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York City Police Aviation Unit evacuated 21 people from the crash site . There were also major problems with communication by rescuers . Radio frequencies became overloaded and authorities on site were unable to make command decisions in some cases . The head of surgery of the Nassau County Medical Center was present at the scene but unable to direct patients to the best locations because many rescuers were radioing the center itself to get advice on where they should send the survivors . Medical professionals on site reported that some hospitals received the most up @-@ to @-@ date information by watching the news coverage . Despite these problems , however , only three of the passengers found alive died of their injuries .
Rescue workers set up two triage areas on the lawn of John and Katy McEnroe , the parents of John McEnroe , and known as the Edward H. Swan House . A morgue and command post was also set up on their property , which was 500 feet ( 150 m ) from the crash site . At least six bodies were found outside the fuselage . Firefighters and medics erected ladders next to the airframe wreckage and led passengers down on stretchers and to the triage sites . At these sites , doctors tagged the critically injured patients for immediate evacuation . At least 30 bodies were gathered on the makeshift morgue at the McEnroe property by 03 : 00 the following morning . Passenger Astrid Lopez was initially believed to be dead due to her severe injuries , and officials placed her body in the morgue . A rescuer soon heard her moans and she was sent to a hospital . Some medical responders were turned away from the scene by police to help ease the congestion . By 03 : 30 , all the survivors had been evacuated to hospitals . At least one emergency responder was hospitalized as a result of the rescue efforts . Throughout the evacuation , priests were on site , offering encouragement , assisting medical personnel , and performing last rites . Many local New York residents showed up at hospitals with food , blankets , or to volunteer as Spanish interpreters . The New York Blood Center reported collecting 2 @,@ 000 units of blood , almost triple their goal .
= = = Casualties = = =
Of the 158 people on board , 73 died as a result of the crash . The lead flight attendant was the only crew member to survive . Of the surviving passengers , 72 adults and children over three years old sustained serious injuries , while two sustained minor injuries . Of the 11 infants , two sustained minor injuries , eight were seriously injured , and one , Kenneth Fernando Martinez , the four @-@ month @-@ old son of Gloria L. Martinez , died . The surviving steward testified that there had been no communication from the cockpit as to the unfolding situation and , thus , no warning in the end to assume brace positions . The NTSB report held that , had passengers been warned ahead of time to brace for impact , the severity of some injuries might have been avoided .
The most common serious injuries were multiple lower leg fractures and dislocations , spinal fractures , hip fractures , head injuries , and multiple lacerations and contusions . The NTSB investigators found severe damage on the floor of the cabin , resulting in many of the passengers ' seats to fracture where the legs met the floor track . This fracturing permitted many of the seats to come loose during the impact and aggravated the passengers ' injuries . The report posits that the passengers ' legs hit the lower seat frames in front of them . At the same time , the seats collapsed and twisted downward and to the left , likely causing hip and spinal fractures . As the impact progressed , the seats , now separated , flung passengers forward into each other as well as into other wreckage , causing head injuries and lacerations . Passengers holding onto infants reported being unable to either prevent their children from being ejected from their grasp in the impact or locate their children in the darkness afterward . The NTSB held that , had the children been in Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) -approved child seats , many injuries might have been mitigated . Rescuers remarked that some infants were found smiling or seemingly unharmed . The NTSB was unable to accurately chart where individual passengers were seated because Avianca only assigned seats to a few passengers and many who were assigned reported moving after takeoff .
The cockpit was severely damaged in the impact . It struck an oak tree which penetrated the area occupied by Klotz and Moyano . All the seats occupied by the flight crew were found outside the cockpit . Neither of the pilots ' seats had shoulder straps as were required by United States domestic passenger flights . At least one flight crew member was airlifted to Nassau County Medical Center . The NTSB report states that all of the flight crew " died from blunt force head and upper torso trauma . " Five flight attendants also died from blunt force trauma to the limbs , abdomen , chest , and head .
= = Investigation = =
The NTSB commenced an investigation , which began shortly after the crash and concluded with the issuance of its final report on April 30 , 1991 . Because it involved a Colombian airline , Colombia 's Departamento Administrativo de Aeronáutica Civil ( DAAC ) also conducted an investigation into the accident .
A survey of the wreckage revealed that the tail was mostly intact and all control surfaces were connected to the pilots ' controls . Both wings had been severely damaged on impact and fractured into several pieces . The flaps and slats were found in their extended positions , with the flaps set at 14 ° . As with the tail , all wing control surfaces were found to have been connected to the pilots ' controls . There was no evidence of any control surface failure prior to the crash . Investigators realized that none of the four engines had been under power at the time of impact . As the first responders worked to rescue the passengers , investigators recovered the flight data recorder ( FDR ) and cockpit voice recorder ( CVR ) from the wreckage and brought them to the NTSB laboratory in Washington , D.C. The FDR was an older oscillographic foil model . In 1989 , the FAA began requiring domestic carriers to change to digital flight recorders to minimize the errors that foil models produced . This requirement did not apply to international carriers . The Avianca FDR foil was found to have been taped down at some point prior to the flight and , thus , was inoperative . The NTSB recommended in the Avianca report that the FAA take an " active role in ensuring upgraded international standards " for flight recorders . The CVR and ATC recordings became vital sources of evidence for the crash . The investigators also looked at meteorological factors that led to flight problems .
The NTSB investigators found that the weather data that the flight crew received in Medellín was nine to ten hours old . Additionally , the alternate airport on the flight plan , Logan International Airport in Boston , was forecast to be below the safe minimums for landing . The NTSB also stated that the flight crew should have been more aware of these problems and cited these deficiencies as evidence of inadequacies in the dispatch of the airplane . The NTSB also found no evidence that the flight crew ever requested weather information en route or communicated with Avianca dispatchers about their fuel status and intents as other flights did . Flight 52 did not make contact with FAA flight service stations or flight watch en route , and the NTSB was unable to determine why . The flight did not express any concern to ATC about their fuel situation during the first two holding patterns that the flight made . The first indication of worry came at 20 : 09 when the flight crew inquired about delays at Boston . The NTSB posited that the flight crew might have become confused about the " expect further clearance " ( EFC ) times they were given . This confusion may have been the reason that the flight continued to hold , burning up its reserve fuel to the point where it could no longer divert to Boston .
Investigators also cited the flight engineer for failing to calculate the " minimum approach / landing fuel quantity . " The report references the 360 ° turn that the flight was ordered to make at 20 : 54 as evidence that the crew should have known that they were being treated routinely and not given any emergency priority . Instead , the CVR revealed that the flight crew was convinced that they were being given priority . Additionally , the NTSB criticized the first officer for failing to use the word " emergency " as the captain had insisted he do . Compounded with the apparent inability of the captain to hear or understand the radio communications , the NTSB called the situation a " total breakdown in communications by the flightcrew . " Summarizing , the investigators cited " the flightcrew 's failure to notify ATC of their fuel situation while holding at CAMRN in order to ensure arrival at the approach fix with an adequate approach minimum fuel level and a breakdown in communications between the flightcrew and ATC , and among the flight crewmembers " as the two main factors that led to the crash .
Investigators asserted that the performances by the traffic controllers were proper and that the misunderstandings that were made were reasonable
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the medium would come to be understood in the following decade , The Adventures of Totor consisted of square boxes containing illustrations with the captions written separately underneath , as was the style found in French comic creator Christophe 's works La Famille Fenouillard ( The Fenouillard Family ) and Sapeur Camembert ( Sapper Camembert ) . Initially using four boxes per page , as the series progressed this was increased to six and then eight , with each page ending on a cliffhanger .
Hergé did not make use of speech bubbles to convey into the comic , an innovation that was yet to become widespread in Europe , and instead his captions were accompanied by captions of three to five lines long . He would begin to add simple speech bubbles into the series , stating simple comments like " Eureka ! " , " Bang ! " , and " Hip ! Hip ! Hip ! Hurrah ! " . Hergé later noted that " From time to time ... I risked a timid question mark , or perhaps a few stars , when , for example , a character was punched . I must have seen that in L 'Éatant or Les Belles Images , the illustrated papers of the time . " Hergé had come under the influence of other comic strips , such as those of the French author Alain Saint @-@ Ogan , and British comic magazine The Rainbow . He was also influenced by the contemporary American comics that reporter Léon Degrelle had sent back to Belgium from Mexico , where he was stationed to report on the Cristero War . These American comics included George McManus 's Bringing Up Father , George Herriman 's Krazy Kat and Rudolph Dirks 's Katzenjammer Kids . Totor 's button nose was influenced by the illustrations in Bringing Up Father .
In creating the series , he was also heavily influenced by the films of Charlie Chaplin and Harry Langdon , which he had enjoyed in childhood . This influence was evident in his decision to sign some of the images with the signature " Hergé Moving Pictures " or " Hergé , Director " , and giving many of them titles such as " United Rovers presents a great comic film : Les Aventures de Totor , C.P. des hannetons " and " United Rovers presents a stupendous film . " He had continued writing and drawing installments in the series during his military service in 1926 , but in early 1927 ceased producing the series for nine months as he focused on other projects , only returning to it in late 1927 , when he included a résumé of the series at the start .
Gaining work for the conservative newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle ( " The Twentieth Century " ) , in January 1929 he began serialisation of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , the first of The Adventures of Tintin , in the newspaper 's children 's supplement , Le Petit Vingtième ( The Little Twentieth ) . Tintinologist Michael Farr described the character of Totor as a " natural prototype " for Tintin , while literary critic Jean @-@ Marie Apostolidès thought that Hergé " adopted his former hero to the new circumstances " . The Tintinologists Jean @-@ Marc and Randy Lofficier thought that graphically , Totor was " virtually identical " to Tintin . The early installments of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets and The Adventures of Totor were contemporary with each other . Hergé decided that he wanted to focus on the new character , bringing the Totor story to an end in July 1929 , when he had the main character return to Belgium . In all , the series had lasted for 26 pages . The Adventures of Totor would continue to influence his new series , as the encounters with cowboys and Native Americans would subsequently be reused in the third installment in The Adventures of Tintin , Tintin in America , although Thompson commented that the latter was " a great improvement " on Totor .
= = Critical analysis = =
Tintinologist Harry Thompson described Totor as " a brave , resourceful young character " , noting that in several years he would " metamorphose " into Tintin . He nevertheless thought that the text was " slightly rambling and uninspired . " Hergé biographer Pierre Assouline described the Totor story as being " very Boy Scout in spirit and clearly a prefiguration of Tintin . " He nevertheless had mixed views of the illustrations , commenting that the lines were " awkward , hesitant , incomplete , but the movement , rhythm , and above all , the humor is apparent . " Another biographer , Benoît Peeters , thought that the intrigue of the series was " extremely fragmented " because the main goal was to string gags and fight scenes together rather than to develop a plot . He commented that although by the early 21st century it appeared " puerile " , being " a long way " from the formula of The Adventures of Tintin , it was nevertheless " an important step toward the modern comic strip " .
Tintinologist Phillipe Goddin considered the series to be " a milestone " , describing it as " full of promise " and containing " plety [ sic ] of humour , rich in developments " . The Tintinologists Jean @-@ Marc and Randy Lofficier commented that " Everything that made Tintin what it later became was seminally present in Totor " , including the artistic style , the pace of the story , the use of humour , and the manner in which it imitated motion pictures . They also commented that Totor read like " an adult was retelling one of those early American western serials ... to a group of children . On the one hand he is exciting the children , but on the other he is winking at the adults as if to say , " you and I know this is not serious . " "
= = Hommages and pastiches = =
An artist named Stoko created a comic series titled Les Nouvelles Aventures de Rotor : C.P. des Hameçons ( The New Adventures of Rotor : Patrol Leader of the Hooks ) .
= Battle of Tamatave =
The Battle of Tamatave ( sometimes called the Battle of Madagascar or the Action of 20 May 1811 ) was fought off Tamatave in Madagascar between British and French frigate squadrons during the Napoleonic Wars . The action was the final engagement of the Mauritius campaign of 1809 – 1811 , and it saw the destruction of the last French attempt to reinforce their garrison on Mauritius . Although the news had not reached Europe by February 1811 when the reinforcement squadron left Brest , Mauritius had been captured in December 1810 by a British invasion fleet , the French defences hampered by the lack of the supplies and troops carried aboard the frigate squadron under the command of Commodore François Roquebert in Renommée . Roquebert 's heavily laden ships reached Mauritius on 6 May and discovered that the island was in British hands the following day , narrowly escaping a trap laid by a squadron of British frigates ordered to hunt and destroy them .
On 20 May the British squadron , under the command of Captain Charles Marsh Schomberg , discovered the French off Tamatave and attacked , both sides hampered by light winds which impeded movement for much of the day . During a period of calm weather early in the battle , the French were better positioned than the disorganised British squadron and Roquebert 's ships inflicted severe damage on several British vessels before an increasing breeze allowed Schomberg to press home his attack . As the evening approached , the French attempted to escape , Roquebert sacrificing his flagship and ultimately his life to allow the frigates Clorinde and the badly damaged Néréide to
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of the Niles town line , NY 38A begins to parallel NY 41A , which runs roughly 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to the east of NY 38A along the top of the valley .
Approximately 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) north of Globe Hotel Corners , NY 38A turns to follow a more northwesterly routing , matching the curvature of the river valley . The valley ends at the Cayuga – Onondaga County line , where NY 38A enters an area of flats situated in between Owasco Lake and Skaneateles Lake . Here , NY 38A intersects NY 359 , a short highway leading to NY 41A . NY 38A bears west here , traveling to the south of the Dutch Hollow Country Club as it reenters Cayuga County .
The route proceeds west into the town of Owasco and the hamlet of the same name within , the first community of any significant size along the route since it left Moravia . It heads westward through the center of the community before reentering rural surroundings and coming within view of Owasco Lake . The route curves northward at the waterbody and follows the eastern shore of Owasco Lake toward Auburn . Southeast of Auburn , NY 38A crosses a small stream and serves the Lakeview Golf and Country Club and the Owasco Country Club as it curves westward around the northern end of the lake .
At Emerson Park , a public park situated near the midpoint of the northern lakeshore , the highway turns back to the north to access Melrose Park , a community built up just north of the lake around the Owasco Outlet . Here , NY 38A meets NY 437 , a short connector highway linking NY 38A to its parent , NY 38 . North of Melrose Park , the route becomes known as Owasco Street as it follows the Owasco Outlet into the city of Auburn . At the city line , ownership and maintenance of the route shifts from the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) to Auburn . The route heads northeastward through the densely populated city to Walnut Street , where it splits into a one @-@ way couplet along Fulton Street ( northbound ) and John and Owasco Streets ( southbound ) . One block to the north , NY 38A intersects US 20 at Genesee Street . US 20 joins NY 38A for one block to the Auburn Arterial ( NY 5 ) , where NY 38A comes to an end .
= = History = =
When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 , the segment of modern NY 38A between its southern terminus in Moravia and NY 359 in Skaneateles was designated as part of NY 26 , a north – south highway extending from Ithaca to Syracuse . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , NY 26 was split into several routes . From Dryden to Moravia , NY 26 became part of NY 38 . Between Moravia and modern NY 359 , it became the southern half of the new NY 38A , an alternate route of NY 38 around
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the east side of Owasco Lake that continued from the current NY 359 junction to Auburn by way of a previously unnumbered roadway .
= = Major intersections = =
= George Hoey =
George William Hoey ( born November 14 , 1946 ) is a former American football defensive back , punt returner and kickoff returner . He played college football for the University of Michigan Wolverines ( 1966 – 1968 ) and professionally in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Arizona Cardinals ( 1971 ) , New England Patriots ( 1972 – 1973 ) , San Diego Chargers ( 1974 ) , Denver Broncos ( 1975 ) , and New York Jets ( 1975 ) .
In high school , Hoey was an All @-@ State halfback . At the University of Michigan , College Football Hall of Fame halfback Ron Johnson was in Hoey 's class , and Hoey was therefore used principally as a defensive back . Hoey is most remembered for his work as a punt returner at Michigan . He led the Big Ten Conference in punt return yards in 1967 and 1968 , and still holds Michigan 's modern era ( post @-@ 1949 ) records for most punt return yards in a game ( 140 ) , most return yards per punt in a season ( 24 @.@ 3 ) and most return yards per punt in a career ( 17 @.@ 1 ) . Hoey was also a record @-@ setting sprinter on Michigan 's track and field team .
In five seasons in the NFL , Hoey was principally a kickoff returner . In 1971 , he set a St. Louis Cardinals club record with six kickoff returns for 206 yards , including one for 103 yards and a touchdown . He had 534 kickoff return yards in his career .
Since 1993 , Hoey has worked in administration at the University of Colorado . He worked first in academic services for the athletic department . After controversies in the late 1990s concerning eligibility of University of Colorado athletes , Hoey accepted a position in the school 's career services department providing career counseling to student athletes .
= = High school athlete at Flint Central = =
Hoey was born in Gaffney , South Carolina . He moved with his family from South Carolina to Flint , Michigan at age 13 . At Flint Central High School , he excelled in both football and track . When No. 1 ranked Flint Central met No. 2 ranked Bay City Central in 1963 , it was billed as the " Game of the Year . " Flint Central won the game 25 – 18 , as Hoey ( then only a junior ) scored three touchdowns , including a 63 @-@ yard punt return for a touchdown , and a pass interception that Hoey ran back 35 yards for a touchdown on the final play of the game . As a senior in 1964 , Hoey was named an All @-@ State halfback by The Detroit News and UPI . In naming him to its All @-@ State team , the UPI noted : " Hoey , a 5 @-@ foot @-@ 10 , 165 @-@ pounder , gained 502 yards in 64 carries and caught 17 passes . He scored 11 touchdowns to lead the Saginaw Valley Conference for the second straight year . A great broken @-@ field runner , he has scored eight touchdowns on kickoff or punt returns during his two @-@ year stint with the varsity . " He also led the Saginaw Valley Conference in scoring for two seasons . On his high school track team , Hoey won the 60 @-@ yard dash at the Central Michigan Relays Invitational indoor meet with a time of 6 @.@ 3 seconds . He was All @-@ State in track at the 1965 Michigan High School Athletic Association Class A track meet .
= = University of Michigan track and football star = =
In 1965 , Hoey became the first African @-@ American athlete from Flint to earn a University of Michigan scholarship . At Michigan , Hoey excelled in both football and track . In track , Hoey set a 60 @-@ yard dash record with a time of 6 @.@ 1 in 1966 . He was a member of the Wolverines ' record @-@ setting 4 x 100 metres relay with a time of 40 @.@ 6 . In football , Hoey did not make the team as a halfback , having the misfortune to be in the same class as College Football Hall of Famer Ron Johnson . He started only three games at halfback during his time at Michigan ( and one at fullback ) . With Ron Johnson playing halfback , Hoey was used principally as a defensive back and punt returner . Playing against Navy in 1968 , Hoey had two interceptions which he returned for 31 yards , and punt returns of 63 and 36 yards . He was named an All @-@ Big Ten defensive back in 1968 .
= = = Punt return records at Michigan = = =
Though he was also an All @-@ Big Ten defensive back , Hoey is most remembered as one of the leading punt returners in Michigan history . He led the Big Ten in punt return yards in 1967 and 1968 , and holds several Michigan school records for punt returns , including most return yards in a game and most yards per return in a season and a career .
= = = = Most yards in a game = = = =
On October 28 , 1967 , Hoey gained 140 yards on four punt returns against Minnesota — still Michigan 's single @-@ game record for punt return yardage . Hoey and Steve Breaston are the only two Michigan players with two games in the top ten single @-@ game performances by a Michigan punt returner .
= = = = Most yards per return in a season = = = =
Hoey also holds the modern ( post @-@ 1949 ) Michigan school record for yards per return in a season . His 1967 average of 24 @.@ 3 yards / return exceeds any other modern Michigan punt returner by more than eight yards per return ( minimum 1 @.@ 2 return per team game played ) . Hoey 's 1967 average ranks sixth in NCAA Division I @-@ A history behind the all @-@ time Michigan leader Gene Derricotte who ranks fifth . However , the Michigan record books base single @-@ season leadership based upon minimum 15 returns per game and Hoey 's name is omitted .
N.B. : The database used here includes stats since 1949 . Totals before 1949 are not included here ; for example , Gene Derricotte averaged over 24 yards per return prior to 1949 .
= = = = Most yards per return in a career = = = =
Hoey also holds the Michigan school record for punt return yards per return in a career with an average of 17 @.@ 1 yards per return .
= = NFL football player = =
Hoey was selected by the Detroit Lions in the 14th round of the 1969 NFL Draft . He played five seasons in the NFL for the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1971 ) , New England Patriots ( 1972 – 1973 ) , San Diego Chargers ( 1974 ) , Denver Broncos ( 1975 ) and New York Jets ( 1975 ) . Hoey played in 53 NFL games and had four punt returns for 38 return yards , 21 kickoff returns for 534 return yards , and two interceptions for 45 return yards . He set a Cardinals club record with six kickoff returns for 206 yards , one for 103 yards and a touchdown against the Philadelphia Eagles . The club record for longest return was broken in 1979 by Roy Green , who posted a 106 @-@ yard return . Hoey had the misfortune of playing with losing teams throughout his NFL career . The best team that he played for was the 1975 Denver Broncos , who recorded a 6 – 8 record .
= = Professional career at the University of Colorado = =
For many years , Hoey has worked in various capacities at the University of Colorado . From 1993 – 1999 , Hoey was involved in academic services in Colorado 's athletic department . Hoey " came under fire for repeated eligibility problems of prospective CU athletes , " including linebacker Anwawn Jones who lost a year of eligibility and was forced to sit out the 1999 NCAA Division I @-@ A football season due to an error in calculating his transfer credits . In 1999 , Hoey transferred out of the athletic department and began working in the university 's career services department . That October ,
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an additional extension which provided access to the docks and ship @-@ breaking yard on the eastern side of the town . Between 1875 and 1886 The Great Eastern was a permanent fixture at Milford Docks , remaining there for lengthy repairs . Her arrival into the docks was heralded as an example of the scale of vessel which the town could expect to attract .
In the late 1850s , work began on a network of forts on both sides of the Milford Haven estuary , as a direct result of the Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom . They were designed with the intention of defending the United Kingdom against French invasion , although were never used for this purpose . Notable examples in the town were Fort Hubberstone in Gelliswick and Scoveston Fort to the north east of the town .
By 1901 , the town 's population had reached 5 @,@ 102 , and by 1931 had further doubled to 10 @,@ 104 . The early twentieth century saw a period of increased urbanization of the area ; in the period from the First World War to 1937 , 312 council houses were built , and public services , such as electricity supplies and sewerage , were completed . The steep gradient of the Rath was at this time constructed , and in 1939 a Town Hall was opened on Hamilton Terrace , at that time possessing an inbuilt fire station . 1939 also saw the opening of an outdoor swimming pool on the Rath .
During the Second World War Milford Haven was chosen as a base for allied American troops , and roughly 1 @,@ 000 American military personnel were housed in the town at this time . They manned an amphibious base which included a hospital built in Hakin and a docks complex at Newton Noyes . The base had a complement of 71 officers and 902 enlisted men , and played a rôle in preparations for D Day . Despite its strategic importance as the home of a large fish market , a mines depot , a flax factory , and housing numerous military personnel , Milford escaped serious damage from German bombings during the Second World War . In the summer of 1941 a bomb fell in fields near Priory Road , and later that year , a bomb damaged a house in Brooke Avenue . In neither instance were there casualties .
In 1960 , the Esso Company completed work on an oil refinery near the town , which opened despite environmental objections . This was followed by similar developments by many other chief oil companies in a 10 @-@ year period . In 1974 , Milford could boast an oil trade of 58 @,@ 554 @,@ 000 tons , which was three times the combined trade of all the other ports of Wales . In 1996 the area hit the headlines internationally when the oil tanker Sea Empress ran aground , causing a substantial oil spill . By the early 1980s , the Esso refinery was the second largest in the UK .
= = = Toponymy = = =
Milford Haven is an Anglicization of an old Scandinavian name " Melrfjordr " that was first applied to the waterway – the Old Norse Melr , meaning sandbank , and fjordr , meaning fiord or inlet , developing into " Milford " ; then later the term " Haven " from the Germanic word Haven for port or harbour was added . The town was named Milford after the waterway , and , as with the waterway , Haven was added later – in this case around 1868 , when the railway terminus was built . The Welsh for Milford Haven , " Aberdaugleddau " , refers to the estuary which is the meeting point of the " White River Cleddau " ( Afon Cleddau Wen ) and the " Black River Cleddau " ( Afon Cleddau Ddu ) . The term " Aber " is associated with the ' pouring out ' of a river , hence the description of the two rivers meeting and forming an estuary . Cleddau itself may make reference to the action of a weapon or tool cutting through the land .
= = Geography = =
The town of Milford Haven lies on the north bank of the Milford Haven waterway , which is a ria or drowned valley . This is a landscape of low @-@ lying wooded shorelines , creeks and mudflats . There has been a great deal of loss and degradation of local mudflat habitat as a result of industrial and commercial development – one study indicated a 45 per cent loss in Hubberston Pill .
The town itself has a historic late 18th and 19th centuries core based on a grid pattern , located between Hubberston Pill and Castle Pill and extending inland for 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) . Milford Haven 's 20th century expansion took in several other settlements . Hakin and Hubberston are older , and situated to the west of the main town . Steynton is a medieval village to the north , no longer separated due to the expansion of houses . Lower Priory , with the remains of a very early religious Priory , is located in a natural valley near the village of Thornton .
Milford Haven enjoys a mild climate . Its proximity to the coast contributes to wet winters , but it enjoys a generous amount of sunshine with around 1 @,@ 800 hours of sunshine a year being recorded for the nearby village of Dale . This is comparable to the South Coast of England , and the highest annual average level of sunshine in Wales . The nearest official Met Office weather station is at Milford Haven Conservancy Board .
= = Governance = =
The community of Milford Haven covers an area of 1 @,@ 573 hectares ( 6 @.@ 07 sq mi ) and includes the Milford Central , East , Hakin , Hubberston , North and West wards . The community has its own town council . The Lord Mayor is Councillor William Elliott BA QTS who is serving his first term in office and the Deputy Lord Mayor is Councillor Colin Sharp . These appointments mean that Milford becomes the first town in the UK to appoint both an openly gay Lord Mayor and Deputy Lord Mayor The six wards comprising Milford Haven community each elect one councillor to Pembrokeshire County Council . Milford Haven was part of the historic county of Pembrokeshire , abolished in 1974 , which was reconstituted as a unitary authority when local government in Wales was reorganised in 1996 . Between 19
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74 and 1996 , Milford Haven was part of the Preseli Pembrokeshire district of Dyfed . Milford Haven is part of the Preseli Pembrokeshire National Assembly for Wales constituency and UK Parliamentary constituency . The local Assembly Member is Paul Davies of the Conservative Party and the local Member of Parliament is Stephen Crabb , also a Conservative .
= = Economy = =
Milford Haven has experienced a history of boom and slump in shipbuilding , fishing , as a railhead and an ocean terminal . At the height of the fishing boom , it was said that " every day was a pay day " . In 1921 , 674 people were identified as working in the fishing industry , the leading occupation in the town , followed by transport and communication with 600 employees . The development of the oil industry also helped to boost the town 's fortunes . However , the slumps have been just as severe , the area being scheduled as ' distressed ' in the inter @-@ war period . During the 1980s and 1990s , the unemployment rate at times topped 30 % , and the major industry of oil refining created no more than 2 @,@ 000 direct or indirect jobs . Into the new millennium , its fortunes have risen , as can be witnessed in the activity surrounding the LNG terminal , and the new building works which accompanied it and its connection to the controversial South Wales Gas Pipeline . In February 2003 , Pembrokeshire Council granted outline planning permission to Petroplus for an LNG storage depot at Waterston , and in March 2004 , an additional site was approved at South Hook for ExxonMobil . International tourism has also increased , with the arrival of transatlantic liners and the revenue they introduce to the town . 2012 saw 3 @,@ 000 cruise passengers from six cruise vessels disembark at Milford , and the Port Authority expected 5 @,@ 000 in 2013 . The waterway transports 25 % of Britain 's requirement for motor fuel , and the port handled 53 million tonnes of shipping in 2008 , making it the largest port in Wales , and the sixth largest in the UK . There are two major commercial centres : Charles Street in the historic town centre , and the Havens Head Retail Park located at the foot of the docks area . In 2012 , it was announced that the Milford waterway was declared an Enterprise Zone by the coalition government , due to its importance to the energy sector . In 2014 , plans by Milford Haven Port Authority were unveiled , which propose a transformation of the docks area into a residential and commercial destination , including hotel accommodation .
In November 2014 it was announced that Milford Haven Refinery , a major employer in the area , will be converted into a ' storage and distribution facility ' with a loss of over 300 jobs .
Post @-@ war Milford Haven was not considered a promising location for tourism : a 1964 study commissioned by the District Council highlighted the lack of nearby beaches ,
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proximity of the town to heavy industrialization , and a shortage of tourist facilities such as restaurants and hotels . However , in the 1980s , a series of steps to beautify certain parts of the town commenced . The outdoor swimming pool , which had remained disused for some years , was transformed into a water @-@ garden and officially opened in 1990 by Margaret Thatcher . In 1991 , the Tall Ships Race came to Milford , and this coincided with an overhaul of the docks . Subsequently , it was rebranded as a marina , and a number of attractions including cafes , restaurants and retail outlets sprung up . A Tourist Information Centre is located near the retail park and the local museum , in the old custom house , focuses on the maritime history of the area .
= = Demography = =
By the 1950s , the fishing industry was in decline , and unemployment in the area had reached 11 % . There had been a housing boom however in the years following Second World War . The District Council took advantage of recently lifted restrictions , and built over 1 @,@ 000 new homes to accommodate the rising population . A new wave of hope however arrived with the prospect of a booming oil industry . The industry however was not labour @-@ intensive , and did not provide huge labour opportunities for locals , in the 1970s employing only 2 @,@ 000 workers . " The nature of large construction projects meant that workers were attracted from outside the local area , and the decline of the fishing industry was to a certain extent masked . However , this employment was not permanent . On completing the construction of construction projects such as the Esso refinery and the Cleddau Bridge , those who decided to relocate to the town were faced with what the Preseli District Council called in 1977 " the area 's serious unemployment problem " .
Milford Haven is not ethnically diverse , with 96 @.@ 4 % of people identifying themselves as white , compared with 99 @.@ 2 % in 2001 . 92 @.@ 9 % of people in Milford Central ward were born in the UK , and only 3 @.@ 8 % of residents arrived later than 2001 . 96 @.@ 3 % of residents claim English as their first language . 1 @.@ 5 % of residents identify as having religious views other than any denomination of Christianity , including no religion .
= = = Welsh language = = =
Milford Haven is located within the geographical and historic area known as Little England Beyond Wales , which has predominately used English for many centuries . Although it is the most westerly point of the country and the part of the county furthest from the English border , a relatively small proportion of the community knows the Welsh language . In the 2011 census , only 7 @.@ 5 % of residents in the Milford Central ward claimed that they could speak , read and write the language , in contrast to the Pembrokeshire county as a whole where roughly 18 % of the population are able to read , write and speak Welsh , while in the neighbouring county of Carmarthenshire around 40 % of people express a similar level of fluency in Welsh . Local disconnection from the Welsh language was highlighted in November 2008 , when Milford Haven Town Council unsuccessfully demanded the right to opt out of a scheme in which official documents had to be translated into Welsh if requested ; the council was allegedly one of about 10 that opposed having to make such translations .
= = Architecture = =
Architecture in Milford Haven can be divided into roughly three broad periods of building . The number of buildings which pre @-@ date the town 's official foundation in 1790 are scarce . These include the Medieval priory , and a 12th @-@ century ' beacon chapel ' .
The initial phase of construction from the late 18th century is located in the area central to the town , the three parallel streets of Hamilton Terrace , Charles Street And Robert Street . Three @-@ storey Georgian domestic and commercial properties are set along the northern side of the main road through the town , and overlook the harbour and waterway .
By the late 19th century , the land directly above this central area was being developed . To house the growing population , rows of terrace houses were built , which slowly encompassed the area north up to Marble Hall Road , and east to Pill , examples including Shakespeare Avenue and Starbuck Road . The Great North Road took a northerly route which sliced this new district in two . Suburban owner @-@ occupied detached and semi @-@ detached properties grew up on land overlooking the waterway and along the course of Steynton Road . Around the start of the 20th century , there was a recognized need to provide accommodation to poorer families . As a result , much former agricultural land was bought , and new Council Housing was built . These were frequently in large estates of houses , such as Howarth Close , Haven Drive and The Glebelands Estate . They transformed previously rural areas into an urban landscape , and considerably increased Milford 's area of housing . Council estates were built throughout the 20th century , one of the most recent and largest examples being The Mount Estate , which has been the scene of a number of anti @-@ social incidents .
= = Landmarks = =
Attractions in the town include Fort Hubberstone , built in 1863 to defend the Haven as part of the recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom . Located in Gelliswick bay , it occupies a prominent position to the west of the town overlooking the Haven . Owned by Milford Haven Port Authority , the site is not currently open to the public , and has been the scene of non @-@ fatal injuries to trespassers . In 2011 it was named as the fifth most endangered archaeological site in the UK by British Archaeology magazine . The ruins of an observatory , originally intended to be part of " The College of King George the Third founded at Milford
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" , can be found in Hakin . Construction of the building was abandoned in 1809 . Milford Haven Museum , located centrally in the docks area , is housed in the town 's oldest building , the Custom House which dates back to 1797 . Designed by Swansea architect , Jernigan , it was built for the storage of whale oil awaiting shipment for sale in London .
The Rath is a landscaped street on high ground , with panoramic views of the Haven . The land was used in the 18th century as a gun battery , and its eastern edge was the site of the Royalist fort constructed by Charles I known as Pill Fort . In the 1930s it became the home of an outdoor swimming pool , which was converted into a water gardens in 1990 . Milford Haven Waterway is the natural harbour on which the town stands and from which the town takes its name .
= = Culture and community = =
The Torch Theatre , opened in 1977 and designed by local architect Monty Minter , is one of only three repertory theatres in Wales , and possesses its own independent theatre company . The Pill Social Centre , operating since the 1950s , is a community hall and events venue , having hosted The Who and Gerry and the Pacemakers . Annual events in the town include the Pembrokeshire Fish Week in June , and the carnival in July . Milford Haven library , recently relocated to Havens Head Retail Park offers a full lending service and internet access . Milford Haven Museum , located in the marina , houses a collection which focusses on the maritime history of the town .
The Milford & West Wales Mercury weekly newspaper covers the Milford Haven and West Pembrokeshire area . It was founded in 1992 and following a merger of its editorial team with that of the Western Telegraph , its local office was closed in 2008 . The town is also home to several charities , including PATCH and Gwalia . The town 's Mount Estate provided the location for a BBC documentary entitled " The Mount : A Welsh Estate " , which received criticism locally for its portrayal of residents .
Milford Haven is twinned with Romilly @-@ sur @-@ Seine , France and Uman , Ukraine .
= = Sport and leisure = =
The town possesses a number of venues for sport and leisure . Milford Haven Leisure Centre offers various facilities , including a 25 @-@ metre indoor swimming pool , squash and tennis courts , a bowls hall and a dance studio . The Thornton Hall , located at Milford Haven School , has an indoor sports hall and artificial turf pitch . There are rugby union and association football clubs . Nautical activities are centered around the marina and Pembrokeshire Yacht Club in Gelliswick , which dates to 1923 . There is a golf club on the outskirts , which was founded in 1913
Milford Marina , the site of the former working docks , was re @-@ branded in 1991 and offers retail facilities , the town museum and entertainment . The Marina itself houses 360 berths for private boats .
= = Education = =
Primary and pre school education in Milford Haven is served by six state infant and primary schools and St Francis , a Roman Catholic primary school . Milford Haven town is served by junior , Infant , and nursery schools . Hakin pupils can attend Hakin Community School , an amalgamation of the former Hakin Junior School and Hakin Infants and Nursery Schools and the voluntarily controlled Hubberston Church in Wales VC Nursery and Primary . Secondary education is provided by Milford Haven School , a large comprehensive school with an enrolment of around 1200 pupils including the 6th form .
The MITEC School of Boatbuilding & Marine Engineering , a branch of Pembrokeshire College located in Milford Docks , offers courses in boatbuilding and marine engineering .
= = Places of worship = =
The people of Milford Haven in 2001 identified themselves as being under 1400 Christian out of near 1900 in total . The earliest known religious building in the area was the Benedictine priory , known as Pill Priory , which was dissolved during Henry VIII 's reign . Other early buildings included the Catholic St. Thomas a Becket chapel , a later ' beacon church ' , built around the 12th century which fell into disrepair but was reconsecrated in the 20th century .
The first religious building raised after Milford Haven was founded was St. Katharine 's and St. Peter 's , an Anglican church , it is considered to be the town 's parish church due to its central position within the town and the fact that it was built by Charles Francis Greville the founder of Milford Haven . Other Anglican buildings include St. David 's in Hubberston , St. Mary 's ( 1927 ) and the Church of the Holy Spirit ( 1971 ) in Hakin and St. Peter 's and St. Cewydd 's in Steynton . St. David 's is a Norman church and is believed to be the oldest building in Milford to be in regular use . St. Mary 's was built in 1927 largely by funds from the local residents of Hakin .
In 2000 , the church of St. Claires in Hakin closed , leaving one Roman Catholic church in Milford Haven , St. Francis of Assisi on Priory Road . Baptists congregate at North Road Baptist Church which is one of the older religious buildings of the community , built in 1878 . The Friends Meeting House ( Quakers ) , built in 1811 by the original Quaker whalers who were central to the early growth of the town , is in Priory Road . Quakers travel from distances around Pembroke to worship at the Friends House .
Members of both the Methodist and United Reformed Churches now worship at Christ Church in Priory Road ( formerly known as Priory Road Methodist Church which was opened in 1902 ) . In recent years the church has drawn together the Methodist Churches in Milford Haven , Hakin Point and Waterston as well as Tabernacle URC to form a new Local Ecumenical Partnership .
The building of Tabernacle URC in Charles Street closed in 2011 with the new united congregation moving to their new home in Christ Church . The old Tabernacle building is still used as a place of worship by the local Islamic community in the form of a Mosque .
= = Transport = =
The main road to the town is the A4076 from Haverfordwest , which connects with the A40 . The town centre 's road system is based on a grid pattern . The route to Hakin and the western side of the town is along the A4076 via Victoria Bridge over the docks .
Bus routes passing through the town are operated by independent companies and Pembrokeshire County Council subsidies . Services include a town circular , Haverfordwest , Pembroke Dock and St Davids . National Express operate services to both London and Rochdale via Steynton .
The first links to a railway to Milford Haven came through the completion of the South Wales Railway in 1856 . Brunel had a vision of connecting London to New York via a railway through Wales and then to a commuter port . The initial plan was to terminate the line at Fishguard and to create a ferry service to Ireland , but after a failure to complete Irish rail links the terminus was changed to New Milford , ( Neyland ) , which was completed in April 1856 . The first rail link direct to Milford Haven was completed in 1863 , which was originally conceived as a plan to create an impressive Milford to Manchester railway . The trains using the line were operated by Great Western Railway who had part funded the original railway . Today the town is served by Milford Haven railway station . The station , and all trains serving it , are operated by Arriva Trains Wales on the West Wales Line . It is the terminus , and from here , trains depart every two hours to Manchester Piccadilly via Carmarthen , Swansea , and Cardiff Central .
= = Notable people = =
See Category : People from Milford Haven
One of the earliest notable figures from the Milford Haven area is Howell Davis , a pirate born in 1680 . He was shot dead in
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3 @.@ 9 in ) armor plates above the main deck and 215 mm ( 8 @.@ 5 in ) plates below it .
= = = Fire control and sensors = = =
When completed in 1920 , the ship was fitted with a 10 @-@ meter ( 32 ft 10 in ) rangefinder in the forward superstructure ; six @-@ meter ( 19 ft 8 in ) and three @-@ meter ( 9 ft 10 in ) anti @-@ aircraft rangefinders were added in May 1921 and 1923 , respectively . The rangefinders in the second and third turrets were replaced by 10 @-@ meter units in 1932 – 33 .
Nagato was initially fitted with a Type 13 fire @-@ control system derived from Vickers equipment received during World War I , but this was replaced by an improved Type 14 system around 1925 . It controlled the main and secondary guns ; no provision was made for anti @-@ aircraft fire until the Type 31 fire @-@ control director was introduced in 1932 . A modified Type 14 fire @-@ control system was tested aboard the ship in 1935 and later approved for service as the Type 34 . A new anti @-@ aircraft director called the Type 94 that was used to control the 127 mm AA guns was introduced in 1937 , although when Nagato received hers is unknown . The 25 mm AA guns were controlled by a Type 95 director that was also introduced in 1937 .
While in drydock in May 1943 , a Type 21 air search radar was installed on the roof of the 10 @-@ meter rangefinder at the top of the pagoda mast . On 27 June 1944 , two Type 22 surface search radars were installed on the pagoda mast and two Type 13 early warning radars were fitted on her mainmast .
= = = Aircraft = = =
Nagato was fitted with an 18 @-@ meter ( 59 ft 1 in ) aircraft flying @-@ off platform on Turret No. 2 in August 1925 . Yokosuka Ro @-@ go Ko @-@ gata and Heinkel HD 25 floatplanes were tested from it before it was removed early the following year . An additional boom was added to the mainmast in 1926 to handle the Yokosuka E1Y now assigned to the ship . A Hansa @-@ Brandenburg W.33 floatplane was tested aboard Nagato that same year . A catapult was fitted between the mainmast and Turret No. 3 in mid @-@ 1933 , a collapsible crane was installed in a portside sponson , and the ship was equipped to operate two or three floatplanes , although no hangar was provided . The ship now operated Nakajima E4N2 biplanes until they were replaced by Nakajima E8N2 biplanes in 1938 . A more powerful catapult was installed in November 1938 to handle heavier aircraft , such as the one Kawanishi E7K that was added in 1939 – 40 . Mitsubishi F1M biplanes replaced the E8Ns on 11 February 1943 .
= = Construction and service = =
Nagato , named for Nagato Province , was ordered on 12 May 1916 and laid down at the Kure Naval Arsenal on 28 August 1917 as the lead ship of her class . She was launched on 9 November 1919 by Admiral Katō Tomosaburō , completed on 15 November 1920 and commissioned 10 days later with Captain Nobutaro Iida in command . Nagato was assigned to the 1st Battleship Division and became the flagship of Rear Admiral Sōjirō Tochinai . On 13 February 1921 , the ship was inspected by the Crown Prince , Hirohito . Captain Kanari Kabayama relieved Iida on 1 December 1921 . The ship hosted Marshal Joseph Joffre on 18 February 1922 and Edward , Prince of Wales , and his aide @-@ de @-@ camp Lieutenant Louis Mountbatten on 12 April during the prince 's visit to Japan .
After the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake , Nagato loaded supplies from Kyushu for the victims on 4 September . Together with her sister ship Mutsu , she sank the hulk of the obsolete battleship Satsuma on 7 September 1924 during gunnery practice in Tokyo Bay in accordance with the Washington Naval Treaty . The ship was transferred to the reserve of the 1st Division on 1 December and became a gunnery training ship . In August 1925 , aircraft handling and take @-@ off tests were conducted aboard Nagato . She was reassigned as the flagship of the Combined Fleet on 1 December , flying the flag of Admiral Keisuke Okada . Captain Kiyoshi Hasegawa assumed command of the ship on 1 December 1926 .
Nagato was again placed in reserve on 1 December 1931 and her anti @-@ aircraft armament was upgraded the following year . In August 1933 the ship participated in fleet maneuvers north of the Marshall Islands and she began her first modernization on 1 April 1934 . This was completed on 31 January 1936 and Nagato was assigned to the 1st Battleship Division of the 1st Fleet . During the attempted coup d 'état on 26 February by disgruntled Army officers , the ship was deployed in Tokyo Bay and some of her sailors were landed in support of the government . In August , she transported 1 @,@ 749 men of the 43rd Infantry Regiment of the 11th Infantry Division from Shikoku to Shanghai during the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War . Her floatplanes bombed targets in Shanghai on 24 August before she returned to Sasebo the following day . Nagato became a training ship on 1 December until she again became the flagship of the Combined Fleet on 15 December
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standard displacement of 1 @,@ 090 long tons ( 1 @,@ 110 t ) . She was armed with four 4 @-@ inch ( 10 cm ) guns and had eight 21 @-@ inch ( 530 mm ) torpedo tubes . Porter was powered by a pair of steam turbines that propelled her at up to 29 @.@ 5 knots ( 54 @.@ 6 km / h ) .
After her April 1916 commissioning , Porter conducted her shakedown cruise in the Caribbean . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , Porter was part of the first U.S. destroyer squadron sent overseas . Patrolling the Irish and Celtic Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland , Porter severely damaged the German submarine U @-@ 108 in April 1918 .
Upon returning to the United States after the war , Porter operated off the east coast until she was decommissioned in June 1922 . In June 1924 , Porter was transferred to the United States Coast Guard to help enforce Prohibition as a part of the " Rum Patrol " . She operated under the name USCGC Porter ( CG @-@ 7 ) until 1933 , when she was returned to the Navy . Later that year , the ship was renamed DD @-@ 59 to free the name Porter for another destroyer . She was sold for scrap in August 1934 .
= = Design and construction = =
Porter was authorized in 1913 as the third ship of the Tucker class which , like the related O 'Brien class , was an improved version of the Cassin @-@ class destroyers authorized in 1911 . Construction of the vessel was awarded to William Cramp and Sons of Philadelphia , which laid down her keel on 24 August 1914 . Twelve months later , on 26 August 1915 , Porter was launched by sponsor Miss Georgiana Porter Cusachs , a descendant of the ship 's namesakes , Commodore David Porter ( 1780 – 1843 ) and son Admiral David Dixon Porter ( 1813 – 1891 ) , both notable U.S. Navy officers . As built , Porter was 315 feet 3 inches ( 96 @.@ 09 m ) in length and 30 feet 6 inches ( 9 @.@ 30 m ) abeam and drew 9 feet 4 inches ( 2 @.@ 84 m ) . The ship had a standard displacement of 1 @,@ 090 long tons ( 1 @,@ 110 t ) and displaced 1 @,@ 205 long tons ( 1 @,@ 224 t ) when fully loaded .
Porter had two Curtis steam turbines that drove her two screw propellers , and an additional steam turbine geared to one of the propeller shafts for cruising purposes . The power plant could generate 18 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 13 @,@ 000 kW ) and move the ship at speeds up to 29 @.@ 5 knots ( 54 @.@ 6 km / h ) .
Porter 's main battery consisted of four 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) / 50 Mark 9 guns , with each gun weighing in excess of 6 @,@ 100 pounds ( 2 @,@ 800 kg ) . The guns fired 33 @-@ pound ( 15 kg ) armor @-@ piercing projectiles at 2 @,@ 900 feet per second ( 880 m / s ) . At an elevation of 20 ° , the guns had a range of 15 @,@ 920 yards ( 14 @,@ 560 m ) .
Porter was also equipped with eight 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes . The General Board of the United States Navy had called for two anti @-@ aircraft guns for the Tucker @-@ class ships , as well as provisions for laying up to 36 floating mines . From sources , it is unclear if these recommendations were followed for Porter or any of the other ships of the class .
= = United States Navy career = =
USS Porter was commissioned into the United States Navy on 17 April 1916 under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ward K. Wortman . Following her commissioning , Porter 's shakedown was conducted in the Caribbean .
After the United States entry into World War I on 6 April 1917 , Porter was readied for overseas duty and departed from New York on 24 April with the other five ships of her division — Wadsworth ( the flagship ) , Davis , Conyngham , McDougal , and Wainwright . The sextet arrived at Queenstown , Ireland , on 4 May and began patrolling the southern approaches to the Irish Sea the next day . Based at Queenstown , Porter met and escorted convoys from the United States as they entered the war zone .
On 16 October 1917 , Porter came to the aid of American destroyer Cassin , which had been torpedoed by German submarine U @-@ 61 about 20 nautical miles ( 37 km ) south of Mine Head , Ireland . Cassin 's stern had nearly been blown off and her rudder was gone , leaving the ship unable to steer
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journal lost Johnson money in the 1770s , he was willing to begin publishing it again in 1785 because he endorsed its values .
The late 1760s was a time of growing radicalism in Britain , and although Johnson did not participate actively in the events , he facilitated the speech of those who did , e.g. , by publishing works on the disputed election of John Wilkes and the agitation in the American colonies . Despite his growing interest in politics , Johnson ( with Payne ) still published primarily religious works and the occasional travel narrative . As Tyson writes , " in the first decade of his career Johnson 's significance as a bookseller derived from a desire to provide dissent ( religious and political ) a forum " .
= = = = Fire = = = =
Johnson was on the verge of real success when his shop was ravaged by fire on 9 January 1770 . As one London newspaper reported it :
Yesterday morning , between six and seven o 'clock a fire broke out at Messrs. Johnson and Payne 's , Booksellers , in Paternoster Row , which consumed that house , Mr. Cock 's , Printer , and Mr. Upton 's , an Auctioneer ... in which last mentioned house was kept the whole stock of Bibles , Common Prayers , Etc. belonging to the Proprietors of the Oxford Press ... It was a considerable time before the engines could be brought to play to any purpose , on account their being clogged by ice and snow . The several families were all in bed when the fire was first discovered , and Mr. Johnson had but just time to alarm his partner and the rest of the family , and they escaped , saving only some of their books of account , the whole stock in trade and furniture being destroyed .
At the time Fuseli had been living with Johnson and he also lost all of his possessions , including the first printing of his Remarks on the Writings and Conduct of J. J. Rousseau . Johnson and Payne subsequently dissolved their partnership . It was an amicable separation , and Johnson even published some of Payne 's works in later years .
= = 1770s : Establishment = =
By August 1770 , just seven months after fire had destroyed his shop and goods , Johnson had re @-@ established himself at 72 St. Paul 's Churchyard — the largest shop on a street of booksellers — where he was to remain for the rest of his life . How Johnson managed this feat is unclear ; he later cryptically told a friend that " his friends came about him , and set him up again " . An early 19th @-@ century biography states that " Mr. Johnson was now so well known , and had been so highly respected , that on this unfortunate occasion , his friends with one accord met , and contributed to enable him to begin business again " . Chard speculates that Priestley assisted him since they were such close friends .
= = = Religious publications and advocacy of Unitarianism = = =
Immediately upon reopening his business , Johnson started publishing theological and political works by Priestley and other Dissenters . Starting in the 1770s , Johnson published more specifically Unitarian works , as well as texts advocating religious toleration ; he also became personally involved in the Unitarian cause . He served as a conduit for information between Dissenters across the country and supplied provincial publishers with religious publications , thereby enabling Dissenters to spread their beliefs easily . Johnson participated in efforts to repeal the Test and Corporation Acts , which restricted the civil rights of Dissenters . In one six @-@ year period of the 1770s , Johnson was responsible for publishing nearly one @-@ third of the Unitarian works on the issue . He continued his support in 1787 , 1789 , and 1790 , when Dissenters introduced repeal bills in Parliament , and he published much of the pro @-@ repeal literature written by Priestley and others .
Johnson was also instrumental in Theophilus Lindsey 's founding of the first Unitarian chapel in London . With some difficulty , as Unitarians were feared at that time and their beliefs held illegal until the Doctrine of the Trinity Act 1813 , Johnson obtained the building for Essex Street Chapel and , with the help of barrister John Lee , who later became Attorney @-@ General , its licence . To capitalize on the opening of the new chapel in addition to helping out his friends , Johnson published Lindsey 's inaugural sermon , which sold out in four days . Johnson continued to attend and participate actively in this congregation throughout his life . Lindsey and the church 's other minister , John Disney , became two of Johnson 's most active writers . In the 1780s , Johnson continued to advocate Unitarianism and published a series of controversial writings by Priestley arguing for its legitimacy . These writings did not make Johnson much money , but they agreed with his philosophy of open debate and religious
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toleration . Johnson also became the publisher for the Society for Promoting the Knowledge of the Scriptures , a Unitarian group determined to release new worship materials and commentaries on the Bible . ( See British and Foreign Unitarian Association # Publishing . )
Although Johnson is known for publishing Unitarian works , particularly those of Priestley , he also published the works of other Dissenters , Anglicans , and Jews . The common thread uniting his disparate religious publications was religious toleration . For example , he published the Reverend George Gregory 's 1787 English translation of Bishop Robert Lowth 's seminal book on Hebrew poetry , De Sacra Poesi Hebraeorum . Gregory published several other works with Johnson , such as Essays Historical and Moral ( 1785 ) and Sermons with Thoughts on the Composition and Delivery of a Sermon ( 1787 ) . Gregory exemplified the type of author that Johnson preferred to work with : industrious and liberal @-@ minded , but not bent on self @-@ glorification . Yet , as Helen Braithwaite writes in her study of Johnson , his " enlightened pluralistic approach was also seen by its opponents as inherently permissive , opening the door to all forms of unhealthy questioning and scepticism , and at odds with the stable virtues of established religion and authority " .
= = = American revolution = = =
Partially as a result of his association with British Dissenters , Johnson became involved in publishing tracts and sermons in defence of the American revolutionaries . He began with Priestley 's Address to Protestant Dissenters of All Denominations , on the Approaching Election of Members of Parliament ( 1774 ) , which urged Dissenters to vote for candidates that guaranteed the American colonists their freedom . Johnson continued his series of anti @-@ government , pro @-@ American pamphlets by publishing Fast Day sermons by Joshua Toulmin , George Walker , Ebenezer Radcliff , and Newcome Cappe . Braithwaite describes these as " well @-@ articulated critiques of government " that " were not only unusual but potentially subversive and disruptive " , and she concludes that Johnson 's decision to publish so much of this material indicates that he supported the political position it espoused . Moreover , Johnson published what Braithwaite calls " probably the most influential English defence of the colonists " , Richard Price 's Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty ( 1776 ) . Over 60 @,@ 000 copies were sold in a year . In 1780 Johnson also issued the first collected political works of Benjamin Franklin in England , a political risk as the American colonies were in rebellion by that time . Johnson did not usually reprint colonial texts — his ties to the revolution were primarily through Dissenters . Thus , the works published by Johnson emphasized both colonial independence and the rights for which Dissenters were fighting
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This is the same as the first case , hence the graph will also map onto a plane .
There is an approach to choosing network variables with voltages which is analogous and dual to the loop current method . Here the voltage associated with pairs of nodes are the primary variables and the branch voltages are found in terms of them . In this method also , a particular tree of the graph must be chosen in order to ensure that all the variables are independent . The dual of the tie set is the cut set . A tie set is formed by allowing all but one of the graph links to be open circuit . A cut set is formed by allowing all but one of the tree branches to be short circuit . The cut set consists of the tree branch which was not short @-@ circuited and any of the links which are not short @-@ circuited by the other tree branches . A cut set of a graph produces two disjoint subgraphs , that is , it cuts the graph into two parts , and is the minimum set of branches needed to do so . The set of network equations are formed by equating the node pair voltages to the algebraic sum of the cut set branch voltages . The dual of the special case of mesh analysis is nodal analysis .
= = = Nullity and rank = = =
The nullity , N , of a graph with s separate parts and b branches is defined by ;
<formula>
The nullity of a graph represents the number of degrees of freedom of its set of network equations . For a planar graph , the nullity is equal to the number of meshes in the graph .
The rank , R of a graph is defined by ;
<formula>
Rank plays the same role in nodal analysis as nullity plays in mesh analysis . That is , it gives the number of node voltage equations required . Rank and nullity are dual concepts and are related by ;
<formula>
= = = Solving the network variables = = =
Once a set of geometrically independent variables have been chosen the state of the network is expressed in terms of these . The result is a set of independent linear equations which need to be solved simultaneously in order to find the values of the network variables . This set of equations can be expressed in a matrix format which leads to a characteristic parameter matrix for the network . Parameter matrices take the form of an impedance matrix if the equations have been formed on a loop @-@ analysis basis , or as an admittance matrix if the equations have been formed on a node @-@ analysis basis .
These equations can be solved in a number of well @-@ known ways . One method is the systematic elimination of variables . Another method involves the use of determinants . This is known as Cramer 's rule and provides a direct expression for the unknown variable in terms of determinants . This is useful in that it provides a compact expression for the solution . However , for anything more than the most trivial networks , a greater calculation
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Battalions around the beachhead to free them up for the advance west on Lae , followed the Japanese that were withdrawing to the east , marching from Hopoi Mission Station to Finschhafen , with a view to placing pressure on the Japanese southern flank . This feat was described by the Kalgoorlie Miner as the " greatest march " of the New Guinea campaign and in 10 days the battalion covered 50 miles ( 80 km ) of rugged terrain .
The 7th Division would later advance on Dumpu through the Markham and Ramu Valleys , and over the Finisterre Range on their way towards Madang during the Finisterre Range campaign . This advance , coupled with the US seizure of New Georgia gave the Allies access to vital airfields from which they were able to project air power over Bougainville and other parts of New Guinea . Lae was also developed into an Allied logistics base , with the development of a wharf , while roads were cut through to Nadzab .
= Zodiac settle =
The Zodiac settle is a piece of painted furniture designed by the English architect and designer William Burges and made between 1869 and 1871 . A wooden settle designed with Zodiac themes , it was made for Burges ' rooms at Buckingham Street , and later moved to the drawing room of The Tower House , the home that he designed for himself in Holland Park . Burges desired to fill his home with furniture " covered with paintings , both ornaments and subjects ; it not only did its duty as furniture , but spoke and told a story . " At one stage the poet John Betjeman gave the settle to the novelist Evelyn Waugh , and it is now in the collection of The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum in Bedford .
= = Design = =
The settle is a wooden bench with a canopy . It is painted and stenciled , with inlaid pieces of glass crystal and vellum . In 1865 , Burges wrote , " it is almost impossible for us to conceive the effect of a first @-@ class piece of medieval sacred furniture covered with burnished gilding engraved and punched into patterns enriched with paintings by an artist like Giotto , and glittering with mosaics of gilt and coloured glass . "
The only settle that Burges created , its form has been likened to a day bed of the Italian Renaissance . Burges scorned his typical French Gothic influences in his design for the settle , being influenced instead by English Gothic sources as well as the Italian Renaissance . It is decorated with a central painted panel , painted by Henry Stacy Marks . The panel features an enthroned sun , with the Zodiac signs dancing around it . The signs of Leo , Virgo , Cancer , Gemini , Taurus and Aries dance on the right , and Libra , Scorpio , Sagittarius , Capricorn , Aquarius and Pisces are dancing on the left . The planets of the solar system are depicted as musicians on one side of the settle , with Saint Cecilia and another female figure on the other side . It is inscribed in Latin " BURGES ARCHITECTUS ME FIERI FECIT ANNO SALUTIS MDCCCLXIX AUTEM ME DEPINCI FECIT APRILIS SALUTIS MDCCCLXX " ( " Burges the Architect had me made in the year of salvation 1869 however he had me painted in April of the year of salvation 1870 " ) .
The maker of the settle is unknown ; it is believed to be either Harland and Fisher , who had made earlier pieces of furniture for Burges , or John Walden , who made the guest bedroom furniture for the Tower House . The settle featured in photographs published in 1885 , taken in Buckingham Street by Burges 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , Richard Popplewell Pullan . The settle is shown with an embroidered panel and three seat cushions .
= = History = =
Designed by Burges for himself , the Zodiac settle was originally placed in his rooms at 15 Buckingham Street on the The Strand in London , and later moved to The Tower House in Holland Park around 1878 , when Burges first occupied the house . The Tower House was designed by Burges by himself . Burges continued to work on Tower House until his death in 1881 , and the Zodiac settle was placed opposite the drawing room windows in Tower House . The decoration of the drawing room remained unfinished upon Burges 's death . The Tower House was subsequently owned by Burges 's brother
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ails ' earliest influences include Ministry and Skinny Puppy , which helped shape what became 1989 's Pretty Hate Machine . The album 's liner notes also paid tribute to the hip @-@ hop group Public Enemy and Prince . Another large influence on the band 's sound is Gary Numan , which is evident as Reznor has been credited with saying , " after hearing ' Cars ' I knew I wanted to make music with synthesizers . " The 2005 single " Only " exemplifies the disco @-@ style beats and synthesizers drawn from Numan 's persuasion . Other artists of significance to Nine Inch Nails encompass late 70s and 80s acts such as Queen , Devo , Joy Division , Adam Ant , and Soft Cell .
Reznor had been fortunate enough to tour with some of his influences , including a brief tour opening for Skinny Puppy in 1989 . In 1995 Nine Inch Nails went on tour with David Bowie , who along with Pink Floyd had been a significant influence on The Downward Spiral .
= = Legacy = =
Nine Inch Nails has influenced many newer artists , which according to Reznor range from " generic imitations " dating from his initial success to younger bands echoing his style in a " truer , less imitative way " . Following the release of The Downward Spiral , mainstream artists began to take notice of Nine Inch Nails ' influence : David Bowie compared Reznor 's impact to that of The Velvet Underground . Bob Ezrin , producer for Pink Floyd , Kiss , Alice Cooper , and Peter Gabriel , described Reznor in 2007 as a " true visionary " and advised aspiring artists to take note of his no @-@ compromise attitude . Nine Inch Nails has been credited by music journalists for popularizing industrial music , despite ambivalence from Reznor .
The act has received four awards from 25 nominations , including two Grammy Awards for the songs " Wish " and " Happiness in Slavery " in 1993 and 1996 respectively . Nine Inch Nails have received two Kerrang ! Awards ; one of them being the Kerrang ! Icon in 2006 , honoring the band 's overall contributions since 1988 and long @-@ standing influence on rock music . The band has also received nine nominations from the MTV Video Music Awards for several of its videos , including two nominations for the " Closer " music video and five nominations for " The Perfect Drug " music video , including Video of the Year .
In 1997 , Reznor appeared in Time magazine 's list of the year 's most influential people , and Spin described him as " the most vital artist in music " . The Recording Industry Association of America certified sales for 10 @.@ 5 million units of the band 's albums in the United States , which accounted for roughly half of the band 's reported sales worldwide at that time . In 2003 , Rolling Stone magazine placed The Downward Spiral at No. 200 in a 2003 list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , and by the following year ranked Nine Inch Nails at No. 94 in their The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list .
= = Live performances = =
Reznor is the sole official member of Nine Inch Nails . However , he has typically formed a backing group of musicians to perform the songs in a live setting . This live band , also known as Nine Inch Nails , rearranges the band 's studio catalog and creates a different sound than that of Reznor 's studio recordings . Band members have occasionally been invited to participate in the recording process , but creative control within the studio has always been exclusively with Reznor .
The Tapeworm project was created in 1995 as a Nine Inch Nails side @-@ project between Reznor and various live @-@ band members as a more " democratic " creative environment . The band initially included live band members Danny Lohner and Charlie Clouser , but eventually expanded to feature other frequent Nine Inch Nails contributors Josh Freese , Atticus Ross , and Alan Moulder . However , after 9 years of studio sessions , no material was ever officially released from the group , and it was confirmed to be no longer active in 2005 .
The lineup of the live band had a tendency to change drastically between major tours : aside from Reznor remaining on lead vocals , keyboards and guitar , no member of the live band had remained constant since its inception . Reznor cited the long gestation period between studio albums as part of the reason for these frequent personnel changes , as well as his desire for fresh interpretations of his music .
= = Corporate disputes = =
Reznor is an outspoken critic of the music industry , particularly the influence that music businesses have exerted upon his creative freedom . Nine Inch Nails has clashed with several music industry corporations , culminating in Reznor 's decision to proceed as an independent artist who does not employ the financial backing of the music industry to fund his creative output .
= = = TVT Records = = =
In the early 1990s , Nine Inch Nails was involved in a much @-@ publicized feud with TVT Records , the first record label to sign the band . Reznor objected to the label 's attempted interference with his intellectual property . Ultimately , they entered into a joint venture with Interscope Records in which Reznor forfeited a portion of his publishing rights to TVT Music in exchange for the freedom of having his own Nothing Records imprint . In 2005 , Reznor sued his former friend and manager John Malm , co @-@ founder of Nothing , for fraud , breach of contract and fiduciary duty , and other claims . Their relationship was formally severed in a New York courtroom , with damages awarded to Reznor in excess of three million US dollars .
At the behest of Prudential Securities bankruptcy proceedings , TVT put the rights to Reznor 's recordings for the label on auction in 2005 . This offer included the whole TVT catalog , including Pretty Hate Machine and a percentage of royalties from Reznor 's song publishing company , Leaving Hope Music / TVT Music . Rykodisc , which did not win the auction but was able to license the rights from Prudential , reissued the out @-@ of @-@ print Pretty Hate Machine CD on November 22 , 2005 . Ryko also reissued the " Head Like a Hole " CD and a vinyl edition of Pretty Hate Machine in 2006 . The label considered releasing a deluxe edition , just as Interscope had done for The Downward Spiral . They were influenced by Reznor and liked the idea , but did not want to pay him for the album and the idea was scrapped .
= = = Universal Music Group = = =
In May 2007 , Reznor made a post on the official Nine Inch Nails website skeptical of Universal Music Group ( parent company of Nine Inch Nails ' record label , Interscope Records ) for their pricing and distribution plans for Year Zero . He labeled the company 's retail pricing of Year Zero in Australia as " ABSURD " , concluding that " as a reward for being a ' true fan ' you get ripped off . " Reznor went on to say that he hated Interscope , and in later years the " climate " of record labels may have an increasingly ambivalent impact on consumers who buy music . Reznor 's post ,
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induce him to work at all . " In 1877 , the two boys were sent to the Royal Navy 's training ship , HMS Britannia . They began their studies there two months behind the other cadets as Albert Victor contracted typhoid fever , for which he was treated by Sir William Gull . Dalton accompanied them as chaplain to the ship . In 1879 , after a great deal of discussion between the Queen , the Prince of Wales , their households and the Government , the royal brothers were sent as naval cadets on a three @-@ year world tour aboard HMS Bacchante . Albert Victor was rated midshipman on his sixteenth birthday . They toured the British Empire , accompanied by Dalton , visiting the Americas , the Falkland Islands , South Africa , Australia , Fiji , the Far East , Singapore , Ceylon , Aden , Egypt , the Holy Land and Greece . They acquired tattoos in Japan . By the time they returned to Britain , Albert Victor was eighteen .
The brothers were parted in 1883 ; George continued in the navy and Albert Victor attended Trinity College , Cambridge . At Bachelor 's Cottage , Sandringham , Albert Victor was expected to cram before arriving at university in the company of Dalton , French instructor Monsieur Hua , and a newly chosen tutor / companion James Kenneth Stephen . Some biographers have said that Stephen was a misogynist , although this has recently been questioned , and he may have felt emotionally attached to Albert Victor , but whether or not his feelings were overtly homosexual is open to question . Stephen was initially optimistic about tutoring the prince , but by the time the party were to move to Cambridge had concluded , " I do not think he can possibly derive much benefit from attending lectures at Cambridge ... He hardly knows the meaning of the words to read " .
At the start of the new term in October , Albert Victor , Dalton , and Lieutenant Henderson from Bacchante moved to Nevile 's Court at Trinity College , which was generally reserved for accommodating dons rather than students . The prince showed little interest in the intellectual atmosphere , and he was excused from examinations , though he did become involved in undergraduate life . He was introduced to Oscar Browning , a noted don who gave parties and " made pets of those undergraduates who were handsome and attractive " , and became friendly with Dalton 's godson , Alfred Fripp , who later became his doctor and royal surgeon . It is not known whether he had any sexual experiences at Cambridge , but partners of either sex would have been available . In August 1884 , he spent some time at Heidelberg University studying German , before returning to Cambridge . Leaving Cambridge in 1885 , where he had already served as a cadet in the 2nd Cambridge University Battalion , he was gazetted as an officer in the 10th Hussars . In 1888 , he was awarded an honorary degree by the university .
One of Albert Victor 's instructors said he learnt by listening rather than reading or writing and had no difficulty remembering information , but Prince George , Duke of Cambridge , had a less favourable opinion of him , calling him " an inveterate and incurable dawdler " . Princess Augusta of Cambridge was also dismissive , calling him : " si peu de chose " .
Much of Albert Victor 's time at his post in Aldershot was spent drilling , which he disliked , though he did like to play polo . He passed his examinations , and in March 1887 , he was posted to Hounslow where he was promoted to captain . He was given more public engagements , visited Ireland and Gibraltar , and opened the Hammersmith suspension bridge . Of his private life , a childhood friend of Albert Victor later recalled that it was uneventful : " his brother officers had said that they would like to make a man of the world of him . Into that world he refused to be initiated . " However , letters dated 1885 and 1886 from Albert Victor to his doctor at Aldershot ( known only as " Roche " ) detail that he was taking medicine for ' glete ' ( gleet ) , then a term for gonorrhea discharge .
= = Cleveland Street scandal = =
In July 1889 , the Metropolitan Police uncovered a male brothel operated by Charles Hammond in London 's Cleveland Street . Under police interrogation , the male prostitutes and pimps revealed the names of their clients , who included Lord Arthur Somerset , an Extra Equerry to the Prince of Wales . At the time , all homosexual acts between men were illegal , and the clients faced social ostracism , prosecution , and at worst , two years ' imprisonment with hard labour .
The resultant Cleveland Street scandal implicated other high @-@ ranking figures in British society , and rumours swept upper @-@ class London of the involvement of a member of the royal family , namely Prince Albert Victor . The prostitutes had not named Albert Victor , and it is suggested that Somerset 's solicitor , Arthur Newton , fabricated and spread the rumours to take the heat off his client . Letters exchanged between the Treasury Solicitor , Sir Augustus Stephenson , and his assistant , Hamilton Cuffe , make coded reference to Newton 's threats to implicate Albert Victor .
In December 1889 it
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200 were sold at Bonhams auction house in London . Owing to discrepancies in the dates and spelling of the letters , one historian has suggested they could be forgeries .
In 1891 , Albert Victor wrote to Lady Sybil St Clair Erskine that he was in love once again , though he does not say with whom , but by this time another potential bride , Princess Mary of Teck , was under consideration . Mary was the daughter of Queen Victoria 's first cousin Princess Mary Adelaide , Duchess of Teck . Queen Victoria was very supportive , considering Mary ideal — charming , sensible and pretty . On 3 December 1891 Albert Victor , to Mary 's " great surprise " , proposed to her at Luton Hoo , the country residence of the Danish ambassador to Britain . The wedding was set for 27 February 1892 .
= = Death = =
Just as plans for both his marriage to Mary and his appointment as Viceroy of Ireland were under discussion , Albert Victor fell ill with influenza in the pandemic of 1889 – 92 . He developed pneumonia and died at Sandringham House in Norfolk on 14 January 1892 , less than a week after his 28th birthday . The Prince and Princess of Wales , Princesses Maud and Victoria , Prince George , Princess Mary , the Duke and Duchess of Teck , three physicians ( Alan Reeve Manby , Francis Laking and William Broadbent ) and three nurses were present . The Prince of Wales 's chaplain , Canon Frederick Hervey , stood over Albert Victor reading prayers for the dying .
The nation was shocked . Shops put up their shutters . The Prince of Wales wrote to Queen Victoria , " Gladly would I have given my life for his " . Princess Mary wrote to Queen Victoria of the Princess of Wales , " the despairing look on her face was the most heart @-@ rending thing I have ever seen . " His younger brother Prince George wrote , " how deeply I did love him ; & I remember with pain nearly every hard word & little quarrel I ever had with him & I long to ask his forgiveness , but , alas , it is too late now ! " George took Albert Victor 's place in the line of succession , eventually succeeding to the throne as George V in 1910 . Drawn together during their shared period of mourning , Prince George later married Mary himself in 1893 . She became queen on George 's accession .
Albert Victor 's mother , Alexandra , never fully recovered from her son 's death and kept the room in which he died as a shrine . At the funeral , Mary laid her bridal wreath of orange blossom upon the coffin . James Kenneth Stephen , Albert Victor 's former tutor , refused all food from the day of Albert Victor 's death and died 20 days later ; he had suffered a head injury in 1886 which left him suffering from psychosis . The Prince is buried in the Albert Memorial Chapel close to St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle . His tomb , by Alfred Gilbert , is " the finest single example of late 19th @-@ century sculpture in the British Isles " . A recumbent effigy of the Prince in a Hussar uniform ( almost impossible to see properly in situ ) lies above the tomb . Kneeling over him is an angel , holding a heavenly crown . The tomb is surrounded by an elaborate railing , with figures of saints . The perfectionist Gilbert spent too much on the commission , went bankrupt , and left the country . Five of the smaller figures were only completed with " a greater roughness and pittedness of texture " after his return to Britain in the 1920s .
One obituary , written by a journalist who claimed to have attended the majority of Albert Victor 's public appearances , stated : " He was little known personally to the English public . His absence at sea , and on travels and duty with his regiment , kept him out of the general eye ... at times , there was a sallowness of hue , which much increased the grave aspect ... not only in the metropolis , but throughout the country , somehow , it was always said , ' He will never come to the throne . ' "
= = Legacy = =
During his life , the bulk of the British press treated Albert Victor with nothing but respect and the eulogies that immediately followed his death were full of praise . The radical politician , Henry Broadhurst , who had met both Albert Victor and his brother George , noted that they had " a total absence of affectation or haughtiness " . On the day of Albert Victor 's death , the leading Liberal politician , William Ewart Gladstone , wrote in his personal private diary " a great loss to our party " . However , Queen Victoria referred to Albert Victor 's " dissipated life " in private letters to her eldest daughter , which were later published and , in the mid @-@ 20th century , the official biographers of Queen Mary and King George V , James Pope @-@ Hennessy and Harold Nicolson respectively , promoted hostile assessments of Albert Victor 's life , portraying him as lazy , ill @-@ educated and physically feeble . The exact nature of his " dissipations " is not clear , but in 1994 Theo Aronson favoured the theory on " admittedly circumstantial " evidence that the " unspecified ' dissipations ' were predominantly homosexual " . Aronson 's judgement was based on Albert Victor 's " adoration of his elegant and possessive mother ; his ' want of manliness ' ; his ' shrinking from horseplay ' ; [ and ] his ' sweet , gentle , quiet and charming ' nature " , as well as the Cleveland Street rumours and his opinion that there is " a certain amount of homosexuality in all men " . He admitted , however , that " the allegations of Prince Eddy 's homosexuality must be treated cautiously . "
Rumours that Prince Albert Victor may have committed , or been responsible for , the Jack the Ripper murders were first mentioned in print in 1962 . It was later alleged , amongst others by Stephen Knight in Jack the Ripper : The Final Solution , that Albert Victor fathered a child with a woman in the Whitechapel district of London , and either he or several high @-@ ranking men committed the murders in an effort to cover up his indiscretion . Though such claims have been repeated frequently , scholars have dismissed them as fantasies , and refer to indisputable proof of the Prince 's innocence . For example , on 30 September 1888 , when Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes were murdered in London , Albert Victor was over 500 miles ( over 800 km ) away at Balmoral , the royal retreat in Scotland , in the presence of Queen Victoria , other family members , visiting German royalty and a large number of staff . According to the official Court Circular , family journals and letters , newspaper reports and other sources , he could not have been near any of the murders . Other fanciful conspiracy theories are that he died of syphilis or poison , that he was pushed off a cliff on the instructions of Lord Randolph Churchill or that his death was faked to remove him from the line of succession .
Albert Victor 's posthumous reputation became so bad that in 1964 Philip Magnus called his death a " merciful act of providence " , supporting the theory that his death removed an unsuitable heir to the throne and replaced him with the reliable and sober George V. In 1972 , Michael Harrison was the first modern author to re @-@ assess Albert Victor and portray him in a more sympathetic light . In recent years , Andrew Cook has continued attempts to rehabilitate Albert Victor 's reputation , arguing that his lack of academic progress was partly due to the incompetence of his tutor , Dalton ; that he was a warm and charming man ; that there is no tangible evidence that he was homosexual or bisexual ; that he held liberal views , particularly on Irish Home Rule ; and that his reputation was diminished by biographers eager to improve the image of his brother , George .
= = = Fictional portrayals = = =
The conspiracy theories surrounding Albert Victor have led to his portrayal in film as somehow responsible for or involved in the Jack the Ripper murders . Bob Clark 's Sherlock
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Holmes mystery Murder by Decree was released in 1979 with " Duke of Clarence ( Eddy ) " played by Robin Marshall . Jack the Ripper was released in 1988 with Marc Culwick as Prince Albert Victor . Samuel West played " Prince Eddy " in The Ripper ( 1997 ) and Albert Victor as a child ( with Jerome Watts and Charles Dance playing the character at older ages ) in the TV miniseries Edward the Seventh , which starred West 's father Timothy West as the title character . The Hughes brothers ' From Hell was based on the graphic novel of the same name by Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell , and was released in 2001 . Mark Dexter portrayed both " Prince Edward " and " Albert Sickert " . The story , based largely on the same sources as Murder by Decree , is also the basis for the play Force and Hypocrisy by Doug Lucie .
A pair of alternative history novels King and Joker ( 1976 ) and Skeleton in Waiting ( 1990 ) , written by Peter Dickinson , are the adventures of a fictitious royal family descended from an Albert Victor who survived and reigned as King Victor I. In Gary Lovisi 's parallel universe Sherlock Holmes pastiche , " The Adventure of the Missing Detective " , Albert Victor is portrayed as a tyrannical king , who rules after the deaths ( in suspicious circumstances ) of both his grandmother and father . The Prince also appears as the murder victim in the first of the Lord Francis Powerscourt crime novels Goodnight Sweet Prince , and as a murder suspect in the novel Death at Glamis Castle by Robin Paige . In both The Bloody Red Baron ( volume 2 of Anno Dracula series ) by Kim Newman and the novel I , Vampire by Michael Romkey , he has become a vampire . In the former , he is the British monarch during World War I. The DC Comics production Wonder Woman : Amazonia from the Elseworlds subseries , has " Eddy " as a minor character in a steampunk alternate history of the Jack the Ripper legend , with Wonder Woman inserted into the mix .
= = Titles , styles , honours and arms = =
= = = Titles and styles = = =
8 January 1864 – 24 May 1890 : His Royal Highness Prince Albert Victor of Wales
24 May 1890 – 14 January 1892 : His Royal Highness The Duke of Clarence and Avondale
The Duke of Clarence 's full style , as proclaimed at his funeral by Garter King of Arms was : " [ the ] Most High , Mighty , and Illustrious Prince Albert Victor Christian Edward , Duke of Clarence and Avondale , Earl of Athlone , Duke of Saxony , Prince of Saxe @-@ Coburg and Gotha , Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter , Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick " .
= = = Honours = = =
British Honours
KG : Knight of the Garter , 3 September 1883
KP : Knight of St Patrick , 28 June 1887
ADC ( P ) : Personal Aide @-@ de @-@ Camp to the Queen , 1887
LLD : Doctor of Laws , University of Dublin , 1887
LLD : Doctor of Laws , University of Cambridge , 1888
Foreign Honours
Grand Cross , Order of the Netherlands Lion
Grand Cross , Order of the Tower and Sword
Grand Cross , Order of Charles III
Grand Cross , Order of Osmanieh
Grand Cross , Order of the Star
Grand Cross , Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
Grand Cross , Order of the Southern Cross
Knight , Order of the Elephant 11 October 1883
= = = = Military = = = =
1877 – 1879 : Cadet aboard training ship HMS Britannia , Dartmouth , Devon
1879 – 1880 : Cadet , HMS Bacchante
Mid , 1880 – 1883 : Promoted to Midshipman , HMS Bacchante
Lt , 1886 – 1887 : Appointed Lieutenant , 10th ( Prince of Wales ' Own ) Royal Hussars
Capt , 1887 : Promoted to Captain , 9th Queen 's Royal Lancers
Capt , 1887 – 1889 : Captain , 3rd King 's Royal Rifle Corps
Maj , 1889 – 1892 : Major , 10th ( Prince of Wales ' Own ) Royal Hussars
= = = = Honorary military appointments = = = =
British
Honorary Colonel , 4th Regiment , Bengal Infantry
Honorary Colonel , 4th Bombay Cavalry
Honorary Colonel , 1st Punjab Cavalry
Honorary Colonel , Third City of London Rifle Volunteer Corps ( 7th ( City of London ) Battalion , London Regiment ) 1890 – 92
= = = Arms = = =
With his dukedom , Albert Victor was granted a coat of arms , being the royal arms of the United Kingdom , differenced by an inescutcheon of the arms of Saxony and a label of three points argent , the centre point bearing a cross gules .
= = Ancestry = =
= Flop Starz =
" Flop Starz " is the first segment for the first official aired episode of the animated television series Phineas and Ferb . The episode was originally broadcast on Disney Channel on February 1 , 2008 . In the episode , Phineas and Ferb become one @-@ hit wonders in the matter of a morning . This is much to the disappointment of Candace , who is trying out for super stardom on a competition show titled The Next American Pop Teen Idol Star ! Meanwhile , Doofenshmirtz converts his building into a giant robot to aid him in his attempt to conquer the tri @-@ state area .
The episode 's storyboard was written by Sherm Cohen and Antoine Guilbaud , though the story itself was made by the co @-@ creators of the series . The song in the episode , " Gitchee Gitchee Goo , " was the first song the series had and caused for Disney to want one in every episode . Despite the actual pilot being " Rollercoaster , " the episode was broadcast to premiere the series , so a majority of the series ' standard humor and plot devices had yet to be established ( e.g. Perry and Doofenshmirtz have no involvement in the removal of the boys ' evidence [ mainly instigated by the boys themselves ] and Candace 's busting attempts in the A @-@ plot are limited to two ) .
" Flop Starz " carried several references to the music industry and several genres ( the title itself is as well a spoof of the phrase " pop stars " ) , as well as to the talent competition American Idol . The episode was well received by critics and fans alike , gaining 23 @.@ 5 million viewers in its premiere . The song featured , " Gitchee Gitchee Goo , " was as well reviewed favorably by critics . " Flop Starz " has been featured in several pieces of merchandise , including a junior novelization by Lara Bergen in 2009 .
= = Plot summary = =
At breakfast , the family watches a promo for The Next Super American Pop Teen Idol Star ! , a talent competition show , which
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I 'm Alive " was also featured in the soundtrack for the movie Stuart Little 2 and the CD single was released in early August 2002 in Europe , Australia and Canada . The song peaked inside the top ten in various European countries which led to its number two position on the European Hot 100 Singles . In the United States , it reached number six on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks . The third and last commercial single , " Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) " was released to radio on October 10 , 2002 . The music video was filmed in the Château d 'Aunoy castle in France in mid @-@ October 2002 and directed by Chris Applebaum . It premiered on November 21 , 2002 and the CD single was released at the same time in Europe , reaching the top forty in various countries . On the U.S. Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks , " Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) " peaked at number twenty @-@ seven .
Sony Music Entertainment released also two promotional singles in the United States : " Aun Existe Amor " and " At Last . " The first one was issued after Dion performed the song at the Billboard Latin Music Awards in May 2002 where she was honoured with a special award for " My Heart Will Go On , " which was the first English @-@ language song to top Billboard 's Hot Latin Tracks chart . " At Last " was sent to the adult contemporary radio stations in December 2002 and peaked at number sixteen on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks . Although not changed , " Have You Ever Been in Love " was also included on Dion 's next album , One Heart and released as a single in April 2003 . The song spent fourteen weeks at number two on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks in the United States .
= = Critical reception = =
The album garnered generally positive reviews from music critics . Chuck Taylor from Billboard gave it a favorable review , saying that Dion explores a " broader , more adventurous " range of pop music . Among the highlights , he mentioned " Sorry for Love " where Dion " dishes out her first all @-@ out dance anthem " and holds a twelve second " authentic note that puts the " d " in diva , " " I 'm Alive " and " When the Wrong One Loves You Right , " which he described as " hitworthy uptempo gems , " the rock @-@ leaning " Ten Days , " and a Spanish track , " Aun Existe Amor . " According to Taylor , Dion does not disappoint with ballads like the " rafter @-@ shaking " " I Surrender " where she sings of " forbidden love amid a firestorm of utterly volcanic instrumentation " and " The Greatest Reward , " and two standards – the " diamond @-@ dipped " " Nature Boy " and gospel " At Last . " He called the album the most " versatile and gratifying " Dion 's recording yet . Larry Flick , also from Billboard wrote about another song , " Have You Ever Been in Love " that " at a time when music is frightfully aggressive and the world at large is fraught with turmoil , a classic Dion power ballad is a warm source of comfort . " The track " builds from a gentle , piano @-@ laced opening into a deliciously theatrical , string @-@ framed climax . " All along , Dion offers an " appealing palette of vocal colors that range from delicate and breathy to full @-@ bodied and appropriately dramatic . "
Chuck Taylor also reviewed all three singles
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from the album . He wrote that the life @-@ affirming " A New Day Has Come " " comes off like a gentle exhale against the world 's ills . " The Ric Wake Radio Remix of " A New Day Has Come " opens with an " Enya @-@ inspired whisper before a shuffle skips in and lifts the song upward like a dove gracefully taking flight . " The Album Edit " comes sans the beat , allowing Dion 's performance alone to fully color the message . " According to him , on both versions Dion " embraces a particularly restrained performance – dramatic enough to steer the track 's emotion , but still delicate to offer comfort . " " I 'm Alive " demonstrates a stylistic " left turn , with its throbbing tribal rhythms and a loose , sky @-@ grazing vocal from Dion . " The " percolating " Humberto Gatica Mix " adds juice " to the Album Version , while the uptempo Wake Up Mix , with assistance from Ric Wake and Richie Jones , is Dion 's most " inspired and festive " remix to date , with Blondie 's " Heart of Glass " woven into the beat to " splendid effect . " Taylor criticized the choice of the third single , " Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) , " a ballad relegated solely to adult contemporary radio stations . He noticed that the song is " devastatingly beautiful , " offering a loving tribute to one 's mother at death 's door and that Dion " delivers it with a heaving helping of passion , emotionally drawing one 's attention to the devotional message . " Although he felt that many will connect to the loss of a parent , on a commercial level , this was a disappointing decision . According to Taylor , songs like " Sorry for Love " and " When the Wrong One Loves You Right " were primed for radio airplay and dancefloor remixes and were ideal candidates for release .
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave the album three and a half out of five stars saying that its construction is " as perfect as it could be . " It doesn 't " deviate " from Dion 's mainstream audience , yet it " dips its toe " into modern music , particularly dance , while " keeping hip " ( " Nature Boy " ) . Although Erlewine described " Rain , Tax ( It 's Inevitable ) " as " bizarre , " he wrote that " there 's really nothing to fault it on , actually , " the album is " more ambitious than it needs to be , covers more stylistic territory than any other Dion record , while never abandoning the middle @-@ of @-@ the @-@ road ; it 's a balancing act that nobody since Barbra Streisand has been able to pull off . " According to Erlewine , the songs aren 't " that particularly memorable , " " the mood shifts effortlessly , it never seems to stay in one place , " but it " never catches hold , either . " Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine gave A New Day Has Come three out of five stars . According to him , Dion is great at what she does and " if she ever tried anything too edgy she 'd probably just sound foolish . " Cinquemani disliked " Rain , Tax ( It 's Inevitable ) " but praised " Sorry for Love " on which Dion " gets the Cher treatment , " an unexpected " change of pace that actually works . " Among other highlights he mentioned two covers , a " soulful " rendition of " At Last " and a " simple and moving " arrangement of " Nature Boy . " He also noticed that the album is " packed " with the usual adult contemporary songs : " I Surrender , " a power ballad " only a singer with Dion 's voice could pull off , " " Ten Days , " the guitar @-@ driven " catchy pop @-@ rocker with a surprisingly edgy vocal , " " Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) , " a track featuring Shania Twain on backing vocals that " will leave you nauseous or in tears , " " I 'm Alive , " the " uplifting " midtempo number and " A New Day Has Come , the " stirring " title track .
Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly gave the album B − . He felt that A New Day Has Come was " over @-@ arranged " by producers , which works " against Dion 's enthusiasm for the wonders of babies and innocence . " Nevertheless , he praised the " jaunty disco " of " Sorry for Love , " and " Have You Ever Been in Love " which " builds in intensity to sound like " a James Bond movie theme as delivered by Barbra Streisand . " Tucker described " Rain , Tax ( It 's Inevitable ) " as the most " idiosyncratic " and " idiomatic " song that Dion has ever recorded . According to the positive review from Mike Ross of Jam ! , A New Day Has Come " picks up where Falling into You left off . " Dion 's album is a full of " bombast , melodrama and soaring love ballads indistinguishable from anything she 's ever done . " Attempts at modernity are " spotty , " though " welcome . " Ross noticed that ballads are the strongest tracks on the album and praised " Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) , " with " two soaring key changes " in the same song , which is then launched into a " high Earth orbit of melodrama by an orchestra that would make John Williams blush with envy . " Barnes & Noble also gave the album favorable review and wrote that the new songs reveal a more " spiritual " and " edgier " Dion . They praised the " uplifting " title track , " heartfelt , country @-@ tinged " " Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) , " " anthemic , gospel choir @-@ accented ballad " " Prayer , " " bluesy , honky @-@ tonk rocker " " Ten Days , " " soaring ballad " " Have You Ever Been in Love , " and " solid renditions " of " Nature Boy " and " At Last . "
= = Commercial reception = =
Dion earned two career achievements with the debut of A New Day Has Come in the United States . It became her first album to open at number @-@ one on the Billboard 200 – her fourth number @-@ one overall – and it set a personal best for first @-@ week sales ( 558 @,@ 000 units ) . Previously , 1997 's Let 's Talk About Love sold 334 @,@ 000 in its first week , while 1999 's All the Way ... A Decade of Song opened with 303 @,@ 000 . The 558 @,@ 000 tally became Dion 's third largest one @-@ week total , following 640 @,@ 000 units of All the Way ... A Decade of Song and 624 @,@ 000 copies of Let 's Talk About Love , both during Christmas periods . In the second week , A New Day Has Come fell to number two selling 263 @,@ 000 copies . It stayed there for another week with sales of 226 @,@ 000 units . For the next two weeks , A New Day Has Come occupied the number three position and sold 163 @,@ 000 and 114 @,@ 000 copies respectively . In the sixth week , it fell to number six selling 101 @,@ 000 units and in the seventh week it climbed to number two with 143 @,@ 000 copies sold . A New Day Has Come spent ten weeks inside the top ten on the Billboard 200 . On the list of best selling albums of 2002 in the United States , it reached number 12 with sales of 2 @,@ 645 @,@ 000 units . In January 2003 , it was certified three @-@ times Platinum by the RIAA and as of December 5 , 2010 , it has sold 3 @,@ 307
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@,@ 000 copies in the United States .
In Canada , A New Day Has Come debuted at number @-@ one , selling 151 @,@ 600 copies — more than ten times her nearest competition , Shakira 's Laundry Service ( 12 @,@ 200 ) . It stayed at number @-@ one for seven straight weeks marking Dion 's longest run at number @-@ one , beating the six @-@ week reign of The Colour of My Love . It was certified six @-@ times Platinum by the CRIA . A New Day Has Come topped the charts in most European countries and was certified Multi @-@ Platinum , Platinum and Gold . After selling three million copies in Europe and spending seven weeks at number @-@ one on the European Top 100 Albums , it was certified three @-@ times Platinum by the IFPI . A New Day Has Come also peaked at number @-@ one in Australia and New Zealand and was certified two @-@ times Platinum in both countries .
The album entered number one in more than seventeen countries , becoming the biggest debut of 2002 . The commercial success of A New Day Has Come led to its fifth position on the list of best selling albums of 2002 , according to the IFPI . It has sold twelve million copies worldwide .
= = Awards = =
In 2003 , Dion won the American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist and was nominated for Favorite Pop / Rock Female Artist . She also won Billboard Music Award for Hot Adult Contemporary Artist and was nominated for Top Pop Catalog Artist and Hot Adult Contemporary Track ( " A New Day Has Come " ) . Dion also won the following awards : Félix Award for Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success in a Language Other Than French , IFPI Hong Kong Top Sales Music Award for Best Selling Foreign Release ( A New Day Has Come ) , Arion Music Award for Best Selling International Album ( A New Day Has Come ) and Dragon Award for International Female Artist of the Year . " A New Day Has Come " also won ASCAP Pop Award and BMI Pop Award for Most Performed Song , and three SOCAN Awards in categories : Pop Music , International Achievement and Classic Songs . Dion was also nominated for four Juno Awards of 2003 , including : Artist of the Year , Fan Choice Award , Album of the Year ( A New Day Has Come ) and Single of the Year ( " A New Day Has Come " ) . Nominations for other awards include : People 's Choice Award for Favourite Female Musical Performer , Echo Award for International Female Artist of the Year and MuchMoreMusic Award for " A New Day Has Come " music video .
= = Track listing = =
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications and sales = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits taken from AllMusic .
= = Release history = =
= Amundsen 's South Pole expedition =
The first expedition to reach the geographic South Pole was led by the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen . He and four others arrived at the pole on 14 December 1911 , five weeks ahead of a British party led by Robert Falcon Scott as part of the Terra Nova Expedition . Amundsen and his team returned safely to their base , and later learned that Scott and his four companions had died on their return journey .
Amundsen 's initial plans had focused on the Arctic and the conquest of the North Pole by means of an extended drift in an icebound ship . He obtained the use of Fridtjof Nansen 's polar exploration ship Fram , and undertook extensive fundraising . Preparations for this expedition were disrupted when , in 1909 , the rival American explorers Frederick Cook and Robert E. Peary each claimed to have reached the North Pole . Amundsen then changed his plan and began to prepare for a conquest of the South Pole ; uncertain of the extent to which the public and his backers would support him , he kept this revised objective secret . When he set out in June 1910 , he led even his crew to believe they were embarking on an Arctic drift , and revealed their true Antarctic destination only when Fram was leaving their last port of call , Madeira .
Amundsen made his Antarctic base , which he named " Framheim " , in the Bay of Whales on the Great Ice Barrier . After months of preparation , depot @-@ laying and a false start that ended in near @-@ disaster , he and his party set out for the pole in October 1911 . In the course of their journey they discovered the Axel Heiberg Glacier , which provided their route to the polar plateau and ultimately to the South Pole . The party 's mastery of the use of skis and their expertise with sledge dogs ensured rapid and relatively trouble @-@ free travel . Other achievements of the expedition included the first exploration of King Edward VII Land and an extensive oceanographic cruise .
The expedition 's success was widely applauded . The story of Scott 's heroic failure overshadowed its achievement in the United Kingdom , unable to accept that a Norwegian had been the first person to set foot in the South Pole , but not in the rest of the world . Amundsen 's decision to keep his true plans secret until the last moment was criticised by some . Recent polar historians have more fully recognised the skill and courage of Amundsen 's party ; the permanent scientific base at the pole bears his name , together with that of Scott .
= = Background = =
Amundsen was born in Fredrikstad ( around 80 km from Christiania ( now Oslo ) ) , Norway , in 1872 , the son of a ship @-@ owner . In 1893 , he abandoned his medical studies at Christiania University and signed up as a seaman aboard the sealer Magdalena for a voyage to the Arctic . After several further voyages he qualified as a second mate ; when not at sea , he developed his skills as a cross @-@ country skier in the harsh environment of Norway 's Hardangervidda plateau . In 1896 , inspired
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6DC , a non @-@ profit foundation created to help neighborhood students reach their goals , as well as provide after @-@ school literature programs and workshops that encourage them to improve their writing skills . Franco became involved with Dave Eggers ' 826 National after Eggers asked him to do a conceptual idea for the program , and he directed a documentary for them and has since been a supporter of them . At the event , he spoke about how he thought schools needed to be more original with their literature programs . " Writing can do things that video cannot " , he added . In April 2011 , Franco autographed a T @-@ shirt that would be auctioned off through the Yoshiki Foundation , with the proceeds being donated for Japanese tsunami relief . On June 14 , he was honored by amfAR , the foundation for AIDS research , at the Museum of Modern Art . Franco received the Piaget Award of Inspiration for his humanitarian work and contributions to men 's style .
In April 2013 , Franco received the Ally Award at the 15th annual Miami Gay & Lesbian Film Festival . The award was presented to him in recognition of his unwavering support of the LGBT community .
In April 2014 , Franco presented at Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS Easter Bonnet Competition with Leighton Meester and Chris O 'Dowd , after raising donations at his Broadway show Of Mice and Men . In June 2014 , Franco performed in the BC / EFA benefit Broadway Bares
= = Filmography = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
= = Selected works = =
Franco , James . " A Star , a Soap and the Meaning of Art " . The Wall Street Journal , December 4 , 2009 .
Franco , James . " Just Before the Black " . Esquire , March 24 , 2010 .
Franco , Betsy ( 2009 ) . Metamorphosis : Junior Year [ With Earbuds ] . Candlewick Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0763 @-@ 6 @-@ 3765 @-@ 1 .
Franco , James ( 2010 ) . Palo Alto : Stories . Scribner . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 4391 @-@ 6314 @-@ 6 .
Hoffman , Alice ( 2011 ) . Ploughshares Winter 2011 – 2012 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1933 @-@ 0 @-@ 5821 @-@ 4 .
Mattson , Joseph ( 2011 ) . The Speed
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when it took over the property . The house is not open to the public . In addition to the property owned by Harvard , the National Historic Landmark District encompasses the adjacent Lowell Park , a state @-@ owned park which was once part of the original Oliver estate .
= = History = =
= = = Oliver , Revolution , and Gerry = = =
The house now known as Elmwood was built about 1767 by Thomas Oliver , appointed Lieutenant @-@ Governor of Massachusetts in the spring of 1774 . The estate , located on the western edge of Cambridge , Massachusetts , at that time consisted of about 100 acres ( 40 ha ) of rolling fields with a commanding view of the Charles River . Oliver 's property extended from Fresh Pond in the north across the Charles River to what is now the Boston neighborhood of Brighton to the south , then part of Cambridge . It was not far from the 1759 mansion built by his brother @-@ in @-@ law John Vassall , now the Longfellow House – Washington 's Headquarters National Historic Site .
On September 1 , 1774 , pursuant to orders given by Governor Thomas Gage , British Army troops removed provincial gunpowder from a magazine in what is today Somerville . This activity caused a spontaneous rising of militia throughout the province amid rumors of actual violence that is known as the Powder Alarm . The next day Oliver was able to dissipate a crowd that formed in Cambridge ( near present @-@ day Harvard Square ) by going to Boston , conferring with Gage , and reporting that no further military movements were planned . However , the crowd followed him home and compelled him to resign his office , which he did under protest . Oliver and his family shortly thereafter fled to Boston .
Early in the Siege of Boston that began after the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775 , the house was occupied by troops that eventually became part of the Continental Army ; one of the building 's notable occupants during this time was Benedict Arnold , then in the Connecticut militia . After the Battle of Bunker Hill it was used as a hospital . When the British military evacuated Boston in March 1776 , the Olivers , like many other Loyalists , traveled with them to Nova Scotia . Oliver eventually settled in Bristol , England , where he died in 1815 .
The Massachusetts government confiscated Oliver 's property during the American Revolutionary War , and sold it in 1779 to Andrew Cabot . In 1787 Elbridge Gerry purchased the Cambridge estate , which became his home . In the aftermath of the XYZ Affair , for which Gerry was unjustly criticized , Elmwood was the scene of protests in which Gerry was burned in effigy . Gerry served as Governor of Massachusetts in 1810 and 1811 ; redistricting of the state in 1812 prompted the coining of the term " gerrymandering " to describe the practice of shaping legislative districts in partisan ways . In March 1813 Gerry took the oath of office as Vice President of the United States in the house ; he died in 1814 in Washington , D. C. Gerry rented out large parts of the estate to tenant farmers . He sold and later repurchased land near the Charles River from a relative , who operated a landing and storehouse ; the area ( located near the present @-@ day Eliot Bridge ) became known as Gerry 's Landing .
= = = Lowell family = = =
Ten acres , including the house , were purchased from the Gerry family in 1818 by Charles Russell Lowell , Sr. of the Lowell family . It was in this home that James Russell Lowell was born on February 22 , 1819 .
In the 1850s , Lowell dealt with many personal tragedies , including the sudden death of his mother and his third daughter , Rose . His personal troubles as well as the Compromise of 1850 convinced him to spend a winter in Italy after coaxing from William Wetmore Story . The trip was
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financed by the sale of land around Elmwood , and Lowell intended to sell off even further . Ultimately , 25 of the original 30 acres ( 120 @,@ 000 m2 ) were sold to supplement Lowell 's income . His personal troubles continued : his son Walter died while overseas , his wife Maria White Lowell died in October 1853 , his father became deaf , and his sister Rebecca was deteriorating mentally such that she often went without speaking for weeks . He had difficulty coping and became a recluse at Elmwood for a time until an invitation to speak at the Lowell Institute resulted in a job offer at Harvard College . He accepted the job , with the request he be allowed to study abroad for a year first .
Lowell returned to the United States and began his duties at Harvard in the summer of 1856 . Still grieving the loss of his wife , however , he avoided Elmwood , lodging instead in an area known as Professors ' Row on Kirkland Street in Cambridge along with his daughter Mabel and her governess Frances Dunlap . Lowell and Dunlap married in 1857 . After the death of Lowell 's father in January 1861 due to a heart attack , he moved back to Elmwood with his family . Despite avoiding the home for so long , he was pleased to be back . He wrote to his friend Charles Frederick Briggs : " I am back again to the place I love best . I am sitting in my old garret , at my old desk , smoking my old pipe ... I begin to feel more like my old self than I have these ten years " . However , Elmwood 's expenses drained him , with taxes at $ 1 @,@ 000 a year . As early as 1867 , he considered renting out Elmwood and moving into a smaller home elsewhere but never did . Instead , to ease his financial plight , he began to sell off land in 1870 until only two and a half acres remained .
Lowell remained at Elmwood for the remainder of his life , except during the period between 1877 and 1885 when he served as Minister to Spain and Great Britain . At Elmwood , he wrote some of his best @-@ known works , including The Vision of Sir Launfal , The Biglow Papers , and A Fable for Critics , all published in 1848 . It was Lowell who named the house " Elmwood " . He mentions the home in some of his poetry :
Lowell 's friend and fellow poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow also wrote a poem about the house called " The Herons of Elmwood " .
In the summer of 1872 , when Lowell traveled to Europe , he rented the house to Thomas Bailey Aldrich . Years later , in 1877 , when Lowell was appointed Ambassador to Spain , he rented the home to the violinist Ole Bull . Shortly after Bull 's death in 1880 , the Norwegian poet , playwright , and novelist Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson was the guest of Bull 's widow at Elmwood for three months . Upon Lowell 's return to the United States in 1885 , he stayed at Elmwood until his death . He died in the home on August 12 , 1891 .
= = = 20th century to present = = =
After the death of James Russel Lowell the house was inherited and used seasonally first by his daughter Mabel the wife of Edward Burnett then by their children . Arthur Kingsley Porter purchased Elmwood and the remaining lands from the Lowell heirs in 1920 . Porter , a Harvard professor , used the house as a private residence , but also taught some of his classes there and allowed students to use his extensive library . Under the terms of his will , the property was bequeathed to Harvard upon his death in 1933 , although his wife was granted lifetime occupancy . She died in 1962 , at which time Harvard took full control of the property .
After major renovations Elmwood was occupied by Franklin L. Ford , who served as Harvard 's Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences for most of the 1960s . Acting President Derek Bok moved his family to its bucolic grounds in 1971 amid security concerns originating in student protest activity near the then @-@ president 's residence on Quincy
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The whole codex consists , with a few exceptions , of quires of eight leaves , a format popular throughout the Middle Ages . Each line of the text has some twelve to fourteen Greek uncial letters , arranged in four columns ( 48 lines in column ) with carefully chosen line breaks and slightly ragged right edges . When opened , the eight columns thus presented to the reader have much of the appearance of the succession of columns in a papyrus roll . The poetical books of the Old Testament are written stichometrically , in only two columns per page . The codex has almost 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 uncial letters .
The work was written in scriptio continua with neither breathings nor polytonic accents . Occasional points and few ligatures are used , though nomina sacra with overlines are employed throughout . Some words usually abbreviated in other manuscripts ( such as πατηρ and δαυειδ ) , are in this codex both written in full and abbreviated forms . The following nomina sacra are written in abbreviated forms : ΘΣ ΚΣ ΙΣ ΧΣ ΠΝΑ ΠΝΙΚΟΣ ΥΣ ΑΝΟΣ ΟΥΟΣ ΔΑΔ ΙΛΗΜ ΙΣΡΛ ΜΗΡ ΠΗΡ ΣΩΡ .
Almost regularly , a plain iota is replaced by the epsilon @-@ iota diphthong ( commonly if imprecisely known as itacism ) , e.g. ΔΑΥΕΙΔ instead οf ΔΑΥΙΔ , ΠΕΙΛΑΤΟΣ instead of ΠΙΛΑΤΟΣ , ΦΑΡΕΙΣΑΙΟΙ instead of ΦΑΡΙΣΑΙΟΙ , etc .
Each rectangular page has the proportions 1 @.@ 1 to 1 , while the block of text has the reciprocal proportions , 0 @.@ 91 ( the same proportions , rotated 90 ° ) . If the gutters between the columns were removed , the text block would mirror the page 's proportions . Typographer Robert Bringhurst referred to the codex as a " subtle piece of craftsmanship " .
The folios are made of vellum parchment primarily from calf skins , secondarily from sheep skins . ( Tischendorf himself thought that the parchment had been made from antelope skins , but modern microscopic examination has shown otherwise . ) Most of the quires or signatures contain four leaves save two containing five . It is estimated that about 360 animals were slaughtered for making the folios of this codex , assuming all animals yielded a good enough skin . As for the cost of the material , time of scribes and binding , it equals the lifetime wages of one individual at the time .
The portion of the codex held by the British Library consists of 346 ½ folios , 694 pages ( 38 @.@ 1 cm x 34 @.@ 5 cm ) , constituting over half of the original work . Of these folios , 199 belong to the Old Testament , including the apocrypha ( deuterocanonical ) , and 147 ½ belong to the New Testament , along with two other books , the Epistle of Barnabas and part of The Shepherd of Hermas . The apocryphal books present in the surviving part of the Septuagint are 2 Esdras , Tobit , Judith , 1 & 4 Maccabees , Wisdom and Sirach . The books of the New Testament are arranged in this order : the four Gospels , the epistles of Paul ( Hebrews follows 2 Thess . ) , the Acts of the Apostles , the General Epistles , and the Book of Revelation . The fact that some parts of the codex are preserved in good condition , while others are in very poor condition , implies they were separated and stored in several places .
= = The text of the codex = =
= = = Contents = = =
The text of the Old Testament contains the following passages :
Genesis 23 : 19 – Genesis 24 : 46 – fragments
Leviticus 20 : 27 – Leviticus 22 : 30
Numbers 5 : 26 – Numbers 7 : 20 – fragments
1 Chronicles 9 : 27 – 1 Chronicles 19 : 17
Ezra @-@ Nehemiah ( from Esdr . 9 : 9 ) .
Book of Psalms – Wisdom of Sirach
Book of Esther
Book of Tobit
Book of Judith
Book of Joel – Book of Malachi
Book of Isaiah
Book of Jeremiah
Book of Lamentations
1 Maccabees – 4 Maccabees
The text of the New Testament lacks several passages :
Omitted verses
Gospel of Matthew 12 : 47 , 16 : 2b @-@ 3 , 17 : 21 , 18 : 11 , 23 : 14 , 24 : 35 ;
Gospel of Mark 7 : 16 , 9 : 44 , 9 : 46 , 11 : 26 , 15 : 28 , 16 : 9 – 20 ( Long ending of the Gospel Mark , referring to the appearance of Jesus to many people following the resurrection )
Gospel of Luke 17 : 36
Gospel of John 5 : 4 , Pericope adulterae ( 7 : 53 – 8 : 11 ) ( see Image " John 7 : 53 – 8 : 11 " ) , 16 : 15 , 20 : 5b @-@ 6 , 21 : 25
Acts of the Apostles 8 : 37 ; 15 : 34 ; 24 : 7 ; 28 : 29 ;
Epistle to the Romans 16 : 24
Omitted phrases
Matthew 5 : 44 εὐλογεῖτε τοὺς καταρωμένους ὑμᾶς , καλῶς ποιεῖτε τοῖς μισοῦσιν ὑμᾶς ( bless those who curse you , do good to those who hate you ) ;
Matthew 6 : 13 – ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. ἀμήν ( For thine is the kingdom , and the power , and the glory , for ever . Amen . ) omitted .
Matthew 10 : 39a – ο ευρων την ψυχην αυτου απολεσει αυτην , και ( Ηe who finds his life will lose it , and ) ;
Matthew 15 : 6 – η την μητερα ( αυτου ) ( or ( his ) mother ) ;
Matthew 20 : 23 και το βαπτισμα ο εγω βαπτιζομαι βαπτισθησε
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σθε ( and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with )
Matthew 23 : 35 – υιου βαραχιου ( son of Barachi 'ah ) omitted ; this omission is supported only by codex 59 ( by the first hand ) , three Evangelistaria ( ℓ 6 , ℓ 13 , and ℓ 185 ) , and Eusebius .
Mark 1 : 1 – υιου θεου " the Son of God " omitted .
Mark 10 : 7 – omitted και προσκολληθησεται προς την γυναικα αυτου ( and be joined to his wife ) , as in codices Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 , Codex Athous Lavrensis , 892 , ℓ 48 , syrs , goth .
Luke 9 : 55b @-@ 56a – καὶ εἶπεν , Οὐκ οἴδατε ποίου πνεύματος ἐστὲ ὑμεῖς ; ὁ γὰρ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου οὐκ ἦλθεν ψυχὰς ἀνθρώπων ἀπολέσαι ἀλλὰ σῶσαι ( and He said : " You do not know what manner of spirit you are of ; for the Son of man came not to destroy men 's lives but to save them ) omitted as in codices : P45 , P75 , B , C , L , Θ , Ξ , 33 , 700 , 892 , 1241 , syr , copbo ;
John 4 : 9 – ου γαρ συνχρωνται Ιουδαιοι Σαμαριταις ( Jews have no dealings with Samaritans ) , it is one of so @-@ called Western non @-@ interpolations ; omission is supported by D , a , b , d , e , j , copfay , it was supplemented by the first corrector ( before leaving scriptorium ) ;
Some passages were excluded by the correctors :
Matthew 24 : 36 – phrase ουδε ο υιος ( nor the Son ) the first corrector marked as doubtful , but the second corrector ( b ) removed the mark .
Mark 10 : 40 ητοιμασται υπο του πατρος μου ( instead of ητοιμασται ) – the first corrector marked " υπο του πατρος μου " as doubtful , but the second corrector removed the mark .
In Luke 11 : 4 ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ ( but deliver us from evil ) included by the original scribe , marked by the first corrector ( a ) as doubtful , but the third corrector ( c ) removed the mark .
Christ 's agony at Gethsemane ( Luke 22 : 43 – 44 ) – included by the original scribe , marked by the first corrector as doubtful , but the third corrector ( c ) removed the mark .
Luke 23 : 34a , " Then said Jesus , Father , forgive them ; for they know not what they do " – it was included by the first scribe , marked by the first corrector as doubtful , but a third corrector removed the mark .
These omissions are typical for the Alexandrian text @-@ type .
= = = Interpolations = = =
Matthew 8 : 13 ( see Luke 7 : 10 )
It has additional text : καὶ ὑποστρέψας ὁ ἑκατόνταρχος εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ὦρᾳ εὗρεν τὸν παῖδα ὑγιαίνοντα ( and when the centurion returned to the house in that hour , he found the slave well ) as well as codices C , ( N ) , Θ , ( 0250 ) , f1 , ( 33 , 1241 ) , g1 , syrh .
Matthew 10 : 12 ( see Luke 10 : 5 )
It reads λέγοντες εἰρήνη τῷ οἴκῳ τούτῳ ( say peace to be this house ) after αυτην . The reading was deleted by the first corrector , but the second corrector restored it . The reading is used by manuscripts : Bezae , Regius , Washingtonianus , Koridethi , manuscripts f 1 , 22 , 1010 ( 1424 ) , it , vgcl .
Matthew 27 : 49 ( see John 19 : 34 )
In Matthew 27 : 49 the codex contains added text : ἄλλος δὲ λαβὼν λόγχην ἔνυξεν αὐτοῦ τὴν πλευράν , καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὕδορ καὶ αἷμα ( the other took a spear and pierced His side , and immediately came out water and blood ) . This reading was derived from John 19 : 34 and occurs in other manuscripts of the Alexandrian text @-@ type .
= = = Unique and other textual variants = = =
Matthew 7 : 22 – It has additional word πολλα ( numerous ) : " and cast out numerous demons in your name ? " . It is not supported by any other manuscript .
Matthew 8 : 12 – It has ἐξελεύσονται ( will go out ) instead of ἐκβληθήσονται ( will be thrown ) . This variant is supported only by one Greek manuscript Uncial 0250 , and by Codex Bobiensis , syrc , s , p , pal , arm , Diatessaron .
Matthew 13 : 54 – Ordinary reading εις την πατριδα αυτου ( to his own country ) changed into εις την αντιπατριδα αυτου ( to his own Antipatris ) , and in Acts 8 : 5 εις την πολιν της Σαμαρειας replaced into εις την πολιν της Καισαριας . These two variants do not exist in any other manuscript , and it seems they were made by a scribe . According to T. C. Skeat they suggest Caesarea as a place in which the manuscript was made .
Matthew 16 : 12 – It has textual variant της ζυμης των αρτων των Φαρισαιων και Σαδδουκαιων ( leaven of bread of the Pharisees
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philosophy , he successfully argues that the important moments in life are rarely unshared . The wedding goes off without any further hitches .
Ryan begins having second thoughts about his own life . As he starts to deliver his " What 's In Your Backpack ? " speech at a convention in Las Vegas , he realizes he no longer believes it , and walks off the stage . On an impulse , he flies to Alex 's home in Chicago . When she opens the door , he is stunned to discover she is a married woman with children ; Ryan leaves without a word before her husband can suspect anything . She later tells him on the phone that her family is her real life and he is simply an escape . Again , he ends the conversation wordless .
On his flight home , the crew announces that Ryan has just crossed the ten million mile mark . The airline 's chief pilot ( Sam Elliott ) comes out of the cockpit to meet Ryan . He notes that Ryan is the youngest person to reach the milestone . When asked where he is from , a disheartened Ryan can only respond " here " .
Back in his office , Ryan calls the airline to transfer five hundred thousand miles each to his sister and brother @-@ in @-@ law , enough for them to fly around the world for their honeymoon . His boss tells Ryan that a woman he and Natalie fired has killed herself , and that an upset Natalie has quit via text message . The company also puts the remote @-@ layoff program on hold because of related concerns .
Natalie applies for a job in San Francisco , the city she was originally offered a job before following her now ex @-@ boyfriend to Omaha instead . The interviewer is impressed by her qualifications and a glowing recommendation from Ryan , and hires her . The film concludes with Ryan standing in front of a vast destination board , looking up , and letting go of his luggage .
= = Cast = =
George Clooney as Ryan Bingham , " a suave , smartly dressed businessman in his 40s "
Vera Farmiga as Alex Goran , a 34 @-@ year @-@ old constantly traveling businesswoman
Anna Kendrick as Natalie Keener , an ambitious 23 @-@ year @-@ old
Jason Bateman as Craig Gregory , owner of Career Transition Counseling
Amy Morton as Kara Bingham , Ryan 's older sister
Melanie Lynskey as Julie Bingham , Ryan 's younger sister
Danny McBride as Jim Miller , Julie 's fiancé
Zach Galifianakis as Steve , a fired employee
J. K. Simmons as Bob , a fired employee
Sam Elliott as Maynard Finch , Chief Pilot
Tamala Jones as Karen Barnes , a fired employee
Adhir Kalyan as a fired IT worker
= = Themes = =
The film has a thematic connection to the children 's book The Velv
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, and the typical refueling time . He knew that the aft airstair could be lowered during flight — a fact never disclosed to civilian flight crews , since there was no situation on a passenger flight that would make it necessary — and that its operation , by a single switch in the rear of the cabin , could not be overridden from the cockpit . He may even have known that the Central Intelligence Agency had been using 727s to drop agents and supplies behind enemy lines during the Vietnam War .
Cooper 's meticulous planning may also have extended to the timing of his operation , and even his choice of attire , according to Kaye 's research team . " The FBI searched but couldn 't find anyone who disappeared that weekend , " Kaye wrote , suggesting that the perpetrator may have simply returned to his normal occupation . " If you were planning on going ' back to work on Monday ' , then you would need as much time as possible to get out of the woods , find transportation and get home . The very best time for this is in front of a four @-@ day weekend , which is the timing Dan Cooper chose for his crime . " Furthermore , " if he was planning ahead , he knew he had to hitchhike out of the woods , and it is much easier to get picked up in a suit and tie than in old blue jeans . "
Despite his careful planning and attention to detail , the Bureau feels strongly that Cooper lacked crucial skydiving skills and experience . " We originally thought Cooper was an experienced jumper , perhaps even a paratrooper , " said Special Agent Larry Carr , leader of the investigative team from 2006 until its dissolution in 2016 . " We concluded after a few years this was simply not true . No experienced parachutist would have jumped in the pitch @-@ black night , in the rain , with a 200 @-@ mile @-@ an @-@ hour wind in his face , wearing loafers and a trench coat . It was simply too risky . He also missed that his reserve ' chute was only for training , and had been sewn shut — something a skilled skydiver would have checked . " He also failed to bring or request a helmet , chose to jump with the older and technically inferior of the two primary parachutes supplied to him , and jumped into a − 70 ° F ( − 57 ° C ) wind chill without proper protection against the extreme cold .
Assuming that Cooper was not a paratrooper , but was an Air Force veteran , Carr believes that he could have been an aircraft cargo loader . Such an assignment would have given him knowledge and experience in the aviation industry ; and loaders — because they throw cargo out of flying aircraft — wear emergency parachutes and receive rudimentary jump training . Such training would have given Cooper a working knowledge of parachutes — but " not necessarily sufficient knowledge to survive the jump he made . "
The Bureau has argued from the beginning that Cooper did not survive his jump . " Diving into the wilderness without a plan , without the right equipment , in such terrible conditions , he probably never even got his ' chute open , " said Carr . Even if he did land safely , agents contend , survival in the mountainous terrain would have been all but impossible without an accomplice at a predetermined landing point , which would have required a precisely timed jump — necessitating , in turn , cooperation from the flight crew . There is no evidence that Cooper had any such help from the crew , nor any clear idea where he was when he jumped into the stormy , overcast darkness .
= = Copycat hijackings = =
Cooper was not the first to attempt air piracy for personal gain . In early November 1971 , for example , a Canadian man named Paul Joseph Cini hijacked an Air Canada DC @-@ 8 over Montana , but was overpowered by the crew when he put down his shotgun to strap on the parachute he had brought with him . Cooper '
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( according to the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba ) fighting the Norse near Cullen , at the Battle of Bauds , and although there is no evidence of permanent Viking settlement on the east coast of Scotland south of the Moray Firth , raids and even invasions certainly occurred . Dunnottar was taken during the reign of Domnall mac Causantín and the Orkneyinga saga records an attack on the Isle of May , by Sweyn Asleifsson and Margad Grimsson . The long @-@ ship , the key to their success , was a graceful , long , narrow , light , wooden boat with a shallow draft hull designed for speed . This shallow draft allowed navigation in waters only one metre deep and permitted beach landings , while its light weight enabled it to be carried over portages . Longships were also double @-@ ended , the symmetrical bow and stern allowing the ship to reverse direction quickly without having to turn around . In the Gàidhealtachd they were eventually succeeded by the Birlinn , highland galley and lymphad , which , in ascending order of size , and which replaced the steering @-@ board with a stern @-@ rudder from the late twelfth century . Forces of ships were raised through obligations of a ship @-@ levy through the system of ouncelands and pennylands , which have been argued to date back to the muster system of Dál Riata , but were probably introduced by Scandinavian settlers . Later evidence suggests that the supply of ships for war became linked to military feudal obligations . Viking naval power was disrupted by conflicts between the Scandinavian kingdoms , but entered a period of resurgence in the 13th century when Norwegian kings began to build some of the largest ships seen in Northern European waters , until Haakon Haakonson 's ill @-@ fated expedition in 1263 left the Scottish crown the most significant power in the region .
= = Christianity and the Church = =
By the tenth century all of northern Britain was Christianised , except the Scandinavian north and west , which had been lost to the church in the face of Norse settlement .
= = = Saints = = =
Like every other Christian country , one of the main features of medieval Scottish Christianity was the Cult of Saints . Saints of Irish origin who were particularly revered included various figures called St Faelan and St. Colman , and saints Findbar and Finan . The most important missionary saint was Columba , who emerged as a national figure in the combined Scottish and Pictish kingdom , with a new centre established in the east at Dunkeld by Kenneth I for part of his relics . He remained a major figure into the fourteenth century and a new foundation was endowed by William I at Arbroath Abbey and the relics in the Monymusk Reliquary handed over to the Abbot 's care . Regional saints remained important to local identities . In Strathclyde the most important saint was St Kentigern , in Lothian , St Cuthbert and after this martyrdom around 1115 a cult emerged in Orkney , Shetland and northern Scotland around Magnus Erlendsson , Earl of Orkney . The cult of St Andrew in Scotland was established on the Eastern coast by the Pictish kings as early as the eighth century . The shrine , which from the twelfth century was said to have contained the relics of the saint , brought to Scotland by Saint Regulus , began to attract pilgrims from Scotland , but also from England and further away . By the twelfth century the site at Kilrymont , had become known simply as St. Andrews and it became increasingly associated with Scottish national identity and the royal family . It was renewed as a focus for devotion with the patronage of Queen Margaret , who also became important after her canonisation in 1250 and the ceremonial transfer of her remains to Dunfermline Abbey , as one of the most revered national saints .
= = = Organisation = = =
There is some evidence that Christianity made inroads into the Viking controlled Highlands and Islands before the official conversion at the end of the tenth century . There are a relatively large number of isles called Pabbay or Papa in the Western and Northern Isles , which may indicate a " hermit 's " or " priest 's isle " from this period . Changes in patterns of grave goods and the use of Viking place names using -kirk also suggest that the Christianity had begun to spread before the official conversion . According to the Orkneyinga Saga the Northern Isles were Christianised by Olav Tryggvasson in 995 when he stopped at South Walls on his way from Ireland to Norway . The King summoned the jarl Sigurd the Stout and said " I order you and all your subjects to be baptised . If you refuse , I 'll have you killed on the spot and I swear I will ravage every island with fire and steel . " Unsurprisingly , Sigurd agreed and the islands became Christian at a stroke , receiving their own bishop in the early eleventh century . Elsewhere in Scandinavian Scotland the record is less clear . There was a Bishop of Iona until the late tenth century and there is then a gap of more than a century , possibly filled by the Bishops of Orkney , before the appointment of the first Bishop of Mann in 1079 .
At the beginning of the period Scottish monasticism was dominated by monks called Céli Dé ( lit . " vassals of God " ) , anglicised as culdees . At St Andrews and elsewhere , Céli Dé abbeys are recorded and the round towers at Brechin and Abernethy are evidence of Irish influence . Gaelic monasticism was vibrant and expansionary for much of the period
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in her words , he was " our candidate . " In March she affirmed her support for her brother @-@ in @-@ law , calling herself and her husband " huge Jeb supporters . " It was reported that she would be assisting the campaign 's fundraising in Florida in October , Bloomberg News commenting that Jeb Bush was " calling in help from perhaps the most popular member of his family . " According to Clay Johnson , a friend of the Bush family , she was reportedly surprised by Donald Trump 's becoming frontrunner over the course of the election cycle . In February 2016 , amid her brother @-@ in @-@ law 's campaign trailing Trump in South Carolina polls , Bush traveled there with her husband . Ultimately , Jeb Bush dropped out after South Carolina . The following month , Bush declined answering if she would vote for Trump , who was the frontrunner in the Republican primary , should he become the nominee and said the U.S. was going through a xenophobic period at the time of the election cycle .
= = Libraries = =
Bush created the Laura Bush Foundation for America 's Libraries " to support the education of our nation 's children by providing funds to update , extend , and diversify the book and print collections of America 's school libraries " . Every year , the Laura Bush Foundation 's grants awards more than $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 to US schools . The Laura Bush 21st Century Library Program grant , offered by the Institute of Museum and Library Services , provides funding for " the recruitment and education of library students and continuing education for those already in the profession , as well as the development of new programs and curricula " . In May 2015 , Bush bestowed a $ 7 @,@ 000 grant to six schools within Austin , Texas .
= = Laura W. Bush Institute for Women 's Health = =
In August 2007 , the Laura W. Bush Institute for Women 's Health ( LWBIWH ) was founded at the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center . This institute aims to integrate research , education and community outreach in a multidisciplinary approach to women 's health and has begun efforts to establish a multi @-@ campus women 's health institute in Amarillo , El Paso , Lubbock and the Permian Basin .
A subsidiary of the center , the Jenna Welch Women 's Center , opened in Midland , Texas , on August 10 , 2010 , to deliver expert medical care to women and their families . Operating in partnership with the Laura Bush Institute , the Jenna Welch Center , named for Bush 's mother , strives for excellence in research , education and community outreach .
= = Awards and honors = =
During her tenure as the First Lady , Laura Bush received a number of awards and honors . In October 2002 , the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity honored her in recognition of her efforts on behalf of education . Also in 2002 , she was named Barbara Walters ' Most Fascinating Person of the year .
The American Library Association honored her for her years of support to America 's libraries and librarians in April 2005 . The Progressive Librarians Guild opposed her being honored , because of her support of the USA PATRIOT Act , her cancellation of a poetry forum due to concern that some of the poets would express opposition to the war in Iraq , and the Guild 's opposition to policies and spending priorities of her husband 's administration .
In October 18 , 2003 , she was conferred by the former President Gloria Macapagal @-@ Arroyo the Order of Gabriela Silang , a single @-@ class order which makes her the first U.S. First Lady recipient during the state visit of President George Bush to the Philippines .
She received an award in honor of her dedication to help improve the living conditions and education of children around the world , from the Kuwait @-@ American Foundation in March 2006 . She accepted The Nichols @-@ Chancellor 's Medal on behalf of disaster relief workers around the world in May 2006 from Vanderbilt University .
Four learning facilities have been named for her : the Laura Welch Bush Elementary School in Houston , Texas , the Laura W. Bush Elementary School in the Leander ISD just outside Austin , Texas , and the Laura Bush Education Center at Camp Bondsteel , a U.S. military base in Kosovo and the Laura Bush Middle School in Lubbock , Texas . She was awarded the 2008 Christian Freedom International Freedom Award . Bush is on the Board of Selectors of Jefferson Awards for Public Service .
In 2012 , Bush — along with Hector Ruiz , Charles Matthews , Melinda Perrin , Julius Glickman and Admiral William H. McRaven , the Navy Seal who oversaw the raid that killed Osama bin Laden — was named a Distinguished Alumnus of the University of Texas at Austin .
In October 2015 , Bush was conferred an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Wayland Baptist University in recognition of her longtime advocacy on behalf of education , health care and human rights following an address she gave on the university 's campus . November , she received the 2015 Prevent Blindness Person of Vision Award .
She is portrayed by Elizabeth Banks in Oliver Stone 's film W. Curtis Sittenfeld 's bestseller novel American Wife is based on much of Laura Bush 's life .
= Voting Rights Act of 1965 =
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting . It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the Civil Rights Movement on August 6 , 1965 , and Congress later amended the Act five times to expand its protections . Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution , the Act secured voting rights for racial minorities throughout the country , especially in the South . According to the U.S. Department of Justice , the Act is considered to be the most effective piece of civil rights legislation ever enacted in the country .
The Act contains numerous provisions that regulate election administration . The Act 's " general provisions " provide nationwide protections for voting rights . Section 2 is a general provision that prohibits every state and local government from imposing any voting law that results in discrimination against racial or language minorities . Other general provisions specifically outlaw literacy tests and similar devices that were historically used to disenfranchise racial minorities .
The Act also contains " special provisions " that apply to only certain jurisdictions . A core special provision is the Section 5 preclearance requirement ,
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which prohibits certain jurisdictions from implementing any change affecting voting without receiving preapproval from the U.S. Attorney General or the U.S. District Court for D.C. that the change does not discriminate against protected minorities . Another special provision requires jurisdictions containing significant language minority populations to provide bilingual ballots and other election materials .
Section 5 and most other special provisions apply to jurisdictions encompassed by the " coverage formula " prescribed in Section 4 ( b ) . The coverage formula was originally designed to encompass jurisdictions that engaged in egregious voting discrimination in 1965 , and Congress updated the formula in 1970 and 1975 . In Shelby County v. Holder ( 2013 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the coverage formula as unconstitutional , reasoning that it was no longer responsive to current conditions . The Court did not strike down Section 5 , but without a coverage formula , Section 5 is unenforceable .
= = Background = =
As initially ratified , the United States Constitution granted each state complete discretion to determine voter qualifications for its residents . After the Civil War , the three Reconstruction Amendments were ratified and limited this discretion . The Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) prohibits slavery ; the Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) grants citizenship to anyone " born or naturalized in the United States " and guarantees every person due process and equal protection rights ; and the Fifteenth Amendment ( 1870 ) provides that " [ t ] he right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race , color , or previous condition of servitude . " These Amendments also empower Congress to enforce their provisions through " appropriate legislation " .
To enforce the Reconstruction Amendments , Congress passed the Enforcement Acts in the 1870s . The Acts criminalized the obstruction of a citizen 's voting rights and provided for federal supervision of the electoral process , including voter registration . However , in 1875 the Supreme Court struck down parts of the legislation as unconstitutional in United States v. Cruikshank and United States v. Reese . After the Reconstruction Era ended in 1877 , enforcement of these laws became erratic , and in 1894 , Congress repealed most of their provisions .
Southern states generally sought to disenfranchise racial minorities during and after Reconstruction . From 1868 to 1888 , electoral fraud and violence throughout the South suppressed the African @-@ American vote . From 1888 to 1908 , Southern states legalized disenfranchisement by enacting Jim Crow laws ; they amended their constitutions and passed legislation to impose various voting restrictions , including literacy tests , poll taxes , property @-@ ownership requirements , moral character tests , requirements that voter registration applicants interpret particular documents , and grandfather clauses that allowed otherwise @-@ ineligible persons to vote if their grandfathers voted ( which excluded many African Americans whose grandfathers had been slaves or otherwise ineligible ) . During this period , the Supreme Court generally upheld efforts to discriminate against racial minorities . In Giles v. Harris ( 1903 ) , the Court held that irrespective of the Fifteenth Amendment , the judiciary did not have the remedial power to force states to register racial minorities to vote .
In the 1950s , the Civil Rights Movement increased pressure on the federal government to protect the voting rights of racial minorities . In 1957 , Congress passed the first voting @-@ rights legislation since Reconstruction : the Civil Rights Act of 1957 . This legislation authorized the Attorney General to sue for injunctive relief on behalf of persons whose Fifteenth Amendment rights were deprived , created the Civil Rights Division within the Department of Justice to enforce civil rights through litigation , and created the
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peacefully as a child ...
Chekhov 's body was transported to Moscow in a refrigerated railway car meant for oysters , a detail that offended Gorky . Some of the thousands of mourners followed the funeral procession of a General Keller by mistake , to the accompaniment of a military band . Chekhov was buried next to his father at the Novodevichy Cemetery .
= = Legacy = =
A few months before he died , Chekhov told the writer Ivan Bunin that he thought people might go on reading his writings for seven years . " Why seven ? " asked Bunin . " Well , seven and a half , " Chekhov replied . " That 's not bad . I 've got six years to live . "
Chekhov 's posthumous reputation greatly exceeded his expectations . The ovations for the play The Cherry Orchard in the year of his death served to demonstrate the Russian public 's acclaim for the writer , which placed him second in literary celebrity only to Tolstoy , who outlived him by six years . Tolstoy was an early admirer of Chekhov 's short stories and had a series that he deemed " first quality " and " second quality " bound into a book . In the first category were : Children , The Chorus Girl , A Play , Home , Misery , The Runaway , In Court , Vanka , Ladies , A Malefactor , The Boys , Darkness , Sleepy , The Helpmate , and The Darling " ; in the second : A Transgression , Sorrow , The Witch , Verochka , In a Strange Land , The Cook 's Wedding , A Tedious Business , An Upheaval , Oh ! The Public ! , The Mask , A Woman 's Luck , Nerves , The Wedding , A Defenseless Creature , and Peasant Wives .
In Chekhov 's lifetime , British and Irish critics generally did not find his work pleasing ; E. J. Dillon thought " the effect on the reader of Chekhov 's tales was repulsion at the gallery of human waste represented by his fickle , spineless , drifting people " and R. E. C. Long said " Chekhov 's characters were repugnant , and that Chekhov reveled in stripping the last rags of dignity from the human soul " . After his death , Chekhov was reappraised . Constance Garnett 's translations won him an English @-@ language readership and the admiration of writers such as James Joyce , Virginia Woolf , and Katherine Mansfield , whose story " The Child Who Was Tired " is similar to Chekhov 's " Sleepy " . The Russian critic D. S. Mirsky , who lived in England , explained Chekhov 's popularity in that country by his " unusually complete rejection of what we may call the heroic values . " In Russia itself , Chekhov 's drama fell out of fashion after the revolution , but it was later incorporated into the Soviet canon . The character of Lopakhin , for example , was reinvented as a hero of the new order , rising from a modest background to eventually possess the gentry 's estates
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class . Among other design improvements , the two reactors on Nimitz @-@ class carriers take up less space than the eight reactors used on Enterprise . Along with a more generally improved design , this means that Nimitz @-@ class carriers can carry 90 % more aviation fuel and 50 % more ordnance when compared to the Forrestal class .
The U.S. Navy has stated that the carriers could withstand three times the damage sustained by the Essex class inflicted by Japanese air attacks during World War II . The hangars on the ships are divided into three fire bays by thick steel doors that are designed to restrict the spread of fire . This addition has been present on U.S. aircraft carriers since World War II , after the fires caused by Kamikaze attacks .
The first ships were designed around the time of the Vietnam War , and certain aspects of the design were influenced by operations there . To a certain extent , the carrier operations in Vietnam demonstrated the need for increased capabilities of aircraft carriers over their survivability , as they were used to send sorties into the war and were therefore less subject to attack . As a result of this experience , Nimitz carriers were designed with larger stores of aviation fuel and larger magazines in relation to previous carriers , although this was partly as a result of increased space available by the new design of the ships ' propulsion systems .
A major purpose of the ships was initially to support the U.S. military during the Cold War , and they were designed with capabilities for that role , including using nuclear power instead of oil for greater endurance when deployed in blue water , and the ability to make adjustments to the carriers ' weapons systems on the basis of new intelligence and technological developments . They were initially categorized only as attack carriers , but ships have been constructed with anti @-@ submarine capabilities since USS Carl Vinson . As a result , the ships and their aircraft are now able to participate in a wide range of operations , which can include sea and air blockades , mine laying , and missile strikes on land , air and sea .
Because of a design flaw , ships of this class have inherent lists to starboard when under combat loads that exceed the capability of their list control systems . The problem appears to be especially prevalent on some of the more modern vessels . This problem has been previously rectified by using damage control voids for ballast , but a solution using solid ballast which does not affect the ship 's survivability has been proposed .
= = = Construction = = =
All ten Nimitz @-@ class aircraft carriers were constructed between 1968 and 2006 at Newport News Shipbuilding Company , in Newport News , Virginia , in the largest drydock in the western hemisphere , dry dock 12 , now 2 @,@ 172 feet ( 662 m ) long after a recent expansion .
Since USS Theodore Roosevelt , the aircraft carriers were manufactured in modular construction ( USS George H.W. Bush was constructed from 161 ' super @-@ lift ' modules ) . This means that whole sections could be welded together with plumbing and electrical equipment already fitted , improving efficiency . Using gantry cranes , the modules were lifted into the dry dock and welded . In the case of the bow section , these can weigh over 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 pounds ( 680 t ) . This method was originally developed by Ingalls Shipbuilding and increases the rate of work because much of the fitting out does not have to be carried out within the confines of the already finished hull .
The total cost of construction for each ship was around $ 4 @.@ 5 billion .
= = = Propulsion = = =
All ships of the class are powered by two A4W nuclear reactors , kept in separate compartments . They power four propeller shafts and can produce a maximum speed of over 30 knots ( 56 km / h ) and maximum power of 260 @,@ 000 bhp ( 190 MW ) . The reactors produce heat through nuclear fission which heats water . This is then passed through four turbines ( manufactured by General Electric ) which are shared by
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-@ Haired Man claims to work for the NSA , and that a bomb in the car was triggered after he gained entry with Zama 's pass code . Mulder doesn 't believe him , but he is called by Scully on the Red @-@ Haired Man 's cell phone . Scully — who is with the First Elder in a similar railcar — tells Mulder that unwitting subjects , including herself , were operated on by Zama in the secret railway , with the alien abduction theory used as a smokescreen . She also confirms that a bomb is in the car and believes that the quarantined patient is infected with hemorrhagic fever . She fears that thousands will die from the disease if the car explodes . Mulder finds the bomb in the ceiling .
After the car is disconnected from the rest of the train on a remote rail siding , Mulder questions the Red @-@ Haired Man , who says that the patient is immune to biological warfare . Zama had tried to sneak the patient out of the country , but the government would rather see it destroyed than let their research fall into Japanese hands ; the Red @-@ Haired Man was sent to kill them both . Mulder , however , believes that the patient is an alien @-@ human hybrid . With help from Scully , Mulder successfully unlocks the door of the railcar , but he is knocked unconscious by the Red @-@ Haired Man . As the Red @-@ Haired Man is about to leave , X appears and shoots him . Realizing that the bomb is about to explode and that there is not enough time to both save Mulder and secure the patient , X decides to save Mulder . X exits carrying the still unconscious Mulder shortly before the bomb explodes .
After recovering from his injuries , Mulder attempts to find information on the railcar , but he is unable to do so . Scully returns the journal that he found on the car , but Mulder realizes that it is a rewritten substitute . Meanwhile , the real journal is translated in a shadowy room as the Smoking Man watches .
= = Production = =
= = = Conception and writing = = =
Writer Frank Spotnitz has claimed that his inspiration for the episode came from having read a New York Times article on the war crimes committed by Unit 731 of the Imperial Japanese Army , after which the episode is named . The unit was responsible for human subject research on both prisoners of war and civilians . Further inspiration was drawn from the films North by Northwest and The Train , which were the basis for the episode 's train @-@ car setting . Spotnitz also noted that the episode offered the writers the opportunity to " set the counter back " for the series ' premise , allowing the character of Scully to still maintain a skeptical standpoint after the events of " Paper Clip " , an earlier third season episode in which the character witnesses a group of aliens . The tagline for this episode was switched to " Apology is Policy . "
= = = Filming and post @-@ production = = =
The scene at the start of the episode with Duchovny 's character Fox Mulder clinging to the side of the train car was filmed using a harness cabled across the top of the car that was removed digitally during post production . Duchovny performed the stunt himself , without the use of a double . Steven Williams and Duchovny separately recorded the scene in which Williams carries Duchovny from the car before it explodes against a blue screen . The results of this were flipped horizontally to aid the scene 's " composition " , and superimposed over the explosion . Twenty @-@ five masked actors , mostly children , laid over prop bodies for the scene with the mass grave .
The producers built train car interiors for the quarantine car where the patient was being kept and the sleeper cars , and floated the train sets on inner tubes to create the feeling of movement . Seven different cameras were used by director Rob Bowman when filming the train car explosion . Forty @-@ five gallons of gasoline and 120 black @-@ powder bombs were used for the effect . The car used had been obtained cheaply from a Vancouver @-@ based rail company , and had been considered scrap due to being bent . After the explosion was recorded , a bell from the train was recovered some distance from the site by the physical effects supervisor Dave Gauthier , who had it polished and engraved with a message for Bowman .
Bowman made use of a Steadicam for those scenes featured Mulder inside the train , and kept the character away from the centre of the screen , to accentuate his " paranoid " mindset . This was deliberately contrasted with the concurrent scene featuring Scully , who is speaking to Mulder over a telephone . This was shot using a camera dolly and a " graphically balanced " mise @-@ en @-@ scène , intended to leave the character seeming as " balanced , confident , strong " as " the Rock of Gibraltar " . Bowman , who felt that the finished episode " was really like a movie " , has stated that his cut of the episode impressed series creator Chris Carter enough for Carter to offer Bowman the job of directing the series ' film adaptation .
= = Themes = =
Jan Delasara , in her book ' " PopLit , PopCult and The X @-@ Files " argues that episodes such as " 731 " and " Nisei " , or the earlier third season episode " Paper Clip " , show the public 's trust in science " eroding " . Delasara proposes that " arrogated " scientists who are " rework [ ing ] the fabric of life " are causing the public 's faith in the scientific method to fade drastically , " a concern ... that is directly addressed by X @-@ Files episodes " . Moreover , she notes that almost all of the scientists portrayed in The X @-@ Files are depicted with a " connection to ancient evil , " with the lone exception being Agent Scully . In " 731 , " and earlier in " Nisei , " the scientists are former Japanese scientists who worked for Unit 731 . In their attempts to create a successful human @-@ alien hybrid , they become the archetypical scientists who " [ go ] too far , " a serious factor that Delasara argues " ' alienates [ the public ] further from science and its practitioners " .
Critical opinion has also noted that both parts of the story arc offer an alternative explanation for the events of the series so far , a " less romantic " outcome that paints the ongoing plot as an elaborate hoax to defer attention from the government 's experiments , both military and medical . Reviewer Todd VanDerWerff feels that such an explanation would " speak more to the sadness at the core of the X @-@ Files to have Mulder find his answers and be forced to accept they weren 't what he was looking for " , comparing such a realization to the hero of Don Quixote
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magazine called " a complete break with the past " . The album divided the fan base and sold only a fraction of the previous two albums . However , the album was well received by critics , and became the third straight Pumpkins album to be nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Performance. and has gained a cult following . A remastered and expanded version of the album was released on CD and vinyl in September 2014 as a part of the band 's project to reissue their back catalogue from 1991 – 2000 .
= = Background = =
The Smashing Pumpkins had cemented their place as a cultural force with the multi @-@ platinum Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness . Already sensing the limits of their guitar @-@ driven hard rock sound , the band had started to branch out during the making of Mellon Collie , and , after the chart @-@ topping success of the electronic @-@ leaning " 1979 " , the band zeroed in on electronica . As the sprawling and massively successful Infinite Sadness tour wound down , Billy Corgan found himself facing many difficult issues , including musical burnout , the absence of his " best friend and musical soul mate in the band " Jimmy Chamberlin , the end of his marriage , and the death of his mother to cancer .
In this period , the band released two new singles on movie soundtracks — " Eye " and " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " . Both songs incorporated electronic elements , yet retained the hard rock elements of the band 's previous material ; one reviewer called the two singles " balls @-@ out , full @-@ energy chargers " and wrote off the Pumpkins ' previous remarks that the upcoming album would " rock " less . However , the new album material Corgan was writing consisted mainly of simple acoustic songs . Corgan , James Iha , D 'arcy Wretzky , and Matt Walker spent a few days in the studio in February 1997 laying down demos mostly as live takes , and the band hoped to quickly record an entire album in such a manner . Corgan , hoping to maintain the band 's progressive rock @-@ inspired experimentation , soon had second thoughts about this approach and began envisioning a hybrid of folk rock and electronica that was at once " ancient " and " futuristic " .
= = Recording = =
The Smashing Pumpkins started demoing in February 1997 and recorded 30 songs for the album which , at one point , looked set to be a double album . The band subsequently cut the number of tracks on the album to 14 .
After playing several festival dates in summer 1997 , the band began working at a variety of Chicago studios with producer Brad Wood — with whom Corgan previously had worked in the early 1990s . While Mellon Collie had mostly been recorded with the full participation of all of the band members , the band dynamics during the new sessions soon muddled as Corgan , uninspired by his bandmates , worked mostly alone . Wood , too , was leaving Corgan unsatisfied , so , after six weeks in Chicago , the band — minus Wood and Matt Walker — relocated to Los Angeles and started work at Sunset Sound , with Corgan now the de facto producer .
The band rented a house , and hoped that living communally would foster good relations and a happier recording environment . According to Corgan , Iha refused to live in the house and rarely visited . The recording sessions continued to be slow @-@ moving and heavily technical . In the absence of a drummer , the band used a drum machine as it had in its earliest incarnation . The band also enlisted Joey Waronker , of Beck 's band , and Matt Cameron , of Soundgarden and Pearl Jam , for a few songs each . Bon Harris of Nitzer Ebb contributed electronic sequencing and sounds to eight album tracks , with the band giving him mostly free rein .
At the behest of the band 's management , Rick Rubin was brought in to produce one song , " Let Me Give the World to You " , but the song was left off the album , later to be re @-@ recorded for Machina II / The Friends & Enemies of Modern Music . With around thirty songs recorded , Corgan began to see an end , and enlisted Mellon Collie co @-@ producer Flood to help finish the recording , pull the album together , and mix the songs .
Art direction for the album is credited to Frank Olinsky , Billy Corgan , and Corgan 's then @-@ girlfriend and frequent collaborator Yelena Yemchuk . The artwork for the album and its singles consisted almost entirely of black @-@ and @-@ white photographs shot by Yemchuk , many of which featured model Amy Wesson .
= = = Music = = =
Corgan was deliberately setting out to widen his band 's sound and message , explaining that he was not " talking to teenagers anymore . I 'm talking to everyone now . It 's a wider dialogue . I 'm talking to people who are older than me and younger than me , and our generation as well . " He said that much of the record was " an attempt to go back to what 's important at a musical core and build it outward . " He would later reflect that he was " stuck on the idea that I needed to prove I was an artist , which is the death knell of any artist " .
Distorted guitars and live drums , the previous hallmarks of the Pumpkins sound , took a back seat in a sonic palette that included much more synthesizers , drum programming , acoustic guitar , and piano . At least five songs on the album are driven chiefly by piano , while the track " Appels + Oranjes " contains only electronic instruments and Corgan 's vocals .
" Tear " was written for the Lost Highway soundtrack , but was rejected by David Lynch in favor of
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pox and a dramatic decline in illness and death caused by infections such as polio , measles , mumps and rubella . Vaccines are available to prevent over thirteen viral infections of humans and more are used to prevent viral infections of animals . Vaccines may consist of either live or killed viruses . Live vaccines contain weakened forms of the virus , but these vaccines can be dangerous when given to people with weak immunity . In these people , the weakened virus can cause the original disease . Biotechnology and genetic engineering techniques are used to produce " designer " vaccines that only have the capsid proteins of the virus . Hepatitis B vaccine is an example of this type of vaccine . These vaccines are safer because they can never cause the disease .
= = = = Antiviral drugs = = = =
Over the past 20 years , the development of antiviral drugs has increased rapidly , mainly driven by the AIDS pandemic . Antiviral drugs are often nucleoside analogues , which are molecules very similar , but not identical to DNA building blocks . When the replication of virus DNA begins , some of these fake building blocks are incorporated . As soon as that happens , replication stops prematurely — the fake building blocks lack the essential features that allow the addition of further building blocks . Thus , DNA production is halted , and the virus can no longer reproduce . Examples of nucleoside analogues are aciclovir for herpes virus infections and lamivudine for HIV and hepatitis B virus infections . Aciclovir is one of the oldest and most frequently prescribed antiviral drugs .
Other antiviral drugs target different stages of the viral life cycle . HIV is dependent on an enzyme called the HIV @-@ 1 protease for the virus to become infectious . There is a class of drugs called protease inhibitors , which bind to this enzyme and stop it from functioning .
Hepatitis C is caused by an RNA virus . In 80 % of people infected , the disease becomes chronic , and they remain infectious for the rest of their lives unless they are treated . There is an effective treatment that uses the nucleoside analogue drug ribavirin combined with interferon . Treatments for chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus by a similar strategy using lamivudine and other anti @-@ viral drugs have been developed . In both diseases , the drugs stop the virus from reproducing and the interferon kills any remaining infected cells .
HIV infections are usually treated with a combination of antiviral drugs , each targeting a different stage in the
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5 GID chief Saad Kheir ( 1953 – 2009 ) , whose involvement , according to the original author David Ignatius , in sharply handled interrogations without use of torture , an encounter with a jihadist with his mother on the phone and being called the ' fingernail boss ' were near accurately featured in the film .
= = = Location and design = = =
Scott sought to film in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates , but the federation 's National Media Council denied the director permission due to the script 's politically sensitive nature . As a result , scenes set in Jordan were instead filmed in Morocco . The shoot took place over sixty @-@ five days from September to December 2007 . It was filmed in the United States and Morocco , where scenes set in ten different countries were filmed . Filming began on September 5 , 2007 at the Eastern Market , Washington , D.C. Practical locations were used throughout ; part of the Capitol Hill neighborhood was converted to resemble a wintry Amsterdam to film a ten- to fifteen @-@ second car bomb explosion . Scenes set in the CIA headquarters in Langley , Virginia were filmed at the National Geographic offices in Gaithersburg , Maryland ; both buildings were set in woodland and " It was eerily similar in terms of architectural style , ... " , said Arthur Max , the production designer , " We were given several empty floors . " Locations in Baltimore also stood in for Manchester , England and Munich , Germany , although the final cut of the movie did not have any scenes that took place in Munich .
Production moved to Morocco , where Scott , Max and Alexander Witt , the cinematographer had filmed several times before . Their previous experience meant they " knew every stone in the desert " and they were allowed access to many locations , including the Ministry of Finance , which was dressed as Jordan 's secret service headquarters , Casablanca airport and a military airfield . The basketball stadium in Rabat was used as the U.S. embassy in Jordan : a CIA office set was built inside the stadium , favoured because its design allowed the cameras to shoot both interior and exterior vistas , thus showing the characters looking out on people and tanks passing in the streets . A nine @-@ week shoot also took place at CLA Studios and in the desert around the city of Ouarzazate .
= = = Cinematography = = =
Body of Lies was Alexander Witt 's first credit as a director of photography ; he had collaborated with Ridley Scott on six feature films previously , beginning as a second unit camera operator on Black Rain ( 1989 ) . He shot the film in the Super 35 format with spherical lenses , and explained that these lenses offer more flexibility for interior and night pictures than the anamorphic alternative . They used Kodak Vision2 500T 5218 instead of Technicolor 's OZ process , which did not perform well in tests in the Moroccan desert .
Scott is known for his skill at filming with multiple camera set @-@ ups and Body of Lies used a minimum of three simultaneously . Witt explained the benefits , " Actors like multiple cameras because they ’ re always on @-@ camera , so they ’ re always in character and not wasting time off @-@ camera . " One shot of DiCaprio alone in the desert , for example , still used three cameras : one hand @-@ held above the actor , a second capturing a three @-@ quarter back profile , and the third photographing a close @-@ up through the first cameraman 's legs . Richard Cronn , the gaffer , attributed the success of this difficult approach to Scott 's filmmaking intelligence , " Ridley will stand at the monitors and tell you what 's he 's looking for – he 'll look at four monitors and say , ' I 'm cutting from this to this to this . ' He knows exactly how he will cut it . "
In line with the film 's use of practical locations , the photography and design departments worked together to incorporate practical light sources such as " lots of bare bulbs , lots of primitive fixtures " . In the climactic torture scene , filmed in an ancient , windowless prison cell outside of Rabat , they used only diegetic light : two strong torches carried by the actors playing the torturers . It was filmed with three cameras and bounce cards were used to reflect light onto the actors ' faces . Just a little smoke was sprayed in to augment the atmosphere but not dull the contrast .
Scott has used many gradations of lens filter in the past , but declined to do so on Body of Lies . One obtains better finesse using the digital intermediate during post @-@ production and does not risk losing light while selecting filters during expensive on @-@ set time . The filmmakers strove for authenticity and realism in the images , and as such little colouration was added after , and the natural contrast of colours between the locations in Washington and Morocco were allowed to show through .
In the film , images from unmanned aerial drones show the viewer the point of view of CIA commanders in Washington . These were
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predicted that the more complex story would add to the game 's replay value .
The story , sometimes told through in @-@ game dialogue , is pushed forward with comic panels that play during cut scenes . The developers found comic panels to be more effective and less costly to use in the cut scenes than fully animated cinematics . They also noted that comic panels forced the player to interpret each panel for themselves , and " the nuances are there in the head of the reader [ ... ] it would be much harder to reach that level with in @-@ game or even prerendered cinematics . " The developers also found it easier to reorganize the comic panels if the plot needed to be changed while developing the game .
Max Payne 2 uses the same game engine as the one used in Max Payne , but with several significant upgrades . Even though the game only supports DirectX 8 @.@ 1 , the graphics in Max Payne 2 mimic those generated by DirectX 9 by making optimal use of effects such as reflection , refraction , shaders , and ghosting . The developers considered one particular scene in which effects are used well : When Max has lucid dreams , the screen appears fuzzy and out of focus . Since Max Payne , the polygon count ( the number of polygons rendered per frame ) has been increased , which smooths out the edges of character models . In addition , characters have a much greater range of expressions . Previously , Max had only one expression available ; in Max Payne 2 , he often smirks and moves his eyebrows to react to different scenarios .
The game uses the Havok physics engine , which the developers chose because it was " hands @-@ down the best solution to our needs " . They found that a dedicated physics engine was vital to create Max 's combat scenes , which Max Payne was known for , " with increased realism and dramatic , movielike action " . The physics engine made several situations seem more realistic . For example , when in combat , the player can take cover behind boxes ; however , when enemy bullets impact the boxes , they will topple over , in which case the player will have to find another suitable object to use for cover . When an enemy is hidden behind a wall divider , the player can throw a grenade next to it to send the cover flying through the air , rendering the enemy unprotected . The Havok engine was tweaked to make weapons , bombs , and Molotov cocktails act more naturally , and the audio was updated to make them sound more realistic . The new physics engine allowed for certain actions that could not happen in Max Payne ; boxes can be moved and follow the laws of gravitation , and explosion detonations make enemy bodies fall realistically .
The bullet time mode that Max Payne was known for was improved ; the developers referred to it as " version 2 @.@ 0 " . The mode , which allows Max to move in slow motion to react and kill enemies more easily , was enhanced to give Max a refill of a portion of the Bullet Time gauge , as well as slowing down the passage time even further , as Max moves further " into the zone " with each consecutive kill . This was done to encourage players to aggressively dive head @-@ on into dangerous situations rather than crouching at a safe distance and waiting for enemies to come to them . A new reload animation was also introduced , which , when Max reloads while in Bullet Time , allows him to duck to avoid bullets , spin around to survey the combat situation , and briefly pause to give the player a moment to think of a strategy . Development tools were made available for Max Payne 2 by Rockstar Games and Remedy Entertainment to allow players to create modifications for the game . Modifications can perform several functions , such as the ability to add new weapons , skills , perspectives , surroundings , and characters .
Music composers Kärtsy Hatakka and Kimmo Kajasto returned to compose the game 's soundtrack . It features cello performances by Apocalyptica member Perttu Kivilaakso . The game 's end credits feature the song " Late Goodbye " by the band Poets of the Fall , the lyrics of which were based on a poem by Sam Lake . It was their first single and reached # 14 on the Finnish Singles Chart as well as # 1 on Radio Suomipop 's Top 30 chart . It is referenced many times in the game , usually by characters singing or humming it .
= = Reception = =
Max Payne 2 was released by Rockstar Games for Microsoft Windows on October 15 , 2003 , for Xbox on November 25 , 2003 , for PlayStation 2 on December 2 , 2003 , for Steam on January 4 , 2008 , and as an Xbox Original on April 24 , 2009 . It was critically acclaimed by reviewers . Praise focused on its action and story , while criticism targeted its length , which was considered short . Despite a positive reception , Max Payne 2 sold poorly , leading Rockstar Games ' parent company Take @-@ Two Interactive to cite the " continued disappointing sales of Max Payne 2 : The Fall of Max Payne " as one of the causes for the company 's reforecasted sales for 2004 . Max Payne 2 was the recipient of several industry awards , including Outstanding Art Direction at the Golden Satellite Awards 2004 ; Editors ' Choice Awards from GamePro , IGN , GameSpy , and GameSpot ; and Game of the Month from Game Informer .
Steve Polak of the Australian The Daily Telegraph , who enjoyed the first Max Payne game , also praised Max
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purchased separately through microtransactions .
= = Development and release = =
In a 2009 interview with Engadget , while talking about a possible Fallout game for iOS , Bethesda 's Todd Howard said that the world of Fallout was " unique enough that it could translate to any platform " , revealing that several designs of an iOS Fallout game were pitched and rejected . On November 5 , 2009 John Carmack , who at that time worked for id Software , said that while it 's nothing official yet , he had an internal proof of concept made for a Fallout iPhone game . Carmack said that he will likely be personally involved in making the game , although at the time he was working on other projects . He added that " at the very least I 'm going to be providing code . "
Fallout Shelter was announced by Bethesda during its press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo on June 14 , 2015 , where it was confirmed the game is a free @-@ to @-@ play title that would be released for iOS the same day . It was developed in a partnership with Behaviour Interactive , and was built using the Unity game engine . The game was also released for Android devices on August 13 , 2015 .
According to Pete Hines , vice president of Bethesda , the game is inspired by other video games like Little Computer People , Progress Quest , XCOM , SimCity and FTL : Faster Than Light .
Update 1 @.@ 6 along with the PC version of the game was announced at Bethesda 's press conference before Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016 held on June 12 , 2016 . Both of them were revealed to be coming in July . The PC version was released alongside the update on July 14 .
= = = Updates = = =
On June 30 , 2015 , the game added a character from Fallout 4 as a dweller for the first time . Preston Garvey , the leader of Commonwealth Minutemen , was added as a reward available from lunchboxes , along with his Laser Musket weapon , which can be equipped by other Vault dwellers . On July 10 , 2015 , the game received its first update which fixed some issues while adding a new " Photo Mode " feature that allows players to capture and share images of their Vault . On August 13 , a major update was launched for the iOS version , alongside the release of the Android version , adding mole rats and deathclaws as new enemies . It also added a new feature where raiders would now begin to steal caps , instead of only stealing resources as before , and a robot butler named " Mister Handy " only available through lunchboxes .
On October 15 , the game received update 1 @.@ 2 that added cloud saving , survival mode , Russian language support and Piper , a character from Fallout 4 available only for iOS version through lunchboxes . The update added a statistics page , ability to skip tutorial and a new gameplay feature where dwellers can loot equipment from dead raiders . Later in October , the game received a Halloween @-@ themed update that added Halloween @-@ themed room decorations and outfits . The update removed the limit introduced in the previous update on number of dwellers that can be sent to explore the Wasteland .
On November 22 , the game received a Thanksgiving @-@ themed update . The update added Thanksgiving @-@ themed outfits and decorations . On December 10 , the game received update 1 @.@ 3 which added new features like pets including Dogmeat , ability to evict vault @-@ dwellers , a Sell All function for clearing out the inventory at once and new pickup lines and conversations for vault @-@ dwellers . The update also added snow and Christmas @-@ themed decorations .
In March 2016 , update 1 @.@ 4 was released which added a crafting system , new rooms , a new card in lunchboxes containing junk used in crafting , new pets and a barbershop . Update 1 @.@ 5 was released in April 2016 , adding new customization options for vault dwellers along with ability to scrap unwanted items and support for 3D Touch . Update 1 @.@ 6 released on July 14 , 2016 adding a quest system and 2 new items in the shop . Additionally the combat system was also tweaked in the update .
= = Reception = =
Fallout Shelter received " mixed " reviews , according to video game review aggregator Metacritic .
Reviewers generally enjoyed the gameplay , though criticized its lack of depth . Harry Slater from Pocket Gamer stated , " It 's not exactly the most exciting post @-@ apocalyptic game out there , but if casual is your bag there 's a lot to like here . " Chris Carter from Destructoid wrote , " I don 't want to play it every day forever and ever , but it 's definitely worth the time I invested in it . " Justin Davis of IGN remarked " Fallout Shelter is desperately in need of a set of endgame goals or resource sinks to look forward to . "
The visuals also gained some praise . Daniel Tack of Game Informer summarized the visuals as " flavorful in the iconic Vault Boy aesthetic . " Chris Carter remarked that " visually , Fallout Shelter is far more impressive than most resource @-@ management games on the market " . Jason Faulkner of Gamezebo found the graphics " impressive " , writing " not only are the cute little vault dwellers presented in sharp , Fallout @-@ faithful style , but the vault itself is quite stunning . "
Reviewers had mixed opinions about the game 's inclusion of microtransactions . Jeb Haught of Game Revolution opined , " when I add the micro @-@ transaction advantage to the post apocalyptic mix , the result puts a sour taste in my mouth " . Daniel Tack claimed that " the cash shop option in this free @-@ to @-@ play game is completely unobtrusive and unnecessary " . In contrast , Justin Davis says that " virtually every other gameplay element must be earned the old @-@ fashioned mobile way – by just waiting around . "
Fallout Shelter became the most popular free iOS application in the U.S. and UK within a day of its release , and the most popular iOS game on June 26 , 2015 . By June 12 , 2016 , Fallout Shelter had over 50 million players .
= = = Sales = = =
On the day of its release , Fallout Shelter became the third @-@ highest grossing game in the iOS App Store . By July 16 , 2015 , two weeks after release , the game earned $ 5 @.@ 1 million in microtransaction sales .
= = = Awards = = =
= New York State Route 20SY =
New York State Route 20SY ( NY 20SY ) was a state highway in the vicinity of Syracuse , New York , in the United States . It connected U.S. Route 20 ( US 20 ) to downtown Syracuse via Skaneateles , Camillus , Manlius , and Cazenovia in Onondaga County and Madison County . The highway began at an intersection with US 20 and NY 321 in the village of Skaneateles and ended at a junction with US 20 , NY 20N , and NY 92 near the village of Cazenovia . Most of NY 20SY overlapped another route ; however , two sections of NY 20SY — one in the town of Camillus and another near the village of Fayetteville — were not concurrent with another highway .
NY 20SY was assigned in 1951 , overlapping parts of the pre @-@ existing NY 321 , NY 5 , NY 92 , and NY 20N , a more southerly alternate route of US 20 in the Syracuse area . Both NY 20N and NY 20SY were removed c . 1962 . The two independent sections of NY 20SY near Camillus and Fayetteville eventually became part of NY 321 and NY 92 , respectively .
= = Route description = =
= = = West of Syracuse = = =
NY 20SY began at an intersection with US 20 ( East Genesee Street ) and NY 321 (
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State Street ) in the village of Skaneateles . The route proceeded northward , overlapping NY 321 through the lakeside village and into the surrounding town of Skaneateles , where it became State Street Road . Once in Skaneateles , the surroundings became mostly rural ahead of an intersection with the Old Seneca Turnpike . The highway continued on , turning to the northeast as the highway entered the town of Elbridge .
In Elbridge , NY 20SY and NY 321 followed a more east – west routing as it passed through the town and intersected NY 368 . The route progressed eastward , intersecting with Limeledge Road ( County Route 236A or CR 236A ) as it passed into the town of Camillus . Just east of the town line , NY 20SY and NY 321 split at an intersection with Forward Road , with NY 321 following Forward Road eastward and NY 20SY proceeding north on modern NY 321 to an intersection with NY 5 ( West Genesee Street ) . NY 20SY turned eastward here , joining NY 5 as both highways headed toward the village of Camillus .
West of Camillus , NY 5 and NY 20SY passed to the north of the West Hill Golf and Croquet Club before veering to the southeast as the highway approached the village of Camillus and the edge of a valley surrounding Ninemile Creek that contains the village . Upon reaching the lip of the valley , NY 5 and NY 20SY descended northeastward into both the valley and the village . Here , NY 5 and NY 20SY met the northern terminus of NY 174 and NY 321 before exiting the valley and entering an area of Camillus known as Fairmount .
= = = Syracuse = = =
Routes 5 and 20SY proceeded eastward through the primarily residential neighborhood of Fairmount to an intersection with NY 173 ( South Onondaga Road ) in eastern Fairmount . The routes continued on , passing through the town of Geddes before entering the city of Syracuse . In Syracuse , the two routes followed West Genesee Street and West Erie Boulevard into the downtown district , where NY 5 and NY 20SY intersected NY 48 at the intersection of West Erie Boulevard and West Genesee Street and US 11 at the junction of Erie Boulevard and State Street .
East of State , NY 20SY continued to follow NY 5 through the eastern part of Syracuse . The two routes met the southern terminus of NY 433 at Midler Avenue before passing north of LeMoyne College and exiting the city of Syracuse . Upon crossing into the town of DeWitt , Routes 5 and 20SY curved southward toward the hamlet of DeWitt , situated at the junction of NY 5 and NY 92 . Both NY 5 and NY 20SY turned east onto NY 92 , joining the route for just over 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to the vicinity of Fayetteville . While NY 5 and NY 92 continued east into Fayetteville , NY 20SY turned southeast onto High Bridge Road .
= = = East of Syracuse = = =
The High Bridge Road portion of NY 20SY largely served as a southwestern bypass of Fayetteville . NY 20SY proceeded southeast from NY 5 and NY 92 , crossing into the town of Manlius and passing over Limestone Creek at a point known as High Bridge . Just northwest of the village of Manlius , NY 20SY intersected NY 92 at what is now the junction of NY 92 and NY 257 . The two routes converged once more , following Fayette Street into the village of Manlius . In the village center , NY 20SY and NY 92 intersected Seneca Street , which carried the overlapping routes of NY 20N and NY 173 . NY 20SY and NY 92 joined NY 20N and NY 173 here , creating a four @-@ route overlap that lasted for two blocks through the village 's business district to the junction of Washington and Seneca Streets . Here , NY 173 split from the overlap , following Seneca Street ( the old Seneca Turnpike ) eastward while the other three highways veered southeast onto Washington Street .
NY 20N , NY 20SY , and NY 92 exited the village , paralleling Limestone Creek as the highway headed southeastward through rural portions of the towns of Manlius and Pompey . As Cazenovia Road , the route served Buellville and Oran , two small creekside hamlets in the town of Pompey . Roughly 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) southeast of Manlius , Limestone Creek and the three @-@ route overlap split , with the creek proceeding south through a valley known as Pompey Hollow and the highway continuing into Madison County and the town of Cazenovia within .
In Cazenovia , the road became known as Syracuse Road and began to follow a more southerly
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1 in a collection of articles in Hebrew , Leadership under Duress : The Working Group in Slovakia , 1942 – 1944 , by a group of leading Israeli historians with ties to the Slovak community , including Yehuda Bauer , Hanna Yablonka , Gila Fatran and Livia Rothkirchen . The introduction by Giora Amir describes as " a bunch of mockers , pseudo @-@ historians and historians " those who , like Vrba , argue that the Slovakian Jewish Council may have collaborated with the Nazis by concealing what was happening in Auschwitz . Amir writes that the " baseless " accusation was given credence when the University of Haifa awarded an honorary doctorate " to the head of these mockers , Peter [ sic ] Vrba . " Amir continues :
The heroism of this person , who together with the late Alfréd Wetzler , was among the first to escape from Auschwitz , is beyond doubt . But the fact that , just because he was an Auschwitz prisoner endowed with personal heroism , he has crowned himself as knowledgeable to judge all those involved in the noble work of rescue , and accuse them falsely , deeply disturbs us , the Czech community .
The criticism of Vrba stems from the tension between what Ruth Linn calls survivor and expert discourse . Bauer referred to Vrba 's memoir as " not a memoir in the usual sense , " alleging that it " contains excerpts of conversations of which there is no chance that they are accurate and it has elements of a second @-@ hand story that does not necessarily correspond with reality . " When writing about himself and his personal experiences , Vrba 's account is an important and true one , Bauer wrote , but he also argued that Vrba was not justified in seeing himself as an expert on Holocaust history . Vrba often dismissed the opinion of historians . Regarding the numbers killed at Auschwitz , he said that Bauer and historian Raul Hilberg did not know enough about the history of Auschwitz .
Linn argued in 2004 that certain Israeli historians had misrepresented Vrba 's story . Vrba believed they had sought to erase his story from Holocaust historiography because of his views about Kastner and the Hungarian Judenrat , some of whom went on to hold prominent positions in Israel . Linn wrote that Vrba 's and Wetzler 's names are omitted or their contribution minimized in Hebrew textbooks : standard histories refer to the escape by " two young Slovak Jews , " " two chaps , " or " two young people , " and represent Vrba and Wetzler as emissaries of the Polish underground in Auschwitz . Vrba 's book was not translated into Hebrew until 1998 , 35 years after its publication in English . Ruth Linn arranged for the first publication of Vrba ' memoirs and the Vrba @-@ Wetzler Report in Hebrew by the Haifa University Press , after it was rejected by Yad Vashem . Prior to this date , there was no English or Hebrew version there of the Vrba – Wetzler report , an issue the museum attributed to lack of funding . There was a Hungarian translation , but it did not note the names of its authors and , Linn wrote , could be found only in a file that dealt with Rudolf Kastner .
In 2005 Uri Dromi of the Israel Democracy Institute responded that there were at least four Israeli books on the Holocaust that mention Vrba , and that Wetzler 's testimony is recounted at length in Livia Rothkirchen 's Hurban yahadut Slovakia ( " The Destruction of Slovakian Jewry " ) , published by Yad Vashem in 1961 . Linn , who cites Rothkirchen his her book , responded that most books mentioning Vrba were published after the publication of his memoirs in 1998 ( Linn 's response to Dromi ) , and that earlier mentions were minimal and failed to relate to the Hebrew version of the Vrba @-@ Wetzler report . Robert Rozett , head librarian at Yad Vashem and author of the entry on the " Auschwitz Report " in Encyclopedia of the Holocaust , said of the Vrba controversy in 2005 : " There are people who come into the subject from a certain angle and think that they 've uncovered the truth . A historian who deals seriously with the subject understands that the truth is complex and multifaceted . "
= = Selected works = =
= Goldcrest =
The goldcrest ( Regulus regulus ) is a very small passerine bird in the kinglet family . Its colourful golden crest feathers gives rise to its English and scientific names , and possibly to it being called the " king of the birds " in European folklore . Several subspecies are recognised across the very large distribution range that includes much of Eurasia and the islands of Macaronesia . Birds from the north and east of its breeding range migrate to winter further south .
This kinglet has greenish upper @-@ parts , whitish under @-@ parts , and has two white wingbars . It has a plain face contrasting black irises and a bright head crest , orange and yellow in the male and yellow in the female , which is displayed during breeding . It superficially resembles the firecrest , which largely shares its European range , but the latter 's bronze shoulders and strong face pattern are distinctive . The song is a repetition of high thin notes , slightly higher @-@ pitched than those of its relative . Birds on the Canary Islands are now separated into two subspecies of the goldcrest , but were formerly considered to be a subspecies of the common firecrest or a separate species , Regulus teneriffae .
The goldcrest breeds in coniferous woodland and gardens , building its compact , three @-@ layered nest on a tree branch . Ten to twelve eggs are incubated by the female alone , and the chicks are fed by both parents ; second broods are common . This kinglet is constantly on the
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extreme metal and hardcore punk , emerged as a commercial force in the mid @-@ 2000s decade . Through the 1980s and 1990s , metalcore was mostly an underground phenomenon ; pioneering bands include Earth Crisis , other prominent bands include Converge , Hatebreed and Shai Hulud . By 2004 , melodic metalcore — influenced as well by melodic death metal — was popular enough that Killswitch Engage 's The End of Heartache and Shadows Fall 's The War Within debuted at numbers 21 and 20 , respectively , on the Billboard album chart .
Evolving even further from metalcore comes mathcore , a more rhythmically complicated and progressive style brought to light by bands such as The Dillinger Escape Plan , Converge , and Protest the Hero . Mathcore 's main defining quality is the use of odd time signatures , and has been described to possess rhythmic comparability to free jazz .
Metal remained popular in the 2000s , particularly in continental Europe . By the new millennium Scandinavia had emerged as one of the areas producing innovative and successful bands , while Belgium , The Netherlands and especially Germany were the most significant markets . Established continental metal bands that placed multiple albums in the top 20 of the German charts between 2003 and 2008 , including Finnish band Children of Bodom , Norwegian act Dimmu Borgir , Germany 's Blind Guardian and Sweden 's HammerFall .
In the 2000s , an extreme metal fusion genre known as deathcore emerged . Deathcore incorporates elements of death metal , hardcore punk and metalcore . Deathcore features characteristics such as death metal riffs , hardcore punk breakdowns , death growling , " pig squeal " -sounding vocals , and screaming . Deathcore bands include Whitechapel , Suicide Silence , Despised Icon and Carnifex .
The term " retro @-@ metal " has been used to describe bands such as Texas @-@ based The Sword , California 's High on Fire , Sweden 's Witchcraft , and Australia 's Wolfmother . The Sword 's Age of Winters ( 2006 ) drew heavily on the work of Black Sabbath and Pentagram , Witchcraft added elements of folk rock and psychedelic rock , and Wolfmother 's self @-@ titled 2005 debut album had " Deep Purple @-@ ish organs " and " Jimmy Page @-@ worthy chordal riffing " . Mastodon , which plays in a progressive / sludge style , has inspired claims of a metal revival in the United States , dubbed by some critics the " New Wave of American Heavy Metal " .
By the early 2010s , metalcore was evolving to more frequently incorporate synthesizers and elements from genres beyond rock and metal . The album Reckless & Relentless by British band Asking Alexandria ( which sold 31 @,@ 000 copies in its first week ) , and The Devil Wears Prada 's 2011 album Dead Throne ( which sold 32 @,@ 400 in its first week ) reached up to number 9 and 10 , respectively , on the Billboard 200 chart . In 2013 , British band Bring Me the Horizon released their fourth studio album Sempiternal to critical acclaim . The album debuted at number 3 on the UK Album Chart and at number 1 in Australia . The album sold 27 @,@ 522 copies in the US , and charted at number 11 on the US Billboard Chart , making it their highest charting release in America until their follow @-@ up album That 's the Spirit debuted at no . 2 in 2015 .
Also in the 2010s , a metal style called " djent " developed as a spinoff of standard progressive metal . Djent music uses rhythmic and technical complexity , heavily distorted , palm @-@ muted guitar chords , syncopated riffs and polyrhythms alongside virtuoso soloing . Another typical characteristic is the use of extended range seven , eight , and nine @-@ string guitars . Djent bands include TesseracT and Textures .
= Aiden Ford =
First Lieutenant Aiden Ford , USMC is a fictional character in the Canadian @-@ American Sci @-@ Fi Channel television series Stargate Atlantis , a military science fiction show about a combined civilian and military team exploring another galaxy via a network of alien transportation devices . Played by Rainbow Sun Francks , Aiden Ford is introduced as a main character in the season one premiere " Rising " , holding the military rank of first lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps .
Ford is a regular in season one . He appears in a recurring role season two and appears once in a dream sequence in the season five premiere episode Search and Rescue . He later reappears in the official continuation novel Stargate Atlantis Legacy : The Third Path in which his ultimate fate is revealed .
= = Television = =
Lieutenant Aiden Ford is introduced in the series premiere , " Rising " , where he is stationed at
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paced plot tangle , and many sex jokes . It turns on two indelicate plot devices : a rake 's trick of pretending impotence to safely have clandestine affairs with married women , and the arrival in London of an inexperienced young " country wife " , with her discovery of the joys of town life , especially the fascinating London men .
The scandalous trick and the frank language have for much of the play 's history kept it off the stage and out of print . Between 1753 and 1924 , The Country Wife was considered too outrageous to be performed at all and was replaced on the stage by David Garrick 's cleaned @-@ up and bland version The Country Girl , now a forgotten curiosity . The original play is again a stage favourite today , and is also acclaimed by academic critics , who praise its linguistic energy , sharp social satire , and openness to different interpretations .
= = Background = =
After the 18 @-@ year Puritan stage ban was lifted at the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , the theatrical life of London recreated itself quickly and abundantly . During the reign of Charles II ( 1660 – 1685 ) , playwrights such as John Dryden , George Etherege , Aphra Behn , and William Wycherley wrote comedies that triumphantly reassert aristocratic dominance and prestige after the years of middle class power during Oliver Cromwell 's Commonwealth . Reflecting the atmosphere of the Court , these plays celebrate a lifestyle of sensual intrigue and conquest , especially conquest that served to humiliate the husbands of the London middle classes and to avenge , in the sensual arena , the marginalisation and exile suffered by royalists under Cromwell . Charles ' personal interest in the stage nourished Restoration drama , and his most favoured courtiers were poets , playwrights , and men of wit , such as John Wilmot , Earl of Rochester , Charles Sackville , Earl of Dorset , and William Wycherley . Wycherley had no title or wealth , but had by 1675 already recommended himself by two well @-@ received comedies and had been admitted to the inner circle , sharing the conversation and sometimes the mistresses of Charles , who " was extremely fond of him upon account of his wit " . In 1675 , at age 35 , he created a sensation with The Country Wife , greeted as the bawdiest and wittiest play yet seen on the English stage .
Like Charles II , Wycherley had spent some Commonwealth years in France and become interested in French drama , and throughout his short playwriting career ( 1671 – 1676 ) he would borrow plotlines and techniques from French plays , particularly Molière . However , in contrast to the French , English audiences of the 1670s had no enthusiasm for structurally simple comedies or for the neoclassical unities of time , place , and action , but demanded fast pace , many complications , and above all " variety " . To achieve the much denser texture and more complex plotting that pleased in London , Wycherley would combine several source plays to produce bustling action and clashing moods
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, ranging from farce through paradox to satire .
A Restoration novelty of which Wycherley took advantage was the readiness of public opinion to accept women on stage , for the first time in British history . Audiences were fascinated to see real women reverse the cross @-@ dressing of the Elizabethan boy actors and appear in tight @-@ fitting male outfits in the popular breeches roles , and to hear them match or even outdo the rake heroes in repartee and double entendre . Charles ' choice of actresses as mistresses , notably Nell Gwyn , helped keep the interest fresh , and Wycherley plays on this interest in The Country Wife by having Mr. Pinchwife disguise his wife ( the eponymous ' country wife ' ) in a boy 's outfit . It has also been suggested that he uses the allure of women on display to emphasise in an almost voyeuristic way Margery 's provocative innocence , as well as the immodest knowingness of " town " wives like Lady Fidget .
= = Plots = =
The Country Wife is more neatly constructed than most Restoration comedies , but is typical of its time and place in having three sources and three plots . The separate plots are interlinked but distinct , each projecting a sharply different mood . They may be schematised as Horner 's impotence trick , the married life of Pinchwife and Margery , and the courtship of Harcourt and Alithea .
1 . Horner 's impotence trick provides the play 's organising principle and the turning @-@ points of the action . The trick , to pretend impotence to be allowed where no complete man may go , is ( distantly ) based on the classic Roman comedy Eunuchus by Terence . The upper @-@ class town rake Harry Horner begins a campaign for seducing as many respectable ladies as possible and thus cuckolding or " putting horns on " their husbands : Horner 's name serves to alert the audience to what is going on . He spreads a false rumour of his own impotence , to convince married men that he can safely be allowed to socialise with their wives . The rumour is also meant to assist his mass seduction campaign by helping him identify women who are secretly eager for extramarital sex , because those women will react to a supposedly impotent man with tell @-@ tale horror and disgust . This diagnostic trick , which invariably works perfectly , is one of The Country Wife 's many running jokes at the expense of hypocritical upper @-@ class women who are rakes at heart .
Horner 's ruse of impotence is a great success , and he has sex with many ladies of virtuous reputation , mostly the wives and daughters of citizens or " cits " , i.e. upwardly mobile businessmen and entrepreneurs of the City of London , as opposed to the Town , the aristocratic quarters where Horner and his friends live . Three such ladies appear on stage , usually together : Lady Fidget , her sister @-@ in @-@ law Mrs Dainty Fidget , and her tag @-@ along friend Mrs Squeamish – names that convey both a delicate sensitivity about the jewel of reputation , and a certain fidgety physical unease or tickle – and the dialogue gives an indefinite impression of many more . The play is structured as a farce , driven by Horner 's secret and by a succession of near @-@ discoveries of the truth , from which he extricates himself by aplomb and good luck . A final hair @-@ raising threat of exposure comes in the last scene , through the well @-@ meaning frankness of the young country wife Margery Pinchwife . Margery is indignant at the accusations of impotence directed at " poor dear Mr. Horner " , which she knows from personal experience to be untrue , and is intent on saying so at the traditional end @-@ of @-@ the @-@ play public gathering of the entire cast . In a final trickster masterpiece , Horner averts the danger , joining forces with his more sophisticated lovers to persuade the jealous Pinchwife to at least pretend to believe Horner impotent and his own wife still innocent . Horner never becomes a reformed character but is assumed to go on reaping the fruits of his planted misinformation , past the last act and beyond .
2 . The married life of Pinchwife and Margery is based on Molière 's School For Husbands ( 1661 ) and School For Wives ( 1662 ) . Pinchwife is a middle @-@ aged man who has married a naive country girl in the hope that she will not know to cuckold him . However , Horner teaches her , and Margery cuts a swath through the complexities of London upper @-@ class marriage and seduction without even noticing them . Restoration comedies often contrast town and country for humorous effect , and this is one example of it . Both Molière in the School For Wives and Wycherley in The Country Wife get much comic business out of the meeting between , on the one hand , innocent but inquisitive young girls and , on the other hand , the sophisticated 17th @-@ century culture of sexual relations which they encounter . The difference , which would later make Molière acceptable and Wycherley atrocious to 19th @-@ century critics and theatre producers , is that Molière 's Agnes is naturally pure and virtuous , while Margery is just the opposite : enthusiastic about the virile handsomeness of town gallants , rakes , and especially theatre actors , she keeps Pinchwife in a state of continual horror with her plain @-@ spokenness and her interest in sex . A running joke is the way Pinchwife 's pathological jealousy always leads him into supplying Margery with the very type of information he wishes her not to have .
3 . The courtship of Harcourt and Alithea is a conventional love story without any direct source . By means of persistence and true love , the witty Harcourt , Horner 's friend , wins the hand of Pinchwife 's sister Alithea , who is , when the play opens , engaged to the shallow fop Sparkish . The delay mechanism of this story is that the upright Alithea holds fast virtuously to her engagement to Sparkish , even while his stupid and cynical character unfolds to her . It is only after Alithea has been caught in a misleadingly compromising situation with Horner , and Sparkish has doubted her virtue while Harcourt has not , that she finally admits her love for Harcourt .
= = Key scenes = =
Notorious scenes in the play include " the china scene " , a sustained double entendre dialogue mostly heard from off stage , where Horner is purportedly discussing his china collection with two of his lady friends . The husband of Lady Fidget and the grandmother of Mrs. Squeamish are listening front stage and nodding in approval , failing to pick up the double meaning which is obvious to the audience . Lady Fidget has already explained to her husband that Horner " knows china very well , and has himself very good , but will not let me see it lest I should beg some . But I will find it out , and have what I came for yet " ( IV.iii.110 ) . Dialogue such as this made " china " a dirty word in common conversation , Wycherley later claimed .
In another famous scene Lady Fidget 's self @-@ styled " virtuous gang " meet up at Horner 's lodging to carouse , throw off their public virtue , and behave exactly like male rakes , singing riotous songs and drinking defiant toasts . Finally each of the ladies triumphantly declares that Horner himself is the very lover they have been toasting , and a mayhem of jealousy breaks out as they realise that their friends have also been receiving Horner 's favours . But they quickly realise they have no choice but to keep the scandalous secret : " Well then , there 's no remedy , sister sharers , let us not fall out , but have a care of our honour " ( V.iv.169 ) .
A scene of the Pinchwife plot that combines farce and nightmare is Pinchwife 's attempt to force Mrs Pinchwife to write a haughty farewell letter to Horner , using the Freudian threat to " write whore with this penknife in your face " ( IV.ii.95 ) . Like all Pinchwife 's efforts it misfires , giving Mrs Pinchwife instead an opportunity to send Horner a fan letter .
= = Themes and Analysis = =
= = = The Dynamics of Marriage = = =
People marry for the sake of outward appearances , for example Alithea feels that she has no choice but to marry Sparkish because her status in society expects her to . Wives are treated as property as made evident by Pinchwife who locks Margery in her room and forbids her from speaking to men . Sir Jasper ’ s marriage to Lady Fidget is beneficial to his business ; therefore he
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. The most prestigious mysteries in the Greek world were the Eleusinian mysteries dedicated to the goddess Demeter , which were performed at Eleusis , near Athens , from at least the sixth century BCE to the end of the fourth century CE . They centered on Demeter 's search for her daughter Persephone in Greek mythology . Eleusinian initiates passed into a dark hall , the Telesterion , and were subjected to terrifying sights , followed by a fiery light and a shout from the hierophant who presided over the ceremony . By this light the initiates saw objects that represented Demeter 's power over fertility , such as a sheaf of wheat , and perhaps other images that referred to the myth of Persephone . In the mysteries of the god Dionysus , which were performed in many places across the Greek world , participants celebrated in a frenzy at night , in the open air . Dionysian celebrations were connected in some way with Orphism , a group of mystical beliefs about the nature of the afterlife .
Isis was originally a goddess in ancient Egyptian religion , which did not include Greek @-@ style mysteries . Some Egyptian rituals were performed exclusively by priests , out of public view , but ordinary Egyptians were never permitted to join in . Other rituals may have reenacted events from Egyptian mythology , such as the ceremonies in honor of Osiris , the god of the afterlife and the mythological husband of Isis , that were performed at Abydos . The Greeks interpreted these myth @-@ based rituals as mysteries . The historian Herodotus , writing in the fifth century BCE , was the first to do so . He referred to Egyptian rites reenacting the myth of the murder of Osiris as mysteries , likening them to the mysteries of Dionysus he was familiar with in Greece . He further said that the Greek worship of Dionysus was influenced by the worship of Osiris in Egypt . Various Greek writers who came after Herodotus viewed Egypt and its priests as the source of all mystical wisdom . They claimed that many elements of Greek philosophy and culture came from Egypt , including the mystery cults . Burkert and the Egyptologist Francesco Tiradritti both say there is a grain of truth in these claims , as the oldest Greek mystery cults developed in the seventh and sixth centuries BCE , at the same time that Greece was developing closer contacts with Egyptian culture . The imagery of the afterlife found in the mystery cults may thus have been influenced by that in Egyptian afterlife beliefs .
Isis was one of many non @-@ Greek deities whose cults became part of Greek and Roman religion during the Hellenistic period ( 323 – 30 BCE ) , when Greek people and culture spread to lands across the Mediterranean and most of those same lands were conquered by the Roman Republic . Under the influence of Greco @-@ Roman tradition , some of these cults , including that of Isis , developed their own mystery rites . The mysteries of Isis could have emerged as far back as the early third century BCE , after the Greek Ptolemaic dynasty had taken control of Egypt . The Ptolemies promoted the cult of the god Serapis , who incorporated traits of Osiris and of Greek deities like Dionysus and the underworld god Pluto . Isis 's cult was conjoined with that of Serapis . She too was reinterpreted to resemble Greek goddesses , particularly Demeter , while retaining many of her Egyptian characteristics . The mysteries of Isis , modeled on those in Demeter 's honor at Eleusis , could have been developed at the same time , as part of this mingling of Greek and Egyptian religion .
Another possibility is that the mysteries developed after Isis 's Hellenized cult reached Greece itself , later in the third century BCE . Much of the early evidence of Isis worship in Greece comes from aretalogies , poems in praise of the goddess . The wording of aretalogies from Maroneia and Andros , both from the first century BCE , closely links Isis with mystery rites . Petra Pakkanen says that these aretalogies prove the mysteries of Isis existed by that time , but Jan Bremmer argues that they only connect Isis with the Eleusinian Mysteries , not with distinctive rites of her own . Stronger evidence for mysteries of Isis is found in the first century CE , and they certainly existed in the second . Temples to Isis in Greece may have developed their mysteries in response to the widespread belief that the Greek mystery cults had originated with Isis and Osiris in Egypt . They could have adapted elements of Eleusinian rites , and perhaps Dionysian mysteries as well , to reflect Egyptian mythology . The end product would have seemed to the Greeks like an authentic Egyptian precursor to Greek mysteries . Many Greco @-@ Roman sources claim that Isis herself devised these rites .
Even once the mysteries were established , they were not performed everywhere Isis 's cult was present . The only known sites for her mystery cult were in Italy , Greece , and Anatolia , although she was worshipped in nearly every province of the Roman Empire . In Egypt itself , only a few texts and images from the Roman period refer to the mysteries of Isis , and it is not certain that they were ever performed there .
= = Apuleius 's description of the mysteries = =
= = = Context and reliability = = =
Several texts from Roman times refer to people who were initiated in the Isis cult . However , the only direct description of the mysteries of Isis comes from Metamorphoses , also known as The Golden Ass , a comic novel from the late second century CE by the Roman author Apuleius .
The novel 's protagonist is Lucius , a man
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army away . This explanation of events has been regarded as " plausible " but is not found in any other source , and may , therefore , have been Reginald 's invention .
According to Bede , Penda had Oswald 's body dismembered , with his head , hands and arms being placed onto stakes ( this may have had a pagan religious significance . ) ; Oswald thereafter came to be revered as a saint , with his death in battle as a Christian king against pagans leading him to be regarded as a martyr .
Eowa was killed at Maserfield along with Oswald , although on which side he fought is unknown . It may well be that he fought as a dependent ally of Oswald against Penda . If Eowa was in fact dominant among the Mercians during the period leading up to the battle , then his death could have marked what the author of the Historia Brittonum regarded as the beginning of Penda 's ten @-@ year reign . Thus it may be that Penda prevailed not only over the Northumbrians but also over his rivals among the Mercians .
The Historia Brittonum may also be referring to this battle when it says that Penda first freed ( separavit ) the Mercians from the Northumbrians . This may be an important clue to the relationship between the Mercians and the Northumbrians before and during Penda 's time . There may have existed a " Humbrian confederacy " that included the Mercians until Penda broke free of it . On the other hand , it has been considered unlikely that this was truly the first instance of their separation : it is significant that Cearl had married his daughter to Edwin during Edwin 's exile , when Edwin was an enemy of the Northumbrian king Æthelfrith . It would seem that if Cearl was able to do this , he was not subject to Æthelfrith ; thus it may be that any subject relationship only developed after the time of this marriage .
The battle left Penda with a degree of power unprecedented for a Mercian king — Kirby called him " without question the most powerful Mercian ruler so far to have emerged in the midlands " after Maserfield — and the prestige and status associated with defeating the powerful Oswald must have been very significant . Northumbria was greatly weakened as a consequence of the battle ; the kingdom became fractured to some degree between Deira in its southern part and Bernicia in the north , with the Deirans acquiring a king of their own , Oswine , while in Bernicia , Oswald was succeeded by his brother , Oswiu . Mercia thus enjoyed a greatly enhanced position of strength relative to the surrounding kingdoms . Stenton wrote that the battle left Penda as " the most formidable king in England " , and observed that although " there is no evidence that he ever became , or even tried to become , the lord of all the other kings of southern England ... none of them can have been his equal in reputation " .
= = Campaigns between Maserfield and the Winwaed = =
Defeat at Maserfield must have weakened Northumbrian influence over the West Saxons , and the new West Saxon king Cenwealh — who was still pagan at this time — was married to Penda 's sister . It may be surmised that this meant he was to some extent within what Kirby called a " Mercian orbit " . However , when Cenwealh ( according to Bede ) " repudiated " Penda 's sister in favour of another wife , Penda drove Cenwealh into exile in East Anglia in 645 , where he remained for three years before regaining power . Who governed the West Saxons during the years of Cenwealh 's exile is unknown ; Kirby considered it reasonable to conclude that whoever ruled was subject to Penda . He also suggested that Cenwealh may not have been able to return to his kingdom until after Penda 's death .
In 654 , the East Anglian king Anna , who had harboured the exiled Cenwealh , was killed by Penda . He was succeeded by a brother , Aethelhere ; since Aethelhere was subsequently a participant in Penda 's doomed invasion of Bernicia in 655 ( see below ) , it may be that Penda installed Aethelhere in power . It has been suggested that Penda 's wars against the East Angles " should be seen in the light of interfactional struggles within East Anglia . " It may also be that Penda made war against the East Angles with the intention of securing Mercian dominance over the area of Middle Anglia , where Penda established his son Peada as ruler .
In the years after Maserfield , Penda also destructively waged war against Oswiu of Bernicia on his own territory . At one point before the death of Bishop Aidan ( 31 August 651 ) , Bede says that Penda " cruelly ravaged the country of the Northumbrians far and near " and besieged the royal Bernician stronghold of Bamburgh . When the Mercians were unable to capture it — " not being able to enter it by force , or by a long siege " — Bede reports that they attempted to set the city ablaze , but that it was saved by a sacred wind supposedly sent in response to a plea from the saintly Aidan : " Behold , Lord , how great mischief Penda does ! " The wind is said to have blown the fire back towards the Mercians , deterring them from further attempts to capture the city . At another point , some years after Aidan 's death , Bede records another attack . He says that Penda led an army in devastating the area where Aidan died — he " destroyed all he could with fire and sword " — but that when the Mercians burned down the church where Aidan died , the post against which he was leaning at the time of his death was undamaged ; this was taken to be a miracle . No open battles are recorded as being fought between the two sides before the Winwaed in 655 ( see below ) , however , and this may mean that Oswiu deliberately avoided battle due to a feeling of weakness relative to Penda . This feeling may have been in religious as well as military terms : N. J. Higham wrote of Penda acquiring " a pre @-@ eminent reputation as a god @-@ protected , warrior – king " , whose victories may have led to a belief that his pagan gods were more effective for protection in war than the Christian God .
= = Relations with Bernicia ; Christianity and Middle Anglia = =
Despite these apparent instances of warfare , relations between Penda and Oswiu were probably not entirely hostile during this period , since Penda 's daughter Cyneburh married Alhfrith , Oswiu 's son , and Penda 's son Peada married Alhflaed , Oswiu 's daughter . According to Bede , who dates the events to 653 , the latter marriage was made contingent upon the baptism and conversion to Christianity of Peada ; Peada accepted this , and the preaching of Christianity began among the Middle Angles , whom he ruled . Bede wrote that Penda tolerated the preaching of Christianity in Mercia itself , despite his own beliefs :
Nor did King Penda obstruct the preaching of the word among his people , the Mercians , if any were willing to hear it ; but , on the contrary , he hated and despised those whom he perceived not to perform the works of faith , when they had once received the faith , saying , " They were contemptible and wretched who did not obey their God , in whom they believed . " This was begun two years before the death of King Penda .
Peada 's conversion and the introduction of priests into Middle Anglia could be seen as evidence of Penda 's tolerance of Christianity , given the absence of evidence that he sought to interfere . On the other hand , an interpretation is also possible whereby the marriage and conversion could be seen as corresponding to a successful attempt on Oswiu 's part to expand Bernician influence at Penda 's expense ; Higham saw Peada 's conversion more in terms of political manoeuvring on both sides than religious zeal .
Middle Anglia as a political entity may have been created by Penda as an expression of Mercian power in the area following his victories over the East Angles . Previously there seem to have been a number of small peoples inhabiting the region , and Penda 's establishment of Peada as a subking there may have marked their initial union under one ruler . The districts corresponding to Shropshire and Herefordshire , along Mercia 's western frontier near Wales , probably also fell under Mercian domination at this time . Here a king called Merewalh ruled over the Magonsaete ; in later centuries it was said that Merewalh was a son of Penda , but this is considered uncertain . Stenton , for example , considered it likely that Merewalh was a representative of a local dynasty that continued to rule under Mercian domination .
= = Final campaign and the battle of the Winwaed = =
In 655 , Penda invaded Bernicia with a large army , reported to have been 30 warbands , with 30 royal or noble commanders ( duces regii , as Bede called them ) , including rulers such as Cadafael ap Cynfeddw of Gwynedd and Aethelhere of East Anglia . Penda also enjoyed the support of Aethelwald , the king of Deira and the successor of Oswine , who had been murdered on Oswiu 's orders
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is an outdoor annual art and cultural festival held in Canberra , Australia featuring illuminating light installations and projections , performances from local and interstate musicians , dining and film events .
The festival is an Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) Government initiative held annually in early March , encouraging people to " See Canberra in a whole new light . " The centrepiece of Enlighten Canberra is the illuminating of Canberra 's cultural institutions after dark , including Old Parliament House , Parliament House and the National Gallery of Australia ( since the 2011 event ) as well as the National Portrait Gallery and Questacon ( since the 2012 event ) . There is also live music , film screenings and after @-@ hours tours .
Since its inception , Enlighten has become increasingly popular , attracting 115 @,@ 000 visitors in 2013 and 131 @,@ 500 in 2014 . Attendance rose again in 2015 , to 287 @,@ 874 visitors .
= = History of the event = =
= = = 2008 – 11 : Lead @-@ up to the first Enlighten = = =
In 2008 ACT Labor made an election promise to deliver a new autumn event for Canberra , Australia — this was the beginnings of Enlighten Canberra . In December 2010 , Andrew Barr , then Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) Minister for Tourism , Sport and Recreation , announced the ACT Government Enlighten would be a major annual event , commencing in March 2011 . He said national attractions that would participate with lit facades after dark included the National Gallery of Australia , Parliament House and Old Parliament House . Ticketed events were also announced , including headline international acts in concert .
= = = 2011 : The first Enlighten = = =
In its first year , along with other events , Enlighten hosted rock band INXS , jazz guitarist George Benson , and world @-@ music supergroup Afro Celt Sound System . To help promote Enlighten , INXS arrived in Canberra in a helicopter , landing on the lawns of Old Parliament House two weeks before their concert appearance . INXS band member Kirk Pengilly told reporters that the show planned for Enlighten 2011 was " probably the biggest production that we 've put on at any show in Australia . " As part of the festival , cultural institutions in the Parliamentary triangle were illuminated after dark , including Old Parliament House , Parliament House and the National Gallery of Australia .
Despite the big @-@ ticket performances and media stunts , the inaugural festival cost $ 2 @.@ 4 million , and there was poor community interest , with just 8600 visitors . The first Enlighten did however attract 2400 visitors from interstate or overseas who came to Canberra specifically for Enlighten or extended their stay because of it .
The slogan for Enlighten , announced in December 2010 , is " See Canberra in a whole new light "
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of which were part of the 1810 theatre , to their original Regency style .
= = Hauntings = =
The author Tom Ogden calls the Theatre Royal one of the world 's most haunted theatres . The appearance of almost any one of the handful of ghosts that are said to frequent the theatre signals good luck for an actor or production . The most famous ghost is the " Man in Grey " , who appears dressed as a nobleman of the late 18th century : powdered hair beneath a tricorne hat , a dress jacket and cloak or cape , riding boots and a sword . Legend says that the Man in Grey is the ghost of a knife @-@ stabbed man whose skeletal remains were found within a walled @-@ up side passage in 1848 . Various people have reported seeing the ghost , including W. J. MacQueen @-@ Pope , who described its usual path as starting at the end of the fourth row in the upper circle and then proceeding via the rear gangway to the wall near the royal box , where the remains were found .
The ghosts of actor Charles Macklin and clown Joseph Grimaldi are also supposed to haunt the theatre . Macklin appears backstage , wandering the corridor which now stands in the spot where , in 1735 , he killed fellow actor Thomas Hallam in an argument over a wig ( " Goddamn you for a blackguard , scrub , rascal ! " he shouted , thrusting a cane into Hallam 's face and piercing his left eye ) . Grimaldi is reported to be a helpful apparition , purportedly guiding nervous actors skilfully about the stage on more than one occasion . The comedian Stanley Lupino claimed to have seen the ghost of Dan Leno in a dressing room .
= Darius I =
Darius I ( Old Persian : Dārayava ( h ) uš , c . 550 – 486 BCE ) was the third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire . Also called Darius the Great , he ruled the empire at its peak , when it included much of West Asia , the Caucasus , parts of the Balkans ( Thrace @-@ Macedonia and Paeonia ) , most of the Black Sea coastal regions , parts of the North Caucasus , Central Asia , as far as the Indus Valley in the far east , and portions of north and northeast Africa including Egypt ( Mudrâya ) , eastern Libya and coastal Sudan .
Darius ascended the throne by overthrowing Gaumata , the alleged magus usurper of Bardiya with the assistance of six other Persian noble families ; Darius was crowned the following morning . The new king met with rebellions throughout his kingdom and quelled them each time . A major event in Darius 's life was his expedition to punish Athens and Eretria for their aid in the Ionian Revolt , and subjugate Greece . Although ultimately ending in failure at the Battle of Marathon , Darius succeeded in the re @-@ subjugation of Thrace , expansion of the empire through the conquest of Macedon , the Cyclades , and the island of Naxos , and the sacking of the city of Eretria .
Darius organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it . He organized a new uniform monetary system , along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire . He also put the empire in better standing by building roads and introducing standard weights and measure . Through these changes the empire was centralized and unified . Darius also worked on construction projects throughout the empire , focusing on Susa , Pasargadae , Persepolis , Babylon and Egypt . He had the cliff @-@ face Behistun Inscription carved to record his conquests , an important testimony of the Old Persian language .
Darius is mentioned in the Biblical books of Haggai , Zechariah , Daniel , and Ezra – Nehemiah .
= = Etymology = =
Dārīus and Dārēus are the Latin form of the Greek Dareîos ( Δαρεῖος ) , itself from Old Persian Dārayava ( h ) uš ( 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎢𐏁 ; in Aramaic dryhwš ) , which is a shortened form of Dārayava ( h ) uš ( 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 ) . The longer form is also seen to have been reflected in the Elamite Da @-@ ri- ( y ) a @-@ ma @-@ u @-@ iš , Babylonian Da- ( a- ) ri @-@ ia- ( a- ) muš , Aramaic drywhwš , and possibly the longer Greek form Dareiaîos ( Δαρειαῖος ) . The name is a nominative form meaning " he who holds firm the good ( ness ) " , which can be seen by the first part dāraya , meaning " holder " , and the adverb vau , meaning " goodness " . Sanskrit " dhar " or " dharan , which means " to hold " has the same roots .
= = Early life = =
Darius was the eldest of five sons to H
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were unhappy with the Grapevine Records head John Anderson 's insistence on adding synthesiser into the mix to soften the sound , and asked to be dropped from the contract that they had recently signed with RCA .
Joy Division made their recorded debut in June 1978 when the band self @-@ released An Ideal for Living , and two weeks later a track of theirs , " At a Later Date " , was featured on the compilation album Short Circuit : Live at the Electric Circus ( which had been recorded live in October 1977 ) . In the Melody Maker review of the EP , Chris Brazier said that it " has the familiar rough @-@ hewn nature of home @-@ produced records , but they 're no mere drone @-@ vendors — there are a lot of good ideas here , and they could be a very interesting band by now , seven months on " . The packaging of An Ideal for Living — which featured a drawing of a Hitler Youth member on the cover — coupled with the nature of the band 's name , fuelled speculation about their political affiliations . While Hook and Sumner later admitted to being intrigued by fascism at the time , Morris insisted that the group 's obsession with Nazi imagery came from a desire to keep memories of the sacrifices of their parents and grandparents during World War II alive . He argued that accusations of neo @-@ Nazi sympathies merely provoked the band " to keep on doing it , because that 's the kind of people we are " .
In September 1978 , Joy Division made their television debut performing " Shadowplay " on So It Goes , with an introduction by Wilson in which he misidentified Sumner , and not Hook , as being from Salford . In October , Joy Division contributed two tracks recorded with producer Martin Hannett to the compilation double @-@ 7 " EP A Factory Sample , the first release by Tony Wilson 's record label , Factory Records . In the NME review of the EP , Paul Morley hailed the band as " the missing link between Elvis Presley and [ Siouxsie and ] the Banshees " . Joy Division joined Factory 's roster , after buying themselves out of the deal with RCA . Rob Gretton was made a partner of the label so as to represent the interests of the band . On 27 December , Ian Curtis had his first recognisable epileptic episode . During the ride home after a show at the Hope and Anchor pub in London , Curtis had a seizure and was taken to a hospital . In spite of his illness , Joy Division 's career progressed . He appeared on the cover of 13 January 1979 issue of the NME following the persistence of music journalist Paul Morley . That month the band recorded their first session for BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel . According to Deborah Curtis , " Sandwiched in between these two important landmarks was the realization that Ian 's illness was something we would have to learn to accommodate " .
= = = Unknown Pleasures = = =
The band recorded their debut album , Unknown Pleasures in April 1979 at Strawberry Studios , Stockport . Producer Martin Hannett significantly altered their live sound , a fact that greatly displeased the band at the time . Hook said in 2006 that the album " definitely didn 't turn out sounding the way I wanted it [ ... ] But now I can see that Martin did a good job on it [ ... ] There 's no two ways about it , Martin Hannett created the Joy Division sound " . The album cover was designed by Peter Saville , who would go on to provide artwork for future Joy Division releases . Unknown Pleasures was released in June and sold through its initial pressing of 10 @,@ 000 copies . Tony Wilson said that the relative success of the album turned the indie label into a true business and a " revolutionary force " that operated outside of the major record label system . Reviewing the album for Melody Maker , writer Jon Savage called Unknown Pleasures an " opaque manifesto " and declared " [ leaving ] the twentieth century is difficult ; most people prefer to go back and nostalgize . Oh boy . Joy Division at least set a course in the present with contrails for the future — perhaps you can 't ask for much more . Indeed , Unknown Pleasures may very well be one of the best , white , English , debut LPs of the year " .
Joy Division performed on Granada TV again in July 1979 , and made their only nationwide TV appearance in September on BBC2 's Something Else . They supported the Buzzcocks in a 24 @-@ venue UK tour that began that October , which allowed the band to quit their regular jobs . The non @-@ album single " Transmission " was released in November . Joy Division 's burgeoning success drew a devoted following who were stereotyped as " intense young men dressed in grey overcoats " .
= = = Closer = = =
In January 1980 , Joy Division set out on a European tour . While the tour schedule was difficult , Curtis experienced only two grand mal seizures in the tour 's final two months . With Martin Hannett again producing , the band recorded their second album , Closer , that March at London 's Britannia Row Studios . March also saw the release of the Licht und Blindheit single ( featuring the songs " Atmosphere " ( A side ) and " Dead Souls " ( B side ) ) on the small French label Sordide Sentimental .
Lack of sleep and long hours destabilised Curtis 's epilepsy and his seizures became almost uncontrollable . Curtis would often have seizures during shows , which left him feeling ashamed and depressed . As the band worried about their singer , some audience members thought his behaviour was part of the show . On 7 April , Curtis attempted suicide by overdosing on his anti @-@ seizure medication ; phenobarbitone . The next evening , Joy Division were set to play a gig at the Derby Hall in Bury . With Curtis recovering , it was decided that the band would play a combined set with Alan Hempsall of Crispy Ambulance and Simon Topping of A Certain Ratio filling in on vocals for the first few songs . Curtis came onstage to perform for part of the set . When Topping came back out to finish the set for Curtis , some in the audience began throwing bottles at the stage . Gretton leapt into the crowd and a riot ensued . Several April gigs were cancelled due to the continuing ill health of Curtis . The band played what would be their final show at the University of Birmingham 's High Hall on 2 May ; the show included Joy Division 's first and only performance of " Ceremony " , which would later be recorded by New Order and released as their first single .
= = = Curtis ' suicide and aftermath = = =
Joy Division were due to begin their first American tour in May 1980 . While Curtis had expressed a desire to take time off to visit a few acquaintances , he feigned excitement about the tour around the band because he did not want to disappoint his band mates or Factory Records . At the time , Curtis 's relationship with his wife , Deborah ( the couple married in 1975 as teenagers ) , was strained . Contributing factors were his ill health , his excluding her from band activities , and his affair with a young Belgian woman named Annik Honoré whom he had met on a European tour . The evening before Joy Division were to fly out for their first American tour , Curtis returned to his home in Macclesfield to talk to his by then estranged wife . He asked her to drop the divorce suit she had filed ; later , he told her to leave him alone in the house until he caught
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a train to Manchester the following morning . Early on 18 May 1980 , having spent the night watching the Werner Herzog film Stroszek , Curtis hanged himself in his kitchen . Deborah discovered his body later that day when she returned to their home . It came as a shock to both band members and their management . Wilson said in 2005 , " I think all of us made the mistake of not thinking his suicide was going to happen [ ... ] We all completely underestimated the danger . We didn 't take it seriously . That 's how stupid we were " .
Music critic Simon Reynolds said Curtis 's suicide " made for instant myth " . Jon Savage 's obituary said that " now no one will remember what his work with Joy Division was like when he was alive ; it will be perceived as tragic rather than courageous . " In June 1980 , the posthumous single " Love Will Tear Us Apart " was released , which hit number thirteen on the UK Singles Chart . In July 1980 , Closer finally came out , peaking at number six on the UK Albums Chart . NME reviewer Charles Shaar Murray wrote , " Closer is as magnificent a memorial ( for ' Joy Division ' as much as for Ian Curtis ) as any post @-@ Presley popular musician could have . "
Stephen Morris has said that even without his suicide it was unlikely that , because of his depression and illness , Curtis and Joy Division would have endured as they were . The members of Joy Division had made a pact long before Curtis 's death that , should any member leave , the remaining members would change the name of the group . Eventually renaming themselves New Order , the band was reborn as a three @-@ piece with Sumner assuming vocal duties ; the group later recruited Morris 's girlfriend Gillian Gilbert to round out the line @-@ up as keyboardist and second guitarist . Starting as a member of punk group The Inadequates , Gilbert had become friends with the band 's members and had played guitar at a Joy Division performance when Curtis had been unable to play .
New Order 's first single , 1981 's " Ceremony " , was formed from the last two songs written with Curtis . While the group struggled in its early years to escape the shadow of Joy Division , New Order went on to far greater commercial success than their predecessor band with a very different , more upbeat and dance @-@ orientated sound .
A number of outtakes and live material have been released since the band 's demise . Still , featuring live tracks and rare recordings was issued in 1981 . Factory issued the Substance compilation in 1988 , including several out @-@ of @-@ print singles . Permanent was released in 1995 by London Records , which had acquired the Joy Division catalogue after Factory 's 1992 bankruptcy . A comprehensive box set , Heart and Soul , appeared in 1997 .
= = Musical style = =
= = = Sound = = =
Joy Division took time to develop their style . As Warsaw , they played " fairly undistinguished punk @-@ inflected hard @-@ rock " . Critic Simon Reynolds wrote that their originality only " really became apparent as the songs got slower " . Their music took on a " sparse " quality ; according to Reynolds , " Peter Hook 's bass carried the melody , Bernard Sumner 's guitar left gaps rather than filling up the group 's sound with dense riffage and Steve Morris 's drums seemed to circle the rim of a crater . " According to music critic Jon Savage , " Joy Division were not punk but they were directly inspired by its energy " . In 1994 Sumner said the band 's characteristic sound " came out naturally : I 'm more rhythm and chords , and Hooky was melody . He used to play high lead bass because I liked my guitar to sound distorted , and the amplifier I had would only work when it was at full volume . When Hooky played low , he couldn 't hear himself . Steve has his own style which is different to other drummers . To me , a drummer in the band is the clock , but Steve wouldn 't be the clock , because he 's passive : he would follow the rhythm of the band , which gave us our own edge " . By " Closer " , Curtis had adapted a low baritone voice , drawing comparisons to Jim Morrison of the Doors ( one of Curtis 's favourite bands ) .
Sumner largely acted as the band 's director , a role he continued in New Order . While Sumner was the group 's primary guitarist , Curtis played the instrument on a few recorded songs and during a few shows . Curtis hated playing guitar , but the band insisted he do so . Sumner said , " He played in quite a bizarre way and that to us was interesting , because no one else would play like Ian " . During the recording sessions for Closer , Sumner began using self @-@ built synthesisers and Hook used a six @-@ string bass for more melody .
Producer Martin Hannett " dedicated himself to capturing and intensifying Joy Division 's eerie spatiality " . Hannett believed punk rock was sonically conservative because of its refusal to use studio technology to create sonic space . The producer instead aimed to create a more expansive sound on the group 's records . Hannett said , " [ Joy Division ] were a gift to a producer , because they didn 't have a clue . They didn 't argue " . Hannett demanded clean and clear " sound separation " not only for individual instruments , but even for individual pieces of Morris 's drumkit . Morris recalled , " Typically on tracks he considered to be potential singles , he 'd get me to play each drum on its own to avoid any bleed @-@ through of sound " . Music journalist Richard Cook noted that Hannett 's role was " crucial " . There are " devices of distance " in his production and " the sound is an illusion of physicality " .
= = = Lyrics = = =
Curtis was the group 's sole lyricist . He wrote frantically when the mood took him , and then listened to the band 's music ( which was often arranged by Sumner ) and chose lyrics most appropriate to the sound . Imagery and words revolving around " coldness , pressure , darkness , crisis , failure , collapse , loss of control " recur in his songs . In 1979 , NME journalist Paul Rambali wrote , " The themes of Joy Division 's music are sorrowful , painful and sometimes deeply sad . " Music journalist Jon Savage wrote that " Curtis 's great lyrical achievement was to capture the underlying reality of a society in turmoil , and to make it both universal and personal , " while noting that " the lyrics reflected , in mood and approach , his interest in romantic and science @-@ fiction literature . " Musicologist Robert Palmer wrote that William S. Burroughs and J. G.
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Road , a four @-@ lane divided highway . The road heads east @-@ northeast and passes through areas of suburban residential development to the south of Dover . The route comes to an intersection with South State Street , where DE 10 Alt. returns to the route . DE 10 runs east through a mix of residential and commercial development , curving to the northeast . The road crosses the St. Jones River and reaches an interchange with access to and from the southbound direction the DE 1 freeway . DE 10 comes to its eastern terminus within this interchange at an intersection with Bay Road at the north gate of Dover Air Force Base . Bay Road runs north to provide access to and from the northbound direction of DE 1 .
The portion of the route between the Maryland border and US 13 Alt. in Camden and between DE 10 Alt. and Gateway South Boulevard near Lebanon is part of the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway , a Delaware Byway . DE 10 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 22 @,@ 770 vehicles at the eastern terminus at Bay Road to a low of 2 @,@ 262 vehicles at the Sandtown Road intersection . None of DE 10 is part of the National Highway System .
= = History = =
By 1920 what is now DE 10 existed as an unimproved county road . The portion of the current route through Camden , as well as the road between Camden and Rising Sun , was upgraded to a state highway by 1924 . By 1925 the road was completed as a state highway between Willow Grove and Camden , while the portion between the Maryland border near Sandtown and Willow Grove was under proposal as a state highway . The portion of road west of Willow Grove became a state highway by 1931 . DE 10 was assigned to run from the Maryland border near Sandtown to US 113 Alt . ( South State Street ) in Rising Sun by 1936 , following its current alignment between the Maryland border and Camden and Rising Sun Road between Camden and Rising Sun . By 1964 , the route was realigned to bypass Willow Grove to the southeast , with the former alignment now Willow Tree Circle . The Lebanon Road portion of DE 10 was constructed by 1966 , connecting the route east of Camden to US 113 ( Bay Road ) at Dover Air Force Base . DE 10 was rerouted to follow Lebanon Road to US 113 by 1969 .
The Lebanon Road portion of the route between US 13 and US 113 was completely widened into a divided highway by 1981 . In 1993 , the DE 1 freeway was completed in the area of the eastern terminus , with an interchange to that road built that incorporated ramps to both DE 10 and the existing US 113 , which merged with DE 1 at this point . The US 113 designation was removed from the area in 2004 , leaving DE 10 terminating only with DE 1 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Kent County .
= = Bannered routes = =
Delaware Route 10 Alternate ( DE 10 Alt . ) is
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track , lasting around 35 minutes , which he made available via SoundCloud . The modified track resembled a minimalist , ambient composition . By September 2 it had been discussed in multiple news articles , linked to from Bieber 's website , and downloaded more than one million times .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Songwriting - Jerry Duplessis , Arden Altino , Dan August Rigo
Production - Jerry Duplessis , Arden Altino
Vocal recording - Andy Grassi , Serge Tsai , Dave Clauss , Warren Babson , assisted by William Villane
Vocal production and recording - Kuk Harrell , assisted by Travis Harrington
Piano and keyboards - Arden Altino , additional by Paul J. Falcone
Guitar - Bruno Beatz , Ben DeFusco
Harmonica - Frédéric Yonnet
Mixing - Glen Marchese
Engineering - Pat Thrall
Source
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
= Vengeance : Night of Champions =
Vengeance : Night of Champions was the seventh annual professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) within its Vengeance / Night of Champions chronology . It featured talent from the Raw , SmackDown , and ECW brands . The event was sponsored by RAW Attitude Energy Drink and took place on June 24 , 2007 , at the Toyota Center in Houston , Texas . Every match on the card was contested for a championship ; two were won and seven were retained . This event was notable for being on the weekend of the Chris Benoit double @-@ murder and suicide case . Benoit , who was originally booked to face CM Punk for the vacant ECW World Championship , legitimately no @-@ showed .
The main event featured the Raw brand . It saw John Cena defend the WWE Championship against Mick Foley , Bobby Lashley , Randy Orton , and King Booker . Cena won the match and retained the WWE Championship after pinning Foley following an FU . The featured match from the SmackDown brand was a " Last Chance match " for the World Heavyweight Championship between Edge and Batista , which Edge won by countout . The primary match from the ECW brand was CM Punk versus Johnny Nitro for the vacant ECW World Championship , which Nitro won by pinfall after performing a corkscrew neckbreaker from the middle rope . The event was supposed to use the Vengeance name but on the June 11th edition of Raw , it was announced that the event would now change its name to Vengeance : Night of Champions where every active WWE titles will be defended .
= = Background = =
The main feud on the Raw brand heading into the event was between John Cena , Bobby Lashley , King Booker , Mick Foley , and Randy Orton over the WWE Championship . The feud began when Lashley was drafted to the Raw brand and stripped of the ECW World Championship . After being stripped of the title , Lashley began to pursue the WWE Championship . On the June 18 episode of Raw , Foley , Orton , Booker , and Lashley all cut promos on why they deserve to be the number @-@ one contender to the WWE Championship . Cena also cut a promo on who he believed deserved to be the number one contender to the championship . Following this , Interim General Manager Jonathan Coachman announced that all five men would compete for the title in a match billed as the " WWE Championship Challenge " at Vengeance .
The main feud heading into Vengeance on the SmackDown brand was between Edge and Batista over the World Heavyweight Championship . Their match stemmed from their Steel cage match at One Night Stand , the pay @-@ per @-@ view three weeks before Vengeance , where Edge won by escaping the cage . On the June 8 episode of SmackDown , WWE Chairman Vince McMahon announced that Edge would be defending the World Heavyweight Championship against Batista in a " Last Chance " match at Vengeance . On the June 22 episode of SmackDown ! , Batista and Ric Flair defeated Edge and Montel Vontavious Porter ( MVP ) . Midway through the match , Flair and MVP brawled outside the ring , leaving Edge on his own against Batista . Batista gained the pinfall after executing a Batista Bomb on Edge .
The feud between The Hardys ( Matt and Jeff ) and Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch began at Backlash . At the event , The Hardys defeated Cade and Murdoch to retain the World Tag Team Championship . At the following event , Judgment Day , Matt and Jeff defeated Cade and Murdoch once again to retain the title .
= = Event = =
= = = Preliminary matches = = =
Before the event aired live on pay @-@ per @-@ view , Super Crazy defeated Carlito in a dark match .
The event began with a video package of the event and its theme , " Night of Champions , " followed by opening pyrotechnics . The first match was between Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch and The Hardys ( Matt and Jeff ) for the World Tag Team Championship . Cade and Matt started the match , with Matt in control . The two teams tagged in and out until Cade and Murdoch attempted to walk out of the match , but the Hardys went after them , and brought them back into the ring . Jeff attempted a Swanton Bomb onto Cade , but Murdoch interfered on Cade 's behalf . Matt tried to interfere on Jeff 's behalf , but was stopped by the referee . Murdoch used this as an advantage , and pushed Jeff off the turnbuckle , leading to Cade performing a powerbomb . Cade gained the pinfall on Jeff to win the match and retain the titles .
The second match was between Chavo Guerrero and Jimmy Wang Yang for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship . The match began with Yang and Guerrero locking up , followed by Yang in control through most of the match . After Yang missed a moonsault , Guerrero executed a Gory Bomb . Shortly after , Guerrero performed a Frog Splash on Yang . Afterwards , Guerrero pinned Yang to win the match and retain the Cruiserweight Championship .
The third match was between CM Punk and Johnny Nitro , who subbed in for the absent Chris Benoit ( unknown of killing his family at the time ) , for the ECW World Championship . The match started off with Punk attempting a crossbody on Nitro . Nitro countered , however , and executed an enzuigiri . Nitro delivered a corkscrew neckbreaker and pinned Punk to win the match to become the new ECW World Champion .
The fourth match was between Santino Marella and Umaga for the WWE Intercontinental Championship . The match began with Umaga in control , squashing Marella . Two minutes into the match , Umaga was punching Marella uncontrollably . The referee disqualified Umaga when he refused to stop after giving a five count , and Marella retained the title . Umaga , following the disqualification , delivered a splash and a Samoan Spike to Sanino .
The fifth match was between Montel Vontavious Porter ( MVP ) and Ric Flair for the WWE United States Championship . The match started with Flair executing a series of backhand chops to MVP . Flair kept the advantage and applied the figure four leglock . MVP countered , by executing a low blow . MVP then performed the Playmaker and pinned Flair to retain the United States Championship .
The sixth match was an open challenge by Deuce ' n Domino to any tag team for the WWE Tag Team Championship , which was accepted by Jimmy Snuka and Sgt. Slaughter . Snuka and Slaughter controlled most of the match ; however , Deuce ' n Domino got the win after Deuce pinned Snuka . After the match , Deuce ' n Domino attacked Snuka and Slaughter until Tony Garea and Rick Martel came into the ring to assist Snuka and Slaughter .
= = = Main event matches = = =
The seventh match was between Edge and Batista for the World Heavyweight Championship . This was a " Last Chance match " , meaning if Batista lost , he could not get another shot at the World Heavyweight Championship as long as Edge was champion . Batista originally won the match by disqualification after Edge executed a low blow ; however , SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long restarted the match with the stipulation that Edge could lose the title by countout or disqualification . Edge won the
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such as Calvin Johnson and Tashard Choice . Some of Tech 's recent entrants into the NBA include Chris Bosh , Derrick Favors , Thaddeus Young , Jarrett Jack , and Iman Shumpert . Award @-@ winning baseball stars include Kevin Brown , Mark Teixeira , Nomar Garciaparra , and Jason Varitek . In golf , Tech alumni include the legendary Bobby Jones , who founded The Masters , and David Duval , who was ranked the No. 1 golfer in the world in 1999 .
= SMS Radetzky =
SMS Radetzky was the first of the three Radetzky @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleships built for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) . She was named for the 19th century Austrian Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky von Radetz . Radetzky and her sisters , Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand and Zrínyi , were the last pre @-@ dreadnoughts built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy — they were followed by the larger and significantly more powerful Tegetthoff @-@ class dreadnoughts .
Radetzky was built by the shipbuilding company Stabilimento Tecnico in Trieste and commissioned into the fleet on 15 January 1911 . The ship conducted training cruises in the Mediterranean before the outbreak of World War I in mid @-@ 1914 . During the war , Radetzky operated largely as part of a fleet in being alongside the rest of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ; in doing so , the ships tied down considerable naval forces from the Triple Entente . Radetzky did participate in some offensive operations , primarily shore bombardments in the Adriatic Sea against French , Montenegrin , and Italian targets .
Towards the end of 1918 , with the war going against the Austrians , Radetzky was prepared to be transferred to the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . On 10 November 1918 — six days after the Austrian armistice — Yugoslav navy officers sailed the battleship out of Pola and surrendered it to a squadron of American submarine chasers . Under the terms of the Treaty of Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye , the transfer was not recognized ; instead , Radetzky was given to Italy and broken up for scrap .
= = Construction = =
Radetzky was built at the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino dockyard in Trieste , the same place where her sister ships were built . She was the second ship of her class to be constructed and her kneel was laid down on 26 November 1907 . The teak used on Radetzky 's deck was the only material Austria @-@ Hungary had to purchase abroad to build the ship . Radetzky was launched from the slipway on 3 July 1909 , and commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian navy on 15 January 1911 and had a crew of 880 to 890 officers and men .
Radetzky was 138 @.@ 8 m ( 455 ft 4 in ) long , and had a beam of 24 @.@ 6 m ( 80 ft 8 in ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 1 m ( 26 ft 9 in ) . She displaced 14 @,@ 508 long tons ( 14 @,@ 741 t ) normally , and up to 15 @,@ 845 @.@ 5 long tons ( 16 @,@ 099 @.@ 8 t ) with a full combat load . The ship was powered by two @-@ shaft four @-@ cylinder vertical triple expansion engines rated at 19 @,@ 800 indicated horsepower and a top speed of 20 @.@ 5 knots ( 38 @.@ 0 km / h ; 23 @.@ 6 mph ) . She had a maximum range of 4 @,@ 000 nmi ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at a cruising speed of 10 kn ( 19 km / h
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. However , he concluded , " the best thing that can be said about Batman is that it led to Batman Returns , which was a far superior effort . " Variety felt " Jack Nicholson stole every scene " but still greeted the film with positive feedback . Roger Ebert was highly impressed with the production design , but claimed " Batman is a triumph of design over story , style over substance , a great @-@ looking movie with a plot you can 't care much about . " He also called the film " a depressing experience " . His reviewing partner Gene Siskel disagreed , describing the film as having a ' refreshingly adult ' approach with performances , direction and set design that ' draws you into a psychological world ' . Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader called it " watchable enough " .
= = = Legacy = = =
Anton Furst and Peter Young won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , while Nicholson was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor ( Musical or Comedy ) . The British Academy of Film and Television Arts nominated Batman in six categories ( Production Design , Visual Effects , Costume Design , Makeup , Sound and Actor in a Supporting Role for Nicholson ) , but it won none of the categories . Nicholson , Basinger , the makeup department , and costume designer Bob Ringwood all received nominations at the Saturn Awards . The film was also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation .
The success of Batman prompted Warner Bros. Animation to create the acclaimed Batman : The Animated Series , as a result beginning the long @-@ running DC animated universe and helped establish the modern day superhero film genre . Series co @-@ creator Bruce Timm stated the television show 's Art Deco design was inspired from the film . Timm commented , " our show would never have gotten made if it hadn 't been for that first Batman movie . " Burton joked , " ever since I did Batman , it was like the first dark comic book movie . Now everyone wants to do a dark and serious superhero movie . I guess I 'm the one responsible for that trend . "
Batman initiated the original Batman film series and spawned three sequels : Batman Returns ( 1992 ) , Batman Forever ( 1995 ) and Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) ; the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton , and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney , respectively .
Producers Michael Uslan and Benjamin Melniker filed a breach of contract lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court on March 26 , 1992 . Uslan and Melniker claimed to be " the victims of a sinister campaign of fraud and coercion that has cheated them out of continuing involvement in the production of Batman and its sequels . We were denied proper credits , and deprived of any financial rewards for our indispensable creative contribution to the success of Batman . " A superior court judge rejected the lawsuit . Total revenues of Batman have topped $ 2 billion , with Uslan claiming to have " not seen a penny more than that since our net profit participation has proved worthless . " Warner Bros. offered the pair an out @-@ of @-@ court pay @-@ off , a sum described by Uslan and Melniker 's attorney as " two popcorns and two Cokes " .
Reflecting on the twentieth anniversary of its release in a retrospective article on Salon.com , film commentator Scott Mendelson noted the continuing impact that Batman has had on the motion film industry , including the increasing importance of opening weekend box office receipts ; the narrowing window between a film 's debut and its video release that caused the demise of second @-@ run movie theaters ; the accelerated acquisition of pre @-@ existing , pre @-@ sold properties for film adaptations that can be readily leveraged for merchandizing tie @-@ ins ; the primacy of the MPAA PG @-@ 13 as the target rating for film producers ; and more off @-@ beat , non @-@ traditional casting opportunities for genre films .
The American Film Institute anointed Batman the 46th greatest movie hero and the Joker the 45th greatest movie villain on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains . In 2008 , Batman was selected by Empire magazine as number 458 of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time .
American Film Institute lists
AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies – Nominated
AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills – Nominated
AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains :
The Joker – # 45 Villain
Batman – # 46 Hero
AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes :
" Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight ? " – Nominated
AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated
AFI 's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Fantasy Film
= = = Home video = = =
Many versions of the film have been released . Included are VHS , Laserdisc , single @-@ disc DVD , special edition DVD and an anthology set . The Batman : The Motion Picture Anthology released in 2005 included 2 @-@ disc special edition DVDs of the Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher Batman films . This anthology set was re @-@ released on Blu @-@ ray on March 10 , 2009 .
On May 19 , 2009 a 20th anniversary stand @-@ alone edition was released . This stand @-@ alone version
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they beheld this most ordinary stuff .
The sight of her Visage did give them enuff ;
Yet if she be Marry 'd while here she does live ,
A perfect account of the Wedding I 'le give .
= = 18th century = =
In the 18th century , stories of pig @-@ faced women began to be reported as fact in England . James Paris du Plessis , former servant to Samuel Pepys , told in his Short History of Human Prodigious & Monstrous Births ( compiled 1731 – 33 ) of a pig @-@ faced woman living in Holborn in central London , which was widely reprinted . An 1850 article in Chambers 's Edinburgh Journal carried the recollections of " a venerable and clear @-@ headed old lady of ninety " , in which she recounted that her mother was well acquainted with a pig @-@ faced woman , of Scottish birth but living in London , and would regularly visit her home in Sloane Street . In 1800 , The Pig @-@ faced Lady , as " sung at Astley 's Theatre , & c . " , was published in London by John Pitts , and an 1815 editorial in The Times recounted reports of a pig @-@ faced woman living in London as having circulated in 1764 and in the 1780s .
= = = Daughter of a Jewish convert = = =
A variant form of the legend , and the only one in which the pig @-@ faced woman is not connected with a great fortune , told of a Christian man who converted to Judaism . In this version , the first child born to him after his conversion was a girl with the face of a pig . Some years later , the father realised that his daughter 's appearance was a divine punishment , and re @-@ converted to Christianity along with his pig @-@ faced daughter . At the moment of the daughter 's baptism , the holy water washed her pig @-@ like features away , revealing a normal human face . The story was alleged to be represented by a sculpture in " one of the grand old cathedrals of Belgium " , but no evidence for such a sculpture has been found .
= = = Griselda Steevens = = =
Griselda Steevens ( 1653 – 18 March 1746 ) , sometimes written as " Grizel Steevens " , was the twin sister of Dr Richard Steevens ( 1653 – 1710 ) , a Dublin physician . Dr Steevens died in 1710 , bequeathing an estate with an income of £ 606 ( about £ 72 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) per year to Griselda . A clause in Dr Steevens ' will stipulated that on Griselda 's death , the income was to be used to provide a hospital for the poor of Dublin .
Although the terms of Dr Steevens ' will were that work on the hospital would not begin until after Griselda Steevens ' death , she decided to begin work on the hospital in 1720 . Reserving only £ 120 per year for her own use , she used the remaining funds to buy a plot of land near Kilmainham and to build the new hospital , with the sole condition being that she be granted a suite of apartments in the building . As a youth Griselda had suffered a disorder of the eyes , and since then had worn a veil while in sunlight . Shy and reclusive , while conducting her charitable works in the Dublin slums she would remain in her carriage while servants gave out alms to the poor . By 1723 a sufficient portion of the new Dr Steevens ' Hospital was completed to accommodate 40 patients , in addition to Griselda 's apartments . The remainder of the hospital , with space for 200 patients , opened in 1733 . Griselda lived in the hospital from 1723 until her death .
At some point , it became a common belief in Dublin that Griselda Steevens had a pig 's face . It is unclear when the rumour arose . Robert Chambers and Irish Georgian Society founder Desmond Guinness claim that the rumour was current in her lifetime , but Thomas Kirkpatrick , author of History of Dr Steevens ' Hospital Dublin , says that " There is absolutely no evidence of this story in contemporary records , nor indeed does it appear to have been connected with the good lady until the nineteenth century [ ... ] It is not quite certain when this story first gained circulation . Croker @-@ King , who wrote a history of the hospital in 1785 , makes no mention of it , nor is there any suggestion of it in the newspaper accounts of the death of Madam Steevens , or the published account of the hospital in the eighteenth century . "
The rumour was that Griselda Steevens ' reclusiveness and always being veiled were owing to her having been born with a pig 's head . Chambers ( 1864 ) speculates that her unusual name may have contributed to the legend , and notes the common belief that she was named " Grisly " on account of her appearance when born . It was claimed that while pregnant with Richard and Griselda , Steevens ' mother had said " take away your litter of pigs ! " to a woman beggar asking for money to feed her children , and Griselda had then been born with the head and face of a pig . Dismayed by the popular belief that she had a pig 's head , Griselda took to sitting on an open balcony to allow the public to see her face . This failed to stem the spread of the rumour , and she commissioned a portrait of herself to be hung in the main hall of the hospital . The portrait failed to have the desired effect ; many of the public chose instead to believe a portrait in a pub neighbouring the hospital , which showed Steevens with a pig 's head ; the pub also displayed a silver trough alleged to have belonged to her . She eventually withdrew from public view completely before her death on 18 March 1746 .
Surgeon and historian William Wilde recollected that as a medical student at Dr Steevens ' Hospital in 1832 he was shown a silver trough , alleged to have belonged to Griselda Steevens , and accounts suggest that in the early 19th century a plaster cast of a human face with a pig 's snout was on display at the hospital . Although the hospital authorities later forbade the display of alleged Steevens memorabilia on pain of dismissal , in the later half of the 19th century the belief that Steevens had a pig 's face remained common . In the 1860s , a Dublin woman recollected that in her youth a large silver punchbowl , embossed with a family crest of a boar 's head , was shown to visitors and was claimed to have been the Pig @-@ faced Lady 's trough .
= = The Pig @-@ faced Lady of Manchester Square = =
In late 1814 and early 1815 , a rumour swept London that a pig @-@ faced woman was living in Marylebone , an inner @-@ city area of central London . Said to be the daughter of an unspecified noblewoman , she was supposedly young , wealthy and living in fashionable Manchester Square . In some reports she was described as the daughter of a noblewoman from Grosvenor Square . It was claimed that she would occasionally venture out of the house in a carriage , hidden by a heavy veil ; several letters to the London newspapers reported sightings of a snout protruding from a window , or a veiled , silhouetted pig 's head in a passing carriage .
In early 1815 the first of many portraits of the Pig @-@ faced Lady of Manchester Square was published . This included a brief biography , allegedly from " a female who
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olive @-@ yellow tubes that measure 0 @.@ 3 – 1 cm ( 1 ⁄ 8 – 3 ⁄ 8 in ) long . The 4 – 6 cm ( 1 1 ⁄ 2 – 2 1 ⁄ 4 in ) tall stipe , similar in colour to the cap , tends to be narrower towards the base . With a diameter of 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 8 cm ( 1 ⁄ 4 – 3 ⁄ 8 in ) , it is more slender than those of other boletes .
The spore print is an olive @-@ brown colour . The oval to spindle @-@ shaped spores have dimensions of 8 – 10 by 3 @.@ 5 – 4 @.@ 5 μm . Basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are cylindrical to narrowly club @-@ shaped , measuring 22 @.@ 4 – 33 @.@ 4 by 5 @.@ 8 – 8 @.@ 0 μm . They bear four sterigmata ( each holding a single spore ) , which are up to 6 @.@ 8 μm long . Cystidia are present on both the tube ends ( cheilocystidia ) and tube faces ( pleurocystidia ) . There are no clamp connections in the hyphae of Suillus bovinus . The cap cuticle comprises filamentous , gelatinized hyphae with a diameter of 2 @.@ 6 – 5 @.@ 0 μm . The mycelium has a pink tinge .
The distinctive colour of the cap and pores make it hard to confuse with other species . Often found in similar habitats is S. variegatus , though this species has a granular cap and dark olive pores , which are smaller and not decurrent . It can also bruise blue .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Suillus bovinus is found in conifer woods and plantations across Europe , including subalpine regions in the Alps , up to altitudes of 800 m ( 2500 ft ) . It is common in Lithuania , where it associates with Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) , the only naturally occurring pine in that country . Preferred soils of S. bovinus are often acidic , sand @-@ based , or sometimes calcareous ( chalky ) and moraine . In Asia , it has been recorded in Taiwan , and in Japan , where it associates with Japanese red pine ( Pinus densiflora ) . In China , it has been recorded from provinces Anhui , Fujian , Guangdong , Hunan , Jiangxi , and Zhejiang .
Suillus bovinus has been introduced into other areas . In North America , where it is thought to have been introduced with Scots pine , it is found in the eastern United States , including North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Vermont , and the Adirondack Mountains of New York . It has been recorded infrequently under Scots pine in Australia , where it has been found as far north as southern Queensland , and in more southerly locations including New South Wales and Kuitpo Forest . It is absent from New Zealand . In South Africa , it grows with Pinus radiata .
= = Ecology = =
Suillus bovinus is mycorrhizal , forming symbiotic associations with living trees by enveloping the tree 's underground roots with sheaths of fungal tissue . Field work in pine forests in Sweden analysing the population structure of Suillus bovinus found that mushrooms were more abundant in younger forests and forests with disturbed areas , which contained a higher number of genets ( colonies ) — 700 to 5700 per hectare — compared with 30 to 120 genets per hectare in mature stands . Older colonies in mature forests could be 17 @.@ 5 m ( 57 1 ⁄ 2 ft ) in diameter against 1 @.@ 7 – 5 @.@ 3 m ( 5 1 ⁄ 2 – 17 1 ⁄ 2 ft ) diameter in young forests . Spore @-@ bearing mushrooms ( sporocarps ) produce a huge number of spores ( estimated in a Finnish study at 240 million to 1 @.@ 2 billion per mushroom ) , of which only a small number grow successfully ; this large number is thought to explain the larger numbers of colonies in disturbed and young forests , while the fungus ' vegetative spread becomes more important in established forests . Colonies of S. bovinus do not overlap , which indicates they suppress each other 's growth . The median lifespan of a colony was estimated to be 36 years . Field work conducted in Swedish pine forests suggested that S. variegatus suppressed the growth of S. bovinus , as there was a negative correlation in occurrence .
A Finnish study published in 1997 found that bacterial communities under P. sylvestris without mycorrhizae metabolised organic and amino acids , while communities among S. bovinus metabolised mannitol , a sugar alcohol . The mycelia also extended the environment in the soil that the bacteria were able to grow in . An experimental study in Portugal showed that Pinus pinaster trees grew better after being inoculated with mycelium from S. bovinus , Laccaria laccata and Lactarius deterrimus and spores of Pisolithus tinctorius and Scleroderma citrinum . These fungi were proposed as an alternative for chemical fertiliser in arboriculture of pine trees . Suillus bovinus has been shown to improve the tolerance of its host Pinus sylvestris to metal pollutants such as cadmium and zinc , though not to hazardous organic compounds such as m @-@ toluate .
Experimental work in 1986 showed that Suillus bovinus could metabolise proteins and peptides directly , causing a drop in nitrogen in growth media , which suggested the species has some saprophytic activity .
The related rosy spike @-@ cap ( Gomphidius roseus ) is found exclusively with this species , and is now thought to be parasitic upon the mycelium of Suillus bovinus . This is evidenced by microscopic examination , which shows that G. roseus inserts haustoria in plant root cells and does not produce significant mycelium itself . Furthermore , G. roseus is never found growing in isolation , only with S. bovinus though the latter species is found without the former . Dicranophora fulva is a yellow mould that has been found growing on decaying S. bovinus fruit bodies in Europe and the United States .
= = Edibility = =
Suillus bovinus tastes mild and is edible , although it is not highly regarded . When cooked , it releases a lot of fluid , which can be collected and reduced or strained to make a sauce . Its flavour is made more intense by drying . The soft and rubbery consistency of older specimens — as well as their proneness to maggot infestation — renders them almost inedible . Fruit bodies are part of the later summer diet of the red squirrel in Eurasia , which collect the mushrooms and store them in tree forks for a ready food supply after the onset of frost . There are several fly species that often use S. bovinus fruit bodies to rear their young , including Bolitophila rossica , Exechia separata , Exechiopsis indecisa , Pegomya deprimata , and Pegohylemyia silvatica .
= Port of Split =
The Port of Split ( Croatian : Luka Split ) is a port in the central Dalmatian city of
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Split , Croatia . The port was originally a trading post originally established by Greek settlers from the island of Vis and subsequently taken over by the Romans . The port thrived through the Middle Ages , but it suffered a decline in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when the Port of Rijeka took over as the primary trading and shipping outlet of the region . The decline was also attributed to the decline of the Ottoman Empire , a traditional market for the Port of Split , and the growing domination of Austrian Empire .
As of 2011 , the port ranks as the largest passenger port in Croatia and the third largest passenger port in the Mediterranean , with annual passenger volume of approximately 4 million . By 2010 , the Port of Split recorded 18 @,@ 000 ship arrivals each year . The port is managed by the Port of Split Authority ( PSA ) . In the late 2000s , the PSA and the port operators , Trajektna Luka Split d.d. and Luka d.d. Split , started to implement an investment plan aimed at increasing both passenger and cargo traffic volume , scheduled to be completed by 2015 , which would allow the port to handle up to 7 million passengers per year .
= = Business operations = =
The Port of Split is the largest passenger port in Croatia and the third largest passenger seaport in the Mediterranean . The port is administered by the Port of Split Authority , and the primary concessionaires Trajektna Luka Split and Luka d.d. Split , as well as 11 secondary concessionaires awarded concessions to use the port facilities or provide services in the port . The primary concessionaires are operating the City Port Split and Vranjic @-@ Solin basin area , respectively , with the secondary concessionaires active in Vranjic @-@ Solin area of the port and the terminals based in Kaštela . The latter are Dalmacijacement , PROplin , Brodomerkur , Trast , Tehnospoj , Dujmovača , Žitni Terminal , INA , Profectus , Eko Kaštelanski Zaljev and OMV companies . Passenger and vehicle transit is handled by a number of carriers ; however in 2009 Jadrolinija share of the passenger traffic volume reached 85 % . In 2009 , total passenger traffic volume reached 3 @,@ 995 @,@ 846 passengers , representing a 3 @.@ 3 % drop compared to the previous year . The port serves seven island ferry lines , and four additional passenger shipping lines connecting nearby islands . There are such transport links to the islands of Brač and Hvar — carrying up to 2 @,@ 000 and 1 @,@ 000 vehicles per day during tourist seasons — as well as to islands of Vis , Lastovo , Korčula , Šolta , Drvenik Veliki , Drvenik Mali , providing regular transport links for a large area . In 2009 , the ferry lines carried annual average daily traffic of 1 @,@ 698 vehicles . During the summer peak season , the volume increases to a total of 3 @,@ 812 vehicles on average .
In 2008 , the Port of Split recorded a total of 16 @,@ 527 ship arrivals , and handled 2 @.@ 7 million tonnes of cargo . In 2008 , Luka d.d. Split , the primary cargo concessionaire company of the Port of Split , recorded substantial growth of transshipment volume . In the first nine months of the year , the company handled 276 @,@ 000 tonnes of cargo , representing a growth rate of 20 % achieved by that company . The cargo volume projected for the entire year was estimated at 345 @,@ 000 tonnes , including 6 @,@ 170 TEUs . The growth was permitted by investments made in late 2007 , and the increased volume of operation brought about profit of approximately 2 @.@ 4 million kuna ( 325 @,@ 000 euro ) in the first nine months of 2008 . Overall port operations continue
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Escape ! , at the Magic Kingdom
Stitch Encounter , at Hong Kong Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland , and Walt Disney Studios Park as " Stitch Live ! "
Fantasmic ! , at Disneyland , Disney 's Hollywood Studios and Tokyo DisneySea
World of Color , at Disney California Adventure
Disney Dreams ! , at Disneyland Park Paris
Seven Dwarfs Mine Train , at the Magic Kingdom
Frozen Ever After , at Epcot
= = = Video games = = =
Walt Disney Animation Studios has also collaborated and put input through the company 's Disney Interactive unit for several games . Some of these games are :
Disney Infinity series ( Developed by Avalanche Software )
Kingdom Hearts III ( Co @-@ Published / Developed by Square Enix )
= = = Associated productions = = =
Walt Disney Animation Studios has occasionally collaborated with other studios to assist in the production of some animated and live @-@ action features . These films are :
The Reluctant Dragon , providing the animated segments
Victory Through Air Power , providing the animated segments
Song of the South , providing the animated segments
So Dear to My Heart , providing the animated segments
Mary Poppins , providing the animated segments
Sesame Street ( television show ) , providing the animated segments
Bedknobs and Broomsticks , providing the animated segments
Pete 's Dragon , providing animation
The Brave Little Toaster , providing development
Who Framed Roger Rabbit , providing animation , layout , animatics and storyboards ( animation unit only ) , and special effects
The Nightmare Before Christmas , providing second @-@ layering traditional animation
A Goofy Movie , providing story , development , and pre @-@ production
Toy Story , providing development
James and the Giant Peach , providing second @-@ layering traditional animation
Saving Mr. Banks , providing animation for a short scene recreating an episode of the Disneyland TV show
= = = Documentary films about Disney animation = = =
A Trip Through the Walt Disney Studios ( 1937 , short )
The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 , a staged " mockumentary " )
Frank and Ollie ( 1995 )
Dream on Silly Dreamer ( 2005 )
Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 )
= Interim Committee =
The Interim Committee was a secret high @-@ level group created in May 1945 by United States Secretary of War ,
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Poor Law Union was required to appoint a chaplain to look after the spiritual needs of the workhouse inmates , and he was invariably expected to be from the established Church of England . Religious services were generally held in the dining hall , as few early workhouses had a separate chapel . But in some parts of the country , notably Cornwall and northern England , there were more dissenters than members of the established church ; as section 19 of the 1834 Poor Law specifically forbade any regulation forcing an inmate to attend church services " in a Mode contrary to [ their ] Religious Principles " , the commissioners were reluctantly forced to allow non @-@ Anglicans to leave the workhouse on Sundays to attend services elsewhere , so long as they were able to provide a certificate of attendance signed by the officiating minister on their return .
As the 19th century wore on non @-@ conformist ministers increasingly began to conduct services within the workhouse , but Catholic priests were rarely welcomed . A variety of legislation had been introduced during the 17th century to limit the civil rights of Catholics , beginning with the Popish Recusants Act 1605 in the wake of the failed Gunpowder Plot that year . But although almost all restrictions on Catholics in England and Ireland were removed by the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 , a great deal of anti @-@ Catholic feeling remained . Even in areas with large Catholic populations , such as Liverpool , the appointment of a Catholic chaplain was unthinkable . Some guardians went so far as to refuse Catholic priests entry to the workhouse .
= = = Discipline = = =
Discipline was strictly enforced in the workhouse ; for minor offences such as swearing or feigning sickness the " disorderly " could have their diet restricted for up to 48 hours . For more serious offences such as insubordination or violent behaviour the " refractory " could be confined for up to 24 hours , and might also have their diet restricted . Girls were punished in the same way as adults , but boys under the age of 14 could be beaten with " a rod or other instrument , such as may have been approved of by the Guardians " . The persistently refractory , or anyone bringing " spirituous or fermented liquor " into the workhouse , could be taken before a Justice of the Peace and even jailed . All punishments handed out were recorded in a punishment book , which was examined regularly by the workhouse guardians , locally elected representatives of the participating parishes with overall responsibility for the running of the workhouse .
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instruct the audience to connect a cassette tape recorder to the radio or TV and then broadcast the program over the airwaves in audio format . Some magazines distributed 7 " 33 ⅓ rpm flexidisc records , a variant of regular vinyl records which could be played on a standard record player . These disks were known under various trademarked names including " Floppy ROM " , " Flexisoft " , and " Discoflex " .
= = = Copying and backup = = =
Many copiers — utilities to copy programs from audio tape to another tape , microdrive tapes , and later on diskettes — were available for the Spectrum . As a response to this , publishers introduced copy protection measures to their software , including different loading schemes . Other methods for copy prevention were also used including asking for a particular word from the documentation included with the game — often a novella such as the Silicon Dreams trilogy — or another physical device distributed with the software — e.g. Lenslok as used in Elite , or the colour @-@ code chart included with Jet Set Willy . Special hardware , such as Romantic Robot 's Multiface , was able to dump a copy of the ZX Spectrum RAM to disk / tape at the press of a button , entirely circumventing the copy protection systems .
Most Spectrum software has been converted to current media and is available for download . One popular program for converting Spectrum files from tape is Taper ; it allows connecting a cassette tape player to the line in port of a sound card , or — through a simple home @-@ built device — to the parallel port of a PC . Once in files on a host machine , the software can be executed on an emulator .
The largest on @-@ line archive of ZX Spectrum software is World of Spectrum , with more than 21 @,@ 000 titles . The legality of this practice is in question and although a number of copyright holders have explicitly objected to the posting of their software , others have given their permission for their games to be archived as part of the preservation project .
= = = Community = = =
The ZX Spectrum enjoyed a very strong community early on . Several dedicated magazines were released including Sinclair User ( 1982 ) , Your Spectrum ( 1983 ) , rebranded as Your Sinclair in 1986 , and CRASH ( 1984 ) . Early on they were very technically oriented with type @-@ in programs and machine code tutorials . Later on they became almost completely game @-@ oriented . Several general contemporary computer magazines covered the ZX Spectrum in more or less detail . They included Computer Gamer , Computer and Video Games , Computing Today , Popular Computing Weekly , Your Computer and The Games Machine .
The Spectrum is affectionately known as the Speccy by elements of its fan following .
More than 80 electronic magazines existed , many in Russian . Most notable of them were AlchNews ( UK ) , ZX @-@ Format ( Russia ) , Adventurer ( Russia ) and Spectrofon ( Russia ) .
= = = Notable developers = = =
A number of notable games developers began their careers on the ZX Spectrum , including David Perry of Shiny Entertainment , and Tim and Chris Stamper ( founders of Rare , formerly Ultimate Play The Game , maker of many games for Nintendo and Microsoft game consoles ) . Other prominent games developers include Julian Gollop ( Chaos , Rebelstar , X @-@ COM series ) , Matthew Smith ( Manic Miner , Jet Set Willy ) , Jon Ritman ( Match Day , Head Over Heels ) , Jonathan " Joffa " Smith ( Ping Pong , Batman : The Caped Crusader , Mikie , Hyper Sports ) , The Oliver Twins ( the Dizzy series ) , Clive Townsend ( Saboteur ) , Sandy White ( Ant Attack ; I , of the Mask ) , Pete Cooke ( Tau Ceti ) , Mike Singleton ( The Lords of Midnight , War In Middle Earth ) , and Alan Cox . Although the 48K Spectrum 's audio hardware was not as capable as chips in other popular 8 @-@ bit home computers of the era , computer musicians David Whittaker and Tim Follin produced notable multi @-@ channel music for it .
Jeff Minter ported some of his Commodore VIC @-@ 20 games to the ZX Spectrum .
= = Reception = =
BYTE in January 1983 acknowledged the appeal of the Spectrum 's low £ 125 price to British consumers and called it a " promising machine " . It criticised the keyboard ; " inexpensive or not , the ... layout is impossible to justify ... poorly designed in several respects " . The review was skeptical of the computer 's appeal to American consumers if sold for US $ 220 — " hardly competitive with comparable low @-@ cost American units " — and expected that Timex would sell it for $ 125 – 150 .
= = Legacy = =
On 23 April 2012 , a Google doodle honoured the 30th anniversary of the Spectrum . As it coincided with St George 's Day , the logo was of St George fighting a dragon in the style of a Spectrum loading screen .
In January 2014 , Elite Systems , who produced a successful range of software for the original ZX Spectrum in the 1980s , announced plans for a Spectrum @-@ themed bluetooth keyboard that would attach to mobile devices such as the iPad . The company provided a crowdfunding campaign in order to fund the project , which would be compatible with games already released on iTunes and Google Play . Elite Systems took down its Spectrum Collection application the following month , due to complaints from authors of the original 1980s game software that they had not been paid for the content . Later that year , a £ 100 Sinclair ZX Spectrum Vega retro video game console was announced by Retro Computers and crowdfunded on IndieGogo , with the apparent backing of Clive Sinclair as an investor , but without a full keyboard and manufactured in a limited capacity .
= The Pony Remark =
" The Pony Remark " is the second episode of the second season of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld , and the seventh episode overall . The episode was written by series co @-@ creators Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David , based on a remark David made once .
In this episode , Jerry , at a relative 's 50th anniversary dinner , makes a tactless remark about hating anybody who had a pony when they were a child . His remark upsets the female guest @-@ of @-@ honor , causing her to storm out in anger . When the woman dies shortly after the dinner , Jerry and his friends wonder if the pony remark
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= = =
With new constitutions in place for the territories , elections were held throughout 1961 – 62 , with Welensky 's UFP being beaten in each one . In Nyasaland , the African nationalist Malawi Congress Party won a huge majority and Banda set about lobbying the British Government for the break @-@ up of the federation and the independence of Nyasaland as Malawi . In Northern Rhodesia , neither the UFP nor the two African nationalist parties held a majority , but the African nationalists united to push for independence . Welensky hoped to get a display of confidence in federation , so he dissolved parliament in mid @-@ 1962 and held elections . While his party won a huge victory , it did so because it was completely unopposed . Neither the recently formed Rhodesian Front ( RF ) nor the African nationalist parties bothered to contest it .
In Southern Rhodesia , the UFP lost the hold that it and its successor parties had for decades in the October election . Ian Smith , a former federal member of the UFP , had united with Winston Field of the Dominion Party to form the Rhodesian Front , a conservative party that was opposed to a fast rate of African political advancement and the 1961 constitution , and in support of Southern Rhodesian independence . The RF won 55 % of the vote and 35 A @-@ roll seats , while the UFP won 44 % of the vote , 15 A @-@ roll seats and 14 B @-@ roll seats . Welensky now had parties in power in all three territorial legislatures that were opposed to the federation and advocating independence for their respective territories .
= = = Dissolution = = =
With Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia now promised independence by Britain under ' one man , one vote ' constitutions , the federation was essentially dead . Southern Rhodesia , still governed by its white minority , was subject to attacks in the United Nations general assembly which regarded its constitution as unsatisfactory . It demanded ' one man , one vote ' elections , stating that this was the only " realistic answer to the powerful and irresistible urge of the indigenous people for freedom and equality " .
Accepting the end of the federation , Welensky set about ensuring that the assets of the federal government were transferred to Southern Rhodesia , making this a condition of him attending dissolution talks at Victoria Falls . Welensky refused to dine with the British delegates , on the grounds of " not choking on his food " , but ensured that the talks went smoothly . The federation was legally dissolved on 31 December 1963 .
= = Rhodesian UDI and retirement = =
With the collapse of the federation , Welensky moved to Salisbury , Rhodesia ( renamed from Southern Rhodesia after Northern Rhodesia gained independence as Zambia ) . After a short break , he was invited to lead the UFP in Rhodesia , which had recently renamed itself the Rhodesia Party . With the Rhodesian Front pushing for independence for the territory and a new constitution , the Rhodesia Party advocated the same , but with a focus on stemming white emigration and rebuilding the economy ( all three territories had slipped into recession with the end of the federation ) .
With the resignation of the RF member for the Salisbury constituency of Arundel , Welensky was given a chance to re @-@ enter the political arena . Clifford Dupont , Deputy Prime Minister , resigned his constituency in Charter to oppose Welensky . Welensky knew if the RF won the byelections it would appear as a mandate for unilateral independence ; the campaign , for only two seats , was intense . At public meetings , Welensky was heckled by opponents to ironic cries of ' Communist ' , ' traitor ' , and ' coward ' . Sharing a television platform with Smith on 3 September , Welensky talked of the economic and political dangers of a UDI , but nonetheless wished Smith luck when he departed for independence talks in London . Welensky had much more antipathy for the British Government than his RF opponents , and was disgusted at their treatment of the Rhodesians during constitutional talks :
I want to remind you that I am no friend of the present Government in Rhodesia : I have opposed their policies and can be considered a political opponent . But I was as horrified as any other Rhodesian at this cavalier treatment of a country which has , since its creation , staunchly supported , in every possible way , Britain and the Commonwealth .
On 1 October Welensky was soundly defeated by his RF opponent , with 633 votes to Dupont 's 1079 . In December he resigned the leadership of his party . When the RF declared unilateral independence on 11 November 1965 , Welensky was upset at the constitutional break with Britain . He believed that Rhodesia was entitled to her independence , and disagreed with the British government 's demand for ' no independence before majority rule ' , but was opposed to illegal action .
Welensky continued living in Rhodesia until Robert Mugabe gained power and the country became Zimbabwe in 1980 . While in London in 1971 , and by then a widower , Welensky met his second wife , Valerie Scott , an organiser for the Cities of London and Westminster Conservative Association , who was some thirty years his junior . The couple relocated in 1981 to Blandford Forum , Dorset , where he died on 5 December 1991 .
= Meningitis =
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord , known collectively as the meninges . The most common symptoms are fever , headache and neck stiffness . Other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness , vomiting , and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises . Young children often exhibit only nonspecific symptoms , such as irritability , drowsiness , or poor feeding . If a rash is present , it may indicate a particular cause of meningitis ; for instance , meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria may be accompanied by a characteristic rash .
The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses , bacteria , or other microorganisms , and less commonly by certain drugs . Meningitis can be life @-@ threatening because of the inflammation 's proximity to the brain and spinal cord ; therefore , the condition is classified as a medical emergency . A lumbar puncture diagnoses or excludes meningitis . A needle is inserted into the spinal canal to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) , that envelops the brain and spinal cord . The CSF is examined in a medical laboratory .
Some forms of meningitis are preventable by immunization with the meningococcal , mumps , pneumococcal , and Hib vaccines . Giving antibiotics to people with significant exposure to certain types of meningitis may also be useful . The first treatment in acute meningitis consists of promptly giving antibiotics and sometimes antiviral drugs . Corticosteroids can also be used to prevent complications from excessive inflammation . Meningitis can lead to serious long @-@ term consequences such as deafness , epilepsy , hydrocephalus , or cognitive deficits , especially if not treated quickly .
In 2013 meningitis occurred in about 16 million people worldwide . This resulted in 303 @,@ 000 deaths – down from 464 @,@ 000 deaths in 1990 . With appropriate treatment the risk of death in bacterial meningitis is less than 15 % . Outbreaks of bacterial meningitis occur between December and June each year in an area of sub @-@ Saharan Africa known as the meningitis belt . Smaller outbreaks may also occur in other areas of the world . The word meningitis is from Greek μῆνιγξ méninx , " membrane " and the medical suffix -itis , " inflammation " .
= = Signs and symptoms = =
= = = Clinical features = = =
In adults , the most common symptom of meningitis is a severe headache , occurring in almost 90 % of cases of bacterial meningitis , followed by nuchal rigidity ( the inability to flex the neck forward passively due to increased neck muscle tone and stiffness ) . The classic triad of diagnostic signs consists of nuchal rigidity , sudden high fever , and altered mental status ; however , all three features are present in only 44 – 46 % of bacterial meningitis cases . If none of the three signs are present , acute meningitis is extremely unlikely . Other signs commonly associated with meningitis include photophobia ( intolerance to bright light ) and phonophobia ( intolerance to loud noises ) . Small children often do not exhibit the aforementioned symptoms , and may only be irritable and look unwell . The fontanelle ( the soft spot on the top of a baby 's head ) can bulge in infants aged up to 6 months . Other features that distinguish meningitis from less severe illnesses in young children are leg pain , cold extremities , and an abnormal skin color .
Nuchal rigidity occurs in 70 % of bacterial meningitis in adults . Other signs of meningism include the presence of positive Kernig 's sign or Brudziński sign . Kernig 's sign is assessed with the person lying supine , with the hip and knee flexed to 90 degrees . In a person with a positive Kernig 's sign , pain limits passive extension of the knee . A positive Brudzinski 's sign occurs when flexion of the neck causes involuntary flexion of the knee and hip . Although Kernig 's sign and Brudzinski 's sign are both commonly used to screen for meningitis , the sensitivity of these tests is limited . They do , however , have very good specificity for mening
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itis : the signs rarely occur in other diseases . Another test , known as the " jolt accentuation maneuver " helps determine whether meningitis is present in those reporting fever and headache . A person is asked to rapidly rotate the head horizontally ; if this does not make the headache worse , meningitis is unlikely .
Meningitis caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis ( known as " meningococcal meningitis " ) can be differentiated from meningitis with other causes by a rapidly spreading petechial rash , which may precede other symptoms . The rash consists of numerous small , irregular purple or red spots ( " petechiae " ) on the trunk , lower extremities , mucous membranes , conjuctiva , and ( occasionally ) the palms of the hands or soles of the feet . The rash is typically non @-@ blanching ; the redness does not disappear when pressed with a finger or a glass tumbler . Although this rash is not necessarily present in meningococcal meningitis , it is relatively specific for the disease ; it does , however , occasionally occur in meningitis due to other bacteria . Other clues on the cause of meningitis may be the skin signs of hand , foot and mouth disease and genital herpes , both of which are associated with various forms of viral meningitis .
= = = Early complications = = =
Additional problems may occur in the early stage of the illness . These may require specific treatment , and sometimes indicate severe illness or worse prognosis . The infection may trigger sepsis , a systemic inflammatory response syndrome of falling blood pressure , fast heart rate , high or abnormally low temperature , and rapid breathing . Very low blood pressure may occur at an early stage , especially but not exclusively in meningococcal meningitis ; this may lead to insufficient blood supply to other organs . Disseminated intravascular coagulation , the excessive activation of blood clotting , may obstruct blood flow to organs and paradoxically increase the bleeding risk . Gangrene of limbs can occur in meningococcal disease . Severe meningococcal and pneumococcal infections may result in hemorrhaging of the adrenal glands , leading to Waterhouse @-@ Friderichsen syndrome , which is often fatal .
The brain tissue may swell , pressure inside the skull may increase and the swollen brain may herniate through the skull base . This may be noticed by a decreasing level of consciousness , loss of the pupillary light reflex , and abnormal posturing . The inflammation of the brain tissue may also obstruct the normal flow of CSF around the brain ( hydrocephalus ) . Seizures may occur for various reasons ; in children , seizures are common in the early stages of meningitis ( in 30 % of cases ) and do not necessarily indicate an underlying cause . Seizures may result from increased pressure and from areas of inflammation in the brain tissue . Focal seizures ( seizures that involve one limb or part of the body ) , persistent seizures , late @-@ onset seizures and those that are difficult to control with medication indicate a poorer long @-@ term outcome .
Inflammation of the meninges may lead to abnormalities of the cranial nerves , a group of nerves arising from the brain stem that supply the head and neck area and which control , among other functions , eye movement , facial muscles , and hearing . Visual symptoms and hearing loss may persist after an episode of meningitis . Inflammation of the brain ( encephalitis ) or its blood vessels ( cerebral vasculitis ) , as well as the formation of blood clots in the veins ( cerebral venous thrombosis ) , may all lead to weakness , loss of sensation , or abnormal movement or function of the part of the body supplied by the affected area of the brain .
= = Causes = =
Meningitis is typically caused by an infection with microorganisms . Most infections are due to viruses , with bacteria , fungi , and protozoa being the next most common causes . It may also result from various non @-@ infectious causes . The term aseptic meningitis refers to cases of meningitis in which no bacterial infection can be demonstrated . This type of meningitis is usually caused by viruses but it may be due to bacterial infection that has already been partially treated , when bacteria disappear from the meninges , or pathogens infect a space adjacent to the meninges ( e.g. sinusitis ) . Endocarditis ( an infection of the heart valves which spreads small clusters of bacteria through the bloodstream ) may cause aseptic meningitis . Aseptic meningitis may also result from infection with spirochetes , a type of bacteria that includes Treponema pallidum ( the cause of syphilis ) and Borrelia burgdorferi ( known for causing Lyme disease ) . Meningitis may be encountered in cerebral malaria ( malaria infecting the brain ) or amoebic meningitis , meningitis due to infection with amoebae such as Naegleria fowleri , contracted from freshwater sources .
= = = Bacterial = = =
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The types of bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis vary according to the infected individual 's age group .
In premature babies and newborns up to three months old , common causes are group B streptococci ( subtypes III which normally inhabit the vagina and are mainly a cause during the first week of life ) and bacteria that normally inhabit the digestive tract such as Escherichia coli ( carrying the K1 antigen ) . Listeria monocytogenes ( serotype IVb ) is transmitted by the mother before birth and may cause meningitis in the newborn .
Older children are more commonly affected by Neisseria meningitidis ( meningococcus ) and Streptococcus pneumoniae ( serotypes 6 , 9 , 14 , 18 and 23 ) and those under five by Haemophilus influenzae type B ( in countries that do not offer vaccination ) .
In adults , Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae together cause 80 % of bacterial meningitis cases . Risk of infection with Listeria monocytogenes is increased in persons over 50 years old . The introduction of pneumococcal vaccine has lowered rates of pneumococcal meningitis in both children and adults .
Recent skull trauma potentially allows nasal cavity bacteria to enter the meningeal space . Similarly , devices in the brain and meninges , such as cerebral shunts , extraventricular drains or Ommaya reservoirs , carry an increased risk of meningitis . In these cases , the persons are more likely to be infected with Staphylococci , Pseudomonas , and other Gram @-@ negative bacteria . These pathogens are also associated with meningitis in people with an impaired immune system . An infection in the head and neck area , such as otitis media or mastoiditis , can lead to meningitis in a small proportion of people . Recipients of cochlear implants for hearing loss are more at risk for pneumococcal meningitis .
Tuberculous meningitis , which is meningitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis , is more common in people from countries in which tuberculosis is endemic , but is also encountered in persons with immune problems , such as AIDS .
Recurrent bacterial meningitis may be caused by persisting anatomical defects , either congenital or acquired , or by disorders of the immune system . Anatomical defects allow continuity between the external environment and the nervous system . The most common cause of recurrent meningitis is a skull fracture , particularly fractures that affect the base of the skull or extend towards the sinuses and petrous pyramids . Approximately 59 % of recurrent meningitis cases are due to such anatomical abnormalities , 36 % are due to immune deficiencies ( such as complement deficiency , which predisposes especially to recurrent meningococcal meningitis ) , and 5 % are due to ongoing infections in areas adjacent to the meninges .
= = = Viral = = =
Viruses that cause meningitis include enteroviruses , herpes simplex virus ( generally type 2 , which produces most genital sores ; less commonly type 1 ) , varicella zoster virus ( known for causing chickenpox and shingles ) , mumps virus , HIV , and LCMV . Mollaret 's meningitis is a chronic recurrent form of herpes meningitis ; it is thought to be caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 .
= = = Fungal = = =
There are a number of risk factors for fungal meningitis , including the use of immunosuppressants ( such as after organ transplantation ) , HIV / AIDS , and the loss of immunity associated with aging . It is uncommon in those with a normal immune system but has occurred with medication contamination . Symptom onset is typically more gradual , with headaches and fever being present for at least a couple of weeks before diagnosis . The most common fungal meningitis is cryptococcal meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans . In Africa , cryptococcal meningitis is now the most common cause of meningitis in multiple studies , and it accounts for 20 – 25 % of AIDS @-@ related deaths in Africa . Other less common fungal pathogens which can cause meningitis include : Coccidioides immitis , Histoplasma capsulatum , Blastomyces dermatitidis , and Candida species .
= = = Parasitic = = =
A parasitic cause is often assumed when there is a predominance of eosinophils ( a type of white blood cell ) in the CSF . The most common parasites implicated are Angiostrongylus cantonensis , Gnathostoma spinigerum , Schistosoma , as well as the conditions cysticercosis , toxocariasis , baylisascariasis , paragonimiasis , and a number of rarer infections and noninfective conditions .
= = = Non @-@ infectious = = =
Meningitis may occur as the result of several non @-@ infectious causes : spread of cancer to the meninges ( malignant or neoplastic meningitis ) and certain drugs ( mainly non @-@ steroidal anti @-@ inflammatory drugs , antibiotics and intravenous immunoglobulins ) . It may also be caused by several inflammatory conditions , such as sarcoidosis ( which is then called neurosarcoidosis ) , connective tissue disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus , and certain forms of vasculitis ( inflammatory conditions of the blood vessel wall ) , such as Behçet 's disease . Epidermoid cysts and dermoid cysts may cause meningitis by releasing irritant matter into the subarachnoid space . Rarely , migraine may cause meningitis , but this diagnosis is usually only made when other causes have been eliminated .
= = Mechanism = =
The meninges comprise three membranes that , together with the cerebrospinal fluid , enclose and protect the brain and spinal cord ( the central nervous system )
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65 % of the audience were familiar with the first film .
= = = Critical reviews = = =
The film received generally mixed reviews from critics , who praised the acting , particularly the performances of Bell and Wahlberg , while criticizing the gruesome nature of the story . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 36 % of 117 critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 4 @.@ 6 out of 10 . The site 's consensus was , " Saw II is likely to please the gore @-@ happy fans of the original , though it may be too gruesome for those not familiar with first film 's premise " . Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , gives the film a score of 40 based on 28 reviews .
Robert Koehler of Variety gave the film a negative review , saying " cooking up new Rube Goldberg torture contraptions isn 't enough to get Saw II out of the shadow of its unnerving predecessor " . Gregory Kirschling of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B minus , saying " Saw II is just barely a better B flick than Saw " and that both films are " more clever and revolting than they are actually chilling " . He praised Bell 's performance as Jigsaw , saying " As the droopy @-@ lidded maniac in the flesh , Tobin Bell is , for all the film 's gewgaws , Saw II 's sturdiest horror , a Terence Stamp look @-@ alike who calls to mind a seedy General Zod lazily overseeing the universe from his evildoer 's lair " . He ended his review : " Where Saw II lags behind in Saw 's novelty , it takes the lead with its smoother landing , which is again primed to blow the movie wide open , but manages a more compelling job of it than the original 's cheat finish " .
Kevin Crust of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review , calling Saw II a " worthy follow @-@ up to its grisly predecessor " . He said the story was " much more focused on an endgame than the original film . There are fewer credibility gaps and there are plenty of reversals to satisfy fans " . He criticized the use of numerous flashbacks , saying that it " rob [ s ] us of the pleasure of actually remembering for ourselves " . Laura Kern , writing for The New York Times , gave it a mixed review , saying that Bousman " delivers similar hard @-@ core , practically humorless frights and hair @-@ raising tension , but only after getting past a shaky beginning that plays more like a forensics @-@ themed television show than a scary movie " and called Greutert 's editing " crafty " . She called the sequel " more trick than treat " and that it " doesn 't really compare to its fine predecessor - though it still manages to be eye @-@ opening ( and sometimes positively nauseating ) in itself " . Empire 's Kim Newman gave the film three out of five stars . He said that the film improves upon Saw 's " perverse fascination with Seven @-@ style murders and brutally violent puzzles " and that Jigsaw 's intellectual games make " Hannibal Lecter look like the compiler of The Sun 's quick crossword " . He ended his reviews saying , " Morally dubious it may be , but this gory melange of torture , terror and darkly humorous depravity appeals to the sick puppy within us all " .
= = = Accolades = = =
Tobin Bell was nominated for " Best Villain " at the 2006 MTV Movie Awards for his role as Jigsaw , though the award went to Hayden Christensen for his role as Darth Vader in Star Wars : Episode III – Revenge of the Sith .
= Kenny Dykstra =
Kenneth George Doane ( born March 16 , 1986 ) is an American professional wrestler best known for his time with World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) where he wrestled on its Raw and SmackDown brands under the ring names Kenny and Kenny Dykstra .
Doane was trained by former professional wrestler Killer Kowalski , and made his wrestling debut at the age of fifteen in 2001 . He began working for Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , per WWE request . In May 2003 , Doane made his WWE television debut as " Ken Phoenix " . During his time in OVW , he won the Television Championship once . After losing the title , Doane became part of the Spirit Squad faction . The team debuted on Raw in January 2006 , and won the World Tag Team Championship three months later .
Following the split of the Spirit Squad , Doane was the only member to remain on WWE television . He debuted to a new ring name " Kenny Dykstra " . In June 2007 , he was drafted to the SmackDown ! brand , but was released from his WWE contract in November 2008 . He later began working on the independent circuit , wrestling for promotions including Dragon Gate USA and Evolve .
= = Professional wrestling career = =
= = = Early career ( 2001 @-@ 2006 ) = = =
Doane made his professional wrestling debut in 2001 at the age of fifteen . He started his professional wrestling career in the New England area under the name " Broadway " Kenn Phoenix . He was later trained by professional wrestler and trainer Killer Kowalski in Malden , Massachusetts . After being contacted by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , he was asked to make appearances for their developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) . Doane made his first national television appearance in WWE at the age of 17 on the May 12 , 2003 episode of WWE Raw as Ken Phoenix . Along with his brother , Mike Phoenix , he was a participant in Rodney Mack 's ongoing " 5 @-@ Minute White Boy Challenge " where Mack defeated Caucasian wrestlers in under five minutes . Mack defeated the pair in 1 : 31 , forcing them both to submit to his new Blackout finishing hold . He made another appearance , losing to Lance Storm on an episode of Sunday Night Heat before being officially signed to a developmental deal and to OVW full @-@ time on June 4 , 2004 . On June 3 , 2005 , Doane had his first match , at the promotion , against Kenzo Suzuki , whom Doane defeated . Three weeks later , on June
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25 , 2005 , he won the Television Championship from Deuce Shade . He had successful title defenses , but Doane lost the title to CM Punk on November 9 , 2005 .
= = = World Wrestling Entertainment = = =
= = = = Raw ( 2006 – 2007 ) = = = =
After losing the Television Championship , Doane became a part of the Spirit Squad , a faction using the in @-@ ring personas of male cheerleaders , using the name " Kenny " . On the January 23 , 2006 , episode of Raw , the group helped Jonathan Coachman win a Royal Rumble qualifying match against Jerry " The King " Lawler by performing cheers for Coachman and distracting Lawler . They later became a part of the ongoing scripted feud between WWE chairman Vince McMahon and Shawn Michaels . The villainous McMahon brought in the Squad to attack Michaels on numerous occasions , including placing them in multiple handicap matches .
They also continued wrestling in the tag team division , and on April 3 , on Raw , the Squad won the World Tag Team Championship when Kenny and Mikey , with outside help from the other three Squad members , defeated the team of Big Show and Kane . After winning the championship , all five members of the team were recognized as the champions , allowing any combination of them to defend the championship .
Three weeks later , McMahon scheduled another handicap match , with the Spirit Squad facing Michaels . The match never started , however ; instead the Spirit Squad brutally beat down Michaels , ripping apart his ring attire and , as part of the storyline , shattered his knee with a steel chair . McMahon then called Triple H to the ring to attack Michaels with a sledgehammer ; however , Kenny snatched the sledgehammer away from him , disrespecting Triple H , which led to him attacking the group . Triple H and Michaels revived their former team , D @-@ Generation X ( DX ) , and began a feud with the Spirit Squad . DX played various sophomoric pranks on the team and the McMahons ( Vince and his son Shane ) , as well as defeating the Spirit Squad in handicap tag team matches at Vengeance and a clean sweep in an elimination handicap match at Saturday Night 's Main Event .
At the same time as their feud with DX and their alignment with McMahon , the team also wrestled other teams in Raw 's tag division over the World Tag Team Championship . The group successfully defended the tag team championship against the teams of Jim Duggan and Eugene , Charlie Haas and Viscera , and Snitsky and Val Venis . They then entered a lengthy feud with The Highlanders , whom they eventually defeated to retain the title at Unforgiven .
The Squad as a whole later began a losing streak with separate members losing singles matches to Ric Flair on consecutive episodes of Raw . After two consecutive losses to the debuting Cryme Tyme , Kenny attacked Mikey on the October 23 episode of Raw , and announced that he was going to defeat Flair . Kenny was successful , despite Flair attempting to even the odds by bringing other WWE Legends ( Dusty Rhodes , Sgt. Slaughter , and " Rowdy " Roddy Piper ) to the ring with him . It was then announced that Flair and a legend , selected by interactive voting , would wrestle the team for the World Tag Team Championship at the Cyber Sunday pay @-@ per @-@ view in early November . The fans chose Piper , and he and Flair defeated Kenny and Mikey to win the championship .
The group disbanded on the November 27 Raw after losing a five @-@ on @-@ three match against Flair and DX . Later that night , DX placed all five members into a crate stamped " OVW , Louisville , Kentucky " , a reference to the developmental territory from which the Squad had come .
After the breakup of the Spirit Squad , he debuted new attire , new theme music , and a new name ; Kenny Dykstra , which was an homage to baseball player Lenny Dykstra . He became interested in joining the group Rated @-@ RKO , which consisted of Edge and Randy Orton . In order to join , he was told to prove himself first . He continued the feud with Ric Flair that led to the breakup of the Spirit Squad , managing to pick up three straight victories over Flair before finally losing to him . After the feud with Flair , Dykstra become a mainstay on Raw 's sister show Heat , having feuds with both Eugene and Val Venis .
He then formed a tag team with Johnny Nitro , but the duo split when Kenny was drafted to the SmackDown ! brand on June 17 , 2007 , as part of the WWE Supplemental Draft while Nitro was drafted to ECW .
= = = = SmackDown ! and departure ( 2007 – 2008 ) = = = =
Dykstra made his debut on the July 6 , 2007 episode of SmackDown ! in a losing effort to the re @-@ debuting Chuck Palumbo . On the July 20 , 2007 episode of SmackDown ! , Dykstra participated in a 20 @-@ man battle royal for the World Heavyweight Championship and was eliminated by Chris Masters ; later on that evening , he lost to Matt Hardy in singles competition .
Dykstra formed an on @-@ screen relationship with Victoria on the July 27 episode of SmackDown ! . The two teamed together in mixed tag team matches , usually against Jimmy Wang Yang and Torrie Wilson or Chuck Palumbo and Michelle McCool . They also regularly accompanied each other to the ring for matches .
After a leave of absence from television in the first half of 2008 , Dykstra made his return on the August 15 episode of SmackDown , losing to WWE Champion Triple H. On November 10 , 2008 , WWE announced Doane had been released from his contract .
= = = Independent circuit ( 2009
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who was one of the people responsible for leading the project of mapping the human genome and that he was interested enough in the subject to tie it into the show 's alien mythology . The scientific basis for extraterrestrials persuaded the writers to help Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully 's ( Gillian Anderson ) beliefs come together , which was furthered in the later seasons of the show . Frank Spotnitz claimed that the ideas used in this episode had been discussed between him and Carter for a few years , and had become easier to bring up after clearing away elements of the conspiracy in the episodes " Two Fathers " and " One Son " . Carter developed the script in Vancouver , Canada while working on the pilot for his series Harsh Realm , providing pages to the production crew via the fax machine .
Professor Solomon Merkmallen was portrayed by Michael Chinyamurindi , who had moved to the U.S. ten years earlier and had previously tried out for the episode " Teliko " in season four . A number of Los Angeles , California based African immigrants were used for the fishermen on the African coast . Duchovny expressed anxiety during filming due to the imminent birth of his first child , who was born two days after filming concluded .
The University scenes were shot at UCLA . The African coastline was filmed at Leo Carillo State Beach . Conditions meant that the crew only had approximately 45 minutes per day for filming there . The spacecraft was created digitally and the effect ended up costing approximately $ 150 @,@ 000 . The extraterrestrial writing on the artifacts was based on the Kecksburg Incident , where an extraterrestrial object appeared in a small town in December 1965 . Hosteen Etsity , who previously assisted with the episode " The Blessing Way " oversaw the Navajo symbols and religious ceremonies in the episode .
A large portion of the episode was based on the ancient astronaut theory , which proposes that intelligent extraterrestrial beings have visited Earth in antiquity or prehistory and made contact with humans . Frank Spotnitz later remarked that he was astounded at how little negative fan mail the show received , despite the fact that the " Biogenesis " / " The Sixth Extinction " / " Amor Fati " story arc heavily hinted that aliens were the originators of the notion of God and religion . He credited the manner in which the show handled this delicate subject , saying , " Often in the past , we 've done stuff where I was sure we would get angry letters . But we rarely do . And the reason is because of the way we handle things . In ' Amor Fati ' we treated the religious side with respect . " The ancient astronaut themes were later revisited in the two season nine
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was one of the first attempts by a Spanish writer of the colonial era to depict the unfair treatment that the indigenous people endured during the early stages of the Spanish conquest of the Greater Antilles , particularly the island of Hispaniola . Las Casas 's point of view can be described as being heavily against some of the Spanish methods of colonization , which , as he described them , inflicted great losses on the indigenous occupants of the islands . His account was largely responsible for the adoption of the New Laws of 1542 , which abolished native slavery for the first time in European colonial history and led to the Valladolid debate .
The book became an important element in the creation and propagation of the so @-@ called Black Legend – the tradition of describing the Spanish empire as exceptionally morally corrupt and violent . It was republished several times by groups that were critical of the Spanish realm for political or religious reasons . The first edition in translation was published in Dutch in 1578 , during the religious persecution of Dutch Protestants by the Spanish crown , followed by editions in French ( 1578 ) , English ( 1583 ) , and German ( 1599 ) – all countries where religious wars were raging . The first edition published in Spain after Las Casas 's death appeared in Barcelona during the Catalan Revolt of 1646 . The book was banned by the Aragonese inquisition in 1659 .
The images described by Las Casas were later depicted by Theodore de Bry in copper plate engravings that helped expand the Black Legend against Spain .
Las Casas , Bartolomé de ( 1999 ) . Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies . Nigel Griffin . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 14 @-@ 044562 @-@ 6 .
= = = Apologetic History of the Indies = = =
The Apologetic Summary History of the People of These Indies ( Spanish Apologética historia summaria de las gentes destas Indias ) was first written as the 68th chapter of the General History of the Indies , but Las Casas changed it into a volume of its own , recognizing that the material was not historical . The material contained in the Apologetic History is primarily ethnographic accounts of the indigenous cultures of the Indies – the Taíno , the Ciboney , and the Guanahatabey , but it also contains descriptions of many of the other indigenous cultures that Las Casas learned about through his travels and readings . The history is apologetic because it is written as a defense of the cultural level of the Indians , arguing throughout that indigenous peoples of the Americas were just as civilized as the Roman , Greek and Egyptian civilizations — and more civilized than some European civilizations . It was in essence a comparative ethnography comparing practices and customs of European and American cultures and evaluating them according to whether they were good or bad , seen from a Christian viewpoint .
He wrote : " I have declared and demonstrated openly and concluded , from chapter 22 to the end of this whole book , that all people of these our Indies are human , so far as is possible by the natural and human way and without the light of faith – had their republics , places , towns , and cities most abundant and well provided for , and did not lack anything to live politically and socially , and attain and enjoy civil happiness .... And they equaled many nations of this world that are renowned and considered civilized , and they surpassed many others , and to none were they inferior . Among those they equaled were the Greeks and the Romans , and they surpassed them by many good and better customs . They surpassed also the English and the French and some of the people of our own Spain ; and they were incomparably superior to countless others , in having good customs and lacking many evil ones . " This work in which Las Casas combined his own ethnographic observations with those of other writers , and compared customs and cultures between different peoples , has been characterized as an early beginning of the discipline of anthropology .
= = = History of the Indies = = =
The History of the Indies is a three @-@ volume work begun in 1527 while Las Casas was in the Convent of Puerto de Plata . It found its final form in 1561 , when he was working in the Colegio de San Gregorio . Originally planned as a six @-@ volume work , each volume describes a decade of the history of the Indies from the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 to 1520 , and most of it is an eye @-@ witness account . It was in the History of the Indies that Las Casas finally regretted his advocacy for African slavery , and included a sincere apology , writing , " I soon repented and judged myself guilty of ignorance . I came to realize that black slavery was as unjust as Indian slavery ... and I was not sure that my ignorance and good faith would secure me in the eyes of God . " ( Vol II , p . 257 )
= = Las Casas in posterity = =
Las Casas 's legacy has been highly controversial . In the years following his death his ideas became taboo in the Spanish realm , and he was seen as a nearly heretical extremist ; the accounts written by his enemies Lopez de Gómara and Oviedo were widely read and published . As the British empire rose to power and hostilities between the British and Spanish began , the British used Las Casas 's accounts of Spanish cruelty as a political tool making it part of the foundation of what Spanish nationalists have called the Black Legend , the tendency of historians to slander Spain for its imperial past , while looking mildly at the same undertakings by others such as the British .
Anti @-@ Las Casas history @-@ writing reached its climax with Spanish right @-@ wing , nationalist historians in the late 19th and early 20th centuries constructing a pro @-@ Spanish White Legend , arguing that the Spanish empire was benevolent and just , and denying any adverse consequences of Spanish colonialism . Spanish pro @-@ imperial historians such as Menéndez y Pelayo , Menéndez Pidal , and J. Pérez de Barrada depicted Las Casas as a madman , describing him as a " paranoic " and a monomaniac given to exaggeration , and as a traitor towards his own nation . Menéndez Pelayo also accused Las Casas of having been instrumental in suppressing the publication of Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda 's " Democrates Alter " ( also called Democrates Secundus ) out of spite , but other historians find this unlikely since it was rejected by the theologians of both Alcalá and Salamanca who were unlikely to be influenced by Las Casas .
= = = Critiques = = =
Las Casas has also often been accused of exaggerating the atrocities he described in the Indies , some scholars holding that the initial population figures given by him were too high , making the population decline look worse than it actually was , and that epidemics of European disease were the prime cause of the population decline , not violence and exploitation . Demographic studies such as those of colonial Mexico by Sherburne F. Cook in the mid @-@ 20th century suggested that the decline in the first years of the conquest was indeed drastic – ranging between 80 and 90 % , due of course to many different causes , but all ultimately traceable to the arrival of the Europeans . The overwhelming main cause was disease introduced by the Europeans . It has also been noted that exaggeration of numbers was the norm in writing in 16th @-@ century accounts , and both contemporary detractors and supporters of Las Casas were guilty of similar exaggerations .
It has also been suggested that the atrocities that Las Casas described were exaggerated or even invented , but this is not generally considered likely as Las Casas was far from the only person to be deeply worried about abuse and mistreatment of the Indians . The Dominican friars Antonio de Montesinos and Pedro de Córdoba had reported extensive violence already in the first decade of the conquest of the Indies , and throughout the conquest of the Americas there were reports of abuse of the natives by friars and priests and ordinary citizens , and many massacres of indigenous people were reported in full by those who perpetrated them . Even some of Las Casas 's enemies , such as Toribio de Benavente Motolinia , reported many gruesome atrocities committed against the Indians by the colonizers . All in all , modern historians tend to disregard the numerical figures given by Las Casas , but maintain that the general picture he presented of an intensely violent and abusive conquest did represent reality .
One persistent point of criticism has been Las Casas 's repeated suggestions of replacing Indian with African slave labor . Even though he regretted this position towards the end of his life and included an apology in his History of the Indies , some later criticism held him responsible for the institution of the Atlantic slave trade . One detractor , the abolitionist David Walker , called Las Casas a " wretch ... stimulated by sordid avarice only , " holding him responsible for the enslavement of thousands of Africans . Other historians , such as John Fiske writing in 1900 , denied that Las Casas 's suggestions affected the development of the slave trade . Benjamin
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40 metres ( 130 ft ) deep . It shows a dark colour and semiannular shape in satellite images and has been interpreted as a phreatic crater . The complex is located at the southwest end of a volcano @-@ tectonic depression formed by local fault systems . These fault systems channel magma during eruptions ; usually no eruption column is formed . The formation of the depression may be influenced by the emptying of magma chambers associated with the volcano . The complex is located on 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) thick crust . A crustal low seismic velocity anomaly is located beneath Cerro Blanco , called the Southern Puna Magma Body .
= = = Megaripple fields = = =
Mega ripple marks formed by gravel are also found in the Cerro Blanco area and are among the most extreme on Earth . These are formed from wind @-@ driven processes acting on local ignimbrites , including saltation of fine grains and sand during wind . Ripples have amplitudes varying 0 @.@ 1 – 2 metres ( 3 @.@ 9 in – 6 ft 6 @.@ 7 in ) and wavelengths of 10 – 30 metres ( 33 – 98 ft ) . Coarse gravel is found at their top and more fine silt in their lower parts . Pumice blocks are found in the lee surfaces of the ripples , with the interripple areas relatively flat . Unlike dunes these structures do not migrate once stably formed . The material these structures is formed from includes lithic clasts with densities 2 @,@ 600 – 3 @,@ 000 kilograms per cubic metre ( 4 @,@ 400 – 5 @,@ 100 lb / cu yd ) and pumices with densities 800 – 1 @,@ 300 kilograms per cubic metre ( 1 @,@ 300 – 2 @,@ 200 lb / cu yd ) . The formation of the ripples is associated with bedrock ridges . These ripple marks have been compared to Martian ripple fields .
The largest field is named Campo Piedra Pómez ( centered 26 ° 36 ′ 17 @.@ 30 ″ S 67 ° 34 ′ 50 @.@ 46 ″ W ) and covers a surface area of 600 square kilometres ( 230 sq mi ) , descending from 3 @,@ 800 metres ( 12 @,@ 500 ft ) at La Hoyada in the south to 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) Carachipampa volcano in the north . The megaripples in this field are dark , formed from older ignimbrites and lavas of the 70 @,@ 000 @-@ year @-@ old Piedra Pómez ignimbrite . Northwest of Cerro Blanco caldera and towards Laguna Purulla lies another field ( centered 26 ° 39 ′ 49 @.@ 97 ″ S 67 ° 48 ′ 55 @.@ 83 ″ W ) with a surface area of 127 square kilometres ( 49 sq mi ) , It has a dark colour from andesitic lava and falls down from 4 @,@ 100 metres ( 13 @,@ 500 ft ) altitude at La Hoyada to 3 @,@ 700 metres ( 12 @,@ 100 ft ) at Laguna Purulla . Reddish @-@ brown Rosada ignimbrites and white basement material are also components of this field . Other fields are the 12 square kilometres ( 4 @.@ 6 sq mi ) Campo Purulla ( centered 26 ° 37 ′ 12 @.@ 27 ″ S 67 ° 46 ′ 00 @.@ 66 ″ W ) field downslope of Cerro Purulla with a distinct albedo from the 13 @,@ 000 years old Purulla ignimbrite , and the 54 square kilometres ( 21 sq mi ) Salar de Incahuasi ( centered 26 ° 31 ′ 53 @.@ 61 ″ S 67 ° 41 ′ 36 @.@ 93 ″ W ) field from the Piedra Pómez ignimbrite of a brown colour .
= = Climate = =
The Puna climate in the area is a high desert climate with high insolation and long @-@ term aridity . The desert environment of the Puna results in low levels of erosion . Plant growth is minor . Wind speeds of 33 kilometres per hour ( 21 mph ) are regularly found and may play a role in the formation of megaripples . While there are no meteorological data for the Piedra Pómez area , a similar climate is found in Salar del Rincón where in 2014 temperatures − 19 @.@
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content to record just two sides of musical gibberish , the MOI devote four full sides to their type of " artistry " . If anyone owns this album , perhaps he can tell me what in hell is going on ... The Mothers of Invention , a talented but warped quintet , have fathered an album poetically entitled Freak Out , which could be the greatest stimulus to the aspirin industry since the income tax .
However the album did develop a major cult following in the US by the time MGM / Verve had been merged into a division of PolyGram in 1972 . At that time many MGM / Verve releases including Freak Out ! were prematurely deleted in an attempt to keep the struggling company financially solvent . Zappa had already moved on to his own companies Bizarre Records and Straight Records which were distributed by Warner Bros. Records . Freak Out ! was initially more successful in Europe and quickly influenced many English rock musicians . According to David Fricke , the album was a major influence on The Beatles ' Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . Paul McCartney regarded Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band as The Beatles ' Freak Out ! However , Zappa criticized the Beatles , as he felt they were " only in it for the money " .
Freak Out ! was honored with the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1999 , ranked at number 243 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the " 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " in 2003 , and featured in the 2006 book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . The album was named as one of Classic Rock magazine 's " 50 Albums That Built Prog Rock " .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Frank Zappa except where noted .
On the 1995 and 2012 CD releases , " Help , I 'm a Rock " is credited as two tracks : " Help , I 'm a Rock " ( 4 : 43 ) and " It Can 't Happen Here " ( 3 : 57 )
= = Credits = =
The Mothers of Invention
Frank Zappa – guitar , conductor , vocals
Jimmy Carl Black – percussion , drums , vocals
Ray Collins – vocals , harmonica , cymbals , sound effects , tambourine , finger cymbals , bobby pin & tweezers
Roy Estrada – bass & guitarron , boy soprano
Elliot Ingber – alternate lead & rhythm guitar with clear white light
The Mothers ' Auxiliary
Gene Estes – percussion
Eugene Di Novi – piano
Neil Le Vang – guitar
John Rotella – clarinet , sax
Carol Kaye – 12 @-@ string guitar
Kurt Reher – cello
Raymond Kelley – cello
Paul Bergstrom – cello
Emmet Sargeant – cello
Joseph Saxon – cello
Edwin V. Beach – cello
Arthur Maebe – French horn , tuba
Motorhead Sherwood – noises
Kim Fowley - hypophone
Mac Rebennack – piano
Paul Butterfield – vocals
Les McCann – piano
Jeannie Vassoir – ( the voice of Cheese )
Production
Producer : Tom Wilson
Engineering director : Val Valentin
Engineers : Ami , Tom , Val Valentin
Assistant : Eugene Dinovi , Neil Levang , Vito , Ken Watson
Musical director : Frank Zappa
Orchestration : Frank Zappa
Arranger : Frank Zappa
Cover design : Jack Anesh
Hair stylist : Ray Collins
= = Charts = =
Album
= Music of L.A. Noire =
The music for the 2011 neo @-@ noir detective video game L.A. Noire , developed by Team Bondi and published by Rockstar Games , was composed by musicians Andrew Hale and Simon Hale . Recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London , the score also features contributions from Woody Jackson , who had collaborated with Rockstar on previous projects . Andrew Hale felt that composing the game 's score was about setting a mood , attempting to compose music that felt accessible to players . The score was inspired by films from the 1940s , though the team avoided specifically composing for this time period , instead opting to focus on that after the music had been produced . Three supplementary vocal recordings were composed by The Real Tuesday Weld and performed by Claudia Brücken ; they also sought to fit with the game 's setting .
The soundtrack album for L.A. Noire was released in May 2011 . A second soundtrack , entitled L.A. Noire Remixed EP , was released on the same day , consisting of six jazz classics remixed by contemporary DJs . Critical reception to the soundtracks was positive , as reviewers felt that the music connected appropriately with the gameplay and time period . The game 's music was nominated for numerous awards .
= = Production and composition = =
L.A. Noire features an original score . The game 's score accompanies the gameplay , alerting players at specific times ; musical cues play when players approach items of interest during investigations . Like other games published by Rockstar , L.A. Noire also contains licensed music tracks provided by an in @-@ game radio . Over thirty songs , from artists such as Billie Holiday , Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald , feature in the game . To work on the score , the team engaged Andrew Hale and Simon Hale , as well as Woody Jackson , who had previously collaborated with the team on Red Dead Redemption ( 2010 ) . Recorded at Abbey Road Studios , the score was inspired by orchestral scores from 1940s films . In addition to the original score and licensed tracks , the game also features original vocal recordings that " create an authentic sound to suit the musical identity of the period " . When The Real Tuesday Weld were commissioned to compose the original compositions , they sought vocals that could " evoke the period " , ultimately falling upon Claudia Brücken . Three vocal tracks were produced : " ( I Always Kill ) The Things I Love " , " Guilty " , and " Torched Song " .
Music supervisor Ivan Pavlovich stated that Rockstar 's focus on authenticity and realism inspired the composers to reflect the focus in the music . Andrew Hale felt that composing the game 's score was a flexible process " about setting a mood " , as opposed to a " mechanical " process in which the music was specifically composed to fit with the time frames of the game ; the composers decided to focus on the latter after the music was produced . They also attempted to compose something that felt accessible to players , avoiding exclusively focusing on swing or jazz . Andrew Hale felt that the orchestral score assisted in this .
= = Albums = =
= = = L.A. Noire Official Soundtrack = = =
L.A. Noire Official Soundtrack comprises songs from the game , composed and produced by Andrew Hale and Simon Hale . The soundtrack spans 28 tracks , covering a duration of 55 minutes , and features additional songs composed and performed by The Real Tuesday Weld and Claudia Brücken . It was first released on the iTunes Store on 17 May 2011 , alongside L.A. Noire Remixed . The score was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London . Additional music was composed by Woody Jackson .
In the context of the game , the soundtrack was well received . Kirk Hamilton of Kotaku ranked it upon the best game music of 2011 , appreciating the " vibe " that it sets for the genre and time period
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/ 33 and 2 / 30 , removing Milton , Colin Cowdrey and captain Peter May early on the first day to help Australia take the initiative after the tourists had batted first . The match also marked the start of behind @-@ the @-@ scenes rumblings about the bowler 's action .
Meckiff 's career peaked at the Second Test , which began on New Year 's Eve , 1958 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . It was his first international fixture in front of his home crowd , and also marked the start of his career @-@ long public problem with accusations of throwing . The match was dominated by the Victorian and his left @-@ arm pace partner Davidson ; the pair took 18 of the 20 English wickets to fall . England 's first innings was headlined by Davidson 's 6 / 64 ; Meckiff took 3 / 69 , including the wicket of England captain May for 113 with a swinging ball , which breached the batsman 's defence and crashed into the stumps . This ended a century partnership with Cowdrey , and triggered a collapse that saw England be dismissed for 259 , the last six English wickets falling for 49 runs . Meckiff rated the ball as the best of his career . He made a duck as the hosts replied with 308 to take a 49 @-@ run lead . It was in England 's second innings that Australia 's left @-@ arm pacemen were at their most potent ; apart from one over from Benaud the pair bowled unchanged to dismiss England for 87 in the 32nd over , Meckiff taking 6 / 38 . Backed a by a vocal home crowd , the Victorian dismissed opener Richardson for three , before removing Bailey , Tom Graveney and Cowdrey in quick succession . He followed this by removing the English skipper for a second time to leave England at 7 / 71 . This set up a comfortable Australian victory as they reached their target of 39 with the loss of two wickets . The Australian pace duo were aided by a series of difficult , diving catches . The pair combined forces when Davidson caught May , and then Graveney , in the leg trap behind square from the bowling of his fellow left @-@ armer , who called the reflex catches " absolutely unbelievable " . Meckiff described the hometown atmosphere as " electrifying " , and attributed his performance to the crowd support .
The match ended on the eve of Meckiff 's 24th birthday , but Australian celebrations were marred by English journalists , who levelled accusations of throwing against him and some of his colleagues . The evening edition of the Melbourne Herald carried a column by former English spinner Johnny Wardle , accusing Meckiff of " throwing England out " . Wardle 's piece was written confrontationally , as a series of sentences starting with " I accuse " . This was followed by more anti @-@ Meckiff comments in the English press , including one that dubbed the bowler " the greatest ogre of international cricket since Larwood " . The Evening News proclaimed : " Meckiff 's throwing was devastating " and The Star said : " at least two of his wickets were obtained by deliveries which looked to be thrown " . Former England spinner Ian Peebles asserted that Meckiff and Gordon Rorke threw " the greater number of balls they deliver " , while former English paceman Alf Gover claimed that none of the left @-@ armer 's deliveries were legal ; it was " ridiculous that a player of his action should be the agent of England 's destruction " . According to Australian writer Jack Pollard , such headlines relegated the Cold War , which usually occupied the front pages , to the interior of the English newspapers .
By contrast to the strident condemnation of Meckiff in the English press , Australian opinion was mixed . The former Test opener and leading commentator Jack Fingleton said : " when he [ Meckiff ] delivered to Bailey , his fastest ball looked most suspect " and that the left @-@ armer should have been called for throwing . Fingleton claimed to know of five former Australian Test cricketers who felt that Meckiff threw , but only named the 1930s paceman Ernie McCormick . Former Australian player Tommy Andrews claimed : " if they stop throwing in Australia , cricket will die " . Former Australian captain Ian Johnson argued that if Meckiff were to be cited for an illegal action for jerking his wrist , then leading English bowlers such as Trueman , Brian Statham and Tony Lock , who played against Australia during the season , should also be sanctioned . As with Meckiff , Lock was under scrutiny at the time and later tried to change his bowling action but the new style coincided with a downturn in results . Johnson also noted that any successful spinner would be called for throwing if the law were enforced strictly because of their flicking of the wrist and fingers during the delivery of the ball , as they could not otherwise extract spin . In 1993 , Robert Coleman , the historian of the Victorian Cricket Association , decried the anti @-@ Meckiff campaign as " Fleet Street bleating " , and said : " there have been no more hysterical outbursts on the subject [ of throwing ] than occurred during England 's 1958 – 59 tour " . Writing decades after the event , Pollard said " Meckiff , in fact , went to the crease with a beautifully relaxed approach , paused momentarily with his arm absolutely straight , and then let the ball go with a blurred swing of the arm that was impossible to follow from 60 yards away , even with the aid of good binoculars . "
Journalists who wrote books about the 1958 – 59 season made thinly veiled references to the controversy in the names of their work . Fingleton 's account on the series was entitled Four Chukkas to Australia , while E. N. Wellings labelled his tome The Ashes Thrown Away , and accused Meckiff , along with Burke , Rorke and Keith Slater of throwing for Australia in the Tests . An Australian television debate program featured an entire session where English journalists Wellings and Crawford White discussed the throwing issue with former Australian Test cricketers Keith Miller and Sid Barnes .
In the Third Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground Meckiff took one wicket — Bailey — in the first innings , before breaking down with an injury in the second . This ruled him out of the Fourth Test , and he missed
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ian assisted materially in the continued advance of his platoon . His actions were at all time in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service .
After a month to recover from his wounds , Kizirian rejoined his unit , which was assigned to Sugar Loaf Hill . The Marines battled over one ridge after another toward NaHa , the capital city . On three separate occasions Kizirian was tossed in the air by Japanese artillery and mortar fire while he provided covering fire for other members of his unit , who were retreating down a slope . Kizirian 's company moved to a burial ground where Japanese soldiers were hiding in holes dug in the nearby hillsides . During the operation , someone yelled , " Two over your head ! " Kizirian responded by killing both of the enemy combatants with his carbine . Kizirian would later recall , " I must have shot four clips into those guys , I got them before they got me . " Moments later , an enemy rushed towards Kizirian with a sword . Kizirian managed to kill the enemy with a pistol and took the sword .
The battalion commander was killed , and soon afterwards , orders arrived to seek and destroy any enemy combatants around NaHa . On June 11 , 1945 , Kizirian was assigned the special task of patrolling to locate elements of an enemy reserve platoon . His unit moved to attack Japanese soldiers entrenched along a ridge line . Through the smoke and dust , he noticed six stretcher bearers and a wounded Marine that were under heavy machine gun fire . Disregarding his own safety , Kizirian placed himself in the line of fire and single @-@ handedly attacked the enemy emplacement . The Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces that confronted Kizirian shot him in the legs and abdomen . Unable to walk , he still managed to make his way forward using his elbows to a position where he was able to shoot and kill all 12 soldiers manning the machine gun . Due to these actions , Kizirian was awarded the Navy Cross , the second highest medal in the United States military . The citation provides details about the event :
The Navy Cross is presented to Harry Kizirian , Corporal , U.S. Marine Corps ( Reserve ) , for extraordinary heroism while serving as an Automatic Rifleman of Company E , Second Battalion , Twenty @-@ second Marines , Sixth Marine Division , in action against enemy Japanese forces on Okinawa , Ryukyu Islands , on 11 June 1945 . Returning from an assigned mission of locating elements of a reserve platoon , Private First Class Kizirian observed a stretcher party of Marines pinned down and suffering casualties while attempting to evacuate the wounded of an adjacent unit . Determined to reach a more advantageous position to deliver accurate fire on the enemy , he unhesitatingly moved forward . Immediately exposed to additional hostile fire which wounded him in both legs and abdomen , he continued to drag himself forward by pressure of his elbows , alternately firing and advancing until he had killed all twelve of the Japanese in the emplacement . By his outstanding courage and aggressive fighting spirit , Private First Class Kizirian enabled the stretcher party to advance and evacuate the wounded . His gallant devotion to duty throughout was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service .
After making a recovery , Kizirian and the Marine units took the capital city of NaHa and were preparing for another assault . Kizirian 's unit had fought its way to the crest of a hill and dug in . Kizirian was standing watch at the company command post inside an Okinawa burial ground . When replacements joined the company , many Japanese soldiers harassed the lines by infiltrating the positions of the more inexperienced soldiers . Kizirian ordered that flares should be fired at irregular intervals to would illuminate the scene and distract the enemy . The idea proved successful and the newly arrived Marines soon had the situation under control .
During a break in fighting at Okinawa , Kizirian was photographed by a member of the press . The picture that later appeared on the cover of the June 24 , 1945 issue of The New York Times Sunday Magazine . The photograph became the face of the battle for thousands of Americans .
After serving seventeen months overseas , Kizirian received discharge from the Marine Corps on February 11 , 1946 .
= = Military awards = =
Kizirian 's military decorations and awards include :
In 1947 , Kizirian was awarded the Rhode Island Cross by Rhode Island Governor John Pastore for extraordinary heroism in World War II . Kizirian is one of three recipients of this medal which is the highest military award of the state of Rhode Island .
= = Other awards and recognition = =
In 1987 , the Rhode Island Chapter of the American Society for Public Administration ( ASPA ) presented him with its John O. Stitely Distinguished Public Service Award . Upon his retirement , a special stamp cancellation showing the flag @-@ raising on Battle of Iwo Jima was issued in his honor .
In October 1994 , Kizirian was honored by his own Atwood @-@ Bucci Detachment of the U.S. Marine Corps League . The tribute was attended by Providence Mayor Vincent Cianci , Senator John Pastore , and Rhode Island governor Bruce Sundlun with letters read from Postmaster General Marvin Runyon .
On February 2 , 1996 , President Bill Clinton signed House Resolution 1606 which renamed the post office located at 24 Corliss Street , Providence , Rhode Island , as the Harry Kizirian Post Office Building . It was the first United States federal building named after an Armenian American . The opening ceremony was attended by Mayor Vincent Cianci , House of Representative Jack Reed , Senator John Chafee and Governor of Rhode Island Lincoln Carter Almond . The area outside the post office was named Harry Kizirian Plaza in his honor . Additionally , on May 26 , 2001 , the Providence City Council passed a resolution that renamed Smith Hill 's Camden Avenue School after Kizirian .
Kizirian received the Seven Seals Award from the Rhode Island committee of the Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve in recognition of his three @-@ year term as state chairman . Rhode Island College bestowed its alumni service award on him in 1986 , and he received an honorary doctorate in humanities from Roger Williams College in 1983 . In May 2002 , he received an honorary doctor of public service degree from Rhode Island College . The Ocean State Charities private nonprofit foundation that serves to assist other nonprofit and social service agencies throughout the state of Rhode Island has named an award after Kizirian .
= = Community service = =
Kizirian served as a member of the board of directors of Butler Hospital , the Greater Providence Chamber of Commerce , the Providence YMCA , Rhode Island Blue Cross , the Rhode Island Heart Association , and the Rhode Island
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Pam , and their final talking heads . Roth Cornet of IGN awarded the episode a 9 out of 10 , denoting an " amazing " episode . She was highly pleased with the final fifteen minutes , noting that " in those final moments , this series hit every note we could have wanted , without overplaying any of them . " She concluded that it " was a strong hour of television [ and ] the finale shone and delivered on all of its promise . " Hillary Busis of Entertainment Weekly praised the entry , writing that " for anyone who ’ s stuck with The Office through thick and thin ... last night 's 75 @-@ minute @-@ long finale was pretty much perfect . " She wrote that " the finale had no shortage of sob @-@ inducing moments " , and positively applauded all of the characters ' various happy endings .
Nick Campbell of TV.com wrote that the episode was " just right " for the series , and that it highlighted the fact that " the ending was more about the fact that you took a journey with these characters . " He wrote that all of the character 's subplots had emotion , even if they appeared slightly contrived . Ultimately he concluded that " it felt okay to say goodbye because it was the right atmosphere . " James Poniewozik of Time wrote that the finale was " touching , sweet , funny , messy , a little manipulative . And in the end , it worked . " He found that " The stuff that was like latter @-@ seasons Office " , such as Andy and Dwight 's antics , were " all right " but that " the stuff that recalled the sweep of the whole series was wonderful . " Poniewozik was slightly critical of Pam and Jim 's story , noting that in the grand scheme of the show it was successful , but that it makes slightly less sense when one examines it closely ; however , he felt that even " if the details don 't add up , the emotions do " . He concluded that the episode " worked mostly as an epilogue " and allowed the cast of the series to have their final moments .
Brian Lowry of Variety positively wrote that the finale " ignored " the last few seasons ' missteps and was " awash in warmth and inside gags " . He concluded that the show " deserved to finish on top " , and that while some of the scenes , such as Dwight 's wedding seemed " a little bit trite " , the resulting product was successful . Michael Tedder of Vulture awarded the episode five stars out of five and wrote that the episode was able to provide solid conclusions for all of the characters . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an " A – " and wrote that " the quality of this series finale is found in the way it functions right now , in the afterglow of a TV show to which many devoted more than 100 hours of their lives . Some aspects of
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against outside opponents in 1856 as it won once , lost twice , and had one tie ; he scored ten times , and records for two games showed that his defensive position was shortstop . The Knickerbockers had a 2 – 2 win – loss record in competitive games during 1857 that Adams participated in . Playing three times at shortstop and once at first base defensively , he contributed 12 runs offensively , including a six @-@ run effort in the Knickerbockers ' 37 – 23 victory over the Empire club on June 24 . In 1858 , Adams made four appearances for the Knickerbockers against outside opposition and scored nine runs , but the team went 1 – 3 in the games . He varied his defensive positioning between second base , third base , and shortstop .
= = Playing style = =
As a player , Adams created the concept of the shortstop position , according to Thorn and Baseball Hall of Fame researcher Freddy Berowski . In the first five years the Knickerbockers played , the team fielded anywhere from eight to eleven players . The only infielders were the players covering each of the bases ; if there were more than eight players , extra outfielders were sometimes used . The outfielders had difficulty throwing baseballs into the infield , because of the balls ' light weight . Adams ' shortstop position , at which he started playing in about 1849 or 1850 , was used to field throws from the outfielders and throw to the three infielders . With the advent of higher @-@ quality baseballs , Adams moved toward the infield , since the distance the balls could travel increased . Prior to the invention of the shortstop , large gaps existed in the defensive positioning of infields ; defensive players tended to stand by bases , leaving empty space in between them for batters . The shortstop filled one of the two gaps .
Adams hit left @-@ handed ; he said that his batted balls occasionally went into a river by the Elysian Fields , the ground in Hoboken , New Jersey , where the Knickerbockers practiced and played . Adams had a long on @-@ field career with the Knickerbockers ; he remained a player with the team until 1859 . He did not limit his play to shortstop ; he fielded at every position except pitcher . Little is known about the relative performance of early baseball players , and the game was largely recreational , as opposed to competitive . Thorn speculates that Adams may have been " the best player of the 1840s " , citing his lengthy playing career as evidence .
= = Equipment maker and umpire = =
In addition to playing the game , Adams was involved in the production of early baseball equipment . He personally manufactured baseballs for a period of time , supplying many New York City @-@ based clubs . Adams found that when the ball was more tightly stitched , it became " livelier " : it traveled further when batted or thrown . According to author Peter Morris , Adams ' ball @-@ manufacturing efforts helped to keep the Knickerbockers in operation during their first few years , as they would otherwise have had difficulty finding balls . In later years Adams gathered rubber from old galoshes for the insides of baseballs . A tanner then used horsehide to create the balls . As late as 1863 , Adams was one of the three most prominent makers of baseballs in New York , continuing to produce them by hand . Adams also played a role in producing baseball bats , choosing which wood to use and overseeing the manufacturing process .
Adams also worked occasionally as an umpire in significant games . One notable example was the final contest of a three @-@ game series between all @-@ star teams from Brooklyn and New York City , held on September 10 , 1858 , in Long Island . During the game , which the New York City all @-@ stars won 29 – 18 , Adams became the first umpire to use a new rule allowing for a strike to be called against a batter who did not swing at a pitch in the strike zone . Previously , strikes were only called when a batter swung at a pitch and missed . Three batters were ruled out on strikes called by Adams in the game . Otherwise , the called strike rule was not applied often in its first few years of existence .
= = Knickerbockers and NABBP executive = =
The Knickerbockers held elections annually to determine who would serve as officials . At the club 's second election , held on May 5 , 1846 , Adams was named the Knickerbockers ' vice president . At an April 1847 meeting , he became the president of the team , and was re @-@ elected in 1848 and 1849 . He was the leader of a " Committee to Revive the Constitution and By @-@ Laws " of baseball in 1848 . Adams was not chosen as an officer in 1851 , but the next year was named one of the club 's three treasurers ; he was elected to the same position the following two years . The number of baseball teams in the New York City area started to grow during the early 1850s , as the Washington Base Ball Club ( also known as the Gotham Ball Club ) and Eagle Base Ball Club were founded or reorganized . The Eagle Base Ball Club , desiring a unified set of rules , sent a message to the Knickerbockers requesting that a
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committee be formed . Adams was one of the three Knickerbockers members selected to be on the committee , and the clubs agreed on a set of rules , which were presented at the Knickerbockers ' meeting on April 1 , 1854 . At the same meeting , Adams was voted into the position of club director .
After again being named a director in 1855 , Adams became president of the Knickerbockers for the fourth time , winning an election held at the club 's April 5 , 1856 , meeting . He remained the team 's president in 1857 , and after not being named as an officer the next three years , was elected president in 1861 . During his time as the club 's president , the Knickerbockers ' organization was emulated by newly formed teams , and Adams himself was considered a " respected " figure by members of other clubs . According to author Andrew J. Schiff , Adams was among the most powerful baseball figures of the era . Concurrently , Adams maintained his New York City medical practice .
= = = Number of players and game length = = =
A supporter of nine @-@ man baseball teams , Adams favored a measure in 1856 which allowed for players from outside the Knickerbockers to join their intrasquad games when 17 or fewer team members appeared . No rules existed at the time regarding team size , but official games between clubs were typically played with nine men per club . The proposal was defeated by a 13 – 11 vote , in favor of a rule forbidding non @-@ club members to play if there were 14 players ( seven per team ) .
A two @-@ man committee was created with the aim of working with the Eagle and Washington clubs to resolve the debate over how many players to field in official games . Duncan F. Curry and William F. Ladd were chosen as the committee members , but Ladd withdrew and Adams was named as a substitute . His partner on the committee , Curry , had led the opposition to nine @-@ man teams . Adams and Curry also differed on another issue : the length of games . At the time , a baseball game lasted until one of the teams had 21 runs ; that team was awarded the victory . A change in how games were won was deemed necessary after the suspended game in 1854 . Adams favored nine @-@ inning games , while Curry wanted contests to last seven innings . A convention was scheduled for early 1857 , and Adams joined a three @-@ man committee tasked with encouraging local clubs to send delegates . At the convention , which consisted of one session each in January and February , Adams was voted president . The Knickerbockers had voted among themselves to back seven @-@ inning games , but the other teams backed a motion for nine @-@ inning contests , which passed .
These changes were incorporated in the " Laws of Base Ball " , written by Adams . He authored the initial draft of the regulations with what The New York Times ' Richard Sandomir called " an upright script and strong hand . " The " Laws " included regulations governing bat and ball sizes , and a ban on betting by players and umpires . Fellow Knickerbocker William H. Grenelle copied Adams ' work onto blue pages and made modifications and notations as the convention progressed . Among other changes , Grenelle crossed out part of the rule Adams had written on game length ; he replaced the number nine with seven , before the motion that settled the issue was introduced . In March , the Knickerbockers changed their rules to match those passed at the convention . In May 1857 , Adams presided over a player convention where nine @-@ inning games were officially made part of the rules of baseball for participating teams .
= = = Distance between bases and campaign against bound rule = = =
In March 1858 , the National Association of Base Ball Players ( NABBP ) was formed at another convention . Adams was one of the Knickerbockers ' two delegates , having been selected at a February meeting attended by representatives from 25 clubs . He held the chairmanship of the association 's rules and regulations committee , and drafted the new organization 's initial set of rules . These included a clarification of the prescribed distance between bases , which under Knickerbocker Rules had been set at " forty @-@ two paces " between home plate and second base , and " forty @-@ two paces , equidistant " between first and third base . Historians differ on whether the bases were roughly 90 feet ( 27 m ) apart , or a shorter distance . Thorn has written that the pace itself may have been " an imprecise and variable measure , to gauge distances by ' stepping off ' , " and Adams described the rule as " rather vague . " At the 1857 convention , it was decided that bases would be " securely fastened upon the four corners of a square whose sides are roughly thirty yards . " As rules committee chairman for the new NABBP , Adams made the baselines 90 feet ( 27 m ) from one base to another , the distance seen in modern baseball . He ruled on the distance between home plate and the pitcher 's mound as well , making them 45 feet ( 14 m ) apart . In addition , the committee mandated that clubs have nine players per side , which became the norm . It also created the called strike rule , in an effort to reduce pitch totals and the time required to play games .
Adams campaigned for a further change in the rules of baseball , involving when outs were recorded . At the time , an out was allowed when the ball was caught by a fielder after one bounce ; this was known as the " bound rule " . Adams supported a ban on such outs , calling his preferred rule " the fly @-@ game " . Under the style of play he backed , when a fly ball was hit a fielder would have to catch the ball before it touched the ground for an out to be made . This was similar to rules on catches in cricket , and would serve to increase the level of skill required from fielders . The Knickerbockers had enacted a rule mandating the " fly @-@ catch " by 1857 .
The Knickerbockers attempted to introduce the fly rule more widely at the 1857 convention , with a proposal that permitted the continued use of the bound rule for foul balls . Despite widespread support from sportswriters , the proposed rule change was voted down . Writer William Hershberger said that the decision showed " the limits of the Knickerbockers ' influence and divisions within the baseball fraternity . " The rule change was proposed to the NABBP annually by Adams but did not pass . At the 1858 NABBP convention , a vote on eliminating the bound rule was unsuccessful . Opponents raised concerns that the proposal would dramatically lengthen game times . Despite his support for the fly rule , in 1858 Adams successfully motioned for NABBP regulations , including outs on bounces , to apply to the Knickerbockers . He did so because he was reluctant to oppose the rules of the NABBP . Shortly after his motion , he organized a Knickerbockers meeting to discuss the fly rule and " obtain a reconsideration " of the newly passed resolution . At the meeting , the Knickerbockers decided to exclude outs on bounces from their practice games and contests against teams that supported the fly rule . In future years , the club remained an advocate of eliminating the bound rule , but Adams ' continued efforts were rejected . A split in the rules and regulations committee caused it to avoid supporting the fly game at the NABBP 's 1859 convention , and votes at the 1860 and 1861 conventions maintained the bound rule . Adams ' final comments about the regulation at an NABBP convention indicated that he believed it would soon be modified . The bound rule started losing support by 1863 , after Adams left the Knickerbockers , and outs on bounced balls were outlawed in 1864 .
= = = Retirement = = =
In addition to his other roles , Adams regularly served as a delegate on behalf of the Knickerbockers at the NABBP 's annual meetings . He remained with the Knickerbockers in an executive role until March 26 , 1862 , when he retired having served 12 years overall in various non @-@ playing capacities . Upon leaving his position , the club named him an honorary member . He received a scroll from the Knickerbockers , which referred to him as " The Nestor of Ball Players " , alluding to a mythical king known for offering advice . Adams also resigned from his role as rules committee chairman of the NABBP .
= = Later life = =
Adams and Cornelia Cook married in 1861 , and remained together until Adams ' death . The couple had five children ; the first , a son named Charles , died less than a month after his birth in 1864 . The others , two sons ( Frank and Roger ) and two daughters
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the harp to French orchestras . Each verse of the strophic " Chiamo il mio ben cosi " is accompanied by different solo instruments . In Vienna these were flute , horns , and English horns , but in 1774 Gluck was required to change this orchestration to that of a single horn and two clarinets , again replacing uncommon instruments with those in far more widespread usage . During the aria " Chiamo il mio ben cosi " and the interspersing recitatives Gluck added another offstage orchestra consisting of strings and chalumeaux , in order to provide an echo effect .
= = Scores and librettos = =
For the original 1762 Italian version , Orfeo ed Euridice , azione teatrale in three acts , the libretto was published by van Ghelen ( Vienna , 1762 ) and the full score by Duchesne ( Paris , 1764 ) . Many 18th @-@ century manuscript copies of the full score may be found in libraries , including the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Vienna , the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek in Vienna , the Bibliothèque Nationale ( BNF ) in Paris , the Bibliothèque @-@ Musée de l 'Opéra in Paris , and the British Library in London . A critical edition , edited by Anna Amalie and Ludwig Finscher , was published in 1963 as part of Bärenreiter 's Sämtliche Werke ( " Complete Works " ) .
For the 1774 French version , Orphée et Eurydice , tragédie opéra in three acts , the libretto was published by Delormel ( Paris , 1774 ) and the full score by Lemarchand ( Paris , 1774 ) . A critical edition , edited by Ludwig Finscher , was published in 1967 as part of Bärenreiter 's Sämtliche Werke . Substantial fragments of autograph scores are in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris and the Bibliothèque @-@ Musée de l 'Opéra in Paris .
Many scores are available online , including :
Orfeo ed Euridice , azione teatrale per musica , Gluck 's 1762 Italian version in Parisian 18th @-@ century manuscript copies at the BNF 's Gallica website :
full score ( BnF ms D @-@ 9215 , 1764 or later ) , originally from the Intendance des Menus @-@ Plaisirs
full score ( BnF ms VM4 @-@ 46 , 1769 or later ) , originally from the Bibliothèque Royale
full score ( BnF ms RES @-@ 2397 , 1769 or later ) , after the Duchesne edition ( engraved by Cambon , Paris , 1764 ) , originally from the library of the Paris Conservatory
Orphée et Euridice , tragédie , opera en trois actes ( Paris : Lemarchand ) , Gluck 's 1774 Paris Opera version , full score at Gallica
Orphée , opéra en quatre actes , Berlioz 's 1859 Théâtre Lyrique version :
libretto ( Paris : Calmann @-@ Lévy ) at the Internet Archive
vocal score with piano reduction by Thédore Ritter ( Paris : Heugel ) at the Internet Archive
Orfeo ed Euridice and Orphée et Eurydice : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
= = Recordings = =
There have been numerous recordings of the different versions , especially of the Berlioz adaptation featuring a female Orfeo . The British contralto Kathleen Ferrier and American mezzo @-@ soprano Marilyn Horne were especially notable interpreters . In recent years , recordings and stage productions of the Vienna version of the opera have featured countertenors in the role of Orpheus . Countertenors Derek Lee Ragin , Jochen Kowalski , René Jacobs , James Bowman , and Michael Chance have recorded Orfeo ed Euridice . The role of Orfeo has also been performed and recorded by tenors and even baritones such as Dietrich Fischer @-@ Dieskau , who has made three recordings of the role . Until recent times , most recordings of all versions were cut or altered in some way .
Recordings of the French version for tenor are still relatively rare due to a lack of genuine haute @-@ contres : there is one from the mid @-@ 1950s starring Léopold Simoneau opposite his wife Pierrette Alarie , and Nicolai Gedda also recorded the role in 1955 . ( Simoneau 's version has been available on CD , although not at present , but Gedda 's recording
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other television shows for ABC and the duo created and executive produced Teen Angel , which was canceled in its first season . Jean returned full @-@ time to The Simpsons during the tenth season ( 1998 ) . He became show runner again with the start of the thirteenth season in 2001 , without Reiss , and has held that position since . Jean was also one of the writers and producers who worked on The Simpsons Movie , a feature @-@ length film based on the series , released in 2007 .
= = Personal life and education = =
Al Jean was born Alfred Ernest Jean III on January 9 , 1961 . He was born and raised in Farmington Hills , Michigan , graduated from Farmington Hills Harrison High School , and is of Irish ancestry . Jean arrived at Harvard University when he was sixteen years old and graduated in 1981 with a bachelor 's degree in mathematics . Daryl Libow , one of Jean 's freshman roommates , said he was a " math whiz " when he arrived at Harvard but " soon blossomed and found his comedic feet . " In Holworthy Hall at Harvard , Jean met fellow freshman Mike Reiss ; they befriended one another and collaborated their writing efforts for the humor publication Harvard Lampoon . Jeff Martin , another writer for the Lampoon , said " they definitely loomed large around the magazine . They were very funny guys and unusually polished comedy writers for that age . We were never surprised that they went on to success . " Jean has also stated that the duo spent most of their time at the Lampoon , adding that " it was practically my second dorm room . " He eventually became vice @-@ president of the publication .
Jean currently lives in Los Angeles , California with his wife , television writer Stephanie Gillis . The two were wed in Enniskerry , Ireland in 2002 . Jean also has two daughters . They were nineteen and five years old respectively in January 2010 .
= = Career = =
= = = Early career and The Simpsons = = =
The humor magazine National Lampoon hired Jean and Reiss after they graduated in 1981 . During the 1980s , the duo began collaborating on various television material . During this period they worked as writers and producers on television shows such as The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson , ALF , Sledge Hammer ! and It 's Garry Shandling 's Show . In 1989 , Jean was offered a job as a writer on the animated sitcom The Simpsons , a show created by Matt Groening , James L. Brooks , and Sam Simon that continues to air today . Many of Jean 's friends were not interested in working on The Simpsons because it was a cartoon and they did not think it would last long . Jean , however , was a fan of the work of Groening , Brooks , and Simon , and therefore took the job together with Reiss .
The duo became the first members of the original writing staff of The Simpsons and worked on the thirteen episodes of the show 's first season ( 1989 ) . While watching the first episode of the show , " Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire " , premiering on television in December 1989 , Jean opined to himself that the series was the greatest project he had been involved with and desired to continue working on it for the rest of his professional career . What he enjoyed most about The Simpsons at the time was something he recognized from Brooks ' previous work : although the show was largely based on humor , it had depth and warmth .
Although Jean has been credited as the sole writer of several episodes of the show , he considers the process to be mainly collaborative : " the principal writer [ of an episode ] has , at most , written 40 % of the script . It 's a real team effort . " The person who is credited as the writer in
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1093 , 46021 , 5 , 7 , 281 , ? , 13 , 13 , 25633 , 20771 , 71 , 11 , 19 , ? , 7 , 7 , 5 , 233 , 46145917691 , 1613 , 66161 , 77867 , 17 , 8039 , 11 , 29 , 23 , 5 , 229 , 1283 , 829 , ? , 257 , 491531 , ? , ... ( For k =
21 , 29 , 47 , 50 , even the next value is unknown )
= = = Wieferich numbers = = =
A Wieferich number is an odd natural number n satisfying the congruence 2φ ( n ) ≡ 1 ( mod n2 ) , where φ denotes the Euler 's totient function ( according to Euler 's theorem , 2φ ( n ) ≡ 1 ( mod n ) for every odd natural number n ) . If Wieferich number n is prime , then it is a Wieferich prime . The first few Wieferich numbers are :
1 , 1093 , 3279 , 3511 , 7651 , 10533 , 14209 , 17555 , 22953 , 31599 , 42627 , 45643 , 52665 , 68859 , 94797 , 99463 , … ( sequence A077816 in the OEIS )
It can be shown that if there are only finitely many Wieferich primes , then there are only finitely many Wieferich numbers . In particular , if the only Wieferich primes are 1093 and 3511 , then there exist exactly 105 Wieferich numbers , which matches the number of Wieferich numbers currently known .
More generally , a natural number n is a Wieferich number to base a , if aφ ( n ) ≡ 1 ( mod n2 ) .
Another definition specifies a Wieferich number as odd natural number n such that n and <formula> are not coprime , where m is the multiplicative order of 2 modulo n . The first of these numbers are :
21 , 39 , 55 , 57 , 105 , 111 , 147 , 155 , 165 , 171 , 183 , 195 , 201 , 203 , 205 , 219 , 231 , 237 , 253 , 273 , 285 , 291 , 301 , 305 , 309 , 327 , 333 , 355 , 357 , 385 , 399 , … ( sequence A182297 in the OEIS )
As above , if Wieferich number q is prime , then it is a Wieferich prime .
= = = Lucas – Wieferich primes = = =
A Lucas – Wieferich prime associated with the pair of integers ( P , Q ) is a prime p such that Up − ε ( P , Q ) ≡ 0 ( mod p2 ) , where Un ( P , Q ) denotes the Lucas sequence of the first kind and ε equals the Legendre symbol <formula> . All Wieferich primes are Lucas @-@ Wieferich primes associated with the pair ( 3 , 2 ) .
= = = = Fibonacci – Wieferich primes = = = =
Let Q
= − 1 , P be any natural number , these primes are called P @-@ Fibonacci – Wieferich primes or P @-@ Wall – Sun – Sun primes , and if P =
1 , they are called Fibonacci @-@ Wieferich primes , and if P
= 2 , they are called Pell – Wieferich primes . For example , 241 is a Wieferich prime when P =
3 , so it is a 3 @-@ Fibonacci @-@ Wieferich prime or 3 @-@ Wall – Sun – Sun prime . In fact , 3 is an n @-@ Fibonacci @-@ Wieferich prime if and only if n congruent to 0 , 4 , or 5 ( mod 9 ) , like the traditional Wieferich primes , 3 is a base n Wieferich prime if and only if n congruent to 1 or 8 ( mod 9 ) .
= = = Wieferich places = = =
Let K be a global field , i.e. a number field or a function field in one variable over a finite field and let E be an elliptic curve . If v is a non @-@ archimedean place of norm qv of K and a ∈ K , with v ( a ) = 0 then v ( aqv − 1 − 1 ) ≥ 1 @.@ v is called a Wieferich place for base a , if v ( aqv − 1 − 1 ) > 1 , an elliptic Wieferich place for base P ∈ E , if NvP ∈ E2 and a strong elliptic Wieferich place for base P ∈ E if nvP ∈ E2 , where nv is the order of P modulo v and Nv gives the number of rational points ( over the residue field of v ) of the reduction of E at v.
= William B. Davis =
William Bruce Davis ( born January 13 , 1938 ) is a Canadian actor and director , best known for his role as The Smoking Man on The X @-@ Files . Besides appearing in many TV programs and movies , Davis founded his own acting school , the William Davis Centre for Actors Study . In his personal life , Davis is an avid water @-@ skier , lectures on skepticism at events such as the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 's CSICon , and advocates for action on climate change . In 2011 Davis published his memoir , Where There ’ s Smoke .... The Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man .
= = Early life and education = =
Davis was born in Toronto , Canada , to a lawyer father and psychologist mother . He began his acting career as a child in 1949 , in radio drama and summer stock theatre . His cousins Murray and Donald Davis ran the Straw Hat Players in Ontario in the late 1940s and early 1950s , and rehearsed in the basement of Davis ' house . When they needed a boy they gave William his first professional acting job . He went on from there to have a career as a boy actor on Canadian Broadcasting Corporation radio before his voice broke . In 1955 he enrolled in the University of Toronto to study philosophy , but actively pursued a career as an actor alongside future actor Donald Sutherland . In 1959 , he graduated from the University of Toronto with a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy . While at university he switched his attention from acting to directing and with his partner , Karl Jaffary , took over and ran the Straw Hat Players for four years .
= = Career = =
In 1960 Davis went to England to train at LAMDA ( The London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art ) . He worked in the UK for the next five years directing in repertory theatres and acting schools . He was artistic director of the Dundee Repertory Theatre . His last position in the UK was as an assistant director at The National Theatre of Great Britain under Laurence Olivier where he worked with Albert Finney , Maggie Smith , Derek Jacobi , and Ronald Pickup among others . He returned to Canada in 1965 to work at
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The National Theatre School of Canada and soon , at the age of 28 , was appointed artistic director of the English Acting Section . During this period he was also active as a freelance director at major Canadian theatres . In 1971 he joined the newly formed Drama Department at Bishop 's University in Lennoxvile , Quebec . While there he became the founding artistic director of Festival Lennoxville , a professional summer theatre that ran for the next decade .
Returning to Toronto in the late seventies Davis spent several years as a radio drama director and on the faculty of Humber College . In demand as an acting teacher during this period , he resumed acting after an absence of nearly twenty years . Davis earned a number of roles on stage and film before accepting the position of artistic director of the Vancouver Playhouse Acting School , which required relocating with his wife and family . Davis writes in his memoir , " And so , in the fall of 1985 , we hitched our second hand boat to our second hand car and drove across the country " .
While his time at the Vancouver Playhouse was short @-@ lived , he remained in Vancouver where he founded his own acting school , The William Davis Centre for Actors Study , a training ground for several future stars including Lucy Lawless . Acting roles became more frequent leading to his iconic role , The Smoking Man ( also referred to as " The Cancer Man " ) , on The X @-@ Files where he made frequent appearances for the next nine years . In addition to The X @-@ Files , Davis has played a wide range of roles , on series from Stargate SG @-@ 1 to Smallville and a host of television movies and other projects . From time to time he attends fan conventions , signing autographs and copies of his memoir .
In recent years Davis has returned to directing for theatre and film . He wrote and directed three short films and co @-@ wrote and directed several episodes of a television series for CBC Television , 49th & Main . In 2011 he directed two plays for The United Players of Vancouver , Waste by Harley Granville Barker and Hay Fever by Noël Coward . Most recently he directed The Habit of Art ( 2013 ) by Alan Bennett , Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Jersey Lily ( 2015 ) by Katie Forgette and Robert Bolt ’ s A Man for All Seasons at the Jericho Arts Centre in Vancouver , British Columbia .
During that period , he also aired in 10 episodes of the Canadian hit show Continuum as Older Alec Sadler on Showcase . Most recently , Davis his reprised his iconic X @-@ Files role in the six @-@ episode Season 10 . [ 17 ] Fox aired the six @-@ episode event from January 24 – February 22 , 2016 , and enjoyed great ratings , making each four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ hour session in the make @-@ up chair worth it for the “ iconic ” villain .
= = Personal life = =
Despite being known for his smoking character , Davis quit smoking in the 1970s ; when The X @-@ Files started up , he was given a choice between herbal cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes . At first , he chose to use tobacco cigarettes , but switched to herbal because he was afraid of becoming addicted to them again . Davis used his notoriety on the show to assist The Canadian Cancer Society in its programs to combat smoking . In 2014 , Davis donated his investments that support fossil fuels to the David Suzuki Foundation in an effort to both ethically invest , and help fund work to fight climate change . Davis is a passionate advocate for action in response to climate change , believes it is a critical issue of our time and speaks on the subject often . Taking action on a personal level , Davis drives a Tesla powered by hydroelectricity .
He is also a former national champion water skier and for a time held various records in older age divisions . In a conversation with Brendan Beiser , Davis states he holds the record for tricks in his age category , adding " I did hold the slalom record until this past year until some young whippersnapper of 65 from Ontario took the record away from me " .
In 2011 , Davis married Emmanuelle Herpin . He has two daughters , Melinda and Rebecca , from an earlier marriage . He also has two grandchildren .
= = Skepticism = =
While on The X @-@ Files , Davis was constantly challenged by The X @-@ Files fans about his non @-@ belief in the paranormal and aliens
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. Davis credits Barry Beyerstein and Committee for Skeptical Inquiry ( CSI ) for introducing him to the skeptic community . Davis became increasingly involved in the skeptical movement and began to give lectures as a skeptical spokesman at universities across North America and at skeptic conventions , including CSI 's CSICON in New Orleans .
When asked about his belief in the paranormal at the London Film and Comic Con in 2010 , Davis replied , " The onus is on you to prove the extraordinary ... I did a lot of research and saw where a lot of the arguments were wanting . "
Interviewed by Jacob Fortin on guilt about being a skeptic on a show that Richard Dawkins campaigned against , Davis replied that at first he had some trepidation until realizing that Dawkins " had no evidence whatsoever and presented none " that the show encouraged people to think uncritically . " The show is fiction ... it isn 't a documentary . " In another interview with Justin Trottier of Center for Inquiry Canada Davis answered similarly , adding that from his own informal polls of audiences of X @-@ Files fans it seemed there was no greater belief in the paranormal than the normal population and he comforted himself with this thought .
Asked about a debate Davis moderated with alien abduction believer John E. Mack , Davis said that many people expected him to support Mack , but they discovered that he was " way on the other side " . Davis recounted that he had some great discussions with Mack ; " He was brilliant ... he was wrong , but he was very good ... One of the problems with human intelligence is that we are so good at defending ideas that we arrived at irrationally . "
= = Filmography = =
= = = Film = = =
= = = Television = = =
= Hispanics in the United States Coast Guard =
Hispanics in the United States Coast Guard can trace their tradition of service to the early 19th century , when they initially performed duties at light house stations as keepers and assistant keepers in its predecessor services ( the United States Revenue Cutter Service and the United States Life @-@ Saving Service ) . Hispanic is an ethnic term employed to categorize any citizen or resident of the United States , of any racial background , of any country , and of any religion , who has at least one ancestor from the people of Spain or is of non @-@ Hispanic origin , but has an ancestor from Mexico , Puerto Rico , Cuba , Central or South America , or some other Hispanic origin . The three largest Hispanic groups in the United States are the Mexican @-@ Americans , Puerto Ricans , and Cubans .
According to the U.S. Census Bureau the estimated Hispanic population of the United States is over 50 million , or 16 % of the U.S. population , and Hispanics are the nation 's largest ethnic or racial minority . The 2010 U.S. Census estimate of over 5
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such as rappelling down buildings . The addition of the Hunter in Episode Two was particularly well received by critics ; Computer and Video Games stated that they were challenging to fight and were " a very welcome addition " to the series , while IGN stated that the Hunters were " impressively designed ... [ they are ] sleek and powerful all at once and reek of malicious alien intelligence . "
The Combine were ranked at # 22 in IGN 's ' Top 100 Videogame Villains ' list .
= Tropical Storm Alma =
Tropical Storm Alma of the 2008 Pacific hurricane season was the easternmost forming Pacific tropical cyclone on record . It formed within the monsoon trough just off the coast of Costa Rica on May 29 . Initially forecast to remain a weak tropical storm , the cyclone rapidly strengthened and developed an eye before making landfall in Nicaragua near León with peak winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) . Alma was the first tropical storm on record to strike the Pacific coast of Nicaragua . In Costa Rica , heavy rainfall caused flooding and landslides , killing two and causing $ 35 million ( USD ) in damage . Three people were killed in Nicaragua , one from drowning and two others from electrocution . Five others died in Honduras from an aviation accident likely related to the storm and one other was swept away in floodwaters .
= = Meteorological history = =
Towards the end of May 2008 , computer hurricane models forecast the development of a broad low pressure area to the southwest of Central America . On May 26 , a large trough extended from the southwestern Caribbean Sea across Costa Rica into the eastern Pacific Ocean , forming a broad low pressure area across the region . A scattered area of strong convection developed , partially in association with the Intertropical Convergence Zone . Located within an area of weak steering currents , the disturbance remained nearly stationary , and on May 27 its shower activity increased in organization . Initially the system consisted of several cyclonic swirls , of which the most pronounced one was located about 340 miles ( 550 km ) west @-@ southwest of San José , Costa Rica . The system gradually became better organized , and with a sufficiently well @-@ developed circulation and convective structure , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) classified the system as Tropical Depression One @-@ E at 0300 UTC on May 29 , about 105 miles ( 165 km ) west @-@ northwest of Cabo Blanco , Costa Rica .
With a mid @-@ level ridge located in the Gulf of Mexico , the depression drifted generally northward through an area of warm water temperatures and low wind shear . Initially its convection was weak and confined to a few rainbands far from the center . As such , intensification was not expected beyond minimal tropical storm status . However , the system quickly developed intense thunderstorms near the center with increased banding in its southern semicircle , and at 1500 UTC on May 29 the NHC upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Alma , about 55 miles ( 85 km ) southwest of Managua , Nicaragua . Its intensity was set at 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) , and the storm was forecast to intensity only slightly more before moving ashore . However , one hour after it was upgraded to tropical storm status , the NHC re @-@ assessed the intensity as 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) , citing updated observations from satellite imagery and QuikSCAT . An eye feature formed , surrounded by a very tight ring of convection , and at around 1900 UTC on May 29 Alma made landfall near León , Nicaragua as a strong tropical storm . The storm quickly weakened after moving ashore , though a small area of thunderstorms persisted as it crossed into the mountainous region of southern Honduras . After passing near Tegucigalpa Alma weakened to tropical depression status , and at 1500 UTC on May 30 the cyclone dissipated near the border of Honduras and Guatemala . On May 31 , after crossing Central America as a low pressure area , Alma 's remnants moved into the Gulf of Honduras and spawned Tropical Storm Arthur .
= = Preparations and impact = =
Coinciding with the first advisory on the depression , the government of Costa Rica issued a tropical storm warning for the entire Pacific coast of the country . About four hours prior to landfall , when Alma was named , a tropical storm warning was in effect for the entire coastlines of Costa Rica , Nicaragua , Honduras , and El Salvador . When it was realized the storm was much stronger than previously thought , a hurricane warning was issued for the coasts of Nicaragua and Honduras , and Alma was forecast to attain hurricane status . Prior to moving ashore , the NHC warned that the storm could produce up to 20 inches ( 500 mm ) of rainfall , resulting in mudslides and flash flooding . The National Emergency Commission of Costa Rica activated emergency shelters prior to the arrival of the storm ; 250 people in Parrita evacuated from their homes . In Nicaragua , officials evacuated about 5 @,@ 000 people , while 3 @,@ 000 troops were mobilized to assist in the aftermath of the storm .
When Tropical Storm Alma made landfall it produced moderate to heavy rainfall across Central America . The city of David , Chiriquí in western Panama reported 5 @.@ 75 inches ( 141 mm ) of precipitation in 48 hours . Additionally , the capital city of San José , Costa Rica reported 3 @.@ 07 inches ( 78 mm ) of rainfall in a 48 ‑ hour period . In Costa Rica , the precipitation caused river flooding , threatening 17 communities . It also caused widespread mudslides , which closed at least eight roads . The storm downed trees
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@ bar conclusion .
This movement was portrayed by Robert Simpson as arising from the ashes and ruins left by the conflict in the first movement . In the first edition of his book he expressed hesitation over analysing this part , feeling that it either requires a very deep analysis , or should be described in the fewest possible words . Jack Lawson , founder and president of The Carl Nielsen Society of Great Britain , commented that in the second movement , the listener " inhabits a world reborn , at first calm but a world which produces new struggles and menacing dangers " and " transports the listener through the depths or above the heights of more standard musical perceptions " .
= = Interpretation = =
Though bearing no title , Nielsen affirmed that the Fifth Symphony , like his previous symphonies , presents " the only thing that music in the end can express : resting forces in contrast to active ones . " In a statement to his student Ludvig Dolleris , Nielsen described the symphony as " the division of dark and light , the battle between evil and good " and the opposition between " Dreams and Deeds " . To Hugo Seligman he described the contrast between " vegetative " and " active " states of mind in the symphony . As such , the symphony is widely stated to be a work about contrast and opposition .
The composer asserted that he was not conscious of the influence of World War I when composing the symphony , but added that " not one of us is the same as we were before the war . " Simon Rattle also described the Fifth Symphony , rather than the Fourth as proclaimed by the composer , as being Nielsen 's war symphony . In fact , the phrase " dark , resting forces , alert forces " can be found on the back cover of the pencil draft score . Nielsen might have considered it an encapsulation of the contrast both between and within the two movements of the symphony . Nielsen also wrote to Dolleris about the presence of the " evil " motif in the first movement of the Fifth Symphony :
Then the " evil " motif intervenes — in the woodwind and strings — and the side drum becomes more and more angry and aggressive ; but the nature @-@ theme grows on , peaceful and unaffected , in the brass . Finally the evil has to give way , a last attempt and then it flees — and with a strophe thereafter in consoling major mode a solo clarinet ends this large idyll @-@ movement , an expression of vegetative ( idle , thoughtless ) Nature .
Although Nielsen asserted that the symphony is non @-@ programmatic , he once expressed his views on it thus :
I 'm rolling a stone up a hill , I 'm using the powers in me to bring the stone to the top . The stone lies there so still , powers are wrapped in it , until I give it a kick and the same powers are released and the stone rolls down again . But you mustn 't take that as a programme !
= = Reception = =
The immediate reception of the press to the symphony was generally positive , especially the first movement . Axel Kjerulf wrote that in the Adagio section , he heard a Dream giving way to a " Dream about Deeds ... Carl Nielsen has maybe never written more powerful , beautiful , fundamentally healthy and genuine music than here . " However , critics were more hesitant towards the second movement . In August Felsing 's review , he commented that " Intellectual art is what the second part is , and it is a master who speaks . But the pact with the eternal in art which shines forth in the first part is broken here . " Musicians ' opinions were divided . Victor Bendix , a long @-@ time supporter and friend , wrote to Nielsen the day after the premiere , calling the work a " Sinfonie filmatique , this dirty trenches @-@ music , this impudent fraud , this clenched fist in the face of a defenceless , novelty @-@ snobbish , titillation @-@ sick public , commonplace people en masse , who lovingly lick the hand stained with their own noses ' blood ! "
A Swedish performance on
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residential and commercial areas and narrows into a four @-@ lane undivided road called Sylvan Avenue , turning to the east and crossing CR 503 . After intersecting the Bergen Turnpike at the modified Little Ferry Circle , which US 46 runs through , the route crosses the Hackensack River into Ridgefield Park on the Route 46 Hackensack River Bridge . In Ridgefield Park , the route is called Winant Avenue and becomes a four @-@ lane divided highway before briefly becoming undivided again . Upon turning back into a divided highway , US 46 comes to a large interchange with I @-@ 95 / New Jersey Turnpike . Past this interchange , the route widens to six lanes and crosses the Overpeck Creek into Ridgefield . Upon entering Palisades Park , the road has an interchange with Route 93 before reaching a diamond interchange with US 1 @-@ 9 .
US 46 continues southeast as a four @-@ lane freeway , with the US 1 @-@ 9 ramps following the route a short distance before merging into the route . At this point , US 1 @-@ 9 become concurrent with US 46 and the freeway makes a sharp turn to the north @-@ northeast . The road has an interchange to the 5th Street and 6th Street frontage roads , which parallel the freeway through residential areas and provide access to CR 501 . US 1 @-@ 9 / US 46 continue into Fort Lee , where it has access to a couple commercial areas via RIRO before encountering the northern terminus of Route 63 at a westbound exit and eastbound entrance . From here , the highway becomes a surface road that continues past more businesses and homes with RIRO access , angling northeast as it comes to an exit for Main Street . Immediately past this point , the road turns east and encounters a complex interchange with I @-@ 95 , the eastern terminus of Route 4 , and the southern terminus of US 9W . Here , US 1 @-@ 9 / US 46 all join I @-@ 95 ( although US 46 is unsigned east of this interchange ) and continue to the southeast along a multilane freeway with local @-@ express lane configuration consisting of four local lanes and four express lanes in each direction , passing numerous high @-@ rise buildings . The road has an interchange with Route 67 at GWB Plaza before coming to the eastbound toll plaza for the George Washington Bridge . Past the toll plaza , there is an interchange for the Palisades Interstate Parkway . After the Palisades Interstate Parkway , the road crosses the Hudson River on the George Washington Bridge , which has eight lanes total on the upper deck ( formed from the express lanes ) and six lanes total on the lower deck ( formed from the local lanes ) . At the New Jersey / New York border on the bridge , US 46 ends while I @-@ 95 and US 1 @-@ 9 continue into the borough of Manhattan in New York City on the Trans @-@ Manhattan Expressway .
= = History = =
= = = Routes 5 , 10 and 12 : 1916 @-@ 1927 = = =
Prior to 1927 , what is today US 46 was followed by three different routes . The first route was Pre @-@ 1927 Route 5 , which was first legislated in 1916 . It began by crossing the Delaware River from Pennsylvania at the community of Delaware . Several undercrossings of the Delaware , Lackawanna and Western Railroad near Delaware were bypassed with a short new road on the southwest side of the railroad . From there , Route 5 used the existing Delaware Road to north of Belvidere , then the Buttzville @-@ Belvidere Road to Buttzville , the Buttzville Road to Great Meadows , and the Danville Mountain Road to Hackettstown .
From Hackettstown to Denville , Routes 5 ran concurrently with Pre @-@ 1927 Route 12 , which was first legislated in 1917 . A mostly @-@ new road (
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now eastbound US 46 ) was built from Hackettstown east to Netcong to avoid steep grades on the existing roads . Portions of the existing Budd 's Lake Road were used between Budd Lake and Netcong . From Netcong the route used the old Morris Turnpike to Ledgewood and the Dover Turnpike to Dover , running into Dover on Blackwell Street . Blackwell Street led to Rockaway Road , becoming Main Street in Rockaway , from which it used the old Parsippany and Rockaway Turnpike to Denville .
At Denville , Route 5 turned south , while Route 12 continued east along the Parsippany and Rockaway Turnpike to Pine Brook . The route left the old turnpike there to head northeast towards Paterson , starting with the Pine Brook Road ( now Fairfield Road and Little Falls Road ) to Little Falls . A bypass was planned around the south side of Little Falls , taking it under the Erie Railroad at Union Boulevard . From there Route 12 would use Union Boulevard , Totowa Road and McBride Avenue into Paterson . Pre @-@ 1927 Route 10 , which was legislated in 1917 , continued east on Market Street on the other side of Paterson to Edgewater , where it connected to the Fort Lee Ferry across the Hudson River . The new alignments were generally built as planned , except at Little Falls , where a bypass was to be built for Route 12 .
= = = Route 6 : 1927 @-@ 1953 = = =
In the 1927 renumbering , Route 6 was assigned to the route across northern New Jersey , using the old Route 5 from Delaware to Netcong , Route 12 from Hackettstown to Paterson , and a generally new alignment parallel to Route 10 from Paterson to the proposed George Washington Bridge ; the old Route 10 alignment between Paterson and Edgewater was to become Route 5 . In Paterson , Route 6 was marked along McBride Avenue , Spruce Street and Market Street .
Route 6 was redefined in 1929 to use none of the old road east of Paterson ( it had formerly been planned to use Market Street west of roughly where Route 17 now crosses it ) , and Route 5 was cut back to run only east from Ridgefield . The portion of pre @-@ 1927 Route 10 that was bypassed by Route 6 was designated Route 10N , but was eventually removed from the state highway system . In addition , Route 6 was redefined to bypass Paterson to the south . The new route would enter Paterson just south of Market Street , but then turn south and southwest before heading back west to rejoin the old route at the east end of the Little Falls bypass at the Union Boulevard crossing . The old road along Union Boulevard towards Paterson was assigned Route S6 , as a spur of Route 6 . Route S6 became Route 62 in the 1953 renumbering , and has since been truncated to a short piece between US 46 and I @-@ 80 in Totowa .
By 1937 , most of Route 6 had been completed with the exception of the Paterson bypass . In 1938 , a spur of Route 6 called Route 6A was legislated to run from Route 6 in Dover north to US 206 / Route S31 in Lafayette Township ; this became Route 15 in 1953 . A realignment at the Passaic River crossing near Pine Brook was built in the 1940s , along with a new road for a short distance west from Pine Brook . Also in the 1940s , the road was widened west into Denville , and a bypass of downtown Denville , including an interchange at Route 5N ( now Route 53 ) was built . The Route 6 designation was dropped in favor of U.S. Route 46 in the 1953 renumbering .
= = = U.S. Route 46 : 1936 @-@ present = = =
In 1925 , the US 46 designation was first proposed for a route in Colorado connecting Limon to Grand Junction , but it instead became US 40S . The current US 46 was marked in 1936 between Portland , Pennsylvania and the George Washington Bridge . At the time , the new Route 6 had not been completed from Route 2 ( now Route 17 ) west to Route S6 ( now Route 62 ) , and so US 46 was marked through Paterson until this portion was completed by the 1940s . At the west end of Route 6 , US 46 continued over the Delaware River on the Delaware Bridge into Pennsylvania , replacing Pennsylvania Route 987 north to Portland , where it ended at US 611 . The Delaware Water Gap Toll Bridge and its associated freeway to Columbia ( now I @-@ 80 ) opened in December 1953 , as did the new Portland @-@ Columbia Toll Bridge .
Following this , US 611 was rerouted to cross the river twice in order to use the freeway through the Delaware Water Gap , and US 46 was moved to former Route 94 ( pre @-@ 1953 Route 8 ) to end at the Columbia , New Jersey side of the Portland @-@ Columbia Toll Bridge . The former approaches to the Darlington 's Bridge , which itself was dismantled by the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission in 1954 , became Route 163 in New Jersey and State Route 1039 in Pennsylvania . The US 611 freeway was designated I @-@ 80 by 1960 , and US 611 was moved back to its old all @-@ Pennsylvania alignment by 1969 , leaving US 46 to end at I @-@ 80 and Route 94 .
In 1964 , the approach to the George Washington Bridge , shared with US 1 @-@ 9 , was rebuilt into a freeway that became a part of I @-@ 95 . Since then , many changes have occurred to US 46.The Little Ferry Circle , initially constructed in 1933 , was modified in 1985 to allow US 46 to run straight through the circle . In 1998 , the Ledgewood Circle at the western terminus of Route 10 was replaced with a signalized T @-@ intersection . In 2007 , the NJDOT announced that they would eliminate the Little Ferry Circle by turning it into a straight intersection ; work ran through 2014 . The Netcong Circle at Route 183 was replaced with a signalized intersection a cost of $ 13 @.@ 3 million in 2013 . A temporary junction opened in January of that year with the permanent configuration completed the following August . In addition , the interchange between US 46 and the western terminus of Route 3 is planned to be reconstructed . This project will reconfigure ramps , bring bridges up to standard , and will provide for three @-@ lane connections between Route 3 and U.S. Route 46 . It was announced in 2003 and is projected to cost $ 200 million .
= = Major intersections = =
= Small Potatoes ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Small Potatoes " is the twentieth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network in the United States appropriately on April 20 , 1997 ( 4 / 20 , also the number of the season / episode ) . It was written by Vince Gilligan and directed by Cliff Bole . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " Small Potatoes " received a Nielsen rating of 13 @.@ 0 and was viewed by 20 @.@ 86 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received positive reviews from critics , with many applauding the entry 's humorous tone .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) , who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , and the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , a small town is “ blessed ” by babies being born with tails . Mulder and Scully arrive only to encounter a suspect , Eddie Van Blundht ( Darin Morgan
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@-@ 518 , U @-@ 546 , U @-@ 805 , U @-@ 858 , U @-@ 880 , U @-@ 881 and U @-@ 1235 were designated " Gruppe Seewolf " and ordered to attack shipping from New York southwards . The remaining two boats , U @-@ 530 and U @-@ 548 , were directed to Canadian waters .
The Allies were aware of this force 's departure and destination through information gathered from Enigma decrypts . Vice Admiral Ingram and the U.S. Tenth Fleet concluded that the boats in Gruppe Seewolf were carrying V @-@ 1s and launched Operation Teardrop in response . The ships of the First Barrier Force , which comprised escort carriers USS Mission Bay and Croatan and 20 destroyer escorts , sortied from Hampton Roads between 25 and 27 March , proceeded to Argentia to refuel and assembled east of Cape Race on 11 April . Twelve of the destroyer escorts deployed into a line 120 mi ( 190 km ) long while the two carriers , each protected by four destroyer escorts , sailed to the west of the line . The carriers ' air operations were , however , greatly hindered by heavy seas . The rough weather also forced the cancellation of planned memorial services for President Roosevelt after his death on 12 April .
As it sailed west , Gruppe Seewolf was ordered to attack shipping by U @-@ boat Command . The boats found no targets , however , as the Allies had routed convoys to the south to avoid the submarines and severe weather . The German submarines began to reach their initial stations east of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland on 8 April . U @-@ Boat Command assigned Gruppe Seewolf 12 different scouting lines between 2 and 19 April . The radio signals directing these deployments were decrypted by the Allies , providing them with accurate information on where the boats were operating .
= = = First Barrier Force actions = = =
Just before midnight on 15 April , USS Stanton made radar contact with U @-@ 1235 at a position about 500 mi ( 800 km ) north of Flores Island . She immediately attacked the submarine with her hedgehog anti @-@ submarine mortar , but the submarine submerged and escaped . Assisted by USS Frost , Stanton quickly gained sonar contact with the submarine and made three more hedgehog attacks . The third attack , which was conducted at 00 : 33 on 16 April , sank the submarine with the loss of her entire crew . Shortly afterwards Frost detected U @-@ 880 by radar as she attempted to flee the area on the surface . After illuminating the submarine with star shell and spotlights , the destroyer escort opened fire on her with Bofors 40 mm guns from a range of 650 yd ( 590 m ) at 02 : 09 . U @-@ 880 quickly submerged but was tracked by Stanton 's and Frost 's sonar operators . The two American ships made several hedgehog attacks on the submarine , with Stanton sinking her with no survivors at 04 : 04 . Both submarines suffered huge explosions after being struck by hedgehog projectiles . This further raised the fear that they were carrying rockets and motivated the First Barrier Force to intensify its efforts to destroy the remaining U @-@ boats .
The First Barrier Force maneuvered south westward following the destruction of U @-@ 1235 and U @-@ 880 . Leigh light @-@ equipped Consolidated B @-@ 24 Liberators from VPB @-@ 114 spotted U @-@ 805 on the surface during the nights of 18 – 19 April . The submarine was only 50 nmi ( 93 km ) from Mission Bay and her escorts , but was not attacked as the aircraft could not confirm whether she was hostile before she submerged . On the night of 20 April , U @-@ 546 attempted to torpedo a U.S. destroyer escort , but missed . The following night , U @-@ 805 was detected by USS Mosley , but escaped after being depth charged by Mosley , Lowe and J.R.Y. Blakely for two hours .
The First Barrier Force scored its final success on the night of 21 – 22 April . Just before midnight , USS Carter detected U @-@ 518 with sonar . USS Neal A. Scott joined her and made the initial hedgehog attack on the submarine . Following this , Carter made her own hedgehog run , which sank U @-@ 518 with no survivors . By this time , the First Barrier Force was returning to Argentia , after the Second Barrier Force had relieved it .
Even though Operation Teardrop was undertaken in the part of the North Atlantic for which Canada had primary responsibility , Ingram did not seek assistance from the Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN ) at any stage of the engagement . Moreover , Ingram did not provide the Canadian military with a situation report until after the sinking of U @-@ 518 . However , aircraft of the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) flew offensive patrols in support of the American effort , and the RCN and RCAF intensified their patrols of inshore waters around Halifax .
= = = Second Barrier Force actions = = =
The Second Barrier Force comprised escort carriers USS Bogue and Core and 22 destroyer escorts . Bogue and 10 destroyer escorts had sailed from Quonset on 16 April , while Core and 12 destroyer escorts sailed from Bermuda and other locations . The force was initially stationed along the 45th meridian in a patrol line 105 mi ( 169 km ) long , and sailed towards the east . This line was made up of 14 destroyer escorts sailing at 5 mi ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) intervals , with Core and her four escorts at its northern end and Bogue and her four escorts at the southern end .
On the night of 22 – 23 April , U @-@ boat Command dissolved Gruppe Seewolf and directed the three surviving boats to take up stations between New York and Halifax . Shortly afterwards , U @-@ 881 , U @-@ 889 and U @-@ 1229 , which had been operating separately , were also ordered to positions between New York and Cape Hatteras . Radio signals directing these deployments were decrypted by Allied code breakers and increased fears that the submarines were trying to attack American cities .
The Second Barrier Force encountered its first U @-@ boat on 23 April when a Grumman TBF Avenger from VC @-@ 19 sighted U @-@ 881 about 74 nmi ( 137 km ) north west of Bogue just after noon . The aircraft dropped depth charges , but did not seriously damage the submarine . This was the first attack made by an aircraft during Operation Teardrop .
The next day , U @-@ 546 sighted Core and maneuvered to attack the escort carrier . She attempted to pass through the barrier line but was detected by USS Frederick C. Davis at 08 : 30 , which immediately prepared to attack the submarine . After realizing that his boat had been detected U @-@ 546 's commander , Kapitänleutnant Paul Just , fired a T @-@ 5 acoustic torpedo at the destroyer escort from a range of 650 yd ( 590 m ) . Frederick C. Davis ' foxer decoy was not effective , and the torpedo struck her forward engine room at 0835 . She sank five minutes later with the loss of 126 of her 192 crewmen . Eight American destroyer escorts subsequently hunted U @-@ 546 for almost 10 hours before USS Flaherty severely damaged her with a hedgehog salvo . The submarine immediately surfaced , but sank after Flaherty and three or four other destroyer escorts fired at it . Kapitänleutnant Just and 32 other crewmen survived the sinking and were taken prisoner .
Some of U @-@ 546 's survivors were harshly treated in an attempt to force them to divulge whether the submarines bound for the U.S. east coast were carrying missiles . After brief interviews on board Bogue , the survivors were transferred to the U.S. base at Argentia . Upon arrival on 27 April , the prisoners were screened for interrogation , with eight specialists being separated from the other 25 survivors , who were then sent to prisoner of war camps . The specialists were held in solitary confinement and subjected to " shock interrogation " techniques , exhausting physical exercise and beatings . On 30 April , Kapitänleutnant Just provided brief information on Gruppe Seewolf 's composition and mission following a second interview in which he collapsed unconscious . The information provided by Just and the other specialists did not mention whether the submarines were equipped with missiles
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monument was probably dedicated in AD 780 , although it records the accession of a king of Seibal in AD 771 .
Stela 8 is a well @-@ preserved monument on the south side of Structure A @-@ 3 . Here king Wat 'ul Chatel wears jaguar claws on his hands and feet , together with other attributes of the Bearded Jaguar God . In one hand the king holds the head of the god K 'awiil . The text describes a visitor named Hakawitzil , an early form of Jacawitz , the name of one of the patron gods of the Postclassic K 'iche ' Kingdom of Q 'umarkaj in the Guatemalan Highlands . Schele and Mathews propose that the event depicted on this stela gave rise to the foundation legends of the K 'iche ' people .
Stela 9 was erected on the west side of Structure A @-@ 3 . It is badly damaged and one section is missing . The stela depicts Wat 'ul Chatel with the attributes of the Maize God and describes him invoking the Vision Serpent .
Stela 10 is on the north side of Structure A @-@ 3 . It depicts Wat 'ul Chatel , dressed in Terminal Classic Maya style , although his foreign @-@ looking face bears a moustache , which is not a typically Mayan characteristic . The text on this stela displays the emblem glyphs of Tikal , Calakmul and Motul de San José , describing how he received visitors from those cities . Among the visitors are named Kan @-@ Pet of Calakmul and Kan Ek ' of Motul . Wat 'ul Chatel wears a headdress associated with the patron gods of Seibal , the heron god and K 'awiil , deities that were also the patrons of Palenque . This appears to be an attempt by this foreign king to identify himself more closely with the city he came to rule .
Stela 11 is on the east side of Structure A @-@ 3 and describes the refounding of Seibal on 14 March 830 and the installation of its new lord , Wat 'ul Chatel , as a vassal of Chan Ek ' Hopet of Ucanal . A panel beneath the portrait of the ruler depicts a bound captive . The hieroglyphic inscription describes how Wat 'ul Chatel arrived with his palanquins and his patron deities .
Stela 13 stands a little to the west of the South Plaza . It dates to AD 870 .
Stela 14 dates to about AD 870 and stands at the junction of two causeways and is in a good state of preservation . It has stylistic similarities with sculptures at distant Chichen Itza in the extreme north of the Yucatán Peninsula .
Stela 18 is one of the last stelae to be erected at Seibal , it lies 20 metres ( 66 ft ) west of the group of monuments consisting of Stelae 5 , 6 and 7 .
Stela 19 demonstrates the foreign influences prevalent at Seibal during the Late Classic . It depicts a lord wearing a mask representing the central Mexican wind god Ehecatl .
Stela 20 stands to the west of the South Plaza . It was one of the last monuments to be erected at Seibal , dating to AD 889 .
Stela 21 is located inside the chamber at the top of Structure A @-@ 3 . This stela was badly damaged when the vaulted chamber collapsed on top of it and has also suffered from erosion . The monument has been restored and depicts the lord of Seibal Wat 'ul Chatel bearing a manikin sceptre . Like Stela 8 , the king wears attributes of the Bearded Jaguar God , although without the jaguar claws . The king holds a K 'awiil sceptre raised in his right hand , from his other hand hands a shield with the face of the sun god . The inscription on the monument is largely illegible .
= Thirty pieces of silver =
Thirty pieces of silver was the price for which Judas Isc
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" and " Vendian " for terminal @-@ Precambrian rocks , and these names were also applied to the life @-@ forms . " Ediacaran " and " Ediacarian " were subsequently applied to the epoch or period of geological time and its corresponding rocks . In March 2004 , the International Union of Geological Sciences ended the inconsistency by formally naming the terminal period of the Neoproterozoic after the Australian locality .
The term " Ediacaran biota " and similar ( " Ediacara " / " Ediacaran " / " Ediacarian " / " Vendian " , " fauna " / " biota " ) has , at various times , been used in a geographic , stratigraphic , taphonomic , or biological sense , with the latter the most common in huge modern literature .
= = Preservation = =
= = = Microbial mats = = =
Microbial mats are areas of sediment stabilised by the presence of colonies of microbes that secrete sticky fluids or otherwise bind the sediment particles . They appear to migrate upwards when covered by a thin layer of sediment but this is an illusion caused by the colony 's growth ; individuals do not , themselves , move . If too thick a layer of sediment is deposited before they can grow or reproduce through it , parts of the colony will die leaving behind fossils with a characteristically wrinkled ( " elephant skin " ) and tubercular texture .
Some Ediacaran strata with the texture characteristics of microbial mats contain fossils , and Ediacaran fossils are almost always found in beds that contain these microbial mats . Although microbial mats were once widespread , the evolution of grazing organisms in the Cambrian vastly reduced their numbers . These communities are now limited to inhospitable refugia , such as the stromatolites found in Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve in Shark Bay , Western Australia where the salt levels can be twice those of the surrounding sea .
= = = Fossilisation = = =
The preservation of these fossils is one of their great fascinations to science . As soft @-@ bodied organisms , they would normally not fossilise and , unlike later soft @-@ bodied fossil biota such as the Burgess Shale or Solnhofen Limestone , the Ediacaran biota is not found in a restricted environment subject to unusual local conditions : they were a global phenomenon . The processes that were operating must have been systemic and worldwide . There was something very different about the Ediacaran Period that permitted these delicate creatures to be left behind and it is thought the fossils were preserved by virtue of rapid covering by ash or sand , trapping them against the mud or microbial mats on which they lived . Ash beds provide more detail and can readily be dated to the nearest million years or better using radiometric dating . However , it is more common to find Ediacaran fossils under sandy beds deposited by storms or high @-@ energy bottom @-@ scraping ocean currents known as turbidites . Soft @-@ bodied organisms today almost never fossilise during such events , but the presence of widespread microbial mats probably aided preservation by stabilising their impressions in the sediment below .
= = = Scale of preservation = = =
The rate of cementation of the overlying substrate relative to the rate of decomposition of the organism determines whether the top or bottom surface of an organism is preserved . Most disc @-@ shaped fossils decomposed before the overlying sediment was cemented , whereupon ash or sand slumped in to fill the void , leaving a cast of the organism 's underside .
Conversely , quilted fossils tended to decompose after the cementation of the overlying sediment ; hence their upper surfaces are preserved . Their more resistant nature is reflected in the fact that , in rare occasions , quilted fossils are found within storm beds as the high @-@ energy sedimentation did not destroy them as it would have the less @-@ resistant discs . Further , in some cases , the bacterial precipitation of minerals formed a " death mask " , ultimately leaving a positive , cast @-@ like impression of the organism .
= = Morphology = =
The Ediacaran biota exhibited a vast range of morphological characteristics . Size ranged from millimetres to metres ; complexity from " blob @-@ like " to intricate ; rigidity from sturdy and resistant to jelly @-@ soft . Almost all forms of symmetry were present . These organisms differed from earlier fossils by displaying an organised , differentiated multicellular construction and centimetre @-@ plus sizes .
These disparate morphologies can be broadly grouped into form taxa :
" Embryos "
Recent discoveries of Precambrian multicellular life have been dominated by reports of
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of all United States troops … Instructions will be given from here at your request for the movement of submarine or plane or both to enable you to carry out the foregoing instructions . You are authorized to take your chief of staff General Sutherland .
= = = Corregidor = = =
MacArthur responded with a request that he might select the time of his departure . " Unless the right moment is chosen for this delicate operation " , he wrote , " a sudden collapse might occur . " " With regard to the actual movement " , he went on , " I deem it advisable to go to Mindanao by combined use of surface craft and submarine , and thence by air , further movement by submarine being too time consuming . " Marshall replied that the President would allow him to choose the time and method of his departure . ABDA was dissolved on 27 February , and MacArthur nominally came under Dutch command , but was ordered to continue communicating directly with the War Department .
MacArthur inspected the PT boat squadron on 1 March . With air cover provided by his four remaining Curtiss P @-@ 40 Warhawks , MacArthur and his wife Jean took a half @-@ hour ride on PT @-@ 41 . Although the sea was tranquil , Jean still felt queasy . Ostensibly , the purpose of MacArthur 's visit was presenting Bulkeley with the Distinguished Service Cross for sinking an " unidentified 5 @,@ 000 @-@ ton enemy ship with torpedoes without serious damage to his ship or casualty to his crew " , but afterwards MacArthur took Bulkeley aside and asked him if it would be possible to make the 600 @-@ mile ( 970 @-@ kilometre ) journey through uncharted waters at night in PT boats . Bulkeley told him that it would be " a piece of cake . "
When some days passed without any further word on the matter , follow @-@ up messages were sent on 6 and 9 March . By 10 March , MacArthur had decided that the Bataan front was not in danger of imminent collapse , and replied that he planned to depart on 15 March , when the submarine USS Permit was scheduled to arrive at Corregidor . Radio broadcasts in the United States calling for MacArthur to be placed in charge in Australia had been picked up by MacArthur 's headquarters in Corregidor , and it had to be assumed that the Japanese had heard them too . There were ominous signs : Japanese surface patrols had been stepped up in the Subic Bay area , and there were reports of Japanese destroyers heading north from the southern Philippines . MacArthur therefore elected not to wait for the Permit , but to leave as soon as possible , by PT boat on the night of 11 March . Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright was left in command on Bataan and Corregidor . " When I get back " , MacArthur told him , " if you 're still on Bataan , I 'll make you a lieutenant general . " Wainwright replied : " I 'll be on Bataan if I 'm still alive . "
Of the decision to depart by PT boat rather than wait for the submarine , Lieutenant Robert B. Kelly , executive officer of Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three , and commander of PT @-@ 34 , later recalled :
Having served with Lieutenant Bulkeley as his second in command on this and a prior assignment , I was privy to much of what transpired during his conferences with General MacArthur during the decision making process . MacArthur 's decision to use the PT boats for the evacuation of his part dramatically emphasized to the American public the overwhelming odds against which the United States was fighting in the Philippines . It evened an old score with the United States Navy . And since he had a tendency towards claustrophobia and did not relish making the trip on a submerged submarine with a commander whom he did not personally know , it provided an acceptable alternative which he elected to exercise .
= = Escape = =
= = = Preparations = = =
Bulkeley and his crews overhauled the PT boats for the voyage . All of the engines had performed hard war service , and had been operated for double the recommended mileage without overhaul . As a result , they were reduced to operating at half speed . Since there were no replacement parts , the gaskets , which normally would have been discarded , had to be carefully cleaned and replaced . Each PT boat would carry twenty 55 @-@ gallon drums of additional fuel on the deck . This reduced the top speed of the boats to about 30 knots ( 56 kilometres per hour ; 35 miles per hour ) . To make room for the passengers , Bulkeley had to leave 32 of his men behind , who would be sent to fight as infantry on Bataan .
MacArthur 's chief of staff , Major General Richard K. Sutherland , drew up the passenger lists . Rockwell and his chief of staff , Captain Herbert Ray , were ordered to accompany MacArthur . They were already under orders to return by submarine , but this was switched to accompanying MacArthur when his date of departure was brought forward . A United States Army Air Corps officer , Major General Harold H. George , was included at the request of the United States
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ives = =
Iran was the largest provider of fuel subsidies in the world by 2009 . Many Iranian experts agree that these unsustainable subsidies encourage waste among goods , including in the production sector , ranging from gasoline to bread that must be stopped and the only way to do that is to redirect subsidies .
The stated goal of the subsidy reform is " to rejuvenate Iran 's economy , increase productivity , give it a new footing and bring it out of the slump it has been in for so long " . Concretely , the government plans to replace the subsidies with targeted social assistance . Consequences of the economic reform plan are that Iran will be less vulnerable to US sanctions because it will reduce fuel imports . The reform plan will also save money for the Iranian people because it will end a multibillion @-@ dollar @-@ a @-@ year contraband ( 17 % percent of fuel production in Iran is smuggled abroad daily ) . Due to subsidies , Iran had long had one of the cheapest gas prices in the world , 10 cents per liter or 40 cents per gallon .
Implementation of the plan will reduce waste and consumerism . In fact , according to official data , the higher income strata of the population has enjoyed the same subsidies as the poor until now . On the other side , subsidies reduction will reduce air pollution by reducing car traffic in Tehran . Finally , the subsidy plan will increase social justice through targeted social assistance . According to official data , the richest decile of households benefits 12 times more from gasoline subsidies than the poorest decile . Overall , implementation of the plan will increase productivity , efficiency , competitiveness of Iran 's economy , economic growth , oil exports and per capita income ( all other things being equal ) .
= = Implementation = =
For implementation of the bill , an entity has been established as a duly authorized governmental company under the name " Targeting Subsidies Organization " .
The amount saved by the government , will be distributed as follows : 50 % towards the poorest strata of Iranian society ; 20 % at the government 's disposal ( to compensate for increased costs or as safety net ) ; and the remaining 30 % will be directed towards improving the efficiency of the utility , fuel and energy production infrastructure , public transportation development , industry and farming .
The plan will commence with energy , fuel and utilities in the first year and consumable goods will start in the second year . The start of the cuts will coincide with the beginning of the second half of the Iranian year on Sept . 23 , 2010 . At that time , the 2007 Gas rationing plan will come to an end .
= = = Budgeting = = =
In March 2010 , the Iranian Parliament approved a $ 347 billion budget , in which the allocation from subsidies and the oil price were set at $ 20 billion and $ 65 per barrel , respectively . According to the Vice President for Parliamentary Affairs , Iran 's subsidy reforms would save 20 percent of the country 's budget . Iran wants to save up to $ 100 billion on subsidies within three to four years . In 2011 , the Iranian parliament approved a $ 508 billion budget based on $ 80 / barrel oil price . This bill also factors in $ 54 billion from price hikes and subsidy cuts .
* Totals may not add up due to rounding and deduction of double @-@ counted items Note : all numbers are in billion dollars .
= = = Income data = = =
According to the IMF , until recently a four @-@ member Iranian household received an average of $ 4 @,@ 000 a year in subsidies for oil and natural gas , compared with a typical annual income of about $ 3 @,@ 600 a year .
In 2010 , Iran 's Department of Statistics announced that 10 million Iranians live under the absolute poverty line and 30 million live under the relative poverty line . President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad says implementation of the targeted subsidy system will eradicate unemployment and poverty in Iran within three years .
= = = = Data collection = = = =
The administration has said earlier that it will be able to allocate different payment amounts to different people . To that end , in 2009 , forms were distributed asking Iranians to report income , assets and property but the question remains on how the government will verify this information gathered by self @-@ reporting . Many people have chosen not to report or withhold information . The administration has categorized the people into three income brackets ; namely lower , middle , and higher for the implementation of the subsidy reform plan . On the other side , it was not clear in what form the compensation would be distributed , direct cash or goods . Another concern is the accuracy of government information on family incomes .
In September 2010 , Iran 's Statistics Bureau announced that implementation was delayed by one month because they were still collecting information regarding the financial situation of households and opening bank accounts for them .
= = = Plan revision = = =
Later in 2010 , the government announced that it had revised its plan because of lack of reliable data on personal incomes . To ease the economic loss from lost subsidies , the government indicated it would distribute $ 40 per person / month ( i.e. 455 @,@ 000 rials / month ) to 90 % of the general population , starting on December 18 , 2010 .
= = = Price adjustments = = =
The government took control of deciding how much the prices should rise in a year , as long as the subsidy cuts on gasoline and other refined products , natural gas , electricity , water , food ( sugar , rice , cooking oil and bread ) , health and education are between $ 10 and 20 billion dollars annually . Estimates indicate that the government has to increase existing prices by an average of 2 @.@ 5 times to achieve the lower target and by 4 times for the maximum target . According to the IMF , Iranians can expect the first price hike to lift energy product prices between four and 20 times previous levels , with prices surging even higher eventually .
= = = = Other determinants = = = =
According to the plan , the type of consumption ( i.e. whether agricultural , industrial and civil ) will also be considered when setting energy prices . The subsidy plan will be implemented in proportion with geographical regions because warm regions consume more electricity during summer while cold regions consume more gas during winter . Finally , the time of consumption ( i.e. during peak and off @-@ peak hours ) and the consumption demand ( i.e. whether it is low or high ) will be taken into consideration .
Starting in April 2012 , Iran 's consumers have been hit with a wave of rising prices that has now touched laundry detergent and food items such as cooking oil , rice , eggs and dairy products . Since April 2012 , the price of food and other consumer products have risen between 10 and 20 % in some cases .
The latest official data comparing prices of foodstuffs in the second week of April 2012 to the corresponding period in 2011 showed dairy products rose about 42 per cent , red meat 47 @.@ 5 per cent , rice about 29 per cent , beans 45 @.@ 7 per cent , vegetables 92 per cent , sugar 33 per cent and vegetable oil 30 per cent . The price of chicken nearly tripled since 2011 .
= = = Consumption patterns = = =
As of October 2011 , consumption of liquefied petroleum gas , gasoline , kerosene , and diesel has cut between 4 and 19 % , despite the fact that more than 1 million cars have been added to Iran 's fleet . Increased use of compressed natural gas ( CNG ) to fuel cars has also reportedly played a role in this . According to the government , if oil products consumption had not been managed , consumption of gasoline would have increased to 120 million liters per day , while by reforming consumption pattern the figure has fallen to 60 million liters per day . In November 2011 , the Government reported that the subsidy reform plan has saved Iran $ 6 billion .
= = = Economic and structural adjustments = = =
The reforms target one of the major sources of inefficiency and price distortions in the Iranian economy , and will likely lead to major restructuring in almost all economic sectors . The banking sector in Iran is viewed as a potential hedge against the removal of subsidies , as the plan is not expected to have any direct impact on banks . Experts believe that following the launch of the subsidies reform plan , the electricity industry will undergo significant changes and will become more appealing to private investors .
On the other side , the cement industry in Iran is one of the economic sectors that will
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silver and are worth anywhere from US $ 25 @,@ 000 to US $ 300 @,@ 000 . Additionally , each player on the winning team as well as coaches and personnel are awarded Super Bowl rings to commemorate their victory . The winning team chooses the company that makes the rings ; each ring design varies , with the NFL mandating certain ring specifications ( which have a degree of room for deviation ) , in addition to requiring the Super Bowl logo be on at least one side of the ring . The losing team are also awarded rings , which must be no more than half as valuable as the winners ' rings , but those are almost never worn .
The conference champions receive trophies for their achievement . The champions of the NFC receive the George Halas Trophy , named after Chicago Bears founder George Halas , who is also considered as one of the co @-@ founders of the NFL . The AFC champions receive the Lamar Hunt Trophy , named after Lamar Hunt , the founder of the Kansas City Chiefs and the principal founder of the American Football League . Players on the winning team also receive a conference championship ring .
= = = Player and coach awards = = =
The NFL recognizes a number of awards for its players and coaches at its annual NFL Honors presentation . The most prestigious award is the AP Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award . Other major awards include the AP Offensive Player of the Year , AP Defensive Player of the Year , AP Comeback Player of the Year , and the AP Offensive and Defensive Rookie of the Year awards . Another prestigious award is the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award , which recognizes a player 's off @-@ field work in addition to his on @-@ field performance . The NFL Coach of the Year award is the highest coaching award . The NFL also gives out weekly awards such as the FedEx Air & Ground NFL Players of the Week and the Pepsi MAX NFL Rookie of the Week awards .
= = Media coverage = =
In the United States , the National Football League has television contracts with four networks : CBS , ESPN , Fox , and NBC . In general , CBS televises afternoon games in which the away team is an AFC team , and Fox carries afternoon games in which the away team belongs to the NFC . In fall 1984 , the Skycam camera system was used for the first time in a live telecast , at a preseason National Football League game in San Diego between the Chargers and 49ers , and televised by CBS .
Since 2011 , the league has reserved the right to give games that , under the contract , would normally air on one network to the other network . CBS also carries a package of five games on Thursday nights during the 2014 season . NBC carries the primetime Sunday Night Football package and seven Thursday night games , which includes the NFL Kickoff game and a primetime Thanksgiving Day game . ESPN carries all Monday Night Football games . The NFL 's own network , NFL Network , carries all Thursday Night Football games , including those on CBS and NBC ( except the Thanksgiving and kickoff games , which remain exclusive to NBC ) .
The Super Bowl television rights are rotated on a three @-@ year basis between CBS , Fox , and NBC . In 2011 , all four stations signed new nine @-@ year contracts with the NFL , each running until 2022 ; CBS , Fox , and NBC are estimated by Forbes to pay a combined total of US $ 3 billion a year , while ESPN will pay US $ 1 @.@ 9 billion a year . The league also has deals with Spanish @-@ language broadcasters NBC Universo , Fox Deportes and ESPN Deportes , which air Spanish language dubs of their respective English @-@ language sister networks ' games . The league 's contracts do not cover preseason games , which individual teams are free to sell to local stations directly ; a minority of preseason games are distributed among the league 's national television partners .
Through the 2014 season , the NFL had a blackout policy in which games were ' blacked out ' on local television in the home team 's area if the home stadium was not sold out . Clubs could elect to set this requirement at only 85 % , but they would have to give more ticket revenue to the visiting team ; teams could also request a specific exemption from the NFL for the game . The vast majority of NFL games were not blacked out ; only 6 % of games were blacked out during the 2011 season , and only two games were blacked out in 2013 and none in 2014 . The NFL announced in March 2015 that it would suspend its blackout policy for at least the 2015 season . According to Nielsen , the NFL regular season since 2012 was watched by at least 200 million individuals , accounting for 80 % of all television households in the United States and 69 % of all potential viewers in the United States . NFL regular season games accounted for 31 out of the top 32 most @-@ watched programs in the fall season and an NFL game ranked as the most @-@ watched television show in all 17 weeks of the regular season . At the local level , NFL games were the highest @-@ ranked shows in NFL markets 92 % of the time . Super Bowls account for the 22 most @-@ watched programs ( based on total audience ) in US history , including a record 167 million people that watched Super Bowl XLVIII , the conclusion to the 2013 season .
In addition to radio networks run by each NFL team , select NFL games are broadcast nationally by Westwood One ( known as Dial Global for the 2012 season ) . These games are broadcast on over 500 networks , giving all NFL markets access to each primetime game . The NFL 's deal with Westwood One was extended in 2012 and will run through 2017 .
The NFL , as a one @-@ time experiment , distributed the October 25 , 2015 International Series game from Wembley Stadium in London between the Buffalo Bills and Jacksonville Jaguars . The game was live streamed on the Internet exclusively via Yahoo ! , except for over @-@ the @-@ air broadcasts on the local CBS @-@ TV affiliates in the Buffalo and Jacksonville markets .
In 201
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the first to score , on a double by Felipe Alou in the bottom of the first inning , followed by a home run by Willie Mays to make the score 2 – 0 . Billy Pierce quickly retired three Dodgers in order for the second consecutive inning and the Giants continued to hit in the bottom of the second inning . Jim Davenport led off the inning with a home run to make the score 3 – 0 and Ed Bailey followed with a single . Koufax was then relieved by Ed Roebuck , having allowed three runs in the game without recording an out in the second inning .
Roebuck recorded three straight outs to end the inning without further scoring . The Dodgers and the Giants each managed a single in their halves of the third inning . Neither Pierce nor Roebuck allowed a baserunner in the fourth or fifth innings , though the Giants further added to their lead in the sixth . The Dodgers pinch hit for Roebuck to lead off the top of the inning with Ken McMullen and although he singled he did not score . Larry Sherry entered to pitch for the Dodgers in the bottom of the inning and after recording the first out he allowed back @-@ to @-@ back home runs to Mays and Orlando Cepeda to give the Giants a 5 – 0 lead . Davenport then singled and Sherry was relieved by Jack Smith who finished the inning without further damage .
The game continued without scoring until the eighth inning . The Dodgers managed to get their second runner in scoring position as Doug Camilli pinch hit for Smith , but they did not score . Phil Ortega entered to pitch for the Dodgers in the bottom of the eighth and the Giants continued their offensive performance . Willie Mays walked to open the inning and then stole second base with one out . Davenport and Bailey both walked to load the bases and José Pagán doubled to empty the bases and make the game 8 – 0 . Pierce remained in the game to pitch the ninth , finishing his complete game shutout . Koufax later said of his Game 1 performance , " I had nothing at all . "
= = Game 2 summary = =
Box score for Tuesday October 2 , 1962 – 1 : 06 PM ( PST ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California
The Giants scored first for the second consecutive game , as Orlando Cepeda singled with one out in the second inning and scored on a double by Felipe Alou against Dodgers ' starter Don Drysdale . The Giants then extended their lead in the top of the sixth inning . Alou struck out to open the inning but Tom Haller then walked and advanced to third base on a double by José Pagán . Giants ' starter Jack Sanford then reached based on a throwing error by Drysdale , which also allowed Haller to score and advanced Pagán to third base . Chuck Hiller and Jim Davenport followed this with successive singles which scored Pagán and Sanford respectively . This made the score 4 – 0 in favor of the Giants with Hiller on second and Sanford on first , still with only one out in the inning . Ed Roebuck entered in relief of Drysdale , inducing an out at second base on a groundball by Willie Mays , to leave runners at the corners with two outs . Willie McCovey singled , allowing Hiller to score and make the game 5 – 0 ; Cepeda was then retired to end the inning .
Jack Sanford had allowed just four baserunners through his first five innings , only one of whom reached scoring position . However , after he walked Jim Gilliam to open the bottom of the sixth inning , Giants ' manager Alvin Dark double switched to bring Stu Miller in to relieve Sanford , and replaced McCovey in left field with Matty Alou . After the game Dark explained his decision to remove his thus far successful
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a pleasure ground and cricket pitch , have been listed at Grade II * by English Heritage for their architectural and historical importance .
= = History = =
The fishing village of Brighthelmston , on the English Channel coast , was built around the point at which the Wellesbourne , a winterbourne flowing off the South Downs , entered the sea . It formed a north – south valley along which the road and railway line to London were built . The road to London diverged from the road to Lewes , which also followed a valley northeastwards , at an area of marshy , intermittently flooded ground called The Level . By the 18th century , when the village started developing into the fashionable resort of Brighton , this had become a popular site for fairs , sports and general recreation . In 1791 , the northernmost part became the Prince of Wales Ground , a cricket ground which hosted early first @-@ class matches and served as the home of Brighton Cricket Club , one of the principal founders of Sussex County Cricket Club 50 years later .
Major changes happened in 1822 after the Prince Regent — the most enthusiastic player and supporter of cricket among Brighton 's high society — became king and retired from the sport . The Prince of Wales Ground fell into disuse at this time . Meanwhile , The Level was granted to the town by its landowners , who included influential local clergyman , politician , property speculator and Lord of the Manor Thomas Read Kemp . Union Road was built from east to west connecting the London and Lewes Roads , and the 8 @-@ acre ( 3 @.@ 2 ha ) area to its south was landscaped by Amon Henry Wilds and landscape gardener Henry Phillips . The 10 @-@ acre ( 4 @.@ 0 ha ) part to the north was bought by a speculator , James Ireland , who built the Royal Gardens — a multi @-@ purpose pleasure garden with a new cricket ground ( the Royal New Ground ) . The gardens opened on 1 May 1823 .
Cricket remained the most popular attraction throughout the gardens ' existence , but there was a range of activities : bowling greens , a " noble and conspicuous building " with ground @-@ floor billiard rooms , refreshment facilities and reading rooms and a walking area on the roof , lawns , a grotto , an aviary , fairground activities , and an artificial lake with a path leading to a maze whose centrepiece was a special swinging chair . A bizarre flying demonstration took place on one occasion , during which a businessman and associate of Ireland claimed he would fly from the roof of the main building to the far side of the gardens . When he merely sailed down a rope wearing a pair of wings and attached to a pulley , the spectators were so unimpressed that he had to escape into the maze to get away from them . The gardens soon began to decline in popularity , and Ireland sold them in 1826 . Under later owners ' oversight , they became overgrown , and the main building soon became unusable . Only the ornamental gate piers and the south boundary wall ( on the north side of Union Road ) remain .
The gardens and the land surrounding then came up for sale again in the late 1840s . After the opening of the railway line and Brighton railway station nearby in 1841 , the surrounding area developed as a largely working @-@ class area of small terraced houses . In about 1849 Amon Henry Wilds attempted to introduce some higher @-@ class housing with his Park Crescent development . It was envisaged as a long , horseshoe @-@ shaped crescent facing inwards towards the former cricket ground part of the Royal Gardens , which would be a private garden for residents . Work started on the 48 @-@ house development , described as Wilds 's " most ambitious scheme " , in 1849 .
The crescent was complete in 1854 , one of Wilds 's final works before his death in 1857 . At first the gardens were managed by a private agent on behalf of the residents , but a committee of residents took over responsibity in 1872 . The 19th @-@ century German philosopher Arnold Ruge lived at number 7 and was chairman of the Park Crescent Residents ' Association . Lewis Carroll 's sister Henrietta moved to number 4 Park Crescent in 1885 and lived a hermit @-@ like existence with several cats for company . She died in 1922 . In 1934 , number 44 was the site of the second notorious " Brighton trunk murder " in the space of a few weeks . On 15 July that year , the body of Violet Kaye , a prostitute , was found in a suitcase in a house in Kemp Street in the North Laine area . Her pimp , Tony Mancini , alleged that he found her dead in bed in the Park Crescent house and transported her to lodgings in Kemp Street out of fear . Remarkable work by defence counsel Norman Birkett kc acquitted Mancini , but he confessed to the murder in 1976 .
Wartime damage to Brighton 's grand squares , terraces and crescents was minimal , and much less than expected ; nevertheless , three houses ( numbers 24 , 25 and 26 ) in the centre of the northern part of the crescent were destroyed by a bomb in 1942 . They were not replaced until 1983 , when the three houses were rebuilt as two , omitting number 25 . The replacements were built in the same style as the rest of the terrace .
The west , north and east sides of the crescent were each listed separately at Grade II * on 13 October 1952 . Such buildings are defined as being " particularly important ... [ and ] of more than special interest " . As of February 2001 , they were three of the 70 Grade II * -listed buildings and structures , and 1 @,@ 218 listed buildings of all grades , in the city of Brighton and Hove .
= = Associated buildings = =
Park Crescent Terrace was built adjacent to the crescent on its west side . Numbers 1 to 16 Park Crescent back on to the terrace . At its south end , a Salvation Army Congress Hall was built in 2000 by David Greenwood of the Salvation Army Architects Department . The new octagonal building , whose gables resemble those on Park Crescent 's houses , replaced a 1 @,@ 400 @-@ capacity predecessor of 1883 on the same site . Another important local building , demolished in 1930 , was the Gaiety Theatre on Park Crescent Place , which runs northwards from Park Crescent to Trinity Street . It was the Royal Hippodrome from 1876 until 1889 , and held a popular circus . After a short closure , it reopened in 1890 as a theatre specialising in melodrama and music hall performances . It was demolished in 1930 and replaced by flats .
The wall along the north side of Union Road , which cuts off Park Crescent and the gardens from The Level , retains its original ( 1822 ) gate piers . It was badly damaged by falling trees in the Great Storm of 1987 , but has been repaired . The original stone lions on top of the gate piers have been removed and replaced with copies . The piers themselves are stuccoed , and consist of a square plinth with chamfering , a square body with arched niches , a prominent gutta above a triglyph , and a cornice with stone lions on top . The gate piers were listed at Grade II by English Heritage on 24 July 1969 ; this defines them as " nationally important [ and ] of special interest " .
= = Architecture = =
Wilds adopted the then @-@ popular Italianate style for his design of Park Crescent , which has been described as the most ambitious development of his architectural career . It has been criticised for being an unsuccessful composition , " showing ... his limitations as an architect " with the " muddled and disappointing " proportions of the interior ( garden @-@ facing ) façades . The gabled roofs on each house are large in proportion to the rest of the exterior , giving a " top @-@ heavy " , " busy and awkward " appearance . This contrasts with the simple curves of the rear elevations , facing the streets on the outside . The gables form part of an attic storey which extends from the top of the two- and three @-@ storey houses in the terrace . They are treated as 24 semi @-@ detached villas at the front , but the rear resembles a plain terrace on all three sides . The linking element between the pairs of villas is a series of three @-@ storey towers topped with pediments . These also provide a unifying element between houses of different heights , which has been described as a mark of Wilds 's ingenuity .
The west and east sides match each other . Most houses have two storeys , but some rise to three ; all have a basement and a three @-@ window range with sash windows . The entrances are in the rear elevation and are paired under single doorcases with cornices , architraves and fanlights . The windows are topped by similar architraves . At the front , facing the garden , the hipped roofs of the main sections
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have prominent eaves , and the roofs of the tower sections have similar treatment . Number 1 , at the southwest corner , has ground @-@ floor rustication carried round on to its south @-@ facing wall , and its windows are different . Similarly , number 48 — the end house at the southeast corner — has a hipped @-@ roofed south @-@ facing wing with a hipped roof , in which the entrance is set in a doorcase flanked by antae . The corner of the house is chamfered and has a blank two @-@ window range . Several houses in the east side of the crescent have dormer windows in their attic space .
The curved north side of the " horseshoe " consists of three @-@ storey houses with three @-@ window ranges . The entrances are again paired , and the windows are sashes with architraves above . Three @-@ storey tower bays separate the houses .
= One Day at HorrorLand =
One Day at HorrorLand is the sixteenth book in Goosebumps , the series of children 's horror fiction novellas created and authored by R. L. Stine . It was adapted into a two @-@ part episode for the television series , which was later released on VHS and DVD . A comic adaptation of the book was included in the graphic novel compilation Terror Trips , part of the Goosebumps Graphix series . There were two video games based on the book . The HorrorLand theme park was expanded upon in the book series Goosebumps HorrorLand .
= = Plot = =
The Morris family and their friend become lost , accidentally finding the HorrorLand theme park . Shortly after parking , their car explodes , but the ticket @-@ taker reassures them that it will be taken care of . The children , Lizzy Morris , Luke Morris , and their friend Clay , explore the theme park and get on the rides . After a ride in which Lizzy is locked in a casket traveling down a river , the three of them attempt to convince the parents that they all should leave . The parents reveal that they experienced similar problems , so they all decide to confront the Horrors .
After the Morris family and Clay discover that the gates have been locked to prevent their escape , the monsters surround them . In anger , Lizzy tries to remove a mask from one of the monsters , which she discovers is actually the Horror 's face . The Horrors explain that they are monsters , but that the visitors ' experiences were part of a television show . As an apology , the monsters say that they will lead them towards a new car , but they are led to carnivorous animals .
After surviving the animals ' attack , the monsters attempt to murder the family . Lizzy then remembers signs within the park that said " No pinching " . The visitors proceed to pinch all of the monsters , resulting in them deflating like balloons . The Morris family and Clay escape HorrorLand in a different car , but in a twist ending , find out that a Horror held onto the back of the vehicle until they reached their home . The monster offers them free passes for their next visit .
= = Publications = =
The book was a USA Today bestseller in March 1994 . It was released again in 2011 , under the Classic Goosebumps rename .
Kevin Pires from FlavorWire listed the book as one of his ten favorite Goosebumps books , and Nathan Reese from Complex.com rated One Day at HorrorLand his ninth favorite book from the series . Reese also thought the ending was more dark and humorous than most other books .
Return to HorrorLand , a sequel to the book and the thirteenth book of the series Goosebumps Series 2000 , was released in 1999 . Lizzy , Luke , and Clay revisit HorrorLand , so that they can attempt to close the theme park .
= = Adaptations = =
A video game titled Goosebumps : Escape from HorrorLand was released in 1996 , by DreamWorks , for Microsoft Windows . Players have to encounter film monsters such as Dracula . In a 2008 video game titled Goosebumps HorrorLand , released for the Wii and Nintendo DS and Ps2 , the players attempt to escape from the theme park . The book was also adapted into a board game titled Goosebumps One Day at HorrorLand Game , which was released by Milton Bradley Company
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ic — the head of the Goths — in a boat in the middle of the river because the latter had taken an oath " never to set foot on Roman soil " .
The Huns destroyed Drobeta and Sucidava in the 440s , but the forts were restored under Emperor Justinian I ( 527 – 565 ) . Eastern Roman coins from the first half of the 6th century suggest a significant military presence in Oltenia — a region also characterized by the predominance of pottery with shapes of Roman tradition . Although Eastern Roman emperors made annual payments to the neighboring peoples in an attempt to keep the peace in the Balkans , the Avars regularly invaded Scythia Minor from the 580s . The Romans abandoned Sucidava in 596 or 597 , but Tomis , which was the last town in Scythia Minor to resist the invaders , only fell in 704 .
= = = North of the limes ( c . 270 – c . 330 ) = = =
Transylvania and northern Banat , which had belonged to Dacia province , had no direct contact with the Roman Empire from the 270s . There is no evidence that they were invaded in the following decades . Towns , including Apulum and Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa , and the surrounding areas continued to be inhabited but the urban areas diminished . The existence of local Christian communities can be assumed in Porolissum , Potaissa and other settlements . On the other hand , evidence – mainly pottery with " Chi @-@ rho " ( Χ @-@ Ρ ) signs and other Christian symbols – is " shadowy and poorly understood " , according to archaeologists Haynes and Hanson .
Urns found in late 3rd @-@ century cemeteries at Bezid , Mediaş , and in other Transylvanian settlements had clear analogies in sites east of the Carpathians , suggesting that the Carpians were the first new arrivals in the former province from the neighboring regions . Other Carpian groups , pressured by the Goths , also departed from their homeland and sought refuge in the Roman Empire around 300 . Nevertheless , " Carpo @-@ Dacians " were listed among the peoples " mixed with the Huns " as late as 379 . The Sarmatians of the Banat were allies of the empire , demonstrated by a Roman invasion in 332 against the Goths , their enemies . Sarmatians were admitted into the empire in 379 , but other Sarmatian groups remained
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of Impact ! , Angle revealed Chyna as his backup in taking care of the Jarretts . At Sacrifice , Angle and Chyna defeated the Jarretts in a mixed tag team match . Later that same month , Angle signed a new three @-@ year contract with TNA . With Karen out of the picture , Angle defeated Jarrett on June 12 at Slammiversary IX in what was billed as the " final battle " between the two to retain his Olympic gold medal and become the number one contender for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . However , on the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Jarrett challenged Angle to a Parking Lot Brawl and agreed to sign a contract that would force him to move to Mexico without Angle 's children , should he lose the match . Angle ended up winning the fight after choking Jarrett with a shirt , forcing him to say " adiós " .
= = = = Regaining championships ( 2011 – 2012 ) = = = =
With his feud with Jarrett behind him , Angle aligned himself with Sting to feud with the rest of Immortal , including the group 's newest member , TNA World Heavyweight Champion Mr. Anderson . On the July 14 episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle helped Sting regain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship from Anderson . On August 7 at Hardcore Justice , Angle defeated Sting , after hitting him with a chair he snatched away from Hulk Hogan , to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship for the record @-@ breaking fifth time , thus turning heel . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle explained that he did not agree with Sting , who , using the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , wanted to hand the promotion back to Dixie Carter , as he had found out that she had lied to him about not knowing of the relationship between Karen and Jeff Jarrett . When Sting confronted Angle , he was attacked by Hogan , which led to Angle revealing that Hogan had been the one who had exposed Carter 's lie to him . Angle also revealed that his goal was now to ruin Carter 's youth movement in TNA by eliminating the younger wrestlers one @-@ by @-@ one and started by attacking Bound for Glory Series leader Crimson after the main event , cementing his heel turn . Angle made his first televised title defense on the September 1 episode of Impact Wrestling , defeating Sting in a rematch , following interference from special enforcer Hulk Hogan and the rest of Immortal . The following week , Angle 's title match with Mr. Anderson ended in a disqualification , following interference from Immortal , which led to a three @-@ way match between Angle , Anderson and Sting on September 11 at No Surrender , where Angle managed to retain the title , following interference from Hogan . On October 16 at Bound for Glory , Angle successfully defended the title against Bobby Roode . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle lost the TNA World Heavyweight Championship to Roode 's tag team partner , James Storm .
Angle returned on the November 17 episode of Impact Wrestling , attacking James Storm and revealing himself as the man who had attacked and bloodied him also the previous week , costing him his match with Bobby Roode for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . On December 11 at Final Resolution , Angle was defeated by Storm in a singles match . On January 8 , 2012 , at Genesis , Angle defeated Storm in a rematch . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Storm defeated Angle in a number one contender 's match .
Angle returned on the February 16 episode of Impact Wrestling , costing Jeff Hardy his shot at the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . On March 18 at Victory Road , Angle defeated Hardy in a singles match , pinning him while grabbing a hold of the ring ropes . On April 15 at Lockdown , Hardy defeated Angle in a rematch , contested inside a steel cage . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle defeated A.J. Styles , following interference from Styles ' rivals Christopher Daniels and Kazarian . The following week , Angle warned the two Immortal associates never to interfere in one of his matches again .
On May 13 at Sacrifice , Angle defeated Styles in a rematch , following another interference from Daniels and Kazarian . After the match , Angle made the save for Styles , chasing Daniels and Kazarian out of the ring , and becoming a face once again . On June 10 at Slammiversary , Angle and Styles defeated Daniels and Kazarian to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle entered the 2012 Bound for Glory Series , taking part in the opening gauntlet match , from which he was eliminated by Daniels . Two weeks later , Angle and Styles lost the TNA World Tag Team Championship back to Daniels and Kazarian . Angle wrestled his final match in the 2012 Bound for Glory Series on the August 30 episode of Impact Wrestling , losing to Jeff Hardy , which caused him to get eliminated from the tournament .
On September 9 at No Surrender , Angle and Styles unsuccessfully challenged Daniels and Kazarian for the TNA World Tag Team Championship . Angle and Styles received another title shot against Daniels and Kazarian on October 14 at Bound for Glory , in a three @-@ way match , which was won by Chavo Guerrero , Jr. and Hernandez . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle defeated Daniels and Styles in a three @-@ way match to become one of four wrestlers in consideration for a shot at the TNA World Heavyweight Championship .
= = = = New Main Event Mafia ( 2012 – 2013 ) = = = =
The following week , Angle was chosen as the number one contender for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , but was defeated by Jeff Hardy in his title match . Afterwards , Angle was attacked by Aces & Eights . At Turning Point , Angle defeated Aces & Eights member Devon via submission , despite the rest of Aces & Eights trying to interfere . Angle continued his feud with Aces & Eights on the December 6 episode of Impact Wrestling , defeating DOC via disqualification after the rest of Aces & Eights interfered . Three days later at Final Resolution , Angle teamed with Garett Bischoff , Samoa Joe , and Wes Brisco to defeat Devon , DOC , and two masked members of Aces & Eights in an eight @-@ man tag team match . Angle unsuccessfully challenged Devon for the TNA Television Championship on the edition of December 20 of Impact Wrestling , after interference from Aces & Eights , Garett Bischoff , Samoa Joe , and Wes Brisco . On the January 3 , 2013 , episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle and Samoa Joe defeated Devon and a masked member of Aces & Eights in a steel cage tag team match . Afterwards , the returning Sting saved Angle and Joe from a beatdown from Aces & Eights before revealing the mystery member as the debuting Mike Knox . The following week , Angle was sidelined with a storyline injury after Knox hit him in the neck with a ball @-@ peen hammer . Angle returned to in @-@ ring action on the January 31 Impact Wrestling , defeating Aces & Eights member Mr. Anderson in a steel cage match . Afterwards , Angle 's two allies Garret Bischoff and Wes Brisco revealed themselves as members of Aces & Eights and attacked him . Angle infiltrated the Aces & Eights hideout on the February 28 Impactand managed to unmask their Vice President , but was beat down by the other members before he could reveal his identity to the cameras
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. Angle revealed the Vice President as D 'Lo Brown on the following episode of Impact . At Lockdown , Angle was defeated by Wes Brisco in a steel cage match , following interference from Brown . Angle was defeated by Jeff Hardy in a four @-@ way number one contenders match for the World Heavyweight Championship , which also included Magnus and Samoa Joe on the March 21 Impact Wrestling . In the following weeks , Angle continued to face Bischoff and Brisco in multiple tag team and handicap matches , that all ended with the two getting the advantage over Angle . Angle then began feuding with A.J. Styles , after Styles refused to answer Angle 's question on whether he is with TNA or the Aces & Eights which led to a brawl between the two on the May 9 episode of Impact Wrestling . On June 2 at Slammiversary XI , Angle was announced as the second inductee into the TNA Hall of Fame . Later that night , Angle defeated Styles in a singles match . On the following Impact Wrestling , Angle got into a verbal confrontation with the debuting Rampage Jackson who claimed he had to beat the best to be the best . The following week , Angle was defeated by Styles in a rematch to earn the final spot in the 2013 Bound for Glory Series . Afterward , Angle was assaulted by Aces & Eights until Jackson came out and made the save . On June 20 Angle attacked TNA World Heavyweight Champion Bully Ray at the end of the Impact episode , and revealed himself as the first member of Sting 's New Main Event Mafia . In the following weeks , Angle and Sting recruited Samoa Joe , Magnus , and Rampage Jackson as members of the New Main Event Mafia . Beginning on August 2 , Angle took a hiatus from TNA after being admitted to rehab for drug and alcohol use .
= = = = Director of Wrestling Operations ( 2013 – 2015 ) = = = =
Angle returned on the edition of October 10 of Impact attacking EGO and challenged Bobby Roode to a match at Bound For Glory . The following week , Angle stated his discontentment with Roode mocking his Hall of Fame induction and told Roode he would make him tap out . Roode responded by attacking Angle with help from his faction , EGO , forcing Angle to submit to the crossface hold in a precursory act prior to their match . At the PPV Angle was inducted into the TNA Hall of Fame but he refused to accept the offer as he felt he had let himself , TNA and the fans down and didn 't deserve a Hall of Fame induction ceremony . He also said he would accept the offer when he feels he has earned it and he still has great things to do in TNA . Later in that night , Angle was defeated by Roode , after he landed awkwardly from a running belly @-@ to @-@ belly suplex . On October 31 episode of Impact , Angle lied about gaining medical clearance Angle suffered ( kayfabe ) convulsions during the match against Bobby Roode after a bad landing from the same move again , which resulted in referee Brian Hebner rewarding a knock out / count @-@ out victory to Roode . After the match , he also showed signs of post @-@ concussive amnesia . On November 5 , Angle was reported to had tested negative for concussion , but his recurring knee injuries still required monitoring .
The following week , Angle saw the New Main Event Mafia being disbanded , then he was attacked by Roode after he accused him to use his injuries to get out of the match . On November 14 , Angle won a submission match against Austin Aries in the World title tournament , but by using Roode 's finisher : arm trap crossface , with Roode watching on at the ramp . However , Angle lost his next match against Magnus due to an interference from Roode . At Final Resolution , Angle was defeated by Roode in a 2 @-@ out @-@ of 3 falls match , but Angle beat Roode in a Steel Cage match at Genesis to end the feud .
On February 6 , 2014 , Angle had a match against Magnus . However , he won by DQ
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told Soap Opera Weekly ( SOW ) that he thought that Todd 's hair was too " shaggy " , which was not his personal style , and that he hoped the writers and producers would let him trim off a bit . When he first got the role , St. John 's hair resembled Howarth 's shorter shoulder @-@ length haircut , which was initially worn from 2000 to 2003 , and St. John was told by the writers and producers not to change his hair until further notice . St. John " made the creative choice [ to let himself ] go because [ Todd 's ] not really right in the old noggin ' " , and gained weight for the role .
= = = " Todd 's theme " and related music = = =
One Life to Live 's producers stated that most of the show 's music was custom written , suitable for the situation and what the characters in the scene might actually play . For Todd , his volatile nature was represented with powerfully dark theme music , which producers and fans called the " Todd theme " . The music consisted of ominous low chords and signaled that Todd was about to commit a vicious , dangerous , or threatening act . The theme was especially evident in Howarth 's portrayal , but it continued during St. John 's early portrayal as well .
Composer David Nichtern , who created Todd 's theme music , said he loved the character and enjoyed implementing the different versions of the Todd theme . While describing the music that marked Todd 's prominent 1996 " return from the dead " ( his return to town after being presumed dead ) , Nichtern addressed the broader aspect of his composition for the character : " All of Todd 's music has had a certain ' vibe ' to it , especially since the character is so well @-@ drawn , " he stated . " It also has seemed particularly well @-@ suited to my guitar style , so I 've enjoyed ' becoming ' Todd musically . The key is always to represent his dark side , but with the possibility of redemption and power behind the whole thing . " Nichtern added , " That 's what makes him such an interesting character . Todd 's cues are always custom @-@ made so to speak , so there is energy and attention going toward getting the exact flavor of what the current story @-@ line is saying about his journey . "
Three primary musical themes were played throughout Todd 's evolution . The original Todd theme , from 1993 to 1996 , encompassed Todd 's rape of Marty and his early misdeeds . The second theme was heard throughout 1998 and 2000 , and the third theme was first heard in 2001 . The Todd and Marty rape scene was aided primarily by rock songs . Heard at a low volume in the background , hard rock songs assist moments building up to the rape ; they intensify the otherwise implicitly tense , aggressive atmosphere , and set a chilling tone for viewers . When Todd is certain that he will rape Marty , the volume of a song in the background ( " Head Like a Hole " ) is increased , which emphasizes the lyrics : " I 'd rather die / Than give you control . " This use of background music allowed Todd 's motivation for the rape to significantly register with viewers .
There have been additional musical themes for Todd ; for example , the menacing chords , which played as he stalked and terrorized Nora in 1993 for mishandling his trial and sending him to prison . During his romance with Rebecca in 1994 , an all @-@ encompassing romantic theme with tragic nuances , which was at times intermixed with his ominous music , were heard . His rescue of Marty and two children from a car crash , and the Todd and Téa romance , also have their own musical themes . For the mid @-@ 1994 plot point where Todd rescues Marty and the children , the music was changed to reflect his decision to be a better person . It becomes his dominant theme , and is assisted by a tuneful , forward @-@ moving melody . This music is primarily a part of Todd 's 1994 redemption storyline and the storyline when he is the Lord heir in 1995 . According to Nichtern , the music for Todd and Teá , which he composed with his friend keyboardist Kevin Bents , was " as close as we get to Todd ' romantic ' music " , with " the possibility of a little sensuality and romance " .
For the " Todd returns from the dead " 1996 storyline , demented @-@ sounding , on @-@ edge music signifies that Todd 's psyche has worsened . This theme accompanied Todd 's emotional breakdown and revenge scheme after discovering his wife , Blair , having sex with Patrick .
= = Personality = =
At the time of Todd 's introduction to OLTL , he was a competitive athlete . His fraternity was the most important part of his life ; Howarth stated that Todd was " under intense pressure from the male figures in his life " . He felt that the key to understanding Todd was his concern about his status and how others perceived him . He thought that Todd mistreated people because it made him feel better about himself and that he did not want to appear vulnerable , so his defense mechanisms " spun out of control " . Howarth , during an April 1994 Soap Opera Update interview , said that the only thing that he admired about Todd was his clothing style . His interviewer called Todd 's early fashion sense " grunge , Salvation Army like ' rags ' , " and Howarth described Todd 's later wardrobe as " all Ralph Lauren " and " [ d ] ouble R.L. 80 dollar pants and a 400 @-@ and @-@ something @-@ dollar jacket " . St. John , as Todd 's second portrayer , described the character as " kind of both good and bad . He 's got his good side with his kids , and yet he is conniving and vicious and all those negative things " .
The show 's writers presented Todd 's personality as a combination of dark humor , uncouth behavior , and the essence of a tortured soul ; he often delivers one @-@ liners that range from humorous to sadistic . Soap opera columnist Jenn Bishop stated that Todd 's personality is " violent , gentle , caring , apathetic , smart ,
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ium ions , or amino acids . The optimal pH for the growth and nitrogen fixation is 7 @.@ 0 – 7 @.@ 5 , but growth is sustained in the pH range from 4 @.@ 8 to 8 @.@ 5 . Azotobacter can also grow mixotrophically , in a molecular @-@ nitrogen @-@ free medium containing mannose ; this growth mode is hydrogen @-@ dependent . Hydrogen is available in the soil , thus this growth mode may occur in nature .
While growing , Azotobacter produces flat , slimy , paste @-@ like colonies with a diameter of 5 – 10 mm , which may form films in liquid nutrient media . The colonies can be dark @-@ brown , green , or other colors , or may be colorless , depending on the species . The growth is favored at a temperature of 20 – 30 ° C.
Bacteria of the genus Azotobacter are also known to form intracellular inclusions of polyhydroxyalkanoates under certain environmental conditions ( e.g. lack of elements such as phosphorus , nitrogen , or oxygen combined with an excessive supply of carbon sources ) .
= = = Pigments = = =
Azotobacter produces pigments . For example , Azotobacter chroococcum forms a dark @-@ brown water @-@ soluble pigment melanin . This process occurs at high levels of metabolism during the fixation of nitrogen , and is thought to protect the nitrogenase system from oxygen . Other Azotobacter species produce pigments from yellow @-@ green to purple colors , including a green pigment which fluoresces with a yellow @-@ green light and a pigment with blue @-@ white fluorescence .
= = = Genome = = =
The nucleotide sequence of chromosomes of Azotobacter vinelandii , strain AvOP , is partially determined . This chromosome is a circular DNA molecule which contains 5 @,@ 342 @,@ 073 nucleotide pairs and 5 @,@ 043 genes , of which 4 @,@ 988 encode proteins . The fraction of guanine + cytosine pairs is 65 mole percent . The number of chromosomes in the cells and the DNA content increases upon aging , and in the stationary growth phase , cultures may contain more than 100 copies of a chromosome per cell . The original DNA content ( one copy ) is restored when replanting the culture into a fresh medium . In addition to chromosomal DNA , Azotobacter can contain plasmids .
= = Distribution = =
Azotobacter species are ubiquitous in neutral and weakly basic soils , but not acidic soils . They are also found in the Arctic and Antarctic soils , despite the cold climate , short growing season , and relatively low pH values of these soils . In dry soils , Azotobacter can survive in the form of cysts for up to 24 years .
Representatives of the genus Azotobacter are also found in aquatic habitats , including freshwater and brackish marshes . Several members are associated with plants and are found in the rhizosphere , having certain relationships with the plant . Some strains are also found in the cocoons of the earthworm Eisenia fetida .
= = Nitrogen fixation = =
Azotobacter species are free @-@ living , nitrogen @-@ fixing bacteria ; in contrast to Rhizobium species , they normally fix molecular nitrogen from the atmosphere without symbiotic relations with
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servants , occupied most of the house , except for the Duke and Duchess 's private suites , until after the war . The only people to complain about the arrangements were the royal servants , who found the house too small , though Queen Mary annoyed her niece by having the ancient ivy torn from the walls as she considered it unattractive and a hazard . From Badminton , in support of the war effort , she visited troops and factories , and directed the gathering of scrap materials . She was known to offer lifts to soldiers she spotted on the roads . In 1942 , her youngest surviving son , Prince George , Duke of Kent , was killed in an air crash while on active service . Mary finally returned to Marlborough House in June 1945 , after the war in Europe had resulted in the defeat of Nazi Germany .
Mary was an eager collector of objects and pictures with a royal connection . She paid above @-@ market estimates when purchasing jewels from the estate of Dowager Empress Marie of Russia and paid almost three times the estimate when buying the family 's Cambridge Emeralds from Lady Kilmorey , the mistress of her late brother Prince Francis . In 1924 , the famous architect Sir Edwin Lutyens created Queen Mary 's Dolls ' House for her collection of miniature pieces . Indeed , she has sometimes been criticised for her aggressive acquisition of objets d 'art for the Royal Collection . On several occasions , she would express to hosts , or others , that she admired something they had in their possession , in the expectation that the owner would be willing to donate it . Her extensive knowledge of , and research into , the Royal Collection helped in identifying artefacts and artwork that had gone astray over the years . The Royal Family had lent out many objects over previous generations . Once she had identified unreturned items through old inventories , she would write to the holders , requesting that they be returned .
In 1952 , King George VI died , the third of Queen Mary 's children to predecease her ; her eldest granddaughter , Princess Elizabeth , ascended the throne as Queen Elizabeth II . Mary died the next year of lung cancer ( referred to publicly as " gastric problems " ) on 24 March 1953 at the age of 85 , only ten weeks before her granddaughter 's coronation . Mary let it be known that , in the event of her death , the coronation was not to be postponed . Her remains lay in state at Westminster Hall , where large numbers of mourners filed past her coffin . She is buried beside her husband in the nave of St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle .
= = Legacy = =
Sir Henry " Chips " Channon wrote that she was " above politics ... magnificent , humorous , worldly , in fact nearly sublime , though cold and hard . But what a grand Queen . "
The ocean liners RMS Queen Mary and RMS Queen Mary 2 ; the Royal Navy battlecruiser , HMS Queen Mary , which was destroyed at the Battle of Jutland in 1916 ; Queen Mary University of London ; Queen Mary Reservoir in Surrey , United Kingdom ; Queen Mary College , Lahore ; Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong ; Queen Mary 's Peak , the highest mountain in Tristan da Cunha ; Queen Mary Land in Antarctica ; and Queen Mary 's College in Chennai , India , are named in her honour .
Actresses who have portrayed Queen Mary on stage and screen include Dame Wendy Hiller ( on the London stage in Crown Matrimonial ) , Greer Garson ( in the Hallmark television production of Crown Matrimonial ) , Dame Flora Robson ( in A King 's Story ) , Dame Peggy Ashcroft ( in Edward & Mrs
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and one palace guard were dead and Thalaya gave up . Abdullah was later reported executed , and Thalaya was publicly decapitated .
In March 1958 , al @-@ Badr arrived in Damascus to tell Nasser of Yemen 's adherence to the UAR . However , Ahmad was to keep his throne and his absolute power , and the arrangement constituted only a close alliance . In 1959 Ahmad went to Rome to treat his arthritis , rheumatism , heart trouble and , reportedly , drug addiction . Fights between tribal chieftains erupted , and al @-@ Badr unsuccessfully tried to buy off the dissidents by promising " reforms " , including the appointment of a representative council , more army pay and promotions . Upon his return , Ahmad swore to crush the " agents of the Christians " . He ordered the decapitation of one of his subjects and the amputation of the left hand and right foot of 15 others , in punishment for the murder of a high official the previous June . Al @-@ Badr was only rebuked for his leniency , but the Yemeni radio stopped broadcasting army officers ' speeches , and talks of reforms were silenced .
In June 1961 , Ahmad was still recovering from an assassination attempt four months earlier , and moved out of the capital , Taiz , into the pleasure palace of Sala . Already Defense and Foreign Minister , Badr became acting Prime Minister and Interior Minister as well . Despite being Crown Prince , al @-@ Badr still needed to be picked by the Ulema in San 'a . Al @-@ Badr was not popular with the Ulema due to his association with Nasser , and the Ulema had refused Ahmad 's request to ratify Badr 's title . Imam Ahmad died on September 18 , 1962 , and was succeeded by his son , Muhammad al @-@ Badr . One of al @-@ Badr 's first acts was to appoint Colonel Abdullah Sallal , a known socialist and Nasserist , as commander of the palace guard .
= = = Egypt = = =
Nasser had looked to a regime change in Yemen since 1957 and finally put his desires into practice in January 1962 by giving the Free Yemen Movement office space , financial support , and radio air time . Anthony Nutting 's biography of Gamal Abdel @-@ Nasser identifies several factors that led the Egyptian President to send expeditionary forces to Yemen . These included the unraveling of the union with Syria in 1961 , which dissolved his United Arab Republic ( UAR ) , damaging his prestige . A quick decisive victory in Yemen could help him recover leadership of the Arab world . Nasser also had his reputation as an anti @-@ colonial force , setting his sights on ridding South Yemen , and its strategic port city of Aden , of British forces .
Mohamed Heikal , a chronicler of Egyptian national policy decision making and confidant of Nasser , wrote in For Egypt Not For Nasser , that he had engaged Nasser on the subject of supporting the coup in Yemen . Heikal argued that Sallal 's revolution could not absorb the massive number of Egyptian personnel who would arrive in Yemen to prop up his regime , and that it would be wise to consider sending Arab nationalist volunteers from throughout the Middle East to fight alongside the republican Yemeni forces , suggesting the Spanish Civil War as a template from which to conduct events in Yemen . Nasser refused Heikal 's ideas , insisting on the need to protect the Arab nationalist movement . Nasser was convinced that a regiment of Egyptian Special Forces and a wing of fighter @-@ bombers would be able to secure the Yemeni republican coup d 'état .
Nasser 's considerations for sending troops to Yemen may have included the following : ( 1 ) impact of his support to the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 – 62 ; ( 2 ) Syria breaking up from Nasser 's United Arab Republic ( UAR ) in 1961 ; ( 3 ) taking advantage of a breach in British and French relations , which had been strained by Nasser 's support for the FLN in Algeria and primarily for his efforts to undermine the Central Treaty Organization ( CENTO ) , which caused the downfall of the Iraqi monarchy in 1958 ; ( 4 ) confronting imperialism , which Nasser saw as Egypt 's destiny ; ( 5 ) guaranteeing dominance of the Red Sea from the Suez Canal to the Bab @-@ el @-@ Mandeb strait ; ( 6 ) retribution against the Saudi royal family , whom Nasser felt had undermined his union with Syria .
= = History = =
= = = Coup d 'état = = =
= = = = Plot = = = =
At least four plots were going on in San 'a . One was headed by Lieutenant Ali Abdul al Moghny . Another one was conceived by Sallal . His plot merged into a third conspiracy prodded by the Hashid tribal confederation in revenge for Ahmad 's execution of their paramount sheik and his son . A fourth plot was shaped by several young princes who sought to get rid of al @-@ Badr but not the imamate . The only men who knew about those plots were the Egyptian chargé d 'affaires , Abdul Wahad , and al @-@ Badr himself . The day after Ahmad 's death , al @-@ Badr 's minister in London , Ahmad al Shami , sent him a telegram urging him not to go to San 'a to attend his father 's funeral because several Egyptian officers , as well as some of his own , were plotting against him . Al @-@ Badr 's private secretary did not pass this message to him , pretending he did not understand the code . Al @-@ Badr may have been saved by the gathering of thousands of men at the funeral . Al @-@ Badr learned of the telegram only later .
A day before the coup Wahad , who claimed to have information from the Egyptian intelligence service , warned al @-@ Badr that Sallal and fifteen other officers , including Moghny , were planning a revolution . Wahad 's purpose was to cover himself and Egypt in case the coup failed , to prompt the plotters into immediate action , and drive Sallal and Moghny into a single conspiracy . Sallal got imamic permission to bring in the armed forces . Then , Wahad went to Moghny , and told him that al @-@ Badr had somehow discovered the plot , and that he must act immediately before the other officers would be arrested . He told him that if he could hold San 'a , the radio and the airport for three days , the whole of Europe would recognize him .
Sallal ordered that the military academy in San 'a go on full alert — opening all armories and issuing weapons to all junior officers and troops . On the evening of September 25 , Sallal gathered known leaders of the Yemeni nationalist movement and other officers who had sympathized or participated in the military protests of 1955 . Each officer and cell would be given orders and would commence as soon as the shelling of al @-@ Badr 's palace began . Key areas that would be secured included Al @-@ Bashaer palace ( al @-@ Badr 's palace ) , Al @-@ Wusul palace ( Reception area for dignitaries ) , the radio station , the telephone exchange , Qasr al @-@ Silaah ( The Main Armory ) , and the central security headquarters ( Intelligence and Internal Security ) .
= = = = Execution = = = =
At 10 : 30 p.m. , al @-@ Badr heard tanks moving through the nearby streets , and reckoned that they were the ones Sallal had asked to move . At 11 @.@ 45 p.m. the army began shelling the palace . Al @-@ Badr seized a machine gun and began firing at the tanks , although they were out of range . Moghny sent an armored car to Sallal 's house and invited him to the headquarters , where he asked him to join the revolution . Sallal agreed , on condition that he would be President . Moghny agreed . The coup d 'état
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in to break up the fight , beating one of the boys and making the others flee . Ellie becomes angered by this , claiming that she can take care of herself . Riley then advises Ellie to flee , but the latter is caught and assigned to cleaning duty . While she is completing the chore , she realizes that Riley stole her Walkman , and later demands that she return it , which Riley reluctantly does .
At night , Ellie catches Riley attempting to sneak out of the school , and demands to accompany her . Riley reluctantly agrees , and the two make their way to the mall , where they meet Riley 's friend Winston . As Winston teaches Ellie how to ride a horse , Riley steals his radio , and discovers that an attack by the Fireflies — a rebel group opposing the quarantine zone authorities — has occurred nearby . Ellie and Riley make their way to the attack , and find that the Fireflies are wounded and outnumbered . To help , Ellie and Riley throw smoke grenades at the military , allowing the Fireflies to retreat safely . They are spotted by the military , and escape into a nearby alley , where they narrowly avoid being bitten by an Infected — zombie @-@ like creatures infected by a mutated strain of the Cordyceps fungus .
The girls are soon captured by Fireflies , who restrain them ; Marlene , the leader of the Fireflies , recognizes Ellie , and demands that she remains safe . When Riley claims she would like to join their group , Marlene refuses , and the two argue , resulting in Marlene threatening to shoot Riley . Ellie intervenes , demanding at gunpoint that Marlene explain how she knows information about Ellie . When Ellie finally lowers the gun , Marlene informs her that she knew Ellie 's mother , and had promised her that she would take care of Ellie . Ellie hands the gun to Marlene , who says that she would tell her more about her mother in the future , before telling the girls to leave . When Ellie and Riley reenter the quarantine zone , Riley says that there is no escape . Ellie suggests running away , but Riley informs her that this will just result in death . The two then walk back into the school .
= = Reception = =
The Last of Us : American Dreams received generally positive reviews . Praise was particularly directed at the story and artwork of the comic , which were said to compliment each other . The comic was also a commercial success ; the first issue sold out , and the resulting high demand led to Dark Horse reissuing the installment .
The comic 's story received positive reactions . Lonnie Nadler of Bloody Disgusting felt unsure about the story in the first two issues due to their dedication to character development , but praised the final issue for delivering " authentic drama and raw intensity " which was missing from previous issues . IGN 's Jesse Schedeen felt that the story served to enhance the world and characters , and later praised the comic 's availability to readers who had not played the game . Conversely , Nathan Butler of Invisible Gamer felt that the introduction and development of the first two issues could have been shortened , and that the final issue attempted to include too much content , ultimately calling the comic a " sub @-@ par attempt at a video game tie @-@ in series " .
Reviewers also praised the comic 's artwork . Alasdair Stuart of SciFiNow wrote that the art was " so expressive and relaxed " , naming Hicks " one of the best artists of her generation " . Jen Bosier of Forbes felt that the art style worked well within the context of the story , and IGN 's Schedeen felt that the comic heavily relied on the artwork , and that its art style gave it a unique " style and identity " . Nadler of Bloody Disgusting called it " quite simplistic , but very clean " , and " visually expressive when it matters " , comparing it to Scott Pilgrim . Nadler also praised the choice of color , stating that it contained " the right palette of dark and murkey hues " , as well as the cover artwork , calling it " consistently stunning " . Jennifer Cheng of Comic Book Resources also wrote that the colors fit with the setting of the comic . Peter Jubinsky of Geeks of Doom particularly praised Hicks ' depiction of the Infected as " in pain and desperate " , calling this " especially harrowing " .
= = = Issues = = =
Druckmann , Neil , Hicks , Faith Erin ( w ) , Hicks , Faith Erin ( a ) , Rosenberg , Rachelle ( col ) , Robins , Clem ( let ) , Edidin , Rachel , Wright , Brendan ( ed ) . The Last of Us : American Dreams # 1 ( April 3 , 2013 ) , Dark Horse Comics
Druckmann , Neil , Hicks , Faith Erin ( w ) , Hicks , Faith Erin ( a ) , Rosenberg , Rachelle ( col ) , Robins , Clem ( let ) , Edidin , Rachel , Wright , Brendan
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