MRPC
* STS-B
* SST-2
* QQP
* RTE
* QNLI
* MNLI
|
null | false | null | Tell me whether these Pokemon are fairy or poison type: Clefable, Jigglypuff, Rapidash, Arbok, Nidorino, Zubat | Clefable: Fairy
Jigglypuff: Fairy
Rapidash: Fairy
Arbok: Poison
Nidorino: Poison
Zubat: Poison | |
null | false | 66 | The convolutional language model (LM) is the GCNN-14B from BIBREF0 , which achieved competitive results on several language modeling benchmarks. The network contains 14 convolutional residual blocks BIBREF21 with a growing number of channels, and uses gated linear units as activation function.
The language model is use... | Why are convolutional LMs preferred than n-gram LMs？ | Because convolutional LMs allow the decoder to look at longer context with better perplexity. |
null | false | null | Apartment buildings are multi-story buildings where three or more residences are contained within one structure. Such a building may be called an apartment building, apartment complex, flat complex, block of flats, tower block, high-rise or, occasionally, mansion block (in British English), especially if it consists of... | What is an apartment building? | An apartment building is a multi-story building with at least three residences. Each residential unit within the building has many different names depending on the country or region; flat is commonly used in British English, while the term apartment is most popular in North America. |
null | false | null | Resettlement Administration
Lange's iconic 1936 photograph of Florence Owens Thompson, Migrant Mother
"Broke, baby sick, and car trouble!" (1937)
Lange and Dixon divorced on October 28, 1935 and on December 6 she married economist Paul Schuster Taylor, professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley.... | What is the most known picture from Dorothea Lange | The most famous picture taken by Dorothea Lange is the "migrant mother" where a women is shown with her child during the great depression. The image symbolises the suffering of the american population at the time following years of bad crop that led to the economic crisis of 1929 and mid 30's depression. |
null | false | 22 | To the best of our knowledge, we are not aware of any knowledge learning system that can learn new knowledge in the conversation process. This section thus discusses other related work.
Among existing KB completion approaches, BIBREF20 extended the vector space model for zero-shot KB inference. However, the model canno... | what is the shortcoming of the model of Neelakantan et al., 2015? | It cannot handle unknown entities and can only work on fixed set of unknown relations with known embeddings. |
null | false | 58 | [0]leftmargin=* [0]leftmargin=*
Automatic systems have had a significant and beneficial impact on all walks of human life. So much so that it is easy to overlook their potential to benefit society by promoting equity, diversity, and fairness. For example, machines do not take bribes to do their jobs, they can determine... | What are the sources of NLP system deviation? | For NLP systems, the sources of the bias often include the training data, other corpora, lexicons, and word embeddings that the machine learning algorithm may leverage to build its prediction model. |
null | false | null | What is the difference between a day on Earth and Mars? | A day on mars is called a Sol whose name is borrowed from the Latin word for Sun. Compared to a day on Earth, a sol is slightly longer at 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35 seconds which is equivalent to 1.0275 Earth days. Spacecraft that have landed on Mars conventionally use a 24 hour Mars clock where the hours, minutes, a... | |
2004.01694 | false | null | The human evaluation of MT output in research scenarios is typically conducted by crowd workers in order to minimise costs. BIBREF13 shows that aggregated assessments of bilingual crowd workers are very similar to those of MT developers, and BIBREF14, based on experiments with data from WMT 2012, similarly conclude tha... | What was the weakness in Hassan et al's evaluation design? | MT developers to which crowd workers were compared are usually not professional translators, evaluation of sentences in isolation prevents raters from detecting translation errors, used not originally written Chinese test set
|
null | false | null | Waddell's career wound through a number of teams. He was notably unpredictable; early in his career, he once left in the middle of a game to go fishing. He also had a longstanding fascination with fire trucks and ran off the field to chase after them during games on multiple occasions. He would disappear for months at ... | Extract which animals Waddell played with and which ones he fought with from the text. Separate them with a comma, putting the ones he played with first. | puppies, alligators |
null | false | null | Who created the first chocolate bar? | Joseph Fry created the first chocolate bar in 1847. Soon after he created the Fry's Chocolate Cream bar in 1866. The first chocolate bar was made of bittersweet chocolate. | |
null | false | null | Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel (Gujarati: [ʋəlːəbːʰɑi dʒʰəʋeɾbʰɑi pəʈel]; pə-TEL; 31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950), commonly known as Sardar Patel, was an Indian lawyer, influential political leader, barrister and statesman who served as the first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of India from 1947 to 1950. He ... | Who is called Iron Man of India and why? | Sardar Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel is known as Iron Man of India. Born in 31 October 1875 in Gujarat, Patel was an Indian lawyer, influential political leader, barrister and statesman who served as the first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of India from 1947 to 1950. After the Indian independence as the first ... |
1710.02772 | false | null | Using the fine-grained gating mechanism conditioned on the lexical features, we can accurately control the information flows between word-level and char-level. Intuitively, the formulation is as follows: INLINEFORM0
where INLINEFORM0 is the element-wise multiplication operator. when the gate has high value, more inform... | How does the gatint mechanism combine word and character information? | The answers are shown as follows:
* when the gate has high value, more information flows from the word-level representation; otherwise, char-level will take the dominating place
* for unfamiliar noun entities, the gates tend to bias towards char-level representation in order to care richer morphological structure
|
null | false | null | Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory of... | Provide three bullets about Einstein from this paragraph that does not relate to physics | - Einstein was born in Germany
- Einstein lived to 76 years old
- One part of Einstein’s legacy was that his name became synonymous with “genius” |
null | false | null | Peloton Interactive, Inc. is an American exercise equipment and media company based in New York City. The company's products are stationary bicycles, treadmills, and indoor rowers equipped with Internet-connected touch screens that stream live and on-demand fitness classes through a subscription service. The equipment ... | Where is Peloton Interactive based? | Peloton Interactive is based in New York City, NY, US. They are an American exercise and media company. Their products include stationary spin bicycles, treadmills, and rowers. Their products feature internet-connected touch screens to stream live and on-demand fitness classes. Sensors in the equipment track metric... |
null | false | null | When was the NFL founded? Which NFL team won the most Super Bowls? Which quarterback has won the most Super Bowls? | The NFL was officially founded in 1920.
The New England Patriots have won 6 titles.
Tom Brady has won 7 superbowls | |
null | false | null | Who gave the slogan of Quit India and Simon Go Back? | Yusuf Meherally | |
null | false | null | Tell me whether you eat each of these with a spoon or fork: soup, ice cream, cereal, salad, pasta | Soup: Spoon
Ice Cream: Spoon
Cereal: Spoon
Salad: Fork
Pasta: Fork | |
null | false | null | Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of Norway.[note 5] Bouvet Island, located i... | Please give me a short bulleted list of the most important facts about the country Norway | - Population: 5.488 million
- Size: 148729 sq mi
- GDP: 425 billion USD
- Neighbouring countries: Sweden, Finland, Russia
- Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- Fourth highest per-capita income in the world
- Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East.
- Norway m... |
1603.01417 | false | null | We have proposed new modules for the DMN framework to achieve strong results without supervision of supporting facts. These improvements include the input fusion layer to allow interactions between input facts and a novel attention based GRU that allows for logical reasoning over ordered inputs. Our resulting model obt... | How does the model circumvent the lack of supporting facts during training? | The answers are shown as follows:
* the input fusion layer to allow interactions between input facts and a novel attention based GRU that allows for logical reasoning over ordered inputs.
|
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