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or two soups , two fishes , two " removes " of meat , and two savoury " entrées " in the first " Course " , with a second " Course " of one kind of game , followed by a choice of three " entremets " which included both savouries , generally vegetables , and desserts .
There is a single bill of fare for a " Ball Supper for 300 Persons " , and one for a " Public Dinner " for the same number .
There are 13 bills of fare for " Her Majesty 's Dinner " , each with an exact date in 1841 and the words " ( Under the control of C. Francatelli . ) " . Each of the royal dinners has either eight or nine courses ( including a buffet or sideboard ) , except for that of 30 June which is divided into two " Services " and has 11 courses .
The royal dinners are described almost entirely in French , with the exception of the heading , the phrase " Side Board " , and a few specifically British dishes such as " Roast Mutton " and " Haunch of Venison " . There are usually two soups , two fishes , two removes , six entrées , two roasts , two more removes , six entremets , and between two and seven dishes on the sideboard . The exceptional royal dinner of 30 June 1841 had sixteen entrées and sixteen entremets . Some of these entremets used the most costly ingredients including truffles in Champagne .
= = = Publication = = =
The Modern Cook was first published in 1846 . It reached its 29th edition in 1896 . Francatelli presented a copy of the 8th edition to Queen Victoria on 4 June 1853 .
Editions included :
1846 , First edition . Richard Bentley & Son , London .
1846 , Lea and Blanchard , Philadelphia .
c . 1855 , T.B. Peterson and Brothers , Philadelphia .
1858 , 11th edition . Richard Bentley & Son , London .
1859 , from 9th London edition . Thomas L. White , New Orleans .
1880 , 13th edition . Richard Bentley & Son , London .
1886 , 28th edition . Richard Bentley & Son , London .
1895 , from 26th London edition . D. McKay , Philadelphia .
1896 , 29th edition . Richard Bentley & Son , London .
1911 , Reprint of 1st edition . Macmillan , London .
1973 , Reprint of 1880 edition ( T.B. Peterson and Brothers , Philadelphia ) . Dover , New York
= = Reception = =
= = = Contemporary = = =
Kettner 's Book of the Table of 1877 , describing Francatelli as " a type of all the great French cooks " , asserted that he " gives a most elaborate recipe for aspic jelly ; and he is so satisfied with it that , having to prepare a cold supper for 300 people , he works it up in every one of his 56 dishes which are neither sweet nor hot . The book further argues that " this is the result of science — this the height of art . It produces , with such elaborate forms and majestic ceremonies , an aspic jelly without aspic , that , exhausted in the effort , it can proceed no further , and seems to think that here at last , in this supreme sauce , we have a sure resting @-@ place — the true blessedness — the ewigkeit . "
George H. Ellwanger wrote in his Pleasures of the Table in 1902 that Francatelli 's Modern Cook was " still a superior treatise , and although little adapted to the average household , it will well repay careful study on the part of the expert amateur . ' The palate is as capable and nearly as worthy of education as the eye and the ear , ' says Francatelli — a statement which his volume abundantly bears out . " He added that " one sees , accordingly , an ornate observance of decoration in his grand army of side @-@ dishes . These are excellent throughout , but generally very elaborate , while his sauces and recipes for pastry are especially good . The same may be said of his quenelles and timbales . A competent hand will find his work a valuable guide from which to obtain ideas ; it is not a practical book for the majority . "
The New Zealand Herald of 1912 commented that Francatelli was " an earnest and gifted worker in the cause of gastronomy " and that The Modern Cook faithfully reflected Victorian dining habits . " Everything was good and solid of its kind , even if tending towards complication rather than simplicity . " The review opined that the great joints of meat " decorated with their silver hatelet skewers bearing cock 's combs and trufflets , were attended by the most appetizing ragouts and garnishes . " Despite the gloss , there was " nothing meretricious or deceptive in the savoury promises held out by Victorian comestibles . " The reviewer notes , however , that even while Francatelli was describing this elaborate fare , the " excessive meat @-@ eating " was being replaced by a diet richer in vegetables , and meals were becoming simpler , so that " now , in the 20th century , much that Francatelli wrote about ... is no longer needed . "
= = = Modern = = =
M. F. K. Fisher , writing in The New York Times , stated that millions of American women in the 19th century organised " every aspect of their lives .. as much as possible in imitation of the Queen " , and that The Modern Cook sold almost as well in America as it did in England . Admitting that few American kitchens could " follow all its directions for the light Gallic dainties Francatelli introduced to counteract the basic heaviness of royal dining habits " , she argued that all the same his two @-@ course approach eventually shaped the way Americans now eat both lunch and dinner . She observed that at Windsor Castle , Francatelli and other royal chefs were assisted by 24 assistant chefs and two " Yeomen of the Kitchen " , not to mention a multitude of " servers and lackeys " . This did not deter American housewives " as far west as Iowa and then beyond " from doing their best to follow his instructions .
The Historic Food website notes that Francatelli provides two recipes for mincemeat , one with roast beef , the other containing lemons but no meat .
C. Anne Wilson , introducing Women and Victorian Values , 1837 @-@ 1910 . Advice Books , Manuals and Journals for Women , states that Francatelli was writing for the " upper middle @-@ class housewife " in The Modern Cook , explaining to her how to serve the " socially important " dinner in English , French and " à la Russe " styles . In contrast , his 1861 Cook 's Guide is for " more ordinary " households , advocating " traditional two @-@ course dinners " .
Nick Baines writes on LoveFood that Francatelli included " a whole collection of lavish pies " in the book .
Panikos Panayi , in his book Spicing Up Britain , writes that Francatelli 's book for the middle classes definitely recognised differences between British and foreign foods , even in its full title which ran " ... Comprising , in Addition to English Cookery , the Most Advanced and Recherché Systems of French , Italian and German Cookery " . Panayi notes that Francatelli 's preface to the first edition was scathing about ignorant " English writers on gastronomy " , comparing them unfavourably to the " great Professors " of cuisine in France . Panayi observes further that while most of Francatelli 's chapters are not grouped by national origin , he does distinguish English , Foreign , and Italian soups . He notes that it would have taken years to eat all the dishes listed , and that it is impossible to tell how often middle class families may have eaten " fillets of haddocks , à la royale " . He considers it likely that only the wealthiest could have aspired to eat the sort of food described by Francatelli , but concedes that his bills of fare for dinners for six persons ( by month ) do indicate that the middle classes could afford the best meat and vegetables , and indeed that they had domestic staff able to prepare dinners of that complexity described in Francatelli 's French terminology . Panayi concludes that Francatelli represents " perhaps the most extreme example " of the nineteeth century British habit of giving dishes French descriptions .
= Ted Petoskey =
Frederick Lee " Ted " Petoskey ( January 5 , 1911 – November 30 , 1996 ) was a three @-@ sport athlete at the University of Michigan , a Major League Baseball player , a collegiate coach in three sports and an athletic director .
At the University of Michigan , Petoskey received eight varsity letters in three sports . In American football , he was a two @-@ time All @-@ American end for the undefeated Michigan Wolverines football teams that won back @-@ to @-@ back college football national championships in 1932 and 1933 . He was also a guard and captain of Michigan 's basketball team in the 1933 – 34 season . As a baseball player in 1934 , Petoskey led the Big Ten Conference with a .452 batting average .
Petoskey played parts of the 1934 and 1935 Major League Baseball seasons as an outfielder for the Cincinnati Reds and played minor league baseball until 1944 . Petoskey also served in a variety of collegiate coaching positions , including head coach of the University of South Carolina 's basketball team ( 1935 – 1940 ) , athletic director and football coach at Wofford College , and head baseball coach at the University of South Carolina ( 1940 – 42 , 1948 – 56 ) .
= = High school athlete = =
Petoskey was raised in St. Charles , Michigan and attended nearby Saginaw Eastern High School . On October 22 , 1926 , Petoskey became the first receiver in Michigan High School Athletic Association history to garner five receiving touchdowns in a high school football game . As of August 2002 , the record had not been surpassed . While playing for Saginaw , Petoskey was an all @-@ state end two years and an all @-@ state fullback another . He once played in a game with University of Michigan head coach Fielding H. Yost in the stands . Petoskey ran back the opening kickoff for 87 yards and a touchdown , and after hearing that Yost was in the stands ran back another kickoff in the second half for 92 yards and a touchdown .
= = University of Michigan athlete = =
Petoskey was a three @-@ sport player for the Michigan Wolverines . While enrolled at Michigan , he earned eight varsity letters — three in football , three in baseball and two in basketball .
= = = 1931 and 1932 football seasons = = =
In Petoskey 's three years as a varsity football player , the Wolverines had a combined record of 23 – 1 – 2 and won two national championships . As a sophomore in 1931 , Petoskey was touted as " a second Bennie Oosterbaan , " and earned a spot on the United Press All @-@ Big Ten Conference second team .
In his junior year , Petoskey was one of the favorite pass receivers for quarterback Harry Newman , who won the Douglas Fairbanks trophy as the Most Valuable Player in college football . Coach Harry Kipke shifted Petoskey to fullback mid @-@ way through the 1932 season , and he scored two touchdowns in a 32 – 0 win over Illinois . The United Press noted : " A running attack which featured Ted Petoskey , converted from an end to a fullback in the last week by Coach Harry Kipke dovetailed nicely with the Wolverine aerial play to produce the touchdowns . With Petoskey plunging the line and sweeping inside the ends for many sizeable gains , the Michigan eleven showed power through the line for the first time this season . " An Associated Press writer warned opponents to watch out for Petoskey : " It is about time for grid foeman to wake up when Ted Petoskey , end and fullback on the University of Michigan football team , gets to dreaming . Petoskey 's dreams have a habit of coming true , and happily for Petoskey , most of his dreams are good ones . "
Petoskey was selected as a first @-@ team All @-@ American in 1932 by the All @-@ American Football Board , a second @-@ team All @-@ American by the New York Sun , and a third @-@ team All @-@ American by the United Press . After the 1932 team compiled a perfect 8 – 0 record ( outscoring opponents 123 – 13 ) and won the national championship , the press credited the squad 's " esprit de corps " as a key to their success . As an example of Wolverine teamwork , a United Press story pointed to a fumble in the Minnesota game . " Michigan recovered , with both Ted Petoskey , end , and Charles Bernard , center , at the bottom of the heap . Bernard credited Petoskey . Petoskey said Bernard recovered . "
= = = 1933 football season = = =
During his senior year , Petoskey started all eight games at left end for the 1933 Michigan Wolverines football team , as Michigan won its second consecutive national championship , and Petoskey was again named an All @-@ American . Although Petoskey was principally an end , Coach Kipke played Petoskey at fullback in some games in 1933 . An October 1933 newspaper story reported on his versatility : " Ted Petoskey , Michigan 's brilliant right end was moved into the backfield for last night 's practice ... This is the second time Petoskey has figured in such a shift . Last fall he was converted into a fullback before the Illinois game and proved a capable ground gainer . Monday he was given a trial as a forward passer , and made an impressive showing . " In his final game for the Michigan football team , Petoskey also kicked a 35 @-@ yard field goal against Northwestern , representing the final points scored for Michigan in its 1933 championship season .
After the 1933 season , Petoskey was chosen as a first @-@ team All @-@ American in the Central Press Association poll of team captains , and for the second @-@ team by Grantland Rice . Petoskey also finished third in the voting for the Associated Press 1933 Big Ten Athlete of the Year award . In choosing Petoskey for his All @-@ American team , football writer Lawrence Perry said : " Ted Petoskey of Michigan is one of the finest ends who ever played the game . A former halfback , he is superb as an end @-@ around runner . He receives forward passes with great accuracy and when he catches the ball he is difficult to bring down . "
Coach Kipke credited the play of halfback , Herman Everhardus , and his ends for the undefeated season : " Our ends , Ward and Petoskey , were near perfection . " The 1934 University of Michigan yearbook , called the Michiganensian , described Petoskey 's contributions as follows : " After three years of Varsity football , Petoskey is recognized as one of Michigan 's greatest all @-@ time ends . At the end of his junior year , he was chosen All American , and recognized as one of the greatest defense players in the country . He was alert , followed every play , and opponents found it almost impossible to gain around his end . " In 1955 , Kipke rated Petoskey as one of the six best players he ever coached : " If I had to name the best player I ever coached , it would have to be among Harry Newman , Francis Wistert , Otto Pommerening , Ted Petoskey and Maynard Morrison . "
When the Associated Press picked Petoskey as only a second @-@ team All @-@ American in 1933 , ten @-@ year @-@ old Mary Lee Grossman from Saginaw , Michigan protested in a letter to AP sports editor , Alan Gould , that he had " chosen wrong " in leaving Petoskey and Whitey Wistert off the first @-@ team . To avoid any appearance of bias , the Saginaw native noted : " You may think I am a friend of these boys but I do not know either of them . I hope you change your mind . " Gould responded to Miss Grossman in his column : " You may be right , Mary Lee , but it 's too late now to change our mind . "
= = = Other sports = = =
Petoskey was also the captain of the 1933 – 34 Wolverines basketball team . For the versatile Petoskey , baseball was his best sport . In May 1933 , the Wolverines baseball team swept the Ohio State Buckeyes , as All @-@ American football players Whitey Wistert pitched a complete game , and Petoskey hit an inside @-@ the @-@ park home run . Petoskey led the Big Ten Conference in batting in 1934 , with 19 hits in 42 at bats for a .452 batting average .
= = Professional baseball = =
Immediately after graduating , Petoskey and Michigan teammate Whitey Wistert both signed with the Cincinnati Reds , reporting to the team in early June 1934 . Petoskey made his major league debut on September 9 , 1934 , and Wistert made his debut two days later . Petoskey played in six games in 1934 , where he went hitless and struck out five times in seven at bats . On the last day of the 1934 regular season , Petoskey was a strikeout victim of Dizzy Dean in the ninth inning of Dean 's 30th win of the year . When the baseball season ended , Petoskey and Wistert both returned to Ann Arbor , Michigan in early October , where they were given coaching assignments helping Ray Fisher teach fundamentals and offering personal tutoring to the freshman football team .
Petoskey returned to the Reds in 1935 , but after spring training he was assigned to the minor leagues . He played for the Wilmington Pirates in the Piedmont League for most of the 1935 season , where he was hitting .426 to lead the league in early June . The Reds called up Petoskey in June , and one newspaper noted that when he was called up , Petoskey was " batting above the .400 mark , leading the ( Piedmont ) league in home runs , runs driven in and practically everything else . " He was two @-@ for @-@ five with a stolen base and a .400 batting average in four games for the 1935 Reds , but he played his last game for the Reds on June 20 , 1935 .
Petoskey played for the Durham Bulls in the Piedmont League in 1936 , where he was hitting .428 in late May . He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1937 , where he was leading the International League in base hits in mid @-@ June . He continued to play with the Leafs in 1938 and 1939 , before being sold to the Toledo Mud Hens in July 1939 . He was released by Toledo in March 1940 .
= = Coaching career = =
= = = Basketball coach at South Carolina = = =
During the off @-@ season from his summer job as a minor league baseball player , Petoskey coached the University of South Carolina basketball team from 1935 to 1940 . In five seasons as the Gamecocks ' head coach , the team had a record of 36 – 67 .
= = = South Carolina and Wofford ( 1940 – 47 ) = = =
Until 1940 , Petoskey had been coaching in the offseason , while still playing baseball in the summers . In August 1940 , he announced his retirement as a player to take a full @-@ time position as the head baseball coach at South Carolina , a position he held from 1940 to 1942 .
In August 1942 , Petoskey was hired by Wofford College as its head football coach and director of physical education . At the time , Petoskey had been playing for the Columbia Reds in the Sally League . Petoskey remained at Wofford through 1947 , taking time off at times to revive his baseball career . In 1944 , Petoskey was a player and manager for the Birmingham Barons of the Southern Association in 1944 . In 1945 , he left Wofford for the summer to play for the Buffalo Bisons in the International League . He returned to Wofford after World War II . Wofford had suspended its football and basketball programs in 1943 and 1944 , but Petoskey announced that the school would bring both programs back in the 1945 – 46 school year . He also served as coach of the Wofford football team .
= = = Baseball coach at South Carolina ( 1948 – 56 ) = = =
In 1948 , Petoskey returned to the University of South Carolina where he was the head coach of the baseball team until 1956 . He also served as an ends coach for the South Carolina football team . In twelve seasons as South Carolina 's head baseball coach , Petoskey compiled a record of 113 – 120 . Petoskey 's baseball players remembered his love of playing poker and his bringing the team home hungry after a tough loss to Duke . In what team members remembered as the " hunger game , " an angry Coach Petoskey told the players to " get on the bus , " and the team rode from Durham , North Carolina to Columbia , South Carolina ( 236 miles ) without having eaten . Another time against Furman University , the Gamecocks blew an 11 – 2 lead in the 8th inning to lose 12 – 11 . On the bus , Petoskey had " that look , " and the driver figured the team would receive a tongue @-@ lashing . " He said , ' I don 't want to hear a word out of you guys , and that goes for you , too , Bussie . ' "
= = Later years = =
In December 1956 , Petoskey announced he was leaving the University of South Carolina to work for the New York Yankees , as a baseball scout for the Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina and eastern Tennessee territory . As a Yankees ' scout , he signed Duke catcher Steve Crihfield to a contract . And in 1959 , when the Yankees moved spring training for their farm system to Columbia , South Carolina , Petoskey was responsible for the logistics and preparing Capital City Park . He served in the mid @-@ 1960s as the director of recreation for the South Carolina Department of Corrections . Petoskey died in Elgin , South Carolina at age 85 in 1996 .
His son Ted Petoskey , Jr . , followed his father playing end in American football . Ted , Jr . , was chosen to play end for the South Carolina high school team in the 1959 Shrine Bowl against the North Carolina team , and was named South Carolina high school AAA Lineman of the Year . He went on to play end for the Clemson Tigers football team from 1962 to 1964 .
= = Head coaching record = =
= = = College football = = =
= = = College basketball = = =
= = = College baseball = = =
= Psilocybe hispanica =
Psilocybe hispanica is a species of fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae . It produces small brown mushrooms with conical to convex caps up to 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) in diameter and stems 16 to 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 6 to 1 @.@ 0 in ) long by 0 @.@ 5 to 1 mm ( 0 @.@ 02 to 0 @.@ 04 in ) thick . Reported as new to science in 2000 , it is only known from the Pyrenees mountain range in northern Spain and southwestern France , where it grows on horse dung in grass fields at elevations of 1 @,@ 700 to 2 @,@ 300 m ( 5 @,@ 600 to 7 @,@ 500 ft ) . The mushroom contains the psychoactive compound psilocybin . The possible depiction of this species in the 6 @,@ 000 @-@ year @-@ old Selva Pascuala rock art suggests that it might have been used in ancient religious rituals — the oldest evidence of such usage in prehistoric Europe .
= = Taxonomy = =
The species was described by Mexican mycologist Gastón Guzmán in a 2000 publication , based on specimens collected by Ignacio Seral Bozal near Hues
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that " the criterion for such divisions in the Turin Canon invariably was the change of location of the capital and royal residence . " Malek thus suggests that the capital of Egypt , then known as Inbu @-@ Hedj , was indeed supplanted at the time by settlements located to the South , East of South Saqqara , where Unas ' palace may have been located . In the second millennium BC these cities finally merged and gave rise to Memphis .
Whatever the basis for Manetho 's choice to end the Fifth Dynasty with Unas , Egyptians living at the time probably perceived no particular change from one dynasty to the next . The administration of the state shows no evidence of disturbances , with many officials continuing their careers from Unas ' onto Teti 's reign . These include the viziers Mehu , Kagemni and Nikau @-@ Isesi and the overseer of the province of Edfu Isi . Given that the Egyptians of the Old Kingdom might not have conceived of dynasties , the distinction between the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties might be illusory .
= = Evolution of religion and kingship = =
The reigns of Djedkare Isesi and of Unas were a time of changes in Ancient Egyptian religion and in the ideology of kingship , changes that are first demonstrable under Unas . A statistical analysis of clay seal fragments bearing Horus names of pharaohs of the Fifth Dynasty points to a marked decline of the cult of the king during Unas ' time on the throne . This continued under Unas ' successor Teti , for whom we know only two seals bearing his Horus name . This trend reflects the lessening of the king 's power in conjunction with the growth of the administration and priesthood .
Meanwhile , the cult of Osiris was becoming more important with this god replacing the king as the guarantor of life after death for the pharaoh 's subjects . The German Egyptologist Hartwig Altenmüller writes that for an Egyptian of the time " the [ ... ] afterlife no longer depends on the relationship between the individual mortal and the king , [ ... ] instead it is linked to his ethical position in direct relation to Osiris " . In contrast , the cult of the sun god Ra was in apparent decline , even though Ra was still the most important deity of the Egyptian pantheon . Thus , Djedkare Isesi and Unas did not build a sun temple in contrast with most of their Fifth Dynasty predecessors . In addition , the names of Menkauhor Kaiu and Unas do not incorporate any reference to Ra , in rupture with a tradition which held since the reign of Userkaf , about a century earlier . The Pyramid Texts found in Unas ' pyramid demonstrate the importance of Osiris and Ra in ancient Egyptian religion at the time . Both gods were believed to play the key roles in accessing the afterlife , with Ra as the source of life and Osiris as the force through which the next life would be attained .
= = Pyramid = =
Unas had a pyramid built for himself in North Saqqara , between the pyramid of Sekhemkhet and the southwestern corner of the pyramid complex of Djoser , in symmetry with the pyramid of Userkaf located at the northeastern corner . In the process , workers leveled and covered older tombs located in the area , most notably the tomb of the Second Dynasty pharaoh Hotepsekhemwy ( c . 2890 BC ) .
The original Egyptian name of the pyramid was " Nefer Isut Unas " , meaning " Beautiful are the places of Unas " . The pyramid of Unas is the smallest of the pyramids completed during the Old Kingdom , having a square base of 57 @.@ 7 m × 57 @.@ 7 m ( 189 ft × 189 ft ) for a height of 43 m ( 141 ft ) .
= = = Mortuary complex = = =
The pyramid of Unas is part of a larger mortuary complex built around it . It was approached via an ancient lake on the shores of which Unas ' valley temple was located . This temple received the provisions for the cult of the king and the offerings to be made were prepared there . At the back of the valley temple was the beginning of a 750 m ( 2 @,@ 460 ft ) -long causeway , equaled only by that of Khufu , and leading to an upper temple adjacent to the pyramid . A thin slit in the roof of the causeway allowed the light to illuminate its walls covered for their entire length in painted reliefs . These depicted the Egyptian seasons , processions of people from the nomes of Egypt , craftsmen at work , offerings bearers , battle scenes and the transport of granite columns for the construction of the pyramid complex .
At the end of the causeway was a large hall leading to a pillared open court surrounded by magazine chambers . The court led into the mortuary temple proper which housed statues of the king and where the offerings to the deceased took place . This was immediately adjacent to the eastern side of the pyramid , which was surrounded by an enclosure wall defining the sacred space . At the southeast corner of the enclosure was a small satellite pyramid for the Ka of the king . The internal chambers of the pyramid were entered in 1881 by Gaston Maspero , who thus discovered the pyramid texts . The burial chamber housed nothing but a black basalt sarcophagus sunk into the floor and a canopic chest . The sarcophagus proved to contain scattered bones , which may belong to Unas .
= = = Pyramid Texts = = =
The main innovation of the pyramid of Unas is the first appearance of the Pyramid Texts , one of the oldest religious texts in Egypt to have survived to this day . In doing so , Unas initiated a tradition that would be followed in the pyramid of the kings and queens of the Sixth to Eighth Dynasties , until the end of the Old Kingdom circa 200 years later .
In total 283 magical spells , also known as utterances , were carved and the signs painted blue on the walls of the corridor , antechamber , and burial chamber of Unas ' pyramid . They constitute the most complete rendition of the Pyramid Texts existing today . These spells were intended to help the king in overcoming hostile forces and powers in the Underworld and thus join with the sun god Ra , his divine father in the afterlife . By writing the texts on the walls of the pyramid internal chambers , the architects of Unas ' pyramid ensured that the king would benefit from their potency even if the funerary cult was to cease . Hence , the Pyramid Texts of the pyramid of Unas incorporate instructions for ritual actions and words to be spoken , suggesting that they were precisely those performed and recited during the cult of the king in his mortuary temple .
The good preservation of the texts in Unas ' pyramid shows that they were arranged so as to be read by the Ba of Unas , as it arose from the sarcophagus thanks to resurrection utterances and surrounded by protective spells and ritual offerings . The Ba would then leave the burial chamber , which incorporates texts identifying the king with Osiris in the Duat , and would move to the antechamber symbolizing the Akhet . Included in the spells written on the walls of the antechamber of Unas are two utterances known as the Cannibal Hymn , which portrays the pharaoh as flying to heaven through a stormy sky and eating both gods and men . In doing so the king would receive the life force of the gods . At this point the Ba of Unas would face east , the direction of the sunrise , and beyond the pyramid masonry , the false door of the mortuary temple where funerary rituals were performed . Finally , turning left the Ba would join Ra in the sky by passing through the pyramid corridor .
An example of a spell from the pyramid of Unas is Utterance 217 :
Re @-@ Atum , this Unas comes to you
A spirit indestructible
Your son comes to you
This Unas comes to you
May you cross the sky united in the dark
May you rise in lightland , the place in which you shine !
= = Legacy = =
Unas ' most immediate legacy is his funerary cult , which continued at least until the end of the Old Kingdom . This cult is attested by the tombs at Saqqara of seven priests responsible for the religious duties to be performed in the funerary complex . Three of these tombs date to the early Sixth Dynasty in the time following the death of Pepi I. Three more tombs date to the reign of Pepi II and the last one dates to the very end of the Old Kingdom ( c . 2180 BC ) . The priests of the cult of Unas adopted basilophorous names , incorporating that of the king , possibly upon taking office .
Unas ' funerary cult appears to have survived during the chaotic First Intermediate Period until the Middle Kingdom . By the time of the 12th Dynasty ( c . 1990 – c . 1800 BC ) , the lector @-@ priest Unasemsaf and his family were involved in the cult of Unas . In spite of this , Unas ' funerary complex was partially dismantled and its materials reemployed for the construction of Amenemhat I and Senusret I own pyramid complexes .
In addition to his official cult , Unas was deified and became a local god of the Saqqara necropolis . Grimal attributes this directly to the grandeur of his funerary complex . Malek doubts the existence of a popular cult of Unas during the Old Kingdom but acknowledges it from the Middle Kingdom onwards . He attributes this Middle Kingdom revival to the geographic position of Unas ' complex making it a natural gateway to the Saqqara necropolis . The popular cult of the deified Unas continued for nearly 2000 years as shown by the numerous scarabs bearing Unas ' name found in Saqqara and dated from the New Kingdom ( c.1550 – c.1077 BC ) until the Late Period ( 664 – 332 BC ) . The epicenter of this cult was not the pyramid of Unas nor the associated mortuary temple but rather the statues of the king in the valley temple . This activity could explain why the pyramid complex of Unas was the object of restoration works under the impulse of Prince Khaemweset , a son of Ramesses II ( 1279 – 1213 BC ) .
= Bulldog Drummond =
Bulldog Drummond is a British fictional character , created by H. C. McNeile and published under his pen name " Sapper " . After an unsuccessful one @-@ off appearance as a policeman in The Strand Magazine , the character was reworked by McNeile into a gentleman adventurer for his 1920 novel Bulldog Drummond . McNeile went on to write ten Drummond novels , four short stories , four stage plays and a screenplay before his death in 1937 . The stories were continued by his friend Gerard Fairlie between 1938 and 1954 ; further books were published in the 1960s and one in 1983 .
Drummond is a First World War veteran , brutalised by his experiences in the trenches and bored with his post @-@ war lifestyle . He publishes an advertisement looking for adventure , and soon finds himself embroiled in a series of exploits , many of which involve Carl Peterson — who becomes his nemesis — and Peterson 's mistress , the femme fatale Irma . After his first adventure Drummond marries his client , Phyllis Benton ; in later episodes she becomes involved in Drummond 's exploits , often as the victim of kidnapping by Drummond 's enemies .
In 1921 an adaptation of the first novel was staged in London , with Gerald du Maurier playing the role of Drummond ; the play was further adapted and resulted in the 1922 silent film Bulldog Drummond , with Carlyle Blackwell in the lead role . Several other Drummond films have followed , either based on McNeile 's stories or with unique storylines .
= = Drummond = =
The Bulldog Drummond stories of H. C. McNeile follow Captain Hugh " Bulldog " Drummond , DSO , MC . Drummond is a member of " the Breed " , a class of Englishman who were patriotic , loyal and " physically and morally intrepid " . Drummond is a wealthy gentleman , formerly an officer in the fictional " Royal Loamshire Regiment " , who , after the First World War , spends his new @-@ found leisure time looking for adventure . McNeile first wrote the Drummond character as a detective for a short story in The Strand Magazine , but the portrayal was not successful and was changed for the novel Bull @-@ dog Drummond , which was a thriller . The character was an amalgam of McNeile 's friend Gerard Fairlie , and his idea of an English gentleman , although writer J.D. Bourn disputes Fairlie 's claim to be a model for the character , noting that " he was still at school when Sapper created his ... hero " . Drummond also had roots in the literary characters Sherlock Holmes , Sexton Blake , Richard Hannay and The Scarlet Pimpernel .
Drummond 's wartime experience had given him a series of abilities akin to that of a hunter : stealth — " he could move over ground without a single blade of grass rustling " — and the ability to incapacitate others — " he could kill a man with his bare hands in a second " . During his time on the Western Front he would take himself on solitary raids through no man 's land . Drummond was also proficient in jujutsu and boxing , was a crack shot , played cricket for the Free Foresters , and was an excellent poker player . In addition to Drummond 's physical attributes is his common sense , which allows him to equal and beat his opponents , even if they have a superior intellect .
Drummond is characterised as large , very strong , physically unattractive and an " apparently brainless hunk of a man " , He is six feet tall , weighs around 14 stone , and has a " cheerful type of ugliness which inspires immediate confidence in its owner " . Throughout his exploits , Drummond is joined by several of his ex @-@ army friends and colleagues , including Algy Longworth ( who would appear in many of the films , as Drummond 's sidekick ) , MC ; Toby Sinclair , VC ; Peter Darrell and Ted Jerningham . Dummond 's ex @-@ batman from his military days , James Denny , runs Drummond 's flat on Half @-@ Moon Street in Mayfair , London , along with Mrs Denny . ( Denny appeared as Drummond 's sidekick in the radio series , a version of the character named Tenny appeared in the films ) Drummond is a gentleman with a private income ; he is also be construed as " a brutalized ex @-@ officer whose thirst for excitement is also an attempt to reenact [ sic ] the war " , although the character was later described by Cecil Day @-@ Lewis as an " unspeakable public school bully " .
The novel Bulldog Drummond begins when Drummond places an advertisement in a newspaper looking for adventure to lift the ennui of his life in post @-@ war London . The response comes from Phyllis Benton , who is concerned for the health and well @-@ being of her father , over whom Henry Lakington and Carl Peterson have a hold . At the end of the novel Drummond and Phyllis marry , and remain married throughout the course of the McNeile and Fairlie series of books , in contrast to the films , which generally portray Drummond as unmarried . Phyllis becomes integral to the plot of some of the novels : she is kidnapped by Irma Peterson in several stories , including The Black Gang and The Female of the Species .
In the matter of his personal tastes , Drummond is a member of the fictional Junior Sports Club , a gentleman 's club on St. James 's Square , London . His preferred drink is beer although he also enjoys drinking martinis and is knowledgeable about wines . Drummond owns both a Rolls @-@ Royce and a Bentley .
Although Drummond 's actions are intended to maintain the conservative status quo of Britain , academic Hans Bertens considers that instead , he comes
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one month , at the maximum , to complete their sterilization . ... The balance of the male civilian population of Germany could be treated within three months . Inasmuch as sterilization of women needs somewhat more time , it may be computed that the entire female population of Germany could be sterilized within a period of three years or less . Complete sterilization of both sexes , and not only one , is to be considered necessary in view of the present German doctrine that so much as one drop of true German blood constitutes a German . Of course , after complete sterilization , there will cease to be a birth rate in Germany . At the normal death rate of 2 per cent per annum , German life will diminish at the rate of 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 yearly . Accordingly in the span of two generations that which cost millions of lives and centuries of useless effort , namely , the elimination of Germanism and its carriers , will have been an accomplished fact . By virtue of its loss of self @-@ perpetuation German Will will have atrophied and German power reduced to negligible importance . "
Although Kaufman 's book had a minimal impact in the United States , it achieved notoriety in Nazi Germany , where propagandists used it as evidence of an international Jewish plan to destroy the German people . On July 24 , 1941 , the Nazi Party 's newspaper , Völkischer Beobachter , published a front @-@ page article on the book titled : " The Product of Criminal Jewish Sadism : Roosevelt Demands the Sterilization of the German People . " The newspaper alleged that Kaufman was a close ally of Samuel Irving Rosenman , a well @-@ known advisor to Franklin Delano Roosevelt and that : " Given the close relationship of the writer to the White House , this monstrous war program can be seen as a synthesis of genuine Talmudic hatred and Roosevelt ’ s views on foreign policy . " At the time , the German leadership was engaged in a propaganda campaign designed to rally popular support for the German invasion of the Soviet Union . Antisemitism in general , and Kaufman 's ideas in particular , became a focus of this campaign .
Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels read the book in early August and immediately grasped its value , writing in his diary : " This Jew did a real service for the enemy [ German ] side . Had he written this book for us , he could not have made it any better . " Under Goebbels ' direction , Germany Must Perish ! continued to receive significant media attention in Germany . Portions of the book were read on national radio , and Goebbels ordered the printing of five million copies of a pamphlet that summarized Kaufman 's ideas .
Nazi propaganda often used Kaufman 's pamphlet as a justification for the persecution of Jews . When the Nazis required German Jews to wear a yellow badge on their clothing on September 1 , 1941 , they published a flyer explaining to the German people that those individuals wearing the star were conspiring to implement Kaufman 's plan for the destruction of Germany . When the Jews of Hanover were forced from their homes on September 8 , 1941 , German authorities cited Kaufman 's book as one of the reasons . Kaufman responded by saying :
" This is just a flimsy pretext for another of the innate cruelties of the German people ... I don 't think it was my book that prompted this barbarity . They employed every possible German cruelty against the Jews long before my book was published . "
The Nazi propaganda ministry continued to publish pamphlets , posters and flyers on Kaufman 's ideas through the end of the war , and also urged newspapers and public speakers to remind Germans of Kaufman 's book . Kaufman 's last major appearance in Nazi propaganda occurred in late 1944 , when a five @-@ page section on him was included in the widely published booklet Never ! , which described a number of alleged plots to destroy Germany . Randall Bytwerk , an historian of communications at Calvin College , concluded that " [ a ] German at the time could not have missed encountering " propaganda about Kaufman .
His final publication through Argyle Press was the March 1942 brochure titled " No More German Wars ! Being an outline for their permanent cessation " . It contained no more writing on the sterilization of Germans or discussion of German land distribution , but made very moderate proposals for democratic re @-@ education of the German population .
He enlisted in the US Army in New Mexico on April 24 , 1942 . His three brothers also served .
Few Americans have ever heard of a prominent fellow @-@ citizen named Kaufmann ... In Germany every child has known of him for a long time . Germans are so well informed about Mr. Kaufmann that the mere mention of his name recalls what he stands for . In one of his recent artlcles Dr. Goebbels wrote , " Thanks to the Jew Kaufmann , we Germans know only too well what to expect in case of defeat . "
= = Post @-@ war years and death = =
After World War II , Kaufman disappeared entirely from public life . One scholar , Berel Lang , a Visiting Professor of Philosophy and Letters at Wesleyan University , failed to locate Kaufman in the records of the city of Newark and in other sources .
He died in April 1986 in East Orange , New Jersey .
= = Writings = =
" Life Liberty Pursuit of Happiness - Where ? In The Graves of European Battle Fields ? " American Federation of Peace , Newark , NJ , ( circa 1938 @-@ 1942 )
A Will and Way to Peace : Passive Purchase Theodore N. Kaufman , American Federation of Peace , Newark , NJ , 1939 , 10 @-@ page pamphlet
Germany Must Perish ! , Argyle Press , Newark , NJ , 1941 , 104 @-@ page brochure
No More German Wars ! Being An Outline For Their Permanent Cessation Argyle Press , Newark , NJ , 1942 , 16 @-@ page brochure alternate link
= Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down =
Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down is the fourteenth studio album by American musician Ry Cooder . Following his 2008 album I , Flathead , Cooder pursued a more political direction with his songwriting , inspired by the late @-@ 2000s economic crisis and protest songs of the past . Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down was written and produced by Cooder , who recorded its songs at Drive @-@ By Studios , Ocean Studios , and Wireland Studios in California . He played various instruments and worked with musicians such as Flaco Jiménez , Juliette Commagere , Robert Francis , and Jim Keltner .
Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down features topical songs with socio @-@ political subject matter about 21st @-@ century America , including economic disparity , social injustice , politics , war . Its music is rooted in Americana and incorporates traditional styles and musical language from historical sources such as country blues , tejano , and American roots music . The record has been noted by critics for its eclectic musical range , allegorical songs , working @-@ class perspective , and Cooder 's sardonic lyrics .
When Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down was released by Nonesuch Records on August 30 , 2011 , it charted modestly in the United States but relatively higher in Europe . Cooder expressed disillusionment with the music industry in response to the record 's poor commercial performance . Critically , the album was a success , earning him widespread acclaim and comparisons to folk singer @-@ songwriter Woody Guthrie . According to Slant Magazine 's Joseph Jon Lanthier , " the orchestrated indignation of [ the album ] incorporated a protean Greek chorus of economic victims and beat Occupy Wall Street to the punch by several weeks . "
= = Background = =
After an 18 @-@ year hiatus from solo projects , Cooder returned with a trilogy of sociopolitical , Southern California @-@ themed albums , comprising Chávez Ravine ( 2005 ) , My Name Is Buddy ( 2007 ) , and I , Flathead ( 2008 ) . The albums examined various disenfranchised peoples through humorous , scholarly lyrics and esoteric musical styles . After completing the trilogy with I , Flathead in 2008 , Cooder worked on The Chieftains ' 2010 album San Patricio . Cooder became inspired to record Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down by the late @-@ 2000s economic crisis and past protest songs . In interviews prior to the album 's release , Cooder expressed strong anti @-@ Republican and anti @-@ banker sentiments in discussion about the political and economic climate . Before conceiving the album , he wrote and recorded the song " Quicksand " in 2010 , as a response to the controversy spurred by Arizona Senate Bill 1070 and other anti @-@ illegal immigration measures in the United States . In an interview for The Australian , Cooder said of his decision to pursue a more political direction with his songwriting :
I was still working on the Flathead record ; that was during [ George ] Bush 's time . I was looking at things and paying attention to events , politically . So I started trying to write political songs because it 's good to have something you can do other than just sit and fume about everything . After Barack Obama got elected I started thinking about other stories that might be good to do . It occurred to me that the social and political problems that we 've been having , well [ ... ] it 's deja vu all over again , as the man said .
In early 2011 , Cooder was inspired to write the song " No Banker Left Behind " , and subsequently the rest of the album , by a headline about bankers and other affluent people who had profited from the bank bailouts and resulting recession during the late @-@ 2000s . In an interview with Kai Ryssdal on Marketplace , Cooder cited the song as the starting point for writing the album and stated , " ' No Banker Left Behind ' originated with a line from Robert Scheer 's Truthdig blog . I read this pretty regularly , and when I saw this , this metric I thought ' no banker left behind . ' " He compared the album 's content to Woody Guthrie 's songs about the Dust Bowl era during the Great Depression and said of his own songs , " What I like in the idea of these songs is if you follow the logic of each tune — this happened and this happened and you can see that at the end , this is the result , you just didn 't see it this way before , you never thought of Wall Street in terms of Jesse James and bilingual heft . "
Recording sessions for Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down took place at Drive @-@ By Studios in North Hollywood , Ocean Studios in Burbank , and Wireland Studios in Chatsworth , California . The album was written and produced entirely by Cooder , except " Lord Tell Me Why " , which was co @-@ written by session drummer Jim Keltner . Cooder also worked with vocalist Juliette Commagere , accordionist Flaco Jiménez , bassist Robert Francis , vocalist Arnold McCuller , and drummer Joachim Cooder , Cooder 's son . Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down was mixed by Martin Pradler and mastered by recording engineer Bernie Grundman at his Hollywood studio Grundman Mastering . Most of the album was engineered in Pradler 's living room .
= = Music and lyrics = =
Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down 's music is rooted in Americana and draws on a number of styles , including blues , folk , ragtime , norteño , rock , and country music . For the songs , Cooder adapted musical language from historical sources and incorporated styles from both North and South American traditions . In his interview on Marketplace , he explained his stylistic approach for Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down , stating " to me , these musical styles and sounds are narratives as well . I mean everything about them — if it 's an accordion , horns , the banda horns for the immigrant tunes — they all are part of the story . And you can see it then , you can imagine the Arizona border that 's hot , 120 degrees in the shade , dusty . The banda horns are coming from some truck over there . " According to him , musical settings for certain songs were decided based on their respective compositions , such as when " the words would come to me in ¾ time , that meant corrido , that means accordion ; banda horns because they ’ re exciting . "
Cooder wanted the music of each song to complement the stories in his lyrics and to serve as homages to particular traditional styles . Cooder said that he did not want to " over @-@ think it " and said of his creative process for each song 's distinct style , " It ’ s taken a long time , but it becomes natural to combine an idea you have or a story you want to tell with whatever seems conducive . " Graham Reid of The New Zealand Herald writes that the music " refers to the dustbowl era , rural blues , Tex @-@ Mex ( with accordionist Flaco Jimenez ) and old @-@ time folk . " The Observer 's Neil Spencer comments that it is " grounded in the blues , folk and Tex @-@ Mex the guitarist explored in the 1970s , but its songs belong to modern times . "
Lyrically , the album focuses on socio @-@ political themes of power and its abuses , the struggle for democracy , the trials of the working class , and the goal of equality , with songs composed as either first @-@ person narratives or allegories . The songs deal with contemporary subject matter and topics such as immigration legislation , the emotional and physical effects of war , the dubiousness of politics , social class and race division , and white flight . Cooder 's songwriting is characterized by sardonic lyrics , satire , mordant humor , and wry observations on figures such as bankers , politicians , and militarists . Allmusic 's Thom Jurek characterizes it as " overtly political " and comments that " the depth of Cooder 's rage is quieter but more direct as the album draws to a close . " According to Bud Scoppa of Uncut , the album expands on Cooder 's previous trilogy of sociopolitical albums and their " scholarly but humour @-@ laced examinations " and " arcane musical modes " . Journalist Alec Wilkinson comments that " what [ the album ] shares with them is an indignation over the economic and ethical disparities of American life and the destructive and scoundrely meanness of the privileges given to the rich . "
Nick Cristiano of The Philadelphia Inquirer writes of the lyrics , " Cooder takes deadly aim at rapacious bankers , warmongers , land barons , and the like , showing the devastating impact of their actions on ordinary folk " , adding that " He does this in a manner that mixes the scrappy populism of Woody Guthrie with the first @-@ person narratives of Springsteen in Steinbeckian Ghost of Tom Joad mode . " Robin Denselow of The Guardian notes " bleak or thoughtful lyrics [ set ] against jaunty melodies " and " no elaborate narratives " in the songs , while interpreting the album 's motif to be that of " a broken , divided society and the gap between rich and poor , but with the anger matched against humour . " Neil Spencer of Uncut calls Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down " an impassioned portrait of 21st century America and its injustices " , adding that " like Guthrie , [ Cooder ] nails his targets with droll humour while empathising with society 's underdogs . "
Allmusic 's Steve Huey asserts that the album " reache [ s ] all the way back to his earliest recordings for musical inspiration while telling topical stories about corruption — political and social — the erasure and the rewriting of American history , and an emerging class war . " Peter Kane of Q compares it to Cooder 's 1971 album Into the Purple Valley , which featured Dust Bowl @-@ era songs , and writes that this album 's " protest songs for today 's messed @-@ up world " are " sly and humorous " . Philip Majorins of PopMatters compares the album to other songwriters ' " substantial statements " about the American zeitgeist , including Randy Newman 's Harps and Angels ( 2008 ) , Paul Simon 's So Beautiful or So What ( 2011 ) , and Bob Dylan 's Modern Times ( 2006 ) . However , he distinguishes Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down as " an attempt at the existential , providing an everyman 's view of struggle during economic downturn , class disparity , injustice , and abuse of power " , calling him " a direct voice of protest , both musically and lyrically , that will not be mistaken for being impressionistic . "
= = = Songs = = =
The opening track " No Banker Left Behind " references the financial bailout of 2007 and criticizes bankers and government . Alec Wilkinson of The New Yorker writes that the song " ridicules the considerations extended to the prosperous men and women who grabbed everything not nailed down during the last few years . " It features marching rhythms , mandolin and banjo riffs , and electric guitar . Cooder has described the song 's rhythm as " a kind of clog @-@ dance beat " . " El Corrido Jesse James " is played in waltz time with a horn section and accordion by Flaco Jiménez . The lyrics express a fictitious narrative by American outlaw Jessie James in Heaven , who claims to have never " turned a family from their house " when he was a bank robber . He asks God for his " trusty .44 " to persuade bankers to " put that bonus money back where it belongs " . Cooder discussed the character 's perspective in an interview on BBC Radio 4 's Today , stating :
[ T ] he point here is that Jesse James was a primitive white man from the 19th Century . And in those days the hero was a one @-@ man , one @-@ gun hero . It 's a very popular American myth . But what Jesse doesn 't realise [ in the song ] is that while he 's been up in heaven , the forces massed against him [ ... ] He can 't overcome the growth of the corporate , military @-@ industrial equation . He can 't walk down Wall Street and shoot up the place . No @-@ one would even pay attention to him . The hero is outnumbered and outgunned . The wagons are circling , but what 's he going to do ? What 's anyone going to do ?
" Quick Sand " is a shuffling rock song that addresses the plight of illegal immigrants to Arizona . It depicts six migrants travelling through extreme climates in the Sonoran Desert to reach Devil 's Highway in an attempt to cross the Mexico – United States border . They journey from Tamaulipas and through the mountains along Devil 's Highway . Partway into the journey , the migrants are abandoned by their coyote guide and subsequently lose one another one by one . They experience thirst , hunger , injury , and fear , culminating with the only two surviving migrants being turned away by a vigilante at the border . Cooder said of the route 's background and the narrative in an interview , " [ I ] t 's been a migrant trail for 200 years . People go out there and try to do it on foot , but if you make one mistake and go five minutes out of your way , you become disorientated and dehydrated . And they find these mummified bodies out there . The heat has just baked them through . And the people who live through it often refer to having a vision of the Virgin of Guadalupe flying overhead . This is a very common vision when the dehydration sets in . "
" Humpty Dumpty World " incorporates the marimba with light reggae and Mariachi influences . The song 's lyrics are sung from the perspective of God , who deplores the world He created . He makes note of incitive politicians and craven television commentators , and views it as " a ball of confusion " in the chorus line , " I thought I had built upon a solid rock / But it ’ s just a Humpty Dumpty World " . " Christmas Time This Year " is an anti @-@ war song with a Mexican polka style , with Flaco Jiménez on accordion and Cooder on bajo sexto . Composed as a corrido , the song is about wounded soldiers returning home for Christmas , with dismal lyrics set incongruously to an upbeat Mexican melody . Cooder wrote the song in response to the Walter Reed Army Medical Center neglect scandal and previous stories of neglected soldiers returning from the Iraq War . In " Baby Joined the Army " , a young man laments the departure of his girlfriend , who became uninterested in her town and enlisted in the army with the assurance that " If I get killed in battle , I still get paid . "
" Lord Tell Me Why " is a gospel song with a rolling funk groove , sung from the perspective of a lower class White man who has become disillusioned with the American dream . His ironic lyrics ask in the chorus , " Lord tell me why a white man / Ain 't worth nothin ' in this world no more . " The guitar @-@ based " I Want My Crown " was recorded with an 11 @-@ piece band and has an aggressive blues style , rumba @-@ rock groove , and growling vocals . The song is an indictment of politicians as " Judas men " who sided with oil barons and Republicans , and their greed that leads to war . " I Want My Crown " has been described by one writer as a " Mephistopheles @-@ as @-@ Right @-@ winger character study " .
" John Lee Hooker for President " is a blues song in which Cooder narrates as American blues musician John Lee Hooker visiting the White House . Adopting Hooker 's style and laconic vocal tone , he decides to run for the presidency after disliking what he observed in his visit , naming Jimmy Reed as Vice President , Little Johnny Taylor as Secretary of State , and proposing to have " nine fine @-@ lookin ' womens on the Supreme Court " . According to Cooder , the song was inspired by blues musician Gus Cannon 's 1927 song " Can You Blame the Colored Man " , a satirical piece about Booker T. Washington 's invitation to the White House by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1901 .
" Simple Tools " is a Tex @-@ Mex ballad about the contentment of leading a simple lifestyle , with references to the decline in traditional manual skills and the view of automated work as unfulfilling . Featuring a resounding mix of mandolin and guitar , " If There Is a God " is a satirical narrative about an afterlife in which Heaven is restricted by a government bill to the wealthy . Its lyrics criticize redistricting and Republican Party legislature . The song references " The Bourgeois Blues " by blues and folk musician Lead Belly . In " No Hard Feelings " , Cooder sings from the perspective of a lowly prospector who scolds businessmen for dealing with land exclusively in business terms . He dismisses the rich and elite as " ripples " in history and is willing to tolerate them provided that they avoid conflict .
= = Release and reception = =
Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down was released by Nonesuch Records on August 30 , 2011 , in the United States . It was released in the United Kingdom on September 5 , and on September 9 in other European countries . Its vinyl LP release was on September 13 . The album 's lead single , " Quicksand " , had been released as a digital download on June 29 , 2010 . Cooder donated the proceeds from its sales to the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund . The single 's cover artwork , a piece called Nuthin ' to See Here , Keep on Movin ' ! , was designed by visual artist Vincent Valdez , a frequent collaborator with Cooder . Valdez contributed photography to the album 's liner booklet . Cooder performed with a 17 @-@ piece band at the Great American Music Hall in San Francisco , California on August 31 and September 1 , 2011 , to promote the album . He was not satisfied with the promotional aspect of the shows , however , and it contributed to his general disillusionment with the music industry , which he reflected on in an interview for The Australian :
We had a 16 @-@ piece band and we played great shows to 700 people a night . But none of them bought CDs . None of them . They had a good time but they weren 't motivated to buy CDs . I don 't understand it because I came up in the time of records . Back then the business ran . You still got the tunes out . It was a crooked business , you could get cheated and there could be crooked accounting , but I still prefer it to this new thing where there is no connection to the audience through radio or retail .
In the week of September 24 , 2011 , Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down debuted at number five on the US Billboard Top Folk Albums chart , on which it went on to spend seven weeks . The record also charted at number 123 on the Billboard 200 , number 28 on the Top Rock Albums , number 15 on the Tastemaker Albums , a chart that ranks top @-@ selling albums " based on an influential panel of indie stores and small regional chains . " In the United Kingdom , Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down debuted at number 26 on the UK Albums Chart , selling 6 @,@ 000 copies in its first week there ; it spent two weeks on the chart .
Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down received widespread acclaim from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 92 , based on 14 reviews . It was called one of Cooder 's best records by Uncut magazine 's Nigel Williamson and Martin Chilton of The Daily Telegraph . AllMusic editor Thom Jurek deemed it Cooder 's " most overtly political album ... and one of his funniest , most musically compelling ones , too " , while Daniel Paton from musicOMH said much of the record was " highly satisfying satire ( although also often sensitive and affecting ) , combining Cooder ’ s transparent love for a wide range of roots music with his engagement with politics . " Andy Gill of The Independent was impressed by how Cooder used similar characters throughout the songs in new ways , calling the album his best since 2005 's Chávez Ravine . Cooder received comparisons to Woody Guthrie in reviews written by Phil Sutcliffe of Mojo , who found the lyrics sharply written , and Neil Spencer from The Observer , who called Cooder " a Woody Guthrie for our times " and the record " a fierce state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ nation album " . In the opinion of PopMatters critic Philip Majorins , the record would not have a significant impact because of the public 's predominantly commercial tastes and a " cynical " cultural climate , but concluded , " Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down could have tremendous cathartic power for [ those ] who are aware of history and its knack for repeating itself . For those who are willing , this is a good place to start an education . "
At the end of 2011 , Uncut named Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down the year 's 20th best album , while Robert Christgau ranked it number 37 on his list for The Barnes & Noble Review . The record was also nominated for the 2012 Grammy Award for Best Americana Album , while Cooder was nominated in the category of Best Artist for the 2012 Songlines Music Awards .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Ry Cooder .
= = Personnel = =
Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= Losing My Religion ( Grey 's Anatomy ) =
" Losing My Religion " is the twenty @-@ seventh and final episode of the second season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 36th episode overall . Written by Shonda Rhimes and directed by Mark Tinker , the episode was originally broadcast with " Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response " , in a two @-@ hour season finale event on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 15 , 2006 . Grey 's Anatomy centers around a group of young doctors in training . In this episode , Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) and her fellow interns have to plan a prom for Dr. Richard Webber 's ( James Pickens , Jr . ) niece Camille Travis ( Tessa Thompson ) . Further storylines include Dr. Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) recovering from his gunshot wound and Denny Duquette 's ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) death following his seemingly successful heart transplant surgery .
The episode marked Sara Ramirez 's ( Dr. Callie Torres ) final appearance with recurring billing , as she would be upgraded to a series regular in season three . Morgan , Ramirez , Thompson , Brooke Smith , Sarah Utterback , Loretta Devine , and Chris O 'Donnell reprised their roles as guest stars , while Hallee Hirsh and Tiffany Hines made their first and only appearances . The episode received mixed to negative reviews from television critics , who disapproved of the storyline involving Grey and Shepherd and the show 's lack of repercussions for the interns , but lauded Dr. Cristina Yang 's ( Sandra Oh ) storyline along with Heigl 's performance . " Losing My Religion " was also included in several " best episodes " lists . Upon its initial airing , the episode was viewed 22 @.@ 50 million Americans , garnered an 8 @.@ 0 / 22 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , ranking fifth for the week in terms of viewership , and registering as the week 's second highest @-@ rated drama .
= = Plot = =
Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) and Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) finish Dr. Preston Burke 's ( Isaiah Washington ) surgery to remove a pseudo @-@ aneurysm in the subclavian artery that threatened the functioning of his arm and which was caused by a gunshot wound . At the same time , Dr. Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) successfully transplants a heart into Denny Duquette ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) . The interns face Webber , who orders them to plan a prom for his dying niece , Camille Travis ( Tessa Thompson ) , until the one who cut Duquette 's left ventricular assist device ( LVAD ) comes forward . With the instructions of Camille 's friends , Claire ( Hallee Hirsh ) and Natalie ( Tiffany Hines ) , they prepare the prom as they each struggle with their own personal problems . Trying to recover from his injury , Burke finds a tremor in his right hand .
Dr. Meredith Grey 's ( Ellen Pompeo ) love interest Dr. Finn Dandrige ( Chris O '
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extant . Hua suo shi Chinese : 花瑣事 ( Trifles about Flowers ) is a collection of short prose essays and anecdotes about various flowers , whilst Nan you cao Chinese : 南游草 ( Notes from a Journey to the South ) , which has been lost , apparently contained a selection of her poems regarding life as a courtesan . A number of these were collected in various anthologies from the late Ming and early Qing dynasties .
Hu Yinglin wrote that " Her poetry , although lacking in freedom , shows a talent rare among women . " Moving in literary circles , Xue also provided the subject matter for many contemporary poets . Xu Yuan , another female poet of the period , describes Xue 's allure :
Hu Yinglin wrote of Xue :
Xue 's own works deal with a variety of themes , from the mildy erotic :
to the romantic :
to the whimsically philosophical :
Xue often exchanged poems and paintings with her clientele , receiving their own artworks in exchange .
= = Archery = =
Whilst she excelled at poetry , painting and embroidery , the skill that set Xue apart from other courtesans and created a cult of celebrity around her was her talent for archery . Her mastery of a traditionally masculine art gave her an air of androgyny that was considered highly attractive by the literati of the time . Having practiced in Beijing as a child she furthered her skills during a sojourn in the company of a military officer in the outlying regions of China . The horsemen of the local tribes there were impressed with her shooting , and she became something of a local celebrity . Later in life she gave public demonstrations in Hangzhou , which drew large audiences . Hu Yinglin describes one such performance :
" She is able to shoot two balls from her crossbow one after another and make the second ball strike the first and break it in mid @-@ air . Another trick she can do is to place a ball on the ground , and , by pulling the bow backwards with her left hand , while her right hand draws the bow from behind her back , hit it . Out of a hundred shots , she does not miss a single one .
The poet Lu Bi recalls another trick shot performed by Xue : " When the servant girl takes a ball in her hand and places it on top of her head / She [ Xue ] turns around , hits it with another ball , and both balls fall to the ground . "
= 5th Avenue Theatre =
The 5th Avenue Theatre ( often referred to as 5th Avenue or the 5th ) is a landmark theatre building located in Seattle , Washington . It has hosted a variety of theatre productions and motion pictures since it opened in 1926 . The building and land is owned by the University of Washington and was once part of the original campus . It is operated as a venue for nationally touring Broadway and original shows by the non @-@ profit 5th Avenue Theatre Association . The theatre , located at 1308 Fifth Avenue in the historic Skinner Building , has been listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places since 1978 .
The 2 @,@ 130 @-@ seat theatre is the resident home to the 5th Avenue Musical Theatre Company , and employs over 600 actors , musicians , directors , choreographers , designers , technicians , stage hands , box office staff , and administrators , making it the largest theatre employer in the Puget Sound region . A non @-@ profit , the theatre company is supported by individual and corporate donations , government sources , and box office ticket sales .
The 5th 's subscriber season programming includes six to seven shows per year , a mix of locally produced revivals of musical theatre classics , and premieres of bound @-@ for @-@ Broadway shows , and national touring musicals . The 5th Avenue Theatre has established a tradition of being a " testing ground " for new musicals before they make their debut on Broadway , launching hits such as Jekyll & Hyde , Hairspray , and The Wedding Singer . The theatre also hosts a variety of special events , and offers education and outreach programs to school @-@ age children and adults reaching over 61 @,@ 000 students , professional performers , and audiences each year .
= = Architecture = =
Located in the Skinner Building , a historic office block ranging from five to eight stories with retail shops on the ground level , the theatre is surrounded on three sides , with its entry facing its namesake avenue . In addition to an auditorium with an original seating capacity of 3 @,@ 000 , the theatre contains a grand entry hall , and a mezzanine that once featured a tea room in addition to a waiting room and women 's lounge .
The interior design of the 5th Avenue Theatre was modeled to reproduce some of the features of historic and well @-@ known Beijing landmarks . The Norwegian artist Gustav Liljestrom executed the design based on his visit to China , and on Chinesische Architecktur , published in 1925 , an illustrated account of Ernst Boerschmann 's travels in China .
The ornate historical Chinese style of the theatre distinguishes itself from the Neo @-@ Renaissance exterior of the Skinner Building . Only at the street entry under the marquee does the viewer get a preview of the interior design . Here , adorning the ceiling are plaster representations of wood brackets , beams , and carved reliefs painted in a polychromatic scheme and decorated with stenciled dragons and flower patterns . Carved cloud shapes screen light fixtures to create an indirect lighting effect as the viewer approaches the wooden , brass knobbed entry doors . The original central free @-@ standing box office was replaced by the current box office located to the side of the entry as part of a 1979 renovation . The original Imperial guardian lions ( Ruì Shī ) , commonly called foo dogs or foo lions , originally located outside the entry were moved inside as part of the 1979 renovation .
The interior architecture of the theatre is an " excellent imitation of Chinese wooden temple construction " . The two story rectangular lobby features red , stenciled columns wrapped in plaster rising to a timbered roof structure of decoratively painted beams supporting a canopy of bamboo , also imitated in plaster . The original pair of guardian lions , both male , guard the stairway to a second level gallery that serves the theatre balcony . In addition to the Imperial guard lions , other original furnishings , light fixtures , and decoration remain intact .
The decorative details continue in the 2 @,@ 130 @-@ seat auditorium , but the highlight and focal decorative feature is the octagonal caisson from which a sculpted five @-@ toed Imperial Chinese dragon springs . A large chandelier of glass hangs from the dragon 's mouth , in reference to the Chinese symbol of a dragon disgorging flaming pearls . One claim puts the size of this caisson at twice the size of the model on which it was based in the throne room of the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City . The opening night program spoke effusively of it :
... Its most imposing feature is the great dome ... its symbolic themes borrowed from Chinese legends , its motifs from Chinese poetry . Coiled within an azure sphere and surrounded by glowing hues of cloud red , emblematic of calamity and welfare ; blue of rain ; green symbolic of plaque ; black of flood ; and gold of prosperity — is the Great Dragon , guardian genius of the place , his presence shadowed and multiplied in varying forms throughout the structure . On the huge beams surrounding and supporting the dome are five @-@ clawed dragons — the Emperor 's emblem — spitting fire in pursuit of the Jewel , rendered in the shape of a disc emitting effulgent rays , and symbolic of Omnipotence .
The dragon motif is repeated in the radial coffers of the caisson and the timbered coffers throughout the theatre . The Imperial dragon is accompanied by the symbol of the Empress , the Chinese phoenix ( Fèng huáng ) , sometimes called Ho @-@ Ho or Ho @-@ Oh Bird from the Japanese . This personal symbol of the Empress is also repeated throughout the theatre , but most prominently in relief as part of the grills above false balconies that once screened organ pipes . In addition to these symbols , orange blossoms , chrysanthemums , and lotus flowers appear throughout the theatre . The highly decorated proscenium arch and safety curtain maintain the Chinese design influence .
Beyond the decorative features of the building , the 5th Avenue Theatre also contained notable technical features when originally built . An ascending orchestra pit and independent Wurlitzer organ platform allowed the musicians to be raised up to main stage height or to orchestra pit level from the basement below . The ventilation system had thermostatic controls throughout the building , and allowed the air to be ' washed ' prior to its introduction into the venue at outlets under every third seat .
= = = Significance = = =
Preceding Grauman 's Chinese Theater in Hollywood , the 5th Avenue Theatre " has been called the largest and most authentic example of traditional Chinese timber architecture and decoration outside of Asia . " In addition , its association with architect Robert Reamer , whose other notable works include the nationally known Old Faithful Inn in Yellowstone National Park , as well as many important buildings in the Art Deco style add to its significance . The Fifth Avenue Theatre was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on November 28 , 1978 .
= = History = =
= = = Planning and construction = = =
The president and general manager of Pacific Northwest Theatres , Inc . , Harry C. Arthur , believed Seattle to be a place of growing importance in the motion picture industry in the mid @-@ 1920s , and consequently as the place to invest for the long term . Arthur 's company absorbed a competing chain of 40 theatres by 1926 , and sought further expansion . A large holder of the theatre company 's stock and debt was C. D. Stimson who sat on the board of directors of both Pacific Northwest Theatres and the Metropolitan Building Company , developer of what became known as the Metropolitan Tract . Stimson promoted the establishment of a theatre district like that which had developed around a theatre he had built in Los Angeles , California . The planned Skinner Building with a theatre owned by Arthur 's company would complete the Stimson development of the Metropolitan Tract .
The architect , Robert Reamer , had joined the Metropolitan Building Company after World War I and as their house architect designed the Skinner Building and the 5th Avenue Theatre . In creating the 5th Avenue Theatre , Reamer was joined by his colleague , Joseph Skoog , of Reamer 's office and Gustav Liljestrom , of the S. & G. Gump Company of San Francisco .
Construction began in October 1925 with construction taking 11 months and costing $ 1 @.@ 5 million .
= = = Grand opening = = =
The theatre celebrated its grand opening on September 24 , 1926 with an opening unit program that included both film and live vaudeville performances . The opening program included the silent film Young April , Fanchon and Marco 's stage presentation The Night Club , and Lipschultz and his Syncopated Soloists . Oliver Wallace , a popular local musician and composer , returned from Portland , Oregon to be the accompanying organist for opening night . Wallace had been the first theatre organist in a Seattle motion picture house .
Opening night was also marked by festivities outside the theatre . Seven blocks of downtown Seattle around the theatre were closed to street car and automobile traffic . Lured by free street car , bus , and taxicab rides , thousands of people packed Fifth Avenue between Seneca Street and Pike Street , University and Union Streets . The Seattle Times reported :
It is doubtful that any Friday night in Seattle 's history saw more people circulating through all the downtown streets than were there last night . The density in the center of the activities was such that street cars were diverted ...
In the street outside the theatre a street carnival took place . Living up to the moniker for the theater 's marquee , “ the Magic Sign of a Wonderful Time , ” spotlights scanned the night sky , banks of Klieg lights illuminated the streets outside the theater , and flares were shot from the roofs of nearby buildings . Additionally , dance bands were placed at the closed intersections to provide entertainment and , using giant screens to project the words , a sing @-@ along was orchestrated on Fifth Avenue in front of the theatre . An estimated crowd of between 50 @,@ 000 and 100 @,@ 000 people participated in the events .
= = = Decline and restoration = = =
Following the grand opening , the theatre served as a venue for vaudeville and film , and following the decline of vaudeville as a movie palace until the 1970s . With the economic recession , the advent of television , and movie complex development in the suburbs , crowds dwindled and the theatre struggled to stay open . It was forced to close its doors in 1978 along with the nearby Orpheum theatre . A variety of re @-@ use possibilities were proposed for the theatre including a Chinese restaurant , a triplex movie theater , an office building , or a shopping center . The city of Seattle was unable to protect the theatre as a designated landmark because of its unique position on the site of the original territorial university grounds owned by the state of Washington .
In 1979 , 43 business leaders formed the non @-@ profit 5th Avenue Theatre Association and underwrote a US $ 2 @.@ 6 million loan to save the theatre . Among these was Ned Skinner of the shipbuilding family who was an active patron of the theatre . Architect Richard McCann oversaw the restoration efforts .
Several changes were made during the renovation . The vertical marquee which had marked the theatre 's presence from 1926 to 1980 , was removed , the orchestra pit and auditorium seating were rebuilt , the dressing rooms moved , and the technical systems updated . However , the furniture , fixtures and interior signage were retained . Even the paint was carefully restored to its original luster . The renovation made it suitable again for live performances and filled Seattle 's need for a touring Broadway musical venue . Renovation work was completed without federal , state , or local funds .
June 16 , 1980 marked the theater ’ s rebirth and a new chapter in Seattle ’ s arts community . At the Grand Opening Gala for the renovated theatre , actress Helen Hayes christened the stage with a kiss and declared the 5th “ a national treasure . ” Beginning on July 3 the 5th presented Annie , the first touring Broadway musical to appear at the theatre . The sold @-@ out show ran for 10 weeks with a total of 77 performances .
The 5th Avenue Theatre continues to thrive with the assistance of many generous donors and volunteers .
= = = Post @-@ 1980 history = = =
Since the renovation , the 5th Avenue Theatre has become one of Seattle 's most established theatres . In 1989 , The 5th Avenue Musical Theatre Company was established as the resident non @-@ profit theatre company .
On February 28 , 2001 , the Nisqually earthquake rocked the 5th Avenue Theatre . At the time , actors were on stage rehearsing the musical 1776 . The theatre suffered minimal damages with no structural damage from the quake . Earthquake repairs included removal and replacement of 72 plaster ceiling supports and the repair of numerous cracks and damaged decorative plaster pieces in the ceiling . Contractors had to install scaffolding tall enough to reach the highest interior crevice in the ceiling eight stories up — the first time that area had been reached in 75 years . The chandeliers had to be lowered for repair and maintenance . As part of the repair work , Turner Construction provided services for seismic upgrades to the Skinner Building .
In November 2009 a new vertical marquee , similar to the sign that was removed as part of the 1980 renovation , was installed . The marquee was made possible through a donation from Christabel Gough , daughter of Broadway producer and early 5th Avenue promoter Roger L. Stevens . The new sign features a design inspired by both earlier marquees and the theatre 's interior , uses LED lights for energy conservation , and includes a revolving " 5th " sign at the marquee 's top .
= = The 5th Avenue Musical Theatre Company = =
= = = Genesis = = =
From the renovation in 1980 until 1985 the non @-@ profit 5th Avenue Theatre successfully operated as a venue for touring Broadway shows . As the United States went through an economic downturn from 1985 to 1989 there was a shortage of touring shows for venues like the 5th . Consequently , many of the country 's Broadway houses went unused for extended periods of time . However , the 5th remained open during these years with a reduced staff and was used for community events and local promoters .
This situation forced the theatre to move beyond merely being a presenter of touring musicals . In 1989 , the non @-@ profit 5th Avenue Theatre established a resident theatre company , dubbed The 5th Avenue Musical Theatre Company , to produce musicals locally . Since the theatre company 's establishment , the 5th 's yearly subscriber season programming has included 6 to 7 shows : national touring musicals , locally produced revivals of musical theatre classics , and premieres of bound @-@ for @-@ Broadway shows . With 150 musical theater performances each fall @-@ to @-@ spring subscriber season which attract over 30 @,@ 000 subscribers and average ticket sales of 300 @,@ 000 tickets annually , the 5th ranks among the nation 's largest musical theater companies .
The musical company employs over 600 actors , musicians , directors , choreographers , designers , technicians , stage hands , box office staff , and administrators , making the 5th the largest theatre employer in the Puget Sound region . A non @-@ profit , the theatre company is supported by individual and corporate donations , government sources , and box office ticket sales .
= = = TUTS partnership = = =
Frank M. Young was the first executive director of the 5th Avenue Musical Theatre Company . From 1989 to 1999 a collaborative partnership existed between the 5th and Houston 's Theatre Under the Stars ( TUTS ) where Young also served as executive director . This partnership produced 10 seasons of musical theater , including both national tours and self @-@ produced musicals . On October 17 , 1989 the first 5th Avenue / TUTS self @-@ produced musical was presented : Mame , starring Juliet Prowse . In 1995 , after premiering at the 5th , Jekyll & Hyde became the first 5th Avenue Theatre production to open on Broadway in April 1997 . The show was produced in cooperation with Houston 's Alley Theatre and TUTS .
In August 2000 the 5th ’ s partnership with TUTS ended as David Armstrong joined the 5th Avenue Musical Theatre Company becoming its first resident Producing Artistic Director launching a new era of collaboration with leading
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9 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 7 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The episode marked a three percent decrease in the ratings from the previous episode , " Pam 's Replacement " . Despite this , the episode ranked first in its timeslot , beating the Fox drama series , Bones which received a 2 @.@ 7 rating / 7 percent share , CBS drama , Person of Interest which received a 2 @.@ 6 rating / 7 percent share in the 18 – 49 demographic , and the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) medical drama , Private Practice which received a 2 @.@ 6 rating / 7 percent share , although all three shows received more total viewers than " Gettysburg " .
= = = Reviews = = =
" Gettysburg " received mixed reviews from critics , ranging from negative to slightly positive . Hollywood writer Hannah Lawrence was heavily critical of the episode and wrote , " This episode seemed like a joke to me . I really didn 't like it . " What Culture ! reviewer Joseph Kratzer gave the episode three out of five stars and wrote , " While the episode was technically satisfactory , it didn 't carry much momentum . " McNutt referred to the " Battle of Schrute Farms " gag as a " payoff , " but was overall negative . He concluded that although " The Office is still capable of finding humor in [ ... ] situations [ but ] it doesn 't feel like the show is willing to explore that humor , instead content on making the same statements the show has been making for quite some time . " He ultimately gave it a " C – " .
Not all reviews were negative . IGN writer Cindy White awarded the episode 7 out of 10 , signifying a " good " episode . However , she heavily criticized the recycling of story lines , writing , " It may have been heartwarming in the premiere , but now it feels repetitive , and it 's still not funny . " M. Giant of Television without Pity gave the episode a " B – " . Chris Plante from New York wrote a generally positively review , saying " No episode has done the ensemble work better than “ Gettysburg , ” a kind of sitcom buffet , its many stories giving the audience a small taste of every personality . That isn 't to say every character has been fleshed out well . [ ... ] Andy and California seem off point . "
The episode 's opening , featuring Pam Halpert ( Fischer ) faking her water breaking , received mixed reviews . White called the sequence her " favorite part " and felt an empathetic connection to the character . Kratzer claimed that he enjoyed the scene . McNutt , however , wrote that the opening concludes that " Pam and Jim are basically total jerks " .
= John Deere House and Shop =
The John Deere House and Shop is located in the unincorporated village of Grand Detour , Illinois , near the Lee County city of Dixon . The site is known as the location where the first steel plow was invented by John Deere in 1837 . The site includes Deere 's house , a replica of his original blacksmith shop , a gift shop , and an archaeological exhibit showing the excavation site of his original blacksmith shop . The Deere House and Shop is listed on the National Register of Historic Places ; it joined that list in 1966 , the year the Register was established . Prior to that , it was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 19 , 1964 .
= = History = =
In 1836 , native Vermonter John Deere set out from Rutland , Vermont to Grand Detour , Illinois , founded by his friend and fellow Vermont native Leonard Andrus . The town lacked a local blacksmith , Deere 's trade , and within two days Deere had a forge and new business established . In Vermont , Deere produced plows made from cast @-@ iron and when he first arrived in Illinois he produced the same plows . Soil conditions in Illinois differ from those in Vermont . In Vermont the soil is sandy and falls easily away from the plow blade but in Illinois the soil is thicker and wetter ; it stuck to the plow and had to be scraped off by the farmer as he plowed .
There are varying tales as to the inspiration for Deere to create the invention he is famed for , the steel plow . In one version he recalled the way the polished steel pitchfork tines moved through hay and soil and thought that the same effect could be obtained for a plow . By early 1838 , Deere completed his first steel plow and sold it to a local farmer , Lewis Crandall . Crandall spread word of his success with Deere 's plow quickly , and two neighbors soon placed orders with Deere . By 1841 he was manufacturing 75 plows per year , and 100 plows per year in 1876 .
= = John Deere Historic Site = =
The John Deere Historic Site in Grand Detour , Illinois is operated by the John Deere Company and has five components . Outside of the perimeter , which is surrounded by a white , wooden fence , are 2 acres ( 0 @.@ 81 ha ) of prairie restoration . Inside of the fenced area is the replica blacksmith shop , the John Deere House and the visitor 's center which is a gift shop . Also on the grounds is a building which houses the 1960s archaeological dig site . The blacksmith shop is a replica of the original Deere Shop , unearthed during the 1960s dig . The shop recreates Deere 's shop and includes a demonstration by a modern blacksmith using antique tools of the trade and an open furnace . The visitor 's center is inside an 1843 home built by a Deere neighbor , it houses a gift shop which has an original Deere family wall clock on display . The home was originally owned by William Dana . The house is furnished with period items as well as the gift shop 's merchandise . The entire site is operated by John Deere Company employees .
Part of the John Deere Historic Site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places along with being designated a National Historic Landmark . The only contributing property on the National Register listing for the site is the John Deere House . The house is also the only " property type " listed on the National Historic Landmarks ' online database entry for the site . The house obtained National Historic Landmark status on July 19 , 1964 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places soon after its inception on October 15 , 1966 .
= = House = =
The John Deere House was built in 1836 when Deere arrived in Grand Detour and the building was added onto as his family grew . It is furnished with period furniture and household objects that would have been common around the time the Deere family occupied the home . The house has two levels with four rooms on the main level and two rooms upstairs . Each of the upstairs rooms is accessible via a private staircase and it is believed one of the rooms was used by Deere 's apprentices while the other was used as a children 's bedroom .
The front entry leads into the living room where polished wood is found throughout as well as 19th century furnishings . The front room is part of the original building which consisted of one room . The room acted as the Deere 's kitchen , living room , bedrooms , essentially everything . Deere eventually added onto the house , including a bedroom and an upstairs loft . The first floor bedroom would have been used for John and his wife , and possibly a couple of the children while the upstairs room would was used for the rest of the children . The Deeres left the home in 1847 when they moved to Moline , Illinois .
= = Shop = =
The original blacksmith shop on the site is long gone , however , in 1962 an archaeological team made of students from the University of Illinois approached the Deere Company about excavating the site where the shop once stood . The team unearthed the location of the original Deere Blacksmith Shop where the first successful steel plow was developed in 1837 . The dig site is preserved beneath a building , known as the pavilion . The site is surrounded by museum exhibits which include artifacts , news clippings , and photographs .
A blacksmith shop does occupy the current John Deere Historic Site grounds . Archaeologists used a magnetometer to locate the position of the forge in the original blacksmith shop , thus , the current shop shares an interior which is an exact replica of the original . The exterior of the building has the same dimensions as the original as well .
= = Historic significance = =
The John Deere House and Shop is historically significant for its influence in the areas of commerce , agriculture , industry , and invention . The site was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark on July 19 , 1964 . The Landmark designation was assigned by the U.S. Department of Interior because of the House and Shop 's association with John Deere , founder of the John Deere Company and inventor of the first steel plow . His invention was of significance to the entire United States and made large scale cultivation of areas in Illinois , Indiana and Ohio possible . When the U.S. National Register of Historic Places was established in 1966 the John Deere House and Shop was among the first properties to join that list . It was added to the National Register on October 15 , 1966 , the same day the National Register was established .
= Polygon ( website ) =
Polygon is an American video game website that publishes news , culture , reviews , and videos . It launched as Vox Media 's third property on October 24 , 2012 . The site was built over the course of ten months , and its 16 @-@ person founding staff included the editors @-@ in @-@ chief of the gaming sites Joystiq , Kotaku and The Escapist . Vox produced a documentary series about the founding of the site . The site sought to distinguish itself from competitors by focusing on the stories of the people behind the games instead of the games themselves . They also produced long @-@ form magazine @-@ style feature articles , invested in video content , and chose to allow their review scores to be updated as the game changed . The site was built to HTML5 responsive standards with a pink color scheme , and their advertisements focused on direct sponsorship of specific kinds of content .
= = History = =
The gaming blog Polygon was launched on October 24 , 2012 , as Vox Media 's third property . The site grew from technology blog The Verge , which was launched a year earlier as an outgrowth of sports blog network SB Nation before the Vox Media was formed . Vox Media CEO Jim Bankoff approached Joystiq editor @-@ in @-@ chief Christopher Grant in early 2011 about starting a video game website . Bankoff considered video games to be a logical vertical market for Vox , whose sites attracted an 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old demographic . He also saw games to be an expanding market in consideration of mobile and social network game categories . Forbes described Bankoff 's offer as a " serious commitment to online journalism " in an age of content farms and disappearing print publications , but Grant did not trust the offer and declined . Upon seeing the effort that Vox put into The Verge , their Chorus content management system , and the quality of their content and sponsorships , Grant changed his mind and returned to pitch Bankoff . Grant wanted the new site to compete with top gaming websites GameSpot and IGN , but still be able to run longform " magazine @-@ style journalism " that could be of historic interest . As part of the site 's attempt to " redefine games journalism " , Vox made a 13 @-@ part documentary series of the site 's creation ( " Press Reset " ) that tracked the site 's creation from start to launch .
Forbes described Polygon 's original 16 @-@ person staff as " star @-@ studded " for including the editors @-@ in @-@ chief from three competing video game blogs . Grant left Joystiq in January 2012 and brought the editors @-@ in @-@ chief of Kotaku and The Escapist , Brian Crecente and Russ Pits . Other staff included Joystiq managing editor Justin McElroy and staff from UGO , IGN , MTV , Videogamer.com , and 1UP.com. Ben Kuchera joined the site after The Penny Arcade Report closed in November 2013 . The team works remotely from places including Philadelphia , New York , West Virginia , San Francisco , Sydney , London , and Austin , though Vox Media is headquartered in Washington , D.C. The site was developed over the course of ten months , where the staff chose the site 's name and set standards for their reporting and review score scale . Polygon staff published on The Verge as " Vox Games " beginning in February 2012 and ending with their October launch . The site 's name was announced at a PAX East panel in April . It refers to a polygon — " the basic visual building block of video games " .
In March 2016 , editors from Polygon and SB Nation launched a new Vox Media venture , The Rift Herald , which covers League of Legends esports .
= = Content = =
Polygon publishes video game news , entertainment , reviews , and video . They sought to set their content apart from other games journalism outlets by focusing on the people making and playing the games rather than the games alone . At the site 's outset , Polygon planned to run multiple longform feature articles weekly , which they intended to be comparable in intent to the cover stories of magazines . They also decided to allow their game review scores to be updated as the games were updated , so as to more adequately reflect games that had changed with downloadable content and updates since their original release . The site received criticism for its comparatively low review score given to The Last of Us , which was later increased with the game 's remastered edition . In consideration of games that may differ in quality before and after release , Polygon later began to mark pre @-@ release reviews as " provisional " to defer final scoring until after their public release .
After raising money in a second round of funding in late 2013 , Vox announced that they would be investing further in the site 's video product , such that it " feels as much like TV programming as magazine publishing " . The site announced in June 2014 that features editor Russ Pitts would be leaving Polygon along with their video director and video designer as the site planned to run fewer feature articles in the future . Polygon 's Minimap podcast was named among iTunes 's best of 2015 .
= = Design = =
The site uses a pink color palette and emulates the magazine @-@ style layout of The Verge . The site was programmed to use HTML 5 standards with a responsive design that adapts to the screen dimensions of laptops , tablets , and cell phones . This is partially to remove need for a separate mobile version . Their longform journalism was optimized for reading on tablets .
= = Business = =
The site uses a " direct content sponsorship " model of online advertising used by SB Nation and The Verge . For example , a video series sponsorship pairs brands with specific editorial content . Forbes wrote that Vox 's avoidance of content farm and news aggregator tactics , and interest shown in building communities is desirable to " magazine @-@ quality advertisers " . The site pitched its longform journalism to advertisers as an indicator of high @-@ quality content . The site 's founding sponsors included Geico , Sony , and Unilever .
As of June 2014 , Polygon ranks fourth among games sites by Comscore web traffic data : behind IGN , GameSpot , and Kotaku . The same month , Grant reported that the previous month had been their most highly popular .
= Hogwarts Express ( Universal Orlando Resort ) =
The Hogwarts Express is an 1 @,@ 800 mm ( 5 ft 10 7 ⁄ 8 in ) broad gauge funicular railway , people mover , and attraction within the Universal Orlando Resort in Orlando , Florida , United States . The route runs 676 metres ( 2 @,@ 218 ft ) between Hogsmeade station in the Islands of Adventure theme park and King 's Cross station in the London area of the Universal Studios Florida theme park . It provides a connection between the Diagon Alley and Hogsmeade areas which together form The Wizarding World of Harry Potter themed area , based on the Harry Potter film series .
The attraction , which was manufactured by the Doppelmayr Garaventa Group , is operated with two replicas of the Hogwarts Express . The two directions of travel provide two different experiences . Because the trains transport guests between stations in two separate theme parks , riders must have an admission pass valid for both theme parks , with ticket inspectors checking prior to boarding .
The Hogwarts Express soft @-@ opened to the public on 1 July 2014 before officially opening seven days later along with the rest of the Diagon Alley expansion on 8 July 2014 . Within one month of its opening , one million riders had travelled on the trains .
= = History = =
The idea of creating a Hogwarts Express @-@ related attraction came from Mark Woodbury , the president of Universal Creative . After the opening of the Hogsmeade attraction at the Islands of Adventure theme park in 2010 , Universal began considering how to keep attendance balanced between the adjacent parks . At first , the creative team considered putting Diagon Alley within Islands of Adventure . Eventually they decided that the London and Hogsmeade environments should not be visible between one another . As a result , Woodbury proposed building Diagon Alley in Universal Studios Florida and then connecting the two Harry Potter @-@ themed lands with the Hogwarts Express train .
Rumours that Universal Orlando was planning to expand The Wizarding World of Harry Potter began in early 2011 after construction surveying was spotted in the Lost Continent section of Islands of Adventure and the resort began asking visitors about a possible expansion . On 2 December 2011 , the resort announced the Jaws attraction would close on 2 January 2012 to make way for a future attraction . In the same month , speculation arose that an expansion would include the Hogwarts Express to connect Hogsmeade in Islands of Adventure and Diagon Alley in Universal Studios Florida . In June 2012 , theme park enthusiasts discovered that applications for permits had been submitted to the South Florida Water Management District and the City of Orlando suggesting that the resort was planning to build a track connecting the two theme parks , as well as one station building in each park . Almost a year later , WESH , a local news channel , reported that an elevated track system had been installed at Universal Orlando and that the track ran between Hogsmeade in Islands of Adventure and a construction area in Universal Studios Florida ; suggesting the rumours were true .
On 8 May 2013 , Universal Orlando announced the expansion of Wizarding World of Harry Potter , Diagon Alley , along with the Hogwarts Express attraction , to be located on the former site of the Jaws attraction . By the end of August 2013 , all six passenger cars and both tenders had been spotted in the backstage area , waiting to be assembled on the track . The first of the two trains was installed on the track on 24 October 2013 . By the beginning of December 2013 , the second train had been placed on the track . In January , the resort previewed the interior of the Hogwarts Express through a live cast . On 2 December 2013 , Orlando Attractions Magazine , an amusement park website , spotted one of the trains being tested for the first time . In mid @-@ March 2014 , Universal Orlando Resort released further information about the ride , including concept animations . On 24 June 2014 , the resort announced that the Diagon Alley expansion , including the Hogwarts Express , would officially open to the public on 8 July 2014 . A week later , Universal Orlando soft @-@ opened the Hogwarts Express , without any announcement . Within a month of the Hogwarts Express ' opening , one million riders had ridden the attraction . It had taken approximately two and a half years to develop .
= = Ride experience = =
Theme park guests may use the Hogwarts Express to travel between Hogsmeade and King 's Cross in London , close to Diagon Alley . They can travel in either direction as long as the guest has purchased a Park @-@ to @-@ Park ticket , which gives guests access to both of Universal Orlando 's theme parks within the same day . Two different experiences are provided depending on the destination of the train , both of which are approximately four minutes long .
= = = Hogsmeade to King 's Cross = = =
At the entrance of the queue , ticket inspectors check passengers ' tickets for Universal Studios . The queue then leads into a forested area which later leads into the Hogsmeade station building . Upon climbing a flight of steps , travellers reach the Hogsmeade station platform . Once the arriving passengers on the Hogwarts Express have left the platform , passengers waiting may then board the train and enter one of the twenty @-@ one passenger compartments within the train .
As the train departs towards King 's Cross , Rubeus Hagrid waves riders goodbye outside of the window . Shadows of Harry Potter , Ron Weasley , and Hermione Granger can also been seen walking down the train corridor , looking for an empty compartment . Following this , Buckbeak flies outside the window , while Hogwarts can be seen in the background . Shortly after , the train enters a forest where centaurs are running . Upon exiting the forest , Hogwarts can be seen once again in the background . Fred and George Weasley appear , flying broomsticks and playing with fireworks . The Hogwarts Express then enters a tunnel , after which riders find themselves in the middle of a storm and pass Malfoy Manor . The journey then enters a second tunnel ; Harry , Ron , and Hermione appear again in the train corridor . As a spider crawls up the compartment door , Ron eats it and the trio continue to walk on down the corridor . After the tunnel the journey continues into London passing by an industrial factory and then a residential area . The Knight Bus then appears ; squeezing between buildings and shrinking to pass under a bridge . As the bus drives away , the train enters King 's Cross station , where Alastor Moody greets passengers .
Passengers then disembark onto Platform 9 ¾ of King 's Cross and proceed down some stairs into a 2010 @-@ era King 's Cross Station , before arriving at the London waterfront area , adjacent to Diagon Alley .
= = = King 's Cross to Hogsmeade = = =
The King 's Cross station part of the attraction is built on a site that previously held the Jaws attraction . The entrance to the station , which is a quarter @-@ scale replica of the real London King 's Cross railway station , is located in the London area , close to Diagon Alley . Passengers enter the station building and have their admission ticket checked . They then enter a queue which takes them farther into the station building , under a split @-@ flap department board , and past London @-@ related advertisements , several stacks of suitcases and a shop selling food . After ascending a flight of stairs , passengers find themselves between signs for King 's Cross Platform 9 and Platform 10 . They can see those ahead of them walking through the " wall " forming the entrance to Platform 9 ¾ . This effect uses the Pepper 's ghost illusion . After continuing around several corners , guests arrive on Platform 9 ¾ itself to wait for the next train to arrive . After the Hogwarts Express has reversed into Platform 9 ¾ and the arriving passengers have disembarked , the next passengers enter one of the twenty @-@ one compartments in the three passenger carriages .
As the train departs King 's Cross , Hedwig the owl flies alongside while passing through the outskirts of London . Hedwig flies away and Dementors arrive from over the nearby buildings . At the same time Harry , Ron , and Hermione pass along the corridor side
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with her family , but was also exposed to Christianity from her mother .
Describing herself as a " very naughty [ and ] spoilt child " , Kapoor 's exposure to films from a young age kindled her interest in acting ; she was particularly inspired by the work of actresses Nargis and Meena Kumari . Despite her family background , her father disapproved of women entering films because he believed it conflicted with the traditional maternal duties and responsibility of women in the family . This led to a conflict between her parents , and they separated . She was then raised by her mother , who worked several jobs to support her daughters until Karisma debuted as an actress in 1991 . After living separately for several years , her parents reconciled in October 2007 . Kapoor remarked " My father is also an important factor in my life [ ... ] [ Al ] though we did not see him often in our initial years , we are a family now . "
Kapoor attended Jamnabai Narsee School in Mumbai , followed by Welham Girls ' School in Dehradun . She attended the institution primarily to satisfy her mother , though later admitted to liking the experience . According to Kapoor , she wasn 't inclined towards academics though received good grades in all her classes except mathematics . After graduating from Welham she studied commerce for two years at Mithibai College in Vile Parle ( Mumbai ) . Kapoor then registered for a three @-@ month summer course in microcomputers at Harvard University in the United States . She later developed an interest in law , and enrolled at the Government Law College , Mumbai ; during this period , she developed a long @-@ lasting passion for reading . However , after completing her first year , Kapoor decided to pursue her interest to become an actress . She began training at an acting institute in Mumbai mentored by Kishore Namit Kapoor , a member of the Film and Television Institute of India ( FTII ) .
= = Acting career = =
= = = 2000 – 03 : Career beginnings , breakthrough and setback = = =
While training at the institute , Kapoor was cast as the female lead in Rakesh Roshan 's Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2000 ) opposite his son , Hrithik Roshan . Several days into the filming , however , she abandoned the project ; Kapoor later explained that she had benefited by not doing the film since more prominence was given to the director 's son . She debuted later that year alongside Abhishek Bachchan in J. P. Dutta 's war drama Refugee . Set during the Indo @-@ Pakistani war of 1971 , the film centers on a man who illegally transports civilians back and forth across the border . Kapoor portrayed Naaz , a Bangladeshi girl who falls in love with Bachchan 's character while illegally migrating to Pakistan with her family . Her performance was acclaimed by critics ; Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama described her as " a natural performer " and noted " the ease with which she emotes the most difficult of scenes " , while India Today reported that Kapoor belonged to a new breed of Hindi film actors that breaks away from character stereotypes . On the experience of acting in her first film , Kapoor described it as " tough ... [ but ] also a great learning experience " . Refugee was a moderate box @-@ office success in India and Kapoor 's performance earned her the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut .
For her second release , Kapoor was paired opposite Tusshar Kapoor in Satish Kaushik 's box @-@ office hit Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai ( 2001 ) . A review in The Hindu noted that based on her first two films , she was " definitely the actress to watch out for " . She next starred alongside Jackie Shroff and Hrithik Roshan in Subhash Ghai 's flop Yaadein , followed by Abbas @-@ Mustan 's moderately successful thriller Ajnabee , co @-@ starring Akshay Kumar , Bobby Deol and Bipasha Basu . Later that year , she appeared in Santosh Sivan 's period epic Aśoka , a partly fictionalized account of the life of the Indian emperor of the same name . Featured opposite Shah Rukh Khan , Kapoor found herself challenged playing the complex personality of her character Kaurwaki ( a Kalingan princess ) with whom Ashoka falls in love . Aśoka was screened at the Venice and 2001 Toronto International Film Festivals , and received generally positive reviews internationally but failed to do well in India , which was attributed by critics to the way Ashoka was portrayed . Jeff Vice of The Deseret News described Kapoor as " riveting " and commended her screen presence . Rediff.com , however , was more critical concluding that her presence in the film was primarily used for aesthetic purposes . At the 47th Filmfare Awards , Aśoka was nominated for five awards including a Best Actress nomination for Kapoor .
A key point in Kapoor 's career came when she was cast by Karan Johar as Pooja ( " Poo " , a good @-@ natured , superficial girl ) in the 2001 melodrama Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... alongside an ensemble cast . Filming the big @-@ budget production was a new experience for Kapoor , and she recalls it fondly : " [ I ] t was great fun doing [ the film and ] we had a blast . [ W ] orking with the unit and the six mega star set was a dream come true . " Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... was an immensely popular release , finishing as India 's second highest @-@ grossing film of the year and Kapoor 's highest @-@ grossing film to that point . It also became one of the biggest Bollywood success of all time in the overseas market , earning over ₹ 1 billion ( US $ 15 million ) worldwide . Taran Adarsh described Kapoor as " one of the main highlights of the film " , and she received her second Filmfare nomination for the role — her first for Best Supporting Actress — as well as nominations at the International Indian Academy ( IIFA ) and Screen Awards .
Box Office India reported that the success of Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai and Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... established Kapoor as a leading actress of Hindi cinema , and Rediff.com published that with Aśoka she had become the highest @-@ paid Indian actress to that point earning ₹ 15 million ( US $ 220 @,@ 000 ) per film . During 2002 and 2003 , Kapoor continued to work in a number of projects but experienced a setback . All six films in which she starred — Mujhse Dosti Karoge ! , Jeena Sirf Merre Liye , Talaash : The Hunt Begins ... , Khushi , Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon , and the four @-@ hour war epic LOC Kargil — were critically and commercially unsuccessful . Critics described her performances in these films as " variations of the same character " she played in Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... , and expressed concern that she was becoming typecast .
= = = 2004 – 06 : Professional expansion = = =
By 2004 , Kapoor was keen on broadening her range as an actress and thus decided to portray more challenging roles . Under the direction of Sudhir Mishra , Kapoor played the role of a golden @-@ hearted prostitute in Chameli , a film relating the story of a young prostitute who meets with a widowed investment banker ( played by Rahul Bose ) . When Kapoor was initially offered the film she refused it , explaining that she would be uncomfortable in the role . She relented when Mishra approached her for the second time , and in preparation for the role , visited several of Mumbai 's red @-@ light districts at night to study the mannerisms of sex workers and the way they dressed . Chameli was well received by critics and the film marked a significant turning point in her career , earning Kapoor a special jury recognition at the 49th Filmfare Awards . Indiatimes praised her " intuitive brilliance " and stated that she had exceeded all expectations . Rediff.com , however , found her portrayal unconvincing and excessively stereotypical , describing her as " sounding more like a teenager playacting than a brash , hardened streetwalker " and comparing her mannerisms to a caricature .
Kapoor next co @-@ starred in Mani Ratnam 's bilingual project Yuva alongside Ajay Devgan , Abhishek Bachchan , Vivek Oberoi , Rani Mukerji and Esha Deol . The film , consisting of three chapters , tells the story of six individuals linked by a car accident . Kapoor is featured in the third chapter as Oberoi 's love interest ( Mira , a witty young woman ) . In a Times of India review film critic Subhash K. Jha described her role as " fey and insubstantial " , but further stated that " she turns these character traits to her own advantage to create a girl who is at once enigmatic and all @-@ there " . She then appeared alongside Amitabh Bachchan and Fardeen Khan in Govind Nihalani 's critically acclaimed film Dev , which revolved around the 2002 Hindu @-@ Muslim riots in the Indian state of Gujarat . Kapoor 's role was that of a Muslim victim named Aaliya , modelled after Zaheera Sheikh ( a key witness in Vadodara 's Best Bakery case ) . It earned her a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress and nominations for Best Actress at various award ceremonies . Taran Adarsh described her as " first @-@ rate " and in particular noted her scene with Bachchan 's character .
Shortly afterwards , Kapoor was cast for the first time as a villain in the thriller Fida . Set against the backdrop of the Mumbai underworld , the film follows the story of an online heist in which her character , Neha Mehra , becomes involved . Although the film was unsuccessful at the box office , Kapoor received positive reviews for her performance , and some critics noted a distinct progression from her earlier roles . Her subsequent releases that year included Abbas @-@ Mustan 's thriller Aitraaz and Priyadarshan 's comedy Hulchul , both of which were successful at the Indian box office . Following the success of her last two releases , she was cast as the protagonist of the 2005 drama Bewafaa . The feature received mostly negative reviews , and Kapoor 's portrayal of Anjali Sahai ( an unfaithful woman ) was not well received . Nikhat Kazmi of Indiatimes believed that to become a serious actress Kapoor was embodying a maturer , more @-@ jaded character beyond her years in Bewafaa . That same year , she starred in the romantic dramas Kyon Ki and Dosti : Friends Forever , both of which underperformed at the box office ; however , Kapoor 's performance in Kyon Ki was generally well received by critics ( with the BBC describing her as " a pure natural " ) .
In 2006 , Kapoor appeared in three films . She first starred in the thriller 36 China Town , followed by the comedy Chup Chup Ke ; both were moderately successful . She next portrayed the character of Desdemona in Omkara — the Hindi adaptation of William Shakespeare 's Othello . The film ( directed by Vishal Bhardwaj ) is a tragedy of sexual jealousy set against the backdrop of the political system in Uttar Pradesh . Describing Bhardwaj as a " world @-@ class director [ with ] a unique style " , Kapoor was cast in the project after the director had seen her performance in Yuva , and was subsequently required to attend script @-@ reading sessions along with the entire cast . The feature premiered at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival and was screened at the Cairo International Film Festival . Omkara was received positively by critics , and Kapoor 's portrayal earned her a fourth Filmfare Award and first Screen Award . In a 2010 retrospective of the " Top 80 Iconic Performances " of Hindi cinema , Filmfare wrote that she was " brilliant " and praised her ability to " effortless [ ly ] " convey the various emotions her character went through . Kapoor considered her role in Omkara as a " new benchmark " in her career , and compared her portrayal of Dolly with her own evolving maturity as a woman .
Following Omkara , Kapoor took a short break from acting , as she felt that " nothing [ was ] challenging enough for me to say yes " . In an interview with The Times of India Kapoor commented , " In my initial years in the industry , I pushed myself to do a lot of work because I was greedy . I did some films — which I now regret — purely for the money . Today , I want to do selective films . " Later that year , she appeared briefly in one of the year 's biggest hits , the Farhan Akhtar action @-@ thriller Don ( a remake of the 1978 film of the same name ) .
= = = 2007 – 11 : Rise to prominence = = =
Kapoor returned to film as the female protagonist Geet Dhillon , a vivacious Sikh girl with a zest for life , in the romantic comedy Jab We Met ( 2007 ) . Director Imtiaz Ali was not a well @-@ known figure before its production , with only one feature credit to his name , but Kapoor agreed to the film after being impressed with his " mind @-@ blowing " script . Featured opposite Shahid Kapoor , the film relates the story of two people with contrasting personalities who meet on a train and eventually fall in love . The film was received favourably by critics and became successful at the box office with gross earnings of ₹ 303 million ( US $ 4 @.@ 5 million ) . Kapoor won several awards for her performance , including her second Screen Award and the Filmfare Award for Best Actress . Jaspreet Pandohar of the BBC commented that the role required a mixture of naivety and spontaneity , and was impressed with Kapoor 's effort . The critic Rajeev Masand labelled her the film 's " biggest strength , as she brings alive her character with not just those smart lines , but with the kind of candor actors seldom invest in their work . " While shooting for Jab We Met , Kapoor and Shahid ended their three @-@ year relationship . When asked by Mumbai Mirror , she stated " I hold him in utmost regard , and I hope one day we could be good friends . He is a great guy . "
The following year , Kapoor co @-@ starred in Vijay Krishna Acharya 's action @-@ thriller Tashan , where she met her future husband in actor Saif Ali Khan . Although a poll ( conducted by Bollywood Hungama ) named it the most anticipated release of the year , the film underperformed at the box office grossing ₹ 279 million ( US $ 4 @.@ 1 million ) in India . After providing her voice for the character of Laila , the love interest of a street dog named Romeo , in the Yash Raj Films and Walt Disney Pictures animated film Roadside Romeo , Kapoor played a mistrustful wife who believed her husband was unfaithful in Rohit Shetty 's comedy Golmaal Returns . A sequel to the 2006 film Golmaal : Fun Unlimited , the film had an ambivalent reception from critics , and Kapoor received mixed reviews . The Indian Express believed the screenplay was derivative , concluding : " There is nothing particularly new about a suspicious wife keeping tabs on her husband , and there is nothing particularly new in the way Kareena plays it . " Golmaal Returns was a financial success with global revenues of ₹ 793 million ( US $ 12 million ) .
In 2009 , Kapoor was cast as Simrita Rai ( a surgeon who moonlights as a model ) in Sabbir Khan 's battle @-@ of @-@ the @-@ sexes comedy Kambakkht Ishq , opposite Akshay Kumar . Set in Los Angeles , it was the first Indian film to be shot at Universal Studios and featured cameo appearances by Hollywood actors . The film was poorly received by critics but became an economic success , earning over ₹ 840 million ( US $ 12 million ) worldwide ; a review in Times of India described Kapoor 's performance as " a complete let @-@ down " and " unconvincing " . The box @-@ office flop Main Aurr Mrs Khanna came next , following which she played the leading lady in the dramatic thriller Kurbaan , alongside Saif Ali Khan and Vivek Oberoi . The film ( which marked the directorial debut of Rensil D 'Silva ) featured Kapoor as Avantika Ahuja , a woman who is confined to house arrest after discovering that her husband is a terrorist . Describing the film as " an emotionally draining experience " , Kapoor explained that it was difficult to disconnect from her character . The film was critically praised , and Kapoor received her fourth Filmfare Best Actress nomination . Gaurav Malani of The Economic Times commented that after a long time the actress was given " a role of substance that brings her performing potential to the fore " , while Subhash K. Jha described it as her " most consistently pitched performance to date " played " with splendid sensitivity " and " credib [ ility ] " .
Kapoor 's second Filmfare nomination that year came for Rajkumar Hirani 's National Film Award @-@ winning 3 Idiots , a film loosely based on the novel Five Point Someone by Chetan Bhagat . Co @-@ starring alongside Aamir Khan , R. Madhavan and Sharman Joshi , Kapoor played Pia ( a medical student and Khan 's love interest ) . Several actresses were considered for the role , though Kapoor was eventually cast under the recommendation of Khan . The film received critical acclaim and emerged as the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film of all time up until then , grossing ₹ 2 @.@ 03 billion ( US $ 30 million ) in India . It also did well internationally , earning over ₹ 1 @.@ 08 billion ( US $ 16 million ) , the second biggest Bollywood success ever in the overseas market . The Deccan Herald opined that Kapoor " brings a dollop of sunshine and feminine grace to an otherwise masculine tale . She is so spunky and spontaneous you wish there was room for more of her . " 3 Idiots received several Best Movie recognitions at major Indian award functions , and Kapoor was awarded the IIFA Award for Best Actress , among others .
In 2010 , Kapoor appeared in the romantic comedy Milenge Milenge , a production delayed since 2005 . The feature garnered negative reviews and poor box @-@ office returns . Kapoor 's role was small , and not well received . She next starred alongside Kajol and Arjun Rampal in We Are Family , an official adaptation of the Hollywood tearjerker Stepmom ( 1998 ) from director Siddharth Malhotra . Kapoor played the role of the career @-@ oriented Shreya Arora ( a character originally played by Julia Roberts ) and refrained from watching the film again so she could bring her own interpretation to it . Priyanka Roy of The Telegraph criticized the film for being " superficial and unnecessarily melodramatic " , but praised Kapoor for " breath [ ing ] life and a new @-@ found maturity into what is largely a uni @-@ dimensional character " . We Are Family emerged a moderate success and Kapoor was awarded the Best Supporting Actress at the 56th Filmfare Awards . At the end of the year , she reunited with director Rohit Shetty for Golmaal 3 , a sequel to Golmaal Returns . Like its predecessor , the film received mixed reviews though emerged as the most successful entry in the Golmaal series , earning more than ₹ 1 billion ( US $ 15 million ) domestically . For her portrayal of the tomboy Daboo , Kapoor received Best Actress nominations at various award ceremonies including Filmfare .
Kapoor had further success in 2011 as the love interest of Salman Khan 's character in the romantic drama Bodyguard , a remake of the 2010 Malayalam film of the same name . The film was not well received by critics , though became a financial success , with a domestic total of ₹ 1 @.@ 4 billion ( US $ 21 million ) — India 's highest @-@ earning film of the year . A review in Mint dismissed Kapoor 's role as the " sacrificial , ornamental [ and ] submissive female " ; Mid Day referred to her as " bright " , arguing that she " actually manages to bring her caricature of a role alive " . She next appeared in Anubhav Sinha 's science fiction film Ra.One with Shah Rukh Khan and Arjun Rampal . Made on a budget of ₹ 1 @.@ 5 billion ( US $ 22 million ) — " India 's most expensive film " at the time — the film follows the story of a London @-@ based videogame designer creating a villainous character who escapes into the real world . Despite negative media coverage of the film 's box office performance , Ra.One became one of the biggest earners of the year with a worldwide total of over ₹ 2 @.@ 4 billion ( US $ 36 million ) , and Kapoor 's fourth major commercial success in two consecutive years .
= = = 2012 – 15 : Marriage and decrease in workload = = =
Kapoor followed her success in Bodyguard and Ra.One with a role in Shakun Batra 's directorial debut Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu ( 2012 ) opposite Imran Khan . Set in Las Vegas , the romantic comedy follows the story of two strangers who get married one night after getting drunk . She played Riana Braganza , a carefree young woman , and was particularly drawn to the qualities of her character : " Riana knows what she is doing . Even though she does not have a house or a job , she is a positive person [ ... ] very similar to the way I am . " The film received positive reviews and was an economic success , grossing a total of ₹ 530 million ( US $ 7 @.@ 9 million ) in India and abroad . The Hollywood Reporter found her " endearingly natural " ; Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com asserted that " after doing ornamental roles in films like Bodyguard and Ra.One , it is nice to see the spunky actress in her element again since Jab We Met . " She next appeared in Agent Vinod , an espionage thriller directed by Sriram Raghavan . Kapoor was enthusiastic about the project , but it met with a tepid response and she was described as miscast . When asked why she had taken the role , Kapoor described it as an opportunity to attempt something she had never done before .
For her next feature , Kapoor was cast as the protagonist of Madhur Bhandarkar 's Heroine , a drama revolving around the Bollywood film industry . Originally the first choice for the role , Kapoor was hesitant to take on the project when Bhandarkar approached her with the film 's initial concept . With reservations about the criticism her character might evoke , she was replaced by Aishwarya Rai . Days after production began , Rai left the film ( due to her pregnancy ) and Bhandarkar re @-@ approached Kapoor with the film . When the director reinforced his faith in her , she agreed to do the film after having read the completed script . Kapoor ( who described her character of Mahi Arora — a fading star — as " bipolar and schizophrenic " ) refrained from taking on any other projects , since she found Heroine " very aggressive and tiring " . Reviewers found the film to be " drably monotonous " , but noted that it was watchable primarily due to Kapoor 's performance . Rajeev Masand described it as " a deliciously camp performance , " played " with utmost sincerity " . Bollywood Hungama opined that it was her best work to date and concluded that " [ t ] hough her character is inconsistent [ ... ] Kareena furnishes the heroine 's character with a rare vulnerability and an exceptional inner life . " At the annual Stardust Awards , Kapoor garnered the Editor 's Choice for Best Actress , and received additional nominations at Filmfare , IIFA , Producers Guild , Screen and Stardust .
On 16 October 2012 , Kapoor married actor Saif Ali Khan in a private ceremony in Bandra , Mumbai , and a reception was later held at The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel and the Lutyens Bungalow Zone in Mumbai and Delhi respectively . Kapoor stated that despite adding Khan to her name she would continue practising Hinduism after her marriage . At the end of the year , she co @-@ starred alongside Aamir Khan and Rani Mukerji as the " tantalisingly seductive prostitute " Rosie , in Reema Kagti 's crime mystery Talaash : The Answer Lies Within . Set against the backdrop of Mumbai 's red @-@ light districts , it follows the travails of its personnel and principal , Inspector Surjan Singh Shekhawat ( Khan ) who is assigned the duty of solving a mysterious car accident . Pratim D. Gupta of The Telegraph found Kapoor to be a standout among the ensemble , adding that " she brings an unseen mix of oomph and emotion that becomes the [ film 's ] centrepiece " . With global revenues of ₹ 1 @.@ 74 billion ( US $ 26 million ) , the film emerged as a box office hit , and earned Kapoor Best Actress nominations at the Screen , Stardust and Zee Cine award ceremonies .
In 2013 , Kapoor collaborated with Ajay Devgan for the fourth time ( alongside Amitabh Bachchan , Arjun Rampal , Manoj Bajpayee and Amrita Rao ) in Prakash Jha 's Satyagraha , an ensemble socio @-@ political drama loosely inspired by social activist Anna Hazare 's fight against corruption in 2011 . The film was highly anticipated by trade journalists due to its release coinciding with the Mumbai and Delhi gang rape public protests , and Kapoor hoped that the film would help inspire people to stop violence against women in India . Satyagraha received little praise from critics and underperformed at the box office earning ₹ 675 million ( US $ 10 million ) domestically . A review in the Daily News and Analysis noted that Kapoor 's role as reporter Yasmin Ahmed was " limited to mouthing a few ' important ' dialogues and being present in crucial scenes like any leading lady " .
Following an appearance in the poorly received romantic comedy Gori Tere Pyaar Mein ( 2013 ) , Kapoor decreased her workload for the next two years to focus on her marriage and family . She took on smaller parts where she played the love @-@ interest of Ajay Devgan and Salman Khan in the dramas Singham Returns ( 2014 ) and Bajrangi Bhaijaan ( 2015 ) respectively . Singham Returns served as a sequel to the 2011 film Singham and Kapoor 's role was written specifically for her by Rohit Shetty — the third time the pair collaborated . Reviews for the film were generally mixed with Kapoor being criticized for taking a role of minimal importance , but the film was a financial success with a revenue of over ₹ 1 @.@ 4 billion ( US $ 21 million ) . Kabir Khan 's Bajrangi Bhaijaan emerged as India 's highest @-@ earning film of the year grossing a total of ₹ 3 @.@ 20 billion ( US $ 48 million ) , and earned the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment at the 63rd National Film Awards .
= = = 2016 – present : Recent work = = =
The following year , Kapoor took on a starring role opposite Arjun Kapoor in Ki & Ka , a romantic comedy about gender stereotypes from the writer @-@ director R. Balki . She was cast as the ambitious and career @-@ oriented Kia , and was particularly drawn to the project for its relevance and novel concept . Upon release , critics were divided in their opinion of the film , but with a worldwide gross of over ₹ 1 billion ( US $ 15 million ) the film was a financial success . Meena Iyer of The Times of India mentioned Kapoor as " terrific " and Sukanya Verma considered the actress to be the film 's prime asset noting her ease at " smoothly transition [ ing ] between fragile and volatile to reveal a woman comfortable in her own skin , unapologetic about living life on her terms and never missing an occasion to mince words . "
Kapoor next played the role of Dr. Preet Sahni in Abhishek Chaubey 's critically acclaimed Udta Punjab ( 2016 ) , a crime drama that documents the substance abuse endemic in the Indian state of Punjab . Co @-@ starring alongside Shahid Kapoor , Alia Bhatt and Diljit Dosanjh , Kapoor was initially reluctant to do the film due to the length of her role , but agreed after having read the completed script and waived half of her fees to star in it . Udta Punjab generated controversy when the Central Board of Film Certification deemed that the film represented Punjab in a negative light and demanded extensive censorship before its theatrical release . The Bombay High Court later cleared the film for exhibition with one scene cut . In a highly positive review , Rediff.com stated that despite being " the narrative ’ s most conventional character , " the film " greatly relies on [ her ] for warmth and virtue " and Mehul S. Thakkar of The Deccan Chronicle wrote that she was successful in " deliver [ ing ] a strong and hard hitting performance . "
As of June 2016 , Kapoor has committed to play the lead role in Shashanka Ghosh 's Veere Di Wedding , a romantic comedy co @-@ starring Sonam Kapoor , Swara Bhaskar and Shikha Talsania about four girls who embark on a trip from Delhi to Europe .
= = Other ventures = =
= = = Clothing line and publication = = =
Alongside her acting work , Kapoor has established a career as a designer and an author . During her five @-@ year association with the retail chain Globus , Kapoor became the first Indian actress to launch her own line of clothing for women ; she described the collaboration as being " special " and " reflective of my personal sense of style " . Her collection made its debut several months later in stores across India , and was well received . Following the end of her contract with Globus , she expressed a desire to work with a design house to release her clothing line internationally , but later explained that those plans were on hold .
In 2009 , Kapoor collaborated with nutritionist Rujuta Diwekar on Don 't Lose Your Mind , Lose Your Weight , a book which focused on the principles of healthy eating habits . Published by Random House Publications , the book was well received by critics , and sold 10 @,@ 000 copies within its first twenty days . A follow @-@ up titled , Women and The Weight Loss Tamasha , was released two years later . It addressed the weight loss concerns and eating habits of women in various parts of their life , and featured Kapoor in a voice @-@ over for the audiobook . In February 2013 , Kapoor released her autobiographical memoir : The Style Diary of a Bollywood Diva . Co @-@ authored alongside Rochelle Pinto , it became the first book to be launched under the Shobhaa De imprint of Penguin Books — a set of series that included celebrity memoirs , guides and biographies . In a review published by Mint , Shefalee Vasudev criticised the writing style as " too @-@ breezy " but further stated that it is " a well @-@ produced book , reproducing chirpy little post @-@ it notes and diet charts , punctuated with Bebo 's stunning pictures from her private albums to fashion magazine covers . " Later that year , she collaborated with Diwekar for the third time on The Indian Food Wisdom and The Art of Eating Right , a documentary film about nutrition .
= = = Philanthropy = = =
During her years in the film industry , Kapoor has made public appearances to support various philanthropic endeavours , and has been actively involved in promoting children 's education and the safety of women . In November 2003 , she performed at a fundraiser for the World Youth Peace Summit and two years later she participated in a concert to raise money for victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . In 2005 , she visited Indian jawans ( troops ) in Rajasthan , for a special Holi weekend episode of NDTV 's reality show Jai Jawaan . As part of the 2010 NDTV Greenathon Campaign , Kapoor adopted the village of Chanderi in Madhya Pradesh to provide the village with a regular supply of electricity , and also took part in the international campaign 1GOAL Education for All .
The following year , Kapoor was appointed ambassador for the Shakti Campaign — a project launched by NDTV to combat violence against women — in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of International Women 's Day . In December 2013 , Kapoor launched Channel V 's anti @-@ rape mobile app ' VithU ' ; she stated that with an increasing amount of violence against women in India , " [ i ] t [ was ] important for actors to stand up for issues because they can reach out to a lot of people . " Kapoor later attended a gala
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which it passed through the Northern Marianas Islands . On September 14 , the typhoon slowed to the north of Okinawa , and it turned to the northeast toward Japan . As a weakened typhoon , Oliwa moved ashore on Makurazaki , Kagoshima , Kyushu with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) late on September 15 . It weakened to tropical storm strength while crossing Japan , and deteriorated further to tropical depression status on September 16 . On September 17 , the JTWC issued the final advisory on Oliwa while it was in the eastern portion of the Sea of Japan . The JMA maintained advisories as the storm crossed northern Japan , and it accelerated over the open Pacific Ocean . On September 19 , Oliwa dissipated near the International Date Line to the south of the Aleutian Islands .
= = Impact and records = =
While weakening after peaking in intensity , Oliwa passed about 60 miles ( 95 km ) north of Agrihan in the Northern Marianas Islands . Sustained winds on the island reached 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) , with gusts to 85 mph ( 135 km / h ) . The winds downed two coconut trees onto a radio antenna , which left the island temporarily without contact to the outside world . On the Japanese island of Kyushu , where Oliwa made landfall as a weakened typhoon , thousands of homes were flooded , and dozens were destroyed . Its slow movement caused heavy rainfall that created a mudslide in Tashiro , Kagoshima , killing three people . Across Kagoshima Prefecture , officials issued evacuations due to flooding , although many did not heed the warnings . In the prefecture , the typhoon destroyed 131 buildings and damaged about 1 @,@ 700 more . Damage there was estimated at 14 million yen ( 1997 JPY , $ 150 @,@ 000 in 1997 USD ) . Across Japan , Typhoon Oliwa caused 12 fatalities and displaced a total of 30 @,@ 000 people . Total damage amounted to 4 @.@ 36 billion yen ( $ 50 @.@ 1 million USD ) . Offshore the South Korea coast , the winds and strong waves wrecked 28 vessels , and 10 people were reported missing from one ship .
Typhoon Oliwa was one of eleven super typhoons in the western Pacific , which is tied to the previous record of eleven ; a typical typhoon season has four super typhoons . The period of heightened activity was the result of one of the most powerful El Niño events on record . The track Oliwa was unusual , due to its origin as a cyclone from the central Pacific Ocean and its path over the Northern Marianas Islands and Japan . The typhoon was one of only two during the season to undergo explosive deepening , which is a decrease in barometric pressure of ≥ 2 @.@ 5 mbar per hour for a period of at least 12 hours . In 24 hours , the pressure dropped 69 mbar , which averages 2 @.@ 9 mbar per hour ; such values are usually estimated in the western Pacific using the Dvorak technique .
The name was not retired , although due to the low activity in the central Pacific Ocean , the name will not be used for several years .
= Tops in Science Fiction =
Tops in Science Fiction was a science fiction magazine which was launched in 1953 . The publisher , Love Romances Publishing , created it as a vehicle to reprint stories from Planet Stories . It was unsuccessful and only lasted for two issues . Although it contained no original stories , it did print some original artwork , including some of Kelly Freas 's early work . A British reprint edition appeared in the mid @-@ 1950s .
= = Publication history = =
The early 1950s saw dramatic changes in the world of U.S. science fiction publishing . At the start of 1949 , all but one of the major magazines in the field were in pulp format ; by the end of 1955 , almost all had either ceased publication or switched to digest format . Despite the rapid decline of the pulp market , several new science fiction magazines were launched in pulp format during these years ; Tops in Science Fiction was one of the last of these . The publisher , Love Romances Inc . , also published Planet Stories , and Malcolm Reiss , Planet 's editorial director , decided to try to take advantage of the backfile of stories and artwork from Planet 's 14 years of publication . He may have been inspired by the example of Fantastic Story Magazine , which was published by Standard Magazines as a vehicle to reprint their extensive backfile of science fiction . If so , he was evidently not aware that by 1953 Fantastic Story was not doing well financially .
The first issue was dated Spring 1953 , and was edited by Jack O 'Sullivan . The cover , by Alexander Leydenfrost , was reprinted from a 1942 issue of Planet Stories . The fiction included " Black Friar of the Flame " by Isaac Asimov , and " The Million Year Picnic " , by Ray Bradbury — the first of his " Martian Chronicles " stories . Interior art included some of Kelly Freas ' earliest work . The issue was only modestly successful , and on the advice of his distributor , who told Reiss that they were having trouble getting the magazine distributed , Reiss decided to switch to the digest format for the second issue : digests were starting to become more popular than the pulps , which would be almost completely gone from the market within only a couple more years . The second issue was dated Fall 1953 ; the cover , by Freas , illustrated " Lorelei of the Red Mist " , by Bradbury and Leigh Brackett . Freas also did the interior illustrations for the story , and later commented that he was delighted by the results but felt he was " never quite able to repeat it . A hex , of course . " Interior artists for the second issue also included Emsh ; the fiction included stories by Fredric Brown and Horace Gold . However , this issue received only limited distribution , and Reiss decided against continuing with the magazine .
= = Bibliographic details = =
Tops in Science Fiction 's two issues were dated Spring and Fall 1953 ; the first in pulp format , and the second a digest . There was a single volume of two numbers . The publisher was Love Romances Publishing , based in Stamford , Connecticut . The magazine was priced at 25 cents for the pulp issue , and 35 cents for the digest issue . Both issues were 128 pages long . The first issue was edited by Jack O 'Sullivan ; the second by Malcolm Reiss .
A British reprint edition appeared , with three 128 @-@ page digest editions published by Top Fiction Ltd . These were released in Autumn 1954 , Winter 1955 and Summer 1956 , though none of them were dated . The first two reprinted stories from the first U.S. issue ; the third reprinted material from the second U.S. issue . They were each priced at 1 / 6 .
= John Gardner ( British writer ) =
Not to be confused with John Gardner ( American writer )
John Edmund Gardner ( 20 November 1926 – 3 August 2007 ) was an English spy and thriller novelist , best known for his James Bond continuation novels , but also for his series of Boysie Oakes books and three continuation novels containing Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's fictional villain , Professor Moriarty .
Gardner , an ex @-@ Royal Marine commando , worked for a period as an Anglican priest , but he lost his faith and left the church after a short time . After a battle with alcohol addiction he wrote his first book , the autobiographical Spin the Bottle , published in 1964 .
Gardner went on to write over fifty works of fiction , including fourteen original James Bond novels , and the novel versions of two Bond films . He died from suspected heart failure on 3 August 2007 .
= = Early life = =
John Edmund Gardner was born on 20 November 1926 in Seaton Delaval , a small village in Northumberland . His parents were Cyril Gardner , a London @-@ born Anglican priest who had been ordained in Wallsend in 1921 , and Lena Henderson , a local girl ; the couple were married in 1925 . In 1933 the family moved to the market town of Wantage in what was then Berkshire , where Cyril took up the position of Chaplain at St Mary 's , Wantage and Gardner was educated at the local King Alfred 's School .
During the Second World War he joined the Home Guard , despite being only 13 at the time . Gardner subsequently served in the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm , before transferring to the Royal Marines 42 Commando for service in the Middle and Far East . Gardner considered himself " the worst commando in the world " and , despite being " a small @-@ arms expert ... [ who ] also knew a lot about explosives " , he admitted that " I bent an aeroplane I was learning to fly " .
After the war he went up to St John 's College , Cambridge , to study theology and was subsequently ordained as an Anglican priest in 1953 . He realised that he had lost his faith and made an error in his career ; he later admitted that during one sermon , " I didn 't believe a word I was saying " . He was released from the church in 1958 and took up a position as a drama critic with the Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon Herald . It was whilst at the Herald — aged 33 — that Gardner realised he was an alcoholic , drinking two bottles of gin a day . He overcame his addiction and produced his first book as part of his therapy : the autobiographical Spin the Bottle , published in 1964 . Critic and scholar John Sutherland says that of all the books Gardner published , " it 's the one that most deserves to survive . "
= = Writing career = =
In 1964 , Gardner began his novelist career with The Liquidator , in which he created the character Boysie Oakes who inadvertently is mistaken to be a tough , pitiless man of action and is thereupon recruited into a British spy agency . In fact , Oakes was a devout coward who was terrified of violence , suffered from airsickness and was afraid of heights and Gardner admitted of him that , " though I have denied it many times — he was of course a complete piss @-@ take of J. Bond " . The book appeared at the height of the fictional spy mania and , as a send @-@ up of the whole business , was an immediate success . Upon reviewing the novel in The New York Times , Anthony Boucher wrote , " Mr. Gardner succeeds in having it both ways : He has written a clever parody which is also a genuinely satisfactory thriller . " The book was made into a film of the same name by MGM and another seven light @-@ hearted novels and two short stories about the cowardly Oakes appeared over the next eleven years .
Following the success of his Oakes books , Gardner created new characters : Derek Torry — a Scotland Yard inspector of Italian descent — and Herbie Kruger , the latter of which appeared in a series of novels published simultaneously with his Bond works . In the mid @-@ 1970s Gardner also wrote the first of three novels using the character of Professor Moriarty from the Sherlock Holmes series , the last of which was published posthumously . The third of this series , titled simply Moriarty , was delayed due to a dispute with the publisher , but was finally released shortly after his death . Erik Lee Preminger bought the film rights to the first of the trilogy - The Return of Moriarty - and wrote a script . Edgar Bronfman , Jr . , for Sagittarius Entertainment and Nat Cohen , for EMI Productions were to produce . Donald Sutherland was to portray Moriarty . Funding however fell through shortly before filming was to begin .
In 1979 Glidrose Publications ( now Ian Fleming Publications ) approached Gardner and asked him to revive Ian Fleming 's James Bond series of novels . Between 1981 and 1996 , Gardner wrote fourteen James Bond novels , and the novelizations of two Bond films . Gardner stated that he wanted " to bring Mr Bond into the 1980s " , although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them . Even though Gardner kept the ages the same , he made Bond grey at the temples as a nod to the passing of the years . With the influence of the American publishers , Putnam 's , the Gardner novels showed an increase in the number of Americanisms used in the book , such as a waiter wearing " pants " , rather than trousers , in The Man from Barbarossa . James Harker , writing in The Guardian , considered that the Gardner books were " dogged by silliness " , giving examples of Scorpius , where much of the action is set in Chippenham , and Win , Lose or Die , where " Bond gets chummy with an unconvincing Maggie Thatcher " . Whilst Gardner 's Bond novels received a mixed reaction from the critics , they were popular and a number appeared in The New York Times Best Seller list , bringing the author commercial success . Gardner had an ambivalent view on being the Bond author , once saying that " I 'm very grateful to have been selected to keep Bond alive . But I 'd much rather be remembered for my own work than I would for Bond " , while saying on another occasion that " I remain proud that my contribution to the Bond saga played a great part in its development " . In the mid @-@ 1990s , after discovering he had esophageal cancer , Gardner officially retired from writing Bond novels and Glidrose Publications quickly chose Raymond Benson to continue the literary stories of James Bond .
His break from writing lasted for five years , following the death of his wife , but after battling his illness he returned to print in 2000 with a new novel , Day of Absolution . Gardner also began a series of books with a new character , Suzie Mountford , a 1930s police detective .
The Globe and Mail crime critic Derrick Murdoch said , " John Gardner is technically a highly competent thriller novelist who never seems to be quite at ease unless he is writing in the same vein as another writer . ( He has worked John le Carré and Graham Greene this way , and it 's what makes him so well qualified to continue the James Bond saga . ) "
The Crime Writers ' Association short @-@ listed The Liquidator , The Dancing Dodo , The Nostradamus Traitor , and The Garden of Weapons for their annual Gold Dagger award .
= = Personal life = =
In 1952 Gardner married Margaret Mercer and the couple had two children , Simon and Alexis . Gardner also had another daughter , Miranda , the result of a long affair with Susan Wright , former PA to Peter Sellers . In 1989 , Gardner and his family moved to the US and it was in America that he was diagnosed with cancer ; firstly for the prostate and then , six years later , of the oesophagus . The subsequent medical treatment in the US left him near bankrupt and he returned to the UK in November 1996 . Shortly after his return , in February 1997 , Margaret died unexpectedly .
When Gardner returned to writing , his second book , Bottled Spider , introduced a new character , Detective Sergeant Suzie Mountford . Gardner took the surname from Patricia Mountford , an ex @-@ girlfriend to whom he 'd been engaged in 1949 . When she read the book Mountford contacted Gardner through his publishers and the two were subsequently engaged .
= = Death = =
Gardner died on Friday 3 August 2007 from suspected heart failure . He collapsed while shopping in Basingstoke ; he was later rushed to hospital , where he died .
= = Works = =
= = = Autobiography = = =
Spin the Bottle ( 1964 )
= = = Boysie Oakes novels = = =
The Liquidator ( 1964 )
Understrike ( 1965 )
Amber Nine ( 1966 )
Madrigal ( 1967 )
Founder Member ( 1969 )
Traitor 's Exit ( 1970 )
The Airline Pirates ( 1970 ) - published in the U.S. as Air Apparent
A Killer for a Song ( 1975 )
Two Boysie Oakes short stories appear in The Assassination File ( A Handful of Rice , Corkscrew ) .
Two Boysie Oakes short stories appear in Hideaway ( Boysie Oakes and The Explosive Device , Sunset At Paleokastritsa ) .
= = = Derek Torry novels = = =
A Complete State of Death ( 1969 ) - reissued in the U.S. as The Stone Killer
The Corner Men ( 1974 )
= = = Professor Moriarty novels = = =
The Return of Moriarty ( 1974 )
The Revenge of Moriarty ( 1975 )
Moriarty ( 2008 )
= = = Herbie Kruger novels = = =
The Nostradamus Traitor ( 1979 )
The Garden of Weapons ( 1980 )
The Quiet Dogs ( 1982 )
Maestro ( 1993 )
Confessor ( 1995 )
Herbie Kruger also appears in The Secret Houses and The Secret Families .
= = = The Railton family novels = = =
The Secret Generations ( 1985 )
The Secret Houses ( 1988 )
The Secret Families ( 1989 )
= = = James Bond novels = = =
Licence Renewed ( 1981 )
For Special Services ( 1982 )
Icebreaker ( 1983 )
Role of Honour ( 1984 )
Nobody Lives for Ever ( 1986 )
No Deals , Mr. Bond ( 1987 )
Scorpius ( 1988 )
Win , Lose or Die ( 1989 )
Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) – novelization of a film script
Brokenclaw ( 1990 )
The Man from Barbarossa ( 1991 )
Death is Forever ( 1992 )
Never Send Flowers ( 1993 )
SeaFire ( 1994 )
GoldenEye ( 1995 ) – novelization of a film script
Cold ( 1996 ) – published in the U.S. as Cold Fall
= = = Detective Sergeant Suzie Mountford novels = = =
Bottled Spider ( 2002 )
The Streets of Town ( 2003 )
Angels Dining at the Ritz ( 2004 )
Troubled Midnight ( 2005 )
No Human Enemy ( 2007 )
= = = Other novels = = =
The Censor ( 1970 )
Every Night 's a Bullfight ( 1971 ) ( Published in the U.S. in a bowdlerized edition as " Every Night 's a Festival " in 1972 . ) [ 1 ]
To Run a Little Faster ( 1976 )
The Werewolf Trace ( 1977 )
The Dancing Dodo ( 1978 )
Golgotha ( 1980 ) - published in the U.S. as The Last Trump
The Director ( 1982 ) ( A re @-@ working of his 1971 novel " Every Night 's a Bullfight " . )
Flamingo ( 1983 )
Blood of the Fathers ( 1992 ) ( as by " Edmund McCoy " . Later published under his own name in 2004 . )
Day of Absolution ( 2000 )
= = = Short story collections = = =
Hideaway ( 1968 ) ( Contains two Boysie Oakes stories . )
The Assassination File ( 1974 ) ( Contains two Boysie Oakes stories . )
= Jordan Kovacs =
Jordan David Kovacs ( born June 12 , 1990 ) is an American football safety who is currently a free agent . He was signed by the Dolphins as an undrafted free agent in 2013 . He played college football at Michigan . Kovacs has also been a member of the Philadelphia Eagles and Miami Dolphins .
He was a walk @-@ on who earned 2009 CollegeFootballNews.com Freshman All @-@ America second team recognition and 2009 Sporting News Freshman All @-@ Big Ten honors for the 2009 Wolverines while being the second @-@ leading tackler on the team . Granted a scholarship by the 2010 team for his second year , he was the second @-@ leading tackler in the Big Ten Conference and was selected as a 2010 All @-@ Conference honorable mention . He was also a 2011 All @-@ Big Ten honorable mention for the 2011 team . He served the 2012 team as captain and was also a 2012 All @-@ Big Ten second team selection and a 2012 Academic All @-@ Big Ten honoree .
= = Background = =
Kovacs , a Hungarian American , attended Clay High School , which is the rival high school of former Wolverine teammate Kevin Koger . In high school , he earned varsity letters in basketball as a sophomore and junior . He also earned All @-@ City recognition in track and field three times ( first team as a senior , second team as a junior and honorable mention as a sophomore ) and was a four @-@ year letterman . He qualified for the Ohio State championships in the 4x400 meter relay . He was a three @-@ year letterman in football , where he earned All @-@ Ohio academic honors and All @-@ district honors as both a wide receiver and defensive back .
He was not recruited by any Division I schools as a high school football player , but he was recruited by some Division II schools . Kovacs only had two campus visits : Division II Hillsdale and Toledo ( a school 13 miles from his high school ) . By the time he completed his college applications , even Hillsdale had lost interest in him . His father placed a call to Michigan Director of Football Operations Brad Labadie after Jordan was wait listed and got him to agree to review a homemade highlight reel . As his graduation neared , Kovacs shook hands with Andy Boyd , a Toledo coach , on a preferred walk @-@ on spot . That same afternoon in June 2008 , Labadie called to confirm that Kovacs had been admitted from the wait list . The admission came without an athletic scholarship . Labadie encouraged Jordan to attend walk @-@ on tryouts .
= = College career = =
= = = Redshirt ( 2008 ) = = =
Kovacs initially passed the walk @-@ on tryouts , but he had to pass the physical with Paul " Schmidty " Schmidt , who had been a trainer since Jordan 's father Lou had played and been on the coaching staff at Michigan . He had had surgery to repair cartilage damage in high school , but that did not alleviate his problems . When Jordan responded yes to a question about whether he had had any surgeries in the prior 12 months , it triggered a line of questioning about his senior season meniscus surgery . He did not make the 2008 Wolverines due to a knee problem , but was advised to try out again after his knee healed . After discovering a torn meniscus , he had a second knee surgery , which was successful . He attended every game that season in his family 's season ticket section .
= = = Freshman ( 2009 ) = = =
In 2009 , he was one of the most highly regarded walk @-@ ons in the nation , and emerged from a group of Michigan football players who referred to themselves as " The Walk @-@ On Nation " . His debut on September 5 against the Western Michigan was on special teams . The following week he registered 31 plays against Notre Dame after starting safety Michael Williams suffered leg cramps . He made his first start on September 26 against Indiana . On October 3 of that season , he had 17 tackles against Michigan State in the annual Paul Bunyan Trophy . He posted ten tackles and made his first career interception on November 14 against Wisconsin . That season he played free safety before being switched to strong safety . He started one game at free safety and seven at strong safety over the course of the season . He finished the season as the second leading tackler for the 2009 Wolverines . He earned 2009 CollegeFootballNews.com Freshman All @-@ America second team recognition and 2009 Sporting News Freshman All @-@ Big Ten honors . He was also a Rudy Award candidate .
= = = Sophomore ( 2010 ) = = =
Kovacs earned a scholarship at the beginning of the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season . In the second game of the season on September 11 against Notre Dame in the Michigan – Notre Dame football rivalry game , Kovacs recorded his first interception of the season and second of his career as part of a 10 @-@ tackle effort . On October 16 he recorded 2 @.@ 5 tackles for a loss against Iowa . After eight games in the 2010 season he ranked second in the Big Ten Conference in tackles . On November 18 , he was nominated for the Burlsworth Trophy , which was a newly created award for the most outstanding player to have begun his career as a walk on . On November 20 , he posted his first career quarterback sack during a season @-@ high twelve tackle performance against Wisconsin . With one week remaining on the conference schedule , the performance tied Kovacs for third @-@ overall in the Big Ten , gave Kovacs a wide lead among Big Ten underclassman ( 8 @.@ 64 vs. 7 @.@ 55 per game over the next highest performer ) and extended his lead among Big Ten defensive backs ( 8 @.@ 64 vs 8 @.@ 27 ) . In the final game of the regular season on November 27 against Ohio State in the annual Michigan – Ohio State football rivalry game , Kovacs recorded his second interception of the season and third of his career as part of a 17 @-@ tackle effort . He collected a career @-@ best 41 return yards following the interception . In The Game , Kovacs tied a career @-@ high with 17 total tackles including a new career @-@ high 9 solo tackles . Kovacs ended the 2010 Big Ten Conference football season ranked second in the conference to teammate Jonas Mouton in total tackles . However , he led the team in solo tackles . Following the Big Ten Conference season , he was selected as an honorable mention All @-@ Conference selection by the media .
= = = Junior ( 2011 ) = = =
When Brady Hoke took over as Michigan head coach for the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season , Kovacs impressed him quickly . Kovacs was one of the first five players named as a starter for the 2011 team . In the September 3 , 2011 season opener against Western Michigan at Michigan Stadium , Kovacs forced a fumble that was recovered and advanced for a touchdown . Although the game was ended by mutual agreement in the third quarter due to inclement weather , Kovacs recorded 10 tackles , including two sacks . He was named the Lott Trophy impact player of the week . At first , the stats for the game were considered official by the Big Ten Conference and the University of Michigan , but the NCAA has vacated the statistics for this game because three quarters were not completed . However , at the conclusion of the regular season , the NCAA reversed course and ruled that since the game is counting for win @-@ loss record , the statistics will be counted by the NCAA . On September 10 , against Notre Dame , during the first night game ever played at Michigan Stadium , he talied an interception , and eight tackles . When it became evident that the defense had improved markedly from the prior season , he and fellow safety Thomas Gordon were credited as being the " leaders of the defense " . On October 8 , against Northwestern , Kovacs posted two solo tackles for a loss , both on fourth down . Kovacs suffered a knee injury that sidelined him for the October 29 game against Purdue . Kovacs had been one of twenty quarterfinalists for the Lott impact player of the year . Kovacs was named as one of 10 semifinalists for the 2011 Burlsworth Trophy on November 22 . Following the 2011 Big Ten Conference football season , he earned All @-@ Big Ten Conference honorable mention recognition from the media and was selected as the Big Ten Sportsmanship Award recipient for the Michigan program . Kovacs earned 2011 Fall Academic All @-@ Big Ten recognition along with 10 teammates . In the January 3 , 2012 Sugar Bowl 23 – 20 overtime victory against Virginia Tech , he led the team with 11 tackles . Kovacs finished among the conference leaders in several statistics : sacks / game ( .33 , 17th ) , tackles / game ( 6 @.@ 2 , 30th ) and fumbles forced / game ( .17 , t @-@ 9th ) .
= = = Senior ( 2012 ) = = =
Kovacs was elected team captain . He was selected to the preseason watchlist for the Bronko Nagurski Trophy ( best defensive player ) . At a ceremony on November 10 , Kovacs ' jersey number was changed from 32 to the previously retired number 11 which was recirculated as a " Michigan Football Legend " jersey in honor of Francis ( " Whitey ) , Albert and Alvin Wistert . He was interviewed as part of a 13 @-@ minute segment that appeared on the November 18 edition of 60 Minutes about the business of college football . Kovacs was a second team All @-@ Big Ten selection by the coaches and an honorable mention selection by the media . On November 27 , he was named a finalist for the Burlsworth Trophy . At the December 3 team banquet , Kovacs earned team MVP for the season . He earned Academic All @-@ Big Ten recognition in 2012 . Following the season , he participated in the February 2 , 2013 Texas vs. the Nation All @-@ Star Bowl .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Miami Dolphins = = =
Kovacs signed an undrafted free agent contract with the Miami Dolphins following the 2013 NFL Draft . Kovacs was assigned to the Dolphins ' practice squad to start the 2013 NFL season . Kovacs was promoted to the 53 @-@ man roster in week 5 of 2013 . Kovacs had a tackle in his debut against the Baltimore Ravens on October 6 .
He was released at the end of training camp in 2014 . He was signed to the Philadelphia Eagles practice squad on October 6 . On November 4 , he was signed off the Eagles practice squad by the Dolphins , and was placed on the active 53 man roster . He had seven tackles over the course of the season , including 5 in December 28 week 17 contest against the New York Jets .
On October 18 , 2015 , Kovacs recorded his first sack against Zach Mettenberger of the TennesseeTitans . Towards the season he was expected to be released by the Miami Dolphins with the expectation that he would be placed on the practice squad once he cleared waivers .
= = = Kansas City Chiefs = = =
Following the season 2015 season , he was signed to a futures contract by the Kansas City Chiefs . On May 10 , 2016 , he was released .
= = Personal = =
His father Louis , who was a walk @-@ on for Michigan coach Bo Schembechler , lettered for the 1982 Michigan Wolverines football team . He subsequently served two seasons as a graduate assistant for Schembechler . Lou is married to Susan Kovacs . Jordan wears # 32 , the reverse of his father 's # 23 . Kovacs has three siblings , and his older brother Aaron played his freshman season for the 2007 Toledo Rockets . His family regularly brought him to watch Michigan home games when he was growing up . The family regularly sat in Section 27 of Michigan Stadium , on the north side of the press box . Today the family sits underneath the scoreboard , since they have a son on the team . The first Michigan game Kovacs watched was Lloyd Carr 's first game as coach of Michigan Wolverines football for the 1995 Wolverines , which was a memorable 18 @-@ point comeback against Virginia .
= TNA X Division Championship =
The TNA X Division Championship is a professional wrestling championship owned by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) professional wrestling promotion . It is primarily defended in TNA and ( as per a talent exchange agreement ) also formerly in Wrestle @-@ 1 as well . It debuted on June 19 , 2002 at the taping of TNA 's second weekly pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) event .
Like most professional wrestling championships , the title is won as a result of a scripted match . There have been 68 reigns among 30 wrestlers . The title has previously been known as the NWA X Championship , the NWA – TNA X Championship , and the NWA – TNA X Division Championship .
= = History = =
= = = X Division = = =
The TNA X Division was established on June 19 , 2002 at Total Nonstop Action 's first weekly PPV event with a Six Man Tag Team match resulting in Jimmy Yang , Jorge Estrada , and Sonny Siaki — collectively known as The Flying Elvises — defeating A.J. Styles , Jerry Lynn , and Low Ki . Later that day at the taping of the next weekly PPV event , TNA introduced the X Division Championship — then known as the X Championship — to showcase the division more prominently . The division is described as wrestling reinvented , as it takes traditional wrestling and mixes it with the fast paced , high – risk style of wrestling incorporated in cruiserweight divisions and lucha libre . The division was until 2011 promoted under the motto " It is not about weight limits , it is about no limits " by commentator Mike Tenay . On the August 11 , 2011 , edition of TNA 's primary television program , Impact Wrestling , TNA authority figure Eric Bischoff announced that from that point onwards the X Division would have a weight limit of 225 lb ( 102 kg ) . Following Hulk Hogan becoming the new on @-@ screen General Manager in March 2012 , the weight limit was ignored on June 10 , 2012 , at Slammiversary when the 280 lb ( 130 kg ) Samoa Joe was allowed to challenge for the belt . On October 2012 , the weight limit was officially repealed when 237 lb ( 108 kg ) Rob Van Dam challenged for , and eventually won , the title at Bound for Glory . In March 2013 , the X Division was given a new set of rules , which meant all matches were wrestled in Triple Threat format , and a new weight limit of 230 lbs . This proved to be extremely unpopular with fans , and the rules and weight limit were repealed once again in August of that year
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Skirrid .
= Tintin in America =
Tintin in America ( French : Tintin en Amérique ) is the third volume of The Adventures of Tintin , the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé . Commissioned by the conservative Belgian newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle for its children 's supplement Le Petit Vingtième , it was serialised weekly from September 1931 to October 1932 before being published in a collected volume by Éditions du Petit Vingtième in 1932 . The story tells of young Belgian reporter Tintin and his dog Snowy who travel to the United States , where Tintin reports on organised crime in Chicago . Pursuing a gangster across the country , he encounters a tribe of Blackfoot Native Americans before defeating the Chicago crime syndicate .
Following the publication of Tintin in the Congo , Hergé conducted research for a story set in the United States , desiring to reflect his concerns regarding the treatment of Native communities by the U.S. government . Bolstered by a publicity stunt , Tintin in America was a commercial success in Belgium and was soon republished in France . Hergé continued The Adventures of Tintin with Cigars of the Pharaoh , and the series became a defining part of the Franco @-@ Belgian comics tradition . In 1945 , Tintin in America was re @-@ drawn and coloured in Hergé 's ligne @-@ claire style for republication by Casterman , with further alterations made at the request of his American publisher for a 1973 edition . The story was adapted for a 1991 episode of the Ellipse / Nelvana animated series The Adventures of Tintin . Critical reception of the work has been mixed , with commentators on The Adventures of Tintin arguing that although it represents an improvement on the preceding two instalments , it still reflects many of the problems that were visible in them .
= = Synopsis = =
In 1931 , Tintin , a reporter for Le Petit Vingtième , goes with his dog Snowy on an assignment to Chicago , Illinois , to report on the city 's organised crime syndicate . He is kidnapped by gangsters and brought before mobster boss Al Capone , whose criminal enterprises in the Congo were previously thwarted by Tintin . With Snowy 's help , Tintin subdues his captors , but the police reject his claims , and the gangsters escape . After surviving attempts on his life , Tintin meets Capone 's rival Bobby Smiles , who heads the Gangsters Syndicate of Chicago . Tintin is unpersuaded by Smiles ' attempt to hire him , and after Tintin orchestrates the arrest of his gang , Smiles escapes and heads west .
Tintin pursues Smiles to the Midwestern town of Redskin City . Here , Smiles convinces a tribe of Blackfoot Native Americans that Tintin is their enemy , and when Tintin arrives , he is captured and threatened with execution . After escaping , Tintin discovers a source of underground petroleum . The U.S. army then forces the Natives off their land , and oil companies build a city on the site within 24 hours . Tintin evades a lynch mob and a wildfire before discovering Smiles ' remote hideaway cabin ; after a brief altercation , he captures the gangster .
Returning to Chicago with his prisoner , Tintin is praised as a hero , but gangsters kidnap Snowy and send Tintin a ransom note . Tracing the kidnappers to a local mansion , Tintin hides in a suit of armour and frees Snowy from the dungeon . The following day , Tintin is invited to a cannery , but it is a trap set by gangsters , who trick him into falling into the meat @-@ grinding machine . Tintin is saved when the machine workers go on strike and then apprehends the mobsters . In thanks , he is invited to a banquet in his honour , where he is kidnapped and thrown into Lake Michigan to drown . Tintin survives by floating to the surface , but gangsters posing as police capture him . He once again overwhelms them , and hands them over to the authorities . Finally , Tintin 's success against the gangsters is celebrated by a ticker @-@ tape parade , following which he returns to Europe .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Georges Remi — best known under the pen name Hergé — was the editor and illustrator of Le Petit Vingtième ( " The Little Twentieth " ) , a children 's supplement to Le Vingtième Siècle ( " The Twentieth Century " ) , a conservative Belgian newspaper based in Hergé 's native Brussels . Run by the Abbé Norbert Wallez , the paper described itself as a " Catholic Newspaper for Doctrine and Information " and disseminated a far @-@ right , fascist viewpoint . According to Harry Thompson , such political ideas were common in 1930s Belgium , and Hergé 's milieu was permeated with conservative ideas revolving around " patriotism , Catholicism , strict morality , discipline , and naivety " .
In 1929 , Hergé began The Adventures of Tintin comic strip for Le Petit Vingtième , about the exploits of fictional young Belgian reporter Tintin . Having been fascinated with the outdoor world of Scouting and the way of life he called " Red Indians " since boyhood , Hergé wanted to set Tintin 's first adventure among the Native Americans in the United States . However , Wallez ordered him to set his first adventure in the Soviet Union as a piece of anti @-@ socialist propaganda for children ( Tintin in the Land of the Soviets ) and the second had been set in the Belgian Congo to encourage colonial sentiment ( Tintin in the Congo ) .
Tintin in America was the third story in the series . At the time , the Belgian far right was deeply critical of the United States , as it was of the Soviet Union . Wallez — and to a lesser degree Hergé — shared these opinions , viewing the country 's capitalism , consumerism , and mechanisation as a threat to traditional Belgian society . Wallez wanted Hergé to use the story to denounce American capitalism and had little interest in depicting Native Americans , which was Hergé 's primary desire . As a result , Tintin 's encounter with the natives took up only a sixth of the narrative . Hergé sought to demystify the " cruel savage " stereotype of the Natives that had been widely perpetuated in western films . His depiction of the Natives was broadly sympathetic , yet he also depicted them as gullible and naïve , much as he had depicted the Congolese in the previous Adventure .
= = = Research = = =
Hergé attempted greater research into the United States than he had done for the Belgian Congo or Soviet Union . To learn more about Native Americans , Hergé read Paul Coze and René Thévenin 's 1928 book Mœurs et histoire des Indiens Peaux @-@ Rouges ( " Customs and History of the Redskin Indians " ) and visited Brussels ' ethnographic museum . As a result , his depiction of the Blackfoot Native Americans was " essentially accurate " , with artefacts such as tipis and traditional costume copied from photographs . To learn about Chicago and its gangsters , he read Georges Duhamel 's 1930 book Scènes de la vie future ( " Scenes from Future Life " ) . Written in the context of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , Duhamel 's work contained strong anti @-@ consumerist and anti @-@ modernist sentiment , criticising the U.S. ' s increased mechanisation and standardisation from a background of European conservatism ; this would have resonated with both Wallez and Hergé 's viewpoints . Many elements of Tintin in America , such as the abattoir scene , were adopted from Duhamel 's descriptions .
Hergé was also influenced by a special edition of radical anticonformist magazine Le Crapouillot ( The Mortar Shell ) that was published in October 1930 . Devoted to the United States , it contained a variety of photographs that influenced his depiction of the country . Hergé used its images of skyscrapers as a basis for his depiction of Chicago and adopted its account of Native Americans being evicted from their land when oil was discovered there . He was particularly interested in the articles in the magazine written by reporter Claude Blanchard , who had recently travelled the U.S. He reported on the situation in Chicago and New York City and met with Native Americans in New Mexico . Blanchard 's article discussed the gangster George Moran , whom literary critic Jean @-@ Marie Apostolidès believed provided the basis for the character Bobby Smiles .
Hergé 's depiction of the country was also influenced by American cinema , and many of his illustrations were based on cinematic imagery . Jean @-@ Marc Lofficier and Randy Lofficier thought that Tintin 's arrest of Smiles had been influenced by the Buffalo Bill stories , and that the idea of the gangsters taking Tintin away in their car came from Little Caesar .
One of the individuals that Hergé could have learned about through Blanchard 's article was the Chicago @-@ based American gangster Al Capone . In the preceding story , Tintin in the Congo , Capone had been introduced as a character within the series . There , he was responsible for running a diamond smuggling racket that Tintin exposed , setting up for further confrontation in Tintin in America . Capone was one of only two real @-@ life individuals to be named in The Adventures of Tintin , and was the only real @-@ life figure to appear as a character in the series . In the original version , Hergé avoided depicting him directly , either illustrating the back of his head , or hiding his face behind a scarf ; this was altered in the second version , in which Capone 's face was depicted . It is not known if Capone ever learned about his inclusion in the story , although during initial serialisation he would have been preoccupied with his trial and ensuing imprisonment .
= = = Original publication , 1931 – 32 = = =
Tintin 's in America began serialisation in Le Petit Vingtième on 3 September 1931 , under the title of Les Aventures de Tintin , reporter , à Chicago ( The Adventures of Tintin , Reporter , in Chicago ) . The use of " Chicago " over " America " reflected Wallez 's desire for the story to focus on a critique of American capitalism and crime , for which the city was internationally renowned . Part way through serialisation , as Tintin left Chicago and headed west , Hergé changed the title of the serial to Les Aventures de Tintin , reporter , en Amérique ( The Adventures of Tintin , Reporter , in America ) . The dog Snowy was given a diminished role in Tintin in America , which contained the last instance in the Adventures in which Tintin and Snowy have a conversation where they are able to understand each other . In the banquet scene , a reference is made to a famous actress named Mary Pikefort , an allusion to the real @-@ life actress Mary Pickford . That same scene also featured a prototype for the character of Rastapopoulos , who was properly introduced in the following Cigars of the Pharaoh story .
The strip 's serialisation coincided with the publication of another of Hergé 's comics set in the United States : Les aventures de " Tim " l 'écureuil au Far @-@ West ( The Adventures of Tim the Squirrel Out West ) , published in sixteen instalments by the Brussels department store L 'Innovation . Produced every Thursday , the series was reminiscent of Hergé 's earlier Totor series . Alongside these stories , Hergé was involved in producing his weekly Quick and Flupke comic strip and drawing front covers for Le Petit Vingtième , as well as providing illustrations for another of Le Vingtième Siècle 's supplements , Votre " Vingtième " Madame , and undertaking freelance work designing advertisements . In September 1931 , part way through the story 's serialisation , Hergé took a brief holiday in Spain with two friends , and in May 1932 was recalled to military service for two weeks . On 20 July 1932 , Hergé married Germaine Kieckens , who was Wallez 's secretary . Although neither of them were entirely happy with the union , they had been encouraged to do so by Wallez , who demanded that all his staff marry and who personally carried out the wedding ceremony . After a honeymoon in Vianden , Luxembourg , the couple moved into an apartment in the rue Knapen , Schaerbeek .
As he had done with the prior two Adventures , Wallez organised a publicity stunt to mark the culmination of Tintin in America , in which an actor portraying Tintin arrived in Brussels . It proved the most popular yet . In 1932 , the series was collected and published in a single volume by Les Éditions de Petit Vingtième , coinciding with their publication of the first collected volume of Quick and Flupke . A second edition was produced in France by Éditions Ogéo @-@ Cœurs @-@ Vaillants in 1934 , while that same year Casterman published an edition , the first of The Adventures of Tintin that they released . In 1936 , Casterman asked Hergé to add several new colour plates to a reprint of Tintin in America , which he agreed to . They also asked him to replace the cover with one depicting a car chase , but he refused .
= = = Second version , 1945 = = =
In the 1940s , when Hergé 's popularity had increased , he redrew many of the original black @-@ and @-@ white Tintin adventures in colour using the ligne claire ( " clear line " ) drawing style he had developed , so that they visually fitted in with the newer Tintin stories . Tintin in America was reformatted and coloured in 1945 and saw publication in 1946 .
Various changes were made in the second edition . Some of the social commentary regarding the poor treatment of Native Americans by the government was toned down . The name of the Native tribe was changed from the Orteils Ficelés ( " Tied Toes " ) to the Pieds Noirs ( " Black Feet " ) . Perhaps because Al Capone 's power had diminished in the intervening years , Hergé depicted Capone 's scarred face in the 1945 version . He removed the reference to Mary Pikeford
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were confined to making observations .
From 1821 to 1826 the pressures of work took him away from his botanical rambles , but in spring 1826 he made more frequent excursions . In June that year he was " botanising " on Kersal Moor when he met John Horsefield , a handloom weaver from Whitefield , who was president of the Prestwich Botanical Society and president of the general botanical meetings held at a number of different places in Lancashire . Buxton had long wished to meet a man such as Horsefield , who was not merely a country herbalist but an excellent scientific botanist . At that time in Lancashire many amateur , working class , naturalists pursued their interests in their spare time , and a number of local societies had been formed . Horsefield introduced him to other local botanists such as James Percival , Thomas Heywood and John Shaw with whom , during the summer of 1826 , he made a number of excursions to Mere Clough in Prestwich , Clifton Moss and Baguley Moor .
For several years , for a variety of reasons , Buxton 's study of botany fell by the wayside , but in 1833 he attended a botanical meeting in Prestwich , where he met his old acquaintances . He became a regular attendee at local botanical meetings , including one at Blackley , where he met James Crowther . They became firm friends and , in search of plants , explored Chorlton , Withington , Didsbury and many other regions of Lancashire , Cheshire , Derbyshire , Yorkshire and Wales .
In 1839 Buxton was invited to join the natural history class at the Manchester Mechanics ' Institute where he helped compile the Flora Mancuniensis ( 1840 ) along with Leo Hartley Grindon , George Crozier and James Crowther under the editorship of John Bland Wood . He became an acknowledged expert on mosses , and William Hooker , director of the Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew was so impressed with his skills that he hoped to employ him as a herbarium assistant . Although this never came about , Hooker gave Buxton a number of botanical books and , at some point , Buxton accepted the position of President of the Manchester Working Men 's Botanical Society .
In 1849 , aged 62 , he published a book : A Botanical Guide to the Flowering Plants , Ferns , Mosses and Algæ , Found Indigenous Within Sixteen Miles of Manchester , written with the help of other local botanists and geologist Edward William Binney . Peppered with snatches of poetry and including some autobiographical details , the book gives a complete description of all the plants then found in the area . It encourages other working @-@ class people to explore the " many delightful walks by pleasant streams and through green woods in summertime " and requests landowners " at least to preserve the old footpaths which cross their fields and woods if they should decline to allow fresh ones to be made " .
As Buxton 's trade fell into decline he tried to survive by working as a botanical collector and delivering newspapers , but eventually had to rely on a fund set up by Binney for ‘ the relief and encouragement of scientific men in humble life ’ . This situation was compounded when the proceeds from the second edition of his book , published in 1859 , were less than anticipated because of competition from Grindon 's Manchester Flora published in the same year .
= = Death = =
Buxton died on 2 January 1865 at Limekiln Lane , Ardwick , aged 78 and was buried at St Mary 's , Prestwich , on 5 January . In his obituary in the Manchester Courier , an unnamed " eminent man of science " described him as " probably one of the best British botanists , so far as flowering plants are concerned , that Lancashire has produced " .
= 2012 Formula One season =
The 2012 Formula One season was the 63rd season of FIA Formula One motor racing . It featured the 2012 FIA Formula One World Championship , a motor racing series for Formula One cars , recognised by the Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile ( FIA ) — the governing body of motorsport — as the highest class of competition for open @-@ wheel racing cars . The championship was contested over twenty rounds , which started in Australia on 18 March and ended in Brazil on 25 November . The 2012 season saw the return of the United States Grand Prix , which was held at the Circuit of the Americas , a purpose @-@ built circuit in Austin , Texas . After being cancelled in 2011 due to civil protests , the Bahrain Grand Prix also returned to the calendar .
The early season was tumultuous , with seven different drivers winning the first seven races of the championship ; a record for the series . It was not until the European Grand Prix in June that a driver , Ferrari 's Fernando Alonso , won his second race of the year , and with it , emerged as a championship contender . Alonso maintained his hold on the championship lead for the next seven races , taking his third win in Germany and finishing on the podium in the United Kingdom , Italy and Singapore . However , costly first @-@ lap retirements in Belgium and Japan allowed his rivals to catch up , and defending World Champion Sebastian Vettel — like Alonso , a two @-@ time title winner — took the lead in the sixteenth race of the season . Vettel , too , encountered difficulties throughout the season ; contact with a backmarker left him to finish outside the points in Malaysia , while alternator failures at the European and Italian Grands Prix cost him valuable points and exclusion from qualifying in Abu Dhabi led him to start from the pit lane . Vettel entered the final race of the season with a thirteen @-@ point lead over Alonso . Alonso needed a podium finish to stand any chance of becoming World Drivers ' Champion , but in a race of attrition that finished under the safety car , Vettel finished in sixth place , scoring enough points to win his third consecutive championship , becoming just the third driver in the sport 's sixty @-@ three year history to do so . In the World Constructors ' Championship , Red Bull Racing secured their third consecutive title when Sebastian Vettel finished second at the United States Grand Prix .
In addition to seeing seven drivers win the first seven races , the 2012 season broke several records . The calendar for the season included twenty races , breaking the previous record of nineteen , which was first set in 2005 . Six current or former World Drivers ' Champions — Sebastian Vettel , Fernando Alonso , Jenson Button , Lewis Hamilton , Kimi Räikkönen , and Michael Schumacher — started the season , breaking the record of five established in 1970 .
= = Teams and drivers = =
The following twelve teams and twenty @-@ five race drivers competed in the 2012 Formula One World Championship . The FIA published a provisional entry list on 30 November 2011 , and the grid was finalised on 17 February .
= = = Team changes = = =
At the November 2011 meeting of the Formula One Commission in Geneva , several teams were given permission to change their constructor names — the name recognised by the FIA as the entity that effectively owns the team , and to which all results for that team are credited — with final approval from the World Motorsports Council granted in December of that year :
Lotus became known as Caterham , reflecting team principal Tony Fernandes 's purchase of Caterham Cars .
Renault changed its constructor name to Lotus after Lotus Cars expanded its title sponsorship program to include teams in Formula One and support series GP2 and GP3 .
Virgin became Marussia , following increased ownership of the team by Russian sports car manufacturer Marussia Motors .
As a result of the name changes , Team Lotus and Lotus Renault GP declared that their ongoing dispute over the use of the Lotus name was over after they had reached an " amicable conclusion " . Although the exact terms of the settlement were kept confidential , the joint statement detailed the transfer of the rights to the Lotus and Team Lotus names to Group Lotus 's ownership .
Williams announced that they would be using Renault engines for the 2012 and 2013 seasons , with an option to use Renault engines again in 2014 under the next generation of engine regulations . Renault had previously supplied engines to Williams from 1989 to 1997 , when the team won four World Drivers ' Championships and five World Constructors ' Championships . Following their worst season in their thirty @-@ year history — in which they finished ninth in the World Constructors ' Championship with just five points — the team underwent a technical review , employing former McLaren designer Mike Coughlan ( having served his suspension for his role in the 2007 Formula One espionage controversy ) as Chief Designer , and promoting Jason Somerville to Head of Aerodynamics . Likewise , Marussia ( then known as Virgin Racing ) underwent a restructuring , splitting with Wirth Research mid @-@ season after a technical review by Marussia Motors and the board of directors . The team also announced a technical partnership with McLaren that granted them access to McLaren 's testing facilities as well as the purchase of Wirth Research facilities .
In the week before the 2011 Indian Grand Prix , Force India announced that the Sahara Group had purchased a 42 @.@ 5 % stake in the team , valued at US $ 100 million . The investment gave the Sahara Group and team principal Vijay Mallya an equal stake in the team , with team director Michiel Mol controlling the remaining 15 % of the team . Under the terms of the sale , the Sahara Group became Force India 's naming @-@ rights sponsor . Mercedes GP also changed the name of their team , announcing that they were to become known as Mercedes AMG . The new name originates from AMG , Mercedes @-@ Benz 's performance and luxury road car brand .
HRT team principal Colin Kolles formally left his position , with the team citing the relocation of their headquarters to Spain as the reason for the separation . Former Minardi driver Luis Pérez @-@ Sala took Kolles 's place as team principal . In January 2012 , the team relocated to a new facility in Valencia before settling at a permanent facility in Caja Mágica , Madrid .
Peter Sauber formally stepped down from his position as team principal of Sauber F1 in the week before the Korean Grand Prix , appointing the team 's CEO , Monisha Kaltenborn as his successor . Kaltenborn 's appointment made her the first female team principal in the sport 's sixty @-@ three year history .
= = = Driver changes = = =
The 2012 season saw several driver changes . Lotus chose not to take up an option on Vitaly Petrov 's contract , and did not offer Bruno Senna a new contract . Petrov and Senna were replaced by 2007 World Drivers ' Champion Kimi Räikkönen — returning to the sport after two seasons competing in the World Rally Championship — and reigning GP2 Series champion Romain Grosjean , who also returned to the sport after a two @-@ year absence . Petrov later replaced Jarno Trulli at Caterham ; Trulli 's replacement meant that the opening race of the season would be the first race since the 1973 German Grand Prix to take place without an Italian driver on the grid . Senna joined Williams , the team having previously attempted to secure Räikkönen for the season . Senna replaced Rubens Barrichello , who left Formula One after a record @-@ breaking nineteen seasons . He later moved to IndyCar for the 2012 season , joining KV Racing Technology .
Like Räikkönen and Grosjean , Nico Hülkenberg also returned to Formula One , joining Force India alongside Paul di Resta . Adrian Sutil left the team , having spent six years with both Force India and its previous incarnations , Spyker and Midland . He initially sought a drive with Williams , before negotiations collapsed in December 2011 . Sutil was later the subject of criminal action , charged with grievous bodily harm after allegedly assaulting a senior Renault team member with a glass in a Shanghai nightclub following the 2011 Chinese Grand Prix . Sutil was found guilty , and was sentenced to an eighteen @-@ month suspended jail sentence and ordered to pay a € 200 @,@ 000 fine . Despite this , Sutil rejoined Force India for the 2013 season .
Scuderia Toro Rosso did not retain Jaime Alguersuari or Sébastien Buemi , instead choosing to replace them with Daniel Ricciardo and 2011 Formula Renault 3 @.@ 5 Series runner @-@ up Jean @-@ Éric Vergne . Ricciardo had previously served as the team 's test and reserve driver before being placed at HRT for the 2011 British Grand Prix , while Vergne had completed a limited testing schedule for the team in the second half of the 2011 season . Sébastien Buemi became Red Bull Racing 's testing and reserve driver and will contest the 24 Hours of Le Mans with Toyota , driving a TS030 Hybrid . Alguersuari was offered a seat at HRT , but turned it down and instead joined tyre supplier Pirelli as their test driver , developing tyre compounds for use in racing alongside former Virgin Racing driver Lucas di Grassi .
Pedro de la Rosa and Narain Karthikeyan returned to Formula One with HRT . De la Rosa had been without a full @-@ time drive since the 2010 Italian Grand Prix , having spent the majority of the 2011 season as a test driver for McLaren and making one appearance racing for Sauber ; Karthikeyan was dropped by the team before the 2011 British Grand Prix in favour of Ricciardo . He , too , made a one @-@ race appearance at the Indian Grand Prix , before leaving the team until the 2012 season began . Vitantonio Liuzzi , who drove for HRT in 2011 , joined the Indian i1 Super Series . The series was later postponed until 2013 , but Liuzzi was unable to retain his seat with the team . At the launch of the HRT F112 in March , Liuzzi was confirmed as one of the team 's testing and reserve drivers alongside both former GP2 Series driver Dani Clos and Ma Qinghua , the first ever Chinese driver to step into a Formula 1 car .
Jérôme d 'Ambrosio left Marussia ( then known as Virgin Racing ) after the 2011 Brazilian Grand Prix . He later joined Lotus F1 as their third driver . Charles Pic — who placed fourth in the 2011 GP2 Series driving for Addax — joined Marussia , replacing d 'Ambrosio .
= = = = Mid @-@ season changes = = = =
The season only saw one driver change , which was brought about when Lotus driver Romain Grosjean was found by race stewards to be responsible for causing a multi @-@ car pile @-@ up at the start of the Belgian Grand Prix . He was given a one @-@ race ban and a € 50 @,@ 000 fine for his role in the collision , forcing him to miss the Italian Grand Prix . He was replaced by the team 's testing and reserve driver , Jérôme d 'Ambrosio . Grosjean returned to the team for the next round in Singapore .
= = Season calendar = =
= = = Calendar changes = = =
= = = = New and returning races = = = =
After the 2011 Bahrain Grand Prix was cancelled , the race was reinstated for the 2012 season with a provisional date in October . The final version of the calendar brought the race forward to April .
The German Grand Prix returned to Hockenheim after the 2011 German Grand Prix was held at the Nürburgring , in line with the event 's policy of alternating between venues .
In May 2010 , it was announced that Austin , Texas would host the return of the United States Grand Prix , the first since Indianapolis in 2007 . Known as the Circuit of the Americas , the venue will be a brand @-@ new , purpose @-@ built permanent circuit designed by event promoter Tavo Hellmund and 1993 Grand Prix Motorcycle World Champion Kevin Schwantz with the assistance of German architect and circuit designer Hermann Tilke . In November 2011 , Bernie Ecclestone expressed " minor " doubt over the race going ahead after what he described as " disagreements inside the [ management ] company " and gave the circuit owners and race organisers a deadline of 7 December – coinciding with the meeting of the FIA World Motorsports Council and the release of the final 2012 calendar – to sort out their differences or else risk losing the event entirely . The final calendar included the race , with Ecclestone confirming that a new arrangement had been made , and that the event organisers had paid their circuit sanctioning fees for 2012 . The race was originally scheduled to be held in June , but was moved back to become the penultimate event of the season in response to concerns over the heat of the Texas summer and its effects on teams , drivers and spectators , and the failure of race organisers to meet a key deadline for the race sanctioning fees .
= = = = Failed races = = = =
The Turkish Grand Prix was removed from the calendar after Formula One Management and the event organisers could not agree on a renewed contract . In August 2011 , organisers of the race revealed that they were negotiating with Bernie Ecclestone to resume their place on the calendar . However , the race was removed from the calendar later that month .
= = Changes = =
= = = Rule changes = = =
= = = = Technical regulations = = = =
The 2011 season saw teams running " off @-@ throttle blown diffusers " , which created downforce by forcing fuel through the engine to produce exhaust gases and directing it over the diffuser when the driver was not applying the throttle . This concept was originally banned in incremental phases , with increasingly restrictive rules on what teams could and could not do , with a full ban to be applied from the 2011 British Grand Prix onwards . However , the incremental ban was controversial , with several teams applying for and receiving permission to circumvent the total ban . After discussion between the FIA and engine manufacturers , the original regulations were restored , with the full ban delayed until 2012 . The regulations in 2012 governed the design of the exhaust with the teams agreeing to strict constraints on the position of the exhaust tailpipe . This resulted in the exhaust exiting the bodywork much higher up than in 2011 , and no longer in the vicinity of the diffuser . Several teams , including Williams and Mercedes used the Young Driver Tests in Abu Dhabi as an opportunity to test parts for the 2012 season in the face of the ban . In October 2011 , a clarification to the amended rules was issued , effectively banning " exotic " engine maps ; in November , further amendments were introduced , completely banning the practice of blowing exhaust gasses over parts of the car to improve downforce , following a bid by several teams to allow it under certain conditions . Further amendments were made in February 2012 when Mercedes alerted the FIA to a loophole in the regulations that would allow teams to continue using a partially blown diffuser . The FIA responded by re @-@ writing the software governing the engine 's Electronic Control Unit to close the loophole .
At the German Grand Prix in July , Red Bull Racing were referred to race stewards after FIA Technical Delegate Jo Bauer noted that their engine maps had the potential to violate the technical regulations . Red Bull stood accused of manipulating the relationship between the torque produced by the Red Bull RB8 and the degree to which the throttle was open — particularly in medium @-@ speed corners — thereby allowing more air to pass through the exhaust and over the diffuser , generating more downforce . Red Bull were cleared of wrongdoing , as , in the stewards ' words , they had not technically broken any rules , but the FIA announced plans to rewrite the regulations governing throttle mapping so as to outlaw the practice entirely ahead of the Hungarian Grand Prix one week later . The rule changes required teams to submit an engine map used during one of the first four races of the season , which became known as the " reference map " . Any subsequent changes to the throttle map would require the approval of the FIA , provided that the torque output above 6 @,@ 000 rpm was within two percent of the output specified on the reference map . Further changes would be allowed at races with " exceptional atmospheric conditions " , as designated by the FIA .
In January 2012 , the FIA banned the use of " reactive ride @-@ height " . The system , first proposed by Lotus in 2010 ( but not applied until 2012 ) , used hydraulic cylinders located in the brake calipers and suspension push @-@ rods to make minute adjustments to the ride height of the car , thereby keeping the ride height at an optimal level throughout the race and providing stability during braking . The FIA initially approved the device as being legal , and several teams , including Ferrari and Williams , submitted plans to the FIA for their own versions of the device before it was banned one week later . The FIA later confirmed that the reactive ride @-@ height systems violated Article 3 @.@ 15 of the technical regulations , which states that " any aerodynamic effect created by the suspension should be incidental to its primary function " and " any device that influences the car 's aerodynamics must remain immobile in relation to the sprung part of the car " and further noted that the system 's primary purpose was achieving aerodynamic gains as opposed to providing stability under braking , and that the use of reactive ride @-@ heights could also be challenged under Article 10 @.@ 2 of the technical regulations , which govern suspension systems .
Technical regulations for 2012 include the reprofiling of the car 's nose . The pre @-@ 2012 regulations allowed the nose to be as high as 62 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 24 @.@ 6 in ) above ground , but the revisions to the sporting code lowered the maximum allowable height to 55 centimetres ( 22 in ) 150mm ahead of the front bulkhead . This resulted in cars being launched with a " platypus " nose , as teams designed cars with a visible change in height along the nose assembly of the car . Mercedes AMG team principal Ross Brawn explained the distinctive nose shape as having come about from " several teams " wanting to use their 2011 chassis as the basis for their 2012 cars .
Drivers were no longer permitted to have a " joker " gearbox change . Prior to 2012 , drivers were entitled to change their gearboxes once over the course of the season without incurring a five @-@ place grid penalty . This system was abandoned in 2012 , with drivers only being allowed to change gearboxes once every five races .
Starting in 2012 , all cars were required to pass their mandatory FIA crash tests before being allowed to take part in pre @-@ season testing . Previously , passing the crash tests was only a requirement prior to the first race of the season . Crash tests for the 2012 season will also be more rigorous than in previous years .
At the meeting for the Formula One Commission in Geneva in November 2011 , the use of helium in air guns used to change tyres during pit stops was banned . Despite increasing the rotation speed of the air guns by up to 30 % , the practice of using helium was deemed to be too expensive to continue for the competitive gains it offered .
At the 2012 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix , the FIA banned the use of " trick brake " devices , which used a bi @-@ metallic strip that changed shape when heated by the brakes to open or close off braking ducts and improving braking efficiency under certain conditions . This was deemed to be in breach of Article 11 @.@ 4 of the Sporting Regulations , which states that the only permissible changes to the braking system while a car is moving must be directly controlled by the driver .
= = = = Sporting regulations = = = =
After being banned in 2009 , in @-@ season testing returned in 2012 , with a test held at Mugello on 1 May ahead of the European leg of the 2012 championship . As teams were only be permitted to do fifteen days of testing over the course of the season , the pre @-@ season winter testing schedule was cut back to accommodate the Mugello test .
At the September 2011 meeting of the FIA World Motor Sport Council , representatives of the member organisations voted to amend the rules for double @-@ waved yellow flags in all FIA @-@ sanctioned championships . The amendment means that double @-@ waved flags will be shown when a track marshal is working on or beside the circuit .
Tyre supplier Pirelli revised their tyre compounds for the 2012 season in an effort to encourage teams to use each of the compounds supplied for individual races . Pirelli predicted that the changes would translate into 0 @.@ 7 seconds ' difference per lap between the harder and softer compounds , down from 1 @.@ 5 seconds per lap in 2011 . According to Pirelli , the hardest tyre compound available is just 31 % harder than the softest compound on offer ; by comparison , the hardest tyres used in 2011 were 70 % harder than the softest .
Faced with several constructors applying for name changes , teams requested a clearer definition of what constitutes a " constructor " . Under the rules set out in the Sixth Concorde Agreement , several teams have been forced to compete under names that do not necessarily reflect their ownership – such as Sauber competing as " BMW Sauber " in 2010 , despite BMW withdrawing from the sport at the end of the 2009 season – in order to preserve their status as a current constructor and their claim to a share of the television rights paid to teams that placed in the top ten in the final World Constructors ' Championship standings .
At the final meeting of the World
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that came with that song a mood , a time , and things that were of that time . " Lynch eventually spent two years writing two drafts , which , he stated , were not very good . The problem with them , Lynch has said , was that " there was maybe all the unpleasantness in the film but nothing else . A lot was not there . And so it went away for a while . "
After completing The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) , Lynch met producer Richard Roth over coffee . Roth had read and enjoyed Lynch 's Ronnie Rocket script , but did not think it was something he wanted to produce . He asked Lynch if the filmmaker had any other scripts , but the director only had ideas . " I told him I had always wanted to sneak into a girl 's room to watch her into the night and that , maybe , at one point or another , I would see something that would be the clue to a murder mystery . Roth loved the idea and asked me to write a treatment . I went home and thought of the ear in the field . " Production was announced in August 1984 . Lynch wrote two more drafts before he was satisfied with the script of the film . Conditions at this point were ideal for Lynch 's film : he had cut a deal with Dino De Laurentiis that gave him complete artistic freedom and final cut privileges , with the stipulation that the filmmaker take a cut in his salary and work with a budget of only $ 6 million . This deal meant that Blue Velvet was the smallest film on the De Laurentiis ' slate . Consequently , Lynch would be left mostly unsupervised during production . " After Dune I was down so far that anything was up ! So it was just a euphoria . And when you work with that kind of feeling , you can take chances . You can experiment . " Because the material was completely different from anything that would be considered mainstream at the time , Laurentiis had to start his own company to distribute it .
The cast of Blue Velvet included several then @-@ relatively unknown actors . Isabella Rossellini had gained some exposure before the film for her Lancôme ads in the early 1980s and for being the daughter of actress Ingrid Bergman and Italian film director Roberto Rossellini . Dennis Hopper was the biggest " name " in the film , having starred in Easy Rider ( 1969 ) , while Kyle MacLachlan had played the central role in Lynch 's critical and commercial failure Dune ( 1984 ) , a science fiction epic based on the novel . MacLachlan later became a recurring collaborator with Lynch , who remarked : " Kyle plays innocents who are interested in the mysteries of life . He 's the person you trust enough to go into a strange world with . " Dennis Hopper — said to be Lynch 's third choice — accepted the role , reportedly having exclaimed , " I 've got to play Frank ! I am Frank ! " as Hopper confirmed in the Blue Velvet " making @-@ of " documentary The Mysteries of Love , produced for the 2002 special edition . For the role of Dorothy Vallens , Lynch met Isabella Rossellini at a restaurant , and she accepted the role . Laura Dern , then just nineteen years old , was cast after various successful actresses at the time turned it down , including Molly Ringwald .
The scene in which Dorothy appears naked outside was inspired by a real @-@ life experience Lynch had during childhood when he and his brother saw a naked woman walking down a neighborhood street at night . The experience was so traumatic to the young Lynch that it made him cry , and he had never forgotten it . Principal photography of Blue Velvet began in February 1986 and completed in April . The film was shot at EUE / Screen Gems studio in Wilmington , North Carolina , which also provided the exterior scenes of Lumberton . The scene with a raped and battered Dorothy proved to be particularly challenging . Several townspeople arrived to watch the filming with picnic baskets and rugs , against the wishes of Rossellini and Lynch . However , they continued filming as normal , and when Lynch yelled cut , the townspeople had left . As a result , police told Lynch they were no longer permitted to shoot in any public areas of Wilmington .
Lynch 's original rough cut ran for approximately four hours . He was contractually obligated to deliver a two @-@ hour movie by De Laurentiis and cut many small subplots and character scenes . He also made cuts at the request of the MPAA . For example , when Frank slaps Dorothy after the first rape scene , the audience was supposed to see Frank actually hitting her . Instead , the film cuts away to Jeffrey in the closet , wincing at what he has just seen . This cut was made to satisfy the MPAA 's concerns about violence . Lynch thought that the change only made the scene more disturbing . Lynch announced in a radio interview on January 18 , 2011 , that footage from the deleted scenes , long thought lost , had been discovered . It later appeared on the 2011 special edition Blu @-@ ray disc release of the film . The final cut produced by Lynch runs for just under two hours .
= = Interpretation = =
Despite Blue Velvet 's initial appearance as a mystery , the film operates on a number of thematic levels . The film owes a large debt to 1950s film noir , containing and exploring such conventions as the femme fatale ( Dorothy Vallens ) , a seemingly unstoppable villain ( Frank Booth ) , and the questionable moral outlook of the hero ( Jeffrey Beaumont ) , as well as its unusual use of shadowy , sometimes dark cinematography . Blue Velvet represents and establishes Lynch 's famous " askew vision , " and introduces several common elements of Lynch 's work , some of which would later become his trademarks , including distorted characters , a polarized world , and debilitating damage to the skull or brain . Perhaps the most significant " Lynchian " trademark in the film is the depiction of unearthing a dark underbelly in a seemingly idealized small town ; Jeffrey even proclaims in the film that he is " seeing something that was always hidden " , alluding to the film 's plot central idea . Lynch 's characterization of films , symbols , and motifs have become well @-@ known , and his particular style , characterised largely in Blue Velvet for the first time , has been written about extensively using descriptions like " dreamlike " , " ultraweird " , " dark " , and " oddball " . Red curtains also show up in key scenes , specifically in Dorothy 's apartment , which have since become a Lynch trademark . The film has been compared to Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho ( 1960 ) because of its stark treatment of psychotic evil . The premise of both films is curiosity , leading to an investigation that draws the lead characters into a hidden , voyeuristic underworld of crime .
The film 's thematic framework hearkens back to Poe , James , and early gothic fiction , as well as films such as Shadow of a Doubt ( 1943 ) and The Night of the Hunter ( 1955 ) and the entire notion of film noir . Lynch has called it a " film about things that are hidden — within a small city and within people . " Like many other Lynch films , Blue Velvet is immersed in pop culture imagery , both from the 1950s and the 1960s , as well as the 1980s .
Feminist psychoanalytic film theorist Laura Mulvey argues that Blue Velvet establishes a metaphorical Oedipal family — " the child " , Jeffrey Beaumont , and his " parents " , Frank Booth and Dorothy Vallens — through deliberate references to film noir and its underlying Oedipal theme . The resulting violence , she claims , can be read as symbolic of domestic violence within real families . For instance , Frank 's violent acts can be seen to reflect the different types of abuse within families , and the control he has over Dorothy might represent the hold an abusive husband has over his wife . Michael Atkinson reads Jeffrey as an innocent youth who is both horrified by the violence inflicted by Frank , but also tempted by it as the means of possessing Dorothy for himself . Atkinson takes a Freudian approach to the film ; considering it to be an expression of the traumatised innocence which characterises Lynch 's work . He claims that " Dorothy represents the sexual force of the mother [ figure ] because she is forbidden and because she becomes the object of the unhealthy , infantile impulses at work in Jeffrey 's subconscious " .
= = = Symbolism = = =
Symbolism is used very heavily in Blue Velvet . The most consistent symbolism in the film is an insect motif introduced at the end of the first scene , when the camera zooms in on a well @-@ kept suburban lawn until it unearths a swarming underground nest of disgusting bugs . This is generally recognized as a metaphor for the seedy underworld that Jeffrey will soon discover under the surface of his own suburban , Reaganesque paradise . The severed ear he finds is being overrun by black ants . The bug motif is recurrent throughout the film , most notably in the bug @-@ like gas mask that Frank wears , but also the excuse that Jeffrey uses to gain access to Dorothy 's apartment : he claims to be an insect exterminator . One of Frank 's sinister accomplices is also consistently identified through the yellow jacket he wears , possibly reminiscent of the name of a type of wasp . Finally , a robin eating a bug on a fence becomes a topic of discussion in the last scene of the film . The robin , mentioned earlier by Sandy when she recounted her dream , represents love conquering evil .
The severed ear that Jeffrey discovers is also a key symbolic element , leading Jeffrey into danger . Indeed , just as Jeffrey 's troubles begin , the audience is treated to a nightmarish sequence in which the camera zooms into the canal of the severed , decomposing ear . Notably , the camera does not reemerge from the ear canal until the end of the film . When Jeffrey finally comes through his hellish ordeal unscathed , the ear canal shot is replayed , only in reverse , zooming out through Jeffrey 's own ear as he relaxes in his yard on a summer day .
= = Soundtrack = =
The Blue Velvet soundtrack was supervised by Angelo Badalamenti ( who makes a brief cameo appearance as the pianist at the Slow Club where Dorothy performs ) . The soundtrack makes heavy usage of vintage pop songs , such as Bobby Vinton 's " Blue Velvet " and Roy Orbison 's " In Dreams " , juxtaposed with an orchestral score inspired by Shostakovich . During filming , Lynch placed speakers on set and in streets and played Shostakovich to set the mood he wanted to convey . The score makes direct quotations from Shostakovich 's 15th Symphony , which Lynch had been listening to regularly while writing the screenplay . Lynch had originally opted to use " Song To The Siren " by This Mortal Coil during the scene in which Sandy and Jeffrey share a dance , however he could not obtain the rights for the song at the time . He would go onto use this song in Lost Highway , eleven years later .
Entertainment Weekly ranked Blue Velvet 's soundtrack on its list of the 100 Greatest Film Soundtracks , at the 100th position . Critic John Alexander wrote , " the haunting soundtrack accompanies the title credits , then weaves through the narrative , accentuating the noir mood of the film " . Lynch worked with music composer Angelo Badalamenti for the first time in this film and asked him to write a score that had to be " like Shostakovich , be very Russian , but make it the most beautiful thing but make it dark and a little bit scary " . Badalamenti 's success with Blue Velvet would lead him to contribute to all of Lynch 's future full @-@ length films
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Mexico and already subjugated Maya kingdoms in Guatemala . The Itza Maya and other lowland groups in the Petén Basin were first contacted by Hernán Cortés in 1525 , but remained independent and hostile to the encroaching Spanish until 1697 , when a concerted Spanish assault led by Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi finally defeated the last independent Maya kingdom .
Spanish and native tactics and technology differed greatly . The Spanish viewed the taking of prisoners as a hindrance to outright victory , whereas the Maya prioritised the capture of live prisoners and of booty . The indigenous peoples of Guatemala lacked key elements of Old World technology such as a functional wheel , horses , iron , steel , and gunpowder ; they were also extremely susceptible to Old World diseases , against which they had no resistance . The Maya preferred raiding and ambush to large @-@ scale warfare , using spears , arrows and wooden swords with inset obsidian blades ; the Xinca of the southern coastal plain used poison on their arrows . In response to the use of Spanish cavalry , the highland Maya took to digging pits and lining them with wooden stakes .
= = Historical sources = =
The sources describing the Spanish conquest of Guatemala include those written by the Spanish themselves , among them two of four letters written by conquistador Pedro de Alvarado to Hernán Cortés in 1524 , describing the initial campaign to subjugate the Guatemalan Highlands . These letters were despatched to Tenochtitlan , addressed to Cortés but with a royal audience in mind ; two of these letters are now lost . Gonzalo de Alvarado y Chávez was Pedro de Alvarado 's cousin ; he accompanied him on his first campaign in Guatemala and in 1525 he became the chief constable of Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala , the newly founded Spanish capital . Gonzalo wrote an account that mostly supports that of Pedro de Alvarado . Pedro de Alvarado 's brother Jorge wrote another account to the king of Spain that explained it was his own campaign of 1527 – 1529 that established the Spanish colony . Bernal Díaz del Castillo wrote a lengthy account of the conquest of Mexico and neighbouring regions , the Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España ( " True History of the Conquest of New Spain " ) ; his account of the conquest of Guatemala generally agrees with that of the Alvarados . His account was finished around 1568 , some 40 years after the campaigns it describes . Hernán Cortés described his expedition to Honduras in the fifth letter of his Cartas de Relación , in which he details his crossing of what is now Guatemala 's Petén Department . Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas wrote a highly critical account of the Spanish conquest of the Americas and included accounts of some incidents in Guatemala . The Brevísima Relación de la Destrucción de las Indias ( " Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies " ) was first published in 1552 in Seville .
The Tlaxcalan allies of the Spanish who accompanied them in their invasion of Guatemala wrote their own accounts of the conquest ; these included a letter to the Spanish king protesting at their poor treatment once the campaign was over . Other accounts were in the form of questionnaires answered before colonial magistrates to protest and register a claim for recompense . Two pictorial accounts painted in the stylised indigenous pictographic tradition have survived ; these are the Lienzo de Quauhquechollan , which was probably painted in Ciudad Vieja in the 1530s , and the Lienzo de Tlaxcala , painted in Tlaxcala .
Accounts of the conquest as seen from the point of view of the defeated highland Maya kingdoms are included in a number of indigenous documents , including the Annals of the Kaqchikels , which includes the Xajil Chronicle describing the history of the Kaqchikel from their mythical creation down through the Spanish conquest and continuing to 1619 . A letter from the defeated Tz 'utujil Maya nobility of Santiago Atitlán to the Spanish king written in 1571 details the exploitation of the subjugated peoples .
Francisco Antonio de Fuentes y Guzmán was a colonial Guatemalan historian of Spanish descent who wrote La Recordación Florida , also called Historia de Guatemala ( History of Guatemala ) . The book was written in 1690 and is regarded as one of the most important works of Guatemalan history , and is the first such book to have been written by a criollo author . Field investigation has tended to support the estimates of indigenous population and army sizes given by Fuentes y Guzmán .
= = Background to the conquest = =
Christopher Columbus discovered the New World for the Kingdom of Castile and Leon in 1492 . Private adventurers thereafter entered into contracts with the Spanish Crown to conquer the newly discovered lands in return for tax revenues and the power to rule . In the first decades after the discovery of the new lands , the Spanish colonised the Caribbean and established a centre of operations on the island of Cuba . They heard rumours of the rich empire of the Aztecs on the mainland to the west and , in 1519 , Hernán Cortés set sail with eleven ships to explore the Mexican coast . By August 1521 the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan had fallen to the Spanish . A single soldier arriving in Mexico in 1520 was carrying smallpox and thus initiated the devastating plagues that swept through the native populations of the Americas . Within three years of the fall of Tenochtitlan the Spanish had conquered a large part of Mexico , extending as far south as the Isthmus of Tehuantepec . The newly conquered territory became New Spain , headed by a viceroy who answered to the king of Spain via the Council of the Indies . Hernán Cortés received reports of rich , populated lands to the south and dispatched Pedro de Alvarado to investigate the region .
= = = Preparations for conquest = = =
In the run up to the announcement that an invasion force was to be sent to Guatemala , 10 @,@ 000 Nahua warriors had already been assembled by the Aztec emperor Cuauhtémoc to accompany the Spanish expedition . Warriors were ordered to be gathered from each of the Mexica and Tlaxcaltec towns . The native warriors supplied their own weapons , including swords , clubs and bows and arrows . Alvarado 's army left Tenochtitlan at the beginning of the dry season , sometime between the second half of November and December 1523 . As Alvarado left the Aztec capital , he led about 400 Spanish and approximately 200 Tlaxcaltec and Cholultec warriors and 100 Mexica , meeting up with the gathered reinforcements on the way . When the army left the Basin of Mexico , it may have included as many as 20 @,@ 000 native warriors from various kingdoms although the exact numbers are disputed . By the time the army crossed the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , the massed native warriors included 800 from Tlaxcala , 400 from Huejotzingo , 1600 from Tepeaca plus many more from other former Aztec territories . Further Mesoamerican warriors were recruited from the Zapotec and Mixtec provinces , with the addition of more Nahuas from the Aztec garrison in Soconusco .
= = Guatemala before the conquest = =
In the early 16th century the territory that now makes up Guatemala was divided into various competing polities , each locked in continual struggle with its neighbours . The most important were the K 'iche ' , the Kaqchikel , the Tz 'utujil , the Chajoma , the Mam , the Poqomam and the Pipil . All were Maya groups except for the Pipil , who were a Nahua group related to the Aztecs ; the Pipil had a number of small city @-@ states along the Pacific coastal plain of southern Guatemala and El Salvador . The Pipil of Guatemala had their capital at Itzcuintepec . The Xinca were another non @-@ Maya group occupying the southeastern Pacific coastal area . The Maya had never been unified as a single empire , but by the time the Spanish arrived Maya civilization was thousands of years old and had already seen the rise and fall of great cities .
On the eve of the conquest the highlands of Guatemala were dominated by several powerful Maya states . In the centuries preceding the arrival of the Spanish the K 'iche ' had carved out a small empire covering a large part of the western Guatemalan Highlands and the neighbouring Pacific coastal plain . However , in the late 15th century the Kaqchikel rebelled against their former K 'iche ' allies and founded a new kingdom to the southeast with Iximche as its capital . In the decades before the Spanish invasion the Kaqchikel kingdom had been steadily eroding the kingdom of the K 'iche ' . Other highland groups included the Tz 'utujil around Lake Atitlán , the Mam in the western highlands and the Poqomam in the eastern highlands .
The kingdom of the Itza was the most powerful polity in the Petén lowlands of northern Guatemala , centred on their capital Nojpetén , on an island in Lake Petén Itzá . The second polity in importance was that of their hostile neighbours , the Kowoj . The Kowoj were located to the east of the Itza , around the eastern lakes : Lake Salpetén , Lake Macanché , Lake Yaxhá and Lake Sacnab . Other groups are less well known and their precise territorial extent and political makeup remains obscure ; among them were the Chinamita , the Kejache , the Icaiche , the Lakandon Ch 'ol , the Mopan , the Manche Ch 'ol and the Yalain . The Kejache occupied an area north of the lake on the route to Campeche , while the Mopan and the Chinamita had their polities in the southeastern Petén . The Manche territory was to the southwest of the Mopan . The Yalain had their territory immediately to the east of Lake Petén Itzá .
= = = Native weapons and tactics = = =
Maya warfare was not so much aimed at destruction of the enemy as the seizure of captives and plunder . The Spanish described the weapons of war of the Petén Maya as bows and arrows , fire @-@ sharpened poles , flint @-@ headed spears and two @-@ handed swords crafted from strong wood with the blade fashioned from inset obsidian , similar to the Aztec macuahuitl . Pedro de Alvarado described how the Xinca of the Pacific coast attacked the Spanish with spears , stakes and poisoned arrows . Maya warriors wore body armour in the form of quilted cotton that had been soaked in salt water to toughen it ; the resulting armour compared favourably to the steel armour worn by the Spanish . The Maya had historically employed ambush and raiding as their preferred tactic , and its employment against the Spanish proved troublesome for the Europeans . In response to the use of cavalry , the highland Maya took to digging pits on the roads , lining them with fire @-@ hardened stakes and camouflaging them with grass and weeds , a tactic that according to the Kaqchikel killed many horses .
= = Conquistadors = =
The conquistadors were all volunteers , the majority of whom did not receive a fixed salary but instead a portion of the spoils of victory , in the form of precious metals , land grants and provision of native labour . Many of the Spanish were already experienced soldiers who had previously campaigned in Europe . The initial incursion into Guatemala was led by Pedro de Alvarado , who earned the military title of Adelantado in 1527 ; he answered to the Spanish crown via Hernán Cortés in Mexico . Other early conquistadors included Pedro de Alvarado 's brothers Gómez de Alvarado , Jorge de Alvarado and Gonzalo de Alvarado y Contreras ; and his cousins Gonzalo de Alvarado y Chávez , Hernando de Alvarado and Diego de Alvarado . Pedro de Portocarrero was a nobleman who joined the initial invasion . Bernal Díaz del Castillo was a petty nobleman who accompanied Hernán Cortés when he crossed the northern lowlands , and Pedro de Alvarado on his invasion of the highlands . In addition to Spaniards , the invasion force probably included dozens of armed African slaves and freemen .
= = = Spanish weapons and tactics = = =
Spanish weaponry and tactics differed greatly from that of the indigenous peoples of Guatemala . This included the Spanish use of crossbows , firearms ( including muskets and cannon ) , war dogs and war horses . Among Mesoamerican peoples the capture of prisoners was a priority , while to the Spanish such taking of prisoners was a hindrance to outright victory . The inhabitants of Guatemala , for all their sophistication , lacked key elements of Old World technology , such as the use of iron and steel and functional wheels . The use of steel swords was perhaps the greatest technological advantage held by the Spanish , although the deployment of cavalry helped them to rout indigenous armies on occasion . The Spanish were sufficiently impressed by the quilted cotton armour of their Maya enemies that they adopted it in preference to their own steel armour . The conquistadors applied a more effective military organisation and strategic awareness than their opponents , allowing them to deploy troops and supplies in a way that increased the Spanish advantage .
In Guatemala the Spanish routinely fielded indigenous allies ; at first these were Nahua brought from the recently conquered Mexico , later they also included Maya . It is estimated that for every Spaniard on the field of battle , there were at least 10 native auxiliaries . Sometimes there were as many as 30 indigenous warriors for every Spaniard , and it was the participation of these Mesoamerican allies that was particularly decisive . In at least one case , encomienda rights were granted to one of the Tlaxcalan leaders who came as allies , and land grants and exemption from being given in encomienda were given to the Mexican allies as rewards for their participation in the conquest . In practice , such privileges were easily removed or sidestepped by the Spanish and the indigenous conquistadors were treated in a similar manner to the conquered natives .
The Spanish engaged in a strategy of concentrating native populations in newly founded colonial towns , or reducciones ( also known as congregaciones ) . Native resistance to the new nucleated settlements took the form of the flight of the indigenous inhabitants into inaccessible regions such as mountains and forests .
= = Impact of Old World diseases = =
Epidemics accidentally introduced by the Spanish included smallpox , measles and influenza . These diseases , together with typhus and yellow fever , had a major impact on Maya populations . The Old World diseases brought with the Spanish and against which the indigenous New World peoples had no resistance were a deciding factor in the conquest ; the diseases crippled armies and decimated populations before battles were even fought . Their introduction was catastrophic in the Americas ; it is estimated that 90 % of the indigenous population had been eliminated by disease within the first century of European contact .
In 1519 and 1520 , before the arrival of the Spanish in the region , a number of epidemics swept through southern Guatemala . At the same time as the Spanish were occupied with the overthrow of the Aztec empire , a devastating plague struck the Kaqchikel capital of Iximche , and the city of Q 'umarkaj , capital of the K 'iche ' , may also have suffered from the same epidemic . It is likely that the same combination of smallpox and a pulmonary plague swept across the entire Guatemalan Highlands . Modern knowledge of the impact of these diseases on populations with no prior exposure suggests that 33 – 50 % of the population of the highlands perished . Population levels in the Guatemalan Highlands did not recover to their pre @-@ conquest levels until the middle of the 20th century . In 1666 pestilence or murine typhus swept through what is now the department of Huehuetenango . Smallpox was reported in San Pedro Saloma , in 1795 . At the time of the fall of Nojpetén in 1697 , there are estimated to have been 60 @,@ 000 Maya living around Lake Petén Itzá , including a large number of refugees from other areas . It is estimated that 88 % of them died during the first ten years of colonial rule owing to a combination of disease and war .
= = Timeline of the conquest = =
= = Conquest of the highlands = =
The conquest of the highlands was made difficult by the many independent polities in the region , rather than one powerful enemy to be defeated as was the case in central Mexico . After the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan fell to the Spanish in 1521 , the Kaqchikel Maya of Iximche sent envoys to Hernán Cortés to declare their allegiance to the new ruler of Mexico , and the K 'iche ' Maya of Q 'umarkaj may also have sent a delegation . In 1522 Cortés sent Mexican allies to scout the Soconusco region of lowland Chiapas , where they met new delegations from Iximche and Q 'umarkaj at Tuxpán ; both of the powerful highland Maya kingdoms declared their loyalty to the king of Spain . But Cortés ' allies in Soconusco soon informed him that the K 'iche ' and the Kaqchikel were not loyal , and were instead harassing Spain 's allies in the region . Cortés decided to despatch Pedro de Alvarado with 180 cavalry , 300 infantry , crossbows , muskets , 4 cannons , large amounts of ammunition and gunpowder , and thousands of allied Mexican warriors from Tlaxcala , Cholula and other cities in central Mexico ; they arrived in Soconusco in 1523 . Pedro de Alvarado was infamous for the massacre of Aztec nobles in Tenochtitlan and , according to Bartolomé de las Casas , he committed further atrocities in the conquest of the Maya kingdoms in Guatemala . Some groups remained loyal to the Spanish once they had submitted to the conquest , such as the Tz 'utujil and the K 'iche ' of Quetzaltenango , and provided them with warriors to assist further conquest . Other groups soon rebelled however , and by 1526 numerous rebellions had engulfed the highlands .
= = = Subjugation of the K 'iche ' = = =
Pedro de Alvarado and his army advanced along the Pacific coast unopposed until they reached the Samalá River in western Guatemala . This region formed a part of the K 'iche ' kingdom , and a K 'iche ' army tried unsuccessfully to prevent the Spanish from crossing the river . Once across , the conquistadors ransacked nearby settlements in an effort to terrorise the K 'iche ' . On 8 February 1524 Alvarado 's army fought a battle at Xetulul , called Zapotitlán by his Mexican allies ( modern San Francisco Zapotitlán ) . Although suffering many injuries inflicted by defending K 'iche ' archers , the Spanish and their allies stormed the town and set up camp in the marketplace . Alvarado then turned to head upriver into the Sierra Madre mountains towards the K 'iche ' heartlands , crossing the pass into the fertile valley of Quetzaltenango . On 12 February 1524 Alvarado 's Mexican allies were ambushed in the pass and driven back by K 'iche ' warriors but the Spanish cavalry charge that followed was a shock for the K 'iche ' , who had never before seen horses . The cavalry scattered the K 'iche ' and the army crossed to the city of Xelaju ( modern Quetzaltenango ) only to find it deserted . Although the common view is that the K 'iche ' prince Tecun Uman died in the later battle near Olintepeque , the Spanish accounts are clear that at least one and possibly two of the lords of Q 'umarkaj died in the fierce battles upon the initial approach to Quetzaltenango . The death of Tecun Uman is said to have taken place in the battle of El Pinar , and local tradition has his death taking place on the Llanos de Urbina ( Plains of Urbina ) , upon the approach to Quetzaltenango near the modern village of Cantel . Pedro de Alvarado , in his third letter to Hernán Cortés , describes the death of one of the four lords of Q
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of worlds along the way to protect them from being consumed by the darkness of the Heartless . They are opposed by an alliance of Disney villains led by Maleficent who seeks out the seven Princesses of Heart to unlock the Keyhole that leads to " Kingdom Hearts " , a repository of knowledge and power and the source of all hearts . To this end , Maleficent convinces Riku that Sora has betrayed him , and that while Riku searched for Sora , he replaced Riku with new friends . This causes Riku to fight with Sora on several occasions . The group travels to Maleficent 's headquarters in the Hollow Bastion and defeat her , but Sora then discovers that Riku is possessed by the spirit of Ansem , who reveals that Kairi 's heart has been hiding within Sora 's body . In order to return Kairi 's heart , Sora impales himself with Ansem 's Keyblade , briefly transforming him into a Heartless until Kairi brings him back to his human form . After taking Kairi to safety , Sora and company confront and defeat Ansem at the now open door to Kingdom Hearts . Beyond the doorway are Mickey and the now recovered Riku ; to seal it so that the darkness cannot take possession of Kingdom Hearts , Mickey and Sora use their Keyblades to lock the door . Despite being again separated , Sora , Donald , and Goofy continue their quest to reunite with Riku and Mickey .
In Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , Sora 's group stumbles onto a fortress known as Castle Oblivion , believing they will find Mickey and Riku inside . Upon entering , Sora 's memories are manipulated by a girl named Naminé who is being held captive by the group Organization XIII and forced to replace memories of Kairi with herself . However , as Sora travels upwards in the castle , he meets Naminé and learns the truth from her . Sora still wishes to protect Naminé and stop the Organization members in the castle . After the Organization members opposing him are defeated , Naminé helps him , Donald , and Goofy to restore their memories to their state prior to entering Castle Oblivion at the cost of losing their memories of the events in the castle . This requires them to sleep in the castle for the restoration of memories to be completed .
In Kingdom Hearts II , roughly one year after Chain of Memories , Sora reawakens along with Donald and Goofy in Twilight Town once his Nobody , Roxas , merges within him . They visit the King 's master , Yen Sid , from whom they learn about the existence of the Nobodies and Organization XIII . Sora sets out with Donald and Goofy to find Riku and King Mickey , traversing new and unfamiliar worlds where they encounter the remaining members of the Organization . Sora later encounters their leader , Xemnas , learning that the Organization now has Kairi captive to force Sora to gather more hearts for them . Eventually , with Mickey joining them , Sora 's group finds a way to the Organization 's main base in The World That Never Was . The group soon reunites with Kairi as well as Riku , and continue fighting the Organization . Sora and Riku are separated from Mickey , Goofy , Kairi and Donald as they finish Xemnas and find a way back to Destiny Islands where they reunite with all their friends .
In Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , Sora is mostly in a state of sleep as his memories are being restored by Naminé , but is also playable in the game 's multiplayer mode . In Kingdom Hearts Coded Sora himself does not appear until the game 's final scene , in which he receives King Mickey 's letter and reads it with Riku and Kairi . A computer program created from Sora 's data serves as the primary protagonist of the game , finding out the truth behind a mysterious message found inside Jiminy 's journal . A young Sora and Riku briefly appear in Destiny Islands in the prequel to Kingdom Hearts , Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . After Ventus , one of the protagonists , has his heart damaged following a confrontation with his dark side , Vanitas , his heart finds its way into Sora , entering the boy 's body . In the game 's secret ending , set after the events of Kingdom Hearts II Ansem the Wise tells Aqua about Sora 's adventures , and how he may help all the people connected to him . In the final scene , Sora decides to save them after reading Mickey 's letter .
In Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance , Sora is summoned with Riku to Yen Sid to undergo a Mark of Mastery exam in response to Xehanort 's coming return . The two are sent to the Dreaming Realm to awaken several worlds submerged in sleep following the defeat of Ansem , but once the task is complete , Sora 's heart is damaged by Xemnas whose companions plan to turn him into the last of Xehanort 's thirteen vessels . Riku and his comrades manage to rescue Sora from his fate and brings him back to Yen Sid 's tower , where he dives into Sora 's body and repairs his heart , awakening him from his coma . Once Sora wakes up , Yen Sid only names Riku as a Keyblade Master for gaining the power used to awaken Sora . Undaunted , Sora congratulates him and departs to continue his training elsewhere .
Sora is stated to return as a fully @-@ fledged Keyblade Master in Kingdom Hearts III , and will have his final showdown with Master Xehanort . A 2D cartoonish avatar version of Sora wearing his original outfit in Kingdom Hearts is also present in the online community @-@ based social gaming networking service , Kingdom Hearts Mobile . Sora also appears in the Shiro Amano 's manga and Tomoko Kanemaki 's novels in which he reprises his role in the video games .
= = Concept and creation = =
Sora was designed by Tetsuya Nomura as the protagonist of Kingdom Hearts . However , he was not originally slated to be the protagonist as Disney wanted Donald Duck to be the protagonist of the game while Square wanted to have Mickey Mouse as the protagonist . Nomura wanted neither as the protagonist of the game and went on to design his own protagonist with the concepts of the Disney characters in mind which resulted in the creation of Sora . Sora originally wielded a weapon resembling a chainsaw ; however , the weapon was not well received by Disney which led Nomura to redesign the weapon into a Keyblade . Sora 's original outfit in Kingdom Hearts was also designed with Mickey Mouse in mind with Mickey Mouse 's trademark white gloves , red shorts and giant yellow shoes due to Square 's original preference to have Mickey as the main character of the game . The tail was removed as the staff found his design to be similar to the one of the Final Fantasy IX protagonist Zidane Tribal who also had a tail . After a talk with the Disney staff , the design was further reworked , and Nomura finished it after a night 's work .
One of the main concepts of Sora 's character in the series is that , according to Nomura , he is a normal boy instead of a supernatural being even though he is deeply connected with other characters from the series . With Sora , Nomura wants to give players the message that even though they are not " important people " , they have the opportunity to accomplish great things . This was emphasized in Birth by Sleep 's secret ending , which Nomura hoped players would find because it showed Sora 's potential to influence everyone 's lives . In early versions of development of Birth by Sleep , Nomura thought that Ventus would actually be Sora before being reborn , but due to negative feedback from overseas , that plot line was discarded . Nomura has stated that Sora 's name can be interpreted as " sky " since the Japanese word sora ( 空 ) , means sky . This name was also chosen to symbolize Sora 's role and his personality . It was also chosen to show Sora 's close relationship with Riku and Kairi , making their three names together " Sky , Land , and Sea . " He was also described by Nomura as having an outgoing personality , which allows him to make friends throughout the series . Of all of the characters Nomura has designed , Sora is his favorite , calling him " special " after having worked to develop the character over many games .
Following the first Kingdom Hearts , Nomura was worried that players would be unhappy that Sora would start Kingdom Hearts II as a weak character with few powers who once again had to be leveled up like the first title . Therefore , Nomura developed the plot of Chain of Memories to explain how Sora loses his abilities in Castle Oblivion and then started anew . Additionally , with Chain of Memories a new mystery regarding Sora 's memories from Twilight Town was added and while Sora did not have any memories from such town , this fact would be explained in Kingdom Hearts II . The team in charge of Kingdom Hearts II expressed difficulties in animating Sora 's Drive Valor Form for having a completely different motion except in the part that Sora walks which is shared with his regular motion . After finishing Kingdom Hearts II , Nomura wanted to give Sora a rest from the series in order to focus the following games on other characters from the series . Moreover , the events from the endings of Kingdom Hearts coded and Birth by Sleep hinted a new mystery regarding Sora 's character which will be revealed in Kingdom Hearts III . Although Nomura stated in March 2010 that Sora will once again be the focus of the next Kingdom Hearts , he will share it with another character with a big importance . In response to rumors saying that Sora 's story would end in Kingdom Hearts III , Nomura answered that Sora is the protagonist of the series and that his role will end once the series ends . For this game , Nomura was interested in giving Sora a new costume , but was worried about doing so because of the popularity of the characters Kingdom Hearts II outfit . In the end he decided to create a new one as Kingdom Hearts III was a new numbered title .
= = Reception = =
Various types of merchandising have been released based on Sora 's character . There are several types of action figures which show Sora with a different appearance such as his original form , the Kingdom Hearts II design and others variants . Other accessories include plush , necklaces and phone charm straps .
In January 2010 , Famitsu featured Sora as its reader 's fifth most popular character of all time . They also featured him on its issue # 1105 cover , gaving him a tribute , showing his many appearances through the years . UGO Networks placed Sora nineteenth on their list of " Top 25 Japanese RPG Characters " calling him a " charismatic and visually interesting " character . Although he did not make to the top ten of Electronic Gaming Monthly 's " Top Ten : List of Videogame Characters " , Sora was nevertheless noted for his growing popularity . In an ASCII Media Works poll in which fans voted selected whose video game or manga character would like to name their children after , Sora 's name was second in the male category . In a Famitsu poll from 2011 , Sora was voted as the most popular Kingdom Hearts character with his fight against Roxas from Kingdom Hearts II also being listed as the best scene from the series . He was also 15th in the Game Informer poll of best characters from the 2000s .
Overall , critics and fans have generally praised the character of Sora . When Sora 's character was first revealed in 2002 , GameSpot 's Giancarlo Varanini regarded him as " an appropriate amalgamation of the Square and Disney universes . " He also comically noted he " doesn 't look like much , but you know how it goes . " A 1UP.com writer called Sora " one of my all @-@ time favorite Square characters " , praising his cheerful personality . Gamasutra commented on Sora 's journey along the series in their feature " The Birth of Collecting : The Osiris Archetype In Games " by Jason Johnson ; while comparing Sora with Isis , Johnson found Sora 's adventure appealing . IGN praised Sora 's resilient character noting how such an ordinary " youngster " could face up to his challenges during his adventures for the sake of friendship , while RPGFan 's Nicole Monet Kirk labelled him as an " extremely likable hero " . Furthermore , in the book " Interactive Storytelling for Video Games : A Player @-@ Centered Approach to Creating Memorable Characters and Stories " it is noted that while Sora follows a " standard hero archetype " , his character becomes more believable and strong when worrying about his friends ' fates . Haley Joel Osment , Sora 's English voice actor , has also been praised by Gaming Target 's Matt Swidder who mentioned Osment " makes a perfect fit for Sora " . While remarking Osment 's work , Louis Bedigian from GameZone mentioned that " Sora had something rarely found in video @-@ game characters : depth " also praising his role in Kingdom Hearts . Game Informer 's Bryan Vore found that in Kingdom Hearts II , Osment has improved in voicing the character , praising his work . In their Super Smash Bros Brawl list , IGN described Sora as " ... the most active and evolved hero on this week 's list . " IGN listed him as a possible character in Super Smash Bros. Brawl ; though he was not chosen as the " reader 's choice " .
Sora 's transformations in the various Disney worlds in Kingdom Hearts II were commented to be entertaining by Julia Reges from AllGame due to how variated they are . Also reviewing Kingdom Hearts II , Greg Bemis from G4TV praised Sora 's development in the game , including his growth and the fact each of his attacks from the title are entertaining . Although Computer and Video Games also found an improvement in Sora 's movements due to sequences made with the Reaction Commands , they found them " fairly straightforward . " RPGamer 's Cortney Stone stated that Sora now moved " like an acrobatic honed fighter " in contrast to his " adolescent awkwardness " seen in the first Kingdom Hearts and remarked Sora 's transformation into a lion seen in the sequel as enjoyable . His new outfit was also well received by GameSpy who found an improvement from the original one that looked like " wardrobe from Mickey Mouse 's closet " . GamesRadar had similar opinions and particularly focused on Sora 's transformation and his new abilities . Game Informer viewed Sora 's Drive Forms as well as his combined techniques with other characters as one of the best additions to the gameplay . Although IGN also praised Sora 's growth in Kingdom Hearts II in their article " Kingdom Hearts III : The IGN Concept " , they stated that in order to make his role in a future sequel more entertaining , he would need more development making him " be confident , collected and committed to the tasks at hand " . Also commenting on his role in a future sequel , GamesRadar stated that having Sora 's character older would be necessary to make the story more mature .
On the other hand , Sora also received negative comments regarding his characterization . He was third in 1UP.com 's " Top 5 Most Irritating RPG Protagonists " with writer Bob Mackey commenting he is " a human version of Mickey Mouse " , criticizing his original outfit and relationship with Riku and Kairi , and finding him to be less popular than the Disney characters featured in the series . In January 2007 , Sora was listed the fourth " biggest dork " of 2006 by Game Informer , citing the Atlantica singing portions of the game .
= Dennis Johnson =
Dennis Wayne Johnson ( September 18 , 1954 – February 22 , 2007 ) , nicknamed " DJ " , was an American professional basketball player for the National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) Seattle SuperSonics , Phoenix Suns and Boston Celtics and coach of the Los Angeles Clippers . He was an alumnus of Dominguez High School , Los Angeles Harbor College and Pepperdine University .
A prototypical late bloomer , Johnson overcame early struggles and had a successful NBA playing career . Drafted 29th overall in 1976 by the Seattle SuperSonics , Johnson began his professional career as a shooting guard . He eventually led the Sonics to their only NBA championship in 1979 , winning the Finals MVP Award . After a short stint with the Phoenix Suns , he became the starting point guard for the Boston Celtics , with whom he won two more championships . Johnson was voted into five All @-@ Star Teams , one All @-@ NBA First and one Second Team , and nine consecutive All @-@ Defensive First and Second Teams . Apart from his reputation as a defensive stopper , Johnson was known as a clutch player who made several decisive plays in NBA playoffs history .
The Celtics franchise has retired Johnson 's # 3 jersey , which hangs from the rafters of the TD Garden , the home arena of the team . On April 5 , 2010 , the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame officially announced that Johnson had been posthumously elected to the Hall . He was formally inducted on August 13 . He is considered by several sports journalists to be one of the most underrated players of all time .
= = Early years = =
Dennis Wayne Johnson was born the eighth of sixteen children , to a social worker and a bricklayer who lived in Compton , California , a suburb of Los Angeles . Originally a baseball fan and a Little Leaguer , Johnson learned basketball from his father , but seemed to have neither the size nor the talent to compete with his peers : as a teenager at Dominguez High School , Johnson measured just 5 ' 9 " and played only " a minute or two each game " . After high school , he worked several odd jobs , including a $ 2 @.@ 75 @-@ per @-@ hour job as a forklift driver , and played with his brothers in summer league games after work . During this period , Johnson grew to a height of 6 ' 3 " , and developed what some later described as " rocket launcher legs " , which enabled him to jump high to grab rebounds against taller opponents .
Jim White , the coach at Los Angeles Harbor College , had watched Johnson play street basketball ; feeling that Johnson excelled in defense , White asked him to enroll . Johnson gave up his jobs and developed into a promising young guard , averaging 18 @.@ 3 points and 12 @.@ 0 rebounds per game and leading Harbor to a college junior state title . However , the young guard lacked discipline , often clashed with White and was thrown off the team three times in two years .
At the end of his junior college career , two universities offered Johnson scholarships : Azusa Pacific University and Pepperdine University . Johnson chose the latter , and in his only year in college , he averaged 15 @.@ 7 points , 5 @.@ 8 rebounds and 3 @.@ 3 assists per game , and developed a reputation for tough defense . After that year , Johnson made himself eligible for the 1976 NBA Draft , but was skeptical that any team would take him . NBA teams were wary of drafting a player with character issues , and Johnson was known to be a troublemaker .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Seattle SuperSonics ( 1976 – 80 ) = = =
The Seattle SuperSonics took Johnson in the second round of the 1976 draft with the 29th pick and gave him a four @-@ year contract , with which he earned a salary of $ 45 @,@ 000 in the first year and $ 90 @,@ 000 in the last . In his rookie year , the 1976 – 77 NBA season , Johnson , playing backup to the experienced Sonics backcourt tandem of Slick Watts and Fred Brown , averaged 9 @.@ 2 points and 1 @.@ 5 assists per game . The Sonics finished with a 40 – 42 record and missed the 1977 NBA Playoffs , leading head coach Bill Russell to resign . In the following season , the team lost 17 of the first 22 games under Russell 's replacement Bob Hopkins , who was replaced by Hall of Fame coach Lenny Wilkens , who gave Johnson a starting spot and paired him with Gus Williams . Johnson revelled in this new role , improving his averages to 12 @.@ 7 points and 2 @.@ 8 assists per game . During this period Johnson played shooting guard and was known for his aggressive slam dunking , in contrast to the more cerebral roles he played later in his career . It was at this time that Johnson 's nickname " DJ " was coined by play @-@ by @-@ play announcer Bob Blackburn , to help distinguish him from teammates , John Johnson and Vinnie Johnson ( whom Blackburn referred to as " JJ " and " VJ " , respectively ) .
Finishing strongly , the Sonics ended the regular season with a 47 – 35 record and made the 1978 NBA Playoffs . After eliminating the Los Angeles Lakers , the defending champion Portland Trail Blazers , and the Denver Nuggets , they almost defeated the Washington Bullets by taking a 3 – 2 lead in the 1978 NBA Finals . In a 93 – 92 Game 3 victory , Johnson blocked seven shots — the most blocks in NBA Finals history for a guard . The Sonics lost in seven games , however , partly because of Johnson 's Game 7 scoring drought , in which the second @-@ year guard missed all of his 14 field goal attempts . Johnson later acknowledged that he simply " choked " ; he vowed never to repeat this again and credited this game as an important lesson to become a better player .
Johnson and the Sonics got their revenge in the 1978 – 79 season . After clinching the Pacific Division with a 52 – 30 record , the team met the Bullets again in the 1979 NBA Finals . After losing Game 1 , the Sonics won the next four games to take the finals series , helped by Johnson who averaged almost 23 points along with six rebounds and assists per game . He scored 32 points in a Game 4 overtime victory , and was named NBA Finals MVP . It was during this season that Johnson established himself as one of the best guards in the league ; he averaged 15 @.@ 9 points and 3 @.@ 5 assists per game , and made his first All @-@ Defensive First Team and All @-@ Star Game appearance .
During the following season , Johnson averaged 19 @.@ 0 points and 4 @.@ 1 assists , appeared in his second All @-@ Star Game and was named to the All @-@ Defensive First Team and All @-@ NBA Second Team . The Sonics , however , lost in the Western Conference Finals to the Lakers , who had Hall of Famers Jamaal Wilkes , Magic Johnson and Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar . Because of the abundance of talent on the Sonics team , Johnson later called this loss one of the worst disappointments of his professional career . Coach Wilkens grew tired of Johnson , who often clashed with him and was perceived as a growing liability to the team . At the end of the season , Johnson was traded to the Phoenix Suns for Paul Westphal and draft picks . The Sonics finished 22 games worse in the next season despite the addition of Westphal .
= = = Phoenix Suns ( 1980 – 83 ) = = =
Johnson further established himself as a quality player in Phoenix . In his three years as a Sun , Johnson averaged 14 – 20 points a game and provided tough defense . He played in two All @-@ Star Games , was voted into three consecutive All @-@ Defensive First Teams and earned his only All @-@ NBA First Team appearance . In this period Johnson , like in Seattle , played shooting guard and became the main scorer on the team , as opposed to being the second or third option as a Sonic .
In the first two years of Johnson 's stint , the Suns were fairly successful , reaching the Western Conference Semifinals both seasons . The Suns bowed out in the first round in Johnson 's last year . Johnson 's situation deteriorated towards the end of his career at Phoenix . Like in Seattle , he often clashed with his coach , John MacLeod , and finally was traded by general manager , Jerry Colangelo , to the Boston Celtics for Rick Robey and draft picks . Like Seattle after Johnson 's departure , the Suns finished 12 games worse in the next season despite the addition of Robey .
= = = Boston Celtics ( 1983 – 90 ) = = =
Between the 1979 – 80 season and 1981 – 82 season seasons , the Celtics had lost to the Philadelphia 76ers in the Eastern Confernce Finals 2 out of 3 times , mainly because physical Sixers guard Andrew Toney routinely caused problems for their defensively fragile backcourt . After subsequently getting swept by the Bucks in the 1982 @-@ 83 Eastern Conference Semifinals , Celtics general manager Red Auerbach added the perennial All @-@ Defensive Team member Johnson to his squad , hoping that it would help the Celtics fare better in the Eastern Conference playoffs , particular against the 76ers . Johnson joined a squad led by Hall of Fame forward Larry Bird , who played in the frontcourt with two fellow Hall of Famers , center Robert Parish and forward Kevin McHale , a combination often called the best frontcourt of all time by the NBA . Johnson described joining the Celtics as a " dream come true " and enjoyed the tutelage of highly successful general manager Auerbach , who was " living history " according to Johnson .
With the Celtics Johnson changed his playing style for the third time in his career : after being known as a slam dunking shooting guard with the Sonics , and an all @-@ around scorer with the Suns , he now established himself as a point guard who was defined more by playmaking than scoring . In his first year as a Celtic , he averaged 13 @.@ 2 points and 4 @.@ 2 assists and was elected to the All @-@ Defensive Second Team . The Celtics reached the 1984 NBA Finals , where they met the Los Angeles Lakers , their intense rivals since the 1960s . The Celtics won 4 – 3 , and Johnson took credit for playing smothering defense on Hall of Fame Lakers playmaker Earvin Johnson , limiting him to a sub @-@ average 17 points in the last four games , and being at least partly responsible for several of the Laker point guard 's game @-@ deciding errors in Games 2 , 4 and 7 . As a result , Magic Johnson was taunted as " Tragic Johnson " whenever the Lakers and Celtics played against each other .
In the 1984 – 85 season , Johnson continued playing smothering defense , earning his next All @-@ Defensive Second Team call @-@ up while averaging 16 @.@ 9 points and 7 @.@ 3 assists per game . The Celtics met the Lakers in the 1985 NBA Finals again . Johnson 's big moment came in Game 4 : when the score was tied at 105 , teammate Larry Bird had the ball in the last seconds . Being double @-@ teamed by Lakers Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar and Magic Johnson , Bird passed to the open Johnson , and the guard sank a 19 @-@ ft buzzer beater to win the game . The Lakers , however , took their revenge this time , winning the series in six games , powered by venerable 38 @-@ year @-@ old Finals MVP Abdul @-@ Jabbar . Johnson described this loss as one of the toughest in his career , because the Celtics were " close [ to winning the series ] " , but " could not get the job done " .
In the following season the Celtics made the playoffs , helped by the performance of Johnson , who made the All @-@ Defensive Second Team again while tallying 17 @.@ 8 points and 6 @.@ 7 assists per game . After defeating the Milwaukee Bucks in the Eastern Conference Finals , the Celtics reached the 1986 NBA Finals against the up @-@ and @-@ coming Houston Rockets , led by the " Twin Towers " of centers Ralph Sampson and Hakeem Olajuwon . Led by Finals MVP Larry Bird , the Celtics beat the Rockets 4 – 2 , and Johnson won his third title .
The Celtics were unable to repeat their title in 1987 despite several dramatic playoff victories . Johnson played strong defense again , earning yet another appearance on the All @-@ Defensive First Team , and the Celtics embarked on a nail @-@ biting playoff campaign . In the 1987 Eastern Conference Semifinals , the Celtics split the first six games against the Milwaukee Bucks . In the deciding Game 7 , which the Celtics won , Johnson had a spectacular play with 1 : 30 left in the game : a Celtics ball threatened to fly out of bounds , but Johnson dived for it and whipped it backwards in mid @-@ air against Bucks center Jack Sikma . The ball bounced off Sikma before going out of bounds , and the Celtics maintained possession .
In the next round the 1987 Eastern Conference Finals , the Celtics faced the Detroit Pistons . The series was described as a grudge match between two intense rivals , featuring a great level of personal animosity , sharp rhetoric , and several physical altercations . The center of this feud was Pistons pivot Bill Laimbeer , who brawled with Celtics players Bird and Parish . In Game 5 Johnson was involved in a crucial play : down 107 @-@ 106 , Larry Bird stole the in @-@ bounds pass by Pistons point guard Isiah Thomas with 5 seconds left and passed it to a sprinting Johnson , who converted a difficult layup with 1 second left in the game . This play caused
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ified by the quinones and hydroquinones , which contain an isoprenoid tail attached to a quinonoid core of non @-@ isoprenoid origin . Vitamin E and vitamin K , as well as the ubiquinones , are examples of this class . Prokaryotes synthesize polyprenols ( called bactoprenols ) in which the terminal isoprenoid unit attached to oxygen remains unsaturated , whereas in animal polyprenols ( dolichols ) the terminal isoprenoid is reduced .
= = = Saccharolipids = = =
Saccharolipids describe compounds in which fatty acids are linked directly to a sugar backbone , forming structures that are compatible with membrane bilayers . In the saccharolipids , a monosaccharide substitutes for the glycerol backbone present in glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids . The most familiar saccharolipids are the acylated glucosamine precursors of the Lipid A component of the lipopolysaccharides in Gram @-@ negative bacteria . Typical lipid A molecules are disaccharides of glucosamine , which are derivatized with as many as seven fatty @-@ acyl chains . The minimal lipopolysaccharide required for growth in E. coli is Kdo2 @-@ Lipid A , a hexa @-@ acylated disaccharide of glucosamine that is glycosylated with two 3 @-@ deoxy @-@ D @-@ manno @-@ octulosonic acid ( Kdo ) residues .
= = = Polyketides = = =
Polyketides are synthesized by polymerization of acetyl and propionyl subunits by classic enzymes as well as iterative and multimodular enzymes that share mechanistic features with the fatty acid synthases . They comprise a large number of secondary metabolites and natural products from animal , plant , bacterial , fungal and marine sources , and have great structural diversity . Many polyketides are cyclic molecules whose backbones are often further modified by glycosylation , methylation , hydroxylation , oxidation , and / or other processes . Many commonly used anti @-@ microbial , anti @-@ parasitic , and anti @-@ cancer agents are polyketides or polyketide derivatives , such as erythromycins , tetracyclines , avermectins , and antitumor epothilones .
= = Biological functions = =
= = = Membranes = = =
Eukaryotic cells feature compartmentalized membrane @-@ bound organelles that carry out different biological functions . The glycerophospholipids are the main structural component of biological membranes , such as the cellular plasma membrane and the intracellular membranes of organelles ; in animal cells the plasma membrane physically separates the intracellular components from the extracellular environment . The glycerophospholipids are amphipathic molecules ( containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions ) that contain a glycerol core linked to two fatty acid @-@ derived " tails " by ester linkages and to one " head " group by a phosphate ester linkage . While glycerophospholipids are the major component of biological membranes , other non @-@ glyceride lipid components such as sphingomyelin and sterols ( mainly cholesterol in animal cell membranes ) are also found in biological membranes . In plants and algae , the galactosyldiacylglycerols , and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol , which lack a phosphate group , are important components of membranes of chloroplasts and related organelles and are the most abundant lipids in photosynthetic tissues , including those of higher plants , algae and certain bacteria .
Plant thylakoid membranes have the largest lipid component of a non @-@ bilayer forming monogalactosyl diglyceride ( MGDG ) , and little phospholipids ; despite this unique lipid composition , chloroplast thylakoid membranes have been shown to contain a dynamic lipid @-@ bilayer matrix as revealed by magnetic resonance and electron microscope studies .
A biological membrane is a form of lamellar phase lipid bilayer . The formation of lipid bilayers is an energetically preferred process when the glycerophospholipids described above are in an aqueous environment . This is known as the hydrophobic effect . In an aqueous system , the polar heads of lipids align towards the polar , aqueous environment , while the hydrophobic tails minimize their contact with water and tend to cluster together , forming a vesicle ; depending on the concentration of the lipid , this biophysical interaction may result in the formation of micelles , liposomes , or lipid bilayers . Other aggregations are also observed and form part of the polymorphism of amphiphile ( lipid ) behavior . Phase behavior is an area of study within biophysics and is the subject of current academic research . Micelles and bilayers form in the polar medium by a process known as the hydrophobic effect . When dissolving a lipophilic or amphiphilic substance in a polar environment , the polar molecules ( i.e. , water in an aqueous solution ) become more ordered around the dissolved lipophilic substance , since the polar molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds to the lipophilic areas of the amphiphile . So in an aqueous environment , the water molecules form an ordered " clathrate " cage around the dissolved lipophilic molecule .
The formation of lipids into protocell membranes represents a key step in models of abiogenesis , the origin of life .
= = = Energy storage = = =
Triglycerides , stored in adipose tissue , are a major form of energy storage both in animals and plants . The adipocyte , or fat cell , is designed for continuous synthesis and breakdown of triglycerides in animals , with breakdown controlled mainly by the activation of hormone @-@ sensitive enzyme lipase . The complete oxidation of fatty acids provides high caloric content , about 9 kcal / g , compared with 4 kcal / g for the breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins . Migratory birds that must fly long distances without eating use stored energy of triglycerides to fuel their flights .
= = = Signaling = = =
In recent years , evidence has emerged showing that lipid signaling is a vital part of the cell signaling . Lipid signaling may occur via activation of G protein @-@ coupled or nuclear receptors , and members of several different lipid categories have been identified as signaling molecules and cellular messengers . These include sphingosine @-@ 1 @-@ phosphate , a sphingolipid derived from ceramide that is a potent messenger molecule involved in regulating calcium mobilization , cell growth , and apoptosis ; diacylglycerol ( DAG ) and the phosphatidylinositol phosphates ( PIPs ) , involved in calcium @-@ mediated activation of protein kinase C ; the prostaglandins , which are one type of fatty @-@ acid derived eicosanoid involved in inflammation and immunity ; the steroid hormones such as estrogen , testosterone and cortisol , which modulate a host of functions such as reproduction , metabolism and blood pressure ; and the oxysterols such as 25 @-@ hydroxy @-@ cholesterol that are liver X receptor agonists . Phosphatidylserine lipids are known to be involved in signaling for the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and / or pieces of cells . They accomplish this by being exposed to the extracellular face of the cell membrane after the inactivation of flippases which place them exclusively on the cytosolic side and the activation of scramblases , which scramble the orientation of the phospholipids . After this occurs , other cells recognize the phosphatidylserines and phagocytosize the cells or cell fragments exposing them .
= = = Other functions = = =
The " fat @-@ soluble " vitamins ( A , D , E and K ) – which are isoprene @-@ based lipids – are essential nutrients stored in the liver and fatty tissues , with a diverse range of functions . Acyl @-@ carnitines are involved in the transport and metabolism of fatty acids in and out of mitochondria , where they undergo beta oxidation . Polyprenols and their phosphorylated derivatives also play important transport roles , in this case the transport of oligosaccharides across membranes . Polyprenol phosphate sugars and polyprenol diphosphate sugars function in extra @-@ cytoplasmic glycosylation reactions , in extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis ( for instance , peptidoglycan polymerization in bacteria ) , and in eukaryotic protein N @-@ glycosylation . Cardiolipins are a subclass of glycerophospholipids containing four acyl chains and three glycerol groups that are particularly abundant in the inner mitochondrial membrane . They are believed to activate enzymes involved with oxidative phosphorylation . Lipids also form the basis of steroid hormones .
= = Metabolism = =
The major dietary lipids for humans and other animals are animal and plant triglycerides , sterols , and membrane phospholipids . The process of lipid metabolism synthesizes and degrades the lipid stores and produces the structural and functional lipids characteristic of individual tissues .
= = = Biosynthesis = = =
In animals , when there is an oversupply of dietary carbohydrate , the excess carbohydrate is converted to triglycerides . This involves the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl @-@ CoA and the esterification of fatty acids in the production of triglycerides , a process called lipogenesis . Fatty acids are made by fatty acid synthases that polymerize and then reduce acetyl @-@ CoA units . The acyl chains in the fatty acids are extended by a cycle of reactions that add the acetyl group , reduce it to an alcohol , dehydrate it to an alkene group and then reduce it again to an alkane group . The enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis are divided into two groups , in animals and fungi all these fatty acid synthase reactions are carried out by a single multifunctional protein , while in plant plastids and bacteria separate enzymes perform each step in the pathway . The fatty acids may be subsequently converted to triglycerides that are packaged in lipoproteins and secreted from the liver .
The synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids involves a desaturation reaction , whereby a double bond is introduced into the fatty acyl chain . For example , in humans , the desaturation of stearic acid by stearoyl @-@ CoA desaturase @-@ 1 produces oleic acid . The doubly unsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid as well as the triply unsaturated α @-@ linolenic acid cannot be synthesized in mammalian tissues , and are therefore essential fatty acids and must be obtained from the diet .
Triglyceride synthesis takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum by metabolic pathways in which acyl groups in fatty acyl @-@ CoAs are transferred to the hydroxyl groups of glycerol @-@ 3 @-@ phosphate and diacylglycerol .
Terpenes and isoprenoids , including the carotenoids , are made by the assembly and modification of isoprene units donated from the reactive precursors isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate . These precursors can be made in different ways . In animals and archaea , the mevalonate pathway produces these compounds from acetyl @-@ CoA , while in plants and bacteria the non @-@ mevalonate pathway uses pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3 @-@ phosphate as substrates . One important reaction that uses these activated isoprene donors is steroid biosynthesis . Here , the isoprene units are joined together to make squalene and then folded up and formed into a set of rings to make lanosterol . Lanosterol can then be converted into other steroids such as cholesterol and ergosterol .
= = = Degradation = = =
Beta oxidation is the metabolic process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria and / or in peroxisomes to generate acetyl @-@ CoA . For the most part , fatty acids are oxidized by a mechanism that is similar to , but not identical with , a reversal of the process of fatty acid synthesis . That is , two @-@ carbon fragments are removed sequentially from the carboxyl end of the acid after steps of dehydrogenation , hydration , and oxidation to form a beta @-@ keto acid , which is split by thiolysis . The acetyl @-@ CoA is then ultimately converted into ATP , CO2 , and H2O using the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain . Hence the citric acid cycle can start at acetyl @-@ CoA when fat is being broken down for energy if there is little or no glucose available . The energy yield of the complete oxidation of the fatty acid palmitate is 106 ATP . Unsaturated and odd @-@ chain fatty acids require additional enzymatic steps for degradation .
= = Nutrition and health = =
Most of the fat found in food is in the form of triglycerides , cholesterol , and phospholipids . Some dietary fat is necessary to facilitate absorption of fat @-@ soluble vitamins ( A , D , E , and K ) and carotenoids . Humans and other mammals have a dietary requirement for certain essential fatty acids , such as linoleic acid ( an omega @-@ 6 fatty acid ) and alpha @-@ linolenic acid ( an omega @-@ 3 fatty acid ) because they cannot be synthesized from simple precursors in the diet . Both of these fatty acids are 18 @-@ carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids differing in the number and position of the double bonds . Most vegetable oils are rich in linoleic acid ( safflower , sunflower , and corn oils ) . Alpha @-@ linolenic acid is found in the green leaves of plants , and in selected seeds , nuts , and legumes ( in particular flax , rapeseed , walnut , and soy ) . Fish oils are particularly rich in the longer @-@ chain omega @-@ 3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) . A large number of studies have shown positive health benefits associated with consumption of omega @-@ 3 fatty acids on infant development , cancer , cardiovascular diseases , and various mental illnesses , such as depression , attention @-@ deficit hyperactivity disorder , and dementia . In contrast , it is now well @-@ established that consumption of trans fats , such as those present in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils , are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease .
A few studies have suggested that total dietary fat intake is linked to an increased risk of obesity and diabetes . However , a number of very large studies , including the Women 's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial , an eight @-@ year study of 49 @,@ 000 women , the Nurses ' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow @-@ up Study , revealed no such links . None of these studies suggested any connection between percentage of calories from fat and risk of cancer , heart disease , or weight gain . The Nutrition Source , a website maintained by the Department of Nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health , summarizes the current evidence on the impact of dietary fat : " Detailed research — much of it done at Harvard — shows that the total amount of fat in the diet isn 't really linked with weight or disease . "
= Don 't Wake Me Up ( song ) =
" Don 't Wake Me Up " is a song by American recording artist Chris Brown , taken from his fifth studio album , Fortune ( 2012 ) . It was written by Brown , Alain Whyte , Allessandro Benassi , Brian Kennedy , Jean @-@ Baptiste , Marco Benassi , Michael McHenry , Nick Marsh , Priscilla Hamilton , Ryan Buendia and William Orbit . The song was produced by Benny and Alle Benassi , Free School , Orbit and Kennedy , and was released digitally on May 18 , 2012 , as the fourth single from the album . " Don 't Wake Me Up " is an EDM song that features heavy bass and a repetitive chorus . The lyrics of the song describe a lost loved one who exists only in a dream .
" Don 't Wake Me Up " received generally positive reviews from critics , who complimented its production . The song was commercially successful , peaking at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . Internationally , the single peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia , Austria , Hungary , Ireland , Japan , New Zealand , Norway and the United Kingdom , and the top twenty of the charts in Denmark , France , Germany , Sweden , Switzerland and Belgium . The accompanying music video was directed by Colin Tilley and depicts Brown in three different dreams , all of which involve a mysterious woman , played by model Araya Nicks . The video received a positive reception from critics for its visuals . Brown promoted the song with live performances on televised shows , including Today and the 2012 BET Awards .
= = Background and release = =
" Don 't Wake Me Up " was written by Alain Whyte , Allessandro Benassi , Brian Kennedy , Chris Brown , Jean @-@ Baptiste , Marco Benassi , Michael McHenry , Nick Marsh , Priscilla Hamilton , Ryan Buendia and William Orbit . It was produced by Benny and Alle Benassi , Free School , Orbit and Kennedy . " Don 't Wake Me Up " was originally intended for American pop singer Madonna 's twelfth studio album MDNA ( 2012 ) ; however , she could not record the song because of her tight schedule , and Orbit gave the song to Brown . After an unofficial version of " Don 't Wake Me Up " was leaked online in January 2012 , websites reported that the song was produced by David Guetta . However , Guetta said on his Facebook and Twitter accounts , " I 'm credited for ' Don 't Wake Me Up ' ... but I did not produce this record . Best to CB ! " .
On May 12 , 2012 , Brown announced on his Twitter account that he would release " Don 't Wake Me Up " as the next single from his fourth studio album Fortune . It was made available for download via iTunes Stores worldwide on May 18 , 2012 . The Free School / William Orbit remix of the song was released in some European countries on May 22 , 2012 . In the United States , " Don 't Wake Me Up " was sent to contemporary hit radio and rhythmic contemporary radio playlists on June 12 , 2012 . On June 22 , 2012 , it was released as a CD single in Germany and as a Digital EP in the United Kingdom . The EP contains the album version , remix and Brown 's previous singles " Till I Die " and " Sweet Love " .
= = Composition and lyrics = =
" Don 't Wake Me Up " is an EDM song that features heavy bass ; it lasts for 3 minutes and 42 seconds . The instrumentation is provided by an acoustic guitar and synthesizers . Brown uses auto @-@ tune on the hook and breakdown . " Don 't Wake Me Up " is written in the key of B ♭ major and is set in common time with a tempo of 128 beats per minute . Brown 's vocal range spans from the note of G4 to the note of C6 . The song contains lyrics about a lost loved one who exists only in a dream , as stated by Brittany R. Villalva of The Christian Post . " Don 't Wake Me Up " begins with a spoken introduction by an unidentified woman saying , " Dearly Beloved , if this love only exists in my dreams , don 't wake me up " . Robbie Daw of Idolator compared her voice to that of Rihanna . The song 's chorus consists of the hook " Don 't wake me up " . Lewis Corner of Digital Spy wrote that the chorus " flourishes into a pulse @-@ racing mix of thundering beats and squiggly electronic swizzles " . HitFix 's Melinda Newman noted that the song " resembles the sweet bounciness of ' Forever ' " .
= = Critical reception = =
" Don 't Wake Me Up " received generally positive reviews from music critics . Lewis Corner of Digital Spy called it " this summer 's biggest anthem " , awarding the song five stars out of five and writing that Brown delivers it " with effortless swagger " . JusMusic of Singersroom described " Don 't Wake Me Up " as a " fun and bubbly track " , while a writer for Rap @-@ Up labeled it as an " electrifying Top 40 record " . Robbie Daw of Idolator complimented the song 's production as a " strobe light thumper " and wrote that if listeners enjoy Brown 's auto @-@ tuned tracks , " then you won 't be disappointed " . Time 's Melissa Locker viewed " Don 't Wake Me Up " and " Turn Up the Music " as the only potential hits from Fortune .
Nick Levine of BBC Music called the song " a smash " . AOL Radio 's Phil Kukawinski noted that " Don 't Wake Me Up " has " a nice juxtaposition of calm and energetic " and that it " seems to be one of those songs that merges the two sounds in a perfect way " . James Reed of The Boston Globe called the song " a thumping club cut that 's irresistible " . Trent Fitzgerald of PopCrush described " Don 't Wake Me Up " as a " fist @-@ pumping club jam " but felt that it is " not as catchy as ' Beautiful People ' " . In a review of Fortune , Barry Walters of Spin magazine wrote that " Don 't Wake Me Up " , along with " Sweet Love " and " Till I Die " , contain " thin melodies and stock shock lyrics " that make Brown 's previous singles sound better . " Don 't Wake Me Up " was nominated for World 's Best Song at the 2013 World Music Awards .
= = Chart performance = =
In New Zealand , " Don 't Wake Me Up " debuted at number 34 on May 28 , 2012 , and peaked at number two in its eighth week on the chart . It was certified platinum by RIANZ , denoting sales of 15 @,@ 000 copies . On June 4 , 2012 , the
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title that could showcase the full abilities of the PlayStation Portable , including its built @-@ in Wi @-@ Fi capabilities . Jackson also asserted that Resurrection was an entirely different game from the original ; whilst the studio had taken the basic story and some of the locations from the original game , all the code , graphics and voice actors were changed . New additions to Resurrection included an expanded plot , added mini @-@ games , multiplayer facilities and a cloud save function . During late stages of development , the studio attempted to preserve ideas that they thought worked well in the original , though their uses were altered or repositioned to keep the game fresh even to those who had played the original . The addition of the ' Anubis Stone ' sub @-@ plot was to strengthen the story arc and the creation of Al @-@ Zalam was to act as Dan 's internal monologue as well as the player 's guide .
= = = Music = = =
The soundtrack in Resurrection is orchestrated , unlike the first instalment . Approximately half of the themes from the original were removed while new themes were created to fit with the new levels . The music is split into two halves ; the cues from the first half are largely reminiscent of a select number of cues from the original game with the addition of extra thematic elements to strengthen them . The other half of the music is original and composed exclusively for Resurrection . The new soundtrack was composed by Bob & Barn and features performances from members of the City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra that was recorded in the Czech Republic . The orchestra , headed by Nic Raine , consisted of approximately 80 performers and in addition benefits from a 32 piece choir , also recorded in the same venue . This follows the tradition of SCE Cambridge Studio 's previous orchestral game Primal , which was also recorded in Prague by the same performers .
= = Reception = =
MediEvil : Resurrection received mixed reviews upon release . It received an aggregate score of 69 % from GameRankings and a score of 66 from Metacritic . General criticisms from reviewers were directed at the camera controls , which was cited as being particularly poor during combat sequences , and occasionally being the cause for frame rate drops . Jason Allen of IGN noted that the camera angles were " not as bad " during open areas of the game , but became " rather clumsy in the middle of a heated battle " . Kristan Reed of Eurogamer expressed similar concerns with the camera work , stating that the camera was " sloppy " and that it proved particularly difficult during combat , when enemies were to suddenly appear off screen .
The combat was also criticised for its poor hit detection . Greg Mueller of GameSpot noted that the poor collision detection turned most of the combat sequences to a " frustrating and tedious " experience . Reed similarly criticised the combat system , citing that the system is " unremarkable on the basic level " and was disappointed with the lack of technical additions to the game . Allen also expressed concern with the fighting mechanics , stating that every melee attack was inaccurate and " clumsy " , combined with cumbersome camera work .
The graphics and voice talent were the most praised aspects of the game , especially Tom Baker 's role as the narrator and Grim Reaper . Mueller praised the soundtrack and dialogue , stating that the best part of the game " is easily the sound " , and that the voice of any character fits their role " perfectly " , making them more interesting than " the average voice @-@ over " . Reed also praised Baker 's role in the game , stating that voice @-@ overs and audio were the most enjoyable experiences in Resurrection , also citing that Baker 's voice performance was " majestic " and " eccentric " . Chris Scantleberry of GameSpy felt that the overall dialogue was heavy on the stereotypical accent , but was assured that players would enjoy the " electric atmosphere " of MediEvil , which he often compared to that of Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas .
Chris Sorrell and Jason Wilson , co @-@ creators of MediEvil , had also expressed disappointment with the game . Neither of them had any involvement with MediEvil : Resurrection , and when they were asked about the game during a retrospective interview with RetroGamer , Wilson felt disheartened with having to watch something he " cherished " to be altered with decisions he thought were " questionable " . Sorrell felt similar disappointment in the redesign of the game and there were a number of aspects of it that he disagreed with . He did , however , praise the development team of Resurrection , stating that they did " an awesome job " considering the time constraints they were up against .
= Infamous Second Son =
Infamous Second Son ( stylized as inFAMOUS Second Son ) is an open world action @-@ adventure video game developed by Sucker Punch Productions and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 4 . The game was released worldwide on March 21 , 2014 . Like in previous Infamous games , the player @-@ controlled protagonist possesses superpower abilities that players use in combat and when traveling across the city . The story follows protagonist Delsin Rowe fighting the Department of Unified Protection ( D.U.P. ) in a fictionalized Seattle . Over the course of the game , Delsin acquires new powers and becomes either good or evil as player choices influence his morality .
Sucker Punch began planning the game as early as 2010 , when they began discussion with Sony to bring the Infamous series onto a new generation of hardware . They provided feedback to Sony on what hardware evolutions they would like to see on the PlayStation 4 system . Second Son was considered a fresh start for the series because it features a new protagonist . Delsin Rowe 's superpowers were designed to feel fluid and suited to the open world design .
Infamous Second Son was met with generally positive reviews ; critics praised its gameplay , dynamic combat , visuals and design , while criticism was aimed at the game 's morality system , which some found to be dated and binary , as well as the game 's repetitive side missions . The story was met with a mixed response , with some critics finding the narrative and characters to be a step backwards from previous installments in the series , while others viewing the writing as an improvement over its predecessors . Infamous Second Son was a commercial success , and sold over a million copies within nine days , making it the fastest @-@ selling entry within the Infamous franchise .
= = Gameplay = =
In Infamous Second Son , players control the main character Delsin Rowe from a third @-@ person perspective and freely roam open world Seattle . Players parkour @-@ style climb vertical surfaces like high @-@ rise buildings . Delsin is a Conduit , which allows him to use superpower abilities by manipulating materials such as smoke , neon , video , and concrete . These materials can be weaponized ( such that Delsin can perform melee attacks or fire projectiles from his fingertips ) or used to deftly navigate the game world ( such as using neon to dash up buildings ) . Using powers depletes a meter in the head @-@ up display ( HUD ) , which can be replenished by drawing from power sources such as smoke from exploded vehicles . Delsin earns new powers as he progresses through the story , which sees him fight against the Department of Unified Protection ( D.U.P. ) during missions . Each time Delsin gains a new power set he must destroy mobile D.U.P. command centers to learn the basic abilities that correspond to it . Delsin upgrades and acquires new abilities by spending Blast Shards that have been collected , they are scattered throughout Seattle . Players become more powerful in combat by expanding Delsin 's suite of abilities .
Players may choose to act in either a good or evil way . Examples including healing civilians , doing drug busts , and stopping suspect brutality for good , or killing civilians , obliterating enemies and completing missions with evil karma for bad . Several times throughout the story , Delsin finds himself in a scenario where he must make a good or evil choice , such as whether to encourage Conduit vigilante Abigail " Fetch " Walker to stop slaying drug dealers , or to train her to become a more prolific killer . Player choices influence outcomes in some later missions . In combat , Delsin may use his abilities to incapacitate foes or obliterate them with headshots . He may choose to open fire on innocent civilians . Delsin 's choices manifest in a logo displayed on his jacket and the HUD , which features a blue ( good ) and red ( evil ) bird . Performing actions that are villainous gradually change the logo so that the red bird dominates the other , with the opposite happening with heroism . This is a visual representation of Delsin 's Karma level , that increases as good or evil depending on his choices . As his Karma level increases , Delsin can acquire new powers that correspond to his play @-@ style ( e.g. very destructive powers with high levels of evil Karma ) and his jacket also changes . If you have good karma , the jacket completely changes white whereas if evil the jacket turns red . A continual streak of either good or evil actions fills up a bar in the HUD , which then lets Delsin perform a powerful finishing move called a Karma Bomb .
When not completing story missions , players can explore the city and complete activities such as tagging graffiti spots or assassinating D.U.P. secret agents . The city is split into districts that are all initially controlled by the D.U.P. , but Delsin gradually liberates each district by completing activities . When D.U.P. control of a district falls below 30 percent , Delsin can enter a District Showdown that requires him to eliminate a wave of D.U.P. forces , eradicating D.U.P. presence there .
= = Plot = =
= = = Setting and characters = = =
Second Son takes place in 2016 , seven years after Infamous 2 's Conduit protagonist Cole MacGrath sacrifices himself to cure humanity of a plague and destroy The Beast . Cole uses the powerful Ray Field Inhibitor weapon , which kills him and most of the other Conduits . The United States government establishes the D.U.P. to hunt down and capture the world 's remaining Conduits , dubbing Conduits with the pejorative " Bio @-@ Terrorists " . The protagonist is Delsin Rowe ( Troy Baker ) , a graffiti artist and the local delinquent of the Akomish reservation . Delsin has the unique Conduit ability of Power Absorption , allowing him to use other Conduits ' powers . His brother , Reggie ( Travis Willingham ) , is the local sheriff , and often arrests Delsin for his acts of vandalism . Both are Akomish Native Americans , whose territory lies at the shore of Salmon Bay , Washington . The antagonist is Brooke Augustine ( Christine Dunford ) , the director of the D.U.P. and a Conduit with power over Concrete . Her actions in the Akomish reservation drive Delsin to travel to Seattle , now under lockdown by D.U.P. forces . Delsin and Reggie encounter three other Conduits : Henry " Hank " Daughtry ( David Stanbra ) , a convict with control over Smoke ; Abigail " Fetch " Walker ( Laura Bailey ) , an ex @-@ junkie who uses her Neon powers to hunt down the illegal drug dealers in Seattle ; and Eugene Sims ( Alex Walsh ) , a reclusive video gamer who uses his Video ( digital materialization ) powers to save suspected Conduits from the D.U.P.
= = = Story = = =
After Reggie catches Delsin vandalizing a billboard , their subsequent argument is interrupted when a military truck carrying three Conduit prisoners crashes on the Akomish reservation . Two of the Conduits escape . Delsin pulls the third , Hank , out of the wreckage , and inadvertently absorbs his smoke powers . Shocked and frightened , Delsin pursues Hank in an effort to figure out what has happened and how to control his powers . However , they are both cornered by Brooke Augustine . She encases Hank in concrete and questions Delsin , suspecting him of hiding something . Delsin can choose to either tell Augustine the truth about his powers or reveal nothing . Regardless , Augustine renders him unconscious before moving on to the other tribe members .
Delsin awakens a week later and discovers that Augustine has tortured the rest of the tribe in an unsuccessful bid to gain information . However , she has left them to gradually die from concrete shards buried into their bodies , including their leader Betty ( Karen Austin ) . Reggie , who was spared from the torture , learns that the only way to remove the shards is to use Augustine 's power on them . Delsin realizes that he can absorb Conduit powers and resolves to go to Seattle to take Augustine 's powers and save the tribe . Reggie reluctantly accompanies Delsin to keep an eye on him . They reach Seattle and find that it has been put under strict martial law by the D.U.P. in order to find the other escaped Conduits . With Reggie 's help , Delsin battles D.U.P. forces and tracks down core fragments to develop his powers . He eventually encounters the other two escaped Conduits , Fetch and Eugene , and absorbs their powers . After both confrontations , Delsin defends the Conduits from Reggie , who initially views them as " freaks " , and can choose to either redeem or corrupt them .
Now possessing three powers , Delsin encounters Hank , who has escaped again . Hank tells Delsin that Fetch and Eugene have been captured by the D.U.P. , and are being held on an artificial concrete island in Puget Sound . However , the situation turns out to be a trap set by Augustine . Reggie appears and rescues Delsin with a rocket launcher . While the brothers free Fetch and Eugene , Augustine encases Reggie 's feet in concrete and blasts them off the platform . As they dangle above the ocean , Reggie realizes that Delsin cannot save both of them , tells him that he is proud of him , and lets Delsin 's hand go and falls to his death . Distraught and enraged , Delsin climbs back up onto the platform and battles Augustine , destroying the entire island .
Augustine flees back to the D.U.P. headquarters . Delsin tracks Hank down to the docks , where he is fleeing from D.U.P. forces . Hank begs for forgiveness , saying that he only worked with Augustine because she threatened to hurt his daughter . Delsin can choose to either kill Hank , or let him escape Seattle with his daughter . Aided by Fetch and Eugene , Delsin rallies an assault on the D.U.P. headquarters . After breaking through the building 's defenses , Delsin confronts Augustine and reveals to her that he has figured out she staged the Conduit escape at Akomish to instill fear in the population and give the D.U.P. a reason to continue their regime . Augustine lets Delsin absorb her powers , and tells him that she wants to save the Conduits by imprisoning and protecting them from the population . Delsin battles and eventually defeats Augustine with his new concrete powers .
If Delsin has good Karma , he spares Augustine and exposes her crimes to the world . She is arrested and the D.U.P. disbands . Delsin , Fetch and Eugene convince the humans that they can peacefully coexist with the Conduits . All of the imprisoned Conduits are freed . Delsin returns to the reservation and heals the tribe members , then paints a mural dedicated to Reggie .
If Delsin has evil Karma , he kills Augustine and , together with Fetch and Eugene , takes control of Seattle . He releases all of the imprisoned Conduits and absorbs their powers . Upon returning to the reservation , Delsin is met by a wheelchair @-@ bound Betty who banishes him from the tribe for the killings in Seattle . Shocked and angered , Delsin destroys the entire reservation .
= = Development and release = =
= = = Origins and PlayStation 4 = = =
Sucker Punch Productions began to develop Second Son while the PlayStation 4 was still being designed . Having finished work on Infamous : Festival of Blood , they began to plan a new entry in the Infamous series under the working title Infamous 3 . As early as 2010 , they discussed with Sony their desire to bring Infamous to a new PlayStation platform .
Sucker Punch were in close connection with the PS4 's lead system architect Mark Cerny , who visited the studio several times . They gave Cerny feedback about how much power a new PlayStation system would require to render their ideal open world , how fast it would be capable of doing so and to what degree of texture detail . " We had some experience there that was useful for that team when they were planning some aspects of the hardware design " , producer Brian Fleming explained . He found that during the PS4 's development , there was a great level of interactivity between the system 's designers and game developers such as Sucker Punch .
Sucker Punch made suggested improvements they would like to see for the DualShock 4 gamepad . Second Son 's designer Jaime Griesemer traveled to Sony 's headquarters in Japan to discuss such improvements . The developers found they were able to adopt the DualShock 4 's touchpad into Second Son 's gameplay ( for example , players emulate the in @-@ game fingerprint scanner using the DualShock 4 touchpad ) .
The game was envisioned to take full advantage of the hardware , without the imposition of porting to older platforms like the PlayStation 3 . The hardware let developers improve the particle system that lights Delsin 's face up while he draws neon power from billboards and add detailed reflections to the game world . The increased memory bandwidth let the team render characters with higher fidelity . They found the PS4 's simplified architecture so easy to work with that they were able to reach very high graphical quality even though the hardware was new .
Over 110 developers worked on the game , a number that director Nate Fox considered small . He felt that working with a small team necessitated having a defined vision for the game from the outset , " to answer those first questions about what you want your game to be " . Sometimes , ideas came about during development that would have to be thrown out for not fitting with the game 's original vision . " We kill our darlings at Sucker Punch . It 's not easy ; it 's necessary " , Fox explained . Second Son displays a native resolution of 1080p at 30 frames per second .
= = = Design = = =
Sucker Punch elected to set Second Son in their hometown of Seattle as they could draw from their personal experiences in the open world 's design . During early development when team members debated where Second Son would be set , Seattle rated high on a list of possibilities . Fleming considered that the city had not been featured in many games prior to Second Son and so would not be " overblown " , and felt that Seattle 's weather and mixture of " old and new " architecture would make it an interesting setting . The team conducted fieldwork in Seattle 's nearby forests with audio and video equipment , which was used to reproduce local flora and the chirping sounds of local American robins . Seattle landmarks such as Pioneer Square , the Space Needle and Elephant Car Washes feature in the game . The developers licensed logos and signs from local businesses . Griesemer called the game world an " abstraction " of Seattle rather than a re @-@ creation since its layout did not suit Second Son 's gameplay and required the team to make necessary changes . The team wanted to thematically explore Seattle 's heritage of Pacific Northwest , Native American tribes in the game .
The designers used graphic sliders in the game engine to determine the amount of water covering the streets . Like Seattle , rain is frequent in the game . The lighting effects ( such as neon light from Delsin 's powers ) coupled with reflections help bring color into Seattle 's dark and rainy atmosphere . Because of the move to the PS4 , Sucker Punch were able to render more open world than what was possible in previous Infamous games . " You get a better feel of the city when you can see more of it " , said Griesemer .
After deciding on Seattle for the setting , the developers began to think about the superpowers that Delsin would possess . They added neon lighting to the city to amplify the " beautiful reflective streets " , and subsequently decided to make neon a source of power for Delsin because of its prevalence . Animation director Billy Harper considered Delsin 's smoke powers challenging to design , as the team wanted to make powers feel more fluid than in previous Infamous games . They removed Cole 's " contorted hand poses " to improve the connection between Delsin and his powers . Fox felt that smoke helps Delsin deftly navigate the game world by letting him zip up buildings and through enemies . Griesemer ( who previously worked with Bungie on the Halo series ) wanted to bring the fluidity of first @-@ person shooters to Second Son 's combat . The team reviewed the control scheme of previous Infamous games and " removed some of the complexity that was preventing people from interacting with the game " .
Griesemer said that a recurring theme throughout Infamous games that they wanted to continue with Second Son was the idea of " modern elemental powers " , variations on commonplace powers drawn from the game world . Producer Brian Fleming found that the graphical effects helped to inform players of the amount of power Delsin possesses . " This is a game about super powers , so for us , the way the effects look tells you a lot about how you 're playing the game " , he explained . Fox considered that the game world 's resemblance to Seattle helped the superpower elements feel authentic . " Because we have that sweet foundation of plausibility , you buy into the super @-@ powered element " , he explained .
= = = Character development = = =
Second Son 's premise is built from the ending of Infamous 2 that sees protagonist Cole MacGrath sacrifice himself to save humanity . They looked at Trophy data and found the majority ( 78 % ) of Infamous 2 players chose this ending , and concurred with the popular choice . This allowed them to create the new protagonist , Delsin , from scratch . " Moving forward onto [ Second Son ] , we said ' Alright , Cole 's dead . People have voted for this . Let 's make a new hero ' " , Fox explained . Griesemer felt that taking the Infamous series to the PS4 signified a new era , and that departing from the story of previous games would help them reach new audiences . " We needed a new entry point , and Delsin was the first step for that " , he explained . The idea to move away from Cole 's story came about during pre @-@ production staff meetings , and was confirmed after discussions both internally and with Sony Computer Entertainment . Griesemer described the contemporaneous sentiment as " It 's going to be new hardware , a new platform and we 're going to have a new audience " .
Delsin 's Native American heritage came from the game 's setting in the Pacific Northwest , which features a large Native American population . Delsin wears a beanie inspired by one that Harper would wear around the studio ( Harper recounted one particular staff meeting where four of the six team members were wearing hats ) . Delsin 's character was inspired by United Kingdom street artist Banksy , as the development team appreciated Banksy 's clandestine , satirical work . Developing Delsin 's personality , the team posited the hypothetical : " What if Johnny Knoxville had powers ? What would he do with it ? " . Harper considered Delsin " full of reckless abandon " , the kind of character that would , upon gaining superpowers , jump off a cliff to see what happens . Fox considered Delsin " flawed in a way I think a lot of us can relate to " , trying to live up to his successful brother Reggie . He called the game 's story a " hero 's journey " .
Digital Domain were brought on board for the motion capture work . Fox helped direct the actors ' performances , but found that they did not need much guidance for their roles . " You need to let them understand what you need from a scene , but the actors are so much better equipped to deliver that than me " , he explained . Fleming considered that using motion capture added authenticity to the characters . " The ability to capture [ Delsin 's ] facial reaction when he 's like ' Oh , shit ' , but doesn 't say ' Oh shit ' — that 's a big deal " , he explained .
Most of the non @-@ player characters ( NPCs ) that inhabit the open world were motion captured . The developers contacted casting agencies , and asked their friends and families if they would like to appear as extras in the game . Over 75 people were scanned in a three @-@ day period . They were seated in chairs and told not to move or smile , and a high @-@ definition digital camera captured a 3D model of their faces . The camera sent out strobe light patterns to capture the volume and shape of each face . A 360 @-@ degree setup captured the actors ' moving bodies , but mannequins were also used to help capture different clothing styles . Data collected from the cameras was used by the designers to render digital models , each composed of roughly 1 @.@ 4 million polygons — any blank spots on the models would be digitally filled in by the designers . To render the models in the game , the data would be compressed by reducing the polygon count .
= = = Marketing and release = = =
On February 20 , 2013 , Sony held a conference in New York that announced the PS4 . Fox appeared on @-@ stage during the conference and recounted participating in an anti @-@ globalization protest in Seattle in 1999 . He then announced Second Son , and a debut trailer was shown that introduced the game 's premise and lead character . The game was privately demoed at E3 2013 , and its March 21 , 2014 , North American release date was confirmed during a PS4 launch event on November 14 , 2013 . By February 25 , 2014 , Second Son went gold ( finished development ) .
On March 8 , it was announced that Second Son 's pre @-@ order sales had surpassed those of The Last of Us in the United Kingdom . Two special edition versions of the game were produced ; pre @-@ ordered and first @-@ run copies of the game received the Limited Edition , which includes the Cole 's Legacy mission pack that explain story events between Infamous 2 and Second Son . The Collector 's Edition includes a unique box cover , a replica of Delsin 's beanie , eight pins from his vest , an exclusive in @-@ game vest , and a D.U.P.-themed patch . All pre @-@ ordered copies of the game included four in @-@ game vests for Delsin .
= = = Downloadable content = = =
Paper Trail is a free downloadable content ( DLC ) with alternate reality game features . The story is split into six parts , with the first being available after reaching a certain point in the main story . Each subsequent part was made available each Friday from March 28 , 2014 in North America and , concluding with the release of the final part on April 25 , 2014 .
At E3 2014 , the DLC package Infamous First Light was announced and was released on August 26 , 2014 in North America and August 27 , 2014 in Europe . In First Light , the player controls Fetch . It is a stand @-@ alone expansion and Second Son is not required to play the game , but ownership of Second Son grants players access to exclusive content . Infamous First Light received mixed to positive reviews from critics .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
The game received generally positive reviews with a normalized rating of 80 out of 100 based on 90 reviews on Metacritic . GameRankings assigned a rating of 81 % based on 61 reviews . The game sold over one million copies within nine days of its release , making it the fastest @-@ selling installment in the series .
Vince Ingenito of IGN recalled being left " staring slack @-@ jawed " at the visuals , and called the open world " beautifully and diversely realized " with impressive lighting effects . Tom Mc Shea of GameSpot called the visuals " incredible " . Oli Welsh of Eurogamer praised Seattle 's art direction , and found the draw distances and frame rate consistent . David Meikleham of PlayStation Official Magazine ( OPM ) was very impressed with the graphics and 1080p definition , but cited occasional frame rate dips during intense combat . He enjoyed playing in Seattle and using his powers to level the destructible environments . Tamoor Hussain of Computer and Video Games ( CVG ) praised graphical details like the particle and lighting systems . " [ The game is ] colorful , rich in detail and has some of the best effects we 've seen on console " , he wrote .
GameSpot 's Mc Shea considered the combat well @-@ balanced between Infamous 's slower pace and Infamous 2 's frenetic action , and enjoyed Delsin 's agility and power . Chris Carter of Destructoid considered the combat 's simplicity its strength , finding Delsin easy to control and navigate the world . Edge were underwhelmed with the game 's opening because of its " skittish " parkour , but noted that once Delsin gained powers and reached Seattle , the game became very fun . They felt that enemies were clever enough to make combat a fun challenge , and called the main missions " for the most part well designed and generously proportioned " . IGN 's Ingenito enjoyed using Delsin 's powers in combat , and called each set " strong enough to hang an entire game on " . He found upgrading Delsin 's powers helped keep the combat fresh and made for good replay value . Philip Kollar of Polygon favored using neon power , but praised the balance and variety between all of them . He called the combat " a hell of a lot of fun " . Eurogamer 's Welsh found the combat imperfect yet fun , but did not think that upgrading Delsin 's skills made enough of a difference to his power .
Destructoid 's Carter thought that Delsin was a more interesting protagonist than " wooden " Cole , which helped his investment into the story . IGN 's Ingenito thought Delsin was an interesting lead character , especially because of the chemistry with Reggie . He found Troy Baker 's performance of Delsin " [ imbued ] with a charm and youthful abandon that keeps it from feeling tropey [ sic ] or overwrought " . However , he found supporting characters like Fetch underdeveloped and the narrative too straightforward . Although calling the characters clichéd , Edge felt that they were written and acted well . GameSpot 's Mc Shea called Delsin annoying and immature , and found the gameplay more interesting than the " tired " story . Eurogamer 's Welsh considered the plot driven by " inconsequential MacGuffins " and thought the ending rushed , but praised the story for not stretching on too long . Polygon 's Kollar felt that the story did not explore its themes of surveillance and security @-@ over @-@ freedom well enough , such that its impact was diminished . He was overall disappointed with the narrative , despite finding the main characters written better than in previous Infamous games . OPM 's Meikleham was put off by Delsin 's arrogance and was underwhelmed with the story , but he was impressed by the quality of the motion capture performances .
Edge and Eurogamer 's Welsh faulted the morality system because they did not think it had enough
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-@ dyed in kermes , producing a wide range colors from blacks and grays through browns , murreys , purples , and sanguines . By the 14th and early 15th century , brilliant full grain kermes scarlet was " by far the most esteemed , most regal " color for luxury woollen textiles in the Low Countries , England , France , Spain and Italy .
Cochineal ( Dactylopius coccus ) is a scale insect of Central and North America from which the crimson @-@ coloured dye carmine is derived . It was used by the Aztec and Maya peoples . Moctezuma in the 15th century collected tribute in the form of bags of cochineal dye . Soon after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire cochineal began to be exported to Spain , and by the seventeenth century it was a commodity traded as far away as India . During the colonial period the production of cochineal ( in Spanish , grana fina ) grew rapidly . Produced almost exclusively in Oaxaca by indigenous producers , cochineal became Mexico 's second most valued export after silver . Cochineal produces purplish colors alone and brilliant scarlets when mordanted with tin ; thus cochineal , which produced a stronger dye and could thus be used in smaller quantities , replaced kermes dyes in general use in Europe from the 17th century .
= = = The rise of formal black = = =
During the course of the 15th century , the civic records show brilliant reds falling out of fashion for civic and high @-@ status garments in the Duchy of Burgundy in favor of dark blues , greens , and most important of all , black . The origins of the trend for somber colors are elusive , but are generally attributed to the growing influence of Spain and possibly the importation of Spanish merino wools . The trend spread in the next century : the Low Countries , German states , Scandinavia , England , France , and Italy all absorbed the sobering and formal influence of Spanish dress after the mid @-@ 1520s .
Producing fast black in the Middle Ages was a complicated process involving multiple dyeings with woad or indigo followed by mordanting , but at the dawn of Early Modern period , a new and superior method of dyeing black dye reached Europe via Spanish conquests in the New World . The new method used logwood ( Haematoxylum campechianum ) , a dyewood native to Mexico and Central America . Although logwood was poorly received at first , producing a blue inferior to that of woad and indigo , it was discovered to produce a fast black in combination with a ferrous sulfate ( copperas ) mordant . Despite changing fashions in color , logwood was the most widely used dye by the 19th century , providing the sober blacks of formal and mourning clothes .
= = Decline and rediscovery = =
The first synthetic dyes were discovered in the mid @-@ 19th century , starting with William Henry Perkin 's mauveine in 1856 , an aniline dye derived from coal tar . Alizarin , the red dye present in madder , was the first natural pigment to be duplicated synthetically , in 1869 , leading to the collapse of the market for naturally grown madder . The development of new , strongly colored aniline dyes followed quickly : a range of reddish @-@ purples , blues , violets , greens and reds became available by 1880 . These dyes had great affinity for animal fibres such as wool and silk . The new colors tended to fade and wash out , but they were inexpensive and could be produced in the vast quantities required by textile production in the industrial revolution . By the 1870s commercial dyeing with natural dyestuffs was fast disappearing .
At the same time the Pre @-@ Raphaelite artist and founding figure of the Arts and Crafts movement William Morris took up the art of dyeing as an adjunct to his manufacturing business , the design firm of Morris & Co . Always a medievalist at heart , Morris loathed the colors produced by the fashionable aniline dyes . He spent much of his time at his Staffordshire dye works mastering the processes of dyeing with plant materials and making experiments in the revival of old or discovery of new methods . One result of these experiments was to reinstate indigo dyeing as a practical industry and generally to renew the use of natural dyes like madder which had been driven almost out of use by the commercial success of the anilines . Morris saw dyeing of wools , silks , and cottons as the necessary preliminary to the production of woven and printed fabrics of the highest excellence ; and his period of incessant work at the dye @-@ vat ( 1875 – 76 ) was followed by a period during which he was absorbed in the production of textiles ( 1877 – 78 ) , and more especially in the revival of carpet- and tapestry @-@ weaving as fine arts . Morris & Co. also provided naturally dyed silks for the embroidery style called art needlework .
Scientists continued to search for new synthetic dyes that would be effective on cellulose fibres like cotton and linen , and that would be more colorfast on wool and silk than the early anilines . Chrome or mordant dyes produced a muted but very fast color range for woollens . These were followed by acid dyes for animal fibres ( from 1875 ) and the synthesis of indigo in Germany in 1880 . The work on indigo led to the development of a new class of dyes called vat dyes in 1901 that produced a wide range of fast colors for vegetable fibres . Disperse dyes were introduced in 1923 to color the new textiles of cellulose acetate , which could not be colored with any existing dyes . Today disperse dyes are the only effective means of coloring many synthetics . Reactive dyes for both wool and cotton were introduced in the mid @-@ 1950s , and are used both in commercial textile production and in craft dyeing .
In America , synthetic dyes became popular among a wide range of Native American textile artists ; however , natural dyes remained in use , as many textile collectors prefer natural dyes over synthetics . Today , dyeing with natural materials is often practiced as an adjunct to handspinning , knitting and weaving . It remains a living craft in many traditional cultures of North America , Africa , Asia , and the Scottish Highlands .
= Random Access Memories =
Random Access Memories is the fourth studio album by the French electronic music duo Daft Punk , released on 17 May 2013 by the duo 's imprint Daft Life and Columbia Records . The album pays tribute to the late 1970s and early 1980s era of music in the United States , particularly the sounds of said era that emerged from Los Angeles . This theme was reflected in the promotional campaign for the album that included billboards , television advertisements and a web series , as well as in the album 's packaging . Unlike their previous albums , Daft Punk recruited session musicians to perform live instrumentation in professional recording locations , and limited the use of electronic instruments to usage of drum machines , a custom @-@ built modular synthesizer and vintage vocoders . The album features collaborations with Giorgio Moroder , Panda Bear , Julian Casablancas , Todd Edwards , DJ Falcon , Chilly Gonzales , Nile Rodgers , Paul Williams and Pharrell Williams . It is the first album by the duo to be released by Columbia Records .
Random Access Memories received critical acclaim upon release , scoring an 87 out of 100 on review aggregator site Metacritic and frequently appearing on many music critics ' year @-@ end lists . It has also become one of Daft Punk 's most commercially successful albums to date , topping the charts in more than 25 countries worldwide . It debuted at # 1 on the Billboard 200 in the United States , selling more than 339 @,@ 000 copies within its first week , becoming their highest charting album to date and their first to top the Billboard 200 chart . The album 's lead single " Get Lucky " became a critical and commercial success worldwide , topping the charts in more than 30 countries worldwide and becoming one of the best @-@ selling digital singles of all time . The album later won Grammy Awards for Album of the Year , Best Dance / Electronica Album and Best Engineered Album , Non @-@ Classical , and " Get Lucky " won for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo / Group Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in 2014 .
= = Background = =
= = = Conception = = =
Shortly after finishing off their Alive 2006 / 2007 tour , Daft Punk began working on new material in 2008 . Thomas Bangalter of the duo recalled , " the two of us would go in with a lot of keyboards , guitars , drums , and stuff and started to do demos for six , seven months . " Daft Punk were pleased with the work in terms of composition , but were dissatisfied with the production aspect , as they relied on samples and loops of their own performances : " We could play some riffs and stuff but not keep it [ up ] for four minutes straight . " Daft Punk put these demos aside and started work on the Tron : Legacy film soundtrack later in 2008 . As Bangalter mentioned after the film 's release in 2010 : " Making music for a movie is very humbling . We ’ ve been working on some of our music concurrently . " Daft Punk then decided to work extensively with live musicians on what would become Random Access Memories : " We wanted to do what we used to do with machines and samplers , but with people . " They avoided the use of samples on the album , with the exception of the closing track " Contact " .
The album features Chic frontman Nile Rodgers , who commented that a collaboration was " something we 've [ Daft Punk and Rodgers ] talked about for a long time . We 've respected each other endlessly . " Daft Punk eventually visited Rodgers ' home for an informal jam session , and an official collaboration was later confirmed and completed . Musician Paul Williams announced in a 2010 interview that he had worked with the group , after Daft Punk had been introduced to Williams by a sound engineer with whom they were mutually acquainted .
In May 2012 Daft Punk 's collaboration with Giorgio Moroder was announced — Moroder had recorded a monologue about his life for use in a track on the album . Rodgers was also present during the Moroder recording session . Moroder clarified that he was not involved in the composition of the track or its use of a synthesizer : " They did not let me get involved at all . Thomas asked me if I wanted to tell the story of my life . Then they would know what to do with it . " Daft Punk had been in contact with Moroder in relation to a possible contribution for the Tron : Legacy score , but this never happened .
Chilly Gonzales stated in an interview that his contribution was recorded in a one @-@ day session : " I played for hours and they 're gonna grab what they grab and turn it into whatever . " He explained that Daft Punk prompted him at the piano in the same manner that a film director coaches an actor , and Gonzales left the Los Angeles studio without knowledge of what the final product would sound like . He had previously recorded a cover version of Daft Punk 's song " Too Long " that appeared on the duo 's 2003 album Daft Club .
Pharrell Williams collaborated with Daft Punk and Rodgers by providing vocals for two tracks on Random Access Memories . As a member of the Neptunes , Pharrell had previously provided a remix of " Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger " that appeared on Daft Club . The Neptunes and Daft Punk also co @-@ produced N.E.R.D. ' s song " Hypnotize U " .
= = = Recording = = =
Recording took place at Henson Recording Studios , Conway Recording Studios and Capitol Studios in California , Electric Lady Studios in New York City , and Gang Recording Studio in Paris , France . Having worked with keyboardist and arranger Chris Caswell on Tron : Legacy , the duo enlisted him and connected with engineers and other session players for their next album . Daft Punk recalled that they wished to avoid the more compressed sounds of drum machines in favor of " airy open " drum sets of the 1970s and 80s , which the duo consider the most appealing era . Bangalter clarified that " it 's not that we can 't make crazy futuristic sounding stuff , but we wanted to play with
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he suggested a new cut from Lea Bridge to Old Ford , and another from Bow Tidal Gates to a basin at Limehouse . The first became known as the Hackney Cut , and the second as the Limehouse Cut . An Act of Parliament was obtained on 29 June 1767 , and work began .
The Limehouse Cut would give direct access to the River Thames , avoiding the tidal Bow Creek . It was expected to open in July 1770 , but some of the brickwork collapsed , and had to be repaired before the cut opened on 17 September 1770 . It closed again briefly in December , when a bridge collapsed into it , and it was soon decided that it was too narrow , and so was widened to allow barges to pass each other along its complete length . This work was finished on 1 September 1777 . The contract for the Hackney Cut was given to Jeremiah Ilsley on 18 January 1768 , and a bricklayer called Henry Holland was asked to build two locks on the cut on 23 April 1768 . A millwright from Bromley called Mr Cooper was given the job of building Bromley Lock ( close to Bow tidal gates ) . Work progressed quickly , and the cut was opened for traffic on 7 August 1769 .
The Act of 1767 had specified points on the river at which tolls could be collected , but had made no mention of tolls for use of Bow Creek , Bow Back Rivers , or the section of the navigation between Bow tidal gates and Old Ford , and these had remained toll @-@ free . An Act of Parliament obtained on 14 August 1850 allowed the trustees to build a pound lock at Bow tidal gates . To prevent opposition from the bargees , the Act had formalised the freedom from tolls on the Bow River section . Once the lock was built , however , the trustees charged a toll for using it . This was unpopular , but there was still the option of using the tidal gates at certain states of the tide , which did not incur a toll . A clause to authorise the lock toll was deleted by Parliament from a subsequent Act of 1868 , and it was still the case in 1977 that a charge was made for using the lock but not for using the gates .
By 1821 , Stratford was served by a number of wharfs , some located on the Lea and others on the Channelsea River or other branches . In addition to wharfs for general goods , some specifically handled timber , chalk , stone , coal , or wheat . Several of the factories and mills had private wharfs . By this date , a dock had been built near Bow Bridge to the south of the High Street . It was about 80 by 50 yards ( 73 by 46 m ) , and was connected to the river by its own channel . It was initially called Stratford Dock , later becoming Meggs Dock and was probably constructed by the Middlesex and Essex Turnpike Trust . Half of it had been filled in by 1896 , and the rest by 1920 .
In the 1860s , the income from the navigation had dropped , as a result of attempts to compete against the railways , but economies were made , and capital works continued . The lock at Lea Bridge was removed , and replaced by Old Ford Lock further to the south , which was built to take 100 @-@ ton barges , rather than the 40 @-@ ton barges specified by an Act of 1805 . Although the original Lee trustees , and after 1868 the Conservators of the River Lee , were officially responsible for the Bow Back Rivers , there was little incentive to maintain them , since they did not generate any revenue . Nor could they be closed , since they allowed surplus water from the upper river to reach the Thames , without causing flooding .
= = = Regeneration = = =
The rivers were run down by the 1920s and , with high unemployment in the area , West Ham Corporation and the Lee Conservancy Board applied for a government unemployment relief grant , with which to fund major improvements . In addition to work on the channels , Bow Tidal Lock was duplicated , Marshgate Lock was rebuilt further east as City Mill Lock , and a second new lock at Carpenters Road was constructed . It used up @-@ and @-@ over radial gates operated by winches , rather than the traditional mitre gates used at City Mill Lock . The gates were quadrant @-@ shaped , and were lowered into the bed of the river to allow boats to enter or leave the lock . An Act of Parliament was obtained in 1930 to authorise the work , called the River Lee ( Flood Relief ) Act , and work began the following year . The project was completed in 1935 . Before the work , there had been a floodgate on the Waterworks River above its junction with the Three Mills Wall River , and a large pool , the City Mill Pool , connecting to the City Mills River and Bow Back River . Marshgate Lock was situated to the west of the junction between the Pudding Mill River and Bow Back River . It was originally built in 1864 , by adding a second set of gates to Hunters Gates , a floodgate which had been built around 1847 . The reconstructed lock was built on the site of the City Mill Pool , and had two sets of gates at its eastern end , to prevent high tidal levels in Waterworks River flooding the waterways to the west . It was labelled Marshgate Lane Lock on the 1948 map , but was called Ward Lock , after a local councillor , and is now known as City Mills Lock . The course of the Bow Back River was then straightened , and the original Marshgate Lock was bypassed . Pudding Mill River became a dead end when the lower section was filled in , as was most of the Three Mills Back River , and the floodgate on Waterworks River was also removed . Reconstruction of the channels included widening City Mill River to 50 feet ( 15 m ) , while Three Mills Wall River and Waterworks River were made twice that width .
Prior to the work , the arrangement had been to regulate the navigation with the Pond Lane Flood Gates and Marshgate Lane tidal lock . The new lock at Carpenter 's Road gave access to the Waterworks River , providing barge access to Temple Mills . At high tides , the low headroom of the Northern Outfall Sewer aqueduct prevented access to the southern reaches of the system , and to allow access City Mill Lock was constructed near Blaker Road . In 2005 , the lock was partially restored as part of the planning gain required from the developers of the adjacent Bellamy Homes housing scheme .
The 1930s improvements included the construction of the Prescott Channel , designed to allow flood water to bypass the Three Mills tide mills . The channel included sluices to regulate water levels above it , but these became redundant once the tide mills ceased to operate , and eventually seized up . They were removed soon after parts of the Channelsea River were culverted .
By the 1960s , only the Bow Back River , the City Mills River and the Channelsea River were still being used for commercial traffic . A section of the Channelsea River between Stratford High Street and Lett Road was culverted between 1957 and 1958 . As traffic ceased , the lock structures deteriorated , and by 2006 , City Mills Lock and Carpenters Road Lock were officially disused . The 1968 British Waterways Act had classified most waterways into commercial , cruising and remainder waterways . Remainder waterways were those for which the government of the time could see no economic future , and which would only therefore be subject to maintenance to prevent them becoming unsafe . The Bow Back Rivers fell into this category , and remained neglected until their full restoration was enshrined in a British Waterways policy document in 2002 .
= = Olympics = =
The Olympic Stadium for the London 2012 Summer Olympics is constructed on former industrial land between the Lea Navigation to the west and the City Mill River to the east . The land was formerly bisected by the remains of the Pudding Mill River , but this was filled in to provide a site which was large enough . As part of the construction phase for the event , Three Mills Lock was constructed on the Prescott Channel . This consists of a barge lock , suitable for 350 @-@ tonne ( 344 @.@ 5 @-@ long @-@ ton ; 385 @.@ 8 @-@ short @-@ ton ) barges , and an adjacent sluice , which enables the water levels above the structure to be regulated , rather than navigation being subject to the tides . The lock was built to allow construction materials to be delivered to the site and spoil to be removed , and the final cost was £ 23 million , which included a sluice on the Three Mills Wall River . Work began in March 2007 , and the project lasted for just over two years . Despite hopes that it would transport 1 @.@ 75 million tonnes while the stadium was being built , very little commercial traffic used the new lock .
With water levels above the structure remaining fairly constant , £ 400 @,@ 000 was spent on refurbishing City Mills Lock . Although some work had been carried out in 2006 , including the fitting of new metal gates , it was not operational , and had not been used for around 40 years . The second phase of restoration included fitting the equipment to automate its operation . The first public use of the lock occurred on 31 July 2010 . British Waterways hoped to restore the Carpenters Road Lock soon afterwards , but the project was postponed until after the completion of the Olympic games , as temporary ' Land Bridges ' were erected over the site of the lock to enable pedestrians to reach the stadium , some of which will be removed after the event . Following the Olympic games , it is hoped the waterways will continue to be used by both commercial and leisure craft .
The Olympic Delivery Authority took the decision to culvert more of the Channelsea River , where it crossed the northern part of the site . It remains a designated main river , and so they had to liaise with the Environment Agency on matters of flood @-@ risk management , and a site was identified which would provide compensation for the loss of habitat caused by the culverting . Much of the old River Lea was inaccessible to the public prior to the project , but is a central feature of the northern parklands that have been created . Two ' wetland bowls ' were designed , which have been planted with water @-@ loving plants such as reeds , rushes , sedges and iris . They also provide spawning grounds and refuges during flood conditions for fish , as well as providing storage capacity for flood water . It was the largest aquatic planting scheme ever carried out in Britain when it was completed , and most of the 350 @,@ 000 plants were grown in Norfolk from seeds and cuttings removed from the site . At the southern end of the site , the Waterworks River was reconstructed . Improvements in the 1930s created channels with vertical concrete sides , and little thought for habitat . The channel was made 26 feet ( 8 m ) wider , with sloping banks and ramps down to the water 's edge , and was improved visually and ecologically by the planting of aquatic marginal plants .
With the exception of Bow Creek , the Bow Back Rivers were closed for public access during the Olympics construction works , and remained closed until after the events . Access to sections of the Lee Navigation which pass close to the Olympic Stadium , including part of Bow River , part of the Hackney Cut , and the Hertford Union Canal were restricted during the summer of 2012 . The Bow Back Rivers were intended to form a major feature of the Olympic site . The stadium formed the centrepiece of the Olympics on an island site , with the Waterworks River to the east , and the Aquatics Centre on the eastern bank . Five new pedestrian bridges were built across the water
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it didn 't fit the Who 's established musical style . It was released on 17 July in the US . The B @-@ side , " I Don 't Even Know Myself " was recorded at Eel Pie Studios in 1970 for a planned EP that was never released . The single reached No. 9 in the UK charts and No. 15 in the US . Initial publicity material showed an abandoned cover of Who 's Next featuring Moon dressed in drag and brandishing a whip .
The full @-@ length version of the song appeared as the closing track of Who 's Next , released on 14 August in the US and 27 August in the UK , where it topped the album charts . " Won 't Get Fooled Again " drew strong praise from critics , who were impressed that a synthesizer had managed to be integrated so successfully within a rock song . Who author Dave Marsh described singer Roger Daltrey 's scream near the end of the track as " the greatest scream of a career filled with screams " . In 2011 , the song was ranked number 134 on Rolling Stone 's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time .
= = Live performances = =
The Who first performed the song live at the opening date of a series of Lifehouse related concerts in the Young Vic theatre , London on 14 February 1971 . It has subsequently been part of every Who concert since , often as the set closer and sometimes extended slightly to allow Townshend to smash his guitar or Moon to kick over his drumkit . The group performed live over the synthesizer part being played on a backing tape , which required Moon to wear headphones to play in sync with it . It was the last track Moon played live in front of a paying audience on 21 October 1976 and the last song he ever played with the Who at Shepperton Studios on 25 May 1978 , which was captured on the documentary film The Kids Are Alright . The song was part of the Who 's set at Live Aid in 1985 , Live 8 in 2005 , T4 on the Beach in 2008 and Capital FM 's Summertime Ball concert in 2009 , 2010 and 2015 and the radio station 's Jingle Bell Ball concerts in 2009 and 2015 .
In October 2001 , The Who performed the song at The Concert for New York City to help raise funds for the families of firemen and police officers killed during the 9 / 11 attacks . They finished their set with ' Won 't Get Fooled Again ' to a responsive and emotional audience , with close @-@ up aerial video footage of the World Trade Center buildings playing behind them on a huge digital screen . In February 2010 , the group closed their set during the halftime show of Super Bowl XLIV with this song . While the Who have continued to play the song live , Townshend has expressed mixed feelings for it , alternating between pride and embarrassment in interviews . Who biographer John Atkins described the track as " the quintessential Who 's Next track but not necessarily the best . "
Several live and alternative versions of the song have been released on CD or DVD . In 2003 , a deluxe version of Who 's Next was reissued to include the Record Plant recording of the track from March 1971 and a live version recorded at the Young Vic on 26 April 1971 . The song is also included on the album Live at the Royal Albert Hall , from a 2000 show with Noel Gallagher guesting .
Daltrey , Entwistle and Townshend have each performed the song at solo concerts . Townshend has re @-@ arranged the song for solo performance on acoustic guitar . On 30 June 1979 , he performed a duet of the song with classical guitarist John Williams for the 1979 Amnesty International benefit The Secret Policeman 's Ball .
= = Cover versions = =
The song was first covered in a distinctive soul style by Labelle on their 1972 album Moon Shadow . Van Halen began covering the song in concert in 1993 . Eddie Van Halen re @-@ arranged the track so that the synthesizer part was played on the guitar . A live recording was released on Live : Right Here , Right Now , and made it to number one on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart .
Both Axel Rudi Pell ( on Diamonds Unlocked ) and Hayseed Dixie ( on Killer Grass ) covered the song in their established styles of metal and bluegrass respectively . Richie Havens covered the track on his 2008 album , " Nobody Left to Crown " , playing the song at a slower tempo to the original .
= = Other uses = =
The original Who recording has been used in politics on several occasions . In an April 2006 editorial for Time magazine , retired United States Marine Corps Lieutenant General Greg Newbold referenced the song , labeling it an " antiwar anthem " that " conveyed a sense of betrayal by the nation 's leaders , who had led our country into a costly and unnecessary war in Vietnam . " In 2014 , the British Government ran an advertisement for superfast broadband using the song as its theme music .
Townshend has taken an interest in licensing the Who 's work to media and advertising , and " Won 't Get Fooled Again " has made several appearances on TV and film . A portion of the song has been used as the opening theme for the CBS series CSI : Miami , while a cover version of the track was played on The Simpsons ' " A Tale of Two Springfields " which featured the Who as special guests . However , Townshend refused permission for director Michael Moore to play the song over the closing credits of Fahrenheit 9 / 11 , as he was suspicious of Moore 's journalistic credentials and did not want his work to be associated with a possibly inaccurate film . Townshend later said " [ o ] nce I had an idea what the film was about , I was 90 % certain my song was not right for them . " In response Moore accused Townshend of supporting the Iraq War , which Townshend denied .
The Tampa Bay Lightning use the song as their entrance music .
= = Charts = =
= = Personnel = =
Roger Daltrey : vocals
Pete Townshend : acoustic and electric guitars , synthesized organ ( ARP 2500 , EMS VCS 3 ) and backing vocals
John Entwistle : bass guitar
Keith Moon : drums
= Homer at the Bat =
" Homer at the Bat " is the seventeenth episode of The Simpsons ' third season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 20 , 1992 . The episode follows the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant softball team , led by Homer , having a winning season and making the championship game . Mr. Burns makes a large bet that the team will win and brings in nine ringers from the " big leagues " to ensure his success . It was written by John Swartzwelder , who is a big baseball fan , and directed by Jim Reardon .
Roger Clemens , Wade Boggs , Ken Griffey , Jr . , Steve Sax , Ozzie Smith , José Canseco , Don Mattingly , Darryl Strawberry and Mike Scioscia all guest starred as themselves , playing the ringers hired by Mr. Burns . Terry Cashman sang a song over the end credits . The guest stars were recorded over several months , with differing degrees of cooperation . The episode is often named among the show 's best , and was the first to beat The Cosby Show in the ratings on its original airing . In 2014 , showrunner Al Jean selected it as one of five essential episodes in the show 's history .
= = Plot = =
It is softball season in Springfield and many of the workers at Springfield Nuclear Power Plant are reluctant to sign up for the Power Plant team due to their previous unsuccessful year . Homer reveals that he has a secret weapon , a homemade bat named " Wonder Bat " and his co @-@ workers eagerly join the team . Thanks in large part to Homer , the team goes through its season undefeated and earns the right to play in the championship game against the Shelbyville Nuclear Power Plant .
Mr. Burns makes a million dollar bet with Aristotle Amadopoulos , owner of the Shelbyville plant , that his team will win . To secure victory in the game , Mr. Burns decides to hire major league stars and assembles a team that includes Shoeless Joe Jackson , Pie Traynor , Harry Hooper , Honus Wagner , Cap Anson , Nap Lajoie , Gabby Street , Mordecai " Three Finger " Brown , and Jim Creighton ( the last of whom had been dead for 130 years ) . Waylon Smithers informs Mr. Burns that the players he picked have all retired and died , and so Mr. Burns changes tactics and orders Smithers to find some current superstar players . He hires nine Major League Baseball players — Roger Clemens , Wade Boggs , Ken Griffey , Jr . , Steve Sax , Ozzie Smith , Jose Canseco , Don Mattingly , Darryl Strawberry and Mike Scioscia — and gives them token jobs at the plant so that they can play on the team , much to the dismay of the plant workers who got the team to the championship game in the first place .
Mr Burns hires a hypnotist to train the team , and they all mouth back his words ( such as ' You will beat Shelbyville ' ) in unison ( ' We will beat Shelbyville ' ) until the hypnotist says ' You will give 110 % ' , at which point the team mouth back , still in perfect unison , ' That 's impossible . No one can give more than 100 % . By definition , that is the most anyone can give ' .
However , before the game , eight of the nine all @-@ star players suffer unrelated misfortunes that prevent them from playing : Clemens suddenly behaves like a chicken due to the hypnotist 's incompetence , Boggs is knocked unconscious by Barney after a bizarre argument at Moe 's Tavern ( over who was England 's greatest Prime Minister , Lord Palmerston or Pitt the Elder ) , Griffey , Jr. takes an overdose of nerve tonic , resulting in an extreme case of gigantism , Sax is arrested and put in jail for every unsolved murder in New York City , Smith disappears in the " Springfield mystery spot " , Canseco is too busy rescuing a woman and her possessions from a fire , Mattingly is kicked off the team by Mr. Burns due to sideburns only he can see , and Scioscia is hospitalized due to radiation poisoning from the plant , having taken his token job all too seriously . Mr. Burns is forced to use his original employees , along with Strawberry , the only star who can play . He made a speech that he knows that his team hated him for what he did to them and he tells them to win . Homer remains on the bench as Strawberry plays his position .
With the score tied and bases loaded with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning , Mr. Burns elects to field a right @-@ handed hitter against a left @-@ handed pitcher and pinch hits Homer for Strawberry . The very first pitch hits Homer in the head , rendering him unconscious , but forcing in the winning run . The team wins the title and Homer , still unconscious , is paraded as a hero . Smithers holds the trophy . Mr. Burns thinks about it . Homer lying on the ground .
= = Production = =
" Homer at the Bat " took a long time to produce . It was written by John Swartzwelder , who is a big baseball fan , but was suggested by Sam Simon , who wanted an episode filled with real Major League Baseball players . Executive producers Al Jean and Mike Reiss doubted that they would be able to get nine players , thinking that they would be able to get three at best . However , they succeeded , and the nine players who agreed to guest star were recorded over a period of six months , whenever they were playing the Los Angeles Dodgers or California Angels . Each player recorded their part in roughly five minutes and spent the next hour writing autographs for the staff . In several cases , the writers were unable to get the player who was their first choice . Two of the players who turned down the chance to guest star were Ryne Sandberg and Carlton Fisk .
All of the players were cooperative except for Jose Canseco , who was intimidating . He disliked his original part and insisted it be rewritten , and the writers grudgingly made him as heroic as possible . He was originally slated to wake up in bed with Edna Krabappel and miss the game , but Canseco 's then @-@ wife , Esther Haddad , objected . He disliked his caricature , stating that " the animation looked nothing like [ him ] , " but that he found the acting was very easy . When asked in 2007 about his part by the San Jose Mercury News , he responded , " that was 100 years ago , " hung up the phone and did not answer any of the paper 's subsequent calls for an interview about his guest spot .
Ken Griffey , Jr. did not understand his line " there 's a party in my mouth and everyone 's invited " and got quite frustrated when he was recording it . He was directed by Mike Reiss , and his father Ken Griffey , Sr. was also present , trying to coach his son . Roger Clemens , who made his own chicken noises , was directed by Jeff Martin , as was Wade Boggs . Mike Reiss directed most of the other players . Mike Scioscia accepted his guest spot in " half a second , " while Ozzie Smith has stated that he would like to guest star again " so [ he ] can get out [ of the Springfield Mystery spot ] . " Don Mattingly , who was forced to shave off his " sideburns " by Mr. Burns during the episode , would later have an actual " haircut controversy " , while he was playing for the New York Yankees . The coaching staff forced him to cut his long hair , and was briefly dropped from the team line @-@ up for not doing so . Many people believed the joke in the episode to be a reference to the incident , but " Homer at the Bat " was recorded a year before it happened . Many of the guest stars , including Terry Cashman , Wade Boggs and Darryl Strawberry all
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Head of the Department of Physics at Washington University in St. Louis in 1920 . In 1922 , he found that X @-@ ray quanta scattered by free electrons had longer wavelengths and , in accordance with Planck 's relation , less energy than the incoming X @-@ rays , the surplus energy having been transferred to the electrons . This discovery , known as the " Compton effect " or " Compton scattering " , demonstrated the particle concept of electromagnetic radiation .
In 1923 , Compton published a paper in the Physical Review that explained the X @-@ ray shift by attributing particle @-@ like momentum to photons , something Einstein had invoked for his 1905 Nobel Prize – winning explanation of the photo @-@ electric effect . First postulated by Max Planck in 1900 , these were conceptualized as elements of light " quantized " by containing a specific amount of energy depending only on the frequency of the light . In his paper , Compton derived the mathematical relationship between the shift in wavelength and the scattering angle of the X @-@ rays by assuming that each scattered X @-@ ray photon interacted with only one electron . His paper concludes by reporting on experiments that verified his derived relation :
<formula>
where
<formula> is the initial wavelength ,
<formula> is the wavelength after scattering ,
<formula> is the Planck constant ,
<formula> is the electron rest mass ,
<formula> is the speed of light , and
<formula> is the scattering angle .
The quantity h ⁄ mec is known as the Compton wavelength of the electron ; it is equal to 2 @.@ 43 × 10 − 12 m . The wavelength shift λ ′ − λ lies between zero ( for θ
= 0 ° ) and twice the Compton wavelength of the electron ( for θ =
180 ° ) . He found that some X @-@ rays experienced no wavelength shift despite being scattered through large angles ; in each of these cases the photon failed to eject an electron . Thus the magnitude of the shift is related not to the Compton wavelength of the electron , but to the Compton wavelength of the entire atom , which can be upwards of 10 @,@ 000 times smaller .
" When I presented my results at a meeting of the American Physical Society in 1923 , " Compton later recalled , " it initiated the most hotly contested scientific controversy that I have ever known . " The wave nature of light had been well demonstrated , and the idea that it could have a dual nature was not easily accepted . It was particularly telling that diffraction in a crystal lattice could only be explained with reference to its wave nature . It earned Compton the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927 . Compton and Alfred W. Simon developed the method for observing at the same instant individual scattered X @-@ ray photons and the recoil electrons . In Germany , Walther Bothe and Hans Geiger independently developed a similar method .
= = = X @-@ rays = = =
In 1923 , Compton moved to the University of Chicago as Professor of Physics , a position he would occupy for the next 22 years . In 1925 , he demonstrated that the scattering of 130 @,@ 000 @-@ volt X @-@ rays from the first sixteen elements in the periodic table ( hydrogen through sulfur ) were polarized , a result predicted by J. J. Thomson . William Duane from Harvard University spearheaded an effort to prove that Compton 's interpretation of the Compton effect was wrong . Duane carried out a series of experiments to disprove Compton , but instead found evidence that Compton was correct . In 1924 , Duane conceded that this was the case .
Compton investigated the effect of X @-@ rays on the sodium and chlorine nuclei in salt . He used X @-@ rays to investigate ferromagnetism , concluding that it was a result of the alignment of electron spins . In 1926 , he became a consultant for the Lamp Department at General Electric . In 1934 , he returned to England as Eastman visiting professor at Oxford University . While there General Electric asked him to report on activities at General Electric Company plc 's research laboratory at Wembley . Compton was intrigued by the possibilities of the research there into fluorescent lamps . His report prompted a research program in America that developed it .
Compton 's first book , X @-@ Rays and Electrons , was published in 1926 . In it he showed how to calculate the densities of diffracting materials from their X @-@ ray diffraction patterns . He revised his book with the help of Samuel K. Allison to produce X @-@ Rays in Theory and Experiment ( 1935 ) . This work remained a standard reference for the next three decades .
= = = Cosmic rays = = =
By the early 1930s , Compton had become interested in cosmic rays . At the time , their existence was known but their origin and nature remained speculative . Their presence could be detected using a spherical " bomb " containing compressed air or argon gas and measuring its electrical conductivity . Trips to Europe , India , Mexico , Peru and Australia gave Compton the opportunity to measure cosmic rays at different altitudes and latitudes . Along with other groups who made observations around the globe , they found that cosmic rays were 15 per cent more intense at the poles than at the equator . Compton attributed this to the effect of cosmic rays being made up principally of charged particles , rather than photons as Robert Millikan had suggested , with the latitude effect being due to Earth 's magnetic field .
= = Manhattan Project = =
In April 1941 , Vannevar Bush , head of the wartime National Defense Research Committee ( NDRC ) , created a special committee headed by Compton to report on the NDRC uranium program . Compton 's report , which was submitted in May 1941 , foresaw the prospects of developing radiological weapons , nuclear propulsion for ships , and nuclear weapons using uranium @-@ 235 or the recently discovered plutonium . In October he wrote another report on the practicality of an atomic bomb . For this report , he worked with Enrico Fermi on calculations of the critical mass of uranium @-@ 235 , conservatively estimating it to be between 20 kilograms ( 44 lb ) and 2 tonnes ( 2 @.@ 0 long tons ; 2 @.@ 2 short tons ) . He also discussed the prospects for uranium enrichment with Harold Urey , spoke with Eugene Wigner about how plutonium might be produced in a nuclear reactor , and with Robert Serber about how the plutonium produced in a reactor might be separated from uranium . His report , submitted in November , stated that a bomb was feasible , although he was more conservative about its destructive power than Mark Oliphant and his British colleagues .
The final draft of Compton 's November report made no mention of using plutonium , but after discussing the latest research with Ernest Lawrence , Compton became convinced that a plutonium bomb was also feasible . In December , Compton was placed in charge of the plutonium project . He hoped to achieve a controlled chain reaction by January 1943 , and to have a bomb by January 1945 . To tackle the problem , he had the different research groups working on plutonium and nuclear reactor design at Columbia University , Princeton University and the University of California , Berkeley , concentrated together as the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago . Its objectives were to produce reactors to convert uranium to plutonium , to find ways to chemically separate the plutonium from the uranium , and to design and build an atomic bomb .
In June 1942 , the United States Army Corps of Engineers assumed control of the nuclear weapons program and Compton 's Metallurgical Laboratory became part of the Manhattan Project . That month , Compton gave Robert Oppenheimer responsibility for bomb design . It fell to Compton to decide which of the different types of reactor designs that the Metallurgical Laboratory scientists had devised should be pursued , even though a successful reactor had not yet been built .
When labor disputes delayed construction of the Metallurgical Laboratory 's new home in the Red Gate Woods , Compton decided to build Chicago Pile @-@ 1 , the first nuclear reactor , under the stands at Stagg Field . Under Fermi 's direction , it went critical on December 2 , 1942 . Compton arranged for Mallinckrodt to undertake the purification of uranium ore , and with DuPont to build the plutonium semi @-@ works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee .
A major crisis for the plutonium program occurred in July 1943 , when Emilio Segrè 's group confirmed that plutonium created in the X @-@ 10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge contained high levels of plutonium @-@ 240 . Its spontaneous fission ruled out the use of plutonium in a gun @-@ type nuclear weapon . Oppenheimer 's Los Alamos Laboratory met the challenge by designing and building an implosion @-@ type nuclear weapon .
Compton was at the Hanford site in September 1944 to watch the first reactor being brought online . The first batch of uranium slugs was fed into Reactor B at Hanford in November 1944 , and shipments of plutonium to Los Alamos began in February 1945 . Throughout the war , Compton would remain a prominent scientific adviser and administrator . In 1945 , he served , along with Lawrence , Oppenheimer , and Fermi , on the Scientific Panel that recommended military use of the atomic bomb against Japan . He was awarded the Medal for Merit for his services to the Manhattan Project .
= = Return to Washington University = =
After the war ended , Compton resigned his chair as Charles H. Swift Distinguished Service Professor of Physics at the University of Chicago and returned to Washington University in St. Louis , where he was inaugurated as the university 's ninth Chancellor in 1946 . During Compton 's time as Chancellor , the university formally desegregated its undergraduate divisions in 1952 , named its first female full professor , and enrolled record numbers of students as wartime veterans returned to the United States . His reputation and connections in national scientific circles allowed him to recruit many nationally renowned scientific researchers to the university . Despite Compton 's accomplishments , he was criticized then , and subsequently by historians , for moving too slowly toward full racial integration , making Washington University the last major institution of higher learning in St. Louis to open its doors to African Americans .
Compton retired as Chancellor in 1954 , but remained on the faculty as Distinguished Service Professor of Natural Philosophy until his retirement from the full @-@ time faculty in 1961 . In retirement he wrote Atomic Quest , a personal account of his role in the Manhattan Project , which was published in 1956 .
= = Philosophy = =
Compton was one of a handful of scientists and philosophers to propose a two @-@ stage model of free will . Others include William James , Henri Poincaré , Karl Popper , Henry Margenau , and Daniel Dennett . In 1931 , Compton championed the idea of human freedom based on quantum indeterminacy and invented the notion of amplification of microscopic quantum events to bring chance into the macroscopic world . In his somewhat bizarre mechanism , he imagined sticks of dynamite attached to his amplifier , anticipating the Schrödinger 's cat paradox , which was published in 1935 .
Reacting to criticisms that his ideas made chance the direct cause of people 's actions , Compton clarified the two @-@ stage nature of his idea in an Atlantic Monthly article in 1955 . First there is a range of random possible events , then one adds a determining factor in the act of choice .
A set of known physical conditions is not adequate to specify precisely what a forthcoming event will be . These conditions , insofar as they can be known , define instead a range of possible events from among which some particular event will occur . When one exercises freedom , by his act of choice he is himself adding a factor not supplied by the physical conditions and is thus himself determining what will occur . That he does so is known only to the person himself . From the outside one can see in his act only the working of physical law . It is the inner knowledge that he is in fact doing what he intends to do that tells the actor himself that he is free .
= = Death and legacy = =
Compton died in Berkeley , California , from a cerebral hemorrhage on March 15 , 1962 . He was survived by his wife and sons , and buried in the Wooster Cemetery in Wooster , Ohio .
Compton received many awards in his lifetime , including the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1927 , the Matteucci Gold Medal in 1933 , the Royal Society 's Hughes Medal and the Franklin Institute 's Benjamin Franklin Medal in 1940 . He is commemorated in various ways . The Compton crater on the Moon is co @-@ named for Compton and his brother Karl . The physics research building at Washington University in St Louis is named in his honor . Compton invented a more gentle , elongated , and ramped version of the speed bump called the " Holly hump , " many of which are on the roads of the Washington University campus . The University of Chicago Residence Halls remembered Compton and his achievements by dedicating Arthur H. Compton House in Chicago in his honor . It is now listed as a National Historic Landmark . Compton also has a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame . NASA 's Compton Gamma Ray Observatory was named in honor of Compton . The Compton effect is central to the gamma ray detection instruments aboard the observatory .
= Lockheed Have Blue =
Lockheed Have Blue was the code name for Lockheed 's demonstrator ( i.e. , " proof of concept " ) that preceded the F @-@ 117 Nighthawk production stealth aircraft . Have Blue was designed by Lockheed 's Skunk Works division , and tested at Groom Lake , Nevada . The Have Blue was the first fixed @-@ wing aircraft designed from an electrical engineering ( rather than an aerospace engineering ) perspective . The aircraft 's plate @-@ like , faceted shape was designed to deflect electromagnetic waves in directions other than that of the originating radar emitter , greatly reducing its radar cross @-@ section . Two flyable vehicles were constructed , but both crashed during the flight @-@ test program .
In the 1970s , it became increasingly apparent to U.S. planners that , in a military confrontation with Warsaw Pact forces , NATO aircraft would quickly suffer heavy losses . This came as a result of sophisticated Soviet defense networks , which used surveillance radars and radar @-@ guided surface @-@ to @-@ air missiles ( SAM ) and anti @-@ aircraft artillery to seek and eliminate enemy aircraft . Consequently , the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency ( DARPA ) started a study on low @-@ observability aircraft , seeking to design and produce an operational stealth aircraft . Five companies were initially invited , three of which bowed out early . The remaining two were later joined by Lockheed .
To design the aircraft , the Skunk Works ' design team devised a computer program to calculate the radar cross @-@ sections ( RCS ) of various designs . The eventual design characteristically featured faceted surfaces to deflect radar waves elsewhere . It had highly @-@ swept wings and inward @-@ canted vertical stabilizers , which led to its being nicknamed " Hopeless Diamond " . The first operational aircraft made its maiden flight on 1 December 1977 . The flight test program validated the feasibility of a flyable stealth aircraft . However , both prototypes were lost due to mechanical problems . Nevertheless , Have Blue was deemed a success , paving the way for the first operational stealth aircraft , Senior Trend , or F @-@ 117 Nighthawk .
= = Design and development = =
= = = Origins = = =
The Lockheed Have Blue was born out of a requirement to evade radar detection . During the Vietnam War , radar @-@ guided surface @-@ to @-@ air missiles ( SAM ) and anti @-@ aircraft artillery ( AAA ) posed a significant threat to US aircraft . As such , strike aircraft during the war often required support aircraft to perform combat air patrols and suppression of enemy air defenses ( SEAD ) . The 1973 Yom Kippur War again highlighted the vulnerability of aircraft to SAMs – the Israeli Air Force lost 109 aircraft in 18 days . During the Cold War , the Soviet Union developed an integrated defense network , central to which were medium- to long @-@ range surveillance radars . SAMs and AAAs would be set up around key locations to defend them from incoming enemy aircraft . If the loss ratio of Israel during the Yom Kippur War was experienced by NATO forces during a military confrontation with the Warsaw Pact , NATO aircraft numbers would be depleted within two weeks .
In 1974 , DARPA secretly requested answers from five aircraft manufacturers regarding two considerations . The first was about the signature thresholds at which an aircraft is virtually undetectable . The second point was whether these companies had the capacity to design and manufacture such an aircraft . Fairchild and Grumman declined to participate , while General Dynamics insisted on the use of electronic countermeasures . As a result , General Dynamics left the discussion . The remaining two companies , McDonnell Douglas and Northrop , were each awarded $ 100 @,@ 000 for further research .
= = = Design effort and early testing = = =
Lockheed , having been absent from the fighter aircraft industry for 10 years , was not approached by DARPA in 1974 . Ed Martin , Lockheed California Companies director of science and engineering , became aware of the research into stealth during his work at the Pentagon and Wright @-@ Patterson AFB . Martin and Ben Rich , who at that time had recently become Skunk Works ' president , briefed Clarence " Kelly " Johnson on the program . The Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) gave Skunk Works permission to discuss with DARPA on the stealth characteristics of the A @-@ 12 and D @-@ 21 . Rich and Martin formally requested DARPA for the company to participate in the program , but the agency initially refused because there were insufficient funds ; after much debate , Lockheed was allowed entry , albeit without a government contract .
Preliminary designer Dick Scherrer requested possible shapes upon which he could base his low radar cross @-@ section ( RCS ) design . He was introduced to Denys Overholser , who recommended an aircraft with flat surfaces . Overholser later recounted his discussion with Sherrer : " When Dick Scherrer asked me ... I said ' Well , it 's simple , you just make it out of flat surfaces , and tilt those flat surfaces over , sweeping the edges away from the radar view angle , and that way you basically cause the energy to reflect away from the radar . ' " Scherror subsequently drew a preliminary low @-@ RCS aircraft with faceted surfaces . At the same time , Overholser hired mathematician Bill Schroeder , with whom he had a prior working relationship – in fact , it was Schroeder who trained Overholser on mathematics relating to stealth aircraft . Kenneth Watson was hired as the senior lead aircraft designer .
During the next few weeks , the team created a computer program which could evaluate the RCS of possible designs . The RCS @-@ prediction software was called " ECHO 1 " . As tests with the program proceeded , it became apparent that edge calculations by the program were incorrect due to diffraction . In 1964 , Pyotr Ufimtsev , the chief scientist of the Moscow Institute for Radio Engineering , published a seminal paper titled Method of Edge Waves in the Physical Theory of Diffraction . The work was translated by the Air Force Systems Command 's Foreign Technnology Division ; subsequently , Overholser incorporated elements of Ufimtsev 's work to refine the software . ECHO 1 allowed the team to quickly decide which of the 20 possible designs were optimal , finally settling on the faceted delta @-@ wing design . However , many within the division were skeptical of the shape , giving rise to the name " Hopeless Diamond " – Kelly Johnson said to Rich , " Our old D @-@ 21 drone has a lower radar cross @-@ section than that goddamn diamond " .
In May 1975 , the Skunk
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he was initially sympathetic to Ion Antonescu 's pro @-@ German dictatorship ( see Romania during World War II ) — Dinu Brătianu , who remained in opposition to the Antonescu regime , made mention an official visit to Bessarabia , recovered after the start of Operation Barbarossa , when Tătărescu had accompanied Antonescu , " thus making common cause with his warmongering action " . At the time , his daughter Sandra Tătărescu Negropontes worked as an ambulance driver for the Romanian Red Cross .
In the end , Tătărescu became involved in negotiations aimed at withdrawing Romania from the conflict , and , while beginning talks with the Romanian Communist Party ( PCR ) , tried to build foreign connections to support Romania 's cause following the inevitable defeat ; he thus corresponded with Edvard Beneš , leader of the Czechoslovak government in exile in England . Beneš , who had already been discussing matters involving Romania with Richard Franasovici and Grigore Gafencu , and had agreed to support the Romanian cause , informed the Allied governments of Tătărescu 's designs .
Tătărescu later contrasted his diplomatic approach with the strategy of Barbu Știrbey ( who had only attempted an agreement with the Western Allies in Cairo , instead of opening relations with the Soviets ) . Initially meeting with the refusal of Iuliu Maniu and Dinu Brătianu ( who decided to invest their trust in Știrbey ) , he was relatively successful after the Cairo initiative proved fruitless : the two traditional parties accepted collaboration with the bloc formed by the PCR , the Romanian Social Democratic Party , the Ploughmen 's Front , and the Socialist Peasants ' Party , leading to the formation of the short @-@ lived and unstable National Democratic Bloc ( BND ) in June 1944 . It overthrew Antonescu in August , by means of the successful King Michael Coup .
= = Alliance with the Communists = =
Tătărescu returned to the PNL later in 1944 — after the Soviet Red Army had entered Romania and the country had become an Allied state , political parties were again allowed to register . Nevertheless , Tătărescu was again opposed to the party leaders Dinu and Gheorghe I. Brătianu , and split to form his own group in June – July 1945 . Dinu Brătianu convened the PNL leadership and formally excluded Tătărescu and his partisans , citing their support for dictatorial regimes .
As the PCR , which was growing more influential ( with the backing of Soviet occupation ) while generally lacking popular appeal , sought to form alliances with various forces in order to increase its backing , Tătărescu declared his group to be left @-@ wing and Social liberal , while attempting to preserve a middle course in the new political setting , by pleading for close relations to be maintained with both the Soviet Union and the Western Allies . N. D. Cocea , a prominent socialist who had joined the PNL , represented the faction in talks for an alliance with the Communists . The agreement , favored by Ana Pauker , was vehemently opposed by another member of the Communist leadership , Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu , who argued in favor of " making a distinction inside the bourgeoisie " , and collaborating with the main PNL , while calling Tătărescu 's faction " a gang of con artists , blackmailers , and well @-@ known bribers " .
Tătărescu became Foreign Minister and vice president of the government in the cabinet of Petru Groza when the latter came into office after Soviet pressures in 1945 ; his faction had been awarded leadership of four other ministries — Finance , with three successive office @-@ holders ( of whom the last was Alexandru Alexandrini ) , Public Works , with Gheorghe Vântu , Industry ( with Petre N. Bejan ) , and Religious Affairs , with Radu Roșculeț . He indirectly helped the PCR carry out an electoral fraud during the general election in 1946 by failing to reply to American proposals for organizing fair elections . At the Paris Conference , where he was accompanied by the PCR leaders Gheorghe Gheorghiu @-@ Dej and Pătrășcanu , he acknowledged the dissolution of Greater Romania under the provisions of the new Treaty ( 1947 ) .
= = 1947 and after = =
Tensions between his group with the PCR occurred when the former founded itself as a party under the name of National @-@ Liberal Party ( commonly known as the National Liberal Party @-@ Tătărescu ) , and , in June – July 1945 , proclaimed its goal to be the preservation of property and a middle class under a new regime . Of himself and his principles , Tătărescu stated :
" I am not a communist . Taking in view my attitudes towards mankind , society , property , I am not a communist . Thus , the new orientation in external politics which I demand for my country cannot be accused of being determined by affinities or sympathies of doctrine . "
Speaking in retrospect , Gheorghiu @-@ Dej indicated the actual relation between his party and Tătărescu 's : " we have had to tolerate by our side a capitalist @-@ gentry political group , Tătărescu 's group " .
Tătărescu himself continued to show his support for several PCR policies : in the summer of 1947 , he condemned the United States for having protested against the repression of forces in the opposition . Nevertheless , at around the same time , he issued his own critique of the Groza government , becoming the target of violent attacks initiated by Miron Constantinescu in the PCR press . Consequently , he was singled out for negligence in office when , during the kangaroo trial of Iuliu Maniu ( see Tămădău Affair ) , it was alleged that several employees of his ministry had conspired against the government . Scînteia , the official voice of the PCR , wrote of all National Liberal Party @-@ Tătărescu offices in the government : " The rot is all @-@ encompassing ! It has to be removed ! " .
Tătărescu resigned his office on 6 November 1947 , and was replaced by the Communist Ana Pauker . For the following two months , he was sidelined in his own party by PCR pressures , and removed from its leadership in January 1948 ( being replaced with Petre N. Bejan — the party was subsequently known as National Liberal Party @-@ Petre N. Bejan ) . One of his last actions as cabinet member had been to sign the document officially rejecting the Marshall Plan .
After the proclamation of the People 's Republic of Romania on 30 December 1947 , the existence of all parties other than the PCR had become purely formal , and , after the elections of 28 March the one @-@ party state was confirmed by legislation . He was arrested on 5 May 1950 , and held in the notorious Sighet prison ( alongside three of his brothers — Ștefan Tătărescu included — and his former collaborator Bejan ) . His son Tudor , who was living in Paris , suffered from schizophrenia after 1950 , and had to be committed to an institution ( where he died in 1955 ) . Sandra Tătărescu Negropontes was also imprisoned in 1950 , and released three years later , upon the death of Joseph Stalin .
One of Gheorghe Tătărescu 's last appearances in public was his stand as one of the prosecution 's witnesses in the 1954 trial of Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu , when he claimed that the defendant had been infiltrated into the PCR during the time when he had been premier ( Pătrășcanu was posthumously cleared of all charges ) . Released in 1955 , Tătărescu died in Bucharest , less than two years later . According to Sanda Tătărescu Negropontes , this came as a result of tuberculosis contracted while in detention .
= Someday ( I Will Understand ) =
" Someday ( I Will Understand ) " is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears . It was written by Spears and produced by Guy Sigsworth . The song was released on August 18 , 2005 , by Jive Records , as the sole single from Spears ' first extended play , Britney & Kevin : Chaotic ( 2005 ) . In July 2004 , Spears announced her engagement to American dancer Kevin Federline , later revealing she would be taking another career break to start a family . Spears wrote the song two weeks before knowing she was pregnant with her first child , Sean Preston Federline . A pop ballad , " Someday ( I Will Understand ) " lyrics refer to a feeling of empowerment as a pregnant woman . A remixed version of the song was included on the 2005 remix compilation , B in the Mix : The Remixes .
" Someday ( I Will Understand ) " has received mixed reviews from music critics . A few reviewers considered it as a lesson on the singer 's history and a " tear @-@ jerker " ballad , while others considered it a non @-@ savable " flop single " . The song reached the top ten in Denmark , Sweden and Switzerland and also charted in a number of European countries . An accompanying music video , directed by Michael Haussman , premiered on the finale of Britney & Kevin : Chaotic . Entirely shot in black @-@ and @-@ white , the music video features Spears as a pregnant woman and portrays a transformation of her character . Contemporary critics noted the video as a departure from Spears ' previous music videos , while comparing the imagery of it to American entertainer Madonna 's Kabbalah makeover .
= = Background = =
In July 2004 , Spears announced her engagement to American dancer Kevin Federline , whom she had met three months before . The romance received intense attention from the media , since Federline had recently broken up with actress Shar Jackson , who was still pregnant with their second child at the time . The initial stages of their relationship were chronicled in Spears 's first reality show Britney & Kevin : Chaotic . They held a wedding ceremony on September 18 , 2004 , but were not legally married until three weeks later on October 6 due to a delay finalizing the couple 's prenuptial agreement . In October 2004 , the singer announced she would be taking another career break to start a family . Spears gave birth to her first child , Sean Preston Federline , on September 14 , 2005 .
" Someday ( I Will Understand ) " was composed by Spears on the piano at her house , two weeks before she learned of her pregnancy with Sean Preston . She explained the song came " like a prophecy ... when you 're pregnant , you 're empowered " . It was produced by Guy Sigsworth , who previously worked with the singer on " Everytime " ( 2003 ) . Spears recorded her vocals for the song at Conway Studios in Los Angeles , California , and at Frou Frou Central in London . The piano was played by Spears herself , while all other instruments and mixing were done by Sigsworth . Background vocals for the song were provided by Kate Havnevik .
= = Critical response = =
" Someday ( I Will Understand ) " received mixed reviews from music critics . While reviewing Britney & Kevin : Chaotic , Mike McGuirk of Rhapsody noted , " Britney now sings about either the husband or the kid . ( Sorry , people . It 's a sad day for the middle @-@ aged American male sicko . ) For everyone else , these bonus tracks further Spears ' upward path of totally bangin ' production and almost uncanny Prince @-@ channeling . " Gil Kaufman of MTV thought the song a " horrible Britney ballad with the black @-@ and @-@ white video that began her descent into madness . " Leo Ebersole of Chicago Tribune considered it " a fictional piece " , while another reviewer from the same newspaper noted that " as a matter of fact , the song is more or less a lesson in Britney history . " Becky Bain of Idolator praised the track , stating that " Britney goes genuine for this ode to her unborn baby . " Kurt Kirton of About.com said that " And Then We Kiss " and other remixes of songs like " Toxic " and " Someday ( I Will Understand ) " on the remix album B in the Mix : The Remixes " hold their own " . IGN writer Spence D. noted the Hi @-@ Bias Signature Radio Remix " reverberates with all the clichés that often stifle the music that rustles through the late night / early morning club scenes around the world . " Rolling Stone contributor Barry Walters gave the song 's remix a negative review , saying that " nothing can rescue Spears ' freakishly sappy flop single " Someday ( I Will Understand ) " . " Bradley Stern also of MTV , however , praised the Leama & Moor Remix , saying it " transforms the tearjerker of a ballad into a full @-@ on trance anthem . Big beats , stuttering vocals -- it 's heartbreak on the dance floor . "
= = Commercial performance = =
On September 1 , 2005 , " Someday ( I Will Understand ) " debuted at number 46 on the Swedish Singles Chart . It peaked at number 10 the following week . In Switzerland , the song debuted at number eight on the week of September 4 , 2005 . On September 9 , 2005 , the song debuted in the Danish Singles Chart at number 11 . The following week , it peaked at the eight position . " Someday ( I Will Understand ) " also reached the top 20 in Belgium ( Flanders and Wallonia ) , Finland and Norway and charted in Austria and the Netherlands . " Someday ( I Will Understand ) " has sold 60 @,@ 000 paid digital downloads in the United States , according to Nielsen SoundScan .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Someday ( I Will Understand ) " was directed by Michael Haussman . Spears commented that he " [ did ] a great job capturing the song , the essence and the emotion " and added that the video had " a different feeling " from any of her previous videos . It was shot entirely in black @-@ and @-@ white . Spears asserted that her life had " come full circle " and implied that in the process she underwent changes in her soul and body , as shown in the video . It premiered on June 14 , 2005 during the fifth and last episode of Spears 's reality show Britney & Kevin : Chaotic , titled " Veil of Secrecy " . The music video features a pregnant Spears lying in bed and walking around a house while singing to her unborn child . She also gazes through the window at the Roman sculptures in the garden .
Dana Alice Heller noted that her provocative costuming and dancing are replaced in the video with a solitary , fabric @-@ draped Spears that evokes an ethereal calmness . Heller compared the imagery to Madonna 's Kabbalah makeover , but added that while Madonna was " in her thirties after a tabloid head @-@ lining first marriage and a few other misguided relationships , Spears was only twenty @-@ two , making her transformation seem forced " . Hayley Butler of Jam ! said " the video is a far cry from the snake handling , sweating and skimpy Britney videos of the past . Dressed in a classy silk dress , she runs through gardens , lies in bed and walks through the grass , all with a burgeoning belly . " John Mitchel of MTV included the video on the list " Beyonce , Britney And Madonna : What To Expect When You 're Expecting — Music Video Edition " in 2011 . Despite praising the track , Idolator blogger Becky Bain stated that " at this point she still looks like a teenager herself , so it 's a little disconcerting seeing her with that huge belly , singing about motherhood . "
= = Track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Source :
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
= Willie Mount =
Willie Landry Mount ( born August 25 , 1949 ) is an American politician from Louisiana who served as a Democratic member of the Louisiana State Senate from 2000 to 2012 . She represented District 27 , which includes parts of Lake Charles and the surrounding cities of Sulphur and Westlake . From 1993 to 1999 , Mount was the first female to have served as the mayor of Lake Charles .
Mount was a candidate in the 2004 U.S. House of Representatives election for Louisiana 's 7th congressional district . She was defeated by Republican Charles Boustany in a contested general election campaign that received national attention .
= = Personal life = =
Born and reared in Lake Charles , Mount in 1974 obtained a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from McNeese State University in Lake Charles . She owned a small business and worked as a real estate agent and pharmaceutical representative for Lederle Laboratories . Mount resides in her hometown with her husband , attorney Benjamin Mount ; they have no children .
= = Career = =
Mount had been active in community work , through organizations such as the Junior League of Lake Charles , and ran for mayor of Lake Charles in 1993 , winning against Paul Savoie , a Democrat and a former mayor . During her tenure she served as president of the Louisiana Conference of Mayors and supported restoration efforts following hurricanes . To this end Mount testified before Congress in support of the Conservation and Reinvestment Act of 1999 . She also co @-@ sponsored the building of an Amtrak station , modeled after an older station that had been destroyed in a fire . In an effort to succeed retiring state senator James J. Cox , Mount announced her senate candidacy on October 19 , 1999 , while addressing the Calcasieu Parish School Board , which she asked to support her . Upon being elected , Mount resigned as mayor and City Council President Rodney Geyen took over the office .
In the senate , Mount served on a variety of committees , chairing the Senate Committees on Coastal Restoration and Flood Control , Revenue and Fiscal Affairs , and also serving as Vice @-@ Chair of the Senate Committee on Education . In 2008 , she became chairwoman of the Senate Committee on Health and Welfare . Mount often sponsors legislation regarding health and public service . This includes bills intended to identify sex offenders and enact term limits for various boards and commissions . She was responsible for passing these term limits as an amendment to the Louisiana Constitution , as SB 232 on November 4 , 2008 . Mount also sponsored legislation to merge New Orleans criminal and civil district courts , create a childhood and family learning center , couple the opening of new hospice care providers with inspections of existing ones , allow police to suspend driver 's licenses of teenagers with problems at school , and create a state @-@ run internet database providing information on the quality of health care providers . Mount was responsible for legislation that made Louisiana water fluoridation mandatory , and , in her capacity as chair of the Senate Health committee , Mount in 2008 declared major Louisiana health care reform unlikely without prior federal reform .
As senator , Mount raised funds for health care facilities ( Mount had herself roasted in support of the Southwest Louisiana Center for Health Services ) . Mount is a member of a number of boards and charitable organisations and provides an annual compilation of " Louisiana positives " about Louisiana 's standing in national ratings . Due to term limits , Mount was eligible to serve as senator until 2012 .
= = 2004 Congressional race = =
Mount ran for Congress in 2004 to succeed Chris John , who had announced his retirement from the U.S. House of Representatives to run for the U.S. Senate . She positioned herself as a conservative Democrat , supportive of balanced budgets and conservative social views , emphasizing job creation , health care and her opposition to offshoring . Her major Democratic opponent in the jungle primary was African American State Senator Don Cravins , Sr. , the father of another lawmaker , Don Cravins , Jr . , of Opelousas . Her major Republican opponent was Charles Boustany , a retired heart surgeon from Lafayette , who ran on a platform of preventing tax increases and passing a new energy bill . The Louisiana Democratic Party was supporting Mount , as Cravins was believed to be a weaker contestant in a run @-@ off . Polls taken in late October had shown Boustany , Cravins and Mount statistically tied and the election was hotly contested .
In the first ballot on November 2 , 2004 , Boustany and Mount garnered the most votes ; Cravins was defeated by less than two thousand votes . As both fell short of a majority , a second ballot was mandated . In the subsequent campaign , Mount criticized Boustany for favouring tax cuts for the rich and being indifferent to health care , while Boustany rejected the attacks as false and stressed his willingness to work with Democrats and Independents . Boustany in turn portrayed Mount as liberal and favoring tax increases . Mount also criticized Boustany for favoring the privatization of social security , an unpopular position in Louisiana , and as removed from the interests of voters . She received endorsements by U.S. Senator John Breaux , who had represented the 7th district for over fourteen years , and governor Kathleen Blanco . Boustany was helped by Vice President Dick Cheney , who campaigned on his behalf in Lake Charles . Mount , however , was not endorsed by Democratic primary opponent Don Cravins , who complained about the state Democratic Party 's endorsement of Mount in a partially party funded mailer that excluded him and which he believed contributed to his narrow loss . Cravins prepared a suit in federal court claiming that the state Democratic Party violated the Voting Rights Act .
In the general election on December 4 , 2004 , Boustany defeated Mount , 55 percent to 45 percent in an election with low voter turnout . Democrats had hoped on a big turnout , as the district is nearly a quarter African American , a reliable Democratic constituency . Analysis of the race suggested that Mount 's defeat was helped by the open primary system that had the Democratic candidates work against each other and led to Cravin 's conflict with the state Democratic Party which in turn led to suppressed voter turnout . The large number of negative advertisements was also cited as a factor that contributed to low turnout . Another detriment for Mount mentioned was the strong support for George W. Bush in the presidential election in the district , which he carried by about 60 percent . Following her defeat , Mount ruled out another campaign for the seat , but not a campaign for another state @-@ wide office .
When Mount left the Senate in 2012 , she was succeeded by a Republican , former State Representative Ronnie Johns of Sulphur , who ran unopposed for the open seat .
= = Campaign for tax assessor = =
In 2011 , Mount announced her candidacy for tax assessor of Calcasieu Parish . She received 13 @,@ 477 votes ( 38 @.@ 3 percent ) in the primary held on October 22 and promptly withdrew from the November 19 general election . Victory hence went to the acting assessor , Wendy Curphy Aguillard , an Independent who led the primary balloting with 17 @,@ 208 votes ( 48 @.@ 9 percent ) . A third candidate , Republican Mike Regan , was also eliminated in the primary , having received the remaining 4 @,@ 538 votes ( 12 @.@ 9 percent ) .
= = Electoral history = =
Mayor , City of Lake Charles , 1993
Threshold > 50 %
First Ballot , April 3 , 1993
Second Ballot , May 1 , 1993
Mount was unopposed for a second term as mayor .
Louisiana State Senator , 27th Senatorial District , 1999
October 23 , 1999
Mount was unopposed on October 4 , 2003 and October 20 , 2007 for her second and third term as state senator .
U.S. Representative , 7th Congressional District , 2004
Threshold > 50 %
First Ballot , November 2 , 2004
Second Ballot , December 4 , 2004
= No. 36 Squadron RAAF =
No. 36 Squadron is a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) strategic transport squadron . It operates Boeing C @-@ 17 Globemaster III heavy airlifters from RAAF Base Amberley , Queensland . The squadron has seen active service flying transport aircraft during World War II , the Korean War , the Indonesia – Malaysia Konfrontasi , the Vietnam War , and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq . It has also supported Australian humanitarian and peacekeeping operations around the world , including Somalia , Cambodia , East Timor and Indonesia .
The squadron was formed at RAAF Station Laverton , Victoria , in March 1942 , and equipped with Douglas DC @-@ 2s , among other aircraft . Later in the war it began operating Douglas C @-@ 47 Dakotas . From 1946 to 1953 it was controlled by No. 86 ( Transport ) Wing , which was based in New South Wales at RAAF Station Schofields and , later , RAAF Station Richmond . In 1953 it was re @-@ formed at Iwakuni , Japan , as part of No. 91 ( Composite ) Wing . It returned to Australia and the aegis of No. 86 Wing in 1955 . The squadron began re @-@ equipping with Lockheed C @-@ 130 Hercules at Richmond in 1958 , becoming the first non @-@ US operator of the type . Over the next half @-@ century it flew two models of Hercules , the C @-@ 130A and C @-@ 130H . The squadron transferred to Amberley in 2006 , when it took delivery of its first Globemaster .
= = Role and equipment = =
No. 36 Squadron is responsible for strategic air transport in Australia and overseas , conducting missions as part of military operations and humanitarian efforts . It is located at RAAF Base Amberley , Queensland , and controlled by No. 86 Wing , which is part of Air Mobility Group . The unit headquarters comprises executive , administrative and operational components . As well as aircrew , the squadron is staffed by maintenance personnel responsible for regular servicing of equipment ; they are frequently required to accompany the aircraft on deployments overseas . More complex servicing is conducted by Boeing . No. 36 Squadron 's official crest , approved in May 1966 , depicts a horse intended to symbolise strength , speed , mobility and dependability . The unit 's motto is " Sure " .
The squadron operates eight Boeing C @-@ 17 Globemaster IIIs , the first of which entered service in December 2006 . The eighth and last was delivered in November 2015 . The aircraft are generally crewed by two pilots and a loadmaster , the latter being responsible for the loading , carriage and unloading of cargo or passengers . The C @-@ 17 can carry 70 tonnes of equipment , and is large enough to accommodate helicopters , tanks and other military vehicles . It can also carry over 130 passengers , and is designed for aerial despatch of paratroops or cargo . The C @-@ 17 has a range of some 10 @,@ 000 km ( 6 @,@ 200 miles ) and is able to operate from short and unsealed airstrips . Flown with a joystick and fly @-@ by @-@ wire controls , the aircraft is also highly manoeuvrable and responsive considering its size . It can be refuelled in flight by the Airbus KC @-@ 30A Multi Role Tanker Transports operated by No. 33 Squadron .
= = History = =
= = = World War II = = =
During February and March 1942 , the RAAF formed four transport units : Nos. 33 , 34 , 35 and 36 Squadrons . No. 36 Squadron was established on 11 March at RAAF Station Laverton , Victoria , under the control of Southern Area Command . Its initial strength was twenty @-@ six personnel and one Douglas DC @-@ 2 . This was gradually built up to a force of six DC @-@ 2s , as well as examples of various de Havilland types including the DH.84 Dragon , DH.86 Express , DH.89 Dragon Rapide , and Tiger Moth . Tasked with transport operations throughout Australia and to Port Moresby , New Guinea , the squadron relocated to Essendon , Victoria , on 17 July . One of the DC @-@ 2s crashed at Seven Mile Aerodrome , Port Moresby , on 14 September ; all aboard were killed . The squadron was transferred to Townsville , Queensland , on 11 December 1942 . During 1943 , it maintained detachments at Essendon and in New Guinea , and began re @-@ equipping with twelve Douglas C @-@ 47 Dakotas .
On 27 March 1943 , a Dakota of No. 36 Squadron crashed on takeoff in pre @-@ dawn fog at RAAF Station Archerfield , killing all twenty @-@ three occupants , twenty of whom were RAAF or Women 's Auxiliary Australian Air Force personnel . The squadron relocated to Garbutt on 20 February 1944 . During the New Guinea campaign it was responsible for carrying troops and cargo , and undertaking courier runs and supply drops . In 1945 , a detachment of No. 36 Squadron Dakotas augmented No. 84 Wing 's operations in Bougainville , flying almost 800 sorties between January and June . The squadron lost two Dakotas on supply missions in Aitape during February 1945 . In August , it flew paratroopers into Singapore as part of the reoccupation of the city , after which it continued to transport troops and cargo , and repatriate prisoners of war . Following the end of hostilities , in March 1946 , a detachment of six Dakotas established a courier service between Morotai and Japan , where Australian units had joined the British Commonwealth Occupation Force .
= = = Berlin Airlift and Korean War = = =
On 19 August 1946 , No. 36 Squadron transferred to RAAF Station Schofields , New South Wales , where it came under the control of No. 86 ( Transport ) Wing along with Nos. 37 and 38 Squadrons , also operating Dakotas , and No. 486 ( Maintenance ) Squadron . No. 486 Squadron provided day @-@ to @-@ day servicing for each of the flying squadrons , deeper maintenance being handled by No. 2 Aircraft Depot , based at the nearby RAAF Station Richmond . Courier flights to Japan continued until December 1947 , a 21 @,@ 000 km ( 13 @,@ 000 @-@ mile ) round trip from Schofields . On 25 August 1948 , twenty staff from No. 36 Squadron joined five crews from No. 38 Squadron to take part in the Berlin Airlift , a commitment that lasted almost a year . The Australians delivered over 16 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 pounds ( 7 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 kg ) of supplies , and over 7 @,@ 000 passengers . In the absence of these crews , Nos. 36 and 38 Squadron operations were amalgamated , flying hours being recorded under the latter 's auspices . During June 1949 , No. 36 Squadron and the other extant components of No. 86 Wing , Nos.
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38 and 486 Squadrons , relocated from Schofields to Richmond .
Nos. 36 and 38 Squadrons began to operate separately again in June 1950 , following the return of crews from Berlin and No. 38 Squadron 's departure for service in the Malayan Emergency . No. 36 Squadron assumed control of the Governor @-@ General 's Flight in October 1950 . On 21 November 1952 , the squadron was awarded the Duke of Gloucester Cup for its proficiency . The return of No. 38 Squadron from Malaya in December stripped No. 36 Squadron of crews to ensure an even distribution of personnel among the two units . This led to No. 36 Squadron again merging with No. 38 Squadron . The former disbanded at Richmond on 9 March 1953 , re @-@ forming the next day from No. 30 Transport Unit at Iwakuni , Japan . Here it was part of No. 91 ( Composite ) Wing , which controlled the RAAF 's units during the Korean War and its immediate aftermath . Its complement included eight Dakotas and one CAC Wirraway . In July and August , the squadron evacuated over 900 Commonwealth prisoners of war . It departed Japan on 13 March 1955 , having carried over 42 @,@ 000 passengers and 6 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 pounds ( 2 @,@ 700 @,@ 000 kg ) of cargo , and was re @-@ established on 1 May at RAAF Base Canberra , where No. 86 Wing had transferred the previous year .
= = = Hercules era = = =
No. 36 Squadron handed over its six Dakotas to No. 38 Squadron in July 1958 , prior to re @-@ equipping with the Lockheed C @-@ 130 Hercules . It returned to Richmond in August , followed by the rest of No. 86 Wing a month later . After conversion training of its personnel in the United States , No. 36 Squadron became the first non @-@ US operator of the Hercules in December 1958 , when it began taking delivery of twelve C @-@ 130As ; deliveries completed in March 1959 . The official history of the post @-@ war Air Force described the Hercules as " probably the biggest step @-@ up in aircraft capabilities " the RAAF had ever received , considering it roughly four times as effective as the Dakota , taking into account the improvements in payload , range , and speed . In September 1960 , No. 36 Squadron began parachute trials on the Hercules . It made the Hercules ' first troop @-@ carrying flights into a combat zone in December 1962 , joining a Commonwealth airlift from Singapore to Borneo at the onset of the Konfrontasi between Indonesia and Malaysia ; similar missions were undertaken over the next five years . The squadron was again awarded the Gloucester Cup in 1963 .
In August 1964 , No. 36 Squadron became an independently operating unit under the command of Headquarters RAAF Base Richmond , following the disbandment of No. 86 Wing . No. 486 Squadron was disbanded at the same time , leaving No. 36 Squadron responsible for its own day @-@ to @-@ day maintenance until 1966 ; No. 486 Squadron was re @-@ formed that year to service both No. 36 Squadron and No. 37 Squadron , the latter having taken delivery of twelve C @-@ 130E Hercules . During the Vietnam War , both squadrons undertook long @-@ range transport and medical evacuation flights between Australia and South East Asia , servicing Phan Rang , Vung Tau , and Nui Dat . No. 36 Squadron was presented with its own standard by Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , on 1 April 1971 , in recognition of a quarter @-@ century 's service . Eight of its twelve Hercules were involved in relief efforts after Cyclone Tracy struck Darwin , Northern Territory , on Christmas Eve 1974 ; the aircraft flew over 550 hours , carrying 2 @,@ 864 passengers and almost 800 @,@ 000 pounds ( 360 @,@ 000 kg ) of cargo . Having remained in service for twenty years , clocking up 147 @,@ 000 accident @-@ free flying hours , the C @-@ 130As were replaced by C @-@ 130Hs in 1978 .
In November 1978 , one of No. 36 Squadron 's C @-@ 130Hs became the first Australian Hercules to land in Antarctica , at McMurdo Sound . The squadron reached a total of 200 @,@ 000 accident @-@ free flying hours in C @-@ 130s during 1984 . When No. 86 Wing was re @-@ formed at Richmond on 2 February 1987 , under the newly established Air Lift Group ( later Air Mobility Group ) , No. 36 Squadron formed part of its complement . The unit again received the Gloucester Cup in 1989 . That year , it provided transport for civilian passengers during the pilots ' dispute that curtailed operations by the two domestic airlines ; three aircraft and five crews undertook this task , over and above their normal duties . The squadron reached 100 @,@ 000 accident @-@ free flying hours on the C @-@ 130H during 1990 . In December 1990 and January 1991 , it flew missions to Dubai in support of Australia 's naval contribution to the Gulf War , and in 1993 transported Australian troops to Somalia as part of Operation Solace . Four of its C @-@ 130Hs were equipped with Electronic Warfare Self Protection packs , including radar and missile warning systems , and countermeasures such as chaff and flares , in 1994 . Later in the decade , one of the C @-@ 130Hs was fitted with signals intelligence equipment and crewed by RAAF and Defence Signals Directorate personnel .
Six of No. 36 Squadron 's Hercules evacuated over 450 civilians from Cambodia following the coup in July 1997 . The unit again became responsible for its own routine maintenance in 1998 , when No. 486 Squadron was disbanded . A detachment from No. 36 Squadron supported INTERFET operations in East Timor between September 1999 and February 2000 . The squadron was assigned four C @-@ 130Es previously operated by No. 37 Squadron during the latter 's transition to the new C @-@ 130J Super Hercules , which commenced in 1999 ; the E models were retired the following year . No. 36 Squadron was once more awarded the Gloucester Cup in 2001 . It took part in relief efforts following the Bali Bombings in October 2002 . In February 2003 , it deployed a detachment of two Hercules to the Middle East as part of the Australian contribution to the invasion of Iraq . The aircraft arrived on 10 February , and began flying transport sorties less than two weeks later . A No. 36 Squadron Hercules became the first Coalition aircraft to land at Al Asad Airbase , west of Baghdad , after it was secured by Australian special forces personnel . One aircraft was hit by ground fire near Baghdad on 27 June 2004 , killing a coalition passenger . The detachment remained in Iraq until September 2004 , when it was relieved by two C @-@ 130Js from No. 37 Squadron . No. 36 Squadron also participated in Operation Sumatra Assist in the wake of the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami .
= = = Globemaster era = = =
In May 2006 , No. 36 Squadron personnel began conversion training in the US in preparation for re @-@ equipping with Boeing C @-@ 17 Globemaster III heavy transports . It transferred its C @-@ 130Hs to No. 37 Squadron on 17 November 2006 , prior to relocating to Amberley . Also on 17 November , Wing Commander Linda Corbould took command of the unit , becoming the first woman to lead an RAAF flying squadron . Corbould was responsible for delivering the first Globemaster from the United States to Australia on 4 December . No. 36 Squadron achieved initial operating capability with the C @-@ 17 on 11 September 2007 , following eight months ' work @-@ up training . In June 2008 , it received the Gloucester Cup as the RAAF 's most proficient flying squadron of 2007 " for achieving all training objectives , supporting air lift activities globally and nationally and fulfilling short @-@ notice , high priority tasks , despite the squadron 's expertise being in its infancy " . Corbould completed her posting as commanding officer on 8 December 2008 , the day the squadron marked the second anniversary of C @-@ 17 operations by conducting the RAAF 's first flight with an all @-@ female aircrew .
Since re @-@ equipping with the Globemaster , No. 36 Squadron has continued to support Coalition forces in Afghanistan , as well as humanitarian operations worldwide . In 2011 , it took part in relief efforts following the floods in Queensland , the Christchurch earthquake , and the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan . The Queensland floods necessitated the evacuation of two C @-@ 17s to Richmond , when Amberley was threatened by rising waters ; of the other two Globemasters , one was in the Middle East and the other was undergoing maintenance at Amberley and could not be flown but was moved onto high ground and escaped damage . The deployment to Japan involved all three of the squadron 's available C @-@ 17s , the fourth still being serviced at Amberley . On 11 May 2012 , a C @-@ 17 flew an Australian Army M1 Abrams tank from RAAF Base Darwin to Shoalwater Bay
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the song was during The Early Show on CBS on April 2 , 2007 which was broadcast four days later . " Beautiful Liar " was later included on Beyoncé 's set list during her 2007 tour The Beyoncé Experience . On The Beyoncé Experience , Beyoncé was dressed in a green belly dancing outfit and stood in darkness with dry ice billowing behind her . A microphone was then lowered from the ceiling and as she began singing the first verse , colored illumination was projected onto the backdrop . Beyoncé then performed several hip dance routines . Towards the end of the performance , pairs of female dancers , clothed in purple dresses , performed mirrored choreography . Beyoncé was accompanied by two drummers , two keyboardists , a percussionist , a horn section , three backup vocalists called The Mamas and a lead guitarist , Bibi McGill . Throughout the performance Shakira appeared on the video screen on stage .
While reviewing Beyoncé 's performance at the Madison Square Garden in Manhattan , on August 5 , 2007 , Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote , " Beyoncé needs no distractions from her singing , which can be airy or brassy , tearful or vicious , rapid @-@ fire with staccato syllables or sustained in curlicued melismas . But she was in constant motion , strutting in costumes . " Shaheem Reid of MTV News compared the performance with Michael Buffer further adding that " Beyoncé acknowledged Shakira by shaking her hips rapidly " . While reviewing Beyoncé 's performance of the song in Saskatoon on September 14 , 2007 , a writer of The StarPhoenix noted that it was one of the musical surprises during the evening . Jim Harrington from the San Jose Mercury News noted that Beyoncé 's all @-@ female band provided " plenty of punch " to the live performance of the song in Fresno on August 28 , 2007 further noting that the singer looked like a " sex kitten purring through " the song . In Los Angeles , on September 2 , Beyoncé performed " Beautiful Liar " , dressed in a green belly dancing outfit , with several female backup dancers , and live instrumentation . " Beautiful Liar " was included on Beyoncé 's live album The Beyoncé Experience Live ( 2007 ) .
= = Formats and track listings = =
US and UK Digital EP
" Beautiful Liar " ( featuring Shakira ) – 3 : 21
" Beautiful Liar ( Bello Embustero ) " ( Spanish Version ) - 3 : 22
" Beautiful Liar ( Spanglish Version ) " ( featuring Sasha Fierce a.k.a. Beyoncé ) - 3 : 21
" Beautiful Liar ( Instrumental ) " - 3 : 19
New Zealand and UK Digital Download
" Beautiful Liar " ( featuring Shakira ) – 3 : 19
Australia , New Zealand and UK CD Single
" Beautiful Liar " ( featuring Shakira ) – 3 : 19
" Beautiful Liar ( Freemasons Remix Edit ) " ( featuring Shakira ) - 3 : 27
European Maxi single
" Beautiful Liar " ( featuring Shakira ) – 3 : 19
" Beautiful Liar ( Freemasons Remix Edit ) " ( featuring Shakira ) - 3 : 27
" Irreplaceable ( Maurice Joshua Remix Edit ) " - 4 : 03
" Déjà Vu ( Freemasons Radio Mix ) " - 3 : 15
" Beautiful Liar " ( Video ) - 3 : 34
= = Credits = =
Credits are taken from B 'Day liner notes.Source :
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Star Wars : Rogue Squadron =
Star Wars : Rogue Squadron ( known as Star Wars : Rogue Squadron 3D on the PC ) is an arcade @-@ style action game co @-@ developed by Factor 5 and LucasArts . The first of three games in the Rogue Squadron series , it was published by LucasArts and Nintendo and released for Microsoft Windows and the Nintendo 64 in December 1998 . Rogue Squadron was one of the first games to take advantage of the Nintendo 64 's Expansion Pak , which allows gameplay at a 640 × 480 display resolution , instead of that system 's standard 320 × 240 resolution .
Set in the fictional Star Wars galaxy and inspired by the Star Wars : X @-@ wing Rogue Squadron comics , the game takes place primarily between events in the films Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back . The player controls Luke Skywalker , commander of the elite X @-@ wing pilots known as Rogue Squadron . As the game progresses , Skywalker and Rogue Squadron fight the Galactic Empire in sixteen missions across various planets .
Rogue Squadron received generally positive reviews . Critics praised the game 's technical achievements and flight controls , but its use of distance fog and the lack of a multiplayer mode drew criticism . The game 's sales exceeded expectations ; by August 1999 , more than one million copies had sold worldwide . It spawned two sequels developed and released for the GameCube — Star Wars Rogue Squadron II : Rogue Leader and Star Wars Rogue Squadron III : Rebel Strike — as well as Star Wars : Episode I : Battle for Naboo , a spiritual successor released for Windows and Nintendo 64 .
= = Gameplay = =
Unlike the Star Wars : X @-@ Wing computer game series that emphasizes space combat simulation , Rogue Squadron is a fast @-@ paced , arcade @-@ style action game . Each of the game 's sixteen levels introduces mission objectives that must be completed to progress to the next level . These objectives are divided into four categories : search and destroy , reconnaissance , rescue , and protect . Enemy aircraft are primarily composed of TIE fighters . Ground defenses are more varied and include three different walkers , laser and missile turrets , tanks , probe droids , shuttles , stormtroopers and speeder bikes .
The heads @-@ up display features a health meter , a radar and an ammunition count for secondary weapons . The player can control five craft : X @-@ wing , A @-@ wing , Y @-@ wing , snowspeeder and V @-@ wing . Each vehicle offers a unique armament arrangement , as well as varying degrees of speed and maneuverability . The game initially restricts the player to a particular craft for each level ; however , after a level is completed , it can be replayed with any available craft . Levels set on non @-@ atmospheric moons expose the player 's craft to space ; thus disallowing the Speeder and V @-@ Wing ( which are repulsorcraft ) from being used ; but as on other levels , the craft is vertically confined . Nine bonus power @-@ ups are hidden in different levels throughout the game . These bonuses improve a craft 's weapons or durability and are applied to each eligible craft for the remainder of the game .
The player 's performance is measured throughout the game , and performance statistics are checked after each level against three medal benchmarks . Each benchmark contains five categories : completion time , number of enemies destroyed , shot accuracy , number of friendly craft and structures saved and number of bonuses collected . If a player 's performance exceeds one of the level 's three benchmarks in all five categories , a medal — bronze , silver or gold — is awarded on completion . Acquiring these medals promotes the player 's rank and helps unlock hidden content .
= = = Unlockable content = = =
Rogue Squadron includes a number of unlockable secrets . The player can unlock three bonus levels : " Beggar 's Canyon " , " The Death Star Trench Run " and " The Battle of Hoth " . These levels are made available when the player obtains all bronze , silver or gold medals , respectively , on each level . Alternatively , they can be unlocked via password . Unlike the game 's primary levels , the bonus levels are adaptions of events from the Star Wars films . " Beggar 's Canyon " allows the player to reenact the race mentioned in A New Hope , while " The Death Star Trench Run " allows the player to execute an alternate version of the movie 's climactic battle . In the " Battle of Hoth " bonus level , the player can join the Rebel Alliance 's combat against Imperial troops , as depicted in The Empire Strikes Back .
Several craft are also available when unlocked . Both the Millennium Falcon and a TIE interceptor are initially present in the craft selection screen . However , neither may be selected until the player enters the correct passwords or achieves all bronze or silver medals , respectively , on the bonus levels . Two other craft can be unlocked , but each is confined to a specific level . One is the T @-@ 16 Skyhopper in " Beggar 's Canyon " , and an AT @-@ ST is playable in a basic demonstration level unlocked only via password . A playable model of a 1969 Buick Electra 225 based on a car owned by the game 's sound designer , Rudolph Stember , is also included in the game as an Easter egg .
During Rogue Squadron 's development , Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace — the first new Star Wars film in more than 15 years — was less than one year from its scheduled release date . To take advantage of this marketing opportunity , Factor 5 included content from the upcoming film in Rogue Squadron . LucasFilm provided the developers with design art for the Naboo Starfighter , a ship prominently featured in the new film . These designs were used to create an in @-@ game model . Because the game was scheduled to be released six months before the film , Factor 5 was required to keep the ship 's inclusion a secret . As a result , most of the game 's development team at Factor 5 and LucasArts were not informed of its inclusion . A complex scrambling system was also developed to help hide the ship 's code from gamers using cheat cartridges such as GameShark or Action Replay . More than six months after the release of Rogue Squadron , LucasArts unveiled the code to unlock the Naboo Starfighter as a playable craft . The code has been named the Nintendo 64 's most well @-@ hidden code because of the length of time before its discovery .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Setting = = =
Star Wars : Rogue Squadron is set in the fictional Star Wars galaxy , where a war is fought between the Galactic Empire and the Rebel Alliance . The game 's first fifteen levels occur six months after the Battle of Yavin — as depicted in A New Hope — and before the events of The Empire Strikes Back . As the Empire gathers strength for an all @-@ out assault on the rebel forces , Luke Skywalker and Wedge Antilles form Rogue Squadron , a group comprising twelve of the most skilled X @-@ wing pilots from the Rebel Alliance .
The sixteenth and final level of the game takes place during Dark Empire , six years after Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi 's Battle of Endor . The Rebel Alliance has established the New Republic , which now controls three quarters of the galaxy . After the deaths of Emperor Palpatine and Darth Vader , the Galactic Empire collapsed , but was reborn under a mysterious new leader ( who is actually a clone of Palpatine ) . Rogue Squadron , now under the command of Wedge Antilles , continues to fight the Empire to protect the newly formed Republic .
= = = Plot = = =
The story is divided into four chapters , each of which starts with an opening crawl resembling those featured in the Star Wars films . Further story details are presented through the game 's instruction manual , pre @-@ mission briefings , character conversations during the game and in @-@ game cut scenes . The game begins with Rogue Squadron briefly encountering the Empire at the Mos Eisley spaceport on Tatooine . The team then executes escort and rescue missions on Barkhesh and Chorax , respectively .
The Rebels learn that Imperial officer Crix Madine wishes to defect to the Rebel Alliance . The Empire launches an attack on Corellia , where Madine is stationed , to prevent his departure . Rogue Squadron , with the help of Han Solo and Chewbacca in the Millennium Falcon , fights off the Empire and helps escort Madine safely off the planet . Soon after , Rogue Squadron is joined by Gold Squadron , a group of Y @-@ wings now led by Crix Madine ; they are dispatched to the moon of Gerrard V to aid its quest for independence from the Empire . They encounter the 128th TIE interceptor Squadron and disable Kasan Moor 's TIE . When Rogue Squadron tells Moor that she has been taken prisoner , she offers to defect and provide the Rebel Alliance with Imperial intelligence .
With the help of Kasan Moor 's intelligence , the Alliance launches three consecutive attacks on Imperial bases throughout the galaxy . After an assault on the Imperial Enclave , a facility on Kile II supporting the Empire 's Naval operations , Wedge Antilles is ambushed by a group of TIEs and is taken captive . The Rebel Alliance tracks Wedge to an Imperial prison complex on the planet of Kessel . The remaining members of Rogue Squadron travel to Kessel and rescue him and other Rebel prisoners .
With Wedge Antilles free and Rogue Squadron again at full strength , the Rebel Alliance turns its attention to a new Imperial threat — Moff Kohl Seerdon . Seerdon is consolidating Imperial power in preparation for an attack aimed at capturing Thyferra , a planet which produces the healing substance bacta . Rogue Squadron is ordered to disrupt his operation with hit @-@ and @-@ run missions against key targets on Taloraan and Fest . In retaliation , Seerdon attacks and holds a city on the planet of Chandrila hostage . Rogue Squadron and the Alliance strike back by initiating a Kasan Moor @-@ engineered raid on an Imperial base located inside a volcano on Sullust . While still on Sullust , however , General Rieekan informs the Squadron that Moff Seerdon has used their raid as a diversion and begun his attack on Thyferra . With Seerdon in control of the planet 's bacta and their own supply threatened , Rogue Squadron quickly reaches Thyferra , kills Seerdon and frees the planet .
In the final chapter , the game moves into the future , six years after the Battle of Endor . Rogue Squadron , now under the command of Wedge Antilles , continues to fight the wounded Empire . On the planet of Mon Calamari , new Imperial weapons called World Devastators are destroying the planet . Rogue Squadron is deployed , disables all three Devastators and destroys the Imperial presence .
= = Development = =
After the success of Star Wars : Shadows of the Empire on the Nintendo 64 in 1996 , LucasArts began planning a follow @-@ up . At the time , Factor 5 was developing a game engine to create large terrain maps . LucasArts , pleased with earlier collaborations with the company , decided to use Factor 5 's engine for its new game . The game 's focus would be space combat ; this direction was inspired by a level of Shadows of the Empire in which the player flies a snowspeeder during the Battle of Hoth . Rogue Squadron and Factor 5 production manager Brett Tosti stated , " That whole scene was actually the genesis for Rogue Squadron because everybody said , ' Why don 't you do a whole game like that ? ' So we did . " Factor 5 initially pitched a concept to allow gamers to play through missions similar to the fans ' favorite action sequences from the Star Wars films . This proposal was rejected , however . At that time , LucasFilm was not comfortable with video games drawing directly from the films .
During the early stages of development , the designers at LucasArts were inspired by Rogue Squadron and later Star Wars : X @-@ wing Rogue Squadron , a series of books and comic books set during the years of the original film trilogy . They began developing the story and gameplay with a similar setting that would include characters from the films participating in new , original missions using Factor 5 's terrain map engine as the base . In May 1998 , a demo of the game was displayed at E3 , but the game was so incomplete at the time that Tosti considered it a tech demo . It rendered a basic heightmap and an immobile AT @-@ AT model , while TIE fighters lacking artificial intelligence flew and fired in a predetermined path . When " playing " the demo for audiences , Tosti followed a very specific flight path of his own to give the illusion that he was actually battling with the TIEs . Despite the demo 's barebones presentation , response from gamers was largely positive .
Factor 5 appealed to Nintendo to use the Nintendo 64 's newly developed memory Expansion Pak . Nintendo was reluctant , expecting the technology to be reserved solely for hardware peripherals . However , after Iguana Entertainment used the Expansion Pak to achieve a higher display resolution for Turok 2 : Seeds of Evil , Factor 5 was given the green light . The Expansion Pak is used to increase Rogue Squadron 's N64 resolution from 320 × 240 to 640 × 480 .
LucasFilm was hesitant to grant access to the Star Wars library of sound effects for the game 's sound designer , Rudolph Stember . As a compromise , the company provided Stember with sounds sampled at the relatively low rate of 22 kHz , half the standard rate . Stember objected , claiming that the clips sounded worse than effects he had lifted from VHS tapes for a previous Star Wars project . The game includes voice work from several notable persons , including screen actors Olivia Hussey and Raphael Sbarge as well as voice actors Bob Bergen , Neil Ross and Terence McGovern . Instead of using Nintendo 's default sound drivers , Factor 5 developed its own tool called MOsys FX Surround . The Factor 5 drivers use Nintendo 64 processors , but tax them less ; advanced compression techniques were also employed . As a result , the game includes over 80 minutes of high @-@ quality stereo sound .
In November 1998 , a month before the game 's scheduled release , LucasArts signed a worldwide agreement with Nintendo concerning three new Star Wars video games . It granted Nintendo the rights to market the games and hold exclusive , worldwide distribution rights for five years following each release . Rogue Squadron was the first game released under this agreement .
= = Reception = =
Many reviews compared Star Wars : Rogue Squadron to one of its inspirations , the Battle of Hoth flight combat level in Star Wars : Shadows of the Empire , considered one of that game 's best elements . GamePro remarked that Rogue Squadron " enhanced the flight model with true pitch , roll , and bank mechanics " . IGN praised its inclusion of " upgrades , more enemies , better sound , and stunning second @-@ generation graphics " . The Nintendo 64 version received mostly positive reviews , and received an aggregate score of 85 percent from both GameRankings and Metacritic . GamePro named it one of the best games released in 1998 . In a 2008 retrospective , IGN 's Levi Buchanan stated that the game revived the Star Wars license on consoles through well @-@ paced gameplay , a story tied into the Star Wars canon and visuals that made it " one of the generation 's top stunners " .
The game 's technical aspects were singled out for acclaim . Its visuals were called " respectable " in the standard resolution , but highly praised in high @-@ resolution mode ( achieved via the Nintendo 64 's Expansion Pak ) . GameSpot remarked that in a higher resolution , " [ the ] textures of the landscapes , the ships , the lighting effects — everything looks so much better , " while IGN 's Peer Schneider said , " After playing the game in the optional high resolution mode ( 640 × 480 ) once , it 's impossible to go back to the still respectable standard resolution . " Citing details such as decals , Rebel markings , R2 units , cockpit views and exhaust flames , Schneider described the game 's 3D ship models as " gorgeous " . IGN 's Matt Casamassina said that the game was the best @-@ looking Nintendo 64 game to date .
Reviewers also praised the game 's sound design . Powered by the new Factor 5 audio drivers , Rogue Squadron features about 40 minutes of speech and 40 minutes of music . GameSpot 's Ryan Mac Donald believed that the game 's inclusion of extended voice work helped create a " movie @-@ like " atmosphere . IGN noted that in addition to being technically impressive , the game 's Dolby Pro Logic surround sound was an important gameplay element . The audio signals helped players determine enemy positions and direction of travel . IGN awarded the game three sound awards , including Sound Effects , Best Voice and Best Overall Sound of 1998 on the Nintendo 64 .
Some reviewers complained about aspects of the game 's visuals ; critics disliked the heavy reliance on distance fog . Another common criticism of the game was the lack of multiplayer modes . GamePro 's review called the omission a " serious , unforgivable sin " ; Schneider believed that while adding these modes would have extended Rogue Squadron 's replay value , the game was still enjoyable for its medal reward system and large number of secrets and unlockables .
Although nearly identical , the game 's PC version garnered lower review scores than its Nintendo 64 counterpart , with an aggregated GameRankings score of 80 percent . This version enjoyed many of the same praises for its gameplay , but handling and graphics were cited as problematic . Directly comparing the two versions , AllGame 's Brad Cook wrote that PC version 's handling is more difficult than the N64 version . He believed the PC 's " choppy " feel made it difficult to target enemies . In contrast to its opinion of the N64 version , IGN 's PC review was not enthusiastic about the game 's visuals . IGN staff remarked that Rogue Squadron 's " graphics and special effects aren 't spectacular " and that they had " seen better graphics " on the PC .
= = = Sales = = =
When Rogue Squadron was released in early December 1998 , the title 's Nintendo 64 incarnation was the second @-@ highest @-@ selling video game for the first half of the month ( behind Nintendo 's The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time ) and the holiday season . Delayed until after Christmas in the United Kingdom , the game was released mid @-@ January and debuted as the second @-@ best @-@ selling game of the month , ahead of Ocarina of Time . In August 1999 , Nintendo added the title to its best @-@ selling Player 's Choice collection , while the PC version was re @-@ released as a part of the LucasArts Archive Series in May 2001 . Rogue Squadron 's retail success was not anticipated by the game 's producer Julian Eggebrecht , who said that the game sold " about 100 times better than anybody expected " . The Nintendo 64 version sold over 1 million copies in the United States , and over 44 @,@ 000 in Japan .
= HMS Glatton ( 1914 ) =
HMS Glatton and her sister ship Gorgon were originally built as coastal defence ships for the Royal Norwegian Navy , as Bjørgvin and Nidaros respectively . She was requisitioned from Norway at the beginning of World War I , but was not completed until 1918 although she had been launched over three years earlier . On 16 September 1918 , before she had even gone into action , she suffered a large fire in one of her 6 @-@ inch magazines , and had to be scuttled to prevent an explosion of her main magazines that would have devastated Dover . Her wreck was partially salvaged in 1926 , and
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the faintest targets observed by Hubble . Since then , advances in adaptive optics have extended the high @-@ resolution imaging capabilities of ground @-@ based telescopes to the infrared imaging of faint objects . The usefulness of adaptive optics versus HST observations depends strongly on the particular details of the research questions being asked . In the visible bands , adaptive optics can only correct a relatively small field of view , whereas HST can conduct high @-@ resolution optical imaging over a wide field . Only a small fraction of astronomical objects are accessible to high @-@ resolution ground @-@ based imaging ; in contrast Hubble can perform high @-@ resolution observations of any part of the night sky , and on objects that are extremely faint .
= = Hubble data = =
= = = Transmission to Earth = = =
Hubble data was initially stored on the spacecraft . When launched , the storage facilities were old @-@ fashioned reel @-@ to @-@ reel tape recorders , but these were replaced by solid state data storage facilities during servicing missions 2 and 3A . About twice daily , the Hubble Space Telescope radios data to a satellite in the geosynchronous Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System ( TDRSS ) , which then downlinks the science data to one of two 60 @-@ foot ( 18 @-@ meter ) diameter high @-@ gain microwave antennas located at the White Sands Test Facility in White Sands , New Mexico . From there they are sent to the Space Telescope Operations Control Center at Goddard Space Flight Center , and finally to the Space Telescope Science Institute for archiving . Each week , HST downlinks approximately 140 gigabytes of data .
= = = Color images = = =
All images from Hubble are monochromatic grayscale , in which its cameras incorporate a variety of filters each sensitive to specific wavelengths of light . Color images are created by combining separate monochrome images taken through different filters . This process can also create false @-@ color versions of images including infrared and ultraviolet channels , where infrared is typically rendered as a deep red and ultraviolet is rendered as a deep blue .
= = = Archives = = =
All Hubble data is eventually made available via the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at STScI , CADC and ESA / ESAC . Data is usually proprietary — available only to the principal investigator ( PI ) and astronomers designated by the PI — for one year after being taken . The PI can apply to the director of the STScI to extend or reduce the proprietary period in some circumstances .
Observations made on Director 's Discretionary Time are exempt from the proprietary period , and are released to the public immediately . Calibration data such as flat fields and dark frames are also publicly available straight away . All data in the archive is in the FITS format , which is suitable for astronomical analysis but not for public use . The Hubble Heritage Project processes and releases to the public a small selection of the most striking images in JPEG and TIFF formats .
= = = Pipeline reduction = = =
Astronomical data taken with CCDs must undergo several calibration steps before they are suitable for astronomical analysis . STScI has developed sophisticated software that automatically calibrates data when they are requested from the archive using the best calibration files available . This ' on @-@ the @-@ fly ' processing means that large data requests can take a day or more to be processed and returned . The process by which data are calibrated automatically is known as ' pipeline reduction ' , and is increasingly common at major observatories . Astronomers may if they wish retrieve the calibration files themselves and run the pipeline reduction software locally . This may be desirable when calibration files other than those selected automatically need to be used .
= = = Data analysis = = =
Hubble data can be analyzed using many different packages . STScI maintains the custom @-@ made Space Telescope Science Data Analysis System ( STSDAS ) software , which contains all the programs needed to run pipeline reduction on raw data files , as well as many other astronomical image processing tools , tailored to the requirements of Hubble data . The software runs as a module of IRAF , a popular astronomical data reduction program .
= = Outreach activities = =
It has always been important for the Space Telescope to capture the public 's imagination , given the considerable contribution of taxpayers to its construction and operational costs . After the difficult early years when the faulty mirror severely dented Hubble 's reputation with the public , the first servicing mission allowed its rehabilitation as the corrected optics produced numerous remarkable images .
Several initiatives have helped to keep the public informed about Hubble activities .
In the United States , outreach efforts are coordinated by the Space Telescope Science Institute ( STScI ) Office for Public Outreach , which was established in 2000 to ensure that U.S. taxpayers saw the benefits of their investment in the space telescope program . To that end , STScI operates the HubbleSite.org website . The Hubble Heritage Project , operating out of the STScI , provides the public with high @-@ quality images of the most interesting and striking objects observed . The Heritage team is composed of amateur and professional astronomers , as well as people with backgrounds outside astronomy , and emphasizes the aesthetic nature of Hubble images . The Heritage Project is granted a small amount of time to observe objects which , for scientific reasons , may not have images taken at enough wavelengths to construct a full @-@ color image .
Since 1999 , the leading Hubble outreach group in Europe has been the Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre ( HEIC ) . This office was established at the Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility in Munich , Germany . HEIC 's mission is to fulfill HST outreach and education tasks for the European Space Agency . The work is centered on the production of news and photo releases that highlight interesting Hubble results and images . These are often European in origin , and so increase awareness of both ESA 's Hubble share ( 15 % ) and the contribution of European scientists to the observatory . ESA produces educational material , including a videocast series called Hubblecast designed to share world @-@ class scientific news with the public .
The Hubble Space Telescope has won two Space Achievement Awards from the Space Foundation , for its outreach activities , in 2001 and 2010 .
There is a replica of the Hubble Space Telescope on the courthouse lawn in Marshfield , Missouri , the hometown of namesake Edwin P. Hubble .
= = Future = =
= = = Equipment failure = = =
Past servicing missions have exchanged old instruments for new ones , both avoiding failure and making possible new types of science . Without servicing missions , all of the instruments will eventually fail . In August 2004 , the power system of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph ( STIS ) failed , rendering the instrument inoperable . The electronics had originally been fully redundant , but the first set of electronics failed in May 2001 . This power supply was fixed during servicing mission 4 in May 2009 . Similarly , the Advanced Camera for Surveys ( ACS ) main camera primary electronics failed in June 2006 , and the power supply for the backup electronics failed on January 27 , 2007 . Only the instrument 's Solar Blind Channel ( SBC ) was operable using the side @-@ 1 electronics . A new power supply for the wide angle channel was added during SM 4 , but quick tests revealed this did not help the high resolution channel .
HST uses gyroscopes to stabilize itself in orbit and point accurately and steadily at astronomical targets . Normally , three gyroscopes are required for operation ; observations are still possible with two , but the area of sky that can be viewed would be somewhat restricted , and observations requiring very accurate pointing are more difficult . There are further contingency plans for observations with just one gyro , but if all gyros fail , continued scientific observations will not be possible . In 2005 , it was decided to switch to two @-@ gyroscope mode for regular telescope operations as a means of extending the lifetime of the mission . The switch to this mode was made in August 2005 , leaving Hubble with two gyroscopes in use , two on backup , and two inoperable . One more gyro failed in 2007 . By the time of the final repair mission , during which all six gyros were replaced ( with two new pairs and one refurbished pair ) , only three gyros were still working . Engineers are confident that they have identified the root causes of the gyro failures , and the new models should be much more reliable .
= = = Orbital decay = = =
Hubble orbits the Earth in the extremely tenuous upper atmosphere , and over time its orbit decays due to drag . If it is not re @-@ boosted , it will re @-@ enter the Earth 's atmosphere within some decades , with the exact date depending on how active the Sun is and its impact on the upper atmosphere . If Hubble were to descend in a completely uncontrolled re @-@ entry , parts of the main mirror and its support structure would probably survive , leaving the potential for damage or even human fatalities . In 2013 , deputy project manager James Jeletic projected that Hubble could survive into 2020 . Based on solar activity and atmospheric drag , or lack thereof , a natural atmospheric reentry for Hubble will occur between 2030 and 2040 . In June 2016 , NASA extended the service contract for Hubble until June 2021 .
NASA 's original plan for safely de @-@ orbiting Hubble was to retrieve it using a space shuttle . Hubble would then have most likely been displayed in the Smithsonian Institution . This is no longer possible since the space shuttle fleet has been retired , and would have been unlikely in any case due to the cost of the mission and risk to the crew . Instead , NASA considered adding an external propulsion module to allow controlled re @-@ entry . Ultimately NASA installed the Soft Capture and Rendezvous System , to enable deorbit by either a crewed or robotic mission .
= = = Successors = = =
There is no direct successor to Hubble as an ultraviolet and visible @-@ light space telescope , as near @-@ term space telescopes do not duplicate Hubble 's wavelength coverage ( near @-@ ultraviolet to near @-@ infrared wavelengths ) , instead concentrating on the farther infrared bands . These bands are preferred for studying high redshift and low @-@ temperature objects , objects generally older and farther away in the universe . These wavelengths are also difficult or impossible to study from the ground , justifying the expense of a space @-@ based telescope . Large ground @-@ based telescopes can image some of the same wavelengths as Hubble , sometimes challenge HST in terms of resolution by using adaptive optics ( AO ) , have much larger light @-@ gathering power , and can be upgraded more easily , but cannot yet match Hubble 's excellent resolution over a wide field of view with the very dark background of space .
Plans for a Hubble successor materialized as the Next Generation Space Telescope project , which culminated in plans for the James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) , the formal successor of Hubble . Very different from a scaled @-@ up Hubble , it is designed to operate colder and farther away from the Earth at the L2 Lagrangian point , where thermal and optical interference from the Earth and Moon are lessened . It is not engineered to be fully serviceable ( such as replaceable instruments ) , but the design includes a docking ring to enable visits from other spacecraft . A main scientific goal of JWST is to observe the most distant objects in the universe , beyond the reach of existing instruments . It is expected to detect stars in the early Universe approximately 280 million years older than stars HST now detects . The telescope is an international collaboration between NASA , the European Space Agency , and the Canadian Space Agency since 1996 , and is planned for launch on an Ariane 5 rocket . Although JWST is primarily an infrared instrument , its coverage extends down to 600 nm wavelength light , or roughly orange in the visible spectrum . A typical human eye can see to about 750 nm wavelength light , so there is some overlap with the longest visible wavelength bands , including orange and red light .
A complementary telescope , looking at even longer wavelengths than Hubble or JWST , was the European Space Agency 's Herschel Space Observatory , launched on May 14 , 2009 . Like JWST , Herschel was not designed to be serviced after launch , and had a mirror substantially larger than Hubble 's , but observed only in the far infrared and submillimeter . It needed helium coolant , of which it ran out on April 29 , 2013 .
Further concepts for advanced 21st @-@ century space telescopes include the Advanced Technology Large @-@ Aperture Space Telescope , a conceptualized 8- to 16 @-@ meter ( 320- to 640 @-@ inch ) optical space telescope that if realized could be a more direct successor to HST , with the ability to observe and photograph astronomical objects in the visible , ultraviolet , and infrared wavelengths , with substantially better resolution than Hubble or the Spitzer Space telescope . This effort is being planned for the 2025 – 2035 time frame .
Existing ground @-@ based telescopes , and various proposed Extremely Large Telescopes , can exceed the HST in terms of sheer light @-@ gathering power and diffraction limit due to larger mirrors , but other factors affect telescopes . In some cases , they may be able to match or beat Hubble in resolution by using adaptive optics . However , AO on large ground @-@ based reflectors will not make Hubble and other space telescopes obsolete . Most AO systems sharpen the view over a very narrow field — Lucky Cam , for example , produces crisp images just 10 " to 20 " wide , whereas Hubble 's cameras are super sharp across a 2 ½ ' ( 150 " ) field . Furthermore , space telescopes can study the universe across the entire electromagnetic spectrum , most of which is blocked by Earth 's atmosphere . Finally , the background sky is darker in space than on the ground , because air absorbs solar energy during the day and then releases it at night , producing a faint — but nevertheless discernible — airglow that washes out low @-@ contrast astronomical objects .
= = List of Hubble instruments = =
Advanced Camera for Surveys ( ACS )
Cosmic Origins Spectrograph ( COS )
Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement ( COSTAR )
Faint Object Camera ( FOC )
Faint Object Spectrograph ( FOS )
Fine Guidance Sensor ( FGS )
Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph ( GHRS / HRS )
High Speed Photometer ( HSP )
Near Infrared Camera and Multi @-@ Object Spectrometer ( NICMOS )
Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph ( STIS )
Wide Field and Planetary Camera ( WFPC )
Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 ( WFPC2 )
Wide Field Camera 3 ( WFC3 )
= California spiny lobster =
The California spiny lobster ( Panulirus interruptus ) is a species of spiny lobster found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from Monterey Bay , California to the Gulf of Tehuantepec , Mexico . It typically grows to a length of 30 cm ( 12 in ) and is a reddish @-@ brown color with stripes along the legs , and has a pair of enlarged antennae but no claws . The interrupted grooves across the tail are characteristic for the species .
Females can carry up to 680 @,@ 000 eggs , which hatch after 10 weeks into flat phyllosoma larvae . These feed on plankton before the metamorphosis into the juvenile state . Adults are nocturnal and migratory , living among rocks at depths of up to 65 m ( 213 ft ) , and feeding on sea urchins , clams , mussels and worms . The spiny lobster is eaten by various fish , octopuses and sea otters , but can defend itself with a loud noise produced by its antennae . The California spiny lobster is the subject of both commercial and recreational fishery in both Mexico and the United States , with sport fishermen using hoop nets and commercial fishermen using lobster traps .
= = Description = =
In common with all spiny lobsters , the California spiny lobster has two large , spiny antennae , but no large claws on its legs . The California spiny lobster is one of the largest spiny lobster species , and grows up to 60 centimeters ( 24 in ) long , but does not usually exceed 30 cm ( 12 in ) . Males can weigh up to 7 @.@ 4 kilograms ( 16 lb ) . , with the record being a 16 lbs . , 1 oz. male caught off Catalina island in 1968 . The upper side of the animal is brownish red , without the paler bands or spots seen in some other spiny lobsters . The legs are a similar color , but with one or more lighter streaks running along their length .
Males and females of all ages can be distinguished by the position of the two round genital openings or gonopores . In females , they are at the bases of the third pair of pereiopods , while in males they are at the base of the fifth ( last ) pereiopods , furthest from the head and the closest to the abdomen . Mature females have a small claw on the fifth pereiopod , and enlarged pleopods .
= = Distribution = =
The California spiny lobster is found in parts of the Gulf of California , and along the Pacific coast of the length of the Baja California peninsula , extending as far north as San Luis Obispo Bay , California . There are occasional records from Monterey Bay , but the water there is too cold for the California spiny lobster to breed , and it is thought that any adult found in Central California arrived as a larva during El Niño years .
California spiny lobsters live on rocky substrates , at depths of up to 65 meters ( 213 ft ) . Although they can be found in shallow water , including tide pools , they are more frequent in deeper waters . Juveniles generally inhabit rocky habitats at a depth of 0 – 4 m ( 0 – 13 ft ) with dense plant cover , especially the surf grass Phyllospadix torreyi .
= = Ecology and behavior = =
California spiny lobsters are nocturnal , hiding in crevices during the day , with only the tips of their long antennae showing , as a means of avoiding predators . Towards dawn , the spiny lobsters form aggregations , which they maintain until dusk . At night , they emerge and feed on sea urchins , clams , mussels and worms . This activity is important in limiting sea urchin populations , and so maintaining healthy seabed communities .
Natural predators of the California spiny lobster include bony fish such as the California sheepshead , giant sea bass and cabezone , sharks including the horn shark and leopard shark , octopuses and sea otters . In response to an approaching predator , spiny lobsters including the California spiny lobster can produce a loud noise using the stick @-@ slip phenomenon , akin to a bowed instrument . The bases of the antennae act as a plectrum , which is rubbed over a file on the edge of the antennular plate . If a predator is very close , spiny lobsters will flex their muscular tail in order to escape the predator , backwards .
There is an annual migration , in which spiny lobsters enter shallower water in spring and summer , and head out to deeper water in fall and winter , reaching depths as great as 240 ft ( 73 m ) , perhaps to avoid the effects of winter storms .
= = Life cycle = =
Female California spiny lobsters reach sexual maturity at a length of 65 – 69 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 7 in ) , which is typically at an age of 5 – 9 years ; males are sexually mature after 3 – 6 years . Because all the hard parts are lost at each molt , the life span of mature spiny lobsters is uncertain ; they are thought to live for 50 years or more .
Spiny lobsters do not have the gonopods ( first pleopods modified for reproduction ) that occur in clawed lobsters and crabs , and females do not have a deep pocket on the sternum in which to store sperm . Instead , a spermatophore is transferred directly from one of the male 's gonopores to the sternum of the female . The male gonopore is , however , adorned with a " penile process " , which is straight and serrated , with a small " hairbrush " . The sternum of mature females has three " windows " on the last three segments , which uniquely among Panulirus species , span both halves of the sternum . These windows are softer than the rest of the exoskeleton , and are thought to help the male locate the correct location to place the tar @-@ like spermatophore .
After mating , the fertilized eggs are carried on the female 's pleopods until they hatch , with between 120 @,@ 000 and 680 @,@ 000 carried by a single female . The eggs begin coral red , but darken as they develop to a deep maroon . When she is carrying the eggs , the female is said to be " berried " . The eggs are ready to hatch after 10 weeks , and spawning takes place from May to August , The larvae that hatch ( called phyllosoma larvae ) do not resemble the adults . Instead , they are flat , transparent animals around 14 mm ( 0 @.@ 55 in ) long , but as thin as a sheet of paper . The larvae feed on plankton , and grow through ten molts into ten further larval stages , the last of which is around 30 – 32 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 3 in ) long . The full series of larval molts takes around 7 months , and when the last stage molts , it metamorphoses into the puerulus state , which is a juvenile form of the adult , albeit still transparent . The puerulus larvae settle to the sea floor when the water is near its maximum temperature , which in Baja California is in the fall .
The diet of the juveniles is varied , but comprises mostly amphipods and isopods , together with coralline algae and the plant Phyllospadix . When available , the juveniles prefer to eat crabs .
= = Fishery = =
In his original description , John Witt Randall noted that the California spiny lobster is " used as food by the natives " of Upper California . The California spiny lobster is now the most economically important lobster on the American West Coast . Sport fishing may account for up to half the entire catch , while most of the commercial catch comes from lobster traps , with smaller amounts coming from the use of trammel nets or by trawling . The major fishing area is west of Baja California , and imports from Mexico to the United States are twice the amount produced in California .
= = = Sport fishing in California = = =
Recreational fishermen are allowed to catch lobsters with hoop nets or by SCUBA diving or free @-@ diving ; almost all come from California , with only small numbers from other U.S. states . The California Department of Fish and Game estimates that recreational fishers caught more than 200 @,@ 000 spiny lobsters in the first half of the 2008 / 2009 season , amounting to around 280 @,@ 000 pounds ( 130 @,@ 000 kg ) , compared to commercial fishermen , who caught a total of 580 @,@ 000 lb ( 260 @,@ 000 kg ) in the same time .
The California Department of Fish and Game sets and enforces a number of regulations pertaining to recreational fishing of spiny lobsters :
Open season for California spiny lobster runs from the Saturday before the first Wednesday in October until the first Wednesday after March 15 .
No implements other than hoop nets may be used ; no one person may have more than 5 nets and no vessel may use more than 10 hoop nets . When fishing from land , each fisherman is limited to two hoop nets .
Lobster fishers may not land more than seven California spiny lobsters on any given day , and may not have more than seven in their possession at any time .
Fishers must carry a lobster gauge , and any lobster smaller than the minimum landing size must be returned to the sea immediately . The minimum size is a carapace length of 3 1 ⁄ 4 inches ( 82 @.@ 6 mm ) , measured along the midline from the rear of the eye socket between the horns , to the end of the carapace . This is equivalent to a total body length of 20 centimeters or 7 @.@ 9 inches .
To fish for spiny lobster south of Point Arguello , a sport fishing license with ocean enhancement stamp must be displayed or kept nearby .
A report card for the season must be bought , filled in and returned before April 30 after the season ends .
Commercial and recreational traps must not be interfered with .
= = = Commercial fishing in California = = =
The open season for commercial fishing begins on the first Wednesday in October and runs until the first Wednesday after the 15th of March . Commercial fishermen may use individually buoyed traps , but may not dive for lobsters .
For those using lobster traps , the fishing effort is greatest at the beginning of the permitted season in California , and peters out towards the end of the season , 24 weeks later . Although the fishing effort becomes better concentrated on areas with more spiny lobsters during the season , the fishing efficiency ( catch per unit effort ) nonetheless decreases throughout the season .
= = = Fishing in Mexico = = =
In Mexico , spiny lobsters are an important commercial resource , representing the fifth most valuable fishery , worth US $ 18 million . Three species are exploited along the Pacific coast of the Baja California peninsula , but the catch of 744 t of the California spiny lobster makes up 95 % – 97 % of the total , with only small quantities of Panulirus inflatus and Panulirus gracilis . The fishing rights are held by 26 local co @-@ operatives .
The main legal restrictions on fishing for California spiny lobster in Mexico are a minimum landing size of 82 @.@ 5 mm ( 3 @.@ 25 in ) , the prohibition of catching berried females , and a closed season : from February 16 to November 15 , fishing for spiny lobsters is prohibited in a region which moves south along Mexico 's Pacific coast during the season .
The Mexican fishery for the California spiny lobster was the first Latin American fishery to be awarded the Marine Stewardship Council 's sustainable fishery ecolabel , and the species is classed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List .
= = Names = =
Panulirus interruptus is called the California spiny lobster by the Food and Agriculture Organization , but a number of other local , vernacular names exist , including California lobster , California marine crayfish , and red lobster in the United States , and langosta colorada and langosta roja in Mexico . The preferred common name of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service is simply spiny lobster .
John Witt Randall described the species in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1840 , based on material given to him by Thomas Nuttall . The exact locality is not known , being given only as " Upper California " , but the most likely sources are the places where Nuttall was most active , namely Santa Barbara and San Diego . The specific epithet interruptus refers to the grooves on the abdominal tergites , which are interrupted in this species . Although originally placed in the genus Palinurus , the California spiny lobster was later transferred to Adam White 's new genus Panulirus , together with other spiny lob
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1984 . Beginning with a French language edition in 1982 , Dungeons & Dragons has been translated into many languages beyond the original English . By 2004 , consumers had spent more than US $ 1 billion on Dungeons & Dragons products and the game had been played by more than 20 million people . As many as six million people played the game in 2007 .
The various editions of Dungeons & Dragons have won many Origins Awards , including All Time Best Roleplaying Rules of 1977 , Best Roleplaying Rules of 1989 , and Best Roleplaying Game of 2000 for the three flagship editions of the game . Both Dungeons & Dragons and Advanced Dungeons & Dragons are Origins Hall of Fame Games inductees as they were deemed sufficiently distinct to merit separate inclusion on different occasions . The independent Games magazine placed Dungeons & Dragons on their Games 100 list from 1980 through 1983 , then entered the game into the magazine 's Hall of Fame in 1984 .
Dungeons & Dragons was the first modern role @-@ playing game and it established many of the conventions that have dominated the genre . Particularly notable are the use of dice as a game mechanic , character record sheets , use of numerical attributes and gamemaster @-@ centered group dynamics . Within months of Dungeons & Dragons 's release , new role @-@ playing game writers and publishers began releasing their own role @-@ playing games , with most of these being in the fantasy genre . Some of the earliest other role @-@ playing games inspired by D & D include Tunnels & Trolls ( 1975 ) , Empire of the Petal Throne ( 1975 ) , and Chivalry & Sorcery ( 1976 ) .
The role @-@ playing movement initiated by D & D would lead to release of the science fiction game Traveller ( 1977 ) , the fantasy game RuneQuest ( 1978 ) , and subsequent game systems such as Chaosium 's Call of Cthulhu ( 1981 ) , Champions ( 1982 ) , GURPS ( 1986 ) , and Vampire : The Masquerade ( 1991 ) . Dungeons & Dragons and the games it influenced fed back into the genre 's origin – miniatures wargames – with combat strategy games like Warhammer Fantasy Battles . D & D also had a large impact on modern video games .
Director Jon Favreau credits Dungeons & Dragons with giving him " ... a really strong background in imagination , storytelling , understanding how to create tone and a sense of balance . "
= = = Licensing = = =
Early in the game 's history , TSR took no action against small publishers ' production of D & D compatible material , and even licensed Judges Guild to produce D & D materials for several years , such as City State of the Invincible Overlord . This attitude changed in the mid @-@ 1980s when TSR took legal action to try to prevent others from publishing compatible material . This angered many fans and led to resentment by the other gaming companies . Although TSR took legal action against several publishers in an attempt to restrict third @-@ party usage , it never brought any court cases to completion , instead settling out of court in every instance . TSR itself ran afoul of intellectual property law in several cases .
With the launch of Dungeons & Dragons 's 3rd Edition , Wizards of the Coast made the d20 System available under the Open Game License ( OGL ) and d20 System trademark license . Under these licenses , authors were free to use the d20 System when writing games and game supplements . The OGL and d20 Trademark License made possible new games , some based on licensed products like Star Wars , and new versions of older games , such as Call of Cthulhu .
With the release of the fourth edition , Wizards of the Coast has introduced its Game System License , which represents a significant restriction compared to the very open policies embodied by the OGL . In part as a response to this , some publishers ( such as Paizo Publishing with its Pathfinder Roleplaying Game ) who previously produced materials in support of the D & D product line , have decided to continue supporting the 3rd Edition rules , thereby competing directly with Wizards of the Coast . Others , such as Kenzer & Company , are returning to the practice of publishing unlicensed supplements and arguing that copyright law does not allow Wizards of the Coast to restrict third @-@ party usage .
During the 2000s , there has been a trend towards reviving and recreating older editions of D & D , known as the Old School Revival . Game systems based on earlier editions of D & D. Castles & Crusades ( 2004 ) , by Troll Lord Games , is a reimagining of early editions by streamlining rules from OGL . This in turn inspired the creation of " retro @-@ clones " , games which more closely recreate the original rule sets , using material placed under the OGL along with non @-@ copyrightable mechanical aspects of the older rules to create a new presentation of the games .
= = = Controversy and notoriety = = =
At various times in its history , Dungeons & Dragons has received negative publicity , in particular from some Christian groups , for alleged promotion of such practices as devil worship , witchcraft , suicide , and murder , and for the presence of naked breasts in drawings of female humanoids in the original AD & D manuals ( mainly monsters such as harpies , succubi , etc . ) . These controversies led TSR to remove many potentially controversial references and artwork when releasing the 2nd Edition of AD & D. Many of these references , including the use of the names " devils " and " demons " , were reintroduced in the 3rd edition . The moral panic over the game led to problems for fans of D & D who faced social ostracism , unfair treatment , and false association with the occult and Satanism , regardless of an individual fan 's actual religious affiliation and beliefs .
Dungeons & Dragons has been the subject of rumors regarding players having difficulty separating fantasy from reality , even leading to psychotic episodes . The most notable of these was the saga of James Dallas Egbert III , the facts of which were fictionalized in the novel Mazes and Monsters and later made into a TV movie . The game was blamed for some of the actions of Chris Pritchard , who was convicted in 1990 of murdering his stepfather . Research by various psychologists , the first being that of Armando Simon , has concluded that no harmful effects are related to the playing of D & D.
The game 's commercial success was a factor that led to lawsuits regarding distribution of royalties between original creators Gygax and Arneson . Gygax later became embroiled in a political struggle for control of TSR which culminated in a court battle and Gygax 's decision to sell his ownership interest in the company in 1985 .
= = Related products = =
D & D 's commercial success has led to many other related products , including Dragon Magazine , Dungeon Magazine , an animated television series , a film series , an official role @-@ playing soundtrack , novels , and computer games such as the MMORPG Dungeons & Dragons Online . Hobby and toy stores sell dice , miniatures , adventures , and other game aids related to D & D and its game offspring .
= = In popular culture = =
D & D grew in popularity through the late 1970s and 1980s . Numerous games , films , and cultural references based on D & D or D & D @-@ like fantasies , characters or adventures have been ubiquitous since the end of the 1970s . D & D players are ( sometimes pejoratively ) portrayed as the epitome of geekdom , and have become the basis of much geek and gamer humor and satire . Famous D & D players include Pulitzer Prize winning author Junot Díaz , professional basketball player Tim Duncan , comedian Stephen Colbert , and actors Vin Diesel and Robin Williams . D & D and its fans have been the subject of spoof films , including Fear of Girls and The Gamers : Dorkness Rising .
= Ninja Gaiden ( 2004 video game ) =
Ninja Gaiden is an action @-@ adventure hack and slash video game developed by Team Ninja for the Xbox video game console . It went through five years of development before its release by Tecmo in 2004 , and had a number of expansion packs and two remakes , Ninja Gaiden Black and Ninja Gaiden Sigma . The game follows the fictional story of Ryu Hayabusa , a master ninja , in his quest to recover a stolen sword and avenge the slaughter of his clan .
Tecmo specifically targeted Ninja Gaiden at a western audience , and despite difficulties in obtaining content ratings due to the game 's graphic depictions of violence , it was generally well received , and 362 @,@ 441 copies were sold in North America in the first month after its release . Nevertheless , the game had to be censored for release in some regions , and Japanese sales were poor , with only 60 @,@ 000 in the four months following its release . Making use of the Xbox 's internet connectivity , Ninja Gaiden was the focus of a series of online contests across North America , Europe and Japan . Record @-@ breaking numbers of players took part , competing for places in the live final , which was held during the Tokyo Game Show ( TGS ) 2004 .
Team Ninja continued to update the game after its release : two Hurricane Packs were made available as free downloadable content that added extra content , gameplay challenges , and game engine improvements . These were incorporated into a reworked version , released in 2005 and entitled Ninja Gaiden Black , that was regarded by the game 's creator Tomonobu Itagaki and many players as the definitive version . In 2007 , Ninja Gaiden was graphically enhanced on the PlayStation 3 , with extra content , in the form of Ninja Gaiden Sigma . This version was later released on the PlayStation Vita as Ninja Gaiden Sigma Plus .
= = Gameplay = =
Ninja Gaiden develops its narrative thread through the actions of its player @-@ controlled protagonist , Ryu Hayabusa . Viewed from a third person over @-@ the @-@ shoulder perspective , in typical action @-@ adventure fashion Ryu starts the game with basic , low @-@ level abilities and weapons that can be upgraded as he progresses , by discovering or buying items . In keeping with his ninja persona , his character can interact with the game environment to perform acrobatic feats , such as running along and jumping off walls , swinging from pole to pole , or running across water . The game world is made up of several distinct regions , most of which are connected via the city of Tairon , which functions as a hub . Access to these regions are obtained by fighting enemies , finding keys , or solving puzzles , inspired by the mechanics of the The Legend of Zelda video games . Dragon busts scattered throughout the regions provide the means to save player progress , permitting gameplay to be resumed at a later time .
Ryu 's movements are directed using the console gamepad . The game 's control system , which comprises the left thumbstick , two attack buttons , and a block button , was described as fluid and responsive , and Ninja Gaiden was regarded as having one of the deeper combat engines among Xbox games at the time , comparing well to the PlayStation 2 action @-@ adventures God of War and Devil May Cry . Eric Williams , the designer of the God of War combat engine , explained that Ninja Gaiden prohibits players from stopping or changing attacks in mid @-@ stroke . In contrast , God of War allows players to do so , and Devil May Cry grants this freedom to certain attacks . Williams said that , compared to those two games , the combat system in Ninja Gaiden was harder to master ; however , it lets players fight their computer controlled foes on equal terms .
Ninja Gaiden features a large selection of weapons for Ryu to wield , each with advantages and disadvantages that affect the way the player approaches combat . These include one @-@ handed swords , such as the Dragon Sword and Kitetsu , which grant quick attacks , and a move called the " Flying Swallow " , which allows Ryu to leap and slash through enemies . In addition these light weapons allow Ryu to smash foes into the ground and perform his signature Izuna Drop — a spinning piledriver . Heavy weapons , such as the Dabilahro and the Unlabored Flawlessness , are slow but cause more damage to opponents . With flails and staves , the player can string together long sequences of attacks . To engage distant foes Ryu can throw shuriken and shoot arrows . In addition to using standard melee techniques , Ryu can employ essences — colored globes of energy that are released on the death of enemies and absorbed into Ryu 's body when he comes into proximity with them . Essences have an important role in general gameplay , acting to heal Ryu , restore his magic , or increase his cash . However , in combat the player can cause Ryu to deliberately draw in essences , which can then be used to unleash powerful attacks known as Ultimate Techniques that allow Ryu to damage enemies without taking damage himself . These techniques deal heavy damage and make Ryu immune to injury for a short time .
Ninja Gaiden also provides Ryu with magical spells in the form of ninpo spells . When activated by the player , these make Ryu cast fireballs , ice storms , or bolts of lightning . Functioning in a similar manner to the bombs or grenades of shooter action games , these spells allow Ryu to inflict heavy damage on enemies while potentially avoiding damage himself . But , dissatisfied with their programmed visual effects , the game 's director Tomonobu Itagaki wanted to deter players from using ninpo . He therefore tweaked the game to award bonus points when players cleared stages without employing magic . For Ryu 's defense , the player has two options . First , Ryu can stand still and attempt to block attacks . However , certain enemies can break his guard — either through particularly strong attacks or by grappling him . The second option is to make Ryu dodge , by rolling away from the attack in a maneuver called " reverse wind " .
= = Plot = =
Inspired by the 1990s Ninja Gaiden series for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) , the 2004 version was originally set in a re @-@ imagined game world based on another Team Ninja creation , the Dead or Alive ( DOA ) series of fighting games . However , interviews with Tomonobu Itagaki indicate that the Xbox games are prequels to the NES series and that both possibly share a single continuity .
Ninja Gaiden is set in the game world of the Dead or Alive series . Located mainly in Japan and the fictional Vigoor Empire , the game draws on Heian period structures for its Japanese locales — a ninja fortress and village set in the mountains . In contrast the Vigoor Empire , with its capital city of Tairon , is a blend of architectural types from around the world . European @-@ style buildings display Arabic lettering , and the monastery in Tairon exhibits Gothic influences with a vaulted hall , pointed arches , and large stained glass windows . A hidden underground level features statues with the heads of cats , walls covered with carvings , hieroglyphics , Aztec pyramid and a labyrinth . This mix of styles was the result of Itagaki 's deliberate refusal to constrain the game 's creative process .
= = = Characters = = =
Ryu Hayabusa , the " super ninja " , is the protagonist of Ninja Gaiden , and the only player @-@ controllable character in the game . Itagaki believed that creating extra player characters might distract his team from focusing on Ryu 's development . Ryu has a long history with Tecmo ; he was the star of the 1990s Ninja Gaiden series , and has been part of the DOA roster since 1996 . His roles in these games played a part in his popularity among fans and the video game industry . Ninja Gaiden provides a backstory to Ryu 's appearance and character as seen in the Dead or Alive series , being set two years before the first DOA game .
Rachel is the leading female character , and tragic heroine of the game . She and her twin sister , Alma , are afflicted with a blood curse that turns humans into fiends . Believing that there is no cure for their condition , Rachel seeks to kill Alma to redeem her sister 's soul . The relationship between the sisters and the Greater Fiend Doku , who cursed them , serves as a plot device to drive the game forward , with Rachel occasionally needing to be rescued by Ryu . Although not a player @-@ controlled character in Ninja Gaiden , in a few sections of the Ninja Gaiden Sigma remake she is controllable . Two other characters assist the player in the game . Ayane , a young female ninja and one of the DOA regular cast members , acts as a guide throughout Ninja Gaiden by supplying advice and objectives to the player . Muramasa , a bladesmith , has shops scattered throughout the game world where players can purchase useful items and upgrades for Ryu 's weapons . Muramasa also gives quests and relates back @-@ stories and other crucial information ; for example , he tells Ryu how he can obtain the item required to upgrade his Dragon Sword to its full potential . Players have the option to customize the appearance of player characters , with selectable costumes for Ryu and hairstyles for Rachel .
Most of the enemies are fiends — humans changed into monsters by their blood curse . Three Greater Fiends lead their lesser brethren against Ryu , playing major roles in the game 's plot : Alma , Rachel 's sister , whose story forms a significant part of the game ; Doku , Ryu 's main antagonist , whose raid on Hayabusa village and theft of the Dark Dragon Blade comprise the main plot thread ; and Marbus , lord of the fiend underworld who is responsible for the final set of challenges Ryu faces in the realm of the fiends before encountering the Vigoor Emperor .
= = = Story = = =
Ninja Gaiden 's story spans 16 chapters , each beginning and ending with a cutscene . At the start of the game , the player takes control of Ryu as he infiltrates the Shadow clan fortress . Ryu is there to visit his uncle , the clan leader Murai . During their chat , Ayane delivers news of a raid on the Hayabusa village . Fighting his way back to his village , Ryu encounters Doku , who has killed the Hayabusa shrine maiden Kureha and has taken the Dark Dragon Blade . Ryu is cut down by Doku with the stolen Blade , but he is brought back to life as a " soldier of revenge " by a falcon , the spiritual animal of the Hayabusa clan .
Seeking vengeance for Kureha 's death , Ryu learns from Murai that the raiders were from Vigoor , so he stows away on an airship bound for the empire . Fighting his way through the streets of its capital city , Tairon , Ryu faces several bosses including the three Greater Fiends . He defeats Alma in a battle that wrecks the city , but leaves her to Rachel 's mercy . Conversely , Rachel cannot bring herself to kill her sister , and instead is taken by Doku , who prepares to sacrifice her in a ritual to enhance Alma 's power . With Alma 's help Ryu rescues Rachel and destroys Doku 's spirit , but with his dying breath Doku casts the blood curse on Ryu . The only way for Ryu to lift the curse is to kill the emperor , so he storms the palace , defeating Marbus who bars his way to the emperor 's personal realm . Two successive boss fights must be completed to destroy the Emperor and reclaim the Dark Dragon Blade — once this is accomplished his realm starts to destruct . Ryu must then be maneuvered up a series of ledges to escape , but in the process he loses his grip on the Dark Dragon Blade .
The fallen Blade lands at the feet of a figure , the Dark Disciple , who has been shadowing Ryu throughout the game . Taking the Blade , the Disciple reveals himself to be the clan leader Murai . He admits that the raid on Hayabusa village was part of his plan to restore the Blade 's evil power , using souls harvested by Ryu . Drawing on the Blade , Murai transforms himself , setting the stage for the final boss fight . Ryu defeats Murai and shatters the Blade with the True Dragon Sword . Victorious , Ryu turns himself into a falcon and flies to the Hayabusa village . In the game 's final scene he places the Dragon Eye , used to enhance his sword , on Kureha 's tombstone and disappears into the night . The story of Ninja Gaiden is continued in the sequels Ninja Gaiden : Dragon Sword , Ninja Gaiden II and Ninja Gaiden 3 .
= = Development = =
In 1999 , Team Ninja started work on the " Next @-@ Generation Ninja Gaiden Project " . The first stage of development was to create the game on the Sega NAOMI arcade system board . They then planned to move the project to the Dreamcast console for further development and release , but this was abandoned when Sega announced the end of Dreamcast product line in 2001 . At this point , Tecmo decided to release Ninja Gaiden as a launch title for the Sony PlayStation 2 in the United States . Itagaki , however , had other plans ; the Team Ninja Leader was impressed with the software development kits for the Xbox and pushed for his team to develop for the Microsoft console . The company kept silent on this change in direction , and surprised both the games industry and fans when they announced at E3 2002 that Ninja Gaiden would be released exclusively on the Xbox gaming console . Most fans who voted on Tecmo 's poll wanted the game on the Nintendo GameCube .
Ninja Gaiden was Team Ninja 's first action title . Its initial concept had nothing in common with the original Ninja Gaiden series that was released for the NES . However , for retail reasons Tecmo wanted to retain a link with the previous games , which had many adherents in the West , so Itagaki was asked to rethink his ideas to target the foreign market . Analysing the earlier games , he concluded that their violence appealed to players , and included gory content , such as beheadings , in the Xbox game to retain that spirit . He also aimed to make his new game hard but alluring ; it would challenge players on their reflexes rather than on their memories of layouts and timings . His team made a point of designing smoothly @-@ flowing gameplay with high @-@ quality animations that reacted quickly to the player 's input . Itagaki paid homage to the earlier Ninja Gaiden series by including updated versions of foes and special attacks . Team Ninja based their 3D computer models , from the pistols of the henchman upwards , on real world material . Character models were taken from studies of human anatomy , and the team hired martial artists in order to digitally capture their movement . Rather than import the motion captures directly into the game , however , the animators used them as templates to give a sense of realism to the game characters ' exaggerated movements . Itagaki found it more interesting to design nonhuman creatures than human enemies .
= = Release = =
In 2004 , Tecmo released a demo disc of Ninja Gaiden in Japan , bundled with the February 26 issue of Famitsu Xbox magazine . The demo let players try the first chapter of the game on two difficulty settings with a few fully upgraded weapons and ninpos . On March 2 , 2004 , a year later than originally planned , Tecmo released Ninja Gaiden in the United States .
= = = Regional censorship = = =
As released , Ninja Gaiden contained bloody acts of violence , decapitations and grotesque monsters . The North American games rating body , the Entertainment Software Rating Board ( ESRB ) , rated it as a " Mature " game , which prohibits sale to anyone under the age of 17 . The depiction of beheadings , though , attracts stricter ratings in other parts of the world . In Germany , the Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle ( USK ) deemed these excessive , and refused to rate the game at all . Since this had the potential to place Ninja Gaiden in Germany 's " List of Media Harmful to Young People " , which would have meant that shops could neither advertise the game nor sell it unless by request to customers of 18 years or older , Tecmo censored the European PAL version to obtain a USK rating . A year later , Tecmo managed to obtain a USK 18 + rating for the uncensored release of Ninja Gaiden Black .
Japan 's Computer Entertainment Rating Organization ( CERO ) rated Ninja Gaiden and Black , on their release , as 18 + games . At the time , CERO ratings acted as guidelines for consumers . However , on March 1 , 2006 , the Japanese rating system changed . A scale from A to D was introduced , with an additional Z rating for games with large amounts of gore and sexual content . The Z rating is legally enforced , it being illegal to sell such games to anyone under the age of 18 . As a result , Tecmo removed the human beheadings in Sigma to obtain a D rating for the East Asian market . However , CERO reclassified the two previous games as D , despite them also depicting human decapitations .
= = = Post @-@ release = = =
Team Ninja kept working on the Ninja Gaiden project after its release , with the aim of pushing the action genre and their first such title as far as they could . To this end , they released downloadable expansions , known as Hurricane Packs , free of charge . Itagaki said that since the packs were born out of his team 's interest , they did not care to charge players for their efforts . The two packs were available over Xbox Live in the third quarter of 2004 .
Hurricane Pack 1 was a revamped version of
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Teape . In 1946 , Jardine was chosen to play for Old England in a popular and successful fund raising match against Surrey . He displayed much of his old batting skill but did not show much involvement with his team @-@ mates . By 1948 , Jardine was more accepted in the cricket world . This was partly due to English perception of the short @-@ pitched fast bowling of Australian pairing Ray Lindwall and Keith Miller as being hostile . England 's poor performance in the 1946 – 47 and 1948 Ashes also caused writers to remember Jardine more fondly as an icon of past English success .
= = = Final years = = =
In 1953 , Jardine resumed journalism for the Ashes series and expressed a high opinion of Len Hutton 's captaincy . He also did some broadcasting and wrote short stories to supplement his income ; Isla was in poor health and her medical care was expensive . In the same year , he became the first President of the Umpires Association , while from 1955 to 1957 he was President of the Oxford University Cricket Club . In 1953 , he travelled , with some trepidation , as a board member of the Scottish Australian Company to inspect some land in Australia . While there , he struck up a friendship with Fingleton and was surprised to be well received in the country , in his own words , as " an old so @-@ and @-@ so who got away with it . "
In 1957 , Jardine travelled to Rhodesia , again to inspect some land , with his daughter Marion . While there , he became ill with tick fever . He showed no improvement upon his return to England and further tests revealed that he had advanced lung cancer . After some treatment , he travelled with his wife to a clinic in Switzerland but it was discovered that the cancer had spread and was incurable . He died in Switzerland on 18 June 1958 and his ashes were scattered over the top of Craigs Cross mountain in Perthshire , Scotland . His family had enquired about having his ashes dispersed at Lord 's , but this honour was restricted to war dead . When he died , his estate was valued at just over £ 71 @,@ 000 , which would have been worth around £ 1 ¼ million in 2008 .
= = Legacy = =
Jardine is inextricably associated with Bodyline . John Arlott wrote in 1989 that " It is no exaggeration to say that , among Australians , Douglas Jardine is probably the most disliked of cricketers . " In the view of Christopher Douglas , his name " stands for the legendary British qualities of cool @-@ headed determination , implacable resolve , patrician disdain for crowds and critics alike – if you 're English that is . To Australians the name is synonymous with the legendary British qualities of snobbishness , cynicism and downright Pommie arrogance . " He also argues that Bodyline , which was legal at the time , was a necessary step to overcome the unfair advantage which batsmen of the time enjoyed .
After the Bodyline tour , according to cricket writer Gideon Haigh , Jardine was seen as " the most reviled man in sport . " This perception faded from the 1950s onwards , and in more recent times , Jardine has been viewed more sympathetically . In 2002 , the England captain Nasser Hussain was compared to Jardine as a compliment when he displayed ruthlessness against the opposition .
= Maniac Mansion =
Maniac Mansion is a 1987 graphic adventure video game developed and published by Lucasfilm Games . It follows teenage protagonist Dave Miller as he attempts to rescue his girlfriend from a mad scientist , whose mind has been enslaved by a sentient meteor . The player uses a point @-@ and @-@ click interface to guide Dave and two of his six playable friends through the scientist 's mansion while solving puzzles and avoiding dangers . Gameplay is nonlinear , and the game must be completed in different ways based on the player 's choice of characters . Initially released for the Commodore 64 and Apple II , Maniac Mansion was Lucasfilm Games ' first self @-@ published product .
The game was conceived in 1985 by Ron Gilbert and Gary Winnick , who sought to tell a comedic story based on horror film and B movie clichés . They mapped out the project as a paper @-@ and @-@ pencil game before coding commenced . While earlier adventure titles had relied on command lines , Gilbert disliked such systems , and he developed Maniac Mansion 's simpler point @-@ and @-@ click interface as a replacement . To speed up production , he created a game engine called SCUMM , which was used in many later LucasArts titles . After its release , Maniac Mansion was ported to several platforms . A port for the Nintendo Entertainment System had to be reworked heavily , in response to complaints by Nintendo of America that the game was inappropriate for children .
Maniac Mansion was critically acclaimed : reviewers lauded its graphics , cutscenes , animation and humor . Writer Orson Scott Card praised it as a step toward " computer games [ becoming ] a valid storytelling art . " It influenced numerous graphic adventure titles , and its point @-@ and @-@ click interface became a standard feature in the genre . The game 's success solidified Lucasfilm as a serious rival to adventure game studios such as Sierra On @-@ Line . In 1990 , Maniac Mansion was adapted into a three @-@ season television series of the same name , written by Eugene Levy and starring Joe Flaherty . A sequel to the game , entitled Day of the Tentacle , was released in 1993 .
= = Overview = =
Maniac Mansion is a graphic adventure game in which the player uses a point @-@ and @-@ click interface to guide characters through a two @-@ dimensional game world and to solve puzzles . Fifteen action commands , such as " Walk To " and " Unlock " , may be selected by the player from a menu on the screen 's lower half . The player starts the game by choosing two out of six characters to accompany protagonist Dave Miller . Each character possesses unique abilities : for example , Syd and Razor can play musical instruments , while Bernard can repair appliances . The game may be completed with any combination of characters ; but , since many puzzles are solvable only by certain characters , different paths must be taken based on the group 's composition . Maniac Mansion features cutscenes , a word coined by Ron Gilbert , that interrupt gameplay to advance the story and inform the player about offscreen events .
The game takes place in the mansion of the fictional Edison family : Dr. Fred , a mad scientist ; Nurse Edna , his wife ; and their son Weird Ed . Living with the Edisons are two large , disembodied tentacles , one purple and the other green . The intro sequence shows that a sentient meteor crashed near the mansion twenty years earlier ; it brainwashed the Edisons and directed Dr. Fred to obtain human brains for use in experiments . The game begins as Dave Miller prepares to enter the mansion to rescue his girlfriend , Sandy Pantz , who was kidnapped by Dr. Fred . With the exception of the green tentacle , the mansion 's inhabitants are hostile , and will throw the player characters into the dungeon — or , in some situations , kill them — if they see them . When a character dies , the player must choose a replacement from the unselected characters ; and the game ends if all characters are killed . Maniac Mansion has five possible endings , based on which characters are chosen , which survive , and what the characters accomplish .
= = Development = =
= = = Conception = = =
Maniac Mansion was conceived in 1985 , when Lucasfilm Games employees Ron Gilbert and Gary Winnick were assigned to create an original game . Gilbert had been hired the previous year as a programmer for the game Koronis Rift . He befriended Winnick over their similar tastes in humor , film and television . Company management provided little oversight in the creation of Maniac Mansion , a trend to which Gilbert credited the success of several of his games for Lucasfilm .
Gilbert and Winnick co @-@ wrote and co @-@ designed the project , but they worked separately as well : Gilbert on programming and Winnick on visuals . As both of them enjoyed B horror films , they decided to make a comedy @-@ horror game set in a haunted house . They drew inspiration from a film whose name Winnick could not recall . He described it as " a ridiculous teen horror movie " , in which teenagers inside a building were killed one by one without any thought of leaving . This film , combined with clichés from popular horror movies such as Friday the 13th and A Nightmare on Elm Street , became the basis for the game 's setting . Early work on the game progressed organically : according to Gilbert , " Very little was written down . Gary and I just talked and laughed a lot , and out it came . " Lucasfilm Games relocated to the Stable House at Skywalker Ranch during Maniac Mansion 's conception period , and the ranch 's Main House was used as a model for the mansion . Several rooms from the Main House received exact reproductions in the game , such as a library with a spiral staircase and a media room with a large @-@ screen TV and grand piano .
Story and characters were a primary concern for Gilbert and Winnick . The pair based the game 's cast on friends , family members , acquaintances and stereotypes . For example , Winnick 's girlfriend Ray was the inspiration for Razor , while Dave and Wendy were based , respectively , on Gilbert and a fellow Lucasfilm employee named Wendy . According to Winnick , the Edison family was shaped after characters from EC Comics and Warren Publishing magazines . The sentient meteor that brainwashes Dr. Fred was inspired by a segment from the 1982 anthology film Creepshow . A man @-@ eating plant , similar to that of Little Shop of Horrors , was included as well . The developers sought to strike a balance between tension and humor with the game 's story .
Initially , Gilbert and Winnick struggled to choose a gameplay genre for Maniac Mansion . While visiting relatives over Christmas , Gilbert saw his cousin play King 's Quest : Quest for the Crown , an adventure game by Sierra On @-@ Line . Although he was a fan of text adventures , this was Gilbert 's first experience with a graphic adventure , and he used the holiday to play the game and familiarize himself with the format . As a result , he decided to develop his and Winnick 's ideas into a graphic adventure game .
Maniac Mansion 's story and structure were designed before coding commenced . The project 's earliest incarnation was a simple paper @-@ and @-@ pencil board game , in which the mansion 's floor plan was used as a game board , and cards represented events and characters . Lines connected the rooms to illustrate pathways by which characters could travel . Strips of cellulose acetate were used to map out the game 's puzzles by tracking which items worked together when used by certain characters . Impressed by the map 's complexity , Winnick included it in the final game as a poster hung on a wall . Because each character contributes different skills and resources , the pair spent months working on the event combinations that could occur . This extended the game 's production time beyond that of previous Lucasfilm Games projects , which almost led to Gilbert 's firing . The game 's dialogue , written by David Fox , was not created until after programming had begun .
= = = Production and SCUMM = = =
Gilbert started programming Maniac Mansion in 6502 assembly language , but he quickly decided that the project was too large and complex for this method . He decided that a new game engine would have to be created . Its coding language was initially planned to be LISP @-@ inspired , but Gilbert opted for one similar to C. Lucasfilm employee Chip Morningstar contributed the base code for the engine , which Gilbert then built on . Gilbert hoped to create a " system that could be used on many adventure games , cutting down the time it took to make them " . Maniac Mansion 's first six @-@ to @-@ nine months of production were dedicated largely to engine development . The game was developed around the Commodore 64 home computer , an 8 @-@ bit system with only 64 KB of memory . The team wanted to include scrolling screens , but as it was normally impossible to scroll bitmap graphics on the Commodore 64 , they had to utilize lower @-@ detail tile graphics . Winnick gave each character a large head made of three
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lie . He tells him that his sister 's abduction was fabricated , that all evidence of alien biology are merely scientific anomalies , and that the alien body he has just examined was fake . Kritschgau claims that the entire alien mythos is a hoax perpetrated by the U.S. government as a cover for the activities of the military – industrial complex . Mulder dismisses these claims until Scully tells him Kritschgau told her that she was given cancer to make him believe .
Mulder finds Arlinsky and Babcock dead , with the alien body missing . Mulder , distraught , sits in his apartment watching a conference about extraterrestrial life on television . The narrative returns to the present , where Scully reveals to the panel that Mulder died the previous night of an apparent self @-@ inflicted gunshot wound to the head .
= = Production = =
The icy caverns featured in the episode were constructed inside a warehouse which had previously been used for cold storage ; and required the use of truckloads of lumber and 10 @,@ 000 square feet ( 930 m2 ) of Styrofoam . The set would become one of the most expensive and elaborate built during the series ' history . The set required a constant temperature of − 21 ° F ( − 29 ° C ) in order to maintain the real snow and ice used to decorate it . This refrigeration allowed the actors ' breath to visibly fog up , and allowed the cast to " have a place that feels real " to aid their acting .
The outdoor scenes were filmed around Vancouver 's Mount Seymour , with weather conditions making shooting difficult enough to require an extra day of work . The episode 's production took place just a week before David Duchovny 's wedding , with his fiancée Téa Leoni visiting the set during filming . The first cut of the episode was twelve minutes too long , resulting in some of the scenes in the mountains being removed . Series creator Chris Carter re @-@ edited the entire episode two days before it aired .
Carter has described " Gethsemane " as a " big ideas episode " , noting that its main concern is debating " the existence of God " . The title of the episode is an allusion to the biblical garden of Gethsemane where Jesus was betrayed by Judas Iscariot . The character Michael Kritschgau was named after a former drama teacher of Gillian Anderson . The tagline for this episode is " Believe the lie " , changed from the usual " The truth is out there " . This episode marks the first appearance of one of Scully 's brothers since a flashback in the season two episode " One Breath " . Section Chief Scott Blevins makes his first appearance since the fourth episode of the first season , " Conduit " .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Gethsemane " premiered on the Fox network on May 18 , 1997 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on Sky One on July 13th 1997 and on free to air BBC One on March 4 , 1998 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 12 @.@ 7 with a 19 share , meaning that roughly 12 @.@ 7 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 19 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . A total of 19 @.@ 85 million viewers watched this episode during its original airing .
= = = Reviews = = =
" Gethsemane " received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Lon Grahnke of Chicago Sun @-@ Times reacted positively toward the episode , calling it a " stunning " season finale . Paula Vitaris , writing for Cinefantastique , rated " Gethsemane " two stars out of four , noting that it " withholds so much information that it barely qualifies as a complete episode " . Vitaris felt that the large degree of ambiguity in the episode 's script left the actors ' performances " curiously neutral " , adding that the cast " struggle manfully " with the material . Writing for The A.V. Club , Zack Handlen rated the episode a B + , noting that " everything here has a ring of familiarity to it " . Handlen felt that the episode 's premise and ending were poorly executed , as " trying to balance possible truths while maintaining the plausibility of both is incredibly difficult to pull off on a long @-@ running show " , adding that the episode " comes down on the only side of the fence it really could " given that " there 've been too many scenes of shape @-@ changing bounty hunters and mystical alien healers to really let this idea play out know [ sic ] in any real way " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode four stars out of five , noting that while it " attempts to do too much " , it " has a passion behind it which makes it gripping " . Shearman and Pearson felt that the episode 's cliffhanger ending , centering on the apparent death of Mulder , was too unbelievable , noting that it would be out of character for him to grow so disillusioned as to take his own life . In the 1999 FX Thanksgiving Marathon , containing fan @-@ selected episodes , " Gethsemane " ( along with " Redux " and " Redux II " ) was presented as the " Best Mythology Episode " .
The episode created speculation about whether or not Mulder was actually dead . An article in the Wall Street Journal discussed fan theories behind Mulder 's madness while a cartoon ran in The New Yorker a few weeks later surrounding Mulder 's " death " . Series creator Chris Carter noted that " the whole plot line of ' Gethsemane ' revolved around a hoax , but there are actually huge revelations in this show . And it 's an amazing thing that we could get people to believe that Mulder could actually kill himself because his belief system was stolen from him " . UGO Networks listed the episode at number 21 in a countdown of " TV 's Best Season Finales " , noting that it " rocked the core of the series ' entire mythology " . Den of Geek 's John Moore felt that the episode was " one of the finest season @-@ enders " of the series , noting that it " ended by completely pulling the carpet out from under the fans " . Moore listed the character of Michael Kritschgau as the seventh @-@ best villain of the series , adding that he shook " what we knew about the show to its core " by " provid [ ing ] nourishment to a seed of doubt that had been playing on Mulder 's mind for the entire season " .
= Cultura Profética =
Cultura Profética ( in English , Prophetic Culture ) is a Puerto Rican reggae band formed in 1996 . The band has undergone several lineup changes , but founding members Willy Rodríguez ( bass guitar , vocals ) , Boris Bilbraut ( drums , vocals ) , Eliut González ( guitar ) , and Omar Silva ( guitar , bass guitar ) have remained in the group throughout its history . Despite primarily performing reggae music , Cultura Profética has experimented with genres such as bossa nova , tango , jazz , and salsa . Lyrically , the group discusses socio @-@ political and ecological issues including Latin American identity and environmental concerns , as well as interpersonal relationships and love .
After gaining popularity in Puerto Rico as a cover band , Cultura Profética began performing original music and released its debut album , Canción de Alerta , in 1998 . The group followed up with Ideas Nuevas in 2000 , which featured further musical experimentation with a wider variety of musical styles , and then Diario in 2004 . After relocating to Mexico , the band released M.O.T.A. in 2005 , which peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot Latin Albums chart . In 2010 , La Dulzura was released , which took a more romantic lyrical focus and produced the radio hit " La Complicidad " . Cultura Profética released its most recent single , " Saca , Prende y Sorprende " in 2014 , and is reported to be working on a new album .
= = History = =
= = = 1996 – 99 : Formation and Canción de Alerta = = =
Cultura Profética originally began as a cover band , performing popular reggae songs in small bars and clubs before beginning to perform original music in Spanish . Shortly after transitioning to perform original music , the group adopted the name Cultura Profética , which was inspired by the view that " music is a voice of culture and is prophetic because the reggae music that we love , and that influenced us , is from the ’ 70s with themes of what 's happening now that can affect our future " , according to guitarist / bassist Omar Silva .
Many of the original members of the group attended the Escuela Elemental and the Escuela Secundaria of the University of Puerto Rico , an institution noted for its progressive and experimental teaching approaches . Vocalist / bassist Willy Rodriguez commented , " It is a school in which you are allowed to decide a few things on your own , you have free time between classes [ when ] you can do your own things , and there is a lot of musical culture in the school . It tends to allow you to explore your artistic interests ... There was always an air of liberation , of thinking on your own . I think that influenced a lot in what we do today musically and ideologically . " Group members Boris Bilbraut , Willy Rodríguez , Eliut González , Juan Costa , and Ivan Gutiérres began jamming together in 1996 , bonding over a shared interest in reggae music , particularly Bob Marley . These rehearsal sessions took place in El Hoyo , a neighborhood in the San Juan metropolitan area .
After transitioning away from being a cover band , the group quickly gained popularity in the Puerto Rican reggae scene . Cultura Profética began performing in major reggae festivals and opening for Jamaican reggae musician Don Carlos . The band 's first album , Canción de Alerta ( 1998 ) , was recorded in the Tuff Gong studios at Jamaica with Errol Brown , frontman of Hot Chocolate and Bob Marley 's sound engineer . The group was the first Spanish @-@ language act to record in Marley 's studios . The record discusses a number of social issues in Puerto Rico , including the importance of acknowledging the island 's African influence .
= = = 1998 – 2009 : Ideas Nuevas , Diario , and M.O.T.A. = = =
The group returned to Tuff Gong studios in 1999 to record its second album , Ideas Nuevas , which was released in May 2000 . On this record , the band began experimenting with a variety of rhythms such as bossa nova , salsa , ska , and jazz . The album was dedicated to a music instructor at the University of Puerto Rico . The band performed in Tito Puente 's amphitheater on May 12 , 2000 , later releasing a recording of the performance in the form of the live album Cultura en Vivo . In 2002 , the band released its third studio album , Diario . On this album , the band aimed to produce a record that represents Puerto Rican daily life , occasionally introducing songs with interludes of casual conversations and background noise , exemplified by songs such as " De Antes " and " Pa 'l Tanama " .
In 2004 , Cultura Profetica began to focus on the international stage , eventually moving temporarily to Mexico . Their fourth studio album , M.O.T.A. , was released in October 2005 after a tour through Mexico . M.O.T.A peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot Latin Albums chart , remaining at the position for two weeks . Also in 2005 , the group collaborated with Puerto Rican rapper Vico C on his song " Te Me Puedo Escapar " from his album Desahogo . In January 2006 , the song " Ritmo Que Pesa " from M.O.T.A peaked at number 35 on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart . In 2007 , the group released Tribute to the Legend : Bob Marley , a live recording of the group performing Bob Marley songs . After the release of the tribute album , Cultura Profética toured extensively through Latin America and expanded its fan base , particularly in Argentina . A DVD covering their performance at Jose Miguel Agrelot Coliseum was released in late summer of 2008 .
= = = 2010 – present : La Dulzura and upcoming album = = =
In 2010 , Cultura Profética released La Dulzura , the group 's first album on its own record label , La Mafafa . While discussing the decision to create an independent record label , Rodríguez explained " I can 't deny we spoke with different labels , but we didn 't find anything favorable . Labels are going through tough times and we decided to brave it on our own . " Many of the songs on the album were written and performed during the band 's extensive touring beginning in 2007 , and the songs went through numerous transformations during this time . Before the album 's official release , the band posted songs on the internet , including " La Complicidad " , which became a radio hit in Puerto Rico . La Dulzura debuted at number five on Billboard 's Top Latin Albums Chart .
La Dulzura represented a stylistic departure for the group , both musically and lyrically . The song " Del Tope al Fondo " is influenced by Argentine music , especially the genre of tango . Lyrically , the band discusses more romantic themes as opposed to the political emphasis of the group 's previous records . Guitarist Eliut Gonzalez remarked that the band aimed to shift discussion to " the good things in the world " , explaining that " We know that people need help , and that behind every revolution or movement , there is love . We wanted to document that in our music , but without doing it in a cheesy or typical way . " The singles " Baja la Tensión " , " La Complicidad " , " Para Estar " and " Ilegal " all charted on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart . In 2011 , the group collaborated with Dominican musician Vicente García on his single " Mi Balcón " .
The group 's most recent single , " Saca , Prende y Sorprende " , released in 2014 , pays homage to Jamaican deejay and rapper Super Cat and advocates for the legalization of marijuana . Gonzalez describes the band 's upcoming record as " very different " from La Dulzura , noting that the group began working on new material while on tour approximately a year after the album 's release .
= = Style and lyrical themes = =
Cultura Profética has been described as roots reggae . The group has often made use of the moog synthesizer , an instrument commonly used in traditional reggae but is generally rare in contemporary reggae . Despite primarily performing reggae music , the group incorporates various other rhythms into its compositions , including those of Caribbean genres such as salsa . The song " Reggae Rústico " from Ideas Nuevas includes an extended soneo , an improvised call @-@ and @-@ response section common in the salsa genre , at its closing , calling for unity in reggae music . Additionally , the band 's music features a strong emphasis on improvisation and polyrhythmic patterns . Rodríguez notes that " We 've developed what I think is our own genre . We don 't consider ourselves a pop act but we do make popular music in the sense that we are supported by many people . People have finally understood what we do . " Leila Cobo of Billboard observed elements of jazz in the single " La Complicidad , " additionally describing it as " more mellow rock than reggae . "
Lyrically , the group addresses social issues including corruption , environmentalism , personal liberty , and Latin American identity . Canción de Alerta contains the song " Por qué cantamos , " an adaptation of Uruguayan writer Mario Benedetti 's poem of the same name . Author Eunice Rojas cites this as an example of the group using " the power of music to advance social causes . " The song " Suelta Los Amarres " from Ideas Nuevas discourages listeners from using violence to advance a political cause . However , the lyrics on La Dulzura place more emphasis on interpersonal relationships and love . Silva notes that the group refrains from writing " romantic " lyrics , noting that " romanticism has a connotation of suffering for love . We are talking about the love that elevates and purifies your soul . We are talking in the sense of the love that sets you free . "
= = Discography = =
= = = Studio albums = = =
Canción de Alerta ( 1998 )
Ideas Nuevas ( 1999 )
Diario ( 2002 )
M.O.T.A. ( 2005 )
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attempted to renovate his style , he sank into sheer mannerism . Indeed , one can but marvel that so gifted a musician , who lacked neither individuality nor skill , should have so utterly succeeded in throwing away his gifts . Success spoiled him ... the actual progress of musical art during the past forty years left Massenet unmoved ... he has taken no part in the evolution of modern music .
Massenet was never entirely without supporters . In the 1930s Sir Thomas Beecham told the critic Neville Cardus , " I would give the whole of Bach 's Brandenburg Concertos for Massenet 's Manon , and would think I had vastly profited by the exchange . " By the 1950s critics were reappraising Massenet 's works . In 1951 Martin Cooper of The Daily Telegraph wrote that Massenet 's detractors , including some fellow composers , were on the whole idealistic , even puritanical , " but few of them have in practice achieved anything so near perfection in any genre , however humble , as Massenet achieved in his best works . " In 1955 Edward Sackville @-@ West and Desmond Shawe @-@ Taylor commented in The Record Guide that , although usually dismissed as an inferior Gounod , Massenet wrote music with a distinct flavour of its own . " He had a gift for melody of a suave , voluptuous and eminently singable kind , and the intelligence and dramatic sense to make the most of it . " The writers called for revivals of Grisélidis , Le jongleur de Notre @-@ Dame , Don Quichotte and Cendrillon , all then neglected . By the 1990s , Massenet 's reputation had been considerably rehabilitated . In The Penguin Opera Guide ( 1993 ) , Hugh Macdonald wrote that though Massenet 's operas never equalled the grandeur of Berlioz 's Les Troyens , the genius of Bizet 's Carmen or the profundity of Debussy 's Pelléas et Mélisande , from the 1860s until the years before the First World War , the composer gave the French lyric stage a remarkable series of works , two of which – Manon and Werther – are " masterpieces that will always grace the repertoire " . In Macdonald 's view , Massenet " embodies many enduring aspects of the belle époque , one of the richest cultural periods in history " . In France , Massenet 's 20th @-@ century eclipse was less complete than elsewhere , but his oeuvre has been revalued in recent years . In 2003 Piotr Kaminsky wrote in Mille et un opéras of Massenet 's skill in translating French text into flexible melodic phrases , his exceptional orchestral virtuosity , combining sparkle and clarity , and his unerring theatrical instinct .
Rodney Milnes , in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera ( 1992 ) , agrees that Manon and Werther have a secure place in the international repertoire ; he counts three others as " re @-@ establishing a toehold " ( Cendrillon , Thaïs and Don Quichotte ) , with many more due for re @-@ evaluation or rediscovery . He concludes that comparing Massenet with the handful of composers of great genius , " It would be absurd to claim that he was anything more than a second @-@ rate composer ; he nevertheless deserves to be seen , like Richard Strauss , at least as a first @-@ class second @-@ rate one . "
= Everything in Time =
Everything in Time ( B @-@ sides , Rarities , Remixes ) is a compilation album comprising B @-@ sides , remixes , and rare songs by the American third wave ska band No Doubt , first released on November 23 , 2003 as disc three of No Doubt 's box set , Boom Box , which also contained The Singles 1992 – 2003 , The Videos 1992 – 2003 and Live in the Tragic Kingdom . Everything in Time was later released separately on October 12 , 2004 .
The album 's B @-@ sides and rarities originate in recording sessions for the band 's fourth studio album , Return of Saturn . The first six tracks were used as B @-@ sides for three of the singles released off the album , " Ex @-@ Girlfriend " , " Simple Kind of Life " and " Bathwater " . Everything in Time also includes a remix of the song " New " , also from Return of Saturn , and two remixes of " Rock Steady " , the title track from No Doubt 's fifth studio album , Rock Steady .
The album received little coverage , not being a studio album , although the publications that did cover it gave average or good reviews , both in the box set Boom Box and its in solo release . It charted on the U.S. Billboard 200 album chart at number 182 .
= = Background = =
No Doubt 's fourth studio album , Return of Saturn was recorded between 1998 and 1999 and released on April 11 , 2000 . Over 40 demo tracks were recorded for Return of Saturn , but the list was whittled down to the fourteen for the album 's final composition , four of which were released as singles : " New " , " Ex @-@ Girlfriend " , " Simple Kind of Life " and " Bathwater " . No Doubt released their fifth studio album , Rock Steady , in December 2001 and from it released four singles , " Hey Baby " , " Hella Good " , " Underneath It All " and " Running " between 2001 and 2003 . The album sold 3 million copies and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America .
Later , in April 2003 , No Doubt went into hiatus to take a break to spend time with their families before starting to compile Everything in Time ; The Singles 1992 – 2003 , a greatest hits album featuring songs from their previous studio albums ; and Boom Box , a box set compiling The Singles 1992 – 2003 , Everything in Time , The Videos 1992 – 2003 and Live in the Tragic Kingdom , which would all be released on the same date . The main reason to go into hiatus was that , in early 2003 , lead singer Gwen Stefani started work on her 1980s @-@ inspired new wave / dance @-@ pop music side project , under which she released two solo albums : Love . Angel . Music . Baby. on November 22 , 2004 and The Sweet Escape on December 4 , 2006 .
= = Music = =
The first six tracks on the album are B @-@ sides from No Doubt 's fourth album , Return of Saturn . " Big Distraction " is a B @-@ side to the British CD single release of " Ex @-@ Girlfriend " and appears on the Australian and Japanese versions of Return of Saturn . " Leftovers " is a B @-@ side to the European enhanced and Australian CD single releases of " Ex @-@ Girlfriend " . " Full Circle " is a B @-@ side to the European , European enhanced , and Australian CD single releases of " Ex @-@ Girlfriend " and " Simple Kind of Life " and appears on the Japanese version of Return of Saturn . " Cellophane Boy " is a B @-@ side to the CD single release of " Simple Kind of Life " . " Beauty Contest " is a B @-@ side to the British and German CD single releases of " Simple Kind of Life " and " Bathwater " . " Under Construction " is a B @-@ side to the British CD single releases of " Simple Kind of Life " and " Bathwater " .
" Everything in Time " , " You 're So Foxy " , and " Panic " are outtakes from recording sessions of Return of Saturn , while " New Friend " is a leftover from the Rock Steady recordings . " Sailin ' On " is a cover of the song by Bad Brains , an American hardcore punk band , from their debut album Bad Brains . " Oi to the World " is a cover of the original version by The Vandals , a Californian punk rock band , from their album Oi to the World ! . " I Throw My Toys Around " is a song from the soundtrack of The Rugrats Movie , performed by No Doubt and Elvis Costello .
" New and Approved " is a remix of the song " New " from Return of Saturn . It was a B @-@ side to many of the single releases of " New " . " A Real Love Survives " and " A Rock Steady Vibe " are remixes of the song " Rock Steady " on the album Rock Steady . " A Real Love Survives " features British rapper Ms. Dynamite and " A Rock Steady Vibe " features Sweetie Irie .
= = Critical reception = =
In its 2003 release as part of Boom Box , Everything in Time was described as " certainly worth having " by Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic in a review for the box set . RockMusicReview called the song " Full Circle " , from Everything in Time , one of the highlights of Boom Box . In its 2004 solo release , few critics reviewed Everything in Time because it was not a studio album . However , Laura Sinagra for Blender magazine gave it three stars out of five , saying it contained " endearing , younger examples of the marriage @-@ minded tomboy [ Gwen Stefani ] agonizing over the task of taming restless playboys " . She complimented " New Friend " , " Under Construction " and both versions of " Everything in Time " as " satisfying laments " with " truth @-@ serum lyrics " , and praised Stefani 's " just @-@ a @-@ girl sass " in " Oi to the World " . However , she criticized " Big Distraction " and " Leftovers " , which in her opinion were " pale beside the singles [ The Singles 1992 – 2003 ] " . Both Allmusic and Artistdirect gave the album three stars out of five but neither gave an actual review .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits = =
= = Chart positions = =
= = Release history = =
= Tom Driberg =
Thomas Edward Neil Driberg , Baron Bradwell ( 22 May 1905 – 12 August 1976 ) was a British journalist , politician and High Anglican churchman who served as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) from 1942 to 1955 and from 1959 to 1974 . A member of the British Communist Party for more than 20 years , he was first elected to parliament as an Independent , and joined the Labour Party in 1945 . He never held any ministerial office , but rose to senior positions within the Labour Party and was a popular and influential figure in left @-@ wing politics for many years .
The son of a retired colonial officer , Driberg was educated at Lancing and Christ Church , Oxford . After leaving the university without a degree , he attempted to establish himself as a poet before joining the Daily Express as a reporter , later becoming a columnist . In 1933 he began the " William Hickey " society column , which he continued to write until 1943 . He was later a regular columnist for the Co @-@ operative Group newspaper Reynold 's News and for other left @-@ leaning journals . He wrote several books , including biographies of the press baron Lord Beaverbrook and the fugitive British diplomat Guy Burgess . He retired from the House of Commons in 1974 , and was subsequently raised to the peerage as Baron Bradwell , of Bradwell juxta Mare in the County of Essex .
Driberg made no secret of his homosexuality , which he practised throughout his life despite it being a criminal offence in Britain until 1967 ; his ability to avoid any consequences for his risky and often brazen behaviour baffled his friends and colleagues . Always in search of bizarre experiences , Driberg befriended at various times the occultist Aleister Crowley and the Kray twins , along with honoured and respected figures in the worlds of literature and politics . He combined this lifestyle with an unvarying devotion to Anglo @-@ Catholicism . After his death , allegations were published about his role over many years as an MI5 informant , a KGB agent , or both . The extent and nature of Driberg 's involvement with these agencies remain uncertain .
= = Early life = =
= = = Family background and childhood = = =
Driberg was born on 22 May 1905 in Crowborough , a small dormitory town about 40 miles ( 64 km ) south of London . He was the third and youngest of three sons born to John James Street Driberg , a former officer in the Indian Civil Service , and his wife Amy Mary Irving Driberg ( née Bell ) . The Driberg family had immigrated from Holland about 200 years previously ; the Bells were lowland Scots from Dumfriesshire . John Driberg had retired in 1896 after 35 years in Assam , latterly as head of the state 's police , and was 65 years old when his youngest son was born . For Driberg , growing up mostly alone with his elderly parents was a stifling experience ; he would later describe Crowborough as " a place which I can never revisit , or think of , without a feeling of sick horror " .
At the age of eight Driberg began as a day @-@ boy at the Grange school in Crowborough . In his autobiography he mentions in particular two aspects of his time there : learning the " facts of life " from other boys , with extensive experimentation , and his discovery of what he calls " exotic " religion — High Anglicanism . These experiences formed what he called two " conflicting compulsions " , soon to be joined by a third — left @-@ wing politics — to shape the ruling passions of his life .
= = = Lancing = = =
In 1918 , when he was 13 , Driberg left the Grange for Lancing College , the public school on the south coast where , after some initial bullying and humiliation , he was befriended by fellow @-@ pupil Evelyn Waugh . Under Waugh 's sponsorship Driberg joined an intellectual society , the Dilettanti , which promoted literary and artistic activities alongside political debate . He began to write poetry ; his aesthetic education was further assisted by the charismatic J. F. Roxburgh , " a magnetically brilliant teacher " who later became headmaster of Stowe School . Lancing 's Gothic chapel gave Driberg the religious atmosphere he sought , though he found the services disappointingly " moderate " . By 1920 he was inclining to the political left and was in rebellion against his conservative upbringing . Finding the Labour Party too dull and respectable for his radical tastes , he joined the Brighton branch of the newly formed British Communist Party .
After Driberg had risen to responsible positions within the school ( deputy head boy , head librarian , and chief sacristan , among others ) , his Lancing career ended suddenly in the autumn of 1923 , when two boys complained about his sexual overtures . To avoid distressing the widowed Amy Driberg ( John Driberg had died in 1919 ) , the headmaster allowed him to remain in the school for the remainder of the term , stripped of his offices and segregated from all social contact with other boys . At the end of the term he was required to leave , on the pretext that he needed private tuition to pass his Oxford entrance examination which he had failed the previous summer . Back in Crowborough , after several months ' hard application under the guidance of his tutor , the future Lord Justice Pearson , Driberg won a classics scholarship to Christ Church , Oxford .
= = Oxford = =
Oxford in 1924 featured an avant @-@ garde aesthetic movement in which personalities such as Harold Acton , Brian Howard , Cyril Connolly and , a little later , W. H. Auden were leading lights . Driberg was soon immersed in a world of art , politics , poetry and parties : " There was just no time for any academic work " , he wrote later . With Auden , he discovered T. S. Eliot 's The Waste Land , which they read again and again , " with growing awe " . A poem of Driberg 's in the style of Edith Sitwell was published in Oxford Poetry 1926 ; when Sitwell came to Oxford to deliver a lecture , Driberg invited her to have tea with him , and she accepted . After her lecture he found an opportunity to recite one of his own poems , and was rewarded when Sitwell declared him " the hope of English poetry " .
Meanwhile , together with the future historian A. J. P. Taylor , Driberg formed the membership of the Oxford University Communist Party . During the General Strike of May 1926 , most Oxford students supported the government and enrolled as special constables and strike @-@ breakers . A minority , which included the future Labour Party leader Hugh Gaitskell and the future Poet Laureate John Betjeman , sided with the strikers , while Driberg and Taylor offered their services at the British Communist Party 's headquarters in London . The Party showed no urgency to employ them , and Taylor soon left . Driberg , given a job distributing strike bulletins , was arrested by the police before he could
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@-@ time employees and 7 @.@ 7 % are self @-@ employed ; 15 % of the working @-@ age population are retired . 4 @.@ 2 % were unemployed , with 40 % of those in long @-@ term unemployment and roughly one third were aged 16 to 24 . The largest socio @-@ economic grouping is those working in lower @-@ tier managerial or administrative roles ( 21 @.@ 9 % ) , followed by semi @-@ routine ( 17 @.@ 8 % ) , routine ( 15 % ) and intermediate ( 12 @.@ 5 % ) occupations ; no other group comprised 10 % or more . In terms of industry , the most common , based on those working in the sector , are wholesale and retail trade ( including automotive repairs ) at 16 @.@ 9 % , health and social care ( 13 @.@ 4 % ) , public administration and defence ( 13 @.@ 3 % ) and manufacturing ( 10 @.@ 9 % ) , with no other groups representing 10 % or more . An unemployment survey of Lincolnshire in 2014 found that the county experienced a decline in unemployment ( based on Jobseekers Allowance claimants ) by 29 % over the preceding 12 months , while the county 's unemployment rate was marginally below the national average .
= = = Regeneration = = =
In 2011 North Kesteven District Council produced a 25 @-@ year strategy to regenerate the town because its rapid growth since the 1990s had outgrown improvements to its infrastructure . It plans future residential developments and outlines ways of improving the town centre . It suggests developing more parking around the centre and reverting parts the one @-@ way system , developing southern Southgate and turning Money 's Yard into an attraction to link with the National Centre for Craft and Design . North Kesteven District Council granted planning permission for a £ 56 m project to redevelop the derelict Bass Maltings site by converting it into residential and retail space and creating about 500 permanent jobs . The development including a supermarket was delayed when the town council opposed a link road through part of the recreation ground . Tesco , who had pledged to invest in a £ 20 million store in the development withdrew in January 2015 following financial set @-@ backs .
= = Transport = =
The A17 road from Newark @-@ on @-@ Trent to King 's Lynn bypasses Sleaford from Holdingham Roundabout to Kirkby la Thorpe . It ran through the town until the bypass opened in 1975 . The Holdingham roundabout connects the A17 to the A15 road from Peterborough to Scawby . It also passed through Sleaford until 1993 , when its bypass was completed . Three roads meet at Sleaford 's market place : Northgate ( B1518 ) , Southgate and Eastgate ( B1517 ) . A one @-@ way system set up in 1994 creates a circuit around the town centre .
The railways arrived in the 19th century . Early proposals to bring a line to Sleaford failed , but in 1852 plans were made to build the Boston , Sleaford and Midland Counties Railway and its Act of Parliament passed in 1853 . The line from Grantham opened in 1857 ; Boston was connected in 1859 , Bourne in 1871 and Ruskington on Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Railway in 1882 .
Sleaford is a stop on the Peterborough to Lincoln Line and the Poacher Line , from Grantham to Skegness . Grantham , roughly 14 @.@ 8 miles ( 23 @.@ 8 km ) away by road and two stops on the Poacher Line , is a major stop on the East Coast Main Line . Trains from Grantham to London King 's Cross take approximately 1 hour 15 minutes .
The River Slea through the town was converted into use as a canal for much of the 19th century . Plans to canalise it were drawn up in 1773 , but faced opposition from land @-@ owners who feared it might affect the drainage of fens . Plans were approved in 1791 with the support of Brownlow Bertie , 5th Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven who owned estates and quarries that he hoped would benefit . An Act of Parliament passed in 1792 , establishing the Sleaford Navigation , which opened two years later . After falling revenues due to competition from the railways , the navigation company closed in 1878 . The river , although no longer navigable , passes under Carre Street and Southgate . The Nine Foot Drain , also unnavigable , meets the Slea just before Southgate .
= = Demography = =
The resident population at the 2011 Census was 17 @,@ 671 , which accounts for roughly 15 % of the population of the North Kesteven District ; the urban area contained 8 @,@ 690 houses . The town 's population grew by 39 % between 1991 and 2001 , the fastest growth rate of any town in Lincolnshire . The district population is predicted to rise by 29 % between 2008 and 2033 , compared with a national average of 18 % ; in 2013 , county councillors approved plans to build 4 @,@ 500 new homes . A joint planning strategy report found that " This growth has largely been the result of people moving to the area attracted by the quality of life , low crime rates , relatively low house prices and good @-@ quality education . "
The 2011 Census revealed that approximately 93 @.@ 6 % of the town 's resident population were White British ; the second largest ethnic group was White Irish at approximately 3 @.@ 4 % , followed by Asian ( including Asian British ) at 1 @.@ 09 % ; no other ethnic group represented 1 % or more of the population . 88 @.@ 5 % of residents were born in England and 4 @.@ 41 % in other parts of the United Kingdom ; 4 @.@ 3 % were from EU countries , with 2 @.@ 5 % coming from EU member states which joined after 2001 .
Between December 2013 and November 2014 , 1 @,@ 289 criminal acts were reported , of which 43 @.@ 9 % were classed as anti @-@ social behaviour , making it the largest portion of reported crimes . In 2010 , recorded crime levels were amongst the lowest in the country and , for the year ending June 2014 , the crime rate in the North Kesteven district is the lowest in Lincolnshire at 24 @.@ 38 crimes per thousand residents .
= = Religion = =
= = = Population = = =
Most people in the town identify as Christian , although the proportion has declined between the last two censuses . At the 2011 Census , 70 @.@ 3 % of residents identified as Christian , while 21 @.@ 8 % reported no religion , and 6 @.@ 6 % did not state a religion ; no other religious group comprised 1 % or more of the population . The 2001 Census recorded that 81 @.@ 6 % of Sleaford residents identified as Christian , nearly ten percentage points higher than the national figure ( 71 @.@ 8 % ) ; 11 @.@ 5 % of the town 's residents had no religion and 6 % did not disclose a religion .
In the Compton Census ( 1676 ) , New Sleaford had a Conformist population of 576 people , no " Papists " , and 6 Non @-@ conformists . In the 19th century , it had a sizeable Non @-@ conformist population and a large Anglican congregation ; at the 1851 Census of Religious Worship , an estimated 2 @,@ 000 people attended Non @-@ conformist places of worship , while an estimated 600 – 700 people attended Anglican services in the parish . The Wesleyans met in Westgate in the early 19th century ; by 1848 , the congregation had set up in Northgate , an area known for its taverns and poor tenements .
= = = Ecclesiastical history = = =
New Sleaford had a church and priest by the time of the Domesday Book ( 1086 ) and the vicarage was founded in 1274 . During the Commonwealth ( 1649 – 1660 ) , the vicar was expelled and replaced by Puritan ministers , the last of whom was removed following the Restoration in 1660 and replaced with an Anglican clergyman . In 1616 , the vicarage was valued at £ 8 and in 1872 at £ 180 . As of 2015 , the ecclesiastical parish of St Denys , Sleaford , encloses the town of Sleaford and hamlet of Holdingham north of the railway line and does not include Quarrington . It falls within the Lafford Deanery , the Lincoln Archdeaconry and the Diocese of Lincoln . The patron is the Bishop of Lincoln and the incumbent vicar is the Rev. Philip Anthony Johnson , who was instituted in 2013 .
Old Sleaford was in the possession of Ramsey Abbey at the time of Domesday and later Haverholme Priory , and was eventually served by a vicar ; the church was dedicated either to St Giles or to All Saints . At the Dissolution of the Monasteries ( 1536 – 1541 ) , the king took over collection of the tithes , eventually leasing them to Thomas Horseman and then selling them to Robert Carre . In the 17th century , the rectory of Quarrington and the vicarage were combined to form the parish of Quarrington with Old Sleaford ; the current rector of Quarrington is the Rev. Sandra Benham . The parish boundaries of New Sleaford and Quarrington with Old Sleaford were last altered in 1928 .
The prebendary of New Sleaford or Lafford had a seat in the Lincoln Cathedral ; it existed before 1274 and was in the patronage of the bishop . Sleaford 's tithes paid to the prebendary were valued at £ 11 19s . 7d . ( £ 11 @.@ 98 ) in 1616 . After the enclosure of Sleaford 's fields , a farm at Holdingham Anna was allotted to the prebendary in place of the tithes . The Prebendal Court of Sleaford had jurisdiction over New and Old Sleaford and Holdingham to grant administration and probate . The parishes of New and Old Sleaford were in the peculiar jurisdiction of the predendary until 1846 , when they became part of Aswardhurn and Lafford Rural Deanery . In 1866 they were placed in Aswardhurn and Lafford No. 2 Rural Deanery , from 1884 in the Lafford No. 2 Rural Deanery , the Lafford South Rural Deanery from 1910 , and since 1968 , in the Lafford Rural Deanery .
= = = Places of worship = = =
The Anglican parish church is dedicated to St. Denys . The oldest parts date to the late @-@ 12th century and the broach @-@ spire , built around 1220 , is one of the oldest in England . Regular Sunday services are held at the parish church .
Non @-@ conformist meetings took place on Hen Lane ( later Jermyn Street ) from about 1776 . The Congregationalists who met there constructed a chapel on Southgate in 1867 – 68 ; in 1972 , it became Sleaford Reformed Church . Wesleyans first met in the 1790s at the house of Thomas Fawcett on Westgate . They built a chapel nearby in 1802 , which was replaced in 1823 ; it housed the congregation until 1848 when a larger one was built on North Street . It was demolished and replaced by another on the same site in 1972 . A Baptist chapel was built in Old Sleaford in 1811 to house a congregation of 250 , it served the Strict Baptists until possibly the mid @-@ 20th century . The premises have been converted into a house . A Wesleyan Reform Methodist chapel opened in West Banks in 1864 , but since 1896 has been occupied by the Salvation Army .
The Fens were increasingly cultivated after the Napoleonic Wars , prompting migrant Catholic Irish farm @-@ workers to move to the area . By 1879 a Roman Catholic missionary , Father Hermann Sabela , was conducting services in the town . A Catholic school and chapel were built in 1881 on land in Jermyn Street and in 1888 , Our Lady of Good Counsel Roman Catholic Church , opened beside it . The incumbent priest is Father Michael John Bell , who was appointed in 2001 . Mass is held on Sundays and throughout the week .
The Sleaford Muslim Community Association has met in St Deny 's Church Hall since the early 2000s . Plans to build a prayer hall on Station Road were approved in November 2013 . Protests were planned by the English Defence League , but were cancelled .
Sleaford Spiritualist Church opened in about 1956 on Westgate .
= = Education = =
= = = Primary = = =
Sleaford has four primary schools . In 1726 William Alvey bequeathed land to fund teaching children in Sleaford . The school and master 's house for Alvey 's Endowed School , a national school , was built in 1851 . New buildings for the infants ' school were constructed in 1888 . William Alvey Church of England School is housed in the same buildings . It became an academy in 2012 . St Botolph 's School is a Church of England Primary School , which opened at its current site in 2002 . Church Lane School is housed in buildings constructed in 2002 , when the original school house was demolished ; in 2013 , it had c . 201 children on roll . Our Lady of Good Counsel Roman Catholic School had 155 pupils on roll in 2011 .
In 1835 , there were eight day schools and three Sunday schools in New Sleaford and two daily schools in Old Sleaford . An infant school in the old playhouse on Westgate opened in 1855 ; Wesleyan schools attached to the chapel on North Street accommodated up to 200 pupils . In addition to private girls ' schools , short @-@ lived private schools for boys were established by Mr Herring and Charles Boyer in 1851 , Henry Carruthers , and Edwin Reginald Dibben in 1870 in competition with the grammar school . Charles Kirk built a school and chapel at Quarrington in 1867 . It became St Botolph 's Primary School and in 2002 moved to a new site . In 1879 , an art school was established in Duke Street in connection with the Science and Art Department ; by 1896 , two Wesleyan schools and a Catholic school were also in operation .
= = = Secondary = = =
The town has three secondary schools with sixth forms : Carre 's Grammar School , a boys ' grammar school , Kesteven and Sleaford High School , a selective academy girls ' grammar school , and St George 's Academy , formerly St George 's College of Technology , and before that Sleaford ( County ) Secondary Modern School ( mixed non @-@ selective secondary school ) . The grammar schools are selective and pupils are required to pass the Eleven plus exam . St George 's is not selective . The co @-@ educational Joint Sixth Form consortium between Carre 's and St George 's allows pupils to choose subjects taught at either school .
Carre 's Grammar School was founded in 1604 by a bequest of Robert Carre of Aswarby . It has received Specialist Sports and Science statuses , became an academy in 2011 and was judged to be " good " by Ofsted in 2013 , at which time it had 817 pupils , including the co @-@ educational sixth form . Sleaford and Kesteven High School for Girls was established in 1902 . It has specialist art status , became an academy in 2011 and was judged to be " good " by Ofsted in 2013 , at which time there were 825 pupils on roll , including those in the co @-@ educational sixth form . St George 's opened in 1908 as Sleaford Council School . It has received specialist technology college status , converted to an academy in 2010 and operates a satellite school at Ruskington . St George 's had 2 @,@ 247 pupils on roll in 2012 , across both sites and including the sixth form ; when assessed by Ofsted in that year , was judged to be " good " .
= = Culture = =
The National Centre for Craft & Design opened as The Hub in 2003 with support from a Single Regeneration Budget grant . It attracts 90 @,@ 000 visitors on average each year and houses exhibitions of applied and contemporary art . The Playhouse theatre on Westgate was constructed in 1825 , and sold in 1856 to be converted into an infants school and later a library and offices . In 1994 , Sleaford Little Theatre bought and restored it and in 2000 it opened to the public . The Sleaford Picturedrome opened in 1920 ; the cinema closed in 2000 and the building became a snooker hall and then a nightclub that closed in 2008 .
Sleaford Museum Trust was formed in the 1970s to collect and preserve historical artefacts from the town 's history . A Heritage Lottery Fund grant of more than £ 94 @,@ 000 in December 2013 allowed the trust to establish a museum on Southgate , which opened in April 2015 . Sleaford and District Civic Trust was founded in 1972 to " preserve the best features " of the town .
There is a volunteer twinning association , the Sleaford and District Town Twinning Association , which was founded in 1999 . The association has created and maintains links and annual visits with Marquette @-@ lez @-@ Lille in France since 1999 , and with Fredersdorf @-@ Vogelsdorf in Germany since 2009 .
= = = Sport = = =
Sleaford Town F.C. played in the United Counties League Premier Division for the 2014 – 15 season . Formed as Sleaford Amateurs F.C. in 1920 , the club was renamed Sleaford Town in 1968 . In 2007 it moved to its present grounds at Eslaforde Park . Sleaford Rugby FC 's clubhouse opened in 1999 off the A153 . Sleaford Golf Club was founded in 1905 and had roughly 100 members the following year , which increased to 193 in 1911 . The original golf course has been altered . In 2014 , the club had roughly 600 members . Sleaford Cricket Club has grounds at London Road ; the earliest record of the club is in 1803 . The town is also home to Bristol Bowls Club , an all @-@ discipline gymnastics club founded in 1996 . An outdoor lido opened in 1872 on riverside land owned by the Bristol estate but handed over to the community as public baths . Indoor facilities were built in the 20th century and the old lido became Sleaford Leisure Centre . In 2011 Kesteven District Council received a grant of £ 2 @.@ 85 million , to fund reconstruction of the centre and its gym .
= = = Local media = = =
The main radio stations for the county are BBC Radio Lincolnshire , broadcasting on 94 @.@ 9 FM and 104 @.@ 7 FM frequencies , and the commercial station Lincs FM , on 102 @.@ 2 , 96 @.@ 7 and 97 @.@ 6 FM . The town 's local newspapers are the Sleaford Standard ( founded in 1924 ) , the Sleaford Advertiser ( founded in 1980 ) and the Sleaford Target ( founded in 1984 ) . Historically , the Sleaford Gazette operated between 1854 and 1960 ; the Sleaford Journal from at least 1884 until it was incorporated into the Gazette in December 1929 , the Sleaford Telegraph ran from 1888 to 1889 and the Sleaford Guardian was in print for a year from 1945 to 1946 .
= = Landmarks = =
A small number of medieval buildings remain standing in the town . St Denys ' Church and St Botolph 's in Quarrington date to the 12th and 13th centuries respectively , while Sleaford 's half @-@ timbered vicarage is 15th century . St Denys ' Church is noted for its tracery and its stone broach spire is one of the oldest in England . Cogglesford Mill is the only remaining watermill in town and is a testament to the economic importance of the River Slea from the late @-@ Saxon period onwards . The Bishops of Lincoln used the medieval town as a base , constructing the now @-@ ruined Sleaford Castle , and as a means of extracting produce and wealth through demesne farming and by granting a market and limited freedoms to the town . As a result , the oldest areas are the market place and the four roads which meet there : Northgate , Southgate , Eastgate and Westgate ; many 18th and 19th century buildings are found in this area .
Buildings dating from these centuries include William Alvey 's baroque house on Northgate , the Manor House on Northgate inset with medieval masonry , and Sessions House on the Market Place . The Carre family founded the grammar school which was rebuilt in 1834 , the hospital , rebuilt in 1830 , and the almshouses , rebuilt 1857 , while the Victorian builders Charles Kirk and Thomas Parry constructed or added to numerous public buildings and private residences , including Lafford Terrace and their own houses on Southgate and at Westholme .
During the Industrial Revolution , the Slea was canalised in 1794 and the Sleaford Navigation Company constructed offices and wharves along Carre Street . The canal brought trade , while the Gothic @-@ fronted gasworks on Eastgate lit the town from 1839 . Benjamin Handley and Anthony Peacock financed and benefited from the navigation and founded the bank that took over Alvey 's House on Northgate and later added a Baroque extension ; Henry Handley , a Member of Parliament , is commemorated by the Handley Memorial on Southgate , a Gothic monument in the style of an Eleanor Cross . During the 1850s , the railways arrived and the station was built in a Gothic style . Sleaford 's agricultural location and its new transport links encouraged seed trading and malting in the late 19th century : the seed merchant Charles Sharpe 's house , The Pines , is on Boston Road . The massive Bass and Company maltings complex , constructed in brick off Mareham Lane between 1892 and 1905 , is grade II * listed and has a frontage more than 1 @,@ 000 feet long .
= = Sleafordians = =
The Handley family were well @-@ connected with business ; Benjamin Handley was a lawyer , prominent in the Navigation Company and partner in the local bank Peacock , Handley and Kirton . His son , Henry was M.P. for South Lincolnshire ; after his death , the residents erected a monument to him on Southgate . Robert Armstrong Yerburgh the son of Rev Richard Yerburgh , vicar of New Sleaford was twice M.P. for Chester . Sir Thomas Meres , politician was educated at the grammar school . Sir Robert Pattinson was also educated at the grammar was M.P. for Grantham and Sleaford .
The religious controversialist Henry Pickworth was born in New Sleaford and challenged the opponent of Quakerism Francis Bugg to an open debate at Sleaford . John Austin , a religious writer , was educated at the grammar school . William Scoffin served as the town 's Presbyterian minister and preached there for more than forty years , while Benjamin Fawcett , Presbyterian minister , was born and educated at Sleaford . Andrew Kippis , the Presbyterian minister , biographer and Fellow of the Royal Society , attended the Grammar School .
Richard Banister , the oculist , practised for 14 years in Sleaford where he trained in couching cataracts . Henry Andrews astronomer and astrologer , worked in Sleaford during his youth .
The royalist poet Thomas Shipman was educated at Carre 's Grammar School , as was novelist Henry Jackson ; Joseph Smedley , the actor and comedian , built the theatre in 1824 , before settling in the town in 1842 , establishing a printing business and dying in North Street ; and Charles Haslewood Shannon , the artist , was born in the town . The actress and comedian Jennifer Saunders was born in Sleaford . In popular culture , the singer Lois Wilkinson of the Caravelles was born in the town ; glamour model Abi Titmuss grew up in Ruskington and was educated at Kesteven and Sleaford High School ; and Bernie Taupin , Elton John 's songwriter , was born in the town . Eric Thompson who narrated The Magic Roundabout television series , was born in a house on Jermyn Street . In sport , the professional footballer Mark Wallington who played for Leicester City , Derby County and Lincoln City , grew up in Sleaford and , after retiring taught Physical Education at St George 's Academy .
= Tsugaru clan =
The Tsugaru clan ( 津軽氏 , Tsugaru @-@ shi ) was a Japanese samurai clan originating in northern Japan , specifically Mutsu Province ( the northeast coast of Honshū ) . A branch of the local Nanbu clan , the Tsugaru rose to power during the Azuchi @-@ Momoyama period . It was on the winning side of the Battle of Sekigahara , and entered the Edo period as a family of lords ( daimyo ) ruling the Hirosaki Domain . A second branch of the family was later established , which ruled the Kuroishi Domain . The Tsugaru survived as a daimyo family until the Meiji Restoration , when Tsugaru Tsuguakira of Hirosaki and Tsugaru Tsugumichi of Kuroishi were relieved of office . Their extended family then became part of the new nobility in the Meiji era .
= = History = =
= = = Origins through 1599 = = =
The Tsugaru clan initially claimed descent from the Kawachi Genji branch of the Minamoto clan ; in later years , this claim of origin would change to the Konoe family , which was a branch of the Fujiwara clan . It was first known as the Ōura clan ( 大浦氏 , Ōura @-@ shi ) , a branch family of the Nanbu clan , which ruled sections of northern Mutsu Province . Relations between the two families soured after the Ōura declared their independence from the Nanbu in 1571 , during the headship of Ōura Tamenobu . He had been vice @-@ district magistrate ( 郡代補佐 , gundai hosa ) under the Nanbu clan 's local magistrate Ishikawa Takanobu ; however , he attacked and killed Ishikawa and began taking the Nanbu clan 's castles . Tamenobu also attacked Kitabatake Akimura ( another local power figure ) and took his castle at Namioka . The Ōura clan 's fight against the Nanbu clan , under Nanbu Nobunao , would continue in the ensuing years . In 1590 , Tamenobu pledged fealty to Toyotomi Hideyoshi ; Hideyoshi confirmed Tamenobu in his holdings . As the Ōura fief had been in the Tsugaru region on the northern tip of Honshū , the family then changed its name to Tsugaru .
= = = The Tsugaru in the Edo era = = =
The Tsugaru clan sided with Tokugawa Ieyasu 's Eastern Army during the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 . Its immediate neighbors also all supported the Eastern Army . After the Tokugawa victory at Sekigahara , the Tsugaru clan was granted an increase in territory , along with permission to keep its existing domain of Hirosaki ( named for the family 's castle town ) . The domain started out small at 45 @,@ 000 koku , before being increased in size to 100 @,@ 000 koku . Tamenobu remained politically active in the early years of the Edo era , mainly in the Kansai area ; he died in Kyoto in 1608 .
The early years of the Edo era were marked by a series of major O @-@ Ie Sōdō disturbances that shook the Tsugaru family : the Tsugaru Disturbance ( 津軽騒動 , Tsugaru @-@ sōdō ) of 1607 , Kōsaka Kurando 's Riot ( 高坂蔵人の乱 , Kōsaka Kurando no ran ) of 1612 , the Funabashi Disturbance ( 船橋騒動 , Funabashi @-@ sōdō ) of 1634 , and the Shōhō Disturbance ( 正保騒動 , Shōhō @-@ sōdō ) of 1647 . In 1821 , there was a foiled plot by Sōma Daisaku , a former retainer of the Nanbu clan , to assassinate the Tsugaru lord ; this stemmed from the old enmity between the two clans .
A major branch of the Tsugaru clan was founded in 1656 , which was first given hatamoto rank , before being promoted to daimyo status in 1809 ; this became the ruling family of the Kuroishi Domain , which immediately bordered its parent family 's domain . A lesser branch was founded by Tsugaru Nobuzumi , the son of the first Kuroishi @-@ Tsugaru family head ; this branch remained hatamoto through the end of the Edo period . The main Tsugaru family 's funerary temple in Hirosaki was located at Chōshō @-@ ji . Though neither Tsugaru daimyo family ever held shogunate office , the Tsugaru of Hirosaki ( together with many of the other domains of northern Honshū ) assisted the shogunate in policing the frontier region of Ezochi ( now Hokkaido ) . In the late Edo period , during the headship of Tsugaru Tsuguakira , the Hirosaki domain 's forces were modernized along western lines .
= = = The Tsugaru clan in the Boshin War = = =
During the Boshin War of 1868 @-@ 69 , the Tsugaru clan first
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sided with the imperial government , and attacked the forces of the nearby Shōnai Domain . However , it soon switched course , and was briefly a signatory to the pact that created the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei , before backing out , once again in favor of the imperial government . It did not take part in any of the major military action against the imperial army . The Kuroishi branch joined the Hirosaki @-@ Tsugaru in siding with the imperial government . As a result , the entire clan was able to evade the punishment meted out by the government on the northern domains . After northern Honshū was pacified , Tsugaru forces joined the imperial army in attacking the Republic of Ezo at Hakodate . In return for its assistance , the Meiji government granted the Tsugaru family of Hirosaki a 10 @,@ 000 koku increase to its fief . Both branches of Tsugaru daimyo were made imperial governors ( 藩知事 , han chiji ) of their domains in 1869 . Two years later , as with all other daimyo , both Tsugaru lines were relieved of their offices by the abolition of the han system .
= = = Meiji and beyond = = =
In the Meiji era , Tsugaru Tsuguakira , who had been the last daimyo of the main Tsugaru family , was ennobled with the title of count ( hakushaku ) . Tsugaru Tsugumichi , the last daimyo of the Kuroishi @-@ Tsugaru , became a viscount ( shishaku ) . Tsuguakira later worked as a supervisor in the Number 15 National Bank ( 第十五国立銀行 , Dai jūgo kokuritsu ginkō ) , and Tsugumichi became a member of the House of Peers in 1890 . As Tsuguakira was heirless , he adopted Konoe Hidemaro , the son of court noble Konoe Tadafusa , as his heir ; Hidemaro succeeded to headship upon Tsuguakira 's death in 1916 .
Princess Hitachi is a present @-@ day descendant of the main Tsugaru line .
= = Family heads = =
= = = Main line ( Hirosaki ) = = =
= = = Branch line ( Kuroishi ) = = =
= = Notable retainers = =
= = = Hirosaki = = =
= Neptunium =
Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93 . A radioactive actinide metal , neptunium is the first transuranic element . Its position in the periodic table just after uranium , named after the planet Uranus , led to it being named after Neptune , the next planet beyond Uranus . A neptunium atom has 93 protons and 93 electrons , of which seven are valence electrons . Neptunium metal is silvery and tarnishes when exposed to air . The element occurs in three allotropic forms and it normally exhibits five oxidation states , ranging from + 3 to + 7 . It is radioactive , poisonous , pyrophoric , and can accumulate in bones , which makes the handling of neptunium dangerous .
Although many false claims of its discovery were made over the years , the element was first synthesized by Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory in 1940 . Since then , most neptunium has been and still is produced by neutron irradiation of uranium in nuclear reactors . The vast majority is generated as a by @-@ product in conventional nuclear power reactors . While neptunium itself has no commercial uses at present , it is widely used as a precursor for the formation of plutonium @-@ 238 , used in radioisotope thermal generators to provide electricity for spacecraft . Neptunium has also been used in detectors of high @-@ energy neutrons .
The most stable isotope of neptunium , neptunium @-@ 237 , is a by @-@ product of nuclear reactors and plutonium production . It , and the isotope neptunium @-@ 239 , are also found in trace amounts in uranium ores due to neutron capture reactions and beta decay .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = Physical = = =
Neptunium is a hard , silvery , ductile , radioactive actinide metal . In the periodic table , it is located to the right of the actinide uranium , to the left of the actinide plutonium and below the lanthanide promethium . Neptunium is a hard metal , having a bulk modulus of 118 GPa , comparable to that of manganese . Neptunium metal is similar to uranium in terms of physical workability . When exposed to air at normal temperatures , it forms a thin oxide layer . This reaction proceeds more rapidly as the temperature increases . Neptunium has been determined to melt at 639 ± 3 ° C : this low melting point , a property the metal shares with the neighboring element plutonium ( which has melting point 639 @.@ 4 ° C ) , is due to the hybridization of the 5f and 6d orbitals and the formation of directional bonds in the metal . The boiling point of neptunium is not empirically known and the usually given value of 4174 ° C is extrapolated from the vapor pressure of the element . If accurate , this would give neptunium the largest liquid range of any element ( 3535 K passes between its melting and boiling points ) .
Neptunium is found in at least three allotropes . Some claims of a fourth allotrope have been made , but they are so far not proven . This multiplicity of allotropes is common among the actinides . The crystal structures of neptunium , protactinium , uranium , and plutonium do not have clear analogs among the lanthanides and are more similar to those of the 3d transition metals .
α @-@ neptunium takes on an orthorhombic structure , resembling a highly distorted body @-@ centered cubic structure . Each neptunium atom is coordinated to four others and the Np – Np bond lengths are 260 pm . It is the densest of all the actinides and the fifth @-@ densest of all naturally occurring elements , behind only rhenium , platinum , iridium , and osmium. α @-@ neptunium has semimetallic properties , such as strong covalent bonding and a high electrical resistivity , and its metallic physical properties are closer to those of the metalloids than the true metals . Some allotropes of the other actinides also exhibit similar behaviour , though to a lesser degree . The densities of different isotopes of neptunium in the alpha phase are expected to be observably different : α @-@ 235Np should have density 20 @.@ 303 g / cm3 ; α @-@ 236Np , density 20 @.@ 389 g / cm3 ; α @-@ 237Np , density 20 @.@ 476 g / cm3 .
β @-@ neptunium takes on a distorted tetragonal close @-@ packed structure . Four atoms of neptunium make up a unit cell , and the Np – Np bond lengths are 276 pm. γ @-@ neptunium has a body @-@ centered cubic structure and has Np – Np bond length of 297 pm . The γ form becomes less stable with increased pressure , though the melting point of neptunium also increases with pressure . The β @-@ Np / γ @-@ Np / liquid triple point occurs at 725 ° C and 3200 MPa .
= = = = Alloys = = = =
Due to the presence of valence 5f electrons , neptunium and its alloys exhibit very interesting magnetic behavior , like many other actinides . These can range from the itinerant band @-@ like character characteristic of the transition metals to the local moment behavior typical of scandium , yttrium , and the lanthanides . This stems from 5f @-@ orbital hybridization with the orbitals of the metal ligands , and the fact that the 5f orbital is relativistically destabilized and extends outwards . For example , pure neptunium is paramagnetic , NpAl3 is ferromagnetic , NpGe3 has no magnetic ordering , and NpSn3 behaves fermionically . Investigations are underway regarding alloys of neptunium with uranium , americium , plutonium , zirconium , and iron , so as to recycle long @-@ lived waste isotopes such as neptunium @-@ 237 into shorter @-@ lived isotopes more useful as nuclear fuel .
One neptunium @-@ based superconductor alloy has been discovered with formula NpPd5Al2 . This occurrence in neptunium compounds is somewhat surprising because they often exhibit strong magnetism , which usually destroys superconductivity . The alloy has a tetragonal structure with a superconductivity transition temperature of − 268 @.@ 3 ° C ( 4 @.@ 9 K ) .
= = = Chemical = = =
Neptunium has five ionic oxidation states ranging from + 3 to + 7 when forming chemical compounds , which can be simultaneously observed in solutions . It is the heaviest actinide that can lose all its valence electrons in a stable compound . The most stable state in solution is + 5 , but the valence + 4 is preferred in solid neptunium compounds . Neptunium metal is very reactive . Ions of neptunium are prone to hydrolysis and formation of coordination compounds .
= = = Atomic = = =
A neptunium atom has 93 electrons , arranged in the configuration [ Rn ] 5f46d17s2 . This differs from the configuration expected by the Aufbau principle in that one electron is in the 6d subshell instead of being as expected in the 5f subshell . This is because of the similarity of the electron energies of the 5f , 6d , and 7s subshells . In forming compounds and ions , all the valence electrons may be lost , leaving behind an inert core of inner electrons with the electron configuration of the noble gas radon ; more commonly , only some of the valence electrons will be lost . The electron configuration for the tripositive ion Np3 + is [ Rn ] 5f4 , with the outermost 7s and 6d electrons lost first : this is exactly analogous to neptunium 's lanthanide homolog promethium , and conforms to the trend set by the other actinides with their [ Rn ] 5fn electron configurations in the tripositive state . The first ionization potential of neptunium was measured to be at most ( 6 @.@ 19 ± 0 @.@ 12 ) eV in 1974 , based on the assumption that the 7s electrons would ionize before 5f and 6d ; more recent measurements have refined this to 6 @.@ 2657 eV .
= = = Isotopes = = =
20 neptunium radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 237Np with a half @-@ life of 2 @.@ 14 million years , 236Np with a half @-@ life of 154 @,@ 000 years , and 235Np with a half @-@ life of 396 @.@ 1 days . All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half @-@ lives that are less than 4 @.@ 5 days , and the majority of these have half @-@ lives that are less than 50 minutes . This element also has at least four meta states , with the most stable being 236mNp with a half @-@ life of 22 @.@ 5 hours .
The isotopes of neptunium range in atomic weight from 225 @.@ 0339 u ( 225Np ) to 244 @.@ 068 u ( 244Np ) . Most of the isotopes that are lighter than the most stable one , 237Np , decay primarily by electron capture although a sizable number , most notably 229Np and 230Np , also exhibit various levels of decay via alpha emission to become protactinium . 237Np itself , being the beta @-@ stable isobar of mass number 237 , decays almost exclusively by alpha emission into 233Pa . All of the known isotopes except one that are heavier than this decay exclusively via beta emission . The lone exception , 240mNp , exhibits a rare ( > 0 @.@ 12 % ) decay by isomeric transition in addition to the beta emission . 237Np eventually decays to form bismuth @-@ 209 and thallium @-@ 205 , unlike most other common heavy nuclei which decay into isotopes of lead . This decay chain is known as the neptunium series .
The isotopes neptunium @-@ 235 , -236 , and -237 are predicted to be fissile ; only neptunium @-@ 237 's fissionability has been experimentally shown , with the critical mass being about 60 kg , only about 10 kg more than that of the commonly used uranium @-@ 235 . Calculated values of the critical masses of neptunium @-@ 235 , -236 , and -237 respectively are 66 @.@ 2 kg , 6 @.@ 79 kg , and 63 @.@ 6 kg : the neptunium @-@ 236 value is even lower than that of plutonium @-@ 239 . In particular 236Np also has a low neutron cross section . Despite this , a neptunium atomic bomb has never been built : uranium and plutonium have lower critical masses than 235Np and 237Np , and 236Np is difficult to purify as it is not found in quantity in spent nuclear fuel and is nearly impossible to separate in any significant quantities from its parent 237Np .
= = = Occurrence = = =
Since all isotopes of neptunium have half @-@ lives that are many times shorter than the age of the Earth , any primordial neptunium should have decayed by now . After only about 80 million years , the concentration of even the longest lived isotope , 237Np , would have been reduced to less than one @-@ trillionth ( 10 − 12 ) of its original amount ; and even if the whole Earth had initially been made of pure 237Np ( and ignoring that this would be well over its critical mass of 60 kg ) , 2100 half @-@ lives would have passed since the formation of the Solar System , and thus all of it would have decayed . Thus neptunium is present in nature only in negligible amounts produced as intermediate decay products of other isotopes .
Trace amounts of the neptunium isotopes neptunium @-@ 237 , -239 , and -240 are found naturally as decay products from transmutation reactions in uranium ores . In particular , 239Np and 237Np are the most common of these isotopes ; they are directly formed from neutron capture by uranium @-@ 238 atoms . These neutrons come from the spontaneous fission of uranium @-@ 238 , naturally neutron @-@ induced fission of uranium @-@ 235 , cosmic ray spallation of nuclei , and light elements absorbing alpha particles and emitting a neutron . The half @-@ life of 239Np is very short , although the detection of its much longer @-@ lived daughter 239Pu in nature in 1951 definitively established its natural occurrence . In 1952 , 237Np was identified and isolated from concentrates of uranium ore from the Belgian Congo : in these minerals , the ratio of neptunium @-@ 237 to uranium is less than or equal to about 10 − 12 to 1 . Finally , the short @-@ lived 240Np occurs as an intermediate in the decay chain of primordial 244Pu .
Most neptunium ( and plutonium ) now encountered in the environment is due to atmospheric nuclear explosions that took place between the detonation of the first atomic bomb in 1945 and the ratification of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963 . The total amount of neptunium released by these explosions and the few atmospheric tests that have been carried out since 1963 is estimated to be around 2500 kg . The overwhelming majority of this is composed of the long @-@ lived isotopes 236Np and 237Np since even the moderately long @-@ lived 235Np ( half @-@ life 396 days ) would have decayed to less than one @-@ billionth ( 10 − 9 ) its original concentration over the intervening decades . An additional very small amount of neptunium , created by neutron irradiation of natural uranium in nuclear reactor cooling water , is released when the water is discharged into rivers or lakes . The concentration of 237Np in seawater is approximately 6 @.@ 5 × 10 − 5 millibecquerels per liter : this concentration is between 0 @.@ 1 % and 1 % that of plutonium .
Once in the environment , neptunium generally oxidizes fairly quickly , usually to the + 4 or + 5 state . Regardless of its oxidation state , the element exhibits a much greater mobility than the other actinides , largely due to its ability to readily form aqueous solutions with various other elements . In one study comparing the diffusion rates of neptunium ( V ) , plutonium ( IV ) , and americium ( III ) in sandstone and limestone , neptunium penetrated more than ten times as well as the other elements . Np ( V ) will also react efficiently in pH levels greater than 5 @.@ 5 if there are no carbonates present and in these conditions it has also been observed to readily bond with quartz . It has also been observed to bond well with goethite , ferric oxide colloids , and several clays including kaolinite and smectite . Np ( V ) does not bond as readily to soil particles in mildly acidic conditions as its fellow actinides americium and curium by nearly an order of magnitude . This behavior enables it to migrate rapidly through the soil while in solution without becoming fixed in place , contributing further to its mobility . Np ( V ) is also readily absorbed by concrete , which because of the element 's radioactivity is a consideration that must be addressed when building nuclear waste storage facilities . When absorbed in concrete , it is reduced to Np ( IV ) in a relatively short period of time . Np ( V ) is also reduced by humic acid if it is present on the surface of goethite , hematite , and magnetite . Np ( IV ) is absorbed efficiently by tuff , granodiorite , and bentonite ; although uptake by the latter is most pronounced in mildly acidic conditions . It also exhibits a strong tendency to bind to colloidal particulates , an effect that is enhanced when in soil with a high clay content . The behavior provides an additional aid in the element 's observed high mobility .
= = History = =
= = = Background and early claims = = =
When the first periodic table of the elements was published by Dmitri Mendeleev in the early 1870s , it showed a " — " in place after uranium similar to several other places for then @-@ undiscovered elements . Other subsequent tables of known elements , including a 1913 publication of the known radioactive isotopes by Kasimir Fajans , also show an empty place after uranium .
Up to and after the discovery of the final component of the atomic nucleus , the neutron in 1932 , most scientists did not seriously consider the possibility of elements heavier than uranium . While nuclear theory at the time did not explicitly prohibit their existence , there was little evidence to suggest that they did . However , the discovery of induced radioactivity by Irène and Frédéric Joliot @-@ Curie in late 1933 opened up an entirely new method of researching the elements and inspired a small group of Italian scientists led by Enrico Fermi to begin a series of experiments involving neutron bombardment . Although the Joliot @-@ Curies ' experiment involved bombarding a sample of 27Al with alpha particles to produce the radioactive 30P , Fermi realized that using neutrons , which have no electrical charge , would most likely produce even better results than the positively charged alpha particles . Accordingly , in March 1934 he began systematically subjecting all of the then @-@ known elements to neutron bombardment to determine whether others could also be induced to radioactivity .
After several months of work , Fermi 's group had tentatively determined that lighter elements would disperse the energy of the captured neutron by emitting a proton or alpha particle and heavier elements would generally accomplish the same by emitting a gamma ray . This latter behavior would later result in the beta decay of a neutron into a proton , thus moving the resulting isotope one place up the periodic table . When Fermi 's team bombarded uranium , they observed this behavior as well , which strongly suggested that the resulting isotope had an atomic number of 93 . Fermi was initially reluctant to publicize such a claim , but after his team observed several unknown half @-@ lives in the uranium bombardment products that did not match those of any known isotope , he published a paper entitled Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher than 92 in June 1934 . In it he proposed the name ausonium ( atomic symbol Ao ) for element 93 , after the Greek name Ausonia ( Italy ) .
Several theoretical objections to the claims of Fermi 's paper were quickly raised ; in particular , the exact process that took place when an atom captured a neutron was not well understood at the time . This and Fermi 's accidental discovery three months later that nuclear reactions could be induced by slow neutrons cast further doubt in the minds of many scientists , notably Aristid von Grosse and Ida Noddack , that the experiment was creating element 93 . While von Grosse 's claim that Fermi was actually producing protactinium was quickly tested and disproved , Noddack 's proposal that the uranium had been shattered into two or more much smaller fragments was simply ignored by most because existing nuclear theory did not include a way for this to be possible . Fermi and his team maintained that they were in fact synthesizing a new element , but the issue remained unresolved for several years .
Although the many different and unknown radioactive half @-@ lives in the experiment 's results showed that several nuclear reactions were occurring , Fermi 's group could not prove that element 93 was being created unless they could isolate it chemically . They and many other scientists attempted to accomplish this , including Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner who were among the best radiochemists in the world at the time and supporters of Fermi 's claim , but they all failed . Much later , it was determined that the main reason for this failure was because the predictions of element 93 's chemical properties were based on a periodic table which lacked the actinide series . This arrangement placed protactinium below tantalum , uranium below tungsten , and further suggested that element 93 , at that point referred to as eka @-@ rhenium , should be similar to the group 7 elements , including manganese and rhenium . Thorium , protactinium , and uranium , with their dominant oxidation states of + 4 , + 5 , and + 6 respectively , fooled scientists into thinking they belonged below hafnium , tantalum , and tungsten , rather than below the lanthanide series , which was at the time viewed as a fluke , and whose members all have dominant + 3 states ; neptunium , on the other hand , has a much weaker , more unstable + 7 state , with + 4 and + 5 being the most stable . Upon finding that plutonium and the other transuranic elements also have dominant + 3 and + 4 states , along with the discovery of the f @-@ block , the actinide series was firmly established .
While the question of whether Fermi 's experiment had produced element 93 was stalemated , two additional claims of the discovery of the element appeared , although unlike Fermi , they both claimed to have observed it in nature . The first of these claims was by Czech engineer Odolen Koblic in 1934 when he extracted a small amount of material from the wash water of heated pitchblende . He proposed the name bohemium for the element , but after being analyzed it turned out that the sample was a mixture of tungsten and vanadium . The other claim , in 1938 by Romanian physicist Horia Hulubei and French chemist Yvette Cauchois , claimed to have discovered the new element via spectroscopy in minerals . They named their element sequanium , but the claim was discounted because the prevailing theory at the time was that if it existed at all , element 93 would not exist naturally . However , as neptunium does in fact occur in nature in trace amounts , as demonstrated when it was found in uranium ore in 1952 , it is possible that Hulubei and Cauchois did in fact observe neptunium .
Although by 1938 some scientists , including Niels Bohr , were still reluctant to accept that Fermi had actually produced a new element , he was nevertheless awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in November 1938 " for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation , and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons " . A month later , the almost totally unexpected discovery of nuclear fission by Hahn , Meitner , and Otto Frisch put an end to the possibility that Fermi had discovered element 93 because most of the unknown half @-@ lives that had been observed by Fermi 's team were rapidly identified as fission products .
= = = Discovery = = =
As research on nuclear fission progressed in early 1939 , Edwin McMillan at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory of the University of California , Berkeley decided to run an experiment bombarding uranium using the powerful 60 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 52 m ) cyclotron that had recently been built at the university . The purpose was to separate the various fission products produced by the bombardment by exploiting the enormous force that the fragments gain from their mutual electrical repulsion after fissioning . Although he did not discover anything of note from this , McMillan did observe two new beta decay half @-@ lives in the uranium trioxide target itself , which meant that whatever was producing the radioactivity had not violently repelled each other like normal fission products . He quickly realized that one of the half @-@ lives closely matched the known 23 @-@ minute decay period of uranium @-@ 239 , but the other half @-@ life of 2 @.@ 3 days was unknown . McMillan took the results of his experiment to chemist and fellow Berkeley professor Emilio Segrè to attempt to isolate the source of the radioactivity . Both scientists began their work using the prevailing theory that element 93 would have similar chemistry to rhenium , but Segrè rapidly determined that McMillan 's sample was not at all similar to rhenium . Instead , when he reacted it with hydrogen fluoride ( HF ) with a strong oxidizing agent present , it behaved much like members of the rare earths . Since these elements comprise a large percentage of fission products , Segrè and McMillan decided that the half @-@ life must have been simply another fission product , titling the paper " An Unsuccessful Search for Transuranium Elements " .
However , as more information about fission became available , the possibility that the fragments of nuclear fission could still have been present in the target became more remote . McMillan and several scientists , including Philip H. Abelson , attempted again to determine what was producing the unknown half @-@ life . In early 1940 , McMillan realized that his 1939 experiment with Segrè had failed to test the chemical reactions of the radioactive source with sufficient rigor . In a new experiment , McMillan tried subjecting the unknown substance to HF in the presence of a reducing agent , something he had not done before . This reaction resulted in the sample precipitating with the HF , an action that definitively ruled out the possibility that the unknown substance was a rare earth . Shortly after this , Abelson , who had received his graduate degree from the university , visited Berkeley for a short vacation and McMillan asked the more able chemist to assist with the separation of the experiment 's results . Abelson very quickly observed that whatever was producing the 2 @.@ 3 @-@ day half @-@ life did not have chemistry like any known element and was actually more similar to uranium than a rare earth . This discovery finally allowed the source to be isolated and later , in 1945 , led to the classification of the actinide series . As a final step , McMillan and Abelson prepared a much larger sample of bombarded uranium that had a prominent 23 @-@ minute half @-@ life from 239U and demonstrated conclusively that the unknown 2 @.@ 3 @-@ day half @-@ life increased in strength in concert with a decrease in the 23 @-@ minute activity through the following reaction :
<formula> ( The times are half @-@ lives . )
This proved that the unknown radioactive source originated from the decay of uranium and , coupled with the previous observation that the source was different chemically from all known elements , proved beyond all doubt that a new element had been discovered . McMillan and Abelson published their results in a paper entitled Radioactive Element 93 in the Physical Review on May 27 , 1940 . They did not propose a name for the element in the paper , but they soon decided on the name neptunium since Neptune is the next planet beyond Uranus in our solar system .
= = = Subsequent developments = = =
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Hot Dance Club Play chart , and peaked at number 18 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart .
" Wind It Up " met similar success in Europe , reaching number five on the European Hot 100 Singles . The single debuted at number eight on the UK Singles Chart , selling 10 @,@ 381 downloads in its first week . The following week , it rose to number three ( behind Take That 's " Patience " and Cliff Richard 's " 21st Century Christmas " ) with 17 @,@ 706 copies sold , earning Stefani her second highest @-@ peaking single in the United Kingdom after " The Sweet Escape " . It had less success across the continent , reaching the top 10 in Belgium , the Czech Republic , Finland , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , and Norway , and the top 20 in Austria , France , Sweden , and Switzerland .
The song was generally successful elsewhere . In Australia , " Wind It Up " debuted at number eight on the ARIA Singles Chart and spent its first seven weeks within the top 10 . It peaked at number five in its fifth week on the run , spending 19 weeks on the chart , and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . The track topped the New Zealand Singles Chart in its third and fourth week , and stayed on the chart for 20 weeks altogether . Three years later , on March 14 , 2010 , the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) certified " Wind It Up " gold .
= = Music video = =
The song 's music video was directed by Sophie Muller . Although it does not follow a substantial plot , it features outfits and scenes inspired by The Sound of Music . Stefani and her Harajuku Girls are often dancing in front of fields of flowers and a background of key @-@ like symbols composed of two G 's placed back to back . In a scene mimicking The Sound of Music , Stefani portrays Maria von Trapp while the dancers , dressed in pajamas , portray her children and jump on a bed . In another scene , Stefani uses curtains to create sailor suits for the Harajuku Girls . Stefani also appears as a nun and an orchestra conductor . One scene uses smoke to create the illusion that Stefani is a submerged escape artist searching for a key . She pulls the key , a symbol of " the sweet escape " , from her mouth as an allusion to performances by escapologist Harry Houdini . The song 's title is often visualized by a colorful sign that reads " wind it up " . Another video was produced in 3 @-@ D , but this version was never released . After seeing the video , Jimmy Iovine , co @-@ founder of Interscope Records , decided to work with James Cameron to produce other 3 @-@ D music presentations .
The video was successful on music video television programs . " Wind It Up " was first aired November 10 , 2006 on MTV , and it premiered on the station 's top @-@ 10 chart program Total Request Live four days later . The video debuted at number eight on the countdown and reached a peak at number two . After its November 17 debut on MuchMusic 's Countdown , it reached number two for the week of January 26 , 2007 . In a review of the music video , The Guardian 's Anna Pickard poked fun at the number of personas that appear in the video , referring to some of them as " Nunzilla " , " Gweninatrix " , and " CinderGwennie " , and commented that " your speakers have a mute setting for good reason . "
= = Track listings = =
UK , German , and Australian CD single
" Wind It Up " ( Main Mix ) – 3 : 11
" Wind It Up " ( Original Neptunes Mix ) – 3 : 08
German CD maxi single
" Wind It Up " ( Main Mix ) – 3 : 11
" Wind It Up " ( Original Neptunes Mix ) – 3 : 08
" Wind It Up " ( Instrumental Mix ) – 3 : 02
" Wind It Up " ( video ) – 3 : 11
UK 12 " single
A1 . " Wind It Up " ( Main Mix ) – 3 : 11
A2 . " Wind It Up " ( Original Neptunes Mix ) – 3 : 08
B1 . " Wind It Up " ( Instrumental Main Mix ) – 3 : 11
B2 . " Wind It Up " ( Instrumental Neptunes Mix ) – 3 : 10
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Sweet Escape .
= = Charts = =
= Tropical Storm Podul ( 2013 ) =
Tropical Storm Podul , known in the Philippines as Tropical Depression Zoraida , was a weak but destructive tropical cyclone that affected the Philippines shortly after the devastating Typhoon Haiyan . The 31st named storm of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season , Podul developed as a tropical depression on November 11 between Palau and the Philippine island of Mindanao . The system moved west @-@ northwestward and struck Davao Oriental in Mindanao on November 12 , bringing heavy rainfall that killed two people and disrupted relief efforts following Haiyan . After crossing the Philippines , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Podul on November 14 . Shortly thereafter , the storm struck southeastern Vietnam , and its circulation dissipated on November 15 . In Vietnam , Podul produced heavy rainfall that resulted in severe flooding . The storm damaged or destroyed 427 @,@ 258 houses , and overall damage was estimated at 1 @.@ 5 trillion ₫ ( 2013 Vietnamese dong , $ 72 million 2013 USD ) . Podul killed 42 people in the country and caused 74 injuries .
= = Meteorological history = =
On November 9 , an area of disorganized convection , or thunderstorms , persisted about 1175 km ( 730 mi ) southeast of Palau . The system consisted of a broad circulation , affected to its detriment by moderate wind shear . Moving west @-@ northwestward , the convection persisted and organized into the circulation , indicative of an increased potential for tropical cyclogenesis . Late on November 10 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert ( TCFA ) , meaning the agency anticipated a tropical depression would develop within 24 hours . Shortly thereafter , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Zoraida after the system entered its area of responsibility of the agency . At 1200 UTC on November 11 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) estimated that a tropical depression formed about halfway between Palau and the Philippine island of Mindanao , although operationally the agency had classified the system two days prior .
After passing south of Palau , the system 's circulation became more broad and its convection became less organized , despite decreased wind shear . Early on November 12 , the depression made landfall on Mindanao in Davao Oriental province . Shortly thereafter , PAGASA discontinued advisories on Zoraida , declaring that the depression degenerated into a low pressure area . By contrast , the JMA continued monitoring the depression as it moved through the Philippines and into the Sulu Sea . On November 13 , the center crossed over Palawan island into the South China Sea . At 1200 UTC the next day , the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Podul about 275 km ( 170 mi ) east of the Vietnam coast . Around the same time , the JTWC began issuing warnings on the system as a tropical depression 32W , noting that convection had rapidly increased over the circulation . The agency also mentioned the continued presence of wind shear , although warm water temperatures and moderate outflow were expected to allow intensification . Although the JMA estimated peak 10 – minute winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) , the JTWC only estimated tropical depression @-@ force 1 – minute winds of 45 km / h ( 30 mph ) .
Late on November 14 , Podul made landfall in southeastern Vietnam near Phan Rang – Tháp Chàm and quickly weakened into a tropical depression . The JTWC assessed the circulation was dissipating near the coast , and the JMA declared Podul dissipated at 1200 UTC on November 15 . Operationally , the agency tracked the system into the Gulf of Thailand , and the Thai Meteorological Department tracked Podul to near the Malay Peninsula on November 16 , before ceasing advisories on the storm . The remnants later redeveloped into Cyclonic Storm Helen in the Bay of Bengal , which later struck southeastern India on November 22 before dissipating .
= = Preparations and impact = =
The Guam National Weather Service warned of the potential of heavy rainfall and high surf for Palau and nearby Yap island . While passing south of Palau , the system produced light winds of about 28 km / h ( 17 mph ) .
Late on November 10 , as the system moved into the Philippine area of responsibility , PAGASA issued the Public Storm Warning Signal Number 1 for seven areas in Mindanao , indicating the potential for winds between 30 – 60 km / h ( 20 – 35 mph ) . Over the next day these warnings were extended to cover three provinces in Luzon , eight provinces in Visayas and twenty @-@ one provinces in Mindanao . On Cebu Island , officials ordered schools to close during the storm 's passage . After the extreme damage due to Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines , the depression that became Podul affected the same areas just days later , which affected rescue work . The depression caused additional difficulties in travel and communications . In addition to causing a landslide in Monkayo , flooding from the depression covered roads and forced about 1 @,@ 000 families to evacuate . In Davao del Norte , the depression resulted in river flooding that killed two people .
In Vietnam , Podul produced heavy rainfall , peaking at 973 mm ( 38 @.@ 3 in ) in two districts in Quảng Ngãi Province . The rains caused flooding that forced over 78 @,@ 000 people to flee their homes , including 1 @,@ 400 the resort town Hội An where floodwaters reached 1 @.@ 6 m ( 5 @.@ 2 ft ) deep . High volumes of flooding caused water to be released from reservoirs , which some local officials credited for the widespread flooding . About 260 km ( 160 mi ) of canals and dykes were washed away during the storm . The high rainfall increased water levels along rivers , with the Ba River in Gia Lai Province reaching 410 mm ( 16 in ) higher than the record set in 1981 . Flooding also damaged over 6 @,@ 000 ha ( 15 @,@ 000 acres ) of crops , mostly to rice . Podul damaged or flooded about 280 @,@ 000 m2 ( 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of roadways and bridges , resulting in traffic jams , and halted three train lines . The storm damaged or destroyed 427 @,@ 258 houses , and overall damage was estimated at 1 @.@ 5 trillion ₫ ( 2013 Vietnamese dong , $ 72 million 2013 USD ) . Throughout Vietnam , Podul killed 42 people and injured 74 others . By November 20 , the floods began receding from most locations . Newspapers described the flooding as the worst in Vietnam since 1999 . After the storm , the Vietnamese provincial governments assisted in rebuilding houses and roads .
= Washington State Route 213 =
State Route 213 ( SR 213 ) is the shortest state highway in the U.S. state of Washington . The 0 @.@ 35 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 56 km ) long unsigned highway serves Malott , a community in Okanogan County . Extending from U.S. Route 97 ( US 97 ) over the Okanogan River via a bridge to First Avenue in Malott , the roadway is semi @-@ complete , as state law designates that the road should extend to SR 20 southwest of Okanogan . First appearing in a map in 1954 , SR 213 originated as a branch of Primary State Highway 16 ( PSH 16 ) in 1959 and later SR 20 Spur in 1964 . SR 20 Spur became SR 213 in 1973 because another SR 20 Spur was recently established in Anacortes .
= = Route description = =
SR 213 originates at an intersection with U.S. Route 97 ( US 97 ) south of Malott . Traveling northwest and turning northeast , the unsigned roadway crosses the Cascade and Columbia River Railroad and the Okanogan River near the confluence of the Okanogan River and Loup Loup Creek . After crossing the Okanogan River , the highway enters Malott and terminates at First Avenue , although state law dictates that eventually the road will be extended to SR 20 southwest of Okanogan . An estimated daily average of 740 motorists utilized SR 213 in 2008 .
= = History = =
SR 213 originated as a minor road that connected U.S. Route 97 ( US 97 ) to the area south of the Okanogan River and Malott ; the road first appeared on a map in 1954 . In 1959 , the Washington State Legislature passed a law that created a branch of Primary State Highway 16 ( PSH 16 ) that extended from PSH 16 near Okanogan to US 97 in Malott to take effect on July 1 , 1961 . By 1963 , US 97 was realigned south of the Okanogan River and the PSH 16 branch was extended across the river . During a highway renumbering in 1964 , PSH 16 became SR 20 and the branch of PSH 16 became SR 20 Spur . In 1973 , SR 20 Spur became SR 213 , while another SR 20 Spur was established in Anacortes . Beginning in 2008 , the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) has been maintaining a short , 0 @.@ 35 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 56 km ) long segment of the proposed SR 213 as the a state route . The highway between Malott and SR 20 will be eventually built as state law dictates it .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is in Okanogan County .
= M @-@ 10 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 10 is a state trunkline highway in the Metro Detroit area of Michigan in the United States . The southernmost portion follows Jefferson Avenue in downtown Detroit , and the southern terminus is at the intersection of Jefferson and M @-@ 3 ( Randolph Street ) next to the entrance to the Detroit – Windsor Tunnel . The northern terminus is in West Bloomfield Township at the intersection with Orchard Lake Road . The highway has several names as it runs through residential and commercial areas of the west side of Detroit and into the suburb of Southfield . It is called the John C. Lodge Freeway , The Lodge , James Couzens Highway and Northwestern Highway .
M @-@ 10 was built in segments through the late 1950s and early 1960s . It carried several different names before the entire route was finally officially named the John C. Lodge Freeway in 1987 . The freeway has carried a few other highway designations . The southern segment was part of US Highway 12 ( US 12 ) and the whole thing was later renumbered Business Spur Interstate 696 ( BS I @-@ 696 ) . From 1970 until 1986 , it was part of US 10 , and the freeway has been M @-@ 10 since . The non @-@ freeway segment that runs between I @-@ 696 in Southfield and Orchard Lake Road was previously numbered M @-@ 4 . M @-@ 10 was named after John C. Lodge , an influential Detroiter and Mayor of Detroit from 1927 – 28 .
= = Route description = =
Running about 22 @.@ 8 miles ( 36 @.@ 7 km ) in the Metro Detroit area , M @-@ 10 runs roughly northwest – southeast from Downtown Detroit into the northern suburbs in Oakland County . The entire length of the highway is listed as a part of the National Highway System , a system of roads importance to the nation 's economy , defense and mobility . As a state trunkline highway , the roadway is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) , and it includes approximately 18 @.@ 5 miles ( 29 @.@ 8 km ) of freeway . M @-@ 10 has six lanes from Detroit to Inkster Road in Farmington Hills , where it drops to four ; a few segments have eight lanes for short distances between interchanges . According to the department , 28 @,@ 964 vehicles use M @-@ 10 on average near on Jefferson Avenue in Detroit , and 139 @,@ 800 vehicles do so between US 24 ( Telegraph Road ) and Lahser Road in Southfield , the lowest and highest traffic counts along the highway in 2013 , respectively .
= = = Detroit = = =
M @-@ 10 starts at the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Randolph Street in Downtown Detroit , an intersection that also marks the southern end of M @-@ 3 and the western end of Business Spur I @-@ 375 . This intersection is also the access to the Detroit – Windsor Tunnel between the Renaissance Center and the Old Mariners ' Church . From here , M @-@ 10 runs west @-@ southwesterly parallel to the Detroit River on Jefferson Avenue past Hart Plaza . At the intersection with Woodward Avenue , M @-@ 10 transitions onto the John C. Lodge Freeway , which runs under Cobo Center , home of the North American International Auto Show each January . The freeway turns north @-@ northwesterly and away from the Detroit River next to Joe Louis Arena . North of the Cobo Center curve , M @-@ 10 forms the boundary between Downtown Detroit to the east and the Corktown neighborhood to the west . The freeway has a pair of service drives as it leaves the commercial areas near the MGM Grand Detroit and the interchange with I @-@ 75 ( Fisher Freeway ) .
North of I @-@ 75 , M @-@ 10 forms the border between North Corktown ( west ) and Midtown Detroit ( east ) . The freeway passes the MotorCity Casino at at the interchange with Grand River Avenue . The rest of its route in the part of the city passes through residential zones . Near the interchange with I @-@ 94 ( Edsel Ford Freeway ) , M @-@ 10 passes the campus of Wayne State University . North of I @-@ 94 , the Lodge Freeway is the border between the West Side and New Center . This area is residential on either side of the freeway north of the campus of the Henry Ford Hospital . North of Clairmont Avenue , M @-@ 10 curves to the northwest before resuming its north @-@ northwesterly course near Chicago Boulevard . North of Webb Avenue , the freeway follows the western city limits of Highland Park , an enclave within the city of Detroit . M @-@ 10 intersects M @-@ 8 where it transitions between Davison Avenue and the Davison Freeway on the western edge of Highland Park before the Lodge Freeway curves around to run due west .
M @-@ 10 runs for about two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) on this due westward course before it intersects Wyoming Avenue and turns northwest . The frontage roads change names from John C. Lodge Service Drive to James Couzens Freeway at the Wyoming Avenue interchange . The freeway continues for another 3 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) with interchanges for local streets in this part of Detroit , including 7 Mile Road . At the interchange with M @-@ 102 ( 8 Mile Road ) , the freeway crosses out of Detroit and Wayne County into Southfield in Oakland County .
= = = Oakland County = = =
The service drives change names again to Northwestern Highway upon crossing into Oakland County . The east side of M @-@ 10 is flanked by the Northland Shopping Center and a campus of Oakland Community College ; the west side is residential . About 1 1 ⁄ 4 miles ( 2 @.@ 0 km ) into Southfield , M @-@ 10 intersects the northern end of M @-@ 39 ( Southfield Freeway ) and 9 Mile Road . The adjacent properties are mostly residential , but there are some commercial areas centered around the various Mile Roads , such as the campus of Lawrence Technological University at 10 Mile Road . Near Lahser and 11 Mile roads , M @-@ 10 meets I @-@ 696 ( Reuther Freeway ) and US 24 ( Telegraph Road ) in a complex interchange called the Mixing Bowl . This interchange spans over two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) near the American Center . The carriageways for I @-@ 696 run in the median of M @-@ 10 while partial interchanges connect to Lahser and Franklin roads on either end of the various ramps that connect to I @-@ 696 and US 24 .
Northwest of this interchange , M @-@ 10 transitions to a boulevard with Michigan lefts . Called just Northwestern Highway , M @-@ 10 runs through suburban residential areas of Southfield . At the intersection with Inkster Road , the highway clips the southwest corner of the city of Franklin and enters the northeastern corner of Farmington Hills . The roadway is lined with commercial properties while just behind them are residential subdivisions and two golf courses . At the intersection with 14 Mile Road , Northwestern Highway crosses into West Bloomfield Township , and 1 ⁄ 4 mile ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) further on , the highway ends at Orchard Lake Road .
= = History = =
= = = Previous designations = = =
In 1919 , the state numbered its highways for the first time . In the initial allocation of numbers , M @-@ 10 was assigned to a highway that started at the Ohio state line south of Monroe , ran northeasterly along Telegraph Road into Dearborn and turned easterly into Detroit . From there , the highway turned north along Woodward Avenue through Pontiac and Dixie Highway through Flint and Saginaw to Bay City . Then M @-@ 10 ran along the Saginaw Bay to Standish and turned to follow the Lake Huron shoreline , with some substantial deviations inland . The highway generally followed the lakeshore as far north as Alpena and Rogers City , and from there , M @-@ 10 ran due west through Onaway before turning north into Cheboygan . The last section of M @-@ 10 followed the Lake Huron shoreline to Mackinaw City , where it terminated . This designation lasted until November 11 , 1926 , when the United States Numbered Highway System was created . In Michigan 's initial allocation of highways , four new designations replaced M @-@ 1
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of the freeway . The $ 133 million project ( equivalent to $ 155 million in 2015 ) included concrete pavement reconstruction and rehabilitation , new barrier walls , repairs or replacements to 50 bridges , upgrades to 22 ramps , utility upgrades , and replacement of freeway signs between Lahser Road in Southfield and Jefferson Avenue in Detroit .
= = Memorial highway names = =
Starting in 1924 , officials in southeastern Michigan proposed building a highway from Detroit to run northwesterly across the state to Ludington , bisecting the angle created by Woodward and Grand River avenues . This roadway was named Northwestern Highway when it was built in 1929 to an endpoint at 14 Mile Road . Further construction on Northwestern Highway was halted by the Great Depression .
The freeway segment northwest of Wyoming Avenue to the county line was previously known as James Couzens Highway after the street it replaced . That street was named after the death of James J. Couzens . Couzens was a former Commissioner of Detroit 's Department of Street Railways from 1913 through 1915 , after which he served as Police Commissioner from 1916 until 1918 . He was Mayor of Detroit from 1919 until 1922 and United States Senator from Michigan from 1922 until his death on October 22 , 1936 . During his years of public service , he is said not to have accepted a salary , giving it all to charity . After his death , Detroit renamed its section of Northwestern Highway after Couzens .
John C. Lodge was a member of the constitutional convention which drafted the Michigan Constitution of 1908 , a former member of the Michigan Legislature and Detroit alderman and councilman . He later served as Mayor of Detroit in 1918 – 1919 before returned to the City Common Council from 1932 to 1947 . He was then elected to the Wayne County Board of Supervisors from 1948 until 1950 . In total , he held elective office longer than anyone in city history . He died on February 6 , 1950 , and the future Lodge Freeway was named in his honor on January 20 , 1953 . The entire freeway , including segments previously named for James Couzens and the Northwestern Highway was named the John C. Lodge Freeway in 1987 , although the service drives retained their original names .
= = Exit list = =
= Vanaja ( film ) =
Vanaja is a 2006 Indian Telugu @-@ language drama film written and directed by Rajnesh Domalpalli on a story that constituted his Master of Fine Arts thesis at Columbia University . The film was made on a shoestring budget using a cast of non @-@ professional first @-@ timers for two and a half months .
The film stars Mamatha Bhukya as the title character : a 15 @-@ year @-@ old daughter of a poor fisherman set in the backdrop of a rustic state of Andhra Pradesh in Southern India . She learns Kuchipudi , a classical Indian dance form , while being employed at a local landlady 's house . All seems to be going well for her until sexual chemistry evolves between her and the landlady 's son , and this eventually leads her being raped by him . The ensuing pregnancy disrupts her simple life , and she must choose how to deal with the child .
Vanaja was screened at several international festivals such as the Toronto International Film Festival and the Berlin International Film Festival , among others . It was nominated for the Diesel Discovery Award at the former and won the Best First Feature award at the latter . Beside this , it won several jury prizes at other film festivals , and was nominated for the Best First Feature and Best Cinematography awards at the Independent Spirit Awards . Vanaja found favour with many international critics as well . Roger Ebert ranked it among the five best foreign language films of 2007 . It runs for 111 minutes in with subtitles in English .
= = Plot = =
Vanaja ( Mamatha Bhukya ) is the 15 @-@ year @-@ old daughter of Somayya ( Ramachandriah Marikanti ) , a poor , low caste fisherman from rural Andhra Pradesh . Somayya struggles to support his family due to dwindling catches at sea and mounting debts . One day , Vanaja and her teenage friend Lacchi ( Bhavani Renukunta ) watch a theatrical performance by a former Kuchipudi ( a native classical Indian dance form ) great , Rama Devi ( Urmila Dammannagari ) . The sequence of events lead to a soothsayer predicting to Vanaja that she will be a great dancer . With permission from her father , she goes to work in the house of the local landlady Rama Devi with the hope of learning Kuchipudi . While she is employed as a farmhand , she is entrusted with tending the chickens . When she gets caught playfully chasing them , she lies to conceal her pranks . Her vivaciousness and spunk soon catch the landlady ’ s eye . To keep her out of trouble , Rama Devi soon promotes her to a kitchen underhand where she meets Rama Devi ’ s cook , the old , crusty and extremely loyal Radhamma ( Krishnamma Gundimalla ) .
After settling down at the landlady 's house , Vanaja gets invited to play a game of ashta chamma ( a leisurely game in rural towns of Andhra Pradesh ) against the landlady . Knowing that losing isn ’ t the mistress ’ s forte , she deliberately gives up her game . This gesture , in turn , eventually secures her the landlady ’ s mentorship , first in music and then in dance . Vanaja excels at these art forms and seems to be on a steadily ascending path until the arrival of Shekhar ( Karan Singh ) , the landlady 's 23 @-@ year @-@ old son , from the United States . Shekhar is a handsome , muscular young man who is running for an office in the local government . Sexual chemistry is ignited between Shekhar and Vanaja ( still a minor at 15 ) when flirtation and sexual innuendo bloom .
In the meanwhile , her father 's fishing boat is taken away by creditors . He sinks into a state of sadness and begins to drink away their savings . On one occasion , Vanaja ’ s superior intellect pits her against Shekhar in a public incident which ultimately humiliates him in front of his mother . Matters escalate , and one day Vanaja is raped by Shekhar . She eventually loses her job when she becomes pregnant . She gives birth to a boy , much against Rama Devi ’ s wishes who would have liked her to abort the foetus . Vanaja hopes that the physical evidence of the child will be proof of the rape and that somehow Shekhar will be brought to justice . However , Shekhar has no desire to marry Vanaja because she is from a lower caste . In the end Rama Devi and Shekhar gain possession of the child , who will grow up to be an upper caste boy .
= = Cast = =
Mamatha Bhukya as Vanaja
Urmila Dammannagari as Rama Devi
Ramachandriah Marikanti as Somayya
Krishnamma Gundimalla as Radhamma
Karan Singh as Shekhar
Bhavani Renukunta as Lacchi
= = Production = =
= = = Background = = =
Director Rajnesh Domalpalli graduated with bachelor 's and master 's degrees in electrical engineering in 1984 and 1986 . While working on his bachelor 's degree at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , he wrote short stories . One of his stories , The Dowry , was twice selected for broadcast by BBC World Service while he was in graduate school . During schooling , he was introduced to south Indian classical music , especially on the veena , and followed this up with years of training on the vocals .
While he was working as a software engineer in Silicon Valley , California , he pursued filmmaking and graduated with a Master of Fine Arts degree from Columbia University .
A short synopsis , including a character and a conflict study of Vanaja , was Domalpalli 's project submission in his first semester at the Columbia University in fall of 2001 . The story was inspired by a child 's scream upon being separated from her mother in Sophie 's Choice . Over the next three semesters , however , the story veered from its original focus of mother @-@ child separation to what Domalpalli later described as a study of " elements of class distinction and conflict that continue to infuse our society and culture even today . " Referring to its emphasis , he said the film was also about " fading institutions of folk art , old buildings that are collapsing , things which we should be protecting — which are a part of our heritage . " Speaking of the need for preservation of Indian culture and heritage , he said that making the film was an opportunity to emphasize the Indian folk arts , too .
= = = Filmmaking = = =
With the early version of the script being ready at the end of his fourth semester , Domalpalli 's initial intent was to find financing for the film in India and then in the United States . However , he could not find financing . Domalpalli decided to select non @-@ professionals and train them in a year . In the United States , producers voiced similar concerns over the marketability of the film and what they referred to as " its lack of cohesion . " Beside this , Domalpalli 's inexperience in filmmaking added to their concerns . Recalling initial hurdles , Domalpalli later said , " it was only when I showed my professors a rough cut of the film , and they approved , that purse strings finally came loose . " It eventually constituted the thesis for his master 's degree .
He imbibed socio @-@ cultural ethos from his upbringing in several rural areas of Andhra Pradesh , and this prompted him to make the movie in the Telugu language . In 2004 , he began filming with a meagre sum of USD 20000 provided by his mother Latha Domalpalli , the eventual film producer . Referring to filming the burrakatha ( a story telling technique used in southern India ) scene at the beginning of the film , Domalpalli said :
If you talk to people who perform a Burrakatha , you will see a huge difference in the way the older generation performs the art vis @-@ à @-@ vis the way the way the younger generation performs it ... This has happened because of the advent of television . Burrakatha is a long @-@ format art form . The point we are making is that if we don 't protect these folk arts , they will be on their way out .
The producers faced a stiff challenge in securing a rural bungalow to serve as the landlady 's mansion . Even after obtaining a building as the best possible fit in the coastal town of Bobbili , infestation of snakes and bats posed a problem for the crew . In addition , the building was not strong enough to support the filming equipment . Under these circumstances , the makeshift production designers refurbished the building with space for chicken coops and goat pens as required by the script . To make the space look inhabited , local help was sought for trampling the ground with their livestock . The local people wanted to act as extras in exchange for providing farming tools , bullock carts and other material . As a result , the crew had to ensure that these extras didn 't look into the camera during filming .
" Given the rural nature of the story , and the tendency of most local acting to lean towards the theatrical , it was clear that non @-@ actors drawn from hutments , labor camps and the vast Indian middle class were the right choice , " said Domalpalli , referring to his choice of casting . In addition , the inclusion of Radhamma 's character was to bring a natural feel for the film . Her behavior such as the way she " sits , stands , moves , grunts and groans — that is the way people from a village talk and behave ... You would immediately recognize a person who served you breakfast ... That makes a point . "
Referring to the challenges faced in casting , he said that while they were canvassing local people for auditions , they were warding off rumors that they were after the people 's kidneys . When placing a newspaper advertisement for the landlady 's character did not seem viable , they advertised for household help instead . Upon seeing this , Urmila Dammannagari turned up for the interview with Domalpalli . Inadvertently , their conversation veered toward the film and the real motive behind the advertisement became evident . Though initially shocked and despite the fact that she had to commute 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) from her house to the location , she took up the role . Professionally Krishnamma Gundimalla , who played the role of Radhamma , carried bricks on her head as a construction worker . On the other hand , Ramachandriah Marikanti , who plays Vanaja 's fisherman father , was a municipal sweeper and worked as a security guard .
For casting Vanaja and Lacchi , he said that they met approximately 2500 children , interviewed about 260 , and finally selected two from a shortlist of five to play the roles of Vanaja and Lacchi . Parents of these children were distrustful of them because their wards would have to frequently commute to Domalpalli 's house for acting lessons for at least a year . Domalpalli felt that " to convince people to devote so much of their children 's time and energy was hard enough , but to find the right combination of intelligence , commitment and talent as well was probably the steepest cliff they had to climb . " While visiting schools for identifying the child cast , Mamatha Bhukya at first was not selected because her hair was short . But after she sang a song on Mahatma Gandhi , she was selected for the role . Srinivas Devarakonda , a disciple of well @-@ known Kuchipudi guru Vempati Chinna Satyam , taught Mamatha the classical dance form for a year in the basement of Domalpalli 's house . Due to this sustained effort , she altered her ambitions from becoming a doctor to an actress and a Kuchipudi dancer . Bhavani Renukunta was chosen for Lacchi 's role after an interview at the Hyderabad office of Varija Films , the company that handled
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maturity , wisdom and a loving sense of visual and character detail . " Marc Savlov of The Austin Chronicle proclaimed , " director Domalpalli , who , with his debut feature , turned in what may well be the best Columbia University master 's thesis ever . " The Hartford Courant also claimed like the Chicago Tribune that the film would remind the Western audience of Charles Dickens , and further stated that it " ... gives a detailed sense of place and shows a mastery of story telling . The themes of fate and class resonate and the work of the amateur players is remarkably moving . "
Despite the generally positive reception , some critics differed in their opinion of the content and depiction . The New York Post criticised the film saying that " there 's enough mush in the Indian melodrama Vanaja to fill an entire season of a TV soap opera , " adding that toward its ending , the " viewers will be bored stiff by ( the ) long , tedious film " . Though the " narrative meanders ... [ it ] evokes village life with stark authenticity , " said a review by Time Out .
= New York and New Jersey campaign =
The New York and New Jersey campaign was a series of battles for control of New York City and the state of New Jersey in the American Revolutionary War between British forces under General Sir William Howe and the Continental Army under General George Washington in 1776 and the winter months of 1777 . Howe was successful in driving Washington out of New York City , but overextended his reach into New Jersey , and ended the active campaign season in January 1777 with only a few outposts near the city . The British held New York harbor for the rest of the war , using it as a base for expeditions against other targets .
First landing unopposed on Staten Island on July 3 , 1776 , Howe assembled an army composed of elements that had been withdrawn from Boston in March following their failure to hold that city , combined with additional British troops , as well as Hessian troops rented from several German principalities . Washington had New England soldiers as well as regiments from states as far south as Virginia . Landing on Long Island in August , Howe defeated Washington in the largest battle of the war , but the Continental Army was able to retreat to Manhattan under cover of darkness and fog . Washington suffered a series of defeats in Manhattan , with the exception of a victory at Harlem Heights , but was nevertheless chased north to White Plains , New York . At that point Howe returned to Manhattan to capture forces Washington had left in the north of that island .
Washington and much of his army crossed the Hudson River into New Jersey , and retreated all the way across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania , shrinking due to ending enlistment periods , desertions , and poor morale . Howe ordered his troops into winter quarters in December , establishing a chain of outposts from New York to Burlington , New Jersey . Washington , in a tremendous boost to American morale , launched a successful strike against the Trenton garrison after crossing the icy Delaware River , prompting Howe to withdraw his chain of outposts back to New Brunswick and the coast near New York , while Washington established his winter camp at Morristown . During the remaining winter months , both sides skirmished frequently as the British sought forage and provisions .
Britain maintained control of New York City and some of the surrounding territory until the war ended in 1783 , using it as a base for operations elsewhere in North America . In 1777 , General Howe launched a campaign to capture Philadelphia , leaving General Sir Henry Clinton in command of the New York area , while General John Burgoyne led an attempt to gain control of the Hudson River valley from Quebec that failed at Saratoga . Northern New Jersey was the scene of skirmishing between the opposing forces for the rest of the war .
= = Background = =
When the American Revolutionary War broke out in April 1775 , British troops were under siege in Boston . They defeated Patriot forces in the Battle of Bunker Hill , suffering very high casualties . When news of this expensive British victory reached London , General William Howe and Lord George Germain , the British official responsible , determined that a " decisive action " should be taken against New York City using forces recruited from throughout the British Empire as well as troops hired from small German states .
General George Washington , recently named by the Second Continental Congress as the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Continental Army , echoed the sentiments of others that New York was " a post of infinite importance " , and began the task of organizing military companies in the New York area when he stopped there on his way to take command of the siege of Boston . In January 1776 Washington ordered Charles Lee to raise troops and take command of New York 's defenses . Lee had made some progress on the city 's defenses when word arrived in late March 1776 that the British army had left Boston after Washington threatened them from heights south of the city . Concerned that General Howe was sailing directly to New York , Washington hurried regiments from Boston , including General Israel Putnam , who commanded the troops until Washington himself arrived in mid @-@ April . At the end of April , Washington dispatched General John Sullivan with six regiments to the north to bolster the faltering Quebec campaign .
General Howe , rather than moving against New York , withdrew his army to Halifax , Nova Scotia , and regrouped while transports full of British troops , shipped from bases around Europe and intended for New York , began gathering at Halifax . In June he set sail for New York with the 9 @,@ 000 men assembled there , before all of the transports arrived . German troops , primarily from Hesse @-@ Kassel , as well as British troops from Henry Clinton 's ultimately unsuccessful expedition to the Carolinas , were to meet with Howe 's fleet when it reached New York . General Howe 's brother , Admiral Lord Howe , arrived at Halifax with further transports after the general sailed , and immediately followed .
When General Howe arrived in the outer harbor of New York , the ships began sailing up the undefended Narrows between Staten Island and Long island on July 2 , and started landing troops on the undefended shores of Staten Island that day . Washington learned from prisoners taken that Howe had landed 10 @,@ 000 men , but was awaiting the arrival of another 15 @,@ 000 . General Washington , with a smaller army of about 19 @,@ 000 effective troops , lacked significant intelligence on the British force and plans , and was uncertain exactly where in the New York area the Howes intended to strike . He consequently split the Continental Army between fortified positions on Long Island , Manhattan and other mainland locations , and also established a " Flying Camp " in northern New Jersey . This was intended as a reserve force that could support operations anywhere along the Jersey shore of the Hudson .
= = Capture of New York City = =
The Howe brothers had been granted authority as peace commissioners by Parliament , with limited powers to pursue a peaceful resolution to the conflict . King George III was not optimistic about the possibility of a peace , " yet I think it right to be attempted , whilst every act of vigour is unremittingly carried on " . Their powers were limited to granting of " general and special pardons " and to " confer with any of his Majesty 's subjects " . On July 14 , pursuant to these powers , Admiral Howe sent a messenger with a letter addressed to " George Washington , Esq . " across the harbor . Washington 's adjutant , Joseph Reed , politely informed the messenger that no person with that title was in their army . Admiral Howe 's aide wrote that " the Punctilio of an Address " should not have prevented the letter 's delivery , and Howe was said to be visibly annoyed by the rejection . A second request , addressed to " George Washington , Esq . , etc . " was similarly rejected , although the messenger was told that Washington would receive one of Howe 's adjutants . In that fruitless meeting , held July 20 , Washington pointed out that the limited powers the Howe brothers had been given were not of much use , as the rebels had done no wrong requiring an amnesty .
In late August , the British transported about 22 @,@ 000 men ( including 9 @,@ 000 Hessians ) from Staten Island to Long Island . In the Battle of Long Island on August 27 , 1776 , the British outflanked the American positions , driving the Americans back to their Brooklyn Heights fortifications . General Howe then began to lay siege to the works , but Washington skillfully managed a nighttime retreat through his unguarded rear across the East River to Manhattan Island . Howe then paused to consolidate his position and consider his next move .
During the battle , the British had captured General John Sullivan . Admiral Howe convinced him to deliver a message to Congress in Philadelphia , and released him on parole . Washington also gave his permission , and on September 2 Sullivan told the Congress that the Howes wanted to negotiate , and had been given much broader powers to treat than those they actually held . This created a diplomatic problem for Congress , which did not want to be seen as aggressive , which is how some representatives felt a direct rejection of the appeal would appear . Consequently , Congress agreed to send a committee to meet with the Howes in a move they did not think would bear any fruit . On September 11 , the Howe brothers met with John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , and Edward Rutledge in the Staten Island Peace Conference . It had exactly the outcome the Americans expected .
During this time , Washington , who had previously been ordered by Congress to hold New York City , was concerned that he might have escaped one trap for another , since the army was still vulnerable to being surrounded on Manhattan . To keep his escape routes open to the north , he placed 5 @,@ 000 troops in the city ( which then only occupied the lower portion of Manhattan ) , and took the rest of the army to Harlem Heights . In the first recorded use of a submarine in warfare , he also attempted a novel attack on the Royal Navy , launching the Turtle in a failed attempt to sink the HMS Eagle , Admiral Howe 's flagship .
On September 15 , General Howe landed about 12 @,@ 000 men on lower Manhattan , quickly taking control of New York City . The Americans withdrew to Harlem , where they skirmished the next day , but held their ground . Rather than attempting to dislodge Washington from his strong position a second time , Howe again opted for a flanking maneuver . Landing troops with some opposition in October in Westchester County , he sought once again to encircle Washington . To defend against this move , Washington withdrew most of his army to White Plains , where after a short battle on October 28 he retreated further north . This isolated the remaining Continental Army troops in upper Manhattan , so Howe returned to Manhattan and captured Fort Washington in mid November , taking almost 3 @,@ 000 prisoners .
Four days later , November 20 , Fort Lee , across the Hudson River from Fort Washington , was also taken . Washington brought much of his army across the Hudson into New Jersey , but was immediately forced to retreat by the aggressive British advance .
General Howe , after consolidating British positions around New York harbor , detached 6 @,@ 000 men under the command of two of his more difficult subordinates , Henry Clinton , and Hugh , Earl Percy to take Newport , Rhode Island ( which they did without opposition on December 8 ) , while he sent General Lord Cornwallis to chase Washington 's army through New Jersey . The Americans withdrew across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania in early December .
= = Reactions = =
The outlook of the Continental Army — and thus the revolution itself — was bleak . " These are the times that try men 's souls " , wrote Thomas Paine in The American Crisis . Washington 's army had dwindled to fewer than 5 @,@ 000 men fit for duty and would be significantly reduced after enlistments expired at the end of the year . Spirits were low , popular support was wavering , and Congress had abandoned Philadelphia , fearing a British attack . Washington ordered some of the troops that returned from the failed invasion of Quebec to join him , and also ordered General Lee 's troops , which he had left north of New York City , to join him . Lee , whose relationship with Washington was at times difficult , made excuses and only traveled as far as Morristown , New Jersey . When Lee strayed too far from his army on December 12 , his exposed position was betrayed by Loyalists , and a British company led by Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton surrounded the inn where he was staying and took him prisoner . Lee 's command was taken over by John Sullivan , who finished marching the army to Washington 's camp across the river from Trenton .
The capture of Lee presented the Howes with a problematic prisoner . As with a number of other Continental Army leaders , he had previously served in the British Army . Because of this the Howes at first treated him as a deserter , with threats of military punishment . However , Washington intervened , tying the treatment of Lee to the treatment of prisoners he held . Lee was ultimately treated well , and apparently offered the British commanders advice on how to win the war . Because the Americans did not have a prisoner of comparable rank , Lee remained a prisoner in New York until 1778 , when was exchanged for Richard Prescott .
The failure of the Continental Army to hold New York also brought about a rise in Loyalist activity , as the city became a haven for refugee supporters of the Crown from elsewhere across the country . The British actively recruited in New York and New Jersey to build regiments of provincial militia , with some success . Loyalists in these areas may have been motivated by seeing elements of the rebel army head home after their enlistments ended . One New York Patriot militia leader wrote that thirty of his men , rather than reenlisting with him , had instead signed up with the enemy . On November 30 Admiral Howe offered amnesty to anyone that had taken up arms against the Crown , provided they swore an oath to it . Washington responded with his own proclamation suggesting that those who did not renounce such oaths should immediately go behind British lines . As a result , New Jersey became a civil battlefield , with militia activity as well as spying and counterspying continuing for the rest of the war .
News of the capture of New York was favorably received in London , and General Howe was awarded the Order of the Bath for his work . Combined with news of the recovery of Quebec , circumstances suggested to British leaders that the war could be ended with one more year 's campaigning . News of Admiral Howe 's amnesty proclamation was met with some surprise , as its terms were more lenient than the hardliners in the government expected . Politicians opposed to the war pointed out that the proclamation failed to mention the primacy of the Parliament . Furthermore , the Howes were criticized for failing to keep Parliament informed of the various peace efforts they embarked on .
= = Howe 's strategy = =
With the campaign at an apparent conclusion for the season , the British established a chain of outposts stretching from Perth Amboy to Bordentown and entered winter quarters . They controlled much of New York and New Jersey and were in a good position to resume operations in the spring , with the rebel capital of Philadelphia in striking distance . Howe detached General Clinton with 6 @,@ 000 men to occupy Newport , Rhode Island as a base for future operations against Boston and Connecticut ( Clinton occupied Newport in early December without opposition . ) Howe then sketched a campaign for the following year in a letter to Lord Germain : 10 @,@ 000 men at Newport , 10 @,@ 000 for an expedition to Albany ( to meet an army descending from Quebec ) , 8 @,@ 000 to cross New Jersey and threaten Philadelphia , and 5 @,@ 000 to defend New York . If additional foreign forces were available , operations could also be considered against the southern states .
= = Washington 's counterstrike = =
While worrying over how to hold his army together , Washington organized attacks on the relatively exposed British outposts , which were as a result continually on edge due to ongoing militia and army raids . German commanders Carl von Donop and Johann Rall , whose brigades were at the end of the chain of outposts , were frequent targets of these raids , but their repeated warnings and requests for support from General James Grant were dismissed .
Beginning in mid @-@ December , Washington planned a two @-@ pronged attack on Rall 's outpost in Trenton , with a third diversionary attack on Donop 's outpost in Bordentown . The plan was aided by the fortuitous presence of a militia company that drew Donop 's entire 2 @,@ 000 @-@ man force away from Bordentown to the south that resulted in a skirmish at Mount Holly on December 23 . The consequence of this action
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was that Donop was not in a position to assist Rall when Washington 's attack on Trenton took place . On the night of December 25 – 26 , Washington and 2 @,@ 400 men stealthily crossed the Delaware and surprised Rall 's outpost the following morning , killing or capturing nearly 1 @,@ 000 Hessians . This action not only significantly boosted the army 's morale ; it also brought Cornwallis out of New York . He reassembled an army of more than 6 @,@ 000 men , and marched most of them against a position Washington had taken south of Trenton . Leaving a garrison of 1 @,@ 200 at Princeton , Cornwallis then attacked Washington 's position on January 2 , 1777 , and was three times repulsed before darkness set in . During the night Washington once again stealthily moved his army , going around that of Cornwallis with the intention of attacking the Princeton garrison .
Hugh Mercer , leading the American advance guard , encountered British soldiers from Princeton under the command of Charles Mawhood . The British troops engaged Mercer and in the ensuing battle , Mercer was mortally wounded . Washington sent reinforcements under General John Cadwalader , which were successful in driving Mawhood and the British from Princeton , with many of them fleeing to Cornwallis in Trenton . The British lost more than one quarter of their force in the battle , and American morale rose with the victory .
The defeats convinced General Howe to withdraw most of his army from New Jersey , only leaving outposts at New Brunswick and Perth Amboy . Washington entered winter quarters at Morristown , having retaken most of the state from the British . However , provisions for both armies were limited , and commanders on both sides sent out parties to forage for food and other supplies . For the next few months , they engaged in a forage war , in which each targeted the foraging parties of the other . This led to numerous skirmishes and minor confrontations including the Battle of Millstone . The British also sniped with each other over the subject of provisions . Lord Percy resigned his command after a series of disagreements with Howe came to a head over the ability of the Newport station to provide forage to the New York and New Jersey forces .
= = Aftermath = =
The British gained control of New York harbor and the surrounding agricultural areas , and held New York City and Long Island until the war ended in 1783 . The Americans suffered significant casualties and lost important supplies , but Washington managed to retain the core of his army and avoid a decisive confrontation that could have ended the war . With the bold strokes of Trenton and Princeton , he had regained initiative and boosted morale . The areas around New York City in New York , New Jersey , and Connecticut were an ongoing battleground for the rest of the war .
The early reports that General Howe sent to his superiors in London concerning the battles at Trenton and Princeton attempted to minimize their significance , blaming Rall for Trenton , and trying to recast Princeton as a nearly successful defense . Not everyone was fooled by his accounts , in particular Lord Germain . In a letter to the Hessian General Leopold Philip von Heister Germain wrote that " the officer who commanded [ the forces at Trenton ] and to whom this misfortune is to be attributed has lost his life by his rashness . " Heister in turn had to report the loss to his ruler , Frederick II , Landgrave of Hesse @-@ Kassel , with the news that not only had an entire brigade been lost , but sixteen regimental colors and six cannon as well . The news reportedly enraged Frederick , who broadly suggested that Heister return home ( which he did , turning over command of the Hessian forces to Wilhelm von Knyphausen ) . Frederick also ordered extensive inquiries into the events of 1776 , that took place in New York from 1778 to 1782 . These inquiries created a unique archive of materials about the campaign .
The news of Washington 's successes reached Paris at a critical time . Britain 's ambassador to France , Lord Stormont , was preparing complaints to France 's foreign minister , the Comte de Vergennes , concerning the semi @-@ secret financial and logistical support France had been giving to the rebels . Stormont had learned that supplies bound for America were to be shipped under French flags , where they had previously sent under American colors . He wrote that the French court was extremely happy with the news , and that the French diplomatic position noticeably hardened : " that M. de Vergennes is hostile in his heart and anxious for the success of the Rebels I have not a shadow of a doubt . "
= = Next steps = =
The British planned two major operations for the 1777 campaign season . The first was an ambitious plan to gain control of the Hudson River valley , whose central thrust was a move along Lake Champlain by the army from Quebec under General John Burgoyne . Execution of this plan ultimately failed , ending with the surrender of Burgoyne 's army at Saratoga , New York , in October . The second operation was General Howe 's plan to take Philadelphia , which , after a difficult start , met with success in September .
Washington 's strategy in 1777 continued to be a basically defensive one . He successfully fended off an attempt by Howe to draw him into a general engagement in northern New Jersey , but was unable to prevent Howe 's later success taking Philadelphia . He did send material help to General Horatio Gates , who was tasked with defending against Burgoyne 's movements . Major General Benedict Arnold and Daniel Morgan 's riflemen all played a notable role in the defeat of Burgoyne , following which France entered the war .
= = Legacy = =
In the urban environments of Manhattan , Brooklyn , and Trenton there are plaques and other memorials placed to commemorate the actions that took place in and around those locations . The Princeton Battlefield and Washington 's Crossing are National Historic Landmarks , with state parks also preserving all or part of the locations where events of this campaign occurred in those areas . Morristown National Historical Park preserves locations occupied by the Continental Army during the winter months at the end of the campaign .
= Sauganash Hotel =
Sauganash Hotel ( originally Eagle Exchange Tavern ) is a former hotel ; regarded as the first hotel in Chicago , Illinois . It was located at Wolf Point in the present day Loop community area at the intersection of the north , south and main branches of the Chicago River . The location at West Lake Street and North Wacker Drive ( formerly Market Street ) was designated a Chicago Landmark on November 6 , 2002 . The hotel changed proprietors often in its twenty @-@ year existence and briefly served as Chicago 's first theater . It was named after Billy Caldwell , an interpreter in the British Indian Department .
= = History = =
Mark and Monique Beaubien , the owners and builders of the hotel , were French Indian traders . In 1826 they moved to Chicago on the advice of Mark 's brother Jean , who lived at Fort Dearborn . The Beaubiens settled in a small cabin on Wolf 's Point and continued their trade with the Indians . They built a tavern on the east bank of the south branch of the Chicago River at the point where the north and south branches meet . The tavern was named Eagle Exchange Tavern . In 1831 , they added a frame to the log structure to create Chicago 's first hotel , the Sauganash Hotel . When completed , it was one of only two residential structures on the south side of the main branch of the Chicago River , the other being that of Col. John B. Beaubien , Mark 's brother . The settlement had only twelve houses at the time . The hostelry immediately became famous , and when reconstructed later became the city 's largest and finest hotel . Immediately adjacent to the hotel 's public bar was Chicago 's first drug store .
The Greek Revival trim of the new hotel contrasted with the other eleven buildings of Chicago . The symmetry of its facade was typical to contemporary Greek Revival practiced on the East Coast . Juliette Kinzie , who came to Chicago from Connecticut in 1831 , described it as " a pretentios white two @-@ story building , with bright blue wood shutters , the admiration of all the little circle at Wolf Point " . The hostelry 's clientele transcended race , with natives and settlers enjoying each other 's company .
The flow of travelers and settlers intensified with the end of the Black Hawk War in 1832 . In 1833 the hotel housed election of the first town trustees of the newly formed Town of Chicago . Beaubien kept the Hotel until 1834 and during his ownership he regularly entertained guests with his violin . On August 18 , 1835 , two years after the Potawatomi natives signed the treaty agreeing to be moved to a reservation beyond the Mississippi River in northwestern Missouri , they selected 800 braves to perform their last war dance parade on a path that passed in front of the hotel . In 1835 , a Mr. Davis assumed control of the hotel , which subsequently had a series of proprietors . The building briefly served as Chicago 's first theater , and hosted the first Chicago Theatre company in November 1837 in an abandoned dining room . By 1839 , it returned to service as a hotel , but was destroyed by fire in 1851 , and subsequently torn down . The Wigwam was built in its place nine years later .
= = Honoree = =
Billy Caldwell " Sauganash " , who served as an interpreter for the Indian Agents , was the honoree of the hotel . Born in approximately 1780 , " Sauganash " was an Indian half @-@ breed , whose father was Colonel Caldwell , an Irish officer in the British Army stationed at Detroit ; his mother was a Pottawatomi . He was schooled at a Jesuit school in Detroit , where he learned English and French . Caldwell learned several Indian dialects . Billy Caldwell 's Indian Name was " Straight Tree " , but he was known by " Sauganash " , meaning Englishman in the Potawatomi language . As a warrior , Sauganash was under the influence of Tecumseh until his death and he became a Captain in the British Indian Department .
= = Theater = =
In 1834 ( three years before Chicago incorporated as a city ) , the hotel hosted the first professional public performance in Chicago at a cost of $ .50 ( $ 11 @.@ 85 today ) for adults and $ .25 for children . The show promised a wide variety of talents including ventriloquism . In the following two years , several traveling showmen performed at the hotel . In 1837 , the Chicago Theater , which was the first local theater company , set up shop in the hotel 's abandoned dining room . Co @-@ managers Harry Isherwood and Alexander McKinzie procured an amusement license for the company from the city council , and it began performing a different billed show every night starting in late October or early November for approximately six weeks . The plays included titles The Idiot Witness , The Stranger , and The Carpenter of Rouen . Production of The Stranger took place in the dining room of the hotel . Following a six @-@ week engagement , the company went on tour until the following spring , when it returned to a different local venue .
= Ed the Happy Clown =
Ed the Happy Clown is a graphic novel by Canadian cartoonist Chester Brown . Its title character is a large @-@ headed , childlike children 's clown who undergoes one horrifying affliction after another . The story in is a dark , humorous mix of genres and features scatological humour , sex , body horror , extreme graphic violence , and blasphemous religious imagery . Central to the plot are a man who cannot stop defecating ; the head of a miniature , other @-@ dimensional Ronald Reagan attached to the head of Ed 's penis ; and a female vampire who seeks revenge on her adulterous lover who had murdered her to escape his sins .
The surreal , largely improvised story began with a series of unrelated short strips that Brown went on to tie into a single narrative . Brown first serialized it in his comic book Yummy Fur , and the first , incomplete collected edition in 1989 , titled Ed the Happy Clown : A Yummy Fur Book . Shortly after , Brown became unsatisfied with the direction of the serial ; he brought it to an abrupt end in the eighteenth issue of Yummy Fur and turned to autobiography . A second edition titled Ed the Happy Clown : The Definitive Ed Book appeared in 1992 with an altered ending and most of the later parts of the series eliminated . The contents of this edition were re @-@ serialized with extensive endnotes in 2005 – 2006 as a nine @-@ issue Ed the Happy Clown series and collected as Ed the Happy Clown : A Graphic @-@ Novel in 2012 .
The story is seen by many critics as a highlight of the 1980s North American alternative comics scene . It has left an influence on contemporary alternative cartoonists such as Daniel Clowes , Seth , and Dave Sim , and has won a Harvey and other awards . Canadian film director Bruce McDonald has had the rights since 1991 to make an Ed movie , but the project has struggled to find financial backing .
= = Background = =
Brown grew up in Châteauguay , Quebec , a Montreal suburb with a large English @-@ speaking minority . He was an introverted youth attracted to comic books from a young age . He aimed at a career drawing superhero comics , but was unsuccessful in getting work with Marvel or DC Comics after graduating from high school . He moved to Toronto and discovered underground comix and the small @-@ press community .
By the early 1980s Marvel and DC had come to dominate comic @-@ book publishing in North America , and comic shops became the main places of purchase , with a clientele of dedicated comics fans . During this time , a trend towards greater ambition and expressiveness was developing on the fringes , such as Dave Sim 's long Cerebus series and the avant @-@ garde graphics magazine Raw in which the serialization of Art Spiegelman 's graphic novel Maus appeared . Brown was to find himself in the alternative comics scene that grew throughout the decade .
Brown was feeling himself in a creatively stagnant period when he came across a book on Surrealism : Wallace Fowley 's The Age of Surrealism ( 1950 ) . The book motivated Brown to work on an improvised minicomic series which he called Yummy Fur and self @-@ published from 1983 .
= = Content = =
Ed suffers one indignity after another as the plot gets grimmer and more surreal . His bizarre misfortunes include having the tip of his penis replaced by the head of a miniature , talking Ronald Reagan from another universe . Ed 's adventures featured encounters with penis @-@ worshipping pygmies , flesh @-@ eating rats , Martians , Frankenstein 's monster , and other characters from traditional genre fiction . The story unfolds with a black @-@ comedic sensibility topped with Christian symbolism . Despite his ordeals — being imprisoned for a crime he did not commit , falling in love with a vampire — Ed remains a gentle , childlike innocent , with a Candide @-@ like optimism . The story has had more than one ending and is a challenge to summarize .
= = = Summary = = =
The children 's hospital Ed is about to visit burns down with all the children in it . A number of apparently unrelated short gag strips appear before Brown begins to tie the narrative together into one plot .
Ed is imprisoned when he finds hospital janitor Chet Doodley 's severed hand and the police assume Ed had taken it . In the prison a man is unable stop defecating and his faeces fill the jail , engulfing all , including Ed . When Ed emerges he finds the head of his penis replaced with the head of a miniature Ronald Reagan from Dimension X — a world much like Ed 's but whose people are tiny . Dimension X has dumped its waste into a trans @-@ dimensional portal , which turns out to be the anus of the man who could not stop defecating . Reagan 's body remains in Dimension X , and the professor who discovered the portal travels to Ed 's dimension to find the head , making contact with the authorities of Ed 's world .
Chet believes the loss of his hand is due to his unfaithfulness to his wife ; as a child his mother read Chet the story of a Saint Justin who cuts off his right hand to avoid sinning , and Chet assumes his lost hand is a like punishment from God . He tries to atone for it by killing his girlfriend , Josie , in the woods . Penis @-@ worshipping , rat @-@ eating pygmy cannibals drag the bodies of both Josie and Ed into the sewers . As they are about to sever Ed 's penis Josie reanimates in time to save him . The two attempt to escape from the sewers when they are accidentally shot by a mother – daughter team of pygmy hunters . Josie dies again , and her disembodied spirit learns from the ghost of Chet 's sister that she has become a vampire .
The professor from Dimension X and members of the staff of the Adventures in Science TV show find Ed and the President and bring them to the TV studio . The discovery is big news , and the professor and the President make a TV appearance . When it is discovered that the people of Dimension X are homosexual or bisexual the professor is put to a violent death , and Ed and the body of Josie are put in confinement . The studio is invaded by the pygmies when they recognize their " Penis God " on television . Josie 's spirit returns to her body , and she and Ed escape and make their way to the hospital where Chet works . Josie gets her revenge by seducing Chet and killing him before he is able to repent , thus sending him to Hell .
Ed is one of a number of men secretly kidnapped to provide another , Bick Backman , with a penis transplant — a larger one to please his wife . Out of the lineup of unconscious men , Ed 's penis with the President 's head on it stands out and is chosen for Backman . After the operation , Mounties raid the hospital and , finding Reagan , take Backman and leave Ed , who has had a larger penis sewn on in the President 's place . The hospital hands Ed over to Mrs Backman , claiming he is her husband . Though suspicious , she accepts Ed — and his newly transplanted penis .
= = = = Endings = = = =
The ending that appeared in Yummy Fur has not appeared in book editions . In it , Mrs Backman takes Ed home , but her children are not convinced he is their father . After he spends some time in the house they decide " he 's way better than the other one " . There is a resemblance between Ed and Mrs Backman , and it is revealed they were twins separated at birth . While at church , the Backman children are kidnapped by stone aliens and are saved by Frankenstein 's monster , who brings them to Washington , D.C. where they find their kidnapped real father . Josie and Ed 's zombie friend rescues the Backmans . Ed has his clown makeup restored and reverts to his cheerful self . When he goes to visit Josie , he learns her apartment building has burned down , and she was the only casualty . Her charred skeleton is brought out , clutching an unburnt severed hand .
The alternate ending from the 1992 and later versions drops most of the story that follows Chet 's death , replacing it with 17 new pages . In this version , Chet 's severed hand visits Josie 's apartment at night and rolls up her window shade . As she is a vampire , the sunlight in the morning burns her to death while she sleeps , and she and Chet are reunited in the flames of Hell .
= = = Primary characters = = =
Ed
A big @-@ headed , childlike clown with Candide @-@ like optimism , despite the hardships his creator puts him through . He is a passive protagonist to and around whom events occur . He spends much of the story with the head of a miniature Ronald Reagan from another dimension for a penishead . He later discovers , after having the president severed from his penis and having a new one attached , that he has a long @-@ lost twin sister in Becky Backman . Brown considers Ed to be an " adult who 's pre @-@ adolescent " , whose sexuality is not fully formed .
Chet Doodley
A janitor working at a hospital , he is plagued with guilt over cheating on his wife after his hand falls off for no apparent reason . After having a dream in which a statue of the Virgin Mary turns into his girlfriend , Josie , and has sex with him , he murders Josie while having sex with her by stabbing her in the back in the woods . Josie , who becomes a vampire afterwards , hunts him down and eventually breaks his neck , sending him to Hell . " Chet " is short for " Chester " , and Douglas Wolk sees Chet as perhaps a stand @-@ in for Brown himself , though Brown denies any autobiographical elements in the story . Brown has stated he had a phobia of losing his hand , as it would end his ability to draw , and so named the character " Chet " .
Josie
Chet 's beautiful former girlfriend , who becomes a vampire " for actively engaging in a grievous sin " for committing adultery with her boyfriend Chet , when he murders her by stabbing her in the back . Her vampire self ends up saving Ed from having his penis decapitated by pygmy cannibals , and eventually tracks down Chet and kills him , sending him to Hell . In an alternate ending , she finds herself in Hell as well , eternally embracing Chet while being consumed by fire .
Ronald Reagan
Though bearing the American president 's name and position , the diminutive Reagan bears no resemblance to his namesake . He comes from Dimension X , and his head becomes attached to the end of Ed 's penis after falling into an interdimensional portal . The president 's body remains in Dimension X , where people are much smaller than in Ed 's , and are homosexual .
Brown had intended to use Ed Broadbent , a left @-@ wing politician of the Canadian New Democratic Party ( NDP ) , but changed it to the right @-@ wing Reagan as he believed Broadbent would have been too obscure to his American readers . He later regretted the decision and said he could have included an explanation . The idea of a talking penis has appeared in a number of other comics , such as The Talking Head ( 1990 ) by Paolo Baciliero and Pete Sickman @-@ Garner 's Young Tim .
= = Analysis = =
Ed spans a range of Brown 's interests , from political skepticism to scatological humour to vampires and werewolves . The story is dark and surreal , desperate and humorous .
Christian elements especially — largely sacriligeous — are prominent in the book . They are at first innocuous and unimportant : a zombie named Christian , another character who believes he has found Christ 's face on a piece of adhesive tape . With the fourth issue of Yummy Fur , Brown 's surreal take on Christianity becomes central : the cover depicts the Virgin Mary holding not just the infant Christ , but also a severed hand . Within is the story of Saint Justin , whose amputation becomes a key motif : Chet loses his own hand and finds another ; his own
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appears mysteriously under Ed 's pillow . Only by praying for forgiveness for his adultery and by murdering his lover is Chet 's hand miraculously restored . According to the Lives of the Saints , the fictional Saint Justin severed his own hand , but in another version Brown presents , Justin 's wife cuts it off with a woodaxe when she catches her husband masturbating after rejecting her advances . The altered ending from 1992 has both Josie and Chet reunited in Hell , and the ghost of Chet 's sister becomes a devil . As Brown mixes surreal sacrilege with the sort of moralism that compels him to condemn Josie for her bloody revenge , Brian Evenson calls Brown " deft at muddying the waters in a way that makes it very hard to pin him down as either belieever or satirist , as either anti @-@ religionist or apologist " .
While not part of the Ed story , Brown had been serializing straight adaptations in Yummy Fur of the Gospels of Mark and of Matthew during most of Ed 's run . R. Fiore called these adaptations " the best exploration of Christian mythology since Justin Green 's Binky Brown " , comparing Chet 's excessive Christian guilt with the " almost childlike retelling " of Mark . Yummy Fur readers also found " I Live in the Bottomless Pit " , a short strip in which a man discovers the Antichrist , who after millennia underground has forgotten his mission — a paradoxical one , as he states his orders were from God .
Ed prominently features transgressive content including nudity , graphic violence , racist imagery , blasphemy , and profanity . Brown grew up in a strictly Baptist household in which he was not allowed to swear , as depicted in Brown 's graphic novel I Never Liked You ( 1994 ) . Brown challenged his own anxieties by tackling subjects such as scatological humour . Imagery such as the recurring Pygmy characters and their " ooga booga " language , Chris Lanier asserted , reinforce " old colonial imaging of ' third world natives ' " .
= = Style = =
According to comics historian John Bell , " Brown arrived in print almost fully formed as an artist " . His style , while showing the influence of artists such as Robert Crumb , Harold Gray , and Jack Kirby , was distinct from his predecessors . He continued to mature as an artist and draughtsman throughout the run of Ed , showing enormous growth from the beginning to end of the graphic novel .
Unlike most cartoonists , Brown does not compose his pages , but draws each panel on separate sheets of paper and assembles them into pages afterwards . The panels in Ed were on 5 @-@ by @-@ 5 @-@ inch ( 13 cm × 13 cm ) squares of cheap typewriter paper , which he placed on a block of wood on his lap in lieu of a drawing board . He used a number of different drawing tools , including Rapidograph technical pens , markers , crowquill pens and ink brushes . He had some photocopies printed from his pencilled work , which he found both faster to produce and more spontaneous in feel .
Brown worked freely , without ruling lines or lettering . Usually he roughly sketched the artwork with a light blue pencil , then elaborated it with an HB pencil , at which stage he has said " most of the work [ was ] done " . Brown inked the pre @-@ Vortex stories with a brush ; when he committed himself to a regular schedule , he felt inking with a brush would be too slow , and switched to cheap markers or pencils to increase his productivity . He continued to use a brush to fill in blacks and to letter his dialogue balloons . Brown came to favour the quality of the brush again toward the end of the story 's run , but found it slow to work with and thus used it less than he would have preferred . By photocopying before sending the artwork to the printer , Brown could ensure that the copy printed from was sufficiently black .
While he occasionally scripted certain pages or scenes , more frequently he did not , and often wrote dialogue only after having drawn the artwork . Brown did not plan out the stories , though he might have certain ideas prepared . Some ideas he found carried him for up to two to three issues of Yummy Fur . Brown used of flashback scenes different perspectives to alter the story to his needs — for example , when Brown revisited the scene of Josie 's murder , he placed Ed behind a bush , linking the two characters ' fates . When he had originally done the murder scene , he says he did not " know that Ed was over in the bushes a couple feet away " .
Brown found himself dissatisfied with much of the work , and later abandoning about a hundred printed pages which he intends not to have reprinted . He found that the improvisational method did not work well with Underwater in the 1990s ; after cancelling that series he turned to carefully scripting out his stories , beginning with Louis Riel .
= = = Influences = = =
When Brown started Ed , he was largely influenced by the comics he had grown up with , especially monster stories from Marvel Comics such as Werewolf by Night and Frankenstein 's Monster by artists such as Mike Ploog , and from DC Comics such as Swamp Thing by artists such as Bernie Wrightson and Jim Aparo .
Since graduating from high school , Brown had been inching towards underground comix , starting with the work of Richard Corben and especially Moebius in Heavy Metal , and eventually getting over his disgust over Robert Crumb 's sex @-@ laden comics to become a huge fan of the Zap and Weirdo artist . He says the book that finally pulled him over into the underground was The Apex Treasury of Underground Comics , which included Crumb as well as Art Spiegelman 's original short " Maus " story . He was also affected by Will Eisner 's graphic novel , A Contract with God . Brown had already been an Eisner fan , but this book was different , " something that wasn 't about a character with a mask on his face " . He started drawing in a more underground style , and submitting work to Raw , Last Gasp and Fantagraphics . The work was rejected from these publishers for one reason or another , and Brown was eventually convinced by his friend Kris Nakamura , who was active in the Toronto small press scene , to take it and self @-@ publish it . His minicomic , Yummy Fur , was the result , and included the earliest instalments of the Ed the Happy Clown story .
The book also drew inspiration from pulp science fiction , religious literature and television clichés . Harold Gray 's comic strip Little Orphan Annie had an effect on Brown after he discovered some Annie reprint books in the early 1980s . This was to be a primary influence on later work of Brown 's such as Louis Riel .
= = Publication = =
The story began in July 1983 in the second issue of Brown 's original Yummy Fur minicomic , the seven issues of which were reprinted in 1986 – 87 in the first three issues of the Vortex Comics @-@ published Yummy Fur . Ed ran in the first eighteen issues of Yummy Fur , along other features , such as Brown 's Gospel adaptations . Brown envisioned Ed as an ongoing character in the vein of Marvel and DC comic @-@ book characters . In the late 1980s he came to feel restricted by the character ; inspired by the revealing autobiographical work of Julie Doucet and Joe Matt and the simple cartooning of fellow Toronto cartoonist Seth , Brown turned to autobiography .
While Ed was the main feature of Yummy Fur until Brown switched to autobiographical comics in 1990 , it was juxtaposed against straight adaptations of the gospels of Mark and Matthew , which filled up the rest of the Yummy Fur issues starting with issue # 4 .
In 2004 Brown set to work on a revised Ed ; he pencilled a number of pages , but stopped when he came to believe the new version was no better than the original . Drawn and Quarterly — Brown 's publisher since 1991 — reissued the contents of the Definitive Ed collection in a nine issue series on smaller @-@ sized pages from 2005 to 2006 titled Ed the Happy Clown , with new covers , previously unpublished art and extensive commentary by Brown . The contents came mainly from issues two through twelve , and some from issue seventeen . About 80 pages — a third of the original Ed material — remains uncollected , including the entire 24 @-@ page ending that appeared in issue eighteen .
The first collection , Ed the Happy Clown : A Yummy Fur Book , appeared in 1989 from Vortex Comics before Brown decided to end the story . It collects the Ed stories up to the twelfth issue of Yummy Fur and includes a cartoon foreword scripted by Harvey Pekar and drawn by Brown . It was this edition that in 1990 won Brown one of his two Harvey Awards , for Best Graphic Album , and a UK Comic Art Award the same year for Best Graphic Novel / Collection .
The second edition came from Vortex in 1992 , after Brown had taken Yummy Fur to Drawn and Quarterly . Bill Marks had it labelled The Definitive Ed Book for marketing reasons . The edition reprinted what was in the first edition with an altered ending and some material from Yummy Fur # 17 , and excluded most of the material in the series from after Chet 's death .
In June 2012 , Drawn and Quarterly published a third edition , Ed the Happy Clown : A Graphic @-@ Novel , reprinting the contents of the Ed series of a few years earlier , including somewhat modified endnotes and annotations . It had a new introduction by Brown , replacing those by Pekar and Solomos in the previous editions . Compared to those editions , it was printed on higher @-@ quality paper with higher contrast in the printing , and the artwork was reduced in size . Brown subtitled the book with a hyphen : " graphic @-@ novel " . This reflects Brown 's distaste yet reluctant acceptance of the term , as its usage had by then become widespread . Brian Evenson sees this as a Brown @-@ like eccentricity and a gesture emphasizing the equal importance Brown places on both word and image . The book was a bestseller .
The 2012 edition also included a ten @-@ page story called " The Door " , which Brown redrew from an anonymous public domain story from a horror comic book . In the story , a couple go through a door in a funhouse which leads through a passage in which they get lost for years . Their clothes disintegrate over that time , exposing their genitals , until they finally come across another door — one that leads them to Hell . Brown wrote he found the original story truly horrifying , as the couple had done nothing apparent to deserve their fate . He had originally intended to incorporate it into the Ed story , but capriciously veered off in another narrative direction .
The artwork appeared at its largest in the Vortex Yummy Fur issues ; it was somewhat smaller in the minicomics and first two collected editions . The artwork was smallest in the 2012 Drawn and Quarterly edition , a size Brown considered ideal , stating , " The smaller the better , as long as the words are still legible . " The 2012 edition also had wider page margins and gutters between the images .
= = Reception and legacy = =
Ed was seen by many critics a high point of the early alternative comics scene in the 1980s , echoes of which can be seen in such later surrealistic graphics novels as Like a Velvet Glove Cast in Iron by Daniel Clowes and Black Hole by Charles Burns . The story won praise from The Comics Journal and mainstream publications such as The Village Voice and Rolling Stone , which placed Ed on an early @-@ 1990s " Hot " list . Time placed Ed at seventh on its list of " All Time Top Ten Graphic Novels " , while publisher and critic Kim Thompson placed Ed 27th on his top 100 comics of the 20th Century , and editor and critic Tom Spurgeon called Ed " one of the three best alt @-@ comix serials of all time " . The book appeared in Gene Kannenberg 's 500 Essential Graphic Novels ( 2008 ) .
Ed had a large impact on a number of Brown 's contemporaries , including fellow Canadians Dave Sim and Seth , the latter of whom was taken in by the ambitiousness of Brown 's storytelling , saying " Those brilliant sequences where he would show a situation and then return to it later from a different perspective , like the death of Josie , really blew me away " — and Dave Cooper , who called Ed " the most perfect book ever " . Others who cite Ed as an influence on their work include Daniel Clowes , Chris Ware , Craig Thompson , Matt Madden , Eric Reynolds and the Canadian cartoonists Alex Fellows , whose Canvas shows the influence of Ed , and Bryan Lee O 'Malley , who calls Brown " a Golden God " and whose Lost at Sea was heavily influenced by Ed . Anders Nilsen calls Ed " completely amazing and one of the best comics ever " , placing it in his top five comic books , and citing it as a major influence on his spontaneous Big Questions .
Critic Chris Lanier placed Ed in a tradition that included Like a Velvet Glove Cast in Iron , Max Andersson 's Pixy , and Eric Drooker 's Flood ! ; he wrote that symbols appear with such frequency and importance in these works as to suggest significance , while remaining symbolically empty . He finds predecessors for these works in German Dada and the Theatre of the Absurd . Reviewer Brad McKay found Ed " both hopeless and funny , a trick moviemakers like Tim Burton and Todd Solondz wish they could pull off more regularly " .
D. Aviva Rothschild likened the story to " staring at six @-@ day @-@ old roadkill " . Brown 's father was too offended to keep reading after the fifth minicomic issue , " Ed and the Beanstalk " .
In Yummy Fur # 4 , there was a scene in which a fictional " Saint Justin " masturbates after putting off his wife 's advances . In one panel " Saint Justin " had just ejaculated all over his hand , his penis in full view and his semen @-@ covered hand clearly visible behind it . Vortex publisher Bill Marks had the panel covered up with another illustration after discussing it with Brown . Brown agreed to this censorship , but was " annoyed " by it . Marks later called it a mistake that he would not make again , and when Brown included a scene in the following issue of the Ronald Reagan penishead vomiting Marks made no objection , and all future collections of Ed have the original uncensored panel . The censored portion of the panel was covered with a note delivered by a rabbit that Brown often used as a surrogate self ; the message read :
" Sorry folks but this picture of a penis ejaculating onto a hand has been censored . If any of you want to see this page as I originally drew it send me a self addressed envelope ( and an age statement ) care of Vortex Comics and I 'll send you a photocopy . "
Brown has said that perhaps 100 to 200 readers sent requests for the uncensored panel .
In stores , Yummy Fur was often wrapped in plastic with " adults only " labels on it . It is not known if Ed or Yummy Fur were banned from any stores , but Diamond , the largest American comics distributor , stopped carrying it for a time in 1988 . A publisher discovered that boxes of its feminist publication were lined with discarded pages of Yummy Fur , included pages in which Chet stabs Josie while having sex with her . The publisher lodged a complaint with the Ontario @-@ based printer , which informed Vortex it would no longer handle Yummy Fur . The third issue of the Drawn and Quarterly Ed series was seized at the Canadian border , but was later deemed admissible .
Critic R. Fiore initially found the 1992 ending disappointing , but changed his mind 2012 , saying the sad ending gave Ed " an emotional punch that it wouldn 't otherwise have " . Cartoonists such as Craig Thompson at first found the story off @-@ putting , but later came to admire it . Critic Douglas Wolk wrote that it is not surprising that Brown had not settled on one conclusion to the story , as that " would mean some kind of narrative closure " , while Ed 's premise is that " everything makes sense as a big picture eventually , but nothing can be relied on from moment to moment " .
In 2014 , Uncivilized Books published Ed Vs . Yummy Fur Brian Evenson . The book details the differences between the various versions of the Ed narrative .
= = = Awards = = =
= = Other media = =
Canadian filmmaker Bruce McDonald has had the rights since 1991 to adapt Ed to film , for which he has planned to use Yummy Fur as the title . Such a film could use stop @-@ motion animation , but the project has yet to get off the ground . At one point McDonald hoped to have Macaulay Culkin star as Ed , Rip Torn as Ronald Reagan and Drew Barrymore as Nancy Reagan . In 2000 , it was reported that the movie would have a budget of $ 6 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 , but it was unable to get the financial backing . A script was written by Don McKellar , and later with John Frizzell .
The City of Toronto commissioned Brown to do as part of their Live with Culture campaign ; the strip in Now magazine for six weeks in 2007 . In one episode a zombie and his human girlfriend attend a screening of McDonald 's still @-@ unmade adaptation of Ed . The same year , McDonald placed Brown 's graphic novel in scenes in his film The Tracey Fragments .
= = = = Books = = = =
= = = = Journals and magazines = = = =
= = = = Other sources = = = =
= Lilioid monocots =
Lilioid monocots ( lilioids , liliid monocots , petaloid monocots , petaloid lilioid monocots ) is an informal name used for a grade ( grouping of taxa with common characteristics ) of five monocot orders ( Petrosaviales , Dioscoreales , Pandanales , Liliales and Asparagales ) in which the majority of species have flowers with relatively large , coloured tepals . This characteristic is similar to that found in lilies ( " lily @-@ like " ) . Petaloid monocots refers to the flowers having tepals which all resemble petals ( petaloid ) . The taxonomic terms Lilianae or Liliiflorae have also been applied to this assemblage at various times . From the early nineteenth century many of the species in this group of plants were put into a very broadly defined family , Liliaceae sensu lato or s.l. ( lily family ) . These classification systems are still found in many books and other sources . Within the monocots the Liliaceae s.l. were distinguished from the Glumaceae .
The development of molecular phylogenetics , cladistic theory and phylogenetic methods in the 1990s resulted in a dismemberment of the Liliaceae and its subsequent redistribution across three lilioid orders ( Liliales , Asparagales and Dioscoreales ) . Subsequent work has shown that two other more recently recognized orders , Petrosaviales and Pandanales also segregate with this group , resulting in the modern concept of five constituent orders within the lilioid monocot assemblage . This has resulted in treating monocots as three informal groups , alismatid , lilioid and commelinid monocots . The lilioids are paraphyletic in the sense that commelinids form a sister group to Asparagales .
= = Description = =
= = = True lilioids = = =
The descriptive term " petaloid lilioid monocot " relates to the conspicuous petal @-@ like ( petaloid ) tepals which superficially resemble true lilies ( Lilium ) . Morphologically , the petaloid or lilioid monocots can be considered to possess five groups ( pentacyclic ) of three @-@ fold ( trimerous ) whorls . Lilioid monocots all have flowers which can be considered to have been derived from a lily @-@ like flower with six relatively similar tepals , and six stamens . The typical lilioid gynoecium has three carpels fused into a superior trilocular ( three @-@ chambered ) superior ovary , axile placentation , a single hollow style , and several ovules with anatropous orientation in one or two rows per locule and nectaries at the base .
However , floral synapomorphy ( shared characteristics ) is rare since most conform to the general monocot pattern . This pattern is ancestral ( plesiomorphic ) for the lilioid monocots . Structural monosymmetry is rare , except for Orchidaceae .
Various trends are apparent among the lilioids , notably a change to an inferior ovary and a reduction of the number of stamens to three . In some groups ( such as the genus Trillium in the Liliaceae ) , the tepals have become clearly differentiated , so that the flower has three coloured petals and three smaller green sepals . Almost all lilioid monocots retain at least three petal @-@ like tepals . Since some commelinids ( e.g. Tradescantia ) have petaloid flowers , the term ' lilioid ' is a more accurate one for the group which excludes them , since the term petaloid monocot is still occasionally used in describing commelinids . The morphological concept of petaloid monocots has been equated with " animal @-@ attracting " ( that is , for pollination ) as opposed to wind @-@ pollinating plants ( such as grasses ) that have evolved very different floral structures . Pollen structure shows that of the two main tapetum types , secretory and plasmodial , the lilioid monocots are nearly all secretory .
= = = Comparison with other monocot orders = = =
In the orders that branched off before the lilioid monocots , the Acorales and Alismatales , flowers differ in several ways . In some cases , like Acorus ( Acorales ) , they have become insignificant . In others , like Butomus ( Alismatales ) , they have six coloured tepals , and so could be called ' petaloid ' , but stamens and carpels are more numerous than in the lilioid monocots .
The later evolved commelinids have various kinds of flower , few of which are ' lily @-@ like ' . In the order Poales , comprising grasses , rushes and sedges , flowers are either petal @-@ less or have small , unshowy petals . Many Zingiberales species have brightly coloured and showy flowers . However , their apparent structure is misleading . For example , the six tepals of cannas are small and hidden under expanded and brightly coloured stamens or staminodes which resemble petals and may be mistaken for them .
= = History = =
= = = Morphological definitions = = =
In one of the earliest monocot taxonomies , that of John Lindley ( 1830 ) , the grouping corresponding to the lilioid monocots was the " tribe " Petaloideae . In Lindley 's system the monocots consisted of two tribes , the Petaloideae , and the Glumaceae ( the grasses and sedges ) . Lindley divided the Petaloideae into 32 " orders " ( roughly corresponding to families ) and the Glumaceae into two further orders . Various successive taxonomies of the monocots also emphasized the grouping of species with petaloid ( undifferentiated ) perianths , such as Bentham and Hooker 's Coronarieæ and Hutchinson 's Corolliferae ( " Corolla bearing " ) ( 1936 ) . Hence the concept that there was a natural grouping of monocots whose flowers were predominantly petaloid , gave notion to the term " petaloid monocots " . The core group of petaloids were the Liliaceae , hence " lilioid monocots " .
The term " lilioid monocot " or lilioid " has had widely varying interpretations . One of the narrower applications is " lily @-@ like " monocots , meaning the two orders Asparagales and Liliales , but the term has also been applied to Takhtajan 's superorder Lilianae , the whole of Liliales , or restricted to Cronquist 's broadly defined Liliaceae . Although " petaloid " and " lilioid " have often been used interchangeably , as Heywood points out , some usages of " petaloid monocot " , particularly in horticulture , are so broad as to be almost meaningless in that it had been used to refer to all species with conspicuous petals or perianth segments ( tepals ) , which would cover a broad swathe of families ( he estimated three dozen across many orders ) . Other authors have defined it equally broadly as " having two whorls of tepals ( sepals and petals ) that are petal @-@ like " .
As Kron and Chase stated in 1995 , this taxonomic unit had been in a considerable state of flux , with significant variation between the systems of Cronquist ( 1981 ) , Thorne ( 1983 , 1992 ) , and Dahlgren ( 1985 ) . When classification systems were based on morphological characters alone , lilioid species which clearly departed from the " lily " pattern were easily placed into separate families . For example , the Amaryllidaceae contained species whose flowers had six stamens and an inferior ovary . The Iridaceae contained those with three stamens and an inferior ovary . The remaining taxa were put together in a very broadly defined Liliaceae , usually refereed to as Liliaceae sensu lato ( s.l. ) . The Cronquist system 's definition , for example , is the broadest of all . Rolf Dahlgren and colleagues were responsible for one of the most radical reorganisation of families , and in their 1985 monocot monograph defined the two orders ( Asparagales and Liliales ) which contain the bulk of monocot geophytes , as constituting the lilioid monocots .
The development of DNA sequencing and the use of genetic data in determining relationships between species of monocots confirmed what many taxonomists had long suspected : Liliaceae s.l. was highly polyphyletic . The family was demonstrated to include a significant number of unrelated groups , which belonged to quite separate families and even orders . For instance some genera such as Hyacinthus , previously placed in Liliaceae s.l. , were reclassified in families within Asparagales ( in this case Asparagaceae ) . In 1995 Chase et al. reviewed the understanding of the lilioids and equated them to Dahlgreen 's Liliiflorae , which they designated as superorder Lilianae . They pointed out that the understanding of the phylogenetics of this group was critical for the establishment of a monocot classification . They also noted that while many authors treated this group as monophyletic ( having a common ancestor ) , a closer reading of their texts revealed evidence of paraphyly ( excluding some descendants of a common ancestor ) . For instance , Dahlgren had based monophyly on a single synapomorphy , that of a petaloid perianth , yet in discussing his Lilliflorae admitted it was undoubtedly paraphyletic . Dahlgren treated the monocots as split between ten superorders and placed five orders ( Dioscoreales , Asparagales , Liliales , Melanthiales
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, Burmanniales and Orchidales ) in his Liliiflorae .
= = = Phylogenetic era = = =
In the 1995 study by Chase et al. referred to above , which was the largest yet to use purely molecular data , the results demonstrated paraphyly of the lilioids . However , because their data contradicted purely morphological phylogenies they were reluctant to draw definite conclusions as to the monophyly of this group . They identified four major clades of monocots . They named these alismatids , aroids , stemonoids and dioscoreoids , in addition to Acorus , and a core group of Asparagales , Liliales and commelinoids . They based the names of these groups on the closest corresponding superorders and orders of Dahlgren , with the exception of stemonoids ( based on Stemonaceae for which there was no obvious equivalent ) .
There was no clear clade corresponding to Dahlgren 's Liliiflorae , whose families were distributed amongst the aroids and dioscoreoids . Of Dahlgren 's Liliiflorae , the Dioscoreales largely grouped into dioscoreoids , with the exception of Stemonaceae . The Asparagales formed two major groupings , which they labelled " higher " and " lower asparagoids " , and included both the Iridaceae and Orchidaceae from Dahlgren 's Liliales . On the other hand , a number of families from three other orders ( Asparagales , Dioscoreales , Melanthiales ) segregated together with the remaining Liliales families . Genera from Dahlgren 's Melanthiales were found in both dioscoreoids and the redefined Liliales . Finally Dahlgren 's Burmanniales were found to belong with the dioscoreoids . Some Asparagales taxa were also found amongst the commelinoids . The stemonoids were formed from Stemonaceae and other families from a variety of orders , including Pandanaceae ( which alone formed Dahlgren 's Pandaniflorae ) .
In an attempt to resolve the apparent differences between morphological and molecularly defined trees , a combined analysis was undertaken which confirmed superorder Liliiflorae as monophyletic , provided that a few modifications were undertaken . These included the removal of two tribes of Melanthiaceae ( Melanthiales ) and the inclusion of three additional families ( Cyclanthaceae , Pandanaceae and Velloziaceae ) from other superorders . This newly and more narrowly redefined Lilianae / Liliiflorae contained three orders , Aparagales , Liliales and Dioscoreales ( which now included the stemonoids ) . This analysis also allowed for the establishment of a single synapomorphy , although this time by the presence of an inferior ovary . Significantly , the authors noted that it was no wonder the authors of angiosperm classifications had been exasperated by the Lilianae .
= = = Angiosperm Phylogeny Group = = =
These findings , presented at the first Monocot Conference in 1993 , with the addition of several studies that had become available in the interim , formed the basis of the 1998 consensus Angiosperm Phylogeny Group ( APG ) ordinal scheme . Among other things , the Alismatales were expanded and new orders such as Acorales ( a placement for Acorus ) and Pandanales ( which now represented the stemonoids as well as new families ) added . While not formally assigning any supraordinal ranks , the classification did recognize an informal grouping of monocot orders as the commelinoids . Otherwise the APG recognized only six monocot orders ( Acorales , Alismatales , Asparagales , Dioscoreales , Liliales and Pandanales ) . The last four were however grouped together in the resulting cladogram and most closely represent the concept of lilioids , although this left some unplaced monocot families , including Corsiaceae and Petrosaviaceae .
Simultaneous with the release of the 1998 APG classification were two events : the publication of Kubitzki 's major monograph on the monocots and the Second Monocot Conference . Kubitzki defined superorder Lilianae as all monocots except superorders Commelinae , Alismatanae and the Acoraceae , that is the four orders Asparagales , Liliales , Dioscoreales and Pandanales . The Monocot Conference devoted an entire section to Systematics of the Lilioids and included an update of their previous research by Chase and colleagues . On this occasion the latter felt that there was now enough data to put forward a definitive classification , defining the Lilioids as comprising the four orders placed in Lilianae by Kubitzki . Rudall and colleagues ( 2002 ) followed Chase ( 2000 ) , in using the term " lilioid monocots " and again noting unresolved polytomy between these four orders and the remaining monocot clades ( commelinids and Petrosaviaceae ) , although at that time the Petrosaviaceae were still unplaced .
There was now enough new data to justify revising the APG system , and a new classification was issued in 2003 . Although this resulted in changes within the orders , it did not affect the relationship between them . Lilioid monocots were discussed but not formally recognized ( commelinids , renamed from commelinoids , being the only supraordinal grouping in the monocots to be named ) and Petrosaviaceae remained unplaced . The second version of the APG coincided with the third Monocot Conference ( 2003 ) , the findings from which , using additional molecular markers , helped to resolve some of the remaining questions regarding relationships within this assemblage . Petrosaviaceae was shown to be included in what Chase refers to as " liliids " and placed in order Petrosaviales , while Dioscoreales and Pandanales were demonstrated to be sister clades . Rapid advances in understanding monocot relationships necessitated the release of another revision of the APG classification ( 2009 ) , which incorporated these advances . Further definition of the relationships between lineages using multiple markers is continuing .
Textbooks and other sources produced in the last century are inevitably based on older classifications . Publications using versions of the APG system are now appearing and the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families from the Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew now uses the APG III system , as does the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website and hence the classification of the lilioid monocots shown in the cladogram below . The Kew botanists treat the monocots as falling into three major groupings : alismatid monocots ( Acorales , Alismatales ) , lilioid monocots ( the five other non @-@ commelinid monocots ) and commelinid monocots . They also organize their monocot research into two teams I : Alismatids and Lilioids and II : Commelinids . A similar approach is taken by Judd in his Plant systematics .
= = Phylogeny and evolution = =
The cladogram shown below displays the orders of Lilianae sensu Chase & Reveal ( monocots ) based on molecular phylogenetic evidence . Lilioid monocot orders are bracketed , namely Petrosaviales , Dioscoreales , Pandanales , Liliales and Asparagales . These constitute a paraphyletic assemblage , that is groups with a common ancestor that do not include all direct descendants ( in this case commelinids which are a sister group to Asparagales ) ; to form a clade , all the groups joined by thick lines would need to be included . While Acorales and Alismatales have been collectively referred to as " alismatid monocots " , the remaining clades ( lilioid and commelinid monocots ) have been referred to as the " core monocots " . The relationship between the orders ( with the exception of the two sister orders ) is pectinate , that is diverging in succession from the line that leads to the commelinids . Numbers indicate crown group ( most recent common ancestor of the sampled species of the clade of interest ) divergence times in mya ( million years ago ) .
While this is the most commonly understood relationship , Davis et al . ( 2013 ) using a combination of plastid genomes have suggested that if Asparagales is treated sensu stricto by excluding its largest and most atypical family , Orchidaceae then Aparagales sensu APG may not be monophyletic and that Orchidaceae and Liliales may be sister groups , and in turn are the sister of Asparagales . However , their data produced conflicting models . Zeng et al . ( 2014 ) using nuclear genes also found evidence for a sister relationship between Asparagales and Liliales . Although divergence time estimates within the lilioids have varied considerably , they were also able to obtain molecular clock estimates for the origin of the lilioids at approximately 125 mya ( Cretaceous period ) . On the other hand , a large data set using a combined analysis of nuclear , mitochondrial and plastid genes together with nuclear phytochrome C was in agreement with the earlier APG relationships .
= = Subdivision = =
Five orders make up the lilioid monocots .
Petrosaviales Takht . ( 1997 )
Dioscoreales R.Br. ( 1835 )
Pandanales R.Br. ex Bercht . & J.Presl ( 1820 )
Liliales Perleb ( 1826 )
Asparagales Link 1829
= Nunney Castle =
Nunney Castle is a medieval castle at Nunney in the English county of Somerset . Built in the late 14th century by Sir John Delamare on the profits of his involvement in the Hundred Years War , the moated castle 's architectural style , possibly influenced by the design of French castles , has provoked considerable academic debate . Remodelled during the late 16th century , Nunney Castle was damaged during the English Civil War and is now ruined . English Heritage maintain the site as a tourist attraction . The architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner has described Nunney as " aesthetically the most impressive castle in Somerset . "
= = History = =
= = = 14th century = = =
Nunney Castle was built near the village of Nunney in Somerset by Sir John Delamare . Delamare had been a soldier during the Hundred Years War with France , where he had made his fortune . He obtained a licence to crenellate from Edward III to build a castle on the site of his existing , unfortified manor house in 1373 and set about developing a new , substantial fortification .
The resulting castle centred on a stone tower @-@ keep , measuring 60 feet by 24 feet ( 18 m by 7 m ) internally and 54 feet ( 16 m ) tall , with four round corner @-@ towers . The tower @-@ keep had eight @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) thick walls made from Lias Oolite ashlar stone and was designed around three floors . The corner towers had conical roofs and prominent machicolations . The ground floor of the tower @-@ house included the kitchen and other service areas . The functions of the first and second floors are uncertain ; one theory is that the first floor was another service area , with the hall on the second floor ; another approach argues that the first floor formed the hall , and the second floor living accommodation ; a minority view proposes that the first floor was an armoury . The third floor was used as living accommodation for the owning family . The original design had a number of windows and fireplaces on the upper floors , but the hall would have been relatively dark and the stairs were inconveniently narrow .
The tower @-@ keep had a modest entrance , which was reached by a draw @-@ bridge that lay across the surrounding moat , which initially reached right up to the base of the castle . A simple , 12 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 6 m ) high bailey wall , with minimal defensive value , surrounded the moat , which was in contrast wide , 10 @-@ foot ( 3 m ) deep , and would have been difficult for an attacker to drain . On the east side of the castle Nunney Brook was used as a line of defence rather than a bailey wall .
Historians , such as Adrian Pettifer and Stuart Rigold , previously believed that the design of Nunney was heavily influenced by the French castle designs that Delamare would have seen on his military campaigns . Nunney closely resembles the Bastille in Paris , for example , and the machicolations are typical of those found in French castles . Nunney was considered a conservative , even slightly backward design and probably built to protect against French invasion . Historians such as Robert Liddiard and Matthew Johnson are now less certain . Nunney is regarded as a bold , striking design , similar in many ways to those at Herstmonceux or Saltwood Castle . Whilst Nunney does resemble many French castles , there is no direct evidence that it was built in imitation of these designs , and indeed there are other English castles , such as Mulgrave and Dudley , that have a similar structure to Nunney 's . Nunney Castle may be better understood instead as characteristic of a wider range of tower @-@ keeps built in England during the period , designed , as Nigel Pounds puts it , " to allow very rich men to live in luxury and splendour . "
= = = 15th - 16th centuries = = =
Nunney Castle was inherited by John 's son , Philip Delamere , and grandson , Elias , before passing by marriage into the Poulet family following Elias ' probable death during Henry V 's campaigns in France . Sir John Poulet and his son John , and grandson , also called John , held the castle during most of the 15th century , but their primary residence was Basing Castle in Hampshire rather than Nunney . William Paulet , the Marquess of Winchester , was the final member of the family to own the castle ; after his death in 1572 it passed rapidly through several owners and in 1577 was sold by Swithun Thorpe to John Parker , who only kept it for a year before selling it to Richard Prater , at a cost of £ 2 @,@ 000 . The castle was redeveloped in the second half of the 16th century , probably by the Praters : the windows were enlarged to let in more light ; a grand staircase was built in one of the towers ; a Catholic altar was installed , and a revetment , or terrace , was built around the inside of the moat , leaving it 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) wide .
= = = 17th - 19th centuries = = =
Nunney Castle continued to be owned by the Roman Catholic Prater family into the 17th century . In 1642 the English Civil War broke out between the rival factions of Parliament and the king ; like many Catholics , Colonel Richard Prater supported Charles I. As the war progressed the Royalist situation deteriorated , however , and the south @-@ west became one of the few remaining Royalist strongholds ; Nunney Castle was garrisoned in anticipation of Parliamentary attack and took in a number of refugees , including many Catholics . In September 1645 a Parliamentary army under the command of Lord Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell advanced into Somerset , taking Sherborne , Cary and Shepton Mallet before turning to Nunney . Two regiments of soldiers with cannons surrounded the castle on 18 September ; when Richard Prater refused to surrender , the cannons opened fire on the north side of the castle , breaching the castle wall . Richard continued to resist , hoisting a flag with a Catholic crucifix on it above the castle to taunt the besiegers , but two days later the garrison surrendered .
Due to the damage caused by the cannon , the castle escaped the slighting , or deliberate damaging , that occurred to many other castles at the end of the civil war . Nonetheless , Richard Prater was forbidden to return to the castle , despite his promises to support Parliament , and his son , George Prater , only recovered Nunney from its interim owners after Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660 . The castle declined and was sold by the Praters to William Whitchurch around 1700 . During the 18th century the building was still in a reasonable condition and in 1789 an order was received make it ready to receive French prisoners , although it is unlikely they ever arrived .
= = = 20th - 21st centuries = = =
By the 20th century , Nunney Castle was increasingly ruined and covered in thick ivy . As a result , on 25 December 1910 a portion of the damaged north wall entirely collapsed — most of the fallen stone was stolen by local people . In 1926 , with the fabric of the castle under threat , the owner , Robert Bailey @-@ Neale , transferred the property to the Commissioner of Works , who began a programme of restoration work . The castle is now run by English Heritage as a tourist attraction and is a scheduled monument . The architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner has described the castle as " aesthetically the most impressive castle in Somerset . "
= John Newham =
Air Marshal John William " Jake " Newham , AC ( born 30 November 1930 ) is a retired senior commander of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . He served as Chief of the Air Staff ( CAS ) from 1985 until 1987 . Joining the RAAF in 1951 , he flew Gloster Meteor jets with No. 77 Squadron in the Korean War in 1953 , and subsequently de Havilland Vampires with No. 78 Wing on garrison duty in Malta . From 1958 to 1960 , he served with No. 3 Squadron , operating CAC Sabres during the Malayan Emergency . He took charge of No. 3 Squadron in 1967 , when it re @-@ equipped with the Dassault Mirage III supersonic fighter . His commands in the early 1970s included the Aircraft Research and Development Unit , RAAF Base Laverton , and No. 82 Wing , the last @-@ mentioned during its first years operating the long @-@ delayed General Dynamics F @-@ 111C swing @-@ wing bomber . He was appointed Deputy Chief of the Air Staff in March 1984 , and CAS in May the following year . His tenure as CAS coincided with the release of the Dibb Report on Australia 's defence capabilities , and the controversial transfer of the RAAF 's battlefield helicopters to the Australian Army . Newham retired from the Air Force in July 1987 and became a company director .
= = Early career = =
John William Newham , known as " Jake " , was born in Cowra , New South Wales , and educated at Cowra High School . After matriculating , he worked as a clerk in the Commonwealth Bank , and joined the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) in February 1951 . He underwent flying training at RAAF Base Point Cook , Victoria , and graduated as a sergeant pilot in July 1952 . Following fighter training , he saw operational service in the Korean War , flying Gloster Meteor jets with No. 77 Squadron from February to September 1953 . He later recalled that his first sortie was as wingman to a Royal Air Force flight lieutenant : " We flew up past P 'yongyang and he showed me enemy gun locations by arranging for them to shoot at us " .
Having been commissioned as a pilot officer midway through his Korean service , Newham 's next posting was with No. 78 ( Fighter ) Wing on Malta , where he flew de Havilland Vampires until 1955 . The wing had been on garrison duty in Malta since July 1952 , and Newham was one of five Korean War veterans who replaced pilots posted back to Australia . He married Jo Cranston in 1956 ; the couple had two daughters and a son . By November 1957 , Newham had been promoted to flight lieutenant and was undergoing conversion training on the CAC Sabre . From 1958 to 1960 he served in Malaya with No. 3 Squadron , whose Sabres conducted operations against communist guerrillas in the final years of the Malayan Emergency .
= = Rise to senior command = =
Newham attended RAAF Staff College , Canberra , from January to December 1964 . He then served as Chief Flying Instructor at No. 2 Operational Conversion Unit at RAAF Base Williamtown , New South Wales , taking temporary command of the unit as a squadron leader from July 1965 to April 1966 . That August , he commenced conversion training on the Dassault Mirage III supersonic jet fighter . Promoted to wing commander , from July 1967 to October 1968 he led No. 3 Squadron at Williamtown as it re @-@ equipped with the Mirage . In 1971 , Newham was appointed commanding officer of the Aircraft Research and Development Unit . The following year he became Officer Commanding RAAF Base Laverton , Victoria .
By now a group captain , Newham was appointed Officer Commanding No. 82 Wing at RAAF Base Amberley , Queensland , in 1973 . He formed the RAAF Washington Flying Unit at McClellan Air Force Base , California , on 31 March to ferry the first twelve ( out of a total order of twenty @-@ four ) General Dynamics F @-@ 111C swing @-@ wing bombers to Australia . On 1 June , Newham led the first three F @-@ 111s in to land at Amberley , a gala occasion attended by the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence , Lance Barnard , the Chief of the Air Staff , Air Marshal Charles Read , the Air Officer Commanding Operational Command , Air Vice Marshal Brian Eaton , and a large media contingent . Newham later recalled that " our air force cred went up in the area and in the world with that aeroplane " . Read ordered Newham to operate the F @-@ 111 with great caution initially , well within limits , lest the long @-@ delayed and controversial aircraft suffer greater damage to its reputation through early attrition . Despite Newham 's protests over the plane 's capabilities , the restrictions remained in place until 1975 . That year he was appointed Staff Officer Operations at Headquarters Operational Command ( OPCOM ) .
= = Senior command and later life = =
Newham was promoted air commodore in 1976 and became Senior Air Staff Officer at OPCOM , serving through the following year . In 1978 he attended the Royal College of Defence Studies , London , and was made Director General of Operational Requirements in 1979 . In this capacity he visited Israel to investigate air @-@ to @-@ air refuelling operations , coming away favourably impressed : " the Israelis had more match practice than anybody around at the time . The experience gave me confidence in operational judgments . " He was promoted air vice marshal and appointed Chief of Air Force Operations in March 1980 , effective from April , and served on the Chief of the Air Staff Advisory Committee . In 1982 he was posted to the United States as the Head of Australian Defence Staff in Washington , D.C. Returning to Australia , Newham became Deputy Chief of the Air Staff in March 1984 . He was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia on 11 June for services to the RAAF .
Promoted to air marshal , Newham became Chief of the Air Staff ( CAS ) on 21 May 1985 , succeeding Air Marshal David Evans . Newham initially endorsed the Federal government 's 1986 Review of Australia 's Defence Capabilities , otherwise known as the Dibb Report , but shortly afterwards publicly criticised its " understanding of the application of air power " and " debatable judgments " , especially its lukewarm attitude to the employment of the F @-@ 111s for strategic strike . At a conference the same year , he reiterated the RAAF 's position that " defensive action may prevent defeat , but wars can be won only by offensive action " . On 9 June , he was raised to Companion of the Order of Australia for service to the RAAF , " particularly as Chief of the Air Staff " . Newham 's term as CAS was also marked by the Federal government 's decision to transfer the RAAF 's battlefield helicopters to the Australian Army , against the recommendation of an independent committee . According to Air Force historians Alan Stephens and Keith Isaacs , " Newham protected the best interests of the Australian Defence Force by getting on with the business of effecting the transfer , notwithstanding the deep disappointment within his own service . In February 1987 , OPCOM ( subsequently Air Command ) was restructured into Force Element Groups ( FEGs ) , large functional organisations that supplanted the earlier concept of all @-@ powerful air base commands , to which every unit on a base reported . Initially established on a one @-@ year trial basis , the FEGs have remained in place .
Newham completed his tenure as CAS on 3 July 1987 and was succeeded by Air Marshal Ray Funnell . Retiring from the Air Force , he became Director of Helitech Industries . On 23 July 1998 , he was among those present when the Korean Ambassador to Australia awarded his government 's Presidential Unit Citation to No. 77 Squadron . Newham was one of ten surviving veterans of the squadron belatedly presented with the US Air Medal in Canberra on 27 June 2011 , for meritorious service in the Korean War .
= Parasaurolophus =
Parasaurolophus ( / ˌpærəsɔːˈrɒləfəs / PARR @-@ ə @-@ saw @-@ ROL @-@ ə @-@ fəs or / ˌpærəˌsɔːrəˈloʊfəs / PARR @-@ ə- SAWR @-@ ə @-@ LOH @-@ fəs ; meaning " near crested lizard " in reference to Saurolophus ) is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur that lived in what is now North America during the Late Cretaceous Period , about 76 @.@ 5 – 74 @.@ 5 million years ago . It was a herbivore that walked both as a biped and a quadruped . Three species are recognized : P. walkeri ( the type species ) , P. tubicen , and the short @-@ crested P. cyrtocristatus . Remains are known from Alberta ( Canada ) , and New Mexico and Utah ( USA ) . The genus was first described in 1922 by William Parks from a skull and partial skeleton found in Alberta .
Parasaurolophus was a hadrosaurid , part of a diverse family of Cretaceous dinosaurs known for their range of bizarre head adornments . This genus is known for its large , elaborate cranial crest , which at its largest forms a long curved tube projecting upwards and back from the skull . Charonosaurus from China , which may have been its closest relative , had a similar skull and potentially a similar crest . Visual recognition of both species and sex , acoustic resonance , and thermoregulation have been proposed as functional explanations for the crest . It is one of the rarer hadrosaurids , known from only a handful of good specimens .
= = Description = =
Like most dinosaurs , the skeleton of Parasaurolophus is incompletely known . The length of the type specimen of P. walkeri is estimated at 9 @.@ 5 m ( 31 ft ) , and its weight is estimated at 2 @.@ 5 tonnes ( 2 @.@ 8 short tons ) . Its skull is about 1 @.@ 6 m ( 5 ft 3 in ) long , including the crest , whereas the type skull of P. tubicen is over 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) long , indicating a larger animal . Its single known forelimb was relatively short for a hadrosaurid , with a short but wide shoulder blade . The thighbone measures 103 cm ( 41 in ) long in P. walkeri and is robust for its length when compared to other hadrosaurids . The upper arm and pelvic bones were also heavily built .
Like other hadrosaurids , it was able to walk on either two legs or four . It probably preferred to forage for food on four legs , but ran on two . The neural spines
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of the vertebrae were tall , as was common in lambeosaurines ; tallest over the hips , they increased the height of the back . Skin impressions are known for P. walkeri , showing uniform tubercle @-@ like scales but no larger structures .
= = = Skull = = =
The most noticeable feature was the cranial crest , which protruded from the rear of the head and was made up of the premaxilla and nasal bones . William Parks , who named the genus , hypothesized that a ligament ran from the crest to the notch to support the head , and cited the presence of possibly pathological notch as evidence . Although this idea seems unlikely , Parasaurolophus is sometimes restored with a skin flap from the crest to the neck . The crest was hollow , with distinct tubes leading from each nostril to the end of the crest before reversing direction and heading back down the crest and into the skull . The tubes were simplest in P. walkeri , and more complex in P. tubicen , where some tubes were blind and others met and separated . While P. walkeri and P. tubicen had long crests with only slight curvature , P. cyrtocristatus had a short crest with a more circular profile .
= = Classification = =
As its name implies , Parasaurolophus was initially thought to be closely related to Saurolophus because of its superficially similar crest . However , it was soon reassessed as a member of the lambeosaurine subfamily of hadrosaurids — Saurolophus is an hadrosaurine . It is usually interpreted as a separate offshoot of the lambeosaurines , distinct from the helmet @-@ crested Corythosaurus , Hypacrosaurus , and Lambeosaurus . Its closest known relative appears to be Charonosaurus , a lambeosaurine with a similar skull ( but no complete crest yet ) from the Amur region of northeastern China , and the two may form a clade Parasaurolophini . P. cyrtocristatus , with its short , rounder crest , may be the most basal of the three known Parasaurolophus species , or it may represent subadult or female specimens of P. tubicen .
The following cladogram is after the 2007 redescription of Lambeosaurus magnicristatus ( Evans and Reisz , 2007 ) :
= = Discovery and naming = =
Meaning " near crested lizard " , the name Parasaurolophus is derived from the Greek para / παρα " beside " or " near " , saurus / σαυρος " lizard " and lophos / λοφος " crest " . It is based on ROM 768 , a skull and partial skeleton missing most of the tail and the hind legs below the knees , which was found by a field party from the University of Toronto in 1920 near Sand Creek along the Red Deer River in Alberta , Canada . These rocks are now known as the Campanian @-@ age Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation . William Parks named the specimen P. walkeri in honor of Sir Byron Edmund Walker , Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Ontario Museum . Parasaurolophus remains are rare in Alberta , with only one other partial skull from ( probably ) the Dinosaur Park Formation , and three Dinosaur Park specimens lacking skulls , possibly belonging to the genus . In some faunal lists , there is a mention of possible P. walkeri material in the Hell Creek Formation of Montana , a rock unit of late Maastrichtian age . This occurrence is not noted by Sullivan and Williamson in their 1999 review of the genus , and has not been further elaborated upon elsewhere . It is possible that the fossil specimen could be an undescribed lambeosaurine .
In 1921 , Charles H. Sternberg recovered a partial skull ( PMU.R1250 ) from what is now known as the slightly younger Kirtland Formation in San Juan County , New Mexico . This specimen was sent to Uppsala , Sweden , where Carl Wiman described it as a second species , P. tubicen , in 1931 . The specific epithet is derived from the Latin tǔbǐcěn " trumpeter " . A second , nearly complete P. tubicen skull ( NMMNH P @-@ 25100 ) was found in New Mexico in 1995 . Using computed tomography of this skull , Robert Sullivan and Thomas Williamson gave the genus a monographic treatment in 1999 , covering aspects of its anatomy and taxonomy , and the functions of its crest . Williamson later published an independent review of the remains , disagreeing with the taxonomic conclusions .
John Ostrom described another good specimen ( FMNH P27393 ) from New Mexico as P. cyrtocristatus in 1961 . It includes a partial skull with a short , rounded crest , and much of the postcranial skeleton except for the feet , neck , and parts of the tail . Its specific name is derived from the Latin curtus " shortened " and cristatus " crested " . The specimen was found in either the top of the Fruitland Formation or , more likely , the base of the overlying Kirtland Formation . The range of this species was expanded in 1979 , when David B. Weishampel and James A. Jensen described a partial skull with a similar crest ( BYU 2467 ) from the Campanian @-@ age Kaiparowits Formation of Garfield County , Utah . Since then , another skull has been found in Utah with the short / round P. cyrtocristatus crest morphology .
= = = Species = = =
Parasaurolophus is known from three certain species , P. walkeri , P. tubicen , and P. cyrtocristatus . All of them can be distinguished from each other , and have many differences . The first named species , therefore the type , is P. walkeri . One certain specimen , from the Dinosaur Park Formation is referred to it , but many more are almost certainly referable . Like stated above , it is different from the other two species , with it having a simpler internal structure than P. tubicen , a straighter crest and different internal structuring than P. cyrtocristatus .
The next named species is P. tubicen , which is the largest of the Parasaurolophus species . It lived in New Mexico , where three specimens are known , and can be differentiated from its other species . It possesses a long and straight crest , with a very complex interior compared to the other species . All known specimens of P. tubicen come from the De @-@ Na @-@ Zin Member of the Kirtland Formation .
In 1961 , the third species , P. cyrtocristatus was named by John Ostrom . Its three known specimens , have been found in the Fruitland and Kaiparowits formations from Utah and New Mexico . The second specimen , the first known from the Kaiparowits Formation , was originally unassigned to a specific taxon . Of the Parasaurolophus species , P. cyrtocristatus it is the smallest , and has the most curved crest . Because of its possession of the two above features , it has often been speculated that it was a female of P. walkeri or P. tubicen , which were males , although P. tubicen lived approximately a million years later . As noted by Thomas Williamson , the type material of P. cyrtocristatus is about 72 % the size of P. tubicen , close to the size at which other lambeosaurines are interpreted to begin showing definitive sexual dimorphism in their crests ( ~ 70 % of adult size ) . Even though many scientists have supported the possible fact of P. cyrtocristatus being a female , many other studies have found that it is not , because of the differences in age , distribution , and the large differences in the crest and its internal structure .
A study published in PLoS ONE in 2014 found that one more species could be referred to Parasaurolophus . This study , led by Xing , found Charonosaurus jiayensis was actually nested deeply inside Parasaurolophus , which created the new species P. jiayensis . If this species is indeed inside Parasaurolophus , then the genus lasted until the K @-@ Pg extinction , and is known from two continents .
= = Paleobiology = =
= = = Diet and feeding = = =
As a hadrosaurid , Parasaurolophus was a large bipedal / quadrupedal herbivore , eating plants with a sophisticated skull that permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing . Its teeth were continually being replaced ; they were packed into dental batteries containing hundreds of teeth , only a relative handful of which were in use at any time . It used its beak to crop plant material , which was held in the jaws by a cheek @-@ like organ . Vegetation could have been taken from the ground up to a height of around 4 m ( 13 ft ) . As noted by Bob Bakker , lambeosaurines have narrower beaks than hadrosaurines , implying that Parasaurolophus and its relatives could feed more selectively than their broad @-@ beaked , crestless counterparts .
= = = Growth = = =
Parasaurolophus is known from many adult specimens , and a juvenile described in 2013 . The juvenile was discovered in the Kaiparowits Formation in 2009 . Excavated by the joint expedition by The Webb Schools and Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology ( RAM ) , the juvenile has been identified as around only one year old when it died . Referred to Parasaurolophus sp . , the juvenile , under specimen number RAM 14000 , is the most complete , as well as youngest Parasaurolophus ever found , and measures 2 @.@ 5 m ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) . This individual fits neatly into the currently known Parasaurolophus growth stages , and lived approximately 75 million years ago . Even though no complete skull of the intermediate age between RAM 14000 and adult Parasaurolophus has been found yet , a partial braincase of about the right size is known . At 25 % of the total adult size , the juvenile show that crest growth of Parasaurolophus began sooner than in related genera , such as Corythosaurus . It has been suggested that Parasaurolophus adults bore such large crests , especially when compared to the related Corythosaurus , because of this difference in age between when their crests started developing . Its age also means that Parasaurolophus had an very fast growth , which took place in about a year . The crest of the juvenile is not long and tubular like the adults , but low and hemispherical .
The skull of RAM 14000 is almost complete , with the left side only lacking a piece of the maxilla . However , the skull was split down the middle by erosion , possibly when it was resting on the bottom of a river bed . The two sides are displaced slightly , with some bones of the right being moved off the main block , also by erosion . After reconstruction , the skull viewed from the side resembles other juvenile lambeosaurines found , being roughly a trapezoid in shape .
A partial cranial endocast for RAM 14000 was reconstructed from CT scan data , the first ever for a Parasaurolophus of any ontogenetic stage . The endocast was reconstructed in two sections , one on the portion of the braincase articulated with the left half of the skull and the remainder on the disarticulated portion of the braincase . Their relative position was then approximated based on cranial landmarks and comparison with other hadrosaurids . Because of weathering , many of the smaller neural canals and foramina could not be identified for certain .
= = = Cranial crest = = =
Many hypotheses have been advanced as to what functions the cranial crest of Parasaurolophus performed , but most have been discredited . It is now believed that it may have had several functions : visual display for identifying species and sex , sound amplification for communication , and thermoregulation . It is not clear which was most significant at what times in the evolution of the crest and its internal nasal passages .
= = = = Differences in crests = = = =
As for other lambeosaurines , it is believed that the cranial crest of Parasaurolophus changed with age and was a sexually dimorphic characteristic in adults . James Hopson , one of the first researchers to describe lambeosaurine crests in terms of such distinctions , suggested that P. cyrtocristatus , with its small crest , was the female form of P. tubicen . Thomas Williamson suggested it was the juvenile form . Neither hypothesis became widely accepted . As only six good skulls , one juvenile braincase , and one recently discovered juvenile skull are known , additional material will help clear up these potential relationships . Williamson noted that in any case , juvenile Parasaurolophus probably had small , rounded crests like P. cyrtocristatus , that probably grew faster as individuals approached sexual maturity . Recent restudy of a juvenile braincase previously assigned to Lambeosaurus , now assigned to Parasaurolophus , provides evidence that a small tubular crest was present in juveniles . This specimen preserves a small upward flaring of the frontal bones that was similar to but smaller than what is seen in adult specimens ; in adults , the frontals formed a platform that supported the base of the crest . This specimen also indicates that the growth of the crest in Parasaurolophus and the facial profile of juvenile individuals differed from the Corythosaurus @-@ Hypacrosaurus @-@ Lambeosaurus model , in part because the crest of Parasaurolophus lacks the thin bony ' coxcomb ' that makes up the upper portion of the crest of the other three lambeosaurines .
= = = = Rejected function hypotheses = = = =
Many early suggestions focused on adaptations for an aquatic lifestyle , following the hypothesis that hadrosaurids were amphibious , a common line of thought until the 1960s . Thus , Alfred Sherwood Romer proposed it served as a snorkel , Martin Wilfarth that it was an attachment for a mobile proboscis used as a breathing tube or for food gathering , Charles M. Sternberg that it served as an airtrap to keep water out of the lungs , and Ned Colbert that it served as an air reservoir for prolonged stays underwater .
Other proposals were more physical in nature . As mentioned above , William Parks suggested that it was joined to the vertebrae with ligaments or muscles , and helped with moving and supporting the head . Othenio Abel proposed it was used as a weapon in combat among members of the same species , and Andrew Milner suggested that it could be used as a foliage deflector , like the helmet crest ( called a ' casque ' ) of the cassowary . Still other proposals made housing specialized organs the major function . Halszka Osmólska suggested that it housed salt glands , and John Ostrom suggested that it housed expanded areas for olfactory tissue and much improved sense of smell of the lambeosaurines , which had no obvious defensive capabilities . One unusual suggestion , made by creationist Duane Gish , is that the crest housed chemical glands that allowed it to throw jets of chemical " fire " at enemies , similar to the modern @-@ day bombardier beetle .
Most of these hypotheses have been discredited or rejected . For example , there is no hole at the end of the crest for a snorkeling function . There are no muscle scars for a proboscis and it is dubious that an animal with a beak would need one . As a proposed airlock , it would not have kept out water . The proposed air reservoir would have been insufficient for an animal the size of Parasaurolophus . Other hadrosaurids had large heads without needing large hollow crests to serve as attachment points for supporting ligaments . Also , none of the proposals explain why the crest has such a shape , why other lambeosaurines should have crests that look much different but perform a similar function , how crestless or solid @-@ crested hadrosaurids got along without such capabilities , or why some hadrosaurids had solid crests . These considerations particularly impact hypotheses based on increasing the capabilities of systems already present in the animal , such as the salt gland and olfaction hypotheses , and indicate that these were not primary functions of the crest . Additionally , work on the nasal cavity of lambeosaurines shows that olfactory nerves and corresponding sensory tissue were largely outside the portion of the nasal passages in the crest , so the expansion of the crest had little to do with the sense of smell .
= = = = Temperature regulation hypothesis = = = =
The large surface area and vascularization of the crest also suggests a thermoregulatory function . The first to propose the cranial crests of lambeosaurines related to temperature regulation was Wheeler ( 1978 ) . He proposed that there was a nerve connection between the crest and the brain , so that the latter could be cooled by the former . The next people to publish a related idea were Maryanska and Osmólska , who realized that like modern lizards , dinosaurs could have possessed salt glands , and cooled off by osmo @-@ regulation . In 2006 Evans published an argument about the functions of lambeosaurine crests , and supported why this could be a causing factor for the evolution of the crest .
= = = = Behavioural hypotheses = = = =
Parasaurolophus is often hypothesized to have used its crest as a resonating chamber to produce low frequency sounds to alert other members of a group or its species . This function was originally suggested by Wiman in 1931 when he described P. tubicen . He noted that the crests internal structures are similar to those of a swan , and theorized that an animal could use its elongated nasal passages to create noise . However , the nasal tubes of Hypacrosaurus , Corythosaurus , and Lambeosaurus are much more variable and complicated than the airway of Parasaurolophus . A large amount of material and data supports the hypothesis that the large , tubular crest of Parasaurolophus was a resonating chamber . Weishampel in 1981 suggested that Parasaurolophus made noises ranging between the frequencies 55 and 720 Hz , although there was some difference in the range of individual species because of the crest size , shape , and nasal passage length , most obvious in P. cyrtocristatus ( interpreted as a possible female ) . Hopson found that there is anatomical evidence that hadrosaurids had strong hearing . There is at least one example , in the related Corythosaurus , of a slender stapes ( reptilian ear bone ) in place , which combined with a large space for an eardrum implies a sensitive middle ear . Furthermore , the hadrosaurid lagena is elongate like a crocodilian 's , indicating that the auditory portion of the inner ear was well @-@ developed . Based on similarity of hadrosaurid inner ears to those of crocodiles , he also proposed that adult hadrosaurids were sensitive to high frequencies , such as their offspring might produce . According to Weishampel , this is consistent with parents and offspring communicating .
Computer modeling of a well @-@ preserved specimen of P. tubicen , with more complex air passages than those of P. walkeri , has allowed the reconstruction of the possible sound its crest produced . The main path resonates at around 30 Hz , but the complicated sinus anatomy causes peaks and valleys in the sound . The other main behavioural theory is that the crest was used for intra @-@ species recognition . This means that the crest could have been used for species recognition , as a warning signal , and for other , non @-@ sexual uses . These could have been some of the reasons crests evolved in Parasaurolophus and other hadrosaurids . Instead , social and physiological functions have become more supported as function ( s ) of the crest , focusing on visual and auditory identification and communication . As a large object , the crest has clear value as a visual signal , and sets this animal apart from its contemporaries . The large size of hadrosaurid eye sockets and the presence of sclerotic rings in the eyes imply acute vision and diurnal habits , evidence that sight was important to these animals . If , as is commonly illustrated , a skin frill extended from the crest to the neck or back , the proposed visual display would have been even showier . As is suggested by other lambeosaurine skulls , the crest of Parasaurolophus likely permitted both species identification ( such as separating it from Corythosaurus or Lambeosaurus ) and sexual identification by shape and size .
= = = Paleopathology = = =
Parasaurolophus walkeri is known from one specimen which might contain a pathology . The skeleton shows a v @-@ shaped gap or notch in the vertebrae at the base of the neck . Originally thought to be pathologic , Parks published a second interpretation of this , as a ligament attachment to support the head . The crest would attach to the gap via muscles or ligaments , and be used to support the head while bearing a frill , like predicted to exist in some hadrosaurids . One other possibility , is that during preparation , the specimen was damaged , creating the possible pathology . The notch , however , is still considered more likely to be a pathology , even though some illustrations of Parasaurolophus restore the skin flap .
Another possible pathology was noticed by Parks , and from around the notch . In the fourth , fifth , and sixth vertebrae , directly anterior to the notch , the neural spines were damaged . The fourth had an obvious fracture , with the other two possessing a swelling at the base of the break .
= = Paleoecology = =
= = = Alberta = = =
Parasaurolophus walkeri , from the Dinosaur Park Formation , was a member of a diverse and well @-@ documented fauna of prehistoric animals , including well @-@ known dinosaurs such as the horned Centrosaurus , Chasmosaurus , and Styracosaurus ; fellow duckbills Gryposaurus and Corythosaurus ; tyrannosaurid Gorgosaurus ; and armored Edmontonia , Euoplocephalus and Dyoplosaurus . It was a rare constituent of this fauna . The Dinosaur Park Formation is interpreted as a low @-@ relief setting of rivers and floodplains that became more swampy and influenced by marine conditions over time as the Western Interior Seaway transgressed westward . The climate was warmer than present @-@ day Alberta , without frost , but with wetter and drier seasons . Conifers were apparently the dominant canopy plants , with an understory of ferns , tree ferns , and angiosperms .
Some of the less common hadrosaurs in the Dinosaur Park Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park , such as Parasaurolophus , may represent the remains of individuals who died while migrating through the region . They might also have had a more upland habitat where they may have nested or fed . The presence of Parasaurolophus and Kritosaurus in northern latitude fossil sites may represent faunal exchange between otherwise distinct northern and southern biomes in Late Cretaceous North America . Both taxa are uncommon outside of the southern biome , where , along with Pentaceratops , they are predominate members of the fauna .
= = = New Mexico = = =
In the Fruitland Formation of New Mexico , P. cyrtocristatus shared its habitat with other ornithischians and theropods . Specifically , its contemporaries were the ceratopsian Pentaceratops sternbergii ; the pachycephalosaur Stegoceras novomexicanum ; and some unidentified fossils belonging to Tyrannosauridae , ? Ornithomimus , ? Troodontidae , ? Saurornitholestes langstoni , ? Struthiomimus , Ornithopoda , ? Chasmosaurus , ? Corythosaurus , Hadrosaurinae , Hadrosauridae , and Ceratopsidae . When Parasaurolophus existed , the Fruitland Formation was swampy , positioned in the lowlands , and close to the shore of the Cretaceous Interior Seaway . The lowermost part of the Fruitland Formation is just younger than 75 @.@ 56 ± 0 @.@ 41 mya , with the uppermost boudary dating to 74 @.@ 55 ± 0 @.@ 22 mya .
Existing slightly later than the species from the Fruitland Formation , P. tubicen is also found in New Mexico , in the Kirtland Formation . Numerous vertebrate groups are from this formation , including fishes , crurotarsans , ornithischians , saurischians , pterosaurs , and turtles . The fishes are represented by the two species Melvius chauliodous and Myledalphus bipartitus . The crurotarsans include Brachychampsa montana and Denazinosuchus kirtlandicus . Ornithischians from the formation are represented by the hadrosaurids Anasazisaurus horneri , Naashoibitosaurus ostromi , Kritosaurus navajovius , and P. tubicen ; the ankylosaurids Ahshislepelta minor and Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis ; the ceratopsians Pentaceratops sternbergii and Titanoceratops ouranos ; and the pachycephalosaurs Stegoceras novomexicanum and Sphaerotholus goodwini . Saurischians include the tyrannosaurid Bistahieversor sealeyi ; the ornithomimid Ornithomimus sp . ; and the troodontid " Saurornitholestes " robustus . One pterosaur is known , named Navajodactylus boerei . Turtles are fairly plentiful , and are known from Denazinemys nodosa , Basilemys nobilis , Neurankylus baueri , Plastomenus robustus. and Thescelus hemispherica . Unidentified taxa are known , including the crurotarsan ? Leidyosuchus , and the theropods ? Struthiomimus , Troodontidae and Tyrannosauridae . The beginning of the Kirtland Formation dates to 74 @.@ 55 ± 0 @.@ 22 mya , with the formation ending at around 73 @.@ 05 ± 0 @.@ 25 mya .
= = = Utah = = =
Argon @-@ argon radiometric dating indicates that the Kaiparowits Formation was deposited between 76 @.@ 6 and 74 @.@ 5 million years ago , during the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period . During the Late Cretaceous period , the site of the Kaiparowits Formation was located near the western shore of the Western Interior Seaway , a large inland sea that split North America into two landmasses , Laramidia to the west and Appalachia to the east . The plateau where dinosaurs lived was an ancient floodplain dominated by large channels and abundant wetland peat swamps , ponds and lakes , and was bordered by highlands . The climate was wet and humid , and supported an abundant and diverse range of organisms . This formation contains one of the best and most continuous records of Late Cretaceous terrestrial life in the world .
Parasaurolophus shared its paleoenvironment with other dinosaurs , such as dromaeosaurid theropods , the troodontid Talos sampsoni , ornithomimids like Ornithomimus velox , tyrannosaurids like Albertosaurus and Teratophoneus , armored ankylosaurids , the duckbilled hadrosaur Gryposaurus monumentensis , the ceratopsians Utahceratops gettyi , Nasutoceratops titusi and Kosmoceratops richardsoni and the oviraptorosaurian Hagryphus giganteus . Paleofauna present in the Kaiparowits Formation included chondrichthyans ( sharks and rays ) , frogs , salamanders , turtles , lizards and crocodilians . A variety of early mammals were present including multituberculates , marsupials , and insectivorans .
= Action of 24 June 1801 =
The Action of 24 June 1801 was a minor naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars . A British ship of the line , HMS Swiftsure under Captain Benjamin Hallowell was passing westwards through the Southern Mediterranean near Cape Derna when it encountered a much larger French squadron under Contre @-@ Amiral Honoré Ganteaume that was also returning westwards after a failed attempt to reinforce the besieged French garrison in Egypt . Although Hallowell immediately recognised the danger his vessel was in and turned to flee , the French ships were much faster and soon closed with his ship . At 14 : 00 , three French vessels were within long gunshot and Hallowell decided that his only hope of escape lay in disabling the three ships before the rest of the French squadron could join the engagement . Turning towards the enemy , Hallowell found that his sluggish ship was unable to respond rapidly to French manoeuvres and within two hours Swiftsure was surrounded . Threatened with complete destruction and unable to escape , the British captain surrendered .
The action was a rare victory for the French in the Mediterranean Sea , which had been largely under British control since the French Mediterranean Fleet had been destroyed in 1798 at the Battle of the Nile . This had trapped the French army in Egypt on the African side of the Mediterranean , and all efforts to reinforce and resupply them had ended in failure , including three separate expeditions by Ganteaume 's squadron . Swiftsure was later commissioned into the French Navy and fought at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 , where the ship was recaptured by the British and rejoined the Royal Navy . Hallowell was subsequently court martialed for the loss of his ship , but was honourably acquitted and returned to naval service .
= = Background = =
On 1 August 1798 , during the Battle of the Nile , a British fleet under Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson destroyed the French Mediterranean Fleet at Aboukir Bay on the Egyptian coast . The battle completely reversed the strategic situation in the Mediterranean : British forces had evacuated the region in 1796 after the Treaty of San Ildefonso brought Spain into the war on the French side , but they were now able to return in large numbers . As French maritime lines of communication were cut , the French Armée d 'Orient under General Napoleon Bonaparte became trapped in Egypt . Unable to return to Europe by sea , the army attempted and failed to pass overland through Palestine and was subsequently abandoned by Bonaparte , who returned to France with his closest advisors in the frigates Muiron and Carrère in November 1799 , promising to send reinforcements to the forces that remained in North Africa .
By 1801 , the Armée d 'Orient was on the verge of collapse . No supplies or support had arrived from France , their commander Jean Baptiste Kléber had been assassinated , and a British invasion was impending . Frustrated at his failure to assist his men in Egypt , Bonaparte ordered a squadron of ships of the line to sail from Brest in January 1801 under the command of Contre @-@ Amiral Honoré Ganteaume . This force was instructed to sail to the Eastern Mediterranean and land over 5 @,@ 000 troops at Alexandria . In February , Ganteaume 's force reached Toulon , the admiral concerned that his ships would be outnumbered further east where the British expeditionary force was gathering . Bonaparte sent him back to sea to complete the operation but again he returned , driven back by bad weather and a patrolling British squadron off Sicily under Rear @-@ Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren . On 27 April Ganteaume made a third attempt to reach Egypt , and reached Benghazi before pressure from larger British forces under Admiral Lord Keith drove his squadron back westwards . On 24 June , Ganteaume 's ships were retreating along the North African coast , passing close to Cape Derna .
Also in the region was the British 74 @-@ gun ship of the line HMS Swiftsure under Captain Benjamin Hallowell , a veteran of the Battle of the Nile three years earlier . Swiftsure was passing slowly along the North African coast after being detached from Keith 's fleet to join Warren 's squadron off Malta , escorting a small convoy en route . Hallowell 's ship was understrength as more than 80 men had been removed from the ship for service in Egyptian waters and illness rendered another 59 unfit for duty , while the vessel itself was in a poor state of repair and leaking badly . Progress had been slow , and a northeasterly wind had also significantly delayed Hallowell 's passage . When he learned from a passing vessel that there was a French squadron in the region , he ordered the convoy to separate and sailed for Malta alone in an effort to join Warren more rapidly and warn him of Ganteaume 's return . At 03 : 30 on 24 June his lookouts sighted sails to the southwest . Hallowell immediately assumed that the distant ships were the enemy and he turned away from the French and tacked into the wind . By 05 : 30 , lookouts on the nearest French ships , the ships of the line Jean Bart and Constitution had spotted the distant British vessel and were ordered to give chase .
= = Battle = =
The French ships followed Swiftsure by tacking into the wind and a complicated chase developed , with Jean Bart and Constitution maintaining the pressure on the slow moving British vessel , while the rest of Ganteaume 's squadron used the prevailing wind to push far ahead of the ongoing chase before tacking at 08 : 00 across Hallowell 's intended course . Unless Hallowell could escape the trap , his ship would be caught between the two French divisions and overwhelmed . For six hours Hallowell continued his efforts to escape , but the French ships were too fast , Ganteaume 's force passing some distance ahead of the British ship and then turning back towards him so that by 14 : 00 Swiftsure was at serious risk of being surrounded . Hallowell determined that his only option was to attempt to drive though those ships of Ganteaume 's division that blocked his passage to leeward , the ships of the line Indivisible ( under Pierre @-@ Paulin Gourrège ) and Dix @-@ Août ( under Louis @-@ Marie Le Gouardin ) and the frigate Créole .
At 15 : 00 , with the detached division rapidly approaching from astern , Hallowell turned his ship towards the ships sailing ahead of Swiftsure and attempted to pass across the stern of the rearmost ship in an effort to rake and disable it , creating enough confusion to mask an escape . The manoeuvere was recognised by the French captains , and all three vessels turned to face the British ship as it approached . By 15 : 30 the ships of the line had opened a mutual fire , during which the faster French warships were able to easily outmanoeuvere the lumbering Swiftsure . At 16 : 37 , after more than an hour
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a bunch of very cool stuff , the FBO , the flight model , the instructor , the renderer , so on " , the result " was almost like four separate programs , with no connection " . Following the completion of the concurrently @-@ developed System Shock , a significant part of that game 's team — including Church , Marc LeBlanc and Rob Fermier — moved to Flight Unlimited to add connective material . At the time , Church said that it was difficult to meld the game 's elements , but he later stated that they largely coalesced by the end .
= = = Publication = = =
Flight Unlimited was self @-@ published by Looking Glass Technologies . Their previous games had been developed for other video game publishers , and had generated $ 90 million total earnings for those companies . However , Ronald Rosenberg of The Boston Globe reported that Looking Glass was " no longer satisfied as a backroom player surviving on royalties " . Doug Church later explained that the company wanted to self @-@ publish in order to escape the " treadmill of waiting for advances " , which would allow them to make long @-@ term plans without needing to satisfy the immediate demands of a publisher . In late 1994 , Looking Glass announced that venture capital investors , including Matrix Partners and Institutional Venture Partners , had provided the company with $ 3 @.@ 8 million . The sum was intended to fund the development and self @-@ publication of Flight Unlimited . According to Michael Humphreys of Matrix Partners and Ruthann Quindlen of Institutional Venture Partners , the decision was partly influenced by the past success of the company 's co @-@ founders , Paul Neurath and Ned Lerner .
Looking Glass intended Flight Unlimited as a gateway into the video game publishing industry . According to Lerner , the idea of self @-@ publishing had been considered when the company was founded . In 1995 , Looking Glass projected that sales of Flight Unlimited would increase royalty revenues to $ 10 million that year , up from $ 1 @.@ 5 million in 1994 . Jeffrey A. Kalowski , the company 's vice president of finance and administration , expected that the game would recoup its development costs and make a return before the end of the year . He predicted that , over the following 12 to 18 months , the company 's number of employees would increase from 52 to 82 . The company 's executive vice president and general manager , Jerry Wolosenko , told The Boston Globe that the company hoped to publish six games each year . According to Doug Church , the pressure for Flight Unlimited to succeed meant that the concurrently @-@ developed System Shock , which was not self @-@ published , received little attention from the company 's management .
Flight Unlimited was placed in direct competition with several major flight simulator franchises . Before the game 's release , Shelby Bateman of Next Generation Magazine wrote , " 1995 is going to be a real dogfight in the flight @-@ sim and aerial @-@ combat categories , and LookingGlass [ sic ] is betting its bankroll ... that it can capture significant market share from the likes of Microsoft Flight Simulator and the debut of Spectrum HoloByte 's Falcon 4 @.@ 0 , among others . " Describing the situation , Johnny L. Wilson of Computer Gaming World wrote , " The games that sell big are the ones that allow you to blow stuff up , so , if anything , that could be a problem for Flight Unlimited . " Doug Church explained that , because the game did not feature combat and bore little resemblance to Microsoft Flight Simulator , the team spent " many late nights " on marketing strategies . However , he noted that the game had a wide appeal among those who tested it during development , which he called " a really good sign " . Talking to Bernie Yee of PC Gamer US , Paul Neurath said that he thought the game would sell well . Yee noted that Neurath " fully [ expected ] it to prove more popular than Microsoft Flight Simulator " .
In January 1995 , Looking Glass showed Flight Unlimited alongside Terra Nova : Strike Force Centauri at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show , under their " Immersive Reality " marketing label . In March 1995 , the Boston Globe reported that the team was performing " 11th hour checks " of the game to prepare it for shipment to a Midwestern United States Compact Disc manufacturer . According to the newspaper , Looking Glass planned to begin by shipping 100 @,@ 000 units to retailers in Canada and the United States . Another 100 @,@ 000 copies were to be sent to France , Germany and the United Kingdom at a later date . However , upon the game 's June 7 , 1995 release for DOS , 200 @,@ 000 units were distributed simultaneously in the United States and Europe . The game 's European releases were localized with German , French and English text and voice acting , which was made possible by " close coordination with international partners " . Versions for Macintosh and Windows 95 were later released ; the former was shown at the Macworld Expo in April 1996 .
= = Reception = =
Flight Unlimited was a commercial success . It debuted in twelfth place on a June 1995 sales chart compiled by NPD Group , while Microsoft Flight Simulator 5 @.@ 1 took first place . The game went on to sell more than 300 @,@ 000 copies by 1997 , and more than 780 @,@ 000 by 2002 . According to Constantine von Hoffman of the Boston Herald , Flight Unlimited successfully competed with Microsoft Flight Simulator . PC Gamer 's Lee Buchanan wrote that it " soars above the pack of flight simulations " , and he considered it to be " the most fun [ he had ] had in a computerized cockpit " . Frank Vizard of Popular Mechanics hailed it as " the new top gun of flight simulators " , and Doug Bailey of The Boston Globe considered it to be the " first real serious challenge to Microsoft 's dominance of the genre " . The Record 's David Noack believed that the game 's physics and stereoscopic terrain set " a new standard in flight simulation " . Writing for Computer Gaming World , Bob and John Nolan stated , " If anything , you should at least take a look at this product , because you 'll be looking at the future of simulations . " The game was a finalist in the 12th Annual Awards for Technical Excellence held by PC Magazine , whose staff called it " the simulator by which all others will be judged . "
= = = Design = = =
Vizard stated that Flight Unlimited 's " very advanced computational fluid dynamics make [ each ] plane react according to spec " . Buchanan lauded the fluid model for creating a " sensation of actual flight [ that ] is nothing short of magnificent " , while PC Magazine 's staff commented that it makes " planes behave more like real aircraft than any simulator we have seen " . Bob and John Nolan called the game 's physics programming " groundbreaking " , and Chris Ware of the Lexington Herald @-@ Leader found the game to be the most accurate simulation of flight beyond " those multimillion @-@ dollar flight simulators [ used by ] fighter pilots and astronauts " . Noack agreed : he wrote that the game " is about as close to flying within going to the airport " . In 1996 , Computer Gaming World presented Flight Unlimited with a Special Artistic Achievement Award For Physical Model . The magazine 's staff praised Seamus Blackley 's programming for pushing the genre " higher into the realm of simulation " .
Ware found Flight Unlimited approachable and noted its " simplicity of use and depth of instruction " . Buchanan hailed the lesson mode as " a dream come true for any budding pilot " . A writer for The Washington Post called the game " [ the ] world 's first truly easy @-@ to @-@ use flight simulator " and " a good entry product " , in which " rank amateurs can just launch the program and start cruising immediately " . The Washington Post 's John Gaudiosi wrote that , while many games in the genre are overly complex , Flight Unlimited lets " those who aren 't rocket scientists ... experience the thrills of stunt flying . " He found its control scheme simple to understand . By contrast , Bailey found the game difficult and initially " frustrating " : he complained that he had to play the lesson mode before even taking off . Denny Atkin of Computer Gaming World characterized the game 's learning curve as steep , thanks to the accuracy of the physics programming , but he noted the scalable difficulty options . Bailey later recommended the game in a holiday shopping guide . He wrote that " it can be difficult to master . But once you 're up , it 's worth the trouble . "
A writer for The Washington Post commented that " serious flight freaks will like the racing and advanced maneuvers " . According to Gaudiosi , dedicated players will learn " all about aerodynamics and stunt flying " ; he considered the latter to be " hard stuff , even with green hoops guiding you " . Similarly , Buchanan characterized the Hoops courses as " incredibly demanding " , and Atkin cited that mode 's Trick difficulty level as " amazingly tough " . Bob and John Nolan wrote that people who " love to loop around the skies of Flight Simulator 5 will go bananas for " the aerobatics ; but the pair commented that combat flight simulator players " might get a little edgy once the wow @-@ power wears off . " However , Atkin believed that only those " never happy without something to shoot at " could be disappointed by the lack of combat : other players will " be too busy choreographing aerial ballets , pulling off death @-@ defying aerobatic stunts , or just enjoying a quiet soar down the ridge line to miss that stuff " . Likewise , Ware called the non @-@ violent gameplay " refreshing " , and Buchanan wrote , " If [ you are ] a battle @-@ weary veteran of air combat sims , Flight Unlimited might be just the sort of [ rest and relaxation ] you need . "
= = = Presentation = = =
Atkin found the cockpit and terrain graphics to look " almost real " . He commented , " Every few years a sim comes along that lets reviewers use the ' sets new standards for graphics ' cliché , and Flight Unlimited is the 1995 entry in this club . " Bob and John Nolan called Flight Unlimited " the ultimate show off piece for your new Pentium " , thanks to " unbelievable " graphics superior to those of any other computer game . Gaudiosi concurred : he characterized the visuals as " photo @-@ sharp " and " better than any I have seen " . PC Magazine 's staff found the graphics " impressive " and " even more stunning than those in Microsoft Flight Simulator " . Ware noted the " stunning 3 @-@ D photo @-@ realistic scenery " , while Bailey stated that the " graphics are brilliantly rendered and whiz by smoothly " . Buchanan called Flight Unlimited 's terrain " just superb " and Vizard described it as " amazingly real " . Buchanan believed that " what you hear in Flight Unlimited is every bit as good as what you see " , thanks to " utterly convincing " sound effects . Atkin praised the instructor as " one of the best uses of voice ever in a multimedia title " .
Bailey wrote that the game needs " a real beefy machine " to run properly ; Atkin stated that the " massive horsepower requirement will restrict many gamers to lower resolutions and detail levels " . Bob and John Nolan similarly found that the game " hogs computing power " . Buchanan wrote that the system requirements listed on the back of the game 's box " must be a joke " , and that a high @-@ performance computer is necessary to run the game .
= = Aftermath = =
Flight Unlimited was the first of three self @-@ published titles released by Looking Glass Technologies . However , the next two products , Terra Nova : Strike Force Centauri ( 1996 ) and British Open Championship Golf ( 1997 ) , were commercial failures . As a result , the company ceased self @-@ publishing and was left in dire financial circumstances . Doug Church later explained that Looking Glass ' attempt to publish came at a difficult time for the video game industry : " the other mid @-@ sized publishers were mostly going out of business or getting bought " . He believed that the company had been " overreaching itself " with the venture , and that it was " being a little overambitious and a little cocky " .
= = = Sequels = = =
Flight Unlimited was intended to be followed by a combat @-@ oriented sequel , which was developed under the working title Flight Combat . In 1995 , Seamus Blackley told PC Gamer US that he wanted the game to " feel so real that pilots will be afraid . They 'll feel the gun hits . " Talking to Computer Gaming World , he stated that the game would teach players the " same curriculum [ as ] the Air Force " , and that it would feature competitive online play . However , a company manager , newly instated by venture capital investors who disliked Looking Glass ' management style , instead demanded that Blackley create a direct sequel to Flight Unlimited . The two argued regularly , and Blackley later accused the manager of " ripp [ ing ] the guts out of Looking Glass " . In response to Blackley 's refusal to create Flight Unlimited II , the manager fired him . Blackley left the company in late 1995 with designer Austin Grossman , and both were hired by Dreamworks Interactive to create Jurassic Park : Trespasser . He later spearheaded development of the Xbox at Microsoft .
Constantine Hantzopoulos directed Flight Unlimited II , which was published by Eidos Interactive in 1997 . The team could not continue using the real @-@ time computational fluid dynamics of Flight Unlimited because , according to Hantzopoulos , it was " all black box spaghetti code from Seamus " . The aerobatics focus of its predecessor was dropped in favor of general civilian aviation . The development of Flight Combat was hinted at during the production of Flight Unlimited II . A third game , Flight Unlimited III , was published by Electronic Arts in 1999 ; and it continued the focus on general aviation . That year , Flight Combat was officially announced as the World War II @-@ themed , Electronic Arts @-@ published Flight Combat : Thunder Over Europe , but its name was eventually changed to Jane 's Attack Squadron . The game was canceled as a consequence of Looking Glass Studios ' closure in 2000 . However , it was later finished by developer Mad Doc Software and released in 2002 by publisher Xicat Interactive .
= Octavarium ( album ) =
Octavarium is the eighth studio album by American progressive metal / rock band Dream Theater . Released on June 7 , 2005 , it was the band 's final release with Atlantic Records . Recorded between September 2004 and February 2005 , the album holds the distinction of being the last album ever recorded at The Hit Factory in New York City . With Octavarium , the band decided to create " a classic Dream Theater album " , drawing upon their various stylistic influences while trying to make the music less complex . The album takes as its creative concept the musical octave .
Octavarium peaked in the top five in the Finnish , Italian , and Swedish charts , and in the top ten in the Dutch , Japanese , and Norwegian charts . Critical reception of the album was generally positive ; the diversity of the music was praised , although critics found some of the songwriting to be inconsistent . Dream Theater promoted the album on a year @-@ long world tour , with the majority of concerts lasting almost three hours and featuring a different setlist each night . The tour finished at Radio City Music Hall accompanied by an orchestra ; this performance was recorded and released as a live album and concert video entitled Score . They co @-@ headlined the 2005 North American Gigantour with Megadeth .
= = Background = =
After completing a North American tour supporting one of their main influences , Yes , in summer 2004 , Dream Theater took a two @-@ month break . The band reconvened at The Hit Factory in New York City in November 2004 to begin work on their eighth studio album . The Hit Factory , a studio in which artists such as Michael Jackson , Madonna , Stevie Wonder , U2 and John Lennon had recorded , was earmarked for closure . Dream Theater was the last band to record there before it was permanently closed .
After writing the concept album Metropolis Pt . 2 : Scenes from a Memory , the double album Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence and the metal @-@ focused Train of Thought , the band decided to create " a classic Dream Theater album " . Keyboardist Jordan Rudess described it as " really going back to creating a real band effort , as well as drawing upon all our various stylistic influences . " On Octavarium , the band wanted to make the music less complex , featuring songs which Rudess regards as " quicker to appreciate " , although noted that the twenty @-@ four @-@ minute " Octavarium " was not as accessible . Guitarist John Petrucci noted that they wanted to focus on writing strong songs . To achieve this , the band stripped the sound down to piano , guitar and vocals when writing , focusing on the melodies and song structures .
Drummer Mike Portnoy dismissed claims that Octavarium was an attempt to write a more commercial album , stating that the band simply " [ has ] that side to [ them ] . We love bands like U2 or Coldplay , as well as liking shorter songs as well . " Portnoy noted that , after writing Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence and Train of Thought , they had not written an album of shorter songs for some time . He said that the band had found writing longer songs easier than writing shorter ones , and that the band was not trying to write a radio hit as " the label wouldn 't have done crap with it anyway . "
The band had previously written an orchestral @-@ style piece in the form of " Overture " on Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence , but recorded it using keyboards . The tracks " The Answer Lies Within " , " Sacrificed Sons " and " Octavarium " marked the first time Dream Theater worked with an orchestra , conducted by Jamshied Sharifi ( who studied at Berklee College of Music at the same time as Portnoy , Petrucci and bassist John Myung ) . The orchestra was selected based on their sight reading ability , allowing all their parts to be recorded in a maximum of two takes , even though they had never seen or played the music before .
Sharifi would later go on to conduct the Octavarium Orchestra on Dream Theater 's Score album .
= = Concept = =
When starting to work on what would become Octavarium , Portnoy noted that it would be their eighth studio album and that they had recently released their fifth live album , Live at Budokan . This sequence mirrored the octave on a musical keyboard : each octave contains eight naturals and five accidentals . Portnoy suggested that they use that concept for the entire album . When writing , the band delegated each song a different key . Sound effects were placed between songs to connect them : for example , " The Root of All Evil " , written in F , and the following track , " The Answer Lies Within " , written in G , were connected by a sound effect in the key of F # . The album 's lyrics and song titles featured references to this concept . Portnoy cited the titles " The Root of all Evil " ( referring to the musical term " root " ) and " Octavarium " ( " the octave of the octave " ) as two examples of this .
Octavarium begins " The Root of All Evil " with the final note of the band 's previous album , Train of Thought with " In the Name of God " . Train of Thought started " As I Am " with the last note from Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence with the title track , which in turn started with the noise that ended Scenes from a Memory at the end of " Finally Free " . Portnoy was inspired to do this thanks to the Van Halen album Women and Children First ; the outro of the album 's final song ended with a new riff being played which faded out . Portnoy recalled that he expected Van Halen 's next album to start with that ending riff , but was disappointed when it did not . He later realized he had " dug a hole where we 're expected to do it every time " . He solved this problem on Octavarium , where the final track ends with the beginning of the first one . This made the album a cycle in itself , allowing the band to have a clean start with their next album . At 04 : 52 – 5 : 17 , there is a lyrical and musical reference to the chorus of " This Dying Soul " from Train of Thought .
= = = Content = = =
" The Root of All Evil " is the third part of Portnoy 's Twelve @-@ step Suite , a set of songs from various Dream Theater albums which describe his journey through Alcoholics Anonymous . The song contains parts six and seven of the suite : " Ready " and " Remove " . " The Answer Lies Within " and " I Walk Beside You " are the two shortest tracks on the album . Rudess regards them as radio @-@ friendly songs which still maintain Dream Theater 's style .
Portnoy wrote the lyrics to " Never Enough " as a response to fans who Portnoy perceived to complain about every thing that Dream Theater did . Portnoy stated that while he appreciated the devotion of Dream Theater 's fans , he was frustrated because he was " constantly tearing [ himself ] away from [ his ] family " to give more to the fans . He found it discouraging that , even though he spent " countless nights " writing special setlists and the band spent days rehearsing , some fans would still complain that they went to a show and did not hear " Pull Me Under " . " It 's discouraging and makes me crazy sometimes , " he said .
" Sacrificed Sons " , at just over ten minutes long , is the second @-@ longest song on the album . Its lyrics , written by vocalist James LaBrie , deal with the September 11 attacks . Rudess noted that the band enjoyed writing about more serious topics instead of love songs . When working on the lyrics , LaBrie said that there was " a lot of discussion " about the song 's wording and how direct it should be .
The title track " Octavarium " is the longest track on the album , at 24 : 00 . Petrucci stated that the band wanted to write an epic song that thematically developed and would use an orchestra . The band was heavily influenced by the progressive rock sound of Genesis , Yes and Pink Floyd . The instrumental introduction , heavily influenced by Pink Floyd 's " Shine On You Crazy Diamond " , was performed by Rudess using a lap steel guitar and Continuum . Additionally , there are many references to other progressive rock songs in the lyrics .
= = = Artwork = = =
Hugh Syme provided the artwork for Octavarium . The idea of depicting a giant Newton 's cradle was born out of discussions between Syme and Portnoy . The two talked about how " for everything you do in music you create either a cluster or triad " , according to Syme . " And then it became evident that for every action there is an opposite reaction . So I thought we could do something based on the Newton 's cradle . " There are numerous references to the numbers five and eight throughout the artwork , alluding to the album 's concept . For example , the Newton 's cradle has eight suspended balls , and there are five birds on the cover . The album booklet features an octagonal maze , spider and octopus , among other references . The landscape on the cover is made up of a sky and grass from Indiana , and a background from the Lake District .
= = Release = =
A week before the scheduled release of Octavarium , Portnoy shut down the official Dream Theater and Mike Portnoy forums . Blabbermouth.net reported that this was in response to the album being leaked . Portnoy stated that " [ he ] chose to do this mainly [ emphasis removed ] to build anticipation for the big ' official ' unveiling next week " , although noted that " the repeated requests to refrain from spoilers and links for the new album against the band 's wishes were frustrating " .
Octavarium was released on June 7 , 2005 . It was their final album with Atlantic Records , ending a contract which had lasted fourteen years . Although in recent years the band had been allowed creative freedom , they were dissatisfied by the lack of promotion the label offered them . Portnoy released a DVD entitled Drumavarium in 2005 , containing footage of his drum performance from the Octavarium recording sessions . Rudess released a solo piano version of " The Answer Lies Within " on his 2009 album Notes on a Dream . " Panic Attack " is featured as a playable song in Rock Band 2 , where it is listed as the hardest song for both bass and drums .
= = = Reception = = =
Octavarium reached the top five in the Finnish , Italian , and Swedish charts , as well as the top ten in the Dutch , Japanese , and Norwegian charts . Critical reception of the album was generally positive . Writing for Blistering , Justin Donnelly praised the album as " diverse , melodic and hard hitting all at the same time " , ranking it as one of Dream Theater 's best releases . He particularly praised the title track , considering it to be " another Dream Theater classic " . Billboard considered the results of the band 's attempt to write shorter songs and use warmer instrumental textures to be " excellent " , particularly praising " The Root of All Evil " , " These Walls " and " I Walk Beside You " .
Harley Carlson of MetalReview.com regarded Octavarium as " successfully [ showcasing ] the band 's ability to craft emotive music , " although noted that it is " unquestionably Dream Theater , yet there is something missing . " Vik Bansal of musicOMH praised " Never Enough " , " Panic Attack " and " Sacrificed Sons " , but dismissed " The Root of All Evil " as " Dream Theater by the numbers " . He criticized " Octavarium " as " bloated " , although noted that fans of the band 's A Change of Seasons would enjoy it . He said that " there 's enough on the remainder of Octavarium to keep the rest of us interested and the prog rock haters whining dismissively " . Writing for Exclaim ! , Greg Pratt praised the album 's artwork and production , but said that " there ’ s nothing that blows any minds here , or even gives a mild bend ; hell , a good chunk of this disc feels like basic radio rock from the local old @-@ guy bar band " . He noted that although there were some longer songs on the album , " this just feels like 76 minutes of overdramatic rock , too heavy on the light and weak , and not enough time spent on just showing off " .
Donnelly considered Octavarium to be " somewhere between Images and Words , Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence and Train of Thought " . Carlson stated that the album " draws closest comparison to Falling into Infinity and Metropolis II : Scenes from a Memory , but with far less complexity and edge . " Tammy La Gorce of AllMusic noted that " a post @-@ hardcore edge - call it a leap into 2005 - has invaded [ the band 's ] pledge of allegiance to theatrical heavy rock ... What 's changed is Dream Theater 's commitment to carrying on their reputation as underground progressive rock 's classicists , and it seems well @-@ timed . " Critics noted a strong Muse influence on some tracks , on some cases generating negative reviews .
= = Touring = =
Dream Theater began the Octavarium Tour in support of Octavarium in Europe on June 10 , 2005 , beginning at the Sweden Rock Festival in Sölvesborg . The band co @-@ headlined the Gigantour with Megadeth across North America from July 21 to September 3 . The Montreal concert was recorded and released as a live album and concert video on August 22 , 2006 and September 5 , 2006 respectively , titled Gigantour . The main Octavarium world tour began in September in Finland , and saw the band continue with their " An Evening With Dream Theater " concert format . This meant the band would play for almost three hours , with a different setlist each evening . Many of the shows would center around a tour of the band 's history to that point , featuring a song ( or part of a longer song ) for each album before wrapping up the regular set with several from Octavarium Combined with interviews , rehearsals during soundcheck and meet @-@ and @-@ greet sessions with fans , the band became physically and mentally drained .
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5 mm ( 0 @.@ 020 in ) thick , and form irregular patches that sometimes measure several centimetres across . Initially , the species forms small , disc @-@ shaped fruit bodies through holes in bark , but these expand and merge to form the irregular patches . When fresh , the surface is reminiscent of jelly or wax , and can be smooth or warty , varying in colour from a dull blue to lilac . Initially , they are firmly attached to the wood on which they are growing , but as they dry , the edges roll inwards and reveal the dark brown or black underside . The dry specimens have a crusty and slightly fissured surface , and , in colour , are a bright pink or grey , tinted with lilac . There is a relatively thick layer of gelatinous flesh . Apart from a brown layer close to the wood , the flesh is hyaline . The species has no distinctive odour or taste , and is inedible .
= = = Microscopic features = = =
Peniophora quercina produces spores which take the shape of a curved cylinder ( sausage shaped ) , and have been variously reported as light red , pink and white . They measure from 8 to 12 by 3 to 4 micrometres ( μm ) . The spores are borne on basidia , with four spores per basidium , which measure 50 to 70 by 5 to 12 μm . The species has hyaline cystidia with thick cell walls , which are " heavily encrusted with crystalline material " . The cystidia are often buried within the fruit body as it grows , but can be found in large numbers . They have been variously described as spindle @-@ shaped or conical , and measure 25 to 35 by 10 to 15 μm . The hyphae have clamp connections , and the base of the fruit body is made up of brown hyphae with moderately thick cell walls , measuring 3 to 4 μm in width .
= = = Similar species = = =
Peniophora limulata is similar in appearance to P. quercina . However , the edges of the fruit body are highlighted in a dark black , and the species favours ash , as opposed to oak .
= = Ecology and distribution = =
Peniophora quercina typically grows upon dead wood , which can be attached to the tree or fallen , where it causes white rot . It favours oak , but can also be found on other deciduous trees , such as beech . P. quercina is known to be a pioneer species on dead wood , which means it can be the first species to grow . It is found in Europe , where it is very common . Though it can be encountered all year , it produces spores in late summer and autumn . It has also been recorded in Amur , in eastern Asia .
The species has also been identified in living sapwood , though it is latent at this time , and it is probable that it waits until the wood begins to die ( when it is drier , but contains more oxygen ) before the mycelia begin to grow . When the species was inoculated into living wood , it did grow , but only around the inoculation wound ; the species did not spread as it would have done on dead wood . Another study found that the species actively colonised partially living branches , causing white rot . However , the species had little effect on the cambium , and was mostly limited to the ends of branches .
= Paper War of 1752 – 1753 =
In 1752 , Henry Fielding started a " paper war " , a long term dispute with constant publication of pamphlets attacking other writers , between the various authors on London 's Grub Street . Although it began as a dispute between Fielding and John Hill , other authors , such as Christopher Smart , Bonnell Thornton , William Kenrick , Arthur Murphy , and Tobias Smollett were soon dedicating their works to aid various sides of the conflict .
The dispute lasted until 1753 and involved many of London 's periodicals . It eventually resulted in countless essays , poems , and even a series of mock epic poems starting with Smart 's The Hilliad . Although it is unknown what actually started the dispute , it resulted in a divide of authors who either supported Fielding or supported Hill , and few in between .
= = Background = =
Fielding started a " paper war " in the first issue of The Covent @-@ Garden Journal ( 4 January 1752 ) by declaring war against " hack writers " . In response , John Hill claimed in the London Daily Advertiser ( 9 January 1752 ) Fielding had met with him prior to January and proposed what would be a fake paper war that would involve London writers " giving Blows that would not hurt , and sharing the Advantage in Silence . " Such a meeting between Fielding and Hill to discuss the proposed war is believed to have occurred ( if it occurred ) on 28 December 1751 . It is known that Hill met Fielding for legal business between 26 and 28 December 1751 after Hill was robbed .
Before Hill had revealed this information , he attacked Fielding 's Amelia in the London Daily Advertiser on 8 January 1752 . The book 's title character , Amelia , was involved in an accident that damaged her face , and Hill , mocking the way Fielding described the scene , claimed that she " could charm the World without the Help of a Nose . " In response to both the revelation and personal attacks , Fielding wrote on 11 January 1752 : " If the Betrayer of a private Treaty could ever deserve the least Credit , yet his Lowness here must proclaim himself either a Liar , or a Fool . None can doubt that he is the former , if he hath feigned this Treaty , and I think few would scruple to call him the latter , if he had rejected it . " Regardless of the merits of Hill 's claim , a war was soon started : by the third issue of The Covent @-@ Garden Journal , Fielding narrowed his satire upon John Hill .
Although Hill , Fielding , Smart , Thornton , Kenrick , Murphy , and Smollett were all involved in the dispute , not all of them used their actual names ; instead , many preferred to use pseudonyms along with attacks under their own name : Fielding wrote as " Sir Alexander Drawcansir " ; Hill wrote as " The Inspector " ; Thornton wrote as " Madam Roxanna " ; and Smart wrote as " Mrs. Mary Midnight " . It was under these pseudonyms that various authors soon responded to Fielding 's attacks and to Fielding 's plan for a " Universal Register Office " , a planned center of advertisement of jobs , goods for sale , and other items . If this was not enough , Fielding started a dispute , just a few months before , with Philip D 'Halluin , a former employee who established the competing " Public Register Office " in King Street , Covent Garden , who hired Bonnell Thorton , a friend of Smart , to attack Fielding and Hill . However , Hill had previously aided Fielding in this matter .
Later , Hill attacked both Fielding and Smart , 13 August 1752 , in the only issue of the The Impertinent to be produced . Although the work was published anonymously , it was commonly known that it was produced by Hill , and he soon followed up the pamphlet with his 25 August 1752 The Inspector column in the London Daily Advertiser . With the column , he harshly criticized Smart 's Poems on Several Occasions . Fielding eventually left the dispute after the sixth issue of The Covent @-@ Garden Journal was published .
= = Event = =
Although it is quite possible that the first work in the " war " was produced by Smart on 29 April 1751 , it is also possible that the origins of the dispute could be traced even further back to Hill 's publications between February and March 1751 . Fielding 's first paper in the " war " was also the first issue of The Covent @-@ Garden Journal on 4 January 1752 . In it , Fielding attacked all of the writers of Grub Street , which brought a quick response . Hill responded twice and claimed that Fielding was planning a fake dispute on 9 January 1752 , Smollet attacked Hill 's piece on 15 January 1752 , and Thornton soon responded against Fielding in Have At You All : or , The Drury Lane Journal on 16 January 1752 .
During this time , personal works , such as Fielding 's Amelia , became targets . On 11 January 1752 , Fielding responded to Hill and those who supported his view of Amelia in The Covent @-@ Garden Journal by ironically stating :
a famous Surgeon , who absolutely cured one Mrs Amelia Booth , of a violent Hurt in her Nose , insomuch , that she had scarce a Scar left on it , intends to bring Actions against several ill @-@ meaning and slanderous People , who have reported that the said Lady had no Nose , merely because the Author of her History , in a Hurry , forgot to inform his Readers of that Particular .
Hill was not the only one to attack the work ; Thornton wrote satires of Amelia in the Drury @-@ Lane Journal . Thornton 's satires were first published on 16 January 1752 and included a fake advertisement for a parody novel called " Shamelia " , playing off of title of Fielding 's parody Shamela . He later parodied Amelia again on 13 February 1752 in a piece called " A New Chapter in Amelia . " Tobias Smollett joined in and published the pamphlet Habbakkuk Hilding anonymously on 15 January 1752 . Although there were many attacks against Fielding 's novel , there was some support for the work , and an anonymous pamphlet was written to attack " Hill and ' the Town ' " while praising Amelia . On 25 January 1752 , Fielding defended his work again by bringing the novel before the imaginary " Court of Censorial Enquiry " , in which Hill and the other critics are the prosecutors and it is they , not Amelia , that are truly put on trial .
The Covent @-@ Garden Journal served Fielding well and he used it in his attacks upon Hill and Hill 's supporters in the Journal piece called " Journal of the present Paper War between the Forces under Sir Alexander Drawcansir , and the Army of Grub @-@ street " . The work was modelled after Jonathan Swift 's The Battle of the Books and Fielding pretended to be a military leader that would lead " English VETERANS " against those who were compared to characters from the Greek and Roman classics along with those from modern French literature . However , he changed roles on the fourth issue , produced on 14 January 1752 , and transformed himself into a " judge " . By February , Kenrick joined in and " dramatized " the " Paper War " in a production called Fun and proceeded to defend Fielding . Charles Macklin followed suit by holding a benefit on 8 April 1752 at the Covent Garden with a two @-@ act play called The Covent Garden Theater , or Pasquin Turn 'd Drawcansir ; the play portrayed Fielding attacking the Hill and his followers , the " Town " .
A pamphlet in the London Daily Advertiser published on 29 January 1752 called The March of the Lion links various authors involved in the war and is the first to introduce Smart via a reference to his " Mrs. Mary Midnight " pseudonym , although Smart was not yet a participant . However , Smart did begin directly participating in the matter 4 August 1752 with the publication in The Midwife of a parody on Hill 's " Inspector " persona . In the piece , Smart responded to Hill 's attack on Smart 's " Old Woman 's Oratory " show and Hill 's claim that the show was dead . Hill was quick to respond ; he attacked both Fielding and Smart in a piece published on 13 August 1752 in the only issue of the The Impertinent . In the work , Hill claimed that authors either write because " they have wit " or " they are hungry " . He further claimed that Smart ,
wears a ridiculous comicalness of aspect , that makes people smile when they see him at a distance : His mouth opens , because he must be fed ; and the world often joins with the philosopher in laughing at the insensibility and obstinancy that make him prick his lips with thistles . "
The work was published anonymously . Some tried to claim that Samuel Johnson was the author and Hill tried to hide his authorship by attacking the essay in the 25 August 1752 " The Inspector " ( No. 464 ) . However , he was soon exposed and it became commonly known that Hill produced both and he soon followed up the pamphlet in the London Daily Advertiser .
With his 25 August 1752 The Inspector column , Hill harshly criticised Smart 's Poems on Several Occasions . Although Hill claimed to praise Smart , he did so in a manner , as Betty Rizzo claims , " that managed to insult and degrade Smart with patronizing encouragement . " Arthur Murphy responded to this essay , and to Hill , in the 21 October 1752 edition of the Gray 's Inn Journal . Following Murphy , Thornton attacked both Hill and Fielding in The Spring @-@ Garden Journal on 16 November 1752 . The Gentleman 's Journal issue of November 1752 came out with a quick retort and claimed that those who supported Hill " espoused the cause of Gentleman " and those who sided with Fielding espoused the cause " of the comedian . " This essay accomplished little but to polarise both sides even more . Hill then responded to Murphy , and their dispute was printed in a supplement of the December issue of the Gentleman 's Journal .
On 1 February 1753 , Smart published The Hilliad , an attack upon Hill that one critic , Lance Bertelsen , describes as the " loudest broadside " of the war . The response to The Hilliad was swift : Samuel Derrick responded directly with his The Smartiad , Arthur Murphy criticized Smart for his personally attacking Hill , and Rules for Being a Wit tried to provoke further response from Smart . However , Smart stopped responding to either of these assaults . Soon after , Hill ended his attacks with the final shot in December 1752 .
= Temperatures Rising =
Temperatures Rising is an American television sitcom that aired on the ABC network from September 12 , 1972 to August 29 , 1974 . During its 46 @-@ episode run , it was presented in three different formats and cast line @-@ ups . The series was developed for the network by William Asher and Harry Ackerman for Ashmont Productions and Screen Gems . Set in a fictional Washington , D.C. hospital , the series featured James Whitmore as the no @-@ nonsense chief @-@ of @-@ staff who is forced to deal with the outlandish antics of a young intern played by Cleavon Little , and three nurses ( Joan Van Ark , Reva Rose , and Nancy Fox ) .
For the first season , 26 episodes were produced and broadcast . Whitmore was replaced in the lead role by comedian Paul Lynde and Asher was replaced as producer by Duke Vincent and Bruce Johnson in the second season . The series was re @-@ titled The New Temperatures Rising Show , and featured a new supporting cast consisting of : Sudie Bond , Barbara Cason , Jennifer Darling , Jeff Morrow , and John Dehner . Cleavon Little was the only returning member of the original cast . In this season , Lynde was presented as the penny @-@ pinching chief @-@ of @-@ staff , with Bond as his nagging mother and owner of the hospital .
The New Temperatures Rising Show ran for 13 episodes before being placed on hiatus in January 1974 due to poor ratings . It returned in July in yet another incarnation . Asher returned as producer and restored the series to its original format — albeit with Paul Lynde continuing in the lead . Reverting to the original title of Temperatures Rising , Little remained in the show 's cast and a new line @-@ up of supporting players consisting of Alice Ghostley , Barbara Rucker and , returning from the first season 's cast , Nancy Fox . Offered as a summer replacement on Thursday nights , the third version of the sitcom ran for seven episodes after which it was cancelled permanently .
= = First season = =
= = = Concept and development = = =
Temperatures Rising was one of two sitcoms that the ABC network premiered in its 1972 – 73 prime time schedule , the other being The Paul Lynde Show . Both series were produced and developed by William Asher and his partner Harry Ackerman for Ashmont Productions and Screen Gems , which had scored a major success for the network with Bewitched , a fantasy sitcom that first aired in 1964 starring Asher 's wife , Elizabeth Montgomery . Asher and Screen Gems made a deal with ABC to cancel Bewitched a year earlier than contracts stipulated , thereby allowing them the opportunity to develop the two new sitcoms . Ackerman served as executive producer and Asher as producer .
Asher and Ackerman derived the format of the series from an unsold pilot they had produced for ABC in 1965 . Entitled This is a Hospital ? , and written by Sheldon Keller , it starred comedian Shecky Greene as a mischievous intern who Asher referred to as " Sgt. Bilko in a hospital " . Asher also drew on the British Carry On franchise as his inspiration for Temperatures Rising .
= = = Original cast = = =
Set in Capitol General , a fictional Washington , D.C. , hospital , the series centered on five characters . Cleavon Little starred as Dr. Jerry Noland , a ghetto @-@ raised intern who works on the side as the hospital bookie and finds humor in anything from an operation to a con job . Joan Van Ark played Annie Carlisle , the hospital 's beautiful , young , sexy , head nurse , who is " always covering up for the inept crew " . Reva Rose played Nurse Mildred " Millie " MacInerny , who offers satirical comments on the shenanigans going on in the hospital . Nancy Fox was cast as Ellen Turner , a shy student nurse who becomes Noland 's most faithful follower . James Whitmore starred as Dr. Vincent Campanelli , the hospital 's chief of surgery . Campanelli is presented as an Italian @-@ American , former combat surgeon , who looks upon Noland with both pride and shock , and refers to the young intern and nurses Carlisle , MacInerny , and Turner as the " Four Horsemen of Aggravation " .
Cleavon Little 's guest appearance on All in the Family led to his casting in Temperatures Rising , which in turn led to the leading role in the Mel Brooks comedy film Blazing Saddles ( 1974 ) . Little 's casting reflected " pressure from the government and Negro organizations and concerned whites who believe that black representation on television was long overdue " . William Asher later stated that Temperatures Rising gave him a chance to work with a black actor . Nancy Fox was cast in Temperatures Rising after Elizabeth Montgomery spotted her in a commercial for Close @-@ Up toothpaste . Asher had considered her for a part in The Paul Lynde Show . During the time that Temperatures Rising was in production Fox declined an offer to leave the series and star in another , Needles and Pins .
= = = Overview = = =
In a 2000 interview , William Asher described Temperatures Rising as being about : " a young black surgeon who was always into mischief and things , but he was a very competent surgeon . James Whitmore was the head surgeon and he used to drive Whitmore crazy " . The pilot episode of Temperatures Rising was written by Sheldon Keller , who turned to his This is a Hospital ? script for inspiration . It features Noland broadcasting a bingo game in code over the hospital 's public @-@ address system . Jack Albertson guest starred as a United States Senator . Subsequent episodes feature Noland performing a secret operation on a young baseball player while Campanelli deals with a hospital inspector ( Ed Platt ) and John Astin as a gangster wanting Noland to be his personal physician . In another episode , Noland hypnotizes a patient ( Alice Ghostley ) and , accidentally , Nurse Turner as well . This nearly costs the hospital a large donation from a potential benefactor ( Charles Lane ) . In later episodes , Campanelli is seen having a brief romance with Nurse Turner 's aunt ( Beverly Garland ) , Noland helping out a new intern ( Bernie Kopell ) who has a reputation for being a jinx , and performing a witchcraft ritual on a patient ( Alan Oppenheimer ) who thinks he has been cursed .
Jack Albertson returned in a later episode that features Dr. Campanelli participating in a documentary film about hospital surgery . Unfortunately , Campanelli develops stage fright during filming . Noland then takes over the operation and receives all the acclaim . Bernie Kopell returned to his role as a hospital orderly in two episodes , one in which he causes a furor with a hospital scandal sheet , the other when Noland has to save him from being fleeced by a patient who is also a card sharp .
There was some racially tinged comic bantering in the series , such as scenes with Noland giving cotton to a nurse and stating , " Honey , picking cotton is part of my heritage , " or observing some adhesive strips labeled " flesh colored " and remarking , " Maybe this is your idea of flesh colored , but it wouldn 't make it in my neighborhood . " Aside from these , racial issues were avoided , as Asher and Ackerman felt that ABC was not interested in having them mixed into the comedy .
In discussing the series William Asher noted :
We too often forget the humanity of doctors and nurses . They become godlike to most of us and yet it is their humanity that makes them so interesting and enjoyable . We are not doing a drama and have no intention of doing anything like dealing with life and death issues . We want to make people laugh so we de @-@ emphasize the more serious elements of hospital life . It isn 't that he [ Noland ] just sees things differently , he also deals with them differently . That is why Noland will dream up a baby derby , a gambling night at the hospital , a variety show at Christmas and off @-@ truck betting when patients get bored with the hospital routine .
Production of Temperatures Rising was underway by August 1972 with filming done at the Burbank Studios in Burbank , California .
= = = Original reviews = = =
In his review of the premiere episode of Temperatures Rising for the Los Angeles Times , critic Don Page felt that James Whitmore was " totally wasted in this silly exercise " and that " guest Jack Albertson almost saves it with his portrayal of an annoyed senator . Otherwise , the diagnosis is terminal comedy " . Likewise , Cecil Smith , another writer for the Times , claimed it was the " worst show of the season . Avoid it like the plague " .
Other reviews were more favorable . Columnist Joan Crosby noted that " This is the kind of show you don 't think you 'll laugh at , but you do , mostly because the cast is so good . " She noted that Cleavon Little , Joan Van Ark , and Reva Rose were , respectively , " marvelous " , " pretty " , and " funny " , and that Nancy Fox " wins this year 's cute @-@ as @-@ a @-@ kitten award " . Barbara Holsopple , TV and radio editor for the Pittsburgh Press , noted that " ABC did a gutsy turnabout in taking the heavy drama out of a hospital and replacing it with comedy . The venture worked well , thanks to excellent performances from the Temperatures Rising cast " . She praised Jack Albertson , noted that Whitmore " was little seen " , and that the series : " is the kind of tidy little show that brings chuckles " . Win Fanning , a syndicated columnist , stated that : " the comedy writing and performances by a beautifully integrated cast give Temperatures a bright , light quality so seldom achieved in a situation comedy " , and that it was : " loaded with one @-@ liners and sight gags , which , if kept on the level of the opener , promise many hours of hilarity " . Fanning praised Cleavon Little as " one of the comedy finds of any TV season " , and Nancy Fox as " a fresh new face and talent giving promise of a long , successful career ahead " . More praise for the series came after the broadcast of its fourth episode . An unidentified reviewer , writing for the Armored Sentinel ( of Temple , Texas ) , stated " If you 're suffering from the case of the ' downs , ' this series is a sure pick up ! " The reviewer went on to note that " the brightest spot of the series is wacky Nancy Fox . Her role applies the wackiness of Goldie Hawn , but in situation comedy form . I 'd watch the show just for her ! The whole series is wacky and funny ; it 's downright good . I highly recommend it . "
= = = First season ratings = = =
ABC placed Temperatures Rising in its 8 : 00 PM Tuesday night time @-@ slot , where it debuted on September 12 , 1972 . Because one of the stars was black , some of ABC 's affiliated stations in the southern and mid @-@ western parts of the United States refused to air the series or broadcast it in a different time slot . Airing opposite it were Bonanza on NBC , and the new sitcom Maude on CBS . Bonanza was entering its fourteenth year and offered up an ambitious two @-@ hour season premiere dealing with the marriage of Little Joe Cartwright ( Michael Landon ) . Maude , starring Beatrice Arthur in the title role , was a spin @-@ off of All in the Family . Both shows presented Temperatures Rising with stiff opposition in the " ratings game " . This turned out to be partly true , as the two @-@ hour season premiere of Bonanza performed exceptionally well in the ratings . Maude did much better than Temperatures Rising in the New York City area , while Temperatures Rising fared better than Maude in the Los Angeles area . In subsequent weeks , Bonanza 's ratings dropped sharply and NBC cancelled the series in November 1972 . According to Asher : " Temperatures Rising put Bonanza out of business and was beating Maude in the Los Angeles area until mid @-@ season , when NBC switched to some heavy movies which hurt us " . Despite this the series finished its first year with a consistent 29 share of the ratings at a time when a 30 share was enough to assure renewal for another season . ABC , however , wanted to improve the ratings and decided to make significant changes to Temperatures Rising for its second season .
= = Second season = =
= = = New premise and producers = = =
As early as November 1972 , James Whitmore expressed a desire to leave Temperatures Rising , claiming that " the show [ was ] basically a broad farce and I didn 't feel it was right for me " . Screen Gems head John Mitchell , and ABC chief programmer Barry Diller , decided to replace Whitmore with comedian Paul Lynde , whose sitcom , The Paul Lynde Show , was airing on Wednesday nights . At the time , Lynde was scoring second only to Peter Falk in TV popularity polls even though his sitcom , which aired opposite The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour on CBS , was floundering in the ratings . Asher was against making this change but was overruled as his contractual commitments to ABC had been used up .
Of the change Asher stated :
The network – ugh – they 're so stupid sometimes . The shows ( Temperatures Rising and The Paul Lynde Show ) were doing good , they weren 't big hits , but they were doing good . They felt that if they could put Paul [ Lynde ] and Cleavon Little together that they would have a big hit . I didn 't want to do that . I said I won 't do it , not at the sacrifice of the show . It 's wrong . I don 't think it 's a good idea . But they wanted to bring in somebody else as the head of the hospital . They wanted his [ Lynde 's ] mother to be head of the hospital and his conflicts would be with her and I just didn 't think it was right . I didn 't want to write it . I just didn 't want to do it [ and ] I didn 't . Someone else came in . It was a big thing with the network . They cancelled The Paul Lynde Show and put Paul in Temperatures Rising . "
Asher was replaced as producer by Bruce Johnson and Duke Vincent , whose previous credits included : Gomer Pyle – USMC , The Jim Nabors Hour , Arnie , and The Little People . They changed the title of the series to The New Temperatures Rising Show , and the tone went from lighthearted wackiness to a form of black comedy similar to The Hospital , a 1971 film written by Paddy Chayefsky , starring George C. Scott . The sitcom became : " a savage satire of the medical profession " with $ 185 @-@ a @-@ day hospital rooms , incompetent , fee @-@ splitting doctors , operations on the wrong patients , misread X @-@ rays , and rampant malpractice . Commenting on the series Vincent noted :
We 're not doing stories about a fouled @-@ up hospital . These things really happen . Every story we 've told is true . They 're the results of untrained people , inadequate staff , horrendous costs , worn @-@ out equipment , the demands of doctors . The doctors , not the patients , are the customers ; they 're the ones the hospitals have to please ...
= = = Revised cast = = =
For this new season , Johnson and Vincent dropped Joan Van Ark , Reva Rose , and Nancy Fox from the series , leaving Cleavon Little as the only returning cast member . His character , Dr. Jerry Noland , was now being presented as the hospital 's only sane figure . Paul Lynde played Dr. Paul Mercy , the sneering , unscrupulous , hospital administrator while Sudie Bond was cast as Martha Mercy , his obnoxious , overbearing mother and the owner , and permanent resident , of the hospital . She constantly calls him with her pager to complain about everything . Also in the new cast were Barbara Cason as Miss Tillis , the head of administrative and accounting : " ... who would let you bleed to death filling out forms " , Jennifer Darling as the romantically inclined nurse " Windy " Winchester , Jeff Morrow as Dr. Lloyd Axton , a fraudulent surgeon who has published two books , Profit in Healing and Malpractice and Its Defense , and John Dehner as " society " Dr. Charles Claver .
= = = Revised concept = = =
For the 1973 – 74 television season ABC continued to air the revamped Temperatures Rising on Tuesday nights at 8 : 00 PM . CBS continued to air Maude , and NBC introduced Chase , an hour @-@ long crime drama starring Mitchell Ryan , in the same time slot . Although the season premiere of Maude and Chase ' s debut aired on September 11 , 1973 , ABC delayed the premiere of The New Temperatures Rising Show until September 25 .
The episodes produced by Johnson and Vincent included Dr. Mercy exploiting a 125 @-@ year @
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in ) submerged Modèle 1909 torpedo tubes with twelve torpedoes .
Courbet 's waterline armoured belt extended well below the waterline as the French were concerned about protection from underwater hits . Her main armour was also thinner than that of her British or German counterparts , but covered more area . It was 270 mm ( 11 in ) thick between the fore and aft turrets and tapered to 180 mm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) towards the bow and stern . It extended 2 @.@ 4 m ( 7 ft 10 in ) below the normal waterline . Above the main belt was another belt , 180 mm thick , that covered the sides , and the secondary armament , up to the forecastle deck , 4 @.@ 5 m ( 15 ft ) deep , between the fore and aft turrets . The conning tower had armour 300 mm ( 11 @.@ 8 in ) thick . The main gun turrets had 290 mm ( 11 @.@ 4 in ) of armour on their faces , 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) on their sides and roofs 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick . Their barbettes had 280 mm ( 11 @.@ 0 in ) of armour . There was no anti @-@ torpedo bulkhead although there was a longitudinal bulkhead abreast the machinery spaces that was used either as a coal bunker or left as a void .
= = Career = =
Courbet was built by the Arsenal de Lorient , at Lorient . Her keel was laid down on 1 September 1910 and she was launched on 23 September 1911 . She was completed on 19 November 1913 and finished her trials before World War I began the following year .
= = = World War I = = =
Courbet joined the 1st Division of the 1st Squadron of the French Mediterranean Fleet , at Toulon , upon commissioning in 1913 . She became the flagship of Vice @-@ Amiral Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère , commander of the 1st Squadron , after the beginning of the war until 12 April 1915 . Lapeyrère decided immediately on a sweep into the Adriatic to surprise the Austrian vessels enforcing a blockade of Montenegro and the Anglo @-@ French force , which included her sister ship Jean Bart , succeeded in cutting off and sinking the Austro @-@ Hungarian protected cruiser Zenta in an engagement off Antivari on 16 August 1914 , although her accompanying destroyer managed to escape . She spent most of the rest of 1914 providing gunfire support for the Montenegrin Army until U @-@ 12 hit Jean Bart on 21 December with a torpedo . This forced the battleships to fall back to either Malta or Bizerte to cover the Otranto Barrage . After the French occupied the neutral Greek island of Corfu in 1916 she moved forward to Corfu and Argostoli , but her activities were very limited as much of her crew was used to man anti @-@ submarine ships . Before the end of the war she was fitted with seven 75 @-@ millimetre ( 3 in ) Mle 1918 anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) guns in single mounts . These guns were adaptations of the famous French Mle 97 75 @-@ mm field gun .
= = = Interwar years = = =
Courbet served as Vice @-@ Amiral Charlier 's flagship between 6 June 1919 and 20 October 1920 . The following year she became a gunnery training ship at Toulon , but she suffered a serious boiler fire in June 1923 that required repairs , so she was given the first of her upgrades between 9 July 1923 and 16 April 1924 , at La Seyne @-@ sur @-@ Mer . This included replacing one set of boilers with oil @-@ fired boilers , trunking together her two forward funnels , increasing the maximum elevation of the main armament from 12 ° to 23 ° , removal of her bow armour to make her more seaworthy , the installation of a fire @-@ control director , with a 4 @.@ 57 metres ( 15 ft 0 in ) rangefinder , atop the new tripod foremast as well as the installation of an experimental 7 @.@ 6 metres ( 24 ft 11 in ) rangefinder on top of her conning tower . She had another boiler fire in August 1924 and remained under repair for the rest of the year , but resumed her duties as a gunnery training ship upon her return from the dockyard .
She was refitted again between 15 January 1927 and 12 January 1931 . This was much more extensive than her earlier refit as another set of boilers was converted to oil @-@ firing , her high and medium pressure direct @-@ drive turbines were replaced by geared turbines and her fire @-@ control systems were comprehensively upgraded . A large cruiser @-@ type fire @-@ control director was added atop the foremast with a 4 @.@ 57 @-@ m coincidence rangefinder and a 3 @-@ metre ( 9 ft 10 in ) stereo rangefinder . The rangefinder above the conning tower was replaced by a duplex unit carrying two 4 @.@ 57 @-@ m rangefinders and another 4 @.@ 57 @-@ m rangefinder was added in an armoured hood next to the main mast . Two directors for the secondary guns were added on the navigation bridge , each with a 2 @-@ metre ( 6 ft 7 in ) coincidence rangefinder . A 8 @.@ 2 metres ( 26 ft 11 in ) rangefinder was added to the roof of ' B ' turret , the second one from the bow . Her Mle 1918 AA guns were exchanged for Mle 1922 guns and they were provided with three 1 @.@ 5 @-@ metre ( 4 ft 11 in ) rangefinders , one on top of the duplex unit on the conning tower , one on ' B ' turret and one in the aft superstructure . The 75 @-@ mm guns had a maximum depression of 10 ° and a maximum elevation of 90 ° . They fired a 5 @.@ 93 @-@ kilogram ( 13 @.@ 1 lb ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 850 m / s ( 2 @,@ 800 ft / s ) at a rate of fire of 8 – 18 rounds per minute and had a maximum effective ceiling of 8 @,@ 000 metres ( 26 @,@ 000 ft ) .
She was transferred from the gunnery school to the navigation school in 1937 , before her final refit between 1 April 1937 and 19 September 1938 that removed her torpedo tubes and overhauled her boilers . By 1939 she reverted to her role as a gunnery training ship , but she was ordered to Brest and Quiberon with her sister Paris upon the outbreak of World War II .
= = = World War II = = =
Courbet and her sister Paris formed a Fifth Squadron at the beginning of the war . They were transferred to the Atlantic to continue their training duties without interference . Both ships were ordered restored to operational status on 21 May 1940 by Amiral Mord and they were given six Hotchkiss 13 @.@ 2 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 52 in ) twin machine gun mounts and two single 13 @.@ 2 @-@ mm Browning machine guns at Cherbourg . Courbet was ordered to provide gunfire support to the defenders of Cherbourg against the advancing 7th Panzer Division and covered the evacuation of the town by the Allies , although the lack of spotting aircraft meant that she was not particularly effective in that role .
Courbet sailed for Portsmouth on 20 June . She was seized there , as part of Operation Catapult , by British forces on 3 July and a week later was turned over to the Free French , who used her as a depot and an anti @-@ aircraft ship in Portsmouth until 31 March 1941 when she was disarmed . Up to April 1944 she was deployed as a target ship in Scotland . At Loch Striven she was initially used as a target vessel for the " Highball " trials . " Highball " was a smaller version of " Upkeep " used in the Dambuster Raid . She remained in use as a depot and target ship until she was earmarked for use as a " Gooseberry " breakwater at Sword Beach during the Battle of Normandy . She had to be towed from Weymouth on 7 June by the British tugboats HMRT Growler and HMRT Samsonia as her engines and boilers had been removed earlier and replaced with concrete . She was scuttled on 9 June and was hit by Neger manned torpedoes during the nights of 15 – 16 and 16 – 17 August . She was scrapped in place after the war .
= I 'm That Chick =
" I 'm That Chick " is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey from her eleventh studio album , E = MC ² ( 2008 ) . A disco track with influences of R & B , it was written by Carey , Johntá Austin and production duo Stargate ( Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor E. Hermansen ) . It contains elements of a song called " Off the Wall " originally performed by Michael Jackson . Rod Temperton , the songs composer , received a songwriting for " I 'm That Chick " as result . The track was positively received amongst most music critics , many of whom called it the best song on the album and praised is disco composition . Carey performed " I 'm That Chick " on The Hills season premiere party , the 2008 Fashion Rocks , Canadian Idol , and included it on the set @-@ list of her eighth concert tour , The Elusive Chanteuse Show ( 2014 ) . It peaked at number 82 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart .
= = Recording and composition = =
" I 'm That Chick " was written by Mariah Carey , Johntá Austin and production duo Stargate ( Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor E. Hermansen ) for Carey 's eleventh studio album , E = MC ² ( 2008 ) . It was produced by Carey for Maroon Entertainment and by Stargate on behalf of Delirious Blacksmith Management Ltd . Copyright is held by Rye Songs which is administered by Songs of Universal ( BMI ) / Zomba Songs / Sony ATV Publishing Ltd . / EMI Music Publishing / Naked Under My Clothes / Chrysalis Music ( ASCAP ) . The song contains elements of " Off the Wall " , written by Rod Temperton in 1980 and originally performed by Michael Jackson . Temperton received as songwriting credit as a result . " Off the Wall " is published by RodSongs and administered by Almo Music Corp ( ASCAP ) . The track was recorded by Eriksen and Brian Garten at Roc the Mic Studios in New York City and Honeysouth Studios in Miami , and mixed by Phil Tan for Riotproof Productions Ltd. at Soapbox Studios in Atlanta . Tan was assisted Josh Houghkirk , All instrumentation was provided for and performed by Eriksen and Hermansen . Carey performed background vocals along with Johnson and MaryAnn Tatum .
It is a disco song with R & B influences The Guardian 's Alex Macpherson noted that the R & B element borrowed from 2008 trend in the genre of using a time signature of 44 . He thought that the disco style of the song was reminiscent of some of Carey 's compositions in the beginning of her career , and believed that it was not a coincidence that Carey 's album shares its name with one released by Giorgio Moroder , a disco and EDM DJ and producer , 1979 . Carey employs a " gritty " but " effortless " " feathery vocal approach " on the track , similar to that of Jackson 's on " Off the Wall " .
= = Reception = =
Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe declared " I 'm That Chick " as the best track on the album . PopMatters writer Evan Sawdey wrote " the few times that she is handed a truly effortless stunner on E = MC2 , she absolutely knocks it out of the park " with regard to " I 'm That Chick " and " Side Effects " . He continued to write that the former " could very well be the disc ’ s highlight " , but felt that Carey sounded like an unknown popstar . However , Jayanthi Daniels of The New York Sun was critical of " I 'm That Chick " as well as " Side Effects " , describing them as " throwaway pop tracks " on a hip @-@ hop album . The Advocate 's Sara Levy called described the track as " irresistible " and a " coy surprise " , while Nick Levine of Digital Spy similarly wrote that it is " irresistible disco candy . " Joey Guerra from the Houston Chronicle felt that the " Off the Wall " sample " breathed life " into the track , writing that the only things which are missing are " roller skates and short @-@ shorts " . Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine gave a detailed evaluation of the song 's composition , comparing it to Carey 's 2001 soundtrack album Glitter and to Janet Jackson 's 2008 song " Feeback " :
'I 'm That Chick ' is a retro treatsicle in the best , most Glitter @-@ iest sense . It 's pinker than Pepto @-@ Bismol and just as soothing , and for whatever reason , Mariah 's fudged enunciation on the chorus turns ' I 'm that chick you like ' into ' I 'll have chicken , lite . ' The triumph of the song is that , when all of our dance @-@ floor divas these days seem to throw one disco @-@ descendant banger on their otherwise hip @-@ hop @-@ hybrid LPs almost out of obligation , ' I 'm That Chick ' doesn 't feel even as tokenistic as Janet 's ' Feedback ' ( which I like more , but only out of context ) .
= = Live performances = =
On March 25 , 2008 , Carey was featured as the special guest performer at The Hills season premiere party , an event marking the start of a span of ten episodes airing in between season three and four . Carey performed " Touch My Body " , " I 'm That Chick " and " We Belong Together " . After the performance , Carey received strong praise from the program 's cast members , with Lauren Conrad saying " I 've always been a huge Mariah fan , and she 's just so beautiful and talented ' , while Whitney Port and Audrina Patridge referred to Carey as " an amazing singer " , while claiming to have listened to her music from a young age . On July 22 , 2008 , Carey was announced as one of the performers at the 2008 Fashion Rocks ceremony . At the event on September 6 , 2008 , the event opened with a live performance of " Just Stand Up " , a charity single in which Carey partook alongside other female artists including Carrie Underwood . Carey later performed " I 'm That Chick " alongside several male dancers , opening the song with a spontaneous a cappella of the track 's chorus to positive critical response . A writer from Marie Claire complimented the performance , describing the rendition as " true glamtastic Mariah style " . A few days later , Carey reprised her performance of " I 'm That Chick " on Canadian Idol , along with " We Belong Together " . The track was included on the set @-@ list Carey 's eighth concert tour The Elusive Chanteuse Show in 2014 .
= = Charts = =
= Expo 67 =
The 1967 International and Universal Exposition or Expo 67 , as it was commonly known , was a general exhibition , Category One World 's Fair held in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , from April 27 to October 29 , 1967 . It is considered to be the most successful World 's Fair of the 20th century with the most attendees to that date and 62 nations participating . It also set the single @-@ day attendance record for a world 's fair , with 569 @,@ 500 visitors on its third day .
Expo 67 was Canada 's main celebration during its centennial year . The fair had been intended to be held in Moscow , to help the Soviet Union celebrate the Russian Revolution 's 50th anniversary ; however , for various reasons , the Soviets decided to cancel , and Canada was awarded it in late 1962 .
The project was not well supported in Canada at first . It took the determination of Montreal 's mayor , Jean Drapeau , and a new team of managers to guide it past political , physical and temporal hurdles . Defying a computer analysis that said it could not be done , the fair opened on time .
After Expo 67 ended in October 1967 , the site and most of the pavilions continued on as an exhibition called Man and His World , open during the summer months from 1968 until 1984 . By that time , most of the buildings — which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition — had deteriorated and were dismantled . Today , the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use , with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1956 , but it was in 1958 that Conservative Senator Mark Drouin suggested during his speech at the Brussels Exhibition that Canada should host a World Exhibition to celebrate its centennial . The exposition was offered first to Toronto but politicians there rejected the idea . However , Montreal 's mayor , Sarto Fournier , backed the proposal , allowing Canada to make a bid to the Bureau International des Expositions ( BIE ) . At the BIE 's May 5 , 1960 meeting in Paris , Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria 's and then Canada 's bids . In April 1962 , the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair because of financial constraints and security concerns . Montreal 's new mayor , Jean Drapeau , lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair , which they did . On November 13 , 1962 , the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada , and Expo 67 went on to become the fourth @-@ best attended BIE @-@ sanctioned world expositions , after Shanghai , Osaka , and Paris .
Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds . One location that was considered was Mount Royal Park , to the north of the downtown core . But it was Drapeau 's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river , and to enlarge the existing Saint Helen 's Island . The choice overcame opposition from Montreal 's surrounding municipalities , and also prevented land speculation .
= = = Key people = = =
Expo did not get off to a smooth start ; in 1963 , many top organizing committee officials resigned . The main reason for the resignations was Mayor Drapeau 's choice of the site on new islands to be created around the existing St. Helen 's Island and also that a computer program predicted that the event could not possibly be constructed in time . Another more likely reason for the mass resignations was that on April 22 , 1963 , the federal Liberal government of Prime Minister Lester Pearson took power . This meant that former Prime Minister John Diefenbaker 's Progressive Conservative government appointees to the board of directors of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition were likely forced to resign .
Canadian diplomat Pierre Dupuy was named Commissioner General , after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963 . One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo . Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries , spending more time abroad than in Canada . Dupuy 's ' right @-@ hand ' man was Robert Fletcher Shaw , the deputy commissioner general and vice @-@ president of the corporation . He also replaced a Diefenbaker appointee , C.F. Carsley , Deputy Commissioner General . Shaw was a professional engineer and builder , and is widely credited for the total building of the Exhibition . Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager . The management group became known as Les Durs - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating , building and managing Expo . Les Durs consisted of : Jean @-@ Claude Delorme , Legal Counsel and Secretary of the Corporation ; Dale Rediker , Director of Finances ; Colonel Edward Churchill , Director of Installations ; Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien , Director of Operations , dubbed " The Mayor of Expo " ; Pierre de Bellefeuille , Director of Exhibitors ; and Yves Jasmin , Director of Information , Advertising and Public Relations . To this group the chief architect Édouard Fiset was added . All ten were honoured by the Canadian government as recipients of the Order of Canada , Companions for Dupuy and Shaw , Officers for the others .
Jasmin wrote a book , in French , La petite histoire d 'Expo 67 , about his 45 @-@ month experience at Expo and created the Expo 67 Foundation ( available on the web site under that name ) to commemorate the event for future generations .
As historian Pierre Berton put it , the cooperation between Canada 's French- and English @-@ speaking communities " was the secret of Expo 's success — ' the Québécois flair , the English @-@ Canadian pragmatism . ' " However , Berton also points out that this is an over @-@ simplification of national stereotypes . Arguably Expo did , for a short period anyway , bridge the ' Two Solitudes.'
= = = Montebello conference produces theme = = =
In May 1963 , a group of prominent Canadian thinkers — including Alan Jarvis , director of the National Gallery of Canada ; novelists Hugh MacLennan and Gabrielle Roy ; J. Tuzo Wilson , geophysicist ; and Claude Robillard , town planner — met for three days at the Seigneury Club in Montebello , Quebec . The theme , " Man and His World " , was based on the 1939 book entitled Terre des Hommes ( translated as Wind , Sand and Stars ) by Antoine de Saint @-@ Exupéry . In Roy 's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation 's book , entitled Terre des Hommes / Man and His World , she elucidates the theme :
In Terre des Hommes , his haunting book , so filled with dreams and hopes for the future , Antoine de Saint @-@ Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when , flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina , he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain . They " twinkled here and there , alone like stars .... " In truth , being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others . It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress . Without this inevitable solitude , would there be any fusion at all , any tenderness between human beings . Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity , Saint @-@ Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning ; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67 , a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form .
The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World :
Du Pont Auditorium of Canada : The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall .
Habitat 67
Labyrinth
Man and his Health
Man in the Community
Man the Explorer : Man , his Planet and Space ; Man and Life ; Man and the Oceans ; Man and the Polar Regions
Man the Creator : The Gallery of Fine Arts ; Contemporary Sculpture ; Industrial Design ; Photography .
Man the Producer : Resources for Man ; Man in Control ; Progress .
Man the Provider
= = = Construction begins = = =
Construction started on August 13 , 1963 , with an elaborate ceremony hosted by Mayor Drapeau on barges anchored in the St. Lawrence River . Ceremonially , construction began when Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson pulled a lever that signalled a front @-@ end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge Saint Helen 's Island , and Quebec premier Jean Lesage spread the fill with a bulldozer . The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the Montreal Metro 's excavations , a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal . Expo 's initial construction period mainly centred on enlarging Saint Helen 's Island , creating the artificial island of Notre Dame Island and lengthening and enlarging the Mackay Pier which became the Cité du Havre . While construction continued , the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet . After the final mounds of earth completed the islands , the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20 , 1964 . This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day . To get Expo built in time , Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the critical path method ( CPM ) . On April 28 , 1967 , opening day , everything was ready , with one exception : Habitat 67 , which was then displayed as a work in progress .
Building and enlarging the islands , along with the new Concorde Bridge built to connect them with the site @-@ specific mass transit system known as the Montreal Expo Express , plus a boat pier , cost more than the Saint Lawrence Seaway project did only five years earlier : this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed . With the initial phase of construction completed , it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected . In the fall of 1963 , Expo 's general manager , Andrew Kniewasser , presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $ 167 million for construction : it would balloon to over $ 439 million by 1967 . The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson 's federal cabinet , passing by one vote , and then it was officially submitted on December 23 , 1963 .
= = = Logo = = =
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert . The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man . Two of the symbols ( pictograms of " man " ) are linked as to represent friendship . The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent " friendship around the world " . The logotype is lower @-@ case Optima font . It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians , as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the Canadian House of Commons .
= = = Theme songs = = =
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by Stéphane Venne and was titled : " Hey Friend , Say Friend / Un Jour , Un Jour " . Complaints were made about the suitability of the song , as its lyrics mentioned neither Montreal nor Expo 67 . The song was selected from an international competition with over 2 @,@ 200 entries from 35 countries .
However , the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by Bobby Gimby , a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune " Ca @-@ na @-@ da " . Gimby earned the name the " Pied Piper of Canada " .
The theme song " Something to Sing About " , used for the Canadian pavilion , had been written for a 1963 television special . The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song : " A Place to Stand , A Place to Grow " , which has evolved to become an unofficial theme song for the province .
= = = Expo opens = = =
Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon , April 27 , 1967 . The ceremonies were an invitation @-@ only event , held at Place des Nations . Canada 's Governor General , Roland Michener , proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson . On hand were over 7 @,@ 000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state . Over 1 @,@ 000 reporters covered the event , broadcast in NTSC Colour , live via satellite , to a worldwide audience of over 700 million viewers and listeners .
Expo 67 opened to the public on the morning of Friday , April 28 , 1967 , with a space age @-@ style countdown . A capacity crowd at Place d 'Accueil participated in the atomic clock @-@ controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9 : 30 a.m. EST . An estimated crowd of between 310 @,@ 000 and 335 @,@ 000 visitors showed up for opening day , as opposed to the expected crowd of 200 @,@ 000 . The first person through the Expo gates at Place d 'Accueil was Al Carter , a 41 @-@ year @-@ old jazz drummer from Chicago , who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67 's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien . Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat .
On opening day , there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion . The dresses had been designed to the then @-@ new miniskirt style , popularized a year earlier by Mary Quant .
In conjunction with the opening of Expo 67 , the Canadian Post Office Department issued a 5 ¢ stamp commemorating the fair , designed by Harvey Thomas Prosser .
= = = Entertainment , Ed Sullivan Show , and VIPs = = =
The World Festival of Art and Entertainment at Expo 67 featured art galleries , opera , ballet and theatre companies , orchestras , jazz groups , famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions . Many pavilions had music and performance stages , where visitors could find free concerts and shows . Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues : Place des Arts , Expo Theatre , Place des Nations , La Ronde , and Automotive Stadium .
The La Ronde amusement park was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair . Most of its rides and booths were permanent . When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly , at around 10 : 00 p.m. , visitors could still visit La Ronde , which closed at 2 : 30 a.m.
In addition , The Ed Sullivan Show was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67 . Stars on the shows included America 's The Supremes , Britain 's Petula Clark and Australia 's The Seekers .
Another attraction was the Canadian Armed Forces Tattoo 1967 at the Autostad in Montreal .
The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day , including Canada 's monarch , Queen Elizabeth II , Lyndon B. Johnson , Princess Grace of Monaco , Jacqueline Kennedy , Robert F. Kennedy , Ethiopia 's emperor Haile Selassie , Charles de Gaulle , Bing Crosby , Harry Belafonte , Maurice Chevalier , Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and Marlene Dietrich . Musicians like Thelonious Monk , Grateful Dead , Tiny Tim , The Tokens and Jefferson Airplane entertained the crowds .
= = = Problems = = =
Despite its successes , there were problems : Front de libération du Québec militants had threatened to disrupt the exhibition , but were inactive during this period . Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day , April 28 . American President Lyndon B. Johnson 's visit became a focus of war protesters . Threats that the Cuba pavilion would be destroyed by anti @-@ Castro forces were not carried out . In June , the Arab @-@ Israeli conflict in the Middle East flared up again in the Six Day War , which resulted in Kuwait pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war . The president of France , Charles De Gaulle , caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words " Vive Montréal ... Vive le Québec ... Vive le Québec Libre ! "
In September , the most serious problem turned out to be a 30 @-@ day transit strike . By the end of July , estimates predicted that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors , but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures , just as the fair was cruising to its conclusion . Another major problem , beyond the control of Expo 's management , was guest accommodation and lodging . Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area , which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with , rather than traditional hotels or motels . The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests . Unfortunately for some visitors , they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade . Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority . Still , Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments . But overall , a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain .
= = = Expo ends = = =
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon , October 29 , 1967 . The fair had been scheduled to close two days earlier , however a two @-@ day extension granted by the International Exhibitions Bureau allowed it to continue over the weekend . On the final day 221 @,@ 554 visitors added to the more than 50 million ( 50 @,@ 306 @,@ 648 ) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada 's population was only 20 million , setting a per @-@ capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands . Starting at 2 : 00 p.m. , Expo Commissioner General Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony , in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions , and over the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised , with Canada 's flag lowered first and Nigeria 's lowered last . After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame , Governor General Michener closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell : " It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end . " All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3 : 50 p.m. , and the Expo grounds closed at 4 : 00 p.m. , with the last Expo Express train leaving for Place d 'Accueil at that time . A fireworks display , that went on for an hour , was Expo 's concluding event .
Expo performed better financially than expected . Expo was intended to have a deficit , shared between the federal , provincial and municipal levels of government . Significantly better @-@ than @-@ expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates . The final financial statistics , in 1967 Canadian dollars , were : revenues of $ 221 @,@ 239 @,@ 872 , costs of $ 431 @,@ 904 @,@ 683 , and a deficit of $ 210 @,@ 664 @,@ 811 .
= = Pavilions = =
Expo 67 featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes , nations , corporations , and industries including the U.S. pavilion , a geodesic dome designed by Buckminster Fuller . Expo 67 also featured the Habitat 67 modular housing complex designed by architect Moshe Safdie , which was later purchased by private individuals and is still occupied .
The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union 's exhibit . It attracted about 13 million visitors . Rounding out the top five pavilions , in terms of attendance were : the Canadian
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ski . He became the love of her life , although the pair were never a formal couple . After the war Mitford settled in France and lived there until her death , maintaining social contact with her many English friends through letters and regular visits .
During the 1950s Mitford was identified with the concept of " U " ( upper ) and " non @-@ U " language , whereby social origins and standing were identified by words used in everyday speech . She had intended this as a joke , but many took it seriously , and Mitford was considered an authority on manners and breeding — possibly her most recognised legacy . Her later years were bitter @-@ sweet , the success of her biographical studies of Madame de Pompadour , Voltaire and King Louis XIV contrasting with the ultimate failure of her relationship with Palewski . From the late 1960s her health deteriorated , and she endured several years of painful illness before her death in 1973 .
= = Life = =
= = = Family background and connections = = =
The Mitford family dates from the Norman era , when Sir John de Mitford held the Castle of Mitford in Northumberland . A later Sir John held several important public offices during the late 14th and early 15th centuries , and the family maintained a tradition of public service for many generations . In the 18th century William Mitford was a leading classical historian , responsible for the definitive history of ancient Greece . His great @-@ grandson Algernon Bertram Mitford , born in 1837 and known as " Bertie " , was a diplomat and traveller who held minor office in Disraeli 's second ministry , from 1874 to 1880 . In 1874 he married Clementina , the second daughter of David Ogilvy , 10th Earl of Airlie , a union that linked the Mitfords to some of Britain 's most prominent aristocratic families . Blanche Ogilvy , Clementina 's elder sister , became the wife of Sir Henry Montague Hozier , a soldier turned businessman . Their four children included daughters Clementine ( " Clemmie " ) , who in 1908 married the future British prime minister Winston Churchill , and Nellie who married Bertram Romilly . Both Hozier and Blanche were promiscuous , and it is generally accepted by historians and family members that Hozier was not Clemmie 's father , although he was registered as such . Blanche told her friend Lady Londonderry , shortly before Clemmie 's birth , that the father of the expected child was her own brother @-@ in @-@ law , Bertie Mitford ; most historians believe that other candidates for the paternity are more likely .
Bertie Mitford 's marriage produced five sons and four daughters . His career in government service ended in 1886 , when after the death of a cousin he inherited a considerable fortune . A condition of the inheritance was that he adopt the surname " Freeman @-@ Mitford " . He rebuilt Batsford House , the family 's country seat , served briefly as a Unionist MP in the 1890s , and otherwise devoted himself to books , writings and travel . In 1902 he was raised to the peerage as 1st Baron Redesdale , a re @-@ creation of a title that had previously been held in the family but had lapsed in 1886 .
= = = Ancestry = = =
= = = = Selective Mitford family tree = = = =
= = = Childhood = = =
= = = = Parentage = = = =
Nancy Mitford 's father , David Bertram Ogilvy Freeman @-@ Mitford , was Bertie Mitford 's second son , born on 13 March 1878 . After several years as a tea planter in Ceylon he fought in the Boer War of 1899 – 1902 and was severely wounded . In 1903 he became engaged to Sydney Bowles , the elder daughter of Thomas Gibson Bowles , known as " Tap " , a journalist , editor and magazine proprietor whose publications included Vanity Fair and The Lady . The couple were married on 16 February 1904 , after which they rented a house in Graham Street in West London . Bowles provided his son @-@ in @-@ law with a job , as business manager of The Lady magazine . David had little interest in reading and knew nothing of business ; thus , according to Nancy Mitford 's biographer Selena Hastings , " a less congenial post ... could hardly have been imagined " . He remained in this position for ten years . The couple 's first child , a daughter , was born on 28 November 1904 ; they had intended to call her Ruby , but after she was born they changed their minds and named her Nancy .
= = = = First years = = = =
Responsibility for Nancy 's day @-@ to @-@ day upbringing was delegated to her nanny and nursemaid , within the framework of Sydney 's short @-@ lived belief that children should never be corrected or be spoken to in anger . Before this experiment was discontinued , Nancy had become self @-@ centred and uncontrollable ; Hastings writes that her first years were " characterised by roaring , red @-@ faced rages " . Just before her third birthday , a sister , Pamela , was born ; the nanny 's apparent change of loyalty in favour of the new arrival was a further source of outrage to Nancy , and throughout their childhood and into young adulthood she continued to vent her displeasure on her sister .
In January 1909 a brother , Tom was born , and in June 1910 another sister , Diana , followed . That summer , to relieve the pressure on what was becoming an overcrowded nursery , Nancy attended the nearby Francis Holland School . The few months she spent there represented almost the whole of her formal schooling ; in the autumn the family moved to a larger house in Victoria Road , Kensington , after which Nancy was educated at home by successive governesses . Summers were spent at the family 's cottage near High Wycombe , in Buckinghamshire , or with the children 's Redesdale grandparents at Batsford Park . In the winter of 1913 – 14 David and Sydney visited Canada , prospecting for gold on a claim that David had purchased in Swastika , Ontario . It was here that their fifth child was conceived , a daughter born in London on 8 August 1914 and christened Unity .
= = = = War , Batsford Park and Asthall Manor = = = =
On the outbreak of the First World War on 4 August 1914 , David rejoined his regiment and was soon in France . In May 1915 , Clement , David 's older brother , was killed while serving with the 10th Royal Hussars , which made David heir to the Redesdale title and lands . On 17 August 1916 Bertie Mitford died ; David , still serving at the front , became the 2nd Baron Redesdale . Sydney quickly took possession of Batsford House , much of which had been shut up for many years , and occupied the portion of it that she could afford to heat . The children had the run of the house and grounds , and were taught together in the schoolroom . This was a source of frustration for Nancy , whose lively intelligence required greater stimulus . She spent many hours reading in the Batsford House library where , according to Hastings , the foundations of her intellectual life were laid .
The Redesdale estates were extensive , but uneconomical . At the end of the war Redesdale decided to sell Batsford Park and move his increasing family ( a fifth daughter , Jessica , had been born in September 1917 ) to less extravagant accommodation . The house was sold early in 1919 , together with many of its contents — including , to Nancy 's great dismay , much of its library . The new family home was Asthall Manor , a Jacobean mansion near Swinbrook in Oxfordshire . This was intended as a short @-@ term measure while a new house was built on land nearby . The family stayed in Asthall Manor for seven years , and it became the basis of many of the family scenes which Nancy was later to portray in her semi @-@ autobiographical novels .
Growing up proved a difficult process for Nancy . Unable to form a relationship with Pamela , the sister nearest to her in age , she was bored and irritated by her younger siblings , and vented her feelings by teasing and tormenting them . Although there was undoubtedly cruelty in her taunting — the other children , led by Tom , formed a " Leag ( sic ) against Nancy " — her teasing was also , according to the later reflections of her nephew Alexander Mosley : " a highly @-@ honed weapon to keep a lot of highly competitive , bright , energetic sisters in order . She used it ... as a form of self protection " . Not all her interactions with her siblings were hostile ; for their amusement she edited and produced a magazine , The Boiler , to which she contributed entertainingly gruesome murder stories .
In 1921 , after years of pleading for proper schooling , Nancy was allowed a year 's boarding at Hatherop Castle , an informal private establishment for young ladies of good family . Laura Thompson , in her biography of Nancy , describes Hatherop as not so much a school , " more a chaste foretaste of debutante life " . Here Nancy learned French and other subjects , played organised games and joined a Girl Guide troop . It was her first extended experience of life away from home , and she enjoyed it . The following year she was allowed to accompany four other girls on a cultural trip to Paris , Florence and Venice ; her letters home are full of expressions of wonder at the sights and treasures : " I had no idea I was so fond of pictures
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for London 's literati . In September 1942 she met Gaston Palewski , a French colonel attached to General Charles de Gaulle 's London staff . She found him fascinating , and he became the love of her life — though her feelings were never fully reciprocated — and an inspiration for much of her future writing . For the sake of Mitford 's reputation the affair was pursued with discretion , before Palewski left for Algeria in May 1943 . Thereafter the relationship was conducted mainly by letters and occasional phone calls , since Palewski was only intermittently in England before the end of the war .
Pigeon Pie 's failure had cooled Mitford 's desire to write , but in 1944 , with Waugh 's encouragement , she began planning a new novel . In March 1945 she was given three months ' leave from the shop to write it . The Pursuit of Love is a heavily autobiographical romantic comedy in which many of her family and acquaintances appear in thin disguises . Despite the distraction of learning that her brother Tom had died fighting in Burma , she finished the book and , in September , went to Paris . Ostensibly this was to establish a French branch of Heywood Hill but in reality she wished to be close to Palewski , who was now a member of de Gaulle 's postwar provisional government . She was back in London in December 1945 for the publication of The Pursuit of Love which was , Hastings records , " an instant and phenomenal success ... the perfect antidote to the long war years of hardship and austerity , providing the undernourished public with its favourite ingredients : love , childhood and the English upper classes " . The book sold 200 @,@ 000 copies within a year of publication , and firmly established Mitford as a best @-@ selling author .
= = = Move to Paris = = =
At the end of the war Rodd returned home , but the marriage was essentially over ; although remaining on friendly terms , the couple led separate lives . Mitford 's visit to France in late 1945 had revived her longing to be there , and in April 1946 , having given up working in the shop the previous month , she left London to make her permanent home in Paris ; she never lived in England again . She was a prolific letter writer , and kept contact with her large cohort of friends by a voluminous correspondence . According to Hastings , she developed many of her friendships far further on paper than she could have done through normal social intercourse .
= = = = Rue Monsieur = = = =
During her first 18 months in Paris Mitford lived in several short @-@ term lodgings while enjoying a hectic social life , the hub of which was the British Embassy under the regime of the ambassador , Duff Cooper , and his socialite wife Lady Diana Cooper . Eventually Mitford found a comfortable apartment , with a maid , at No. 7 rue Monsieur on the Left Bank , close to Palewski 's residence . Settled there in comfort , she established a pattern to her life that she mostly followed for the next 20 years , her precise timetable determined by Palewski 's varying availability . Her socialising , entertaining and working were interspersed with regular short visits to family and friends in England and summers generally spent in Venice .
In 1948 Mitford completed a new novel , a sequel to The Pursuit of Love she called Love in a Cold Climate , with the same country house ambience as the earlier book and many of the same characters . The novel 's reception was even warmer than that of its predecessor ; Waugh was one of the few critics to qualify his praise — he thought the descriptions were good but the conversations poor . In 1950 she translated and adapted André Roussin 's play La petite hutte ( " The Little Hut " ) , in preparation for its successful West End début in August , The Times 's critic noted the " habit of speech at once colloquial and unexpected which instantly declares itself the creation of Miss Mitford . " The play ran for 1 @,@ 261 performances , and provided Mitford with a steady £ 300 per month in royalties . The same year The Sunday Times asked her to contribute a regular column , which she did for four years . This busy period in her writing life continued in 1951 with her third postwar novel , The Blessing , another semi @-@ autobiographical romance this time set in Paris , in which an aristocratic young Englishwoman is married to a libidinous French marquis . Harold Acton deems it her most accomplished novel , " permeated with her joyous love of France " . This time Waugh ( to whom the book was dedicated ) had no criticism ; he found the book " admirable , deliciously funny , consistent and complete , by far the best of your writings " .
Mitford then began her first serious non @-@ fiction work , a biography of Madame de Pompadour . The general view of the critics , when the book was published in March 1954 , was that it was " marvellous entertainment , if hardly to be taken as history " . The historian A.J.P. Taylor likened Mitford 's evocation of 18th @-@ century Versailles to " Alconleigh " , the fictitious country house that formed the background to her recent best @-@ selling novels , a comparison that she found offensive .
= = = = Noblesse Oblige = = = =
In 1954 Alan Ross , a University of Birmingham professor of linguistics , devised the terms " U " and " Non @-@ U " to differentiate the speech patterns of the social classes in England . " U " indicated upper @-@ class usage , and " Non @-@ U " the conventions of the lower strata of society . His article , in a learned Finnish journal and with an illustrative glossary , used The Pursuit of Love to exemplify upper @-@ class speech patterns . In a spirit of mischief , Mitford incorporated the U and Non @-@ U thesis into an article she was writing for Encounter on the English aristocracy . Although this aspect formed only a small section of Mitford 's article , when it was published in September 1955 it caused a major stir . Few recognised the tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek aspect ; Mitford received hundreds of letters from worried readers desperate to know if they were snobs or merely " common " . The level of anxious or amused interest was sustained to such an extent that in 1956 Hamish Hamilton reproduced the article in a short book , entitled Noblesse Oblige . The book also included an abbreviated version of Ross 's original article , and contributions from Waugh , Betjeman , Peter Fleming and Christopher Sykes , It was a tremendous success ; as Lovell records , " ' U and Non @-@ U ' was the buzz phrase of the day ... Nancy 's comments made her the arbiter of good manners for several generations " . Thompson notes the irony that the U and Non @-@ U labels , perhaps Mitford 's best @-@ known legacy , were not her own but were borrowed for the purpose of a " tease " .
= = = = Later career = = = =
In October 1957 Palewski was appointed as France 's ambassador to Italy . Mitford 's meetings with him , which had become increasingly rare because of his many political and social commitments , were now reduced to a single visit a year , supplemented with occasional letters . Mitford mainly concealed her true feelings on this separation , although one acquaintance noted her increasingly " savage " teasing of friends , which was perhaps a safety valve : " If she would only tell one she is unhappy one would do what one could to comfort her " . In March 1958 Mitford 's father , Lord Redesdale , died . After the cremation , she informed her sister Jessica , " the ashes were done up in the sort of parcel he used to bring back from London , rich thick brown paper & incredibly neat knots " .
Meanwhile Mitford had completed her latest book , Voltaire in Love , an account of the love affair between Voltaire and the Marquise du Châtelet . She considered it her first truly grown @-@ up work , and her best . Published in 1957 , it sold well , was taken seriously by the critics and was warmly praised by Mitford 's friends . Its writing had been hampered by painful headaches arising from her apparently failing eyesight and worries that she might be going blind . The problem was resolved after a visit to the opthalmic surgeon Patrick Trevor @-@ Roper , who gave her new spectacles : " It is heavenly to be able to read for a long time on end & now I see how handicapped I was when doing Voltaire " . She then returned to writing fiction , with Don 't Tell Alfred , in which she revived Fanny Wincham , the narrator of The Pursuit of Love and Love in a Cold Climate , and placed her in a Paris setting as wife of the British ambassador . Several characters familiar from the earlier novels appear in minor roles . The book , published in October 1960 , was popular with the public , but received indifferent reviews . Some of Mitford 's friends disliked it , and she decided she would write no more fiction .
In August 1962 Palewski was appointed a minister in Georges Pompidou 's government , and returned to Paris . This did not mean more regular or frequent meetings , and the affair with Mitford continued at arm 's length . In April 1963 Mitford was in England for the wedding of her cousin Angus Ogilvy to Princess Alexandra . A month later she was back for the funeral of her mother , Lady Redesdale , who died on 25 May . Mitford 's friends were dying , too , " in middle age " , she informed her long @-@ time friend Violet Hammersley . The premature deaths included that of Evelyn Waugh , who died on 10 April 1966 . Mitford saw the kindness and humour concealed behind his hostile public image , and said after his death : " What nobody ever remembers about Evelyn is everything with him was jokes . Everything " . Thompson calls their relationship " one of the great literary friendships of the twentieth century " .
Amidst these personal upheavals Mitford continued writing . In 1964 she began work on The Sun King , a biography of King Louis XIV . Her publishers decided to issue it as a lavishly illustrated " coffee table " book . When it was published in August 1966 , among the many tributes to the book was that of President de Gaulle , who recommended it to every member of his cabinet . By this time , Mitford 's relationship with Palewski had become dormant , and she recognised that the best days would never return . Under pressure from her landlords to leave her rue Monsieur apartment — they had raised her rent " exorbitantly " — she decided to leave Paris and buy herself a house in Versailles .
= = = Final years = = =
Mitford moved to No. 4 rue d 'Artois , Versailles , in January 1967 . The modest house had a half @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 2 hectare ) garden , which soon became one of her chief delights . In 1968 she began work on her final book , a biography of Frederick the Great . While confined at home in March 1969 after a series of illnesses she learned from a newspaper announcement that Palewski had married the Duchesse de Sagan , a rich divorcée . Mitford had long accepted that Palewski would never marry her . Nevertheless , she was deeply hurt by the news , although she affected a typical nonchalance . Shortly after , she entered hospital for the removal of a tumour . After the operation she continued to suffer pain , although she was able to continue working on her book . In October 1969 she undertook a tour of East Germany , to visit former royal palaces and battlefields . She finished the book , but in April 1970 was back in hospital for further tests , which did not lead to either a diagnosis or effective treatment .
Frederick the Great was published later in 1970 to a muted reception . Mitford 's remaining years were dominated by her illness , although for a time she enjoyed visits from her sisters and friends , and working in her garden . In April 1972 the French government made her a Chevalier of the Légion d 'Honneur , and later that year the British government appointed her a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) . She was delighted by the former honour , and amused by the latter — which she remembered Waugh had called an " insult " and turned down . At the end of 1972 she entered the Nuffield Clinic in London , where she was diagnosed with Hodgkin 's lymphoma , a
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the penalty shoot @-@ out system , although they confirmed that they had already considered and dismissed some other possible ways of deciding matches , including replaying the game , having a ' next try wins ' rule in extra time , reducing the number of players on the pitch periodically in extra time to create more space and deciding the game on a coin toss . The format for the penalty shoot @-@ out was changed prior to the following season 's tournament , removing the requirement for all players on the field ( including forwards ) to participate , however for the remainder of its existence , the Heineken Cup retained the penalty shoot @-@ out as the final system for deciding a winner if required . No other Heineken Cup match needed to use it .
In August 2009 , Martin Offiah , who was working as a pundit for broadcaster Sky Sports during the match , spoke to the News of the World , stating that he believed the blood replacement in the final minute of extra time where Julien Dupuy returned to the field " looked very suspicious and , in light of what happened in the previous round with Harlequins , I think Hipkiss and Leicester should be called to question . " Leicester coach Richard Cockerill responded that the replacement was within the laws of the game and that the club had done nothing illegal . ERC confirmed that the match commissioner had spoken to the referee regarding the incident and on the basis that the referee was satisfied , no further action was required . Cardiff also confirmed that they were satisfied that no wrongdoing had taken place and would not seek any further action .
= Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore =
MINDS ( Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore ) is a voluntary welfare organisation based in Singapore , that provides services for the intellectually disabled . They run four special schools and a centre called MINDSville @ Napiri which offers therapy and residential care . Other MINDS services include sheltered workshops , social enterprises , weekly activities , and trust fund management . Founded in 1962 , MINDS is among the largest charities in Singapore , with a staff of 420 helping 2400 beneficiaries . MINDS generates yearly expenses of 21 million Singapore dollars , as of 2005 . Two other organisations , the Association for Persons with Special Needs ( formerly the Association for the Educationally Subnormal ) and Special Olympics Singapore , originated as MINDS projects .
= = History = =
In 1960 , the Singapore Children 's Society initiated several educational and training programmes for intellectually disabled children , leading to the formation of the Singapore Association for Retarded Children ( SARC ) in 1962 . Beginning with only two teachers and 26 students in a single classroom in Towner Road , the new association rapidly expanded over the 1960s , building special schools at Margaret Drive and Jurong , a sheltered workshop at Geylang , a residential home at Tampines as well as their main administration centre , Lee Kong Chian Centre . SARC started a subcommittee for services for those with less severe intellectual disabilities in 1971 and a youth volunteering group the year after ; the subcommittee was split into an independent organisation , the Association for the Educationally Subnormal ( AESN ) , in 1976 . In 1983 SARC launched the first early intervention programme in Singapore , prompting other organisations to follow suit and set up an adjunct subcommittee that became Special Olympics Singapore .
Since the term " retarded " had acquired negative connotations and the organisation had started services for adults , SARC changed their name to the Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore ( MINDS ) in 1985 . In 1987 , the organisation benefitted by being primarily funded from The Community Chest of Singapore , and in 1993 MINDS became the largest voluntary welfare organisation in Singapore , with AESN in second place . Relocation of the MINDS special schools , from premises of closed @-@ down primary schools to new buildings with customised facilities , began in 1998 . The association started their first social enterprise , a car washing service along Pasir Panjang Road , in 2001 . Their residential homes and training centres were merged into the MINDSville @ Napiri centre , which opened in 2007 , and the relocation programme was completed two years later .
= = Activities = =
MINDS runs four special schools for intellectually disabled students aged 4 to 18 , who are taught various life skills , such as personal grooming and money management . They are also taken on outings to learn how to handle common tasks , such as buying groceries and taking public transport . Students undergo physiotherapy , pre @-@ vocational training , as well as basic instruction in some mainstream academic subjects , including languages , mathematics , art , and science . To help the intellectually disabled gain employment , MINDS trains them for simple sorting and packing jobs at sheltered workshops , then negotiates contracts with potential employers : for example , some were hired by Singapore Airlines to recycle headsets . The organisation also manages several social enterprises , including a thrift shop , a car washing service , a food catering company , and a performing arts troupe , that increase employment opportunities for the intellectually disabled .
Under the MINDS Trusteeship Scheme , parents of the intellectually disabled can deposit their savings into a trust account , safeguarded by the public trustee , and after they die , MINDS ensures the money is used to fund caregiving of the beneficiary . Other MINDS services , including counselling , behaviour therapy and rehabilitation , are concentrated at their integrated service centre called MINDSville @ Napiri . The centre contains a nursing home for adults with high support needs , another home for intellectually disabled children from broken families , and a hostel , which provides flexible accommodation options for clients who need less @-@ intensive care . In addition , volunteers from the MINDS Youth Group conduct weekly educational , social , and recreational activities , such as swimming classes and singing sessions , for around 170 intellectually disabled people .
= = Management = =
MINDS is one of the oldest and largest voluntary welfare organisations in Singapore , with 420 staff , 2400 beneficiaries , and yearly expenses of S $ 21 million Singapore dollars . Their primary source of funding is the Community Chest of Singapore , with programme fees , their social enterprises , corporate sponsorships and public donations making up their secondary sources . The organisation is headed by President Conrad Campos and CEO Keh Eng Song , who lead a 15 @-@ member executive committee with four subcommittees that meet monthly to discuss problems and plan new programmes . MINDS has won several awards , including the 2001 President 's Social Service Award from the National Council of Social Service and the 2010 Singapore Health Award ( Gold ) by the Health Promotion Board .
= Yankee Hotel Foxtrot =
Yankee Hotel Foxtrot is the fourth album by Chicago @-@ based rock band Wilco . The album was completed in 2001 , but Reprise Records , a Warner Music Group label , refused to release it . Wilco acquired the rights to the album when they subsequently left the label . In September 2001 , Wilco streamed the entire album for free on their website . Wilco signed with Nonesuch Records ( another Warner label ) in November of that year , and the album was officially released on April 23 , 2002 .
Yankee Hotel Foxtrot was a critical and commercial success , and is their best selling album , with over 500 @,@ 000 copies sold in the U.S. and topping the Pazz and Jop critics ' poll for 2002 . The album reached number 13 on the Billboard top 200 chart . Critical success ensued , and the album was widely listed among the greatest albums of the 2000s in many popular publications , including 3rd place in Rolling Stone 's 100 Best Albums of the 2000s . It was Wilco 's first album with drummer Glenn Kotche , and the last with multi @-@ instrumentalist and songwriter Jay Bennett .
In 2012 , Rolling Stone ranked the album at number 493 on its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time .
= = Context = =
Wilco was touring to promote Mermaid Avenue Vol . II in May 2000 when Jeff Tweedy was invited to play at the Noise Pop festival in Chicago . The festival promoter offered to pair Tweedy with a collaborator of his choosing , and Tweedy decided to perform with Jim O 'Rourke . Tweedy frequently played O 'Rourke 's album Bad Timing in his car while he traveled during the previous winter . O 'Rourke was an accomplished producer as well as a musician , and had produced over 200 albums by the time that Tweedy requested the collaboration . O 'Rourke offered the services of drummer Glenn Kotche , and the trio performed at Double Door for the festival on May 14 , 2000 . Tweedy enjoyed the performance so much that he suggested that the trio record an album together . They chose the name Loose Fur , and recorded six songs during the following summer .
By the end of the year , Wilco had recorded enough demo tracks to release a fourth studio album ( the working title was Here Comes Everybody ) , but the band was unhappy with some of the takes of the songs . This was attributed to the inflexibility of Ken Coomer 's drumming . According to American Songwriter Magazine , " Virtually every attempt the singer made to steer Coomer toward the percussive sound he had envisioned for the record sparked a fight . " The band decided to bring Glenn Kotche into the studio to record with the band . Wilco officially replaced Coomer with Kotche in January 2001 , a decision originally proposed by Tweedy and almost immediately approved by the rest of the band .
Wilco guitarist Jay Bennett recorded the entire album with Chris Brickley , and agreed with Tweedy that O 'Rourke would be a good choice to mix the album , after a failed attempt by Bennett and Brickley to mix a few of the songs at CRC and after hearing O 'Rourke 's " audition mix " . One of the conflicts , exhibited in the film I Am Trying to Break Your Heart : A Film About Wilco , was over the ten @-@ second transition between " Ashes of American Flags " and " Heavy Metal Drummer " . Bennett attempted to explain to Tweedy that there were several slightly different ways to approach the transition , each of which would yield slightly different results , but Tweedy explained that he just wanted the problem fixed , and was not concerned with understanding the different approaches . Bennett focused on the individual songs , while Tweedy focused on larger conceptual and thematic issues — a tried and true division of labor that had worked well on the four releases on which they co @-@ wrote the material . In order to achieve the band 's musical goals , Tweedy invited Jim O 'Rourke into the studio to mix " I Am Trying to Break Your Heart " ( sample ) , and the results impressed the band members . O 'Rourke was then asked to mix the rest of the album .
The cover of the album is a picture of Marina City in the band 's adopted hometown of Chicago . The album was named after a series of letters in the phonetic alphabet that Tweedy had heard on the Irdial box set The Conet Project : Recordings of Shortwave Numbers Stations . On the fourth track of the album Phonetic Alphabet - Nato , a woman repeats the words " Yankee Hotel Foxtrot " numerous times ; a clip from this Numbers Station transmission was placed in the Yankee Hotel Foxtrot song " Poor Places " . Irdial sued Wilco for copyright infringement , and a settlement was reached out of court .
After the album 's completion , Tweedy decided to remove Bennett from the band . The album was completed in 2001 , and Tweedy believed it to be ready for release .
= = = I Am Trying to Break Your Heart = = =
Los Angeles photographer Sam Jones contacted Wilco in 2000 about producing a documentary film about the creation of Yankee Hotel Foxtrot . Jones shot over 80 hours of footage for I Am Trying to Break Your Heart ( named after the opening song of Yankee Hotel Foxtrot ) beginning on the day that Coomer was dismissed from the band . The footage was edited down to 92 minutes , and the film was released to theaters in 2002 . The documentary has received generally positive reviews .
= = Dismissal from Reprise Records = =
In 2001 , AOL merged with Time Warner to form AOL Time Warner . Time Warner 's market share of the music industry had dropped by almost five percent from the mid @-@ 1990s , and the new executives ordered the termination of 600 jobs . One of those jobs was Reprise Records president Howie Klein , who had been a big supporter of Wilco on the label . Klein 's dismissal placed head A & R representative David Kahne in charge of the decision whether to release Yankee Hotel Foxtrot .
Josh Grier , Wilco 's lawyer , was able to negotiate a buy @-@ out of the band from Reprise . The band would keep the rights to the album if they paid Reprise $ 50 @,@ 000 . Before Wilco could accept the deal , Reprise called the band and changed their offer to give the band the rights to Yankee Hotel Foxtrot for free . Despite Reprise 's efforts to accommodate Wilco 's departure , the process marred public relations after an article in the Chicago Tribune described what had happened .
Wilco had planned on releasing Yankee Hotel Foxtrot on September 11 , 2001 , but Tweedy did not want a change in record labels to significantly delay the release of the album . Within weeks of being released from the label and Jay Bennett leaving the band , MP3s of all tracks from the album began to appear on file sharing networks . In a decision aimed at discouraging the downloading of lower quality unlicensed MP3s and having some control over how the album was distributed , on September 18 , 2001 , Wilco began streaming the entirety of the album on their official website . The wilcoworld.net website registered over 50 @,@ 000 hits that day , eight times as much as typical daily traffic . Traffic to the website quadrupled the normal traffic over the next few months . The following tour was a success financially , and members of Wilco observed that fans sang along with unreleased songs from the album .
= = Release on Nonesuch Records = =
Both independent and major record labels bid for the right to release Yankee Hotel Foxtrot , including Artemis Records and Nonesuch Records . Tweedy denied the bids of record labels that did not have a roster of signed artists that matched his liking . He also decided to ignore small independent companies because he wanted to be able to put the album out for a large audience and felt that they would be unable to produce more than 100 @,@ 000 records . Wilco decided to sign with AOL Time Warner subsidiary Nonesuch Records in November 2001 , basing the decision on the label 's small size and artist @-@ friendly atmosphere . In the end , Wilco recorded and produced Yankee Hotel Foxtrot with Reprise , received the rights to the album for free , and then sold it back to a different AOL Time Warner affiliate .
Yankee Hotel Foxtrot was commercially released by Nonesuch Records on April 23 , 2002 . The album sold 55 @,@ 573 copies during its first week of release , peaking on the Billboard 200 album chart at number 13 . The album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and has sold over 590 @,@ 000 units .
The More Like the Moon EP ( also called Bridge and Australian EP ) was originally released as a bonus disc to the Australian version of Yankee Hotel Foxtrot . The EP comprised six songs that were recorded but not released during the Yankee Hotel Foxtrot sessions including a re @-@ working of " Kamera " . On the one @-@ year anniversary of the release of Yankee Hotel Foxtrot , Wilco uploaded the EP onto their official website , and offered it for free to anyone who purchased the album . The band would later allow anyone to download the EP for free off the website , regardless of whether they had purchased the full @-@ length album .
= = Reception = =
The album received widespread acclaim upon release , including positive reviews from media outlets such as Rolling Stone and BBC Music . Yankee Hotel Foxtrot was voted as the best album of the year in The Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics poll . Brent Sirota of Pitchfork Media gave the album a perfect 10 rating , noting that the album was " simply a masterpiece . " David Fricke of Rolling Stone praised its resemblance to psychedelia while Allmusic writer Zac Johnson lauded its musical complexity .
There are more favorable reviews : E ! Online gave the album an A and said that its " rich , exotic flavor gets more intense the longer you chew on it . " Stylus Magazine called it " a great album , and an outstanding place for prospective new Wilco fans to start . " Neumu.net gave it nine stars out of ten and called it " a fierce record " . Almost Cool gave it a score of 8 @.@ 75 out of ten and said , " I 'm not sure if it 's the work by O 'Rourke or the progression of the group ( or a little of both ) , but this disc is so multi @-@ layered that it 's easy to hear new things many many times after the first listen . " Billboard gave it a favorable review and called it " a more adventurous and rewarding release " . The Austin Chronicle gave it four stars out of five and said that " After a while -- a familiarity period if you will -- it becomes clear that these songs are not only fully realized , they 're damn near brilliant . " Playlouder gave it four stars out of five and called it " The most worth @-@ the @-@ wait long @-@ awaited album in the world ... ever ? Could be ... " Uncut also gave the album four stars out of five and said , " The most common description of this much @-@ discussed album over the past few months is that YHF is Americana 's Kid A. In truth , it 's more successful than that . " Blender likewise gave it four stars out of five and stated : " Tweedy whittles down the arrangements and drops in enough experimental nuances to make the whole thing sound refreshingly lo @-@ fi . " Q likewise gave it four stars and called it " battered , bonkers and bewitching in equal parts " and that it " at last finds Wilco 's ' interesting ' phase become downright fascinating . " Yahoo ! Music UK gave it eight stars out of ten and said , " Tweedy takes conventional songforms birthed on his acoustic guitar and scrambles them completely , reassembled into fractured , dissonant epics with the help of the reliably brilliant Jim O 'Rourke . "
Shortly after its online release , Peter Buck of R.E.M. acclaimed the album as " their best yet . "
Trouser Press was one of the few major media outlets that did not give the album a good review , instead giving it an average review and stating that " more time spent in the songwriting lab might have yielded material more suitable to the evident studio effort invested and brought Wilco closer to making a truly great album . " Robert Christgau gave the album a one @-@ star honorable mention rating , describing the music as " purty " but stating that he found the lyrics and vocals in general to be boring .
Though Yankee Hotel Foxtrot was recorded before the September 11 , 2001 attacks , critics perceived references in the album to the attacks . For example , Jeff Gordinier of Entertainment Weekly compared the two towers of Marina City to the World Trade Center towers . Also containing similar themes are the songs " War on War " and " Ashes of American Flags " which contains the line " I would like to salute the ashes of American flags . " The song " Jesus , Etc . " also contains these lyrics : " Tall buildings shake , Voices escape singing sad sad songs ... Voices whine , Skyscrapers are scraping together , your voice is smoking . "
The album was voted as the 100th " Greatest Album Ever " in a 2006 Q Magazine poll . In 2008 , Rolling Stone critic Tom Moon listed Yankee Hotel Foxtrot among the 1 @,@ 000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die . The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die .
Yankee Hotel Foxtrot found a place on many lists of the greatest albums of the 2000s . Rolling Stone ranked the album at number three on its list of the 100 Best Albums of the Decade . Pitchfork Media put the album at number four on the Top 200 Albums of the 2000s . The alternative music website also named " Poor Places " and " Jesus , Etc . " as the 147th and 61st best songs of the decade , respectively . Paste named the album the second @-@ best album of the decade .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Jeff Tweedy , all music composed by Jeff Tweedy and Jay Bennett except where noted .
= = Personnel = =
Credits according to liner notes .
= = = Wilco = = =
Jeff Tweedy - vocals , guitar , programming , harmonica
Jay Bennett – programming , guitar , piano , keyboards , synthesizers , organ , bass , drums , percussion , lap steel , glockenspiel , vibraphone , bells , vocals
John Stirratt – bass , vocals
Leroy Bach - piano , guitar , organ , glockenspiel , vibraphone , bass , percussion , horns
Glenn Kotche - drums , percussion , hammered dulcimer , siren , chimes
Horns and strings arranged by Jeff Tweedy and John Stirratt
= = = Additional personnel = = =
Ken Coomer - additional drums and percussion
Fred Lonberg @-@ Holm – cello
Craig Christiansen - programming , keyboards , synthesizers , percussion , autoharp , harmonium
Jessy Greene - violin , viola
Steve Rooke – mastering
Chris Brickley – engineering , mixing
Jim O 'Rourke – acoustic guitar , electric guitar , piano , keyboards , toy piano , stylophone , engineering , mixing
Wilco – producer
Sam Jones – photography
= 1948 Summer Olympics torch relay =
The 1948 Summer Olympics torch relay was run 17 – 29 July 1948 , prior to the 1948 Summer Olympics , held in London , United Kingdom . The relay was nicknamed the " relay of peace " . It was only the second occasion that a torch relay was held for the Olympics ; the first was at the 1936 Summer Olympics .
There were three types of torches designed for use on the relay : a standard solid fuel powered torch made of aluminium , a special butane gas torch used onboard HMS Whitesand Bay , and a final torch used to enter Empire Stadium that was made of stainless steel and powered by a magnesium candle .
The route itself was initially designed to be a direct one from Olympia to Wembley , taking in Italy , Switzerland and France . Belgium and Luxembourg were added to the route after those countries requested it . It was expected that the Greek part of the relay would be 750 kilometres ( 470 mi ) , but was reduced to 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) due to concerns over security . After the 12 @-@ day journey , the torch arrived at the Empire Stadium only thirty seconds later than expected .
= = Background = =
Despite hosting the 1908 Summer Olympics , the 1948 Games was the first London @-@ based games to have a torch relay after it was introduced at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin . Former British athlete David Cecil , 6th Marquess of Exeter , and the rest of the organising committee for the 1948 Games agreed to continue the tradition begun by the previous games , and run a torch relay for a second time .
= = Relay elements = =
= = = Torch = = =
Each of the torches contained a solid fuel tablet made of hexamine and 6 % naphthalene ( following torch running tests in May 1947 ) that fuelled the flame itself . The solid fuel increased the distance each runner could run to 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) over flat terrain , decreasing the number of torches needed to be produced , which in turn reduced the cost of the relay . There were eight tablets loaded into each torch , with the bottom tablets pushed up by the use of a spring . The design increased the burning time of each torch up to around fifteen minutes , an increase from the four @-@ minute torches of the 1936 Olympics . The torch itself was designed by Ralph Lavers , with the brief that it should be " inexpensive and easy to make , of pleasing appearance and a good example of British craftmanship " . The torches were made from aluminium , with a long shaft holding a cup that contained the burner . " With thanks to the bearer " was written on the cup of the torch itself , along with the Olympic rings . The torches for the Greek leg of the relay were shipped to the Mediterranean aboard HMS Liverpool , along with a purpose built torch for the leg aboard a Royal Navy vessel from Corfu to Italy .
A differently designed torch was used for the final leg . It was made of stainless
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013 , is Douglas Hollida . An ordained minister , Rev. Hollida studied music at Shepherd University , graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree , and then earned a Master of Divinity degree from Trinity Episcopal School for Ministry . World @-@ famous concert organists who have performed at the church 's organ include Pierre Cochereau , Flor Peeters , and Marilyn Mason .
A 2 @-@ octave Schulmerich electronic carillon of twenty @-@ five bells was installed in the tower in June 1958 . It was played from the organ console by a carillonneur on Sunday mornings before and after services , as well as on special occasions , such as Christmas Eve and as part of the traditional noontime nationwide peal of church bells on the Fourth of July . Hymns were also played daily on the carillon by a music roll until it was discontinued in the 1990s .
= = = Renovation and expansion project = = =
Towson United Methodist Church is in the midst of a $ 3 million phased renovation and expansion project started in 2006 . In the first phase , completed in 2007 , an elevator and additional facilities were installed for improved disabled accessibility , along with a new fire sprinkler system and replacement of the building 's climate control system ( HVAC ) . Additional classrooms in an expanded education wing are planned in future phases of a multiyear master plan adopted by the church in 2005 .
To help fund the future works , the church announced plans in January 2008 to sell 3 @.@ 5 acres ( 14 @,@ 000 m2 ) of undeveloped , wooded property it owns on Hampton Lane to Shelter Development Corp. for construction of a senior citizen housing complex . A zoning change application was submitted to Baltimore County officials to allow sixteen residential units per acre ( current zoning limits density to two residential units per acre ) for a total of 80 – 100 beds . The Hampton Improvement Association , representing neighboring Hampton , Maryland residents , said they " ... oppose [ d ] zoning changes that would allow higher density residential development and require trees to be knocked down " . Then @-@ pastor David Cooney told the Baltimore Sun , " We entered into this with Shelter , believing this is a good use for the land — that this is a good company and a needed service " . In the face of community objections , however , Shelter and the church subsequently announced on March 3 , 2008 , that the development plans had been dropped . A Shelter official said that his company and Towson United Methodist Church had jointly come to the conclusion that " this is not something we are going to pursue " . Pastor Cooney said , " It had become clear that we weren 't going to be able to reach a compromise and we certainly don 't want to be at war with our neighbors " . In the wake of the plan 's shelving , the president of the Hampton Improvement Association told the Towson Times that his group wishes to work with Towson United Methodist Church to find an alternative use for the land besides commercial development , as they " don 't want to preclude the church from trying to get some money out of it . " In April 2008 , Dr. Cooney said that the church " did not set out to sell this land ; the proposal came to us , and we have no other plans to sell or develop the land " .
= = Ministry = =
Roderick J. Miller is Lead Pastor of Towson United Methodist Church , succeeding David S. Cooney in July , 2011 . Miller grew up in Pennsylvania , where he graduated from Allegheny College in 1976 , receiving a B.A. in Religion . He then studied at Wesley Theological Seminary in Washington , D.C. , earning a Master of Divinity degree in 1982 . While ministering at Union Chapel United Methodist Church in Joppa , Maryland , Miller continued his postgraduate studies , receiving a Doctor of Ministry degree in Church Revitalization from Chicago 's McCormick Theological Seminary in 1992 . He was later Lead Pastor at Bethany UMC church in Ellicott City , Maryland ( 1994 – 2005 ) , after which he was named Director of Connectional Ministries for the denomination 's Baltimore @-@ Washington Conference , serving in that role 2005 – 2011 .
The mission statement of Towson United Methodist Church is : " To proclaim the Word of God and to make disciples of Jesus Christ " . The church 's staff of twelve includes assistant ministers , directors of music and education , and building and administrative personnel . It is a part of the denomination 's Baltimore @-@ Washington Conference ( district ) . In addition to Sunday morning worship services , the 1 @,@ 200 member congregation participates in graded Sunday school classes , various adult Bible study classes , youth activities , and a midweek " Praise , Prayer & Healing " service . The music program includes both adult and youth choirs , as well as handbell ringers . The church 's Alleluia Singers , a 50 – voice ensemble of high school @-@ age young people , sings frequently for weekly worship services and tours the eastern U.S. each summer .
= = = Previous ministers = = =
David Cooney was Senior Pastor of Towson United Methodist Church between September 1 , 2001 – June 30 , 2011 . He earned a Master of Divinity degree from Wesley Theological Seminary and a Ph.D. from Iliff School of Theology in Denver , Colorado . He is the son of Rev. C. Douglas Cooney ( 1928 – 2003 ) , who was also a Methodist minister at various churches , including the First Methodist Church of Hyattsville , Maryland , as well as an official of the Methodist denomination .
Other former senior ministers of Towson Methodist Church and its predecessor First Methodist Church , with their years of appointment , are :
= = = Community outreach = = =
Towson United Methodist Church sponsors a Boy Scout troop , overseas missions , the Susanna Wesley House for unwed mothers , and actively participates in Habitat for Humanity projects . Over the years , members of the Towson Methodist Men 's group and Women 's Society of Christian Service ( now United Methodist Women ) have supported Meals on Wheels , the League of Women Voters , and Head Start , as well as serving as volunteers at local hospitals and the Maryland School for the Blind . For more than thirty years , the church has hosted a weekly meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous .
The large size of the sanctuary and its convenient location make it well @-@ suited for community gatherings attracting sizable crowds , such as concerts by the Handel Choir of Baltimore . The church hosts an annual memorial service for fallen Baltimore County firefighters and rescue personnel . Senior Baltimore County officials , including the County Executive and Fire Chief , participate in the service 's memorial wreath laying and the tolling of a bell , as part of the commemoration . Nationally @-@ known guest speakers , such as Tony Campolo and Millie Dienert , have also spoken there .
Towson United Methodist Church started the Hampton Lane Child Development Center in 1978 . An accredited child care center , it now serves approximately fifty children ages 2 – 5 years old .
= Lovejoy Columns =
The Lovejoy Columns , located in Portland , Oregon , United States , supported the Lovejoy Ramp , a viaduct that from 1927 to 1999 carried the western approach to the Broadway Bridge over the freight tracks in what is now the Pearl District . The columns were painted by Greek immigrant Tom Stefopoulos between 1948 and 1952 . In 1999 , the viaduct was demolished but the columns were spared due to the efforts of the architectural group Rigga . For the next five years , attempts to restore the columns were unsuccessful and they remained in storage beneath the Fremont Bridge .
In 2005 , two of the original columns were resited at Northwest 10th Avenue between Everett and Flanders Streets . The Regional Arts & Culture Council was searching for photographs showing the murals in their original location for an ongoing restoration project . In 2006 , Randy Shelton reconstructed the artworks on the columns using the photographs for reference .
= = Description and history = =
The Lovejoy Columns supported the Lovejoy Ramp , a 2 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 610 m ) viaduct that stretched from Northwest 14th Avenue and Lovejoy Street to the Broadway Bridge . It was constructed in 1927 – 1928 . Between 1948 and 1952 , Athanasios Efthimiou " Tom " Stefopoulos ( died 1971 ) , a Spokane , Portland and Seattle Railway night watchman , artist and master calligrapher in the copperplate style , drew upon the columns in chalk and later painted them . His work was spontaneous and not commissioned . Stefopoulos painted Greek mythology and Americana imagery in a calligraphic style ; the designs depicted " fanciful " owls , landscapes " bedecked with homespun aphorisms " , and ancient Greek philosopher Diogenes of Sinope navigating the streets of Athens with a lantern . He painted around a dozen murals , though photographic evidence does not exist for each of them . The paintings became a local landmark and quickly gained Stefopoulos notoriety and media coverage .
In the late 1990s , developer Homer Williams persuaded the city to demolish the viaduct to open up dozens of blocks in the redeveloping Pearl District . Preservation efforts began immediately . In 1998 , Georgiana Nehl completed a painting of the columns called Guardians : Under the Lovejoy Ramp to " catch a small flavor of these ' guardians , ' while they were still in place in their surprising location — before they were lost in the name of progress " . In 1999 , James Henderson took a series of photographs of the remaining pigments of the original paintings ; he recorded the murals using cross @-@ polarized lighting and used digital enhancement to restore the colors . The Regional Arts & Culture Council administers at least six of Henderson 's photographs , which were printed in 2002 and each called Lovejoy Column .
= = = Demolition = = =
The viaduct was removed in 1999 , but the architectural group Rigga persuaded the city to preserve the paintings and the columns . Rigga said that if the murals had been removed from the columns , " much of their magic would be lost " . The City of Portland 's Office of Transportation earmarked funds to remove ten columns ; an ad hoc committee called Friends of the Columns was formed to raise money for their storage , restoration and public display , which was estimated to cost $ 460 @,@ 000 . City Commissioner Charlie Hales said , " Saving the Lovejoy columns and the artwork provides a real bridge between the rich history of this industrial area and its future as a residential neighborhood . I am pleased that we are able to save these columns and look forward to them being placed on some of the park spaces in the River District . " According to the James M. Harrison Art and Design Studio , " Extracting the columns both captured the space created by Tom and preserved a ruin that would continue to tell a story . The fragile paintings preserved the mighty concrete . " During the next five years , attempts by the city , and non @-@ profit and entrepreneurial groups to restore the columns were unsuccessful . Boora Architects ' Northwest Marshall Street Pedestrian Bridge Feasibility Study ( 2001 ) , funded by the Portland Development Commission , proposed installing the columns at the intersection of Northwest 9th Avenue and Naito Parkway .
The columns were featured in a 2003 article by the Getty Conservation Institute called " The Conservation of Outdoor Contemporary Murals " , which described best practices for preserving murals and included photographs of the columns during the demolition phase , with conservator J. Claire Dean assessing one of them . From August 10 to September 4 , 2004 , Portland @-@ based artist and filmmaker Vanessa Renwick exhibited a paper and video installation called Lovejoy Lost , featuring camera work by her and Gus Van Sant , for the PDX Window Project .
In November 2004 , Willamette Week reported that the columns were being held at a storage yard at Northwest 14th Avenue and Savier Street , beneath the Fremont Bridge . The paper said , " [ h ] alf @-@ covered in blue tarps , their rusted steel girders sticking out of concrete like veins from a freshly amputated arm , they await the political momentum to rescue them from rot " . Real estate developer John Carroll hoped to site the columns at the Elizabeth Lofts , but former Rigga member James Harrison said he was reluctant to believe it would happen , given their history . Harrison told Willamette Week , " [ t ] hese things can turn on a dime " .
= = = Resiting = = =
Carroll 's and Harrison 's efforts were realized in 2005 when two of the ten original columns were resited at Northwest 10th Avenue between Everett and Flanders streets . The 29 @,@ 000 lb ( 13 @,@ 000 kg ) columns featured a majority of Stefopoulos ' paintings . Harrison reportedly watched with " something like fatherly joy " during the installation and said , " [ w ] e 're installing a ruin " . Carroll said displaying the columns as public art " will preserve
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an element of the city ’ s past for current and future generations " and acknowledged support from the neighborhood , Friends of the Columns and the Portland Development Commission . The Regional Arts & Culture Council was searching for photographs showing the murals in their original location for a restoration project , which would be completed the following summer . In 2006 , the columns were reconstructed from the photographs by Randy Shelton . The City of Portland 's Bureau of Planning said the resited columns " [ celebrate ] a period in the district ’ s history , showcasing the art for a broader audience " .
An event called " Public Space Invasion " was held in the plaza containing the columns in 2011 , inviting guests to " explore the legal limits of Portland 's more peculiar public spaces " . It advertised " crafts among the condos " and the opportunity to " picnic beside a freeway " . In 2013 , a bicycle tour called " Lovejoy Columns and Tom " focused on the conservation of the columns , the " almost forgotten history " of Stefopoulos and the rise of the Pearl District . The tour was narrated by Harrison on behalf of Friends of the Columns and guided by " Portland 's Museum Lady " Carye Bye ; it raised money for a gravestone for Stefopoulos ' unmarked grave at Rose City Cemetery . It included a guided tour at the Hellenic @-@ American Cultural Center and Museum , which was exhibiting Master Penworks of Tom Stefopoulos to view pen @-@ and @-@ ink art by Stefopoulos . It also included a viewing of Renwick ’ s unfinished film Lovejoy and an optional visit to Stefopoulos ' grave . In her documentary , Renwick chronicled the effort to save the columns and restore the paintings .
= = Depictions and reception = =
The Daily Journal of Commerce called the columns a Portland " urban legend " . According to Richard Speer of Willamette Week , " generations of Portlanders grew up counting the Lovejoy columns as one of the city 's most unique attractions " . Speer also said the columns were once " postcard favorites and seemed as much a part of the city 's landscape as the Hawthorne Bridge " and have an " endearing , perspectiveless style " . The murals appeared in Van Sant 's film Drugstore Cowboy ( 1989 ) , Foxfire ( 1996 ) and a music video by Elliott Smith .
The resited columns have been included in published walking tours of Portland . In her 2006 book Walking Portland : 30 Tours of Stumptown 's Funky Neighborhoods , Historic Landmarks , Park Trails , Farmers Markets , and Brewpubs , Becky Ohlsen said , " Whatever you make of the artwork , the inspired effort that went into preserving it — not to mention the awesome spectacle of those massive columns ripped free , their rebar guts exposed to the air — is damned impressive " .
= The Boat Race 1870 =
The 27th Boat Race between crews from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge took place on the River Thames on the 6 April 1870 . Cambridge won by one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in a time of 22 minutes 4 seconds , their first victory since the 1860 race .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having defeated Cambridge by three lengths in the previous year 's race and led overall with sixteen wins to Cambridge 's ten .
Cambridge were coached by George Morrison who had also coached them in 1869 . He had rowed in the 1859 , 1860 and 1861 races and had also acted as a non @-@ rowing president for the 1862 race , yet the previous year 's decision to engage a member of the opposing university was greeted with consternation and considered by many Cantabrigians as " a disgrace to the Club " . Morrison had also coached Oxford six times previously . Oxford 's coach was Frank Willan , who had rowed in four victories for the Dark Blues between the 1866 and the 1869 race . He also rowed for Oxford against Harvard University in 1869 . The race was umpired by Joseph William Chitty who had rowed for Oxford twice in 1849 ( in the March and December races ) and the 1852 race , while the starter was Edward Searle .
= = Crews = =
The two sets of rowers averaged the same weight , at 11 st 13 @.@ 25 lb ( 75 @.@ 7 kg ) each . Oxford 's crew contained four Blues , two of whom ( S. D. Darbishire and W. D. Benson ) were rowing in their third consecutive race . Similarly , Cambridge saw four of the 1869 crew return including the Cambridge University Boat Club president John Goldie and John Dale .
= = Race = =
According to Drinkwater , despite Oxford being " manifestly the weaker crew " , they were pre @-@ race favourites based on their " prestige " . A report in The Graphic noted that only two steamers were present , following the race , one carrying the umpire , the other to transport the Edward , Prince of Wales ( who later became King Edward VII ) and the Francis , Prince of Teck amongst others .
Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . Cambridge took an early lead even though their stroke rate was lower than that of the Dark Blues , and led by three @-@ quarters of a length by the time the crews shot Hammersmith Bridge . Oxford stayed in touch for the next 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) but following a spurt , they almost levelled the race by Chiswick Eyot . Cambridge 's stroke John Goldie led a surge to pull back ahead of Oxford , and despite their best efforts , Oxford could not recover . Cambridge won by one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in a time of 22 minutes 4 seconds . The victory was Cambridge 's first since the 1860 race , and brought the overall record to 16 – 11 in Oxford 's favour .
= Marco Kartodikromo =
Marco Kartodikromo ( 1890 – 18 March 1932 ) , also known by his pen name Mas Marco , was an Indonesian journalist and writer .
Born to a low @-@ ranking priyayi ( noble ) family in Blora , Dutch East Indies , Kartodikromo 's first employment was with the national railway . Disgusted by the racism shown there , in 1911 he moved to Bandung and found work as a journalist for Medan Prijaji . The following year he moved to Surakarta and worked with two publications , Saro Tomo and Doenia Bergerak ; he soon began to write pieces critical against the Dutch colonial government , which led to his arrest . After a period as a correspondent in the Netherlands , Kartodikromo continued his journalism and critique of the government ; he also wrote several pieces of fiction . Involved with the Communist Party of Indonesia , after a 1926 communist @-@ led revolt Kartodikromo was exiled to Boven @-@ Digoel prison camp in Papua . He died in the camp of malaria in 1932 .
Kartodikromo , who preferred writing in Malay , experimented with new phrasings at a time when the state @-@ owned publisher Balai Pustaka was attempting to standardise the language . According to literary critic Bakri Siregar , he was the first Indonesian writer to openly criticise the Dutch colonial government and the traditional form of feudalism practised in the country . For this vocal criticism , the Dutch government decried him as a " crazy " man who could spark unrest among the native populations .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life and career = = =
Kartodikromo was born in Blora , Central Java , Dutch East Indies , in 1890 to a low @-@ ranking priyayi ( noble ) family . At the age of fifteen , he took up a job at the Nederlandsch @-@ Indische Spoorweg , the national railway company of the Indies , in Semarang . In 1911 he chose to leave the company as he was disgusted by its racist policies , including the use of race as a basis for the amount paid in wages .
Kartodikromo made his way to Bandung , West Java , where he found employment at Medan Prijaji , a newspaper run by Tirto Adhi Soerjo . When the paper was closed by the Dutch , in 1912 Kartodikromo went to Surakarta . There , he joined Sarekat Islam , an organisation of Muslim merchants , and found employment at the Sarekat Islam @-@ backed weekly Saro Tomo . In 1914 he took lead of the magazine Doenia Bergerak . The paper was the mouthpiece of the Native Indonesian Journalists ' Group ( Inlandse Journalisten Bond ) , which Kartodikromo led and had helped establish with Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo and Darnakoesoemo . That same year , he published the three @-@ volume work Mata Gelap ( Dark Eyes ) ; this led to a long polemic between Doenia Bergerak and the Chinese @-@ owned Tjoen Tjioe in Surabaya due to perceived racism .
While with Doenia Bergerak , Kartodikromo wrote an attack on the Dutch Advisor on Native Affairs R.A. Rinkes ; in his editorial , he wrote that the Dutch loved themselves far more than the natives they were subjugating . On 26 January 1915 , Kartodikromo came under investigation by the Justice Office of the Dutch East Indies for publishing several further anti @-@ Dutch editorials . The journalist unsuccessfully attempted to raise money to protest this at the Dutch parliament in The Hague . He was convicted of revolutionary activity and sentenced to nine months at Mlaten Prison ; however , due to public outcry he was released after 100 days . When Doenia Bergerak went bankrupt , Kartodipuro then headed the Saro Tomo .
= = = Further career , exile , and death = = =
Kartodikromo was soon chosen by Goenawan , chief editor of the daily Pantjaran Warta , to go to the Netherlands as a correspondent . In his five months there at the end of 1916 and beginning of 1917 , the journalist published Boekoe Sebaran Jang Pertama ( The First Publication Book ) . After his return to Indonesia , he became an editor for Pantjaran Warta and based himself in Batavia ( now Jakarta ) . Within a month he was imprisoned again for his writing .
On 21 February 1918 Kartodikromo was released from prison . He moved to Semarang and became a commissioner of the Sarekat Islam with Semaun ; he also joined the newspaper Sinar Djawa ( later Sinar Hindia ) . In a conference that year , Kartodikromo stated that there were two kinds of press in Indonesia : the " black press " ( pers item ) , which struggled against the imperialistic Dutch ; and the " white press " ( pers putih ) , which worked to subjugate the Indonesian people .
In 1918 he published Student Hidjo ( Student Green ) , which told of a young Indonesian student who falls in love while studying in the Netherlands despite already having a fiancée in Indonesia . The work , originally published as a serial , was novelised in 1919 . Also in 1918 he published a collection of poems , Sair @-@ sair Rempah ( Poems on Spices ) .
Kartodikromo published another novel , Matahariah , in 1919 . It was based on the life of the Dutch spy Mata Hari . On 15 December 1919 , Kartodikromo left Sinar Hindia and took a position as head of Soero Tamtomo , published by the Forestry Union Staff Union Wono Tamtomo . He was imprisoned for six months for one of his writings , Sjairnja Sentot ( Sentot 's Poem ) , with the paper . In 1921 Kartodikromo moved to Salatiga and became involved with the press there . He was sentenced to two years in a Batavian prison for another of his writings .
In 1924 , Kartodikromo published Rasa Merdika ( A Sense of Independence ) , which dealt with a young man who goes against his priyayi father , a tool of the Dutch colonial government , and tries to find personal independence . Another novel , Cermin Buah Keroyalan ( Mirror of the Fruit of Royalty ) , and stage play , Kromo Bergerak ( Kromo is Moving ) , were published not long after .
Kartodikromo was exiled to Boven @-@ Digoel , Papua , in 1926 for his writings and involvement in the 1926 revolt led by the Communist Party of Indonesia . He died there of malaria on 18 March 1932 .
= = Themes and styles = =
Most of Kartodikromo 's fictional works took place in Bandung or Surabaya . He was an early Indonesian example of the social realist movement . Like most nationalist writers at the time , Kartodikromo preferred writing in Malay ( the predecessor of modern Indonesian ) rather than his native Javanese ; however , he did write several pieces in Javanese . While the state @-@ owned publisher Balai Pustaka was attempting to standardise Malay , Kartodikromo experimented with the language , using words , phrases , and scenes which had never before been used .
Socialist literary critic Bakri Siregar writes that Kartodikromo drew on his experiences while visiting the Netherlands in writing Studen Hidjo . He also writes that , unlike writers published by Balai Pustaka , Kartodikromo was heavily against the " white superiority " which the Dutch impressed upon native Indonesians ; this was achieved through showcasing the " depravity of bourgeois morals and the Dutch colonials . "
= = Reception = =
Due to his vocal criticism of the Dutch , the East Indies government banned Kartodikromo 's books several times . In response to his critiques in Doenia Bergerak , they described him as a " crazy " man who could spark unrest among the native populations . Kartodikromo himself enjoyed baiting the colonial government , reportedly inviting his readers to work together and criticise the Dutch for their " mismanagement and caprice " .
Siregar described Kartodikromo as the first Indonesian writer to openly criticise the Dutch colonial government and the traditional form of feudalism practised in the country ; he also notes that the writer was the first Indonesian to consciously depict class struggles in his works . As Siregar considered Indonesian literature to have been born from a nationalist understanding , he considered Marco one of the first truly Indonesian writers .
Hendrik Maier , a lecturer at Leiden University , writes that Kartodikromo was " primarily inspired by dreams and ideals " , noting that the writer intended to create a community of politically aware Indonesians to work against the colonial government in solidarity and equality . Kartodikromo described his ideal political state as having " sama rata sama rasa " ( " the same standards , the same feelings " ) .
= = Works = =
Mata Gelap ( Dark Eyes ; 1914 ; novel in three volumes )
Sair @-@ sair Rempah ( Poems on Spices ; 1918 ; poetry anthology )
Student Hidjo ( Student Green ; 1918 ; novel )
Rasa Merdika ( A Sense of Independence ; 1924 ; novel )
Cermin Buah Keroyalan ( Mirror of the Fruit of Royalty ; 1924 ; novel )
Kromo Bergerak ( Kromo is Moving ; 1924 ; stage play )
= Sharptooth houndshark =
The sharptooth houndshark , or spotted gully shark ( Triakis megalopterus ) , is a species of houndshark , belonging to the family Triakidae , found in shallow inshore waters from southern Angola to South Africa . Favoring sandy areas near rocky reefs and gullies , it is an active @-@ swimming species that usually stays close to the bottom . This robust shark reaches 1 @.@ 7 m ( 5 @.@ 6 ft ) in length and has characteristically large , rounded fins ; the pectoral fins in particular are broad and sickle @-@ shaped in adults . It also has a short , blunt snout and long furrows around its mouth . This species is gray or bronze in color above , with variable amounts of black spotting .
Mainly active at night , the sharptooth houndshark feeds mostly on crustaceans , bony fishes , and cephalopods . It has been observed gathering in groups in shallow water during summertime , possibly for reproductive purposes . This species is aplacental viviparous , meaning that the unborn young are sustained mainly by yolk . Females give birth to 6 – 12 pups between late May and August , on a two- or three @-@ year cycle . The sharptooth houndshark is often hooked by recreational anglers , and some are also captured on commercial bottom longlines . Because of its small range , its low growth and reproductive rates , it is very vulnerable to overfishing . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has therefore listed this species as Near Threatened .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
Scottish zoologist Andrew Smith originally described the sharptooth houndshark as a species of Mustelus in 1839 , as part of his work Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa . His account was based on two specimens caught off the Cape of Good Hope , South Africa . Smith named the shark megalopterus , from the Greek mega ( " large " ) and pteron ( " wing " ) , referring to its large fins . Another common name for this shark is " sweet William " .
Later authors have reassigned the sharptooth houndshark to the genus Triakis , more specifically to the subgenus Cazon alongside the sharpfin houndshark ( T. acutipinna ) and the spotted houndshark ( T. maculata ) . A 2006 phylogenetic study by J. Andrés López and colleagues , based on four protein @-@ coding gene sequences , found that this species did not group with the leopard shark ( T. semifasciata ) . Instead , it and the flapnose houndshark ( Scylliogaleus quecketti ) formed a clade within the Mustelus lineage . This result suggests that the two subgenera of Triakis — Cazon and Triakis — may not be closely related , which would warrant a redefinition of the genus .
= = Description = =
The sharptooth houndshark is a stout @-@ bodied species with a short , thick , and blunt snout . The nostrils are widely spaced and preceded by lobe @-@ like flaps of skin that do not reach the mouth . The horizontally oval eyes have ridges underneath and are equipped with nictitating membranes . The large mouth bears long , deep furrows at the corners , with those on the lower jaw almost meeting in the middle . The teeth are small and tightly packed to form pavement @-@ like surfaces . Each tooth has a rounded , molar @-@ like base that rises to a sharp , upright central cusp ; rarely , a pair of barely developed lateral cusplets may also be present . There are five pairs of gill slits .
The fins are distinctively large and rounded at the tips . The pectoral fins of adults are broad and falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) . The dorsal fins have nearly vertical trailing margins , with the first originating over the pectoral fin rear tips . The second dorsal fin is about three @-@ quarters as high as the first . The anal fin is much smaller than the second dorsal fin and originates well behind it . The short , thick caudal peduncle lacks notches at the caudal fin origins . The caudal fin has a small but well @-@ defined lower lobe and a longer upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip . The skin is often loose . This species is dark gray to bronze above and white below . Young sharks are mostly unmarked , while adults vary from plain to densely covered with irregular black spots . It may reach 1 @.@ 7 m ( 5 @.@ 6 ft ) in length and 40 kg ( 88 lb ) in weight . Females grow larger than males .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The range of the sharptooth houndshark is limited to the coastal waters of southern Africa , from southern Angola to the Eastern Cape ( or rarely KwaZulu @-@ Natal ) in South Africa . This locally common species inhabits sandy habitats such as bays ; it can be found from the surf zone to a depth of 50 m ( 160 ft ) , but the majority are found no deeper than 10 m ( 33 ft ) . It generally swims just barely above the bottom , favoring flat areas near rocky reefs or gullies , and seldom rises into open water .
= = Biology and ecology = =
The sharptooth houndshark is a highly active species , though it can sometimes be found resting inside rocky crevices . It mainly hunts at night and has been known to pursue prey almost onto the shore . The pointed cusps of its teeth allow it to grasp slippery prey , while their broad bases allow it to crush hard @-@ shelled prey . This shark feeds on a variety of crustaceans ( crabs , slipper lobsters , and spiny lobsters ) , bony fishes ( including morwongs , sea catfishes , drums , and porgies ) , and cephalopods ( in particular Octopus vulgaris ) . Sharks and rays ( including catsharks and guitarfishes ) and their egg capsules are a minor food source for larger individuals . Off South Africa , the most important prey species is the crab Plagusia chabrus . Its dietary composition changes with age : young sharks under 1 @.@ 0 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) long subsist almost completely on crabs , while larger sharks consume more bony fishes and cephalopods , as well as a greater variety of prey overall . This shark has been observed deviating from its nocturnal habits to feed on chokka squid ( Loligo reynaudii ) during their mass spawnings . The broadnose sevengill shark ( Notorynchus cepedianus ) is known to prey on this species .
During the summer , the sharptooth houndshark forms groups in shallow water . These aggregations are particularly well @-@ documented in False Bay and may be related to reproduction , given the presence of many pregnant females . It is aplacental viviparous , with the developing embryos nourished mainly by yolk . Mature females have a single functional ovary and two functional uteruses . Litters of 6 – 12 pups are birthed between late May and August , following a gestation period of some 20 months . Larger females tend to produce larger litters . The length at birth has been variously estimated as 30 – 32 cm ( 12 – 13 in ) and 42 – 44 cm ( 17 – 17 in ) by different sources ; pups within a single litter may vary in size by up to 30 % . Females apparently reproduce either every two years or every three years , depending on whether she has ovarian eggs developing during the pregnancy that would allow her to mate again within a few months of giving birth . The sharptooth houndshark is a slow @-@ growing species , with both sexes following a similar growth pattern . Males mature sexually at 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 4 m ( 3 @.@ 9 – 4 @.@ 6 ft ) long and 11 – 13 years of age , while females mature sexually at 1 @.@ 3 – 1 @.@ 5 m ( 4 @.@ 3 – 4 @.@ 9 ft ) long and 15 – 16 years of age . The maximum lifespan is at least 25 years .
= = Human interactions = =
Harmless to humans , the sharptooth houndshark adapts well to captivity and has been displayed in public aquariums . It is frequently caught by recreational anglers from shore or ski @-@ boats ; it is edible but rarely eaten . Small numbers are also caught incidentally by a commercial demersal longline fishery targeting the school shark ( Galeorhinus galeus ) in the Gansbaai and False Bay region . The meat from sharks caught in the fishery is either made into biltong or jerky and sold locally , or exported fresh or frozen to Italy and Taiwan . Although in South Africa the sharptooth houndshark is listed as a noncommercial species and thus cannot be harvested commercially , it is often mistaken for the common smooth @-@ hound ( Mustelus mustelus ) by fishers . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed the sharptooth houndshark as Near Threatened . This species is highly susceptible to even moderate levels of fishing pressure , due to its restricted range , slow growth rate , and low fecundity . The fact that most sharks caught by fishers are immature is an additional source of concern .
= 1933 Cuba – Brownsville hurricane =
The 1933 Cuba – Brownsville hurricane was one of two storms in the 1933 Atlantic hurricane season to reach the intensity of a Category 5 strength on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . It formed on August 22 off the west coast of Africa , and for much of its duration it maintained a west @-@ northwest track . The system intensified into a tropical storm on August 26 and into a hurricane on August 28 . Passing north of the Lesser Antilles , the hurricane rapidly intensified as it approached the Turks and Caicos islands . It reached Category 5 status and its peak winds of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) on August 31 . Subsequently , it weakened before striking northern Cuba on September 1 with winds of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) . In the country , the hurricane left about 100 @,@ 000 people homeless and killed over 70 people . Damage was heaviest near the storm 's path , and the strong winds destroyed houses and left areas without power . Damage was estimated at $ 11 million .
After exiting from Cuba , the hurricane entered the Gulf of Mexico and restrengthened . On September 2 , it re @-@ attained winds of 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) . Initially the hurricane posed a threat to the area around Corpus Christi , Texas , and the local United States Weather Bureau forecaster advised people to stay away from the Texas coastline during the busy Labor Day Weekend . Officials declared martial law in the city and mandated evacuations . However , the hurricane turned more to the west and struck near Brownsville early on September 5 with winds estimated at 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) . It quickly dissipated after causing heavy damage in the Rio Grande Valley . High winds caused heavy damage to the citrus crop . The hurricane left $ 16 @.@ 9 million in damage and 40 deaths in southern Texas .
= = Meteorological history = =
The origins of the hurricane were from a tropical disturbance near the west coast of Africa on August 20 . Two days later , the system organized enough to be classified a tropical depression just southwest of Cape Verde . For the next few days , the system moved west @-@ northwestward with little change in intensity . It is estimated the depression strengthened into a tropical storm on August 26 , about halfway between the Lesser Antilles and Cape Verde . Initially , the storm was elongated , although beginning on August 28 it began to intensify more quickly . That night , the storm attained hurricane status , and many nearby ships reported gale force winds .
On August 29 , the hurricane passed north of the Lesser Antilles as it approached the southeastern Bahamas . It underwent rapid deepening : in a 24 ‑ hour period beginning late on August 29 , the winds increased from 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) to 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) . It also became a small storm , as Grand Turk Island reported winds of 56 mph ( 90 km / h ) while the hurricane passed slightly to the north on August 30 . At 0130 UTC the next day , a ship near Mayaguana reported a barometric pressure of 930
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mbar ( 27 inHg ) and hurricane @-@ force winds . The pressure would ordinarily suggest winds of 152 mph ( 245 km / h ) , but because it was not reported in the eye and the storm was smaller than normal , the winds were estimated at 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) . The hurricane 's winds rank as a Category 5 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale , one of two such storms in the 1933 season .
After maintaining peak winds for about 12 hours , the hurricane began weakening as it passed through the southern Bahamas . At around 1200 UTC on September 1 , the hurricane made landfall on northern Cuba near Sagua La Grande , with winds of about 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) . The eye moved along the northern coast of Cuba , crossing over Matanzas . Shortly thereafter the storm exited into the Straits of Florida , and late on September 1 the hurricane passed about 16 mi ( 26 km ) north of Havana . After entering the Gulf of Mexico , the hurricane restrengthened , and a ship reported a pressure of 948 mbar ( 28 @.@ 0 inHg ) late on September 2 ; this suggested winds of about 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) . The hurricane turned more to the west on September 3 , and as it approached southern Texas it weakened slightly as it decelerated . At 0400 UTC on September 5 , the hurricane made its final landfall on South Padre Island in southern Texas , with winds estimated at 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) . It quickly weakened over land as it crossed into northeastern Mexico , and the storm dissipated late on September 5 .
= = Impact = =
Throughout its path , the hurricane killed at least 179 people collectively in the Turks and Caicos Islands , Cuba , and south Texas . It first affected the Turks and Caicos , producing winds of 54 mph ( 87 km / h ) on Grand Turk .
Before the hurricane struck Cuba , officials warned of the impending storm , and military workers warned people to remain indoors . About 4 @,@ 000 people evacuated the coastal town of Isabela on three trains specifically run for the residents . In Havana , business owners secured their properties in anticipation of the storm . Most of the deaths from the hurricane occurred in northern Cuba . Winds of over 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) affected the coastline , and Havana reported maximum winds of 94 mph ( 151 km / h ) . There , the winds downed power lines and uprooted trees . High waves flooded six blocks of the city with up to 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) of water , entering the cellars of some homes . East of Havana in Cárdenas , high waves destroyed the aqueduct , while high winds severely damaged the local sugar industry . A nearby coastal town 20 mi ( 32 km ) east of Cárdenas was described as being " virtually leveled by the storm " in news reports . In Cienfuegos along the southern coast , the hurricane destroyed many ships and piers . High waves washed four ships ashore , one of which damaged another ship . High winds destroyed hundreds of houses and damaged many others along the storm 's path . About 100 @,@ 000 people were left homeless , many of whom lacking food or medical supplies . In the interior of the country , the hurricane dropped rainfall that flooded rivers and towns . Damage was estimated at $ 11 million , and a report published in 2003 indicated that there were about 70 deaths in the country ; however , newspaper accounts from shortly after the hurricane indicated there were around 100 deaths . After the storm , police officers were deployed to maintain order . Officers shot and killed five people caught looting in Havana , although the deaths were not included in the overall death toll . Officials deployed trucks to pick up wounded citizens .
While the hurricane was over the Bahamas late on August 30 , the United States Weather Bureau issued storm warnings for southern Florida . Two days later , the storm struck Cuba and passed south of the state , producing peak winds of 42 mph ( 68 km / h ) in Key West . The winds caused little damage ; however , high waves destroyed a sea wall and washed onto a coastal roadway . High waves also sank a boat , killing three people .
Three days before the hurricane made its final landfall , officials at the Weather Bureau in Brownsville issued a warning to all stations along the Texas coast , declaring that it was " uncertain where tropical storm in Gulf will reach coast line , but all persons should be warned to remain away from inaccessible places on Texas coast over week end . " The early warning was to prevent travelers from being on the Texas beaches on Labor Day Weekend . As a result , an official at the Corpus Christi Weather Bureau office estimated that the warning " probably saved thousands of lives . " Early on September 4 about a day before landfall , the Weather Bureau issued a hurricane warning from Corpus Christi to Freeport and storm warnings for other locations along the Texas coast . When the storm 's westward motion became more apparent , the hurricane warning was dropped north of Corpus Christi and extended southward to Brownsville . Officials in Corpus Christi declared martial law before the storm struck and ordered mandatory evacuations of low @-@ lying areas . Shelters opened in the city , and many businesses closed .
When the storm moved across the area , winds were estimated at 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) in Brownsville , with gusts to 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) . High tides were reported along the coast , and the storm surge reached 13 ft ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) near Brownsville . The tides flooded portions of Corpus Christi about 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) deep , sinking boats and damaging piers . Storm @-@ generated waves destroyed 20 buildings in one settlement . The storm destroyed the causeway from Padre Island to Flour Bluff , and there were over 40 breaches in the island , some up to a mile wide . The storm dropped heavy rainfall from southern Texas through northeastern Mexico , peaking at over 15 @.@ 0 in ( 380 mm ) at a station near Mercedes ; the total was one of four 24 ‑ hour precipitation records set by the storm . The rains from the storm and two previous hurricanes led to a large increase in tropical butterfly species across the area . Throughout the Rio Grande Valley , the strong winds destroyed about 90 % of the citrus crop . Overall , the hurricane left $ 16 @.@ 9 million in damage and 40 deaths , mostly in Cameron County . However , none of the deaths were in Brownsville or Corpus Christi , which was credited to the advance warning . Damage was less than expected in Corpus Christi , and many business owners who lost revenue sent letters of outcry to the Weather Bureau Headquarters ; however , the Bureau determined that the evacuations and warnings were warranted given the storm 's threat .
= Tom Swift =
Tom Swift is the main character of five series of American juvenile science fiction and adventure novels that emphasize science , invention and technology . First published in 1910 , the series total more than 100 volumes . The character was created by Edward Stratemeyer , the founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate , a book @-@ packaging firm . Tom 's adventures have been written by various ghostwriters , beginning with Howard Garis . Most of the books are credited to the collective pseudonym " Victor Appleton " . The 33 volumes of the second series use the pseudonym Victor Appleton II for the author . For this series , and some of the later series , the main character is " Tom Swift , Jr . " New titles have been published as recently as 2007 . Most of the various series emphasized Tom 's inventions . The books generally describe the effects of science and technology as wholly beneficial , and the role of the inventor in society as admirable and heroic .
Translated into many languages , the books have sold more than 30 million copies worldwide . Tom Swift has also been the subject of a board game and a television series .
Several famous people , including Steve Wozniak and Isaac Asimov , have cited " Tom Swift " as an inspiration . Several inventions , including the Taser , have been inspired allegedly by Swift 's fictional inventions . " TASER " is said to be an acronym for " Thomas A. Swift 's Electric Rifle . "
= = Inventions = =
In his various incarnations , Tom Swift , usually a teenager , is inventive and science @-@ minded , " Swift by name and swift by nature . " Tom is portrayed as a natural genius . In the earlier series , he is said to have had little formal education , the character modeled originally after such inventors as Henry Ford , Thomas Edison , and aviation pioneer Glenn Curtiss . For most of the five series , each book concerns Tom 's latest invention , and its role either in solving a problem or mystery , or in assisting Tom in feats of exploration or rescue . Often Tom must protect his new invention from villains " intent on stealing Tom 's thunder or preventing his success , " but Tom is always successful in the end .
Many of Tom Swift 's fictional inventions described actual technological developments . Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers ( 1911 ) was based on Charles Parsons 's attempts to synthesize diamonds using electric current . Tom Swift and His Photo Telephone was published in 1912 . One source claims the process for sending photographs by telephone was not developed until 1925 . However , the first commercial wired telefax service was established in 1865 , more than a decade before the invention of the telephone . Tom Swift and His Wizard Camera ( 1912 ) features a portable movie camera , not invented until 1923 according to one source . However , many early movie cameras were portable by one man , and a hand @-@ held home movie camera for semi @-@ professional work was designed in 1921 by Emanuel Goldberg . One source mentions Tom Swift and His Electric Locomotive ( 1922 ) was published two years before the Central Railroad of New Jersey began using the first diesel electric locomotive ; however , the book refers to a purely electrical locomotive powered from overhead lines , of the sort that began regular service during the late 19th century . The house on wheels that Tom invents for 1929 's Tom Swift and His House on Wheels pre @-@ dated the first house trailer by a year , but post @-@ dates the widespread use of Romany caravans for living by about a century . Tom Swift and His Diving Seacopter ( 1952 ) features a flying submarine similar to one planned by the United States Department of Defense four years later in 1956 , but this book was published more than a decade after the Soviet flying submarine project began and nearly 50 years after Jules Verne 's 1904 novel Master of the World featured a flying submarine . Other inventions of Tom 's have not happened , such as the device for silencing airplane engines that he invents in Tom Swift and His Magnetic Silencer ( 1941 ) . In any case , technical ideas are often described speculatively by newspapers and magazines for many years prior to commercial realization .
= = Authorship = =
The character of Tom Swift was conceived about 1910 by Edward Stratemeyer , founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate , a book @-@ packaging business , although the name " Tom Swift " was first used in 1903 by Stratemeyer in Shorthand Tom the Reporter ; Or , the Exploits of a Bright Boy . Stratemeyer invented the series to capitalize on the market for children 's science adventure . The Syndicate 's authors created the Tom Swift stories by first preparing an outline with the plot elements , followed by drafting and editing the detailed manuscript . The books were published using the house pseudonym " Victor Appleton " . Edward Stratemeyer and Howard Garis wrote most of the volumes of the original series ; Stratemeyer 's daughter , Harriet Stratemeyer Adams , wrote the last three volumes . The first Tom Swift series ended 1941 .
In 1954 , Harriet Adams created the Tom Swift , Jr. series , which was published using the pseudonym " Victor Appleton II " as author . The main character Tom Swift , Junior , was described as the son of the original Tom Swift . Most of the stories were outlined and plotted by Adams . The texts were written by various writers , among them William Dougherty , John Almquist , Richard Sklar , James Duncan Lawrence , Tom Mulvey and Richard McKenna . The Tom Swift , Jr . , series ended in 1971 .
A third series was begun in 1981 and lasted until 1984 . The rights to the Tom Swift character , along with the Stratemeyer Syndicate , were sold in 1984 to publishers Simon & Schuster . They hired New York City book packaging business Mega @-@ Books to produce further series . Simon & Schuster produced two other Tom Swift series : one , published from 1991 to 1993 , and the Tom Swift , Young Inventor series , begun in 2006 .
= = Series = =
The longest @-@ running series of books to feature Tom Swift is the first , which consists of forty volumes . Tom Swift ( technically Tom Swift , Jr . ) was also the name of the protagonist of the 33 volumes of the Tom Swift , Jr . Adventures , the 11 volumes of the third Tom Swift series , the 13 volumes of the fourth , and a half @-@ dozen more for the most recent series , Tom Swift , Young Inventor , for a total of 103 volumes for all the series . In addition to publication in the United States , Tom Swift books have been published extensively in England , and translated into Norwegian , French , Icelandic , and Finnish .
= = = Original series ( 1910 – 1941 ) = = =
In the original series , Tom Swift lives in fictional Shopton , New York . He is the son of Barton Swift , the founder of the Swift Construction Company . Tom 's mother is deceased , but the housekeeper , Mrs. Baggert , functions as a surrogate mother . Tom usually shares his adventures with close friend Ned Newton , who eventually becomes the Swift Construction Company 's financial manager . For most of the series , Tom dates Mary Nestor . It has been suggested that his eventual marriage to Mary led to the series ' demise , as young boys found a married man harder to identify with than a young , single one ; however , after the 1929 marriage the series continued for 12 more years and eight further volumes . Regularly appearing characters include Wakefield Damon , an older man , whose dialogue is characterized by frequent use of such whimsical expressions as " Bless my brakeshoes ! " and " Bless my vest buttons ! "
The original Tom Swift has been claimed to represent the early 20th @-@ century conception of inventors . Tom has no formal education after high school ; according to critic Robert Von der Osten , Tom 's ability to invent is presented as " somehow innate " . Tom is not a theorist but a tinkerer and , later , an experimenter who , with his research team , finds practical applications for others ' research ; Tom does not so much methodically develop and perfect inventions as find them by trial and error .
Tom 's inventions are not at first innovative . In the first two books of the series , he fixes a motorcycle and a boat , and in the third book he develops an airship , but only with the help of a balloonist . Tom is also at times unsure of himself , asking his elders for help ; as Von der Osten puts it , " the early Tom Swift is more dependent on his father and other adults at first and is much more hesitant in his actions . When his airship bangs into a tower , Tom is uncharacteristically nonplussed and needs support . " However , as the series progresses , Tom 's inventions " show an increasingly independent genius as he develops devices , such as an electric rifle and a photo telephone , further removed from the scientific norm " . Some of Tom 's inventions are improvements of then @-@ current technologies , while other inventions were not in development at the time the books were published , but have since been developed .
= = = Second series ( 1954 – 1971 ) = = =
In this series , presented as an extension and continuation of the first , the Tom Swift of the original series is now the CEO of Swift Enterprises , a four @-@ mile @-@ square enclosed facility where inventions are conceived and manufactured . Tom 's son , Tom Swift , Jr . , is now the primary inventive genius of the family . Stratemeyer Syndicate employee Andrew Svenson described the new series as based " on scientific fact and probability , whereas the old Toms were in the main adventure stories mixed with pseudo @-@ science " . Three Ph.D.s in science were hired as consultants to the series to ensure scientific accuracy . The younger Tom does not tinker with motorcycles ; his inventions and adventures extend from deep within the Earth ( in Tom Swift and His Atomic Earth Blaster [ 1954 ] ) to the bottom of the ocean ( in Tom Swift and His Diving Seacopter [ 1956 ] ) to the moon ( in Tom Swift and the Race to Moon [ 1958 ] ) and , eventually , the outer solar system ( in Tom Swift and His Cosmotron Express [ 1970 ] ) . Later volumes of the series increasingly emphasized the extraterrestrial " space friends " , as they are termed throughout the series . The beings appear as early as the first volume of the series , Tom Swift and His Flying Lab ( 1954 ) . The Tom Swift , Jr . , Adventures were less commercially successful than the first series , selling 6 million copies total , compared with sales of 14 million copies for the first series .
In contrast to the earlier series , many of Tom Jr . ' s inventions are designed to operate in space , and his " genius is unequivocally original as he constructs nuclear @-@ powered flying labs , establishes outposts in space , or designs ways to sail in space on cosmic rays " . Unlike his father , Tom Jr. is not just a tinkerer ; he relies on scientific and mathematical theories , and , according to critic Robert Von der Osten , " science [ in the books ] is , in fact , understood to be a set of theories that are developed based on experimentation and scientific discussion . Rather than being opposed to technological advances , such a theoretical understanding becomes essential to invention . "
Tom Swift , Jr . ' s Cold War @-@ era adventures and inventions are often motivated by patriotism , as Tom repeatedly defeats the evil agents of the fictional nations " Kranjovia " and " Brungaria " , the latter a place that critic Francis Molson describes as " a vaguely Eastern European country , which is strongly opposed to the Swifts and the U.S. Hence , the Swifts ' opposition to and competition with the Brungarians is both personal and patriotic . "
= = = Third series ( 1981 – 1984 ) = = =
The third Tom Swift series differs from the first two in that the setting is primarily outer space , although Swift Enterprises ( located now in New Mexico ) is occasionally mentioned . Tom Swift explores the universe in the starship Exedra , using a faster @-@ than @-@ light drive he has reverse @-@ engineered from an alien space probe . He is aided by Benjamin Franklin Walking Eagle , a Native American who is Tom 's co @-@ pilot , best friend , and an expert computer technician , and Anita Thorwald , a former rival of Tom 's who now works with him as a technician and whose right leg has been rebuilt to contain a miniature computer .
This series maintains only an occasional and vague continuity with the two previous series . Tom is called the son of " the great Tom Swift " and said to be " already an important and active contributor to the family business , the giant multimillion @-@ dollar scientific @-@ industrial complex known as Swift Enterprises " . However , as critic Francis Molson indicates , it is not explained whether this Tom Swift is the grandson of the famous Tom Swift of the first series or still the Tom Swift , Jr . , of the second .
The Tom Swift of this third series is less of an inventor than his predecessors , and his inventions are rarely the main feature of the plot . Still , according to Molson , " Tom the inventor is not ignored . Perhaps the most impressive of his inventions and the one essential to the series as a whole is the robot he designs and builds , Aristotle , which becomes a winning and likeable character in its own right . " The books are slower @-@ paced than the Tom Swift , Jr. adventures of the second series , and include realistic , colloquial dialogue . Each volume begins where the last one ended , and the technology is plausible and accurate .
= = = Fourth series ( 1991 – 1993 ) = = =
The fourth series featuring Tom Swift ( again a " Jr . " ) is set mostly on Earth ( with occasional voyages to the Moon ) ; Swift Enterprises is now located in California . In the first book , The Black Dragon , it 's mentioned that Tom is the son of Tom Swift Sr. and Mary Nestor . The books deal with what Richard Pyle describes as " modern and futuristic concepts " and , as in the third series , feature an ethnically diverse cast of characters .
Like the Tom Swift , Jr. series , the series portrays Tom as a scientist as well as an inventor whose inventions depend on a knowledge of theory . The series differs from previous versions of the character , however , in that Tom 's inventive genius is portrayed as problematic and sometimes dangerous . As Robert Von der Osten argues , Tom 's inventions for this series often have unexpected and negative repercussions .
a device to create a miniature black hole which casts him into an alternative universe ; a device that trains muscles but also distorts the mind of the user ; and a genetic process which , combined with the effect of his black hole , results in a terrifying devolution . Genius here begins to recapitulate earlier myths of the mad scientist whose technological and scientific ambitions are so out of harmony with nature and contemporary science that the results are usually unfortunate .
The series features more violence than previous series ; in The Negative Zone , Tom blows up a motel room to escape the authorities .
There was a derivative of this series featuring Tom Swift and the Hardy Boys called A Hardy Boys & Tom Swift Ultra Thriller that was published from 1992 to 1993 , and only had 2 volumes released . Both books dealt with science fictional topics ( time travel and aliens landing on earth ) .
= = = Fifth series ( 2006 – 2007 ) = = =
The fifth series , " Tom Swift , Young Inventor " , returns Tom Swift to Shopton , New York , with Tom as the son of Tom Swift and Mary Nestor , the names of characters of the original Tom Swift series . The series features inventions that are close to current technology " rather than ultra @-@ futuristic " . " Tom Swift , Young Inventor " , goes to the sea to test his new invention .
= = Other media = =
Parker Brothers produced a
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previous track with a basic drum kick , emotional vocals by Niki Randa , Sonar blip sounds , chimes , and a walking bassline . It has heavy emphasis on the first and third beat of every measure . " Until the Colours Come " contains modulated synthesizers . " Heave ( n ) " features bright , round keyboards , jazz and electronica elements , and tonal shading . Mark Richardson of Pitchfork views that the music from " All In " to " Heave ( n ) " comprise an opening section on the album that " functions as a sort of miniature suite of downtempo jazz . "
" Tiny Tortures " features echoing , tendrillar guitar , minimal glitch sounds , and post @-@ rock melodies . The song begins with a skeletal , irregular rhythm , comprising a digital wood block , snare drum , and hissing cymbals , that is subsequently contrasted by Thundercat 's harmonic bass runs . " All the Secrets " has a new @-@ age sound and features Casiotone breakdowns , deftly timed vocal samples , restless drumming , poignant piano , and post @-@ dub elements . " Sultan 's Request " has a square wave bassline , tense synthesizers , and transitioning pitches and textures , spanning from a low @-@ end drop to an upper register of high @-@ pitched samples and steady hand claps . " Putty Boy Strut " features an alien critter voice , complex drum programming , and acousmatic jazz guitars . It concludes with a brief violin section .
" See Thru to U " incorporates jazz fusion and funk styles . It features a loose arrangement , tom @-@ tom drums , hi @-@ hats , double bass , and tribal rhythms . Erykah Badu 's vocals on the song are distorted and layered into loose , overlapping patterns , scat arrangements , and high @-@ pitched vocal runs . " DMT Song " and " Nightcaller " serve as the album 's centerpiece . The former song , titled after the natural psychedelic compound dimethyltryptamine , incorporates jazz @-@ funk and light tenor to chorused falsetto vocals by Thundercat . It transitions into " The Nightcaller " , which has analog 4 / 4 percussion , piercing synthesizers , and interplay between Thundercat 's bass and virtuosic cello . The song 's smooth , muffled beat climaxes as a euphoric crescendo . The densely textured title track features expressive bass playing by Thundercat , continuous gong and handclaps , and J Dilla @-@ like keyboard . " Only If You Wanna " is a futuristic jazz trio piece with both digital and analog sounds . Allmusic 's Andy Kellman delineates the songs from " See Thru to U " to " Only If You Wanna " as the album 's most musically connected and " least divisible " section .
" Electric Candyman " has a dreamy R & B style and features distant , cooing vocals by Thom Yorke , a rattling drum sample , ghostly drones , and anthropoid shrieks . Yorke chants on the song , " look into my mirror and say my name " , a reference to the titular character in the 1992 film Candyman . Flying Lotus said of his vocals on the song , " I like it when he gets into that spooky pocket . People are like , that doesn 't sound like Thom , make it sound more like Thom – but I 'm like , it 's my album . " The electro @-@ acoustic " Phantasm " contains slinky vocals by Laura Darlington , metronome clicks , oscillating string arrangements , and agitated downtempo sounds . " me Yesterday / / Corded " features bright arpeggios , twisted bass grooves , and a subsuming vocal chorus . Flying Lotus characterizes the song as a reflection of his past emotions . " Dream to Me " has overlapping synthesizers and serves as an exodus in the album 's conceptual arc .
= = Release and promotion = =
First released in Japan on September 26 , 2012 , as a CD , Until the Quiet Comes was made available on all formats — CD , vinyl , and digital — on October 2 by Warp Records . It was also made available for streaming online from September 26 to October 2 , the date of its release in North America . Until the Quiet Comes was sent as a single 47 @-@ minute digital track to music critics who would be reviewing it . Flying Lotus intended for the album to be listened as a whole instead of skimmed through by listeners . During October , he appeared at several release events , including in @-@ store appearances , signings , DJ sets , and interview sessions at music venues and retailers . In its first week of release , Until the Quiet Comes debuted at number 34 on the Billboard 200 , selling 13 @,@ 000 copies . By October 7 , 2012 , it had sold 14 @,@ 000 copies , according to Nielsen SoundScan . The album also debuted at number 34 on the UK Albums Chart , and became Flying Lotus ' highest @-@ charting record in the United Kingdom . In Belgium , it charted for four weeks , peaking at number 26 .
Two singles were released in promotion of Until the Quiet Comes . Lead single " See Thru to U " was released on August 16 , 2012 , as a digital download on iTunes . It was accompanied by the release of an abstract music video online . On September 17 , Flying Lotus released a teaser video called Small Moments , in which previews of the album 's songs were accompanied by mysterious , botanical imagery . " Putty Boy Strut " was released on September 19 with an accompanying animated , robot @-@ themed video by Cyriak . A music video for " Tiny Tortures " was released on November 29 and featured Elijah Wood playing a depressed man without a right arm who envisions objects in his room recreating his arm , but is revealed to be torturing himself .
Flying Lotus released a short film on September 6 to promote Until the Quiet Comes . It was titled after the record and directed by Kahlil Joseph , who shot it in 35 mm film at the Nickerson Gardens housing project in Watts , Los Angeles and incorporated three songs from the album — " See Thru to U " , " Hunger " , and " Getting There " . The film was intended to be a tragic depiction of urban life featuring Joseph 's interpretations of innocence , violence , and death . It begins with an African @-@ American youth 's death , segues into a scene of affection shared among other African @-@ American males , and concludes with the shooting of another , whose death is reversed to the effect of a dance . A scene in the film also features an inner city youth wearing a shirt bearing the words " J Dilla Changed My Life " , an allusion to the influence of J Dilla on Flying Lotus . The film received praise from critics , and its viral success led to Warp Records ' decision to pitch it to a music video network ; it was ultimately accepted and aired by MTV2 . Hilton Als of The New Yorker called the film " an amalgamation of horrifying beauty " and wrote of Joseph 's use of rewind , " the character ’ s fall becomes a kind of dance — for life . "
= = = Tour = = =
On September 23 , Flying Lotus performed at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles . He then embarked on an international tour for the album during October to November 2012 , playing 11 concert dates in North America and eight dates abroad , including Europe and Japan . He performed strictly with his laptop , and excluded takes of songs he had recorded with Miguel Atwood Ferguson 's string quartet , feeling that the strings would not translate live . Along with his own material , Flying Lotus included remixes of other artists ' songs in his live sets , including Jay @-@ Z , Alicia Keys , and Kanye West .
Flying Lotus felt that his grasp on new mixing techniques helped make his live shows more " evolved and changed a little bit " , saying in an interview for Exclaim ! , " It 's more dynamic . But still a party ! Not like my albums , [ which ] are more like personal exchange ; [ live ] it 's nice to have that social experience . " Reviewing his performance at Danforth Music Hall , Now magazine observed a " resoundingly maximal aesthetic and sound " that was " way more bombastic EDM " than the album 's " IDM abstraction " , citing as an example his mixing of " the recognizable with the weird , like when Kanye West 's Mercy gave way to the hand @-@ claps of Quiet cut Putty Boy Strut . " Flying Lotus also worked with longtime collaborator Dr. Strangeloop to create collage @-@ like imagery during the shows , including geometric visuals synched to the performed music . Joshua P. Ferguson of Time Out wrote of the visual effects in Flying Lotus ' performance at Metro Chicago , " all manner of Tron @-@ like halos , expanding and contracting orbs , starscapes and unidentifiable amorphous globs of color raced , shot and oozed their way across screens placed both in front of and behind Flying Lotus . "
= = Critical reception = =
Until the Quiet Comes received rave reviews from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 83 , which indicates " universal acclaim " , based on 36 reviews . It was dubbed " the sound of the future " by NME magazine 's Lucy Jones , and a " masterpiece of sound engineering " by Scott Kara of The New Zealand Herald . Allmusic 's Andy Kellman commented that Flying Lotus " not only peels away layers from his sound but organizes his tracks into a gracefully flowing sequence " on what is " his most accessible and creative release yet . " Filter magazine 's Kyle Lemmon found his musicianship deft and the songs invariably " vaporous and angelic or menacing and silhouetted . " Thomas May of musicOMH praised both the difficult concept and its execution : " With an unprecedented melodic disposition and busy yet rarely cluttered arrangements , this album possesses remarkable poise and balance in the face of its fearsome complexity . " Drowned in Sound 's Jazz Monroe said that it may ultimately be Flying Lotus ' best album because of his ability to " close the schism between the true avant @-@ garde and the leftfield mainstream " . Arnold Pan of PopMatters said that his amalgamated music is achieved with admirable ease and lucidity , as Flying Lotus " conducts a master class on both how to create flow as well as how to maintain it through an entire album . "
In a mixed review , Alex Macpherson from The Guardian found the record to be " packed full of ideas " on tracks that " feel less like fully fleshed @-@ out compositions than lightly drawn sketches started , but not always finished " . State magazine 's Karen Lawler said that its songs are " too short for any single musical concept to fully develop . " Will Hermes of Rolling Stone complimented Flying Lotus ' " taste for 21st @-@ century soul jazz with swarming high @-@ end displays " and stated , " It all adds up to something so captivating that vocal guests ... can get a little lost . Although maybe that 's the point " . Although he found its " complicated brilliance " less " boisterous " than Cosmogramma , Jonah Bromwich of The A.V. Club felt that the album " does a better job than its predecessor of weaving together the tangled strands of " disparate styles and concluded , " after multiple listens , the album reveals itself to be as nuanced , as subtle , and a lot more digestible " .
= = Track listing = =
Notes
( add . ) denotes additional production .
" Hunger " incorporates elements from " Guitar 12 " by Jonny Greenwood .
= = Personnel = =
Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes .
Sam Baker – composer
Brandon Coleman – keyboards
Gene Coye – drums
Daddy Kev – mastering
Laura Darlington – composer , vocals
Dorian Concept – keyboards
Erykah Badu – composer , vocals
Miguel Atwood Ferguson – strings
Flying Lotus – composer , producer
Jonny Greenwood – composer
The Integration Players – strings
Dan Kitchens – photography
Austin Peralta – composer , keyboards
Niki Randa – composer , vocals
Stephen Serrato – art direction , design
Thundercat – bass guitar , composer , vocals
Thom Yorke – composer , vocals
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
= George Eyre =
Sir George Eyre KCB KCMG ( d . 15 February 1839 ) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , eventually rising to the rank of Vice @-@ Admiral of the Red .
Eyre served with James King in the Caribbean during the American War of Independence , seeing action in a number of engagements . With the conclusion of the war , he was based at times at Halifax , and later off the South American coast and in the Mediterranean . With the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars , Eyre served in the Mediterranean and was involved in the Siege of Toulon , before being given his first command , the 14 @-@ gun brig @-@ sloop HMS Speedy . The command was short @-@ lived , and Speedy was chased down and captured by a large French fleet . Taken into captivity , Eyre and his men endured harsh conditions until being exchanged back to Britain . Acquitted for the loss of his ship and given a new command , Eyre went out to the West Indies , but returned to Britain in 1799 and saw little further employment until 1806 , when he joined the Mediterranean fleet and was active off the coast of Spain , supporting Spanish resistance to the French .
In 1809 he went to the Adriatic and took part in the campaign there , helping to capture several islands . He launched an assault on Santa Maura and was wounded during the operations . After participating in the blockade of Corfu he returned to the Spanish coast and resumed operations there in support of the Spanish partisans . Returning to England again in 1811 , he went ashore and was not actively employed for the rest of the Napoleonic Wars , though he received a knighthood and was later appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath . He returned to service in 1823 , commanding the South American station during a time of particular diplomatic difficulties , and on returning home in 1826 retired ashore owing to illness . He died in 1839 .
= = Family and early life = =
George Eyre was born the fourth and youngest son of politician Anthony Eyre , who had represented the constituency of Boroughbridge in a number of parliaments , and his wife , Judith Letitia . George 's elder brother , Anthony Hardolph Eyre , also entered politics and represented Nottinghamshire during the 1800s . George attended Harrow School and after spending several months at an academy in Chelsea , entered the navy in 1782 . His first ship was the 44 @-@ gun HMS Resistance , under the command of Captain James King . They went out to Jamaica escorting a convoy , and remained in the area for the rest of the American War of Independence .
On 2 March 1783 , while sailing in company with HMS Duguay Trouin , two ships were discovered anchored in Turks Island passage . On being spotted the two ships cut their cables and stood to the southwest , upon which Resistance promptly gave chase . The rearmost ship , carrying 20 guns , sprang her main topmast , and surrendered after Resistance came up and fired a broadside . She then gave chase to the other , carrying 28 guns , and after enduring fire from her stern chasers , came alongside and the Frenchman promptly surrendered . The ships were discovered to be two transports that had taken troops to Turks Island , garrisoning it with 530 men . One of the ships , the 28 @-@ gun Coquette was commanded by the Marquis de Grasse , nephew of the Comte de Grasse . One or two days later Resistance fell in with a small squadron under Captain Horatio Nelson , consisting of HMS Albemarle , HMS Tartar , HMS Drake and the armed ship Barrington . Nelson decided to attack the recently garrisoned Turks Island , and 250 men were landed under the cover of supporting fire from the ships . The French were found to be heavily entrenched , and the British withdrew after being unable to dislodge them .
With the end of the war Eyre returned to England with King aboard HMS Diamond , but soon rejoined the Resistance and went out to Halifax to join Sir Charles Douglas . As Douglas ' flagship spent most of her time in port , Eyre was sent out to cruise on other ships , including HMS Mercury under Captain Stanhope , and HMS Atalanta under Captain Thomas Foley . Eyre returned to Britain with Resistance in 1786 , and the following year joined the 44 @-@ gun HMS Adventure under Captain Francis Parry . Parry went out as commodore to Guinea , but ill @-@ health obliged him to resign his command , and Eyre went to Newfoundland aboard Captain Trigge 's HMS Nautilus . Eyre joined Admiral Lord Howe 's flagship HMS Queen Charlotte during the Spanish Armament , and in November 1790 was promoted to lieutenant . He then joined HMS Scipio under Captain Edward Thornbrough , and after Scipio was paid off , HMS Aquilon under Captain Robert Stopford , in which he sailed to the Mediterranean .
= = French Revolutionary Wars = =
On the outbreak of war with France in 1793 Eyre was appointed to HMS St George , the flagship of Rear @-@ Admiral John Gell , a relation of Eyre 's . He was present at the capture of a French privateer and her Spanish registered prize St Jago . St George went on to join Admiral Lord Hood 's fleet at Gibraltar , and went with him to Toulon . Eyre took an active part in the Siege of Toulon , volunteering to command the detachment of marines landed from St George and sent to defend Fort La Malgue . He went from there to command the battery at Fort Pharon , and after some time attracted Hood 's attention with his good service . Hood appointed him to his flagship HMS Victory . After the fall of Toulon and the British evacuation he was advanced to commander and appointed to command the sloop HMS Speedy , succeeding Commander George Cockburn , who had been appointed to command HMS Inconstant . He assisted in the capture of Bastia , and was then ordered to join HMS Diadem off Nice .
= = = Capture = = =
While making his way there he ran into the French fleet on 9 June , the French having sailed from Toulon some days earlier and headed east along the coast . Despite pressing on sail Speedy was overrun and captured . Eyre was taken aboard one of the French ships , and later transferred to the flagship of the fleet 's commander , Rear @-@ Admiral Pierre Martin . Martin asked him if he had heard of the decree from the National Convention which declared that ' no quarter should be given to either the English or the Hanoverians ' . Eyre replied that they had not , on which he was told by Martin that " ... I must tell you that it is now un guerre à mort [ a war to the death ] ; and if I had been the first to come alongside of you , I should have instantly sent you to the bottom . " At this point the main British fleet was seen approaching , and Eyre was hurried back to the first ship he had been brought onto , and the French hurried into Gourjean roads , taking Speedy and the captured British crew with them .
Eyre and the crew were landed and marched to Antibes , where they were imprisoned with the crew of a Sardinian frigate that had been captured the day before Speedy . The crew had been imprisoned on Martin 's flagship Sans Culotte and had been severely treated , with their captain , Ross , not being allowed to wash or shave . The British were placed in a dungeon at Antibes , with only straw to lie on , awaiting the decision of the authorities . After three weeks in this state , they were marched to Aix @-@ en @-@ Provence and were confined in the prison there . After a month imprisoned in Aix , Maximilien Robespierre fell and the Reign of Terror came to an end . The British were paroled . Eyre and the officers were taken to Romans , in Dauphiné where Eyre remained until May 1795 when he was released in exchange for a French officer . He faced a court @-@ martial for the loss of Speedy , but was honourably acquitted .
= = = West Indies = = =
Eyre was next appointed to command the sloop HMS Albacore , before being made post @-@ captain on 6 June 1796 and given command of the 20 @-@ gun HMS Prompte . He went out with Sir Hugh Cloberry Christian to the West Indies and took part in the reduction of Saint Lucia . While there he was appointed by Sir Hyde Parker to command the 44 @-@ gun HMS Regulus and carried out a number of cruises , capturing several prizes and winning himself riches and recognition . While cruising off Puerto Rico on 11 July 1798 Eyre located five merchant ships at anchor under a shore battery at Aguada , and decided to attempt to capture or destroy them . The ship 's boats were sent in under Lieutenants Good and Holman while Regulus and a prize schooner stood close by to support them . The wind failed however , and neither ship could get near enough to support them , but Lieutenant Good pressed on , and boarded the ships . With no wind he was unable to bring them all out , and so destroyed the two he was unable to sail out . British casualties , despite being under fire for the whole operation , amounted to one man wounded . Eyre returned to Britain in September 1799 , transporting Vice @-@ Admiral Richard Rodney Bligh .
= = Napoleonic Wars = =
= = = Spanish coast = = =
Eyre was then unemployed for a while , with the exception of a brief period in temporary command of HMS San Josef from 11 February to 18 March 1801 , succeeding Thomas Hardy and in turn being succeeded by William Wolseley . He finally received a posting in July 1806 when he was appointed to the 64 @-@ gun HMS Ardent , but was soon moved to command the newly built 74 @-@ gun HMS Magnificent . Magnificent initially served with the Channel Fleet , which was then under Admiral Lord St Vincent , before going out to the Bay of Biscay with Sir Eliab Harvey 's squadron . Eyre moved to the Mediterranean in June 1807 , coming under Lord Collingwood 's orders while based off Cadiz . With the Spanish rising on 2 May 1808 and the surrender of the French squadron in Cadiz on 14 June , Collingwood sent Eyre to patrol off Toulon . Shortly afterwards he was sent to Rosas to support the Spanish there , and several days later evacuated Lord Cochrane and his garrison from Fort Trinidad .
= = = Adriatic = = =
Eyre was next appointed by Lord Collingwood to take command of the squadron in the Adriatic in April 1809 , a command that then consisted of three ships of the line and seven or eight frigates . In October 1810 he was sent with Magnificent , HMS Belle Poule and HMS Kingfisher to join Captain John William Spranger 's squadron and assist in the capture of Cephalonia , Zante and Cerigo , part of a long running campaign in the Adriatic . Santa Maura initially remained in French hands , and became a base for small cruisers which were an annoyance to the British forces . Eyre resolved to attack and capture it and together with General John Oswald and troops of the 35th Regiment of Foot made a landing on 22 March 1810 . The French withdrew to a citadel , protected by three redoubts , which the British attacked . During the heavy fighting Eyre was hit in the head by a musket ball and knocked to the ground , narrowly avoiding death as three other balls passed through his clothing . Eyre handed over command of the expedition to Captain James Brisbane of HMS Belle Poule while he recovered , and was well enough to resume command on 25 March . The British forced the French to surrender on 16 April , the British casualties being seven dead and 39 wounded . Eyre was personally thanked by Admirals Sir George Martin and Sir Charles Cotton , and the Lords of the Admiralty .
With the islands secure Eyre enforced the blockade of Corfu . On 6 February 1811 he encountered an enemy relief convoy bound from Otranto to Corfu , consisting of 25 ships . Eyre captured 22 of them , carrying grain , ordnance and 500 troops . Eyre also stationed several frigates in the northern part of the Adriatic under the command of Captain William Hoste . Hoste went on to win a significant victory over a French squadron under Bernard Dubourdieu at the Battle of Lissa . Eyre spent a total of two years commanding the station , the time spent almost constantly at sea , only briefly putting into port to refit and replenish supplies . He was succeeded in the post by Captain Charles Rowley and went to join the fleet of Toulon . On the occasion of his departure his subordinate , James Brisbane wrote
= = = Return to Spain = = =
The Mediterranean fleet was by now under Sir Edward Pellew , and Eyre was sent to the Spanish coast to support the Spanish forces fighting the French . Eyre was particularly active off the coast of Valencia and evacuated the garrison of Oropesa del Mar , earning the thanks of General Joaquín Blake y Joyes . On being ordered back to England in 1811 Pellew also wrote a private letter of thanks , following on from his earlier declaration that ' I have to express my complete approbation of Captain Eyre 's methods , and have much satisfaction of employing the services of that most excellent officer in the aid of the Valencia patriots . ' Eyre arrived in England in 1812 , his health having been affected by his five years on a foreign station , and requested and received permission to go ashore . As a mark of his services in the Adriatic and off Spain he was knighted by King George III . Eyre was appointed a Colonel of Marines on 4 June 1814 and was nominated as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath following the expansion of the order on 12 January 1815 .
= = Flag rank and South America = =
Eyre was promoted to rear @-@ admiral on 12 August 1819 and shortly afterwards received an offer from Lord Melville to take command of the Cape and St Helena stations , but was unable to accept owing to matters of a personal nature . In 1823 he was able to accept the offer of the command of the South American station , at a time when several of the former Spanish colonies were declaring independence . Eyre was able to successfully manage delicate diplomatic and military duties , and was able to protect British rights and possessions in the area during periods of upheaval . His actions in the region included signing treaties with Spain and Portugal involving the prevention of illegal slave trafficking . He stepped down after the expiration of his posting and was succeeded by Admiral Sir Robert Otway .
= = Family and later life = =
Eyre returned to Britain , arriving at Spithead on 10 December 1826 , and was almost immediately offered command of a squadron fitting out for Lisbon . The changes in climate had brought on an attack of gout , and on being informed that as Sir Thomas Hardy 's squadron was already on the spot , he was at liberty to refuse the offer . Eyre did so , and retired ashore . He appears to have had no further commands , and was advanced to vice @-@ admiral in 1830 . He had married Georgiana Cooke , the daughter of Sir George Cooke , 7th Baronet , at Doncaster on 1 November 1800 , with whom he had a family of eight children , including two sons named George @-@ Hardolf and William . Sir George Eyre died on 15 February 1839 at the rectory , Carlton , Derbyshire .
= Queer Eye =
Queer Eye is an American reality television series that premiered on the cable television network Bravo during July 2003 . The program 's name was changed from Queer Eye for the Straight Guy after the third season to generalize the scope of its content . The series was created by executive producers David Collins and Michael Williams along with their producing partner David Metzler ; it was produced by their production company , Scout Productions .
The series is premised on and uses the stereotypes that homosexual ( " queer " ) men are superior in matters of fashion , style , personal grooming , interior design and culture . In each episode , the team of five homosexual men known collectively as the " Fab Five " perform a " makeover " ( in the parlance of the show , a " make @-@ better " ) on a person , usually a heterosexual ( " straight " ) man , revamping his wardrobe , redecorating his home and offering advice on grooming , lifestyle and food .
Queer Eye for the Straight Guy debuted during 2003 , and quickly became a surprise success . The success of the series resulted in merchandising , franchising of the concept internationally , and a woman @-@ oriented spin @-@ off , Queer Eye for the Straight Girl . Queer Eye won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program during 2004 . The series ' name was abbreviated to Queer Eye at the beginning of its third season to represent the show 's change from making over only heterosexual men to including women and homosexual men . Queer Eye ended production during 2006 June and the final ten episodes were broadcast during October 2007 . The series ended October 30 . During September 2008 , the Fine Living Network briefly aired Queer Eye in syndication .
= = The " Fab Five " = =
Ted Allen : " Food and Wine Connoisseur " , expert on alcohol , beverages , food preparation and presentation .
Kyan Douglas : " Grooming Guru " , expert on hair , grooming , personal hygiene , and makeup .
Thom Filicia : " Design Doctor " , expert on interior design and home organization .
Carson Kressley : " Fashion Savant " , expert on clothing , fashion and personal styling .
Jai Rodriguez : " Culture Vulture " , expert on popular culture , relationships and social interaction .
= = Production = =
Producers Collins and Metzler were given approval by Bravo to develop Queer Eye after the ratings success the network experienced when it counterprogrammed a
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and order in a growing territory . Mark C. Dillon 's Montana Vigilantes 1863 – 1870 Gold , Guns and Gallows ( 2013 ) concludes that given the lawless environment and criminal activity in Alder Gulch and Helena at the time , the lack of any functioning justice system and the understanding of due process at the time , the vigilantes acted in a way they thought was best for their communities . He contends that judging the vigilantes by today 's understanding and standards of due process is problematic .
Justice Dillon 's book is the first work of its kind that examines western vigilante history through the prism of substantive , procedural , and constitutional law , and the role that lawyers and judges ultimately played in restoring a credible system of criminal justice to the region by the end of the decade . ... Universities only publish books that survive rigorous peer reviews . Historian Paul R. Wylie , who was among the historians that reviewed Dillon 's manuscript , predicts that the book " will be the best work on the Montana Vigilantes , and will likely be around for years to come . " Wylie describes the book as having a " careful , informative , judicial approach [ that is ] well @-@ written and very readable , " and that to his knowledge , " there has never been a work in the area quite like this . "
In 2004 , Frederick Allen , a journalist and historian , published A Decent and Orderly Lynching : The Montana Vigilantes reviewed as an up @-@ to @-@ day balanced account of Montana 's vigilante history ( 1864 – 1870 ) . Allen 's book reinforces the motivations and methods of the earliest vigilantes in Alder Gulch while commenting on the growing disdain for vigilantism in the late 1860s . More generalist works on Montana history such as Merrill G. Burlingame 's The Montana Frontier ( 1942 ) and Michael P. Malone 's Montana @-@ A History of Two Centuries ( 1991 ) adequately summarize the vigilante period largely based on earlier accounts by Dimsdale , Langford and Biedler . Additionally , many topical histories of Montana , such as novelist and Montana historian Dan Cushman 's Montana : The Gold Frontier ( 1973 ) cover the vigilante period .
Some works published in the late 20th century about vigilante activity in Alder Gulch portray the vigilantes and their leaders as conspirators with political motives rather than restoring law and order , making an argument that victims were not afforded due process prior to their execution and evidence was insufficient to prove their guilt or innocence . Two works , of Ruth E. Mather and F. E. Boswell , Hanging the Sheriff @-@ A Biography of Henry Plummer ( 1987 , 1999 ) and Vigilante Victims : Montana 's 1864 Hanging Spree ( 1991 ) have been criticized as revisionist , and received poor reviews by Montana historians such as Michael P. Malone and Richard B. Roeder . Additional criticism came from later authors such as Mark C. Dillon and Carol Buchanan .
Mather , R. E. ; Boswell , F. E. ( 1987 ) . Hanging the Sheriff @-@ A Biography of Henry Plummer . Salt Lake City , Utah : University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 9663355 @-@ 0 @-@ 3 .
In Hanging the Sheriff , R. E. Mather and F. E. Boswell have radically redrawn the portrait of Sheriff Henry Plummer and effectively challenged the conventional justification of the Montana vigilantes of 1863 – 64 . The authors reject the vigilante defenders assertion that Plummer 's reign of terror necessitated the formation of a vigilance committee to bring law and order to the area . First , law had been established at Bannack through the miners ' court , Plummer 's election , and the arrival of Judge Edgerton in September 1863 . Second , Plummer 's alleged leadership of the road agents was based on an unsubstantiated and unexamined accusation .
Mather , R. E. ; F. E. Boswell ( 1991 ) . Vigilante Victims : Montana 's 1864 Hanging Spree . San Jose , CA : History West Publishing .
This is a " revisionist " history of the Vigilante movement that claims the road agents were victims of a plot perpetrated in a struggle for power between two factions , one favoring the North and the other favoring the South . It overlooks the cooperation between Pfouts , a strong Confederate , and Sanders , a Union abolitionist , in the leadership of the Vigilantes , and that Jack Gallagher was a Union sympathizer , while Boone Helm died shouting , " Hoorah for Jeff Davis ! "
Another account from John C. Fazio , who writes for the Cleveland Civil War Roundtable , contends that the Vigilance Committee of Alder Gulch had more to do with national politics than with dealing with criminals . He contends that Sidney Edgerton and Wilbur Sanders were pawns of Abraham Lincoln and other unionists who sought ways to rid Montana gold fields of southerners and confederate sympathizers . His views have been rebutted by novelist Carol Buchanan .
= = = Mock trial of Henry Plummer and Plummer 's pardon request = = =
On May 7 , 1993 , the Twin Bridges , Montana public schools organized a mock trial of Henry Plummer at the Madison County courthouse in Virginia City . The trial received national media attention . Adults and students role played events using the accounts of Dimsdale , X. Biedler and Langford . After a six hour trial , the jury of four men and eight women was in deadlock , 6 @-@ 6 . The student playing the role of Henry Plummer was told he was " free " . Based in part on the notoriety of the mock trial , academics sympathetic to the view that Plummer was innocent , petitioned the Montana Board of Pardons and Parole to grant Plummer a pardon . Although supported by a number of prominent historians and scholars , the pardon was denied by the board as Plummer had never actually been convicted of a crime in Montana and therefore the board was without jurisdiction to act .
= = Montana Vigilantes in media and literature = =
Ernest Haycox 's 1942 novel Alder Gulch depicts Bannack Sheriff Henry Plummer as a cold and calculating murderer and thief .
John Dehner played Henry Plummer in an episode of the 1950s western television series , Stories of the Century , starring and narrated by Jim Davis .
Montana Territory is a 1952 Western film starring Wanda Hendrix , Clayton Moore , Hugh Sanders and Lon McCallister . It is a classic western movie , with bandits , a corrupt sheriff [ Plummer ] and a hero who falls for a beautiful woman .
An episode of the TV series Overland Trail , The Montana Vigilantes aired in April 1960 .
In " Two for the Gallows " ( April 11 , 1961 ) of NBC 's Laramie , series character Slim Sherman ( John Smith ) is hired under false pretenses to take a " Professor Landfield " , played by Donald Woods , into the Badlands to seek gold . Landfield , however , is really Morgan Bennett , a member of the former Plummer gang who has escaped from prison .
The Missouri Breaks is a 1976 American western action film starring Marlon Brando and Jack Nicholson that portrays rustling and retribution in 1880s eastern Montana .
Buchanan , Carol ( 2008 ) . God 's Thunderbolt : The Vigilantes of Montana . Charleston , SC : BookSurge Publishing . ISBN 1 @-@ 4196 @-@ 9709 @-@ 9 . — An historical fiction novel set in Alder Gulch , Montana 1863
Little , Michael Edward ( 2010 ) . Twelve Quiet Men : The Story of the Cowboy Vigilantes Known as Stuart 's Stranglers at War with the Outlaws of Montana and Dakota in 1884 . Inkwater Press . ISBN 1 @-@ 59299 @-@ 548 @-@ 9 . — an historical fiction novel .
Scottish folk act , The David Latto Band , wrote a song about the story of Henry Plummer called ' Plummer 's Song ' released on their 2012 eponymous debut album . The song was written from the viewpoint of a member of the Bannack community who had reservation about Plummer 's alleged crimes .
= Viewtiful Joe =
Viewtiful Joe ( ビューティフル ジョー , Byūtifuru Jō ) is a side scrolling beat ' em up video game developed by Team Viewtiful for the GameCube . It was originally released in 2003 as a part of the Capcom Five under director Hideki Kamiya and producer Atsushi Inaba . The game was later ported to the PlayStation 2 by the same design team under the name Clover Studio , subtitled Aratanaru Kibō ( 新たなる希望 , lit . " A New Hope " ) in Japan . The game 's story concerns Joe , an avid movie @-@ goer whose girlfriend Silvia is kidnapped during a film starring Joe 's favorite superhero , Captain Blue . Joe is shortly thereafter thrust into Movieland , where Silvia is taken by the villainous group known as Jadow . After accepting a special V @-@ Watch from Captain Blue , Joe transforms into the tokusatsu @-@ style persona " Viewtiful Joe " and sets out to rescue her .
The gameplay of Viewtiful Joe features traditional 2D platform side @-@ scrolling intermixed with 3D cel @-@ shaded graphics . Abilities known as " VFX Powers " grant the player special actions for combat and puzzle @-@ solving , such as slowing down or speeding up time . Viewtiful Joe was critically acclaimed for its unique visual style and gameplay , earning itself a number of awards from various media publications . A minor commercial success , the game spawned a few sequels with releases seen on other consoles such as the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) and Nintendo DS . An anime adaption of the game was also produced .
= = Gameplay = =
Viewtiful Joe 's core gameplay is similar to a traditional side @-@ scrolling beat ' em up . Taking control of Joe , the player is mostly limited to moving left , right , up , and down on a fixed 2D path . The game contains platforming elements such as the ability to jump and double jump . Combat consists of fighting multiple enemies on screen at once , with the enemies appearing from all directions , including the foreground and background . Joe has the ability to punch , kick , and dodge — which he can do by leaping upward or ducking . Dodging enemies ' attacks successfully temporarily dazes them , leaving them wide open for attack . The player has certain number of hit points in the form of " Life Marks " located above the VFX Gauge , which decrease whenever Joe takes damage . Health can be restored by picking up hamburgers .
Viewtiful Joe features unique gameplay elements in the form of Joe 's " Viewtiful Effects ( VFX ) Power " , which is designed to emulate camera tricks seen in films . VFX Power is used in both battling enemies and solving various puzzles . These three powers are limited by the " VFX Gauge " located at the top of the screen . Normally , the meter is full , giving the player access to Joe 's super powers via his Viewtiful Joe transformation . The meter slowly empties when an ability is in use . Once it depletes , Viewtiful Joe changes to normal Joe , lowering his attack and defense and leaving him temporarily devoid of VFX Power . The VFX Gauge automatically refills over time and can also be manually filled by picking up bottles of " VFX Juice " . The first VFX Power is " Slow " , which slows time , causing the player 's attacks to be more powerful , increasing Joe 's reflexes , and allowing him to dodge attacks more easily . The second VFX Power , " Mach Speed " , allows Joe to move at a faster speed , creating multiple after @-@ images of him when he unleashes a flurry of attacks on all enemies on the screen . It can additionally cause his attacks to envelop Joe in a temporary heat shield , rendering him immune to flame attacks and setting enemies on fire when struck . The last VFX Power , " Zoom In " , causes a camera close @-@ up of Joe , powering up his normal attacks , granting him a set of new attacks , and paralyzing all lesser foes in proximity to him . However , any damage dealt to Joe whilst zoomed in is increased too . Any two VFX Powers can be combined . The VFX Gauge can be extended by collecting a certain number of V @-@ Films present in each stage . The bar reverts to its normal length when a new stage begins .
Defeating enemies gives the player " V @-@ Points " in the form of small and large coins , while using special attacks gives them " V @-@ Marks " , or " Viewtifuls " , which can be converted into V @-@ Points . Viewtifuls can be quickly gained by using combos or long chains of attacks . For example , while using Slow , striking a dazed enemy sets up all other enemies on the screen for a chain reaction , causing all points accrued during the duration of Slow to be multiplied by the number of enemies struck . If used deftly , the player will accumulate a large number of Viewtifuls due to the multiplier effect called " X @-@ Bonus " . Each stage in Viewtiful Joe consists of several interconnected missions , or scenes , that the player must complete in order to advance . When completing the stage , the player is graded on the number of V @-@ Points earned , the amount of time taken , and how much damage Joe took . V @-@ Points can be used between stages to purchase new abilities , expendable weapons ( which include the " Voomerang " and " Shocking Pink Bombs " ) , more health , and health @-@ restorative items . Clearing the game on various difficulties allows players to play as different characters such as Silvia , Captain Blue and Alastor , with the PlayStation 2 version also allowing players to play as Devil May Cry 's Dante .
= = Plot = =
Viewtiful Joe is divided into seven stages , or " episodes " , interspersed with storyline cutscenes and bookended by an opening and ending cinematic . The setting is divided between Earth , or the real world , and " Movieland " , the game 's fictional world of films . The plot begins in a movie theatre on Earth in which the game 's central character Joe and his girlfriend Silvia are watching a tokusatsu drama starring the aged superhero Captain Blue . The movie 's antagonist , having seemingly defeated Captain Blue , suddenly reaches out of the screen and abducts Silvia , taking her into Movieland . Joe is likewise picked up and taken into Movieland by Captain Blue 's giant mecha . Inside the movie , Joe must rescue Silvia from the evil Jadow , the game 's organization of villains . To help him , Captain Blue entrusts him with a V @-@ Watch , a device Joe can use to transform into a superhero upon saying the word " henshin ( transform ) . " Joe promptly does so , inventing his own catchphrase : " Henshin @-@ a @-@ go @-@ go , baby ! "
With the guidance of Captain Blue , Joe fights his way through a number of Movieland 's locations such as cities , underground caves , an underwater base , and a submarine , often travelling via his trusty , robot aircraft " Six Machine " . One by one , Joe defeats the members of the Jadow , the game 's bosses . These include Dark Fiend Charles the 3rd , Iron Ogre Hulk Davidson , Aquatic Terror Gran Bruce , a doppelgänger of Viewtiful Joe , and Blade Master Alastor . Before fighting Alastor , he reveals that in order for the Jadow to break out of Movieland and into the land of humans , they need the " DNA of the Creator " , namely Silvia . Joe makes his way to her , trumping the Jadow 's leader Inferno Lord Fire Leo in combat , only to witness Silvia being kidnapped once again afterwards . Joe and Six Machine race off into outer space after her in the game 's final episode .
Finding Silvia atop the control room of a space station , Joe discovers that Captain Blue has been behind the plot the entire time . The former hero reveals that he is the creator of the film in which they currently exist and that he is Silvia 's seemingly @-@ deceased father . Transforming into the colossal robot King Blue , the villain proclaims that he will take Sylvia 's energy by force in order to break into the real world . Joe tells him off , telling him that he 's no hero . Joe summons a newly transformed mecha " Six Majin " , and the two engage in combat . When the fight ends , Captain Blue and Viewtiful Joe abandon their respective vehicles and face off in a final battle within the space station .
Joe is victorious , and Captain Blue , finally coming to his senses , thanks the young hero for stopping him . He explains that two decades earlier , Blue was a revolutionary film maker who was soon thought of as a fad . Wanting nothing more than to create heroes , Blue was sucked into one of his own films , allowing him to live out his dream as a hero . However , he had lost touch with reality and wanted revenge on the people who had betrayed him . As Captain Blue and Silvia embrace in a heartfelt reunion , the director tells Joe that the story is not complete . He snaps his fingers , and the space station 's onboard computer warns of a large number of UFOs heading towards Earth . Blue tells Joe that a hero will be needed twice more to save the world . Joe attempts to leave but not before Silvia requests a V @-@ Watch from her father and to accompany her boyfriend . Viewtiful Joe and a newly transformed Silvia head out to stop the impending threat together .
= = Development = =
Viewtiful Joe was developed by the design staff " Team Viewtiful " , a part of Capcom Production Studio 4 . The game was announced in late 2002 as part of the Capcom Five , a line @-@ up of five then @-@ upcoming GameCube games to introduce new content to the console . It was directed by Capcom alumnus Hideki Kamiya , whose previous credits include the planning of Resident Evil and Resident Evil 2 and the direction of Devil May Cry . It was produced by Atsushi Inaba , who previously worked on the Ace Attorney series and Steel Battalion . In its earliest stages of development , Viewtiful Joe went under the working title " Red Hot Man " , but the name was changed due to copyright conflicts with the American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers . Viewtiful Joe 's development team initially consisted of six people working under a twelve @-@ month deadline . As work continued , the size of the team grew , and development ended up taking a full 21 months to complete . The game was conceived as a " staff @-@ focused project " aimed at increasing the skill of its creators , specifically director Kamiya .
Inaba stated , " We wanted to create was a challenging game with stunning visuals and fluid gameplay " . As a lifelong fan of superheroes , Inaba 's aim was to combine traditional Japanese tokusatsu with American comic books . The character designs created by Kumiko Suekane were inspired specifically by 1960s and 1970s Japanese @-@ costumed tokusatsu television shows such as Kamen Rider and Ultraman . Graphically , the game adopted a 2D side @-@ scrolling style mixed with 3D cel @-@ shaded animation . Despite many games in the then @-@ modern industry shying away from 2D graphical formats , Inaba said , " We have been able to breathe new life into the genre because we are using a new stylistic way that hasn 't been seen before . " The team chose the GameCube as its platform because of their target audience and because it lent itself well to Viewtiful Joe 's gameplay .
The musical score for Viewtiful Joe was co @-@ composed by Masakazu Sugimori and Masami Ueda . It was released alongside the score for Viewtiful Joe 2 on a double album titled Viewtiful Joe + Viewtiful Joe 2 Original Soundtrack in Japan on 22 December 2004 by Suleputer . A music video is played within the game featuring a rap vocal song titled " Viewtiful World " composed by D.A.I. The video features a group of people , including Inaba himself , motion captured as some of the game 's characters . On 11 June 2003 , Avex released the video on DVD and released the song as a single . Both the North American and Japanese releases of Viewtiful Joe feature English voice acting in order to keep a " western comic book feel to [ the game ] . " Voice @-@ over work in Viewtiful Joe was provided by Soundelux Design Music Group . Voice actors for the game include Dee Bradley Baker , Christina Puccelli , Gregg Berger , Mikey Kelley , Roger Rose , and Kevin Michael Richardson . Director Hideki Kamiya provides the voice for Six Machine .
A budget re @-@ release of the game for the GameCube titled Viewtiful Joe : Revival was released in Japan in late 2003 , adding a " Sweet Mode " to decrease the difficulty setting from the original game 's " Kids Mode " . A PlayStation 2 port of Viewtiful Joe was released by Clover Studio in 2004 . It was released in Japan with the subtitle A New Hope . The release added the character Dante of Devil May Cry as an unlockable character . The PlayStation 2 version does not feature progressive scan seen in the GameCube version . The game was also re @-@ released under Nintendo 's GameCube Player 's Choice label in 2004 in North America and Europe .
It is said that Director Kamiya based Joe 's run animation on how he got to work , and the bosses of the game are based on Capcom executives .
= = Reception = =
= = = Reviews and sales = = =
Viewtiful Joe received positive reviews upon its release . The GameCube version of the game currently holds a GameRankings aggregate score of 92 % , while its PlayStation 2 port holds a score of 88 % . Metacritic lists the GameCube and PlayStation 2 versions of the game at 93 out of 100 and 90 out of 100 , respectively . The game 's graphics , gameplay , and challenge have all been common areas of praise among many reviewers . IGN gave Viewtiful Joe an " Outstanding " rating , noting that the beautiful cel @-@ shaded graphics and high @-@ intensity action make it one of the best action games on the GameCube and PlayStation 2 . Likewise , Eurogamer called it " imaginative , beautiful , engaging and above all else entertaining " . Game Informer praised it as " a completely original and highly entertaining work of art " . Criticisms about Viewtiful Joe have been few but consistent among reviews . IGN complained of the game 's lack of boss variety . GameSpy has concurred , noting that the bosses were too easy due to a powerful attack that the player can perform . Reviewers have also criticized the lack of progressive scan in the game 's PlayStation 2 port . IGN and Eurogamer have additionally pointed out that the PlayStation 2 port suffers slowdown in later stages of the game .
In Japan , the GameCube version of Viewtiful Joe sold through its initial shipment of less than 100 @,@ 000 copies during the week of its release . Preorders of the GameCube version sold out on Capcom 's North American website prior to its ship date , and Viewtiful Joe debuted as the tenth best @-@ selling game in the region . The PlayStation 2 version sold a poor 9 @,@ 912 units in its first week of release in Japan . Worldwide , sales of the game reached 275 @,@ 000 copies on the GameCube and 46 @,@ 000 on the PlayStation 2 . Sales of the game in both North America and Europe were lower than what Capcom had predicted , but due to its small budget , the game was considered by Inaba to be relatively successful commercially .
= = = Legacy = = =
Viewtiful Joe garnered a number of awards and nominations from various magazines , popular gaming websites , and video game award programs . IGN named Viewtiful Joe " GameCube Game of the Year " and " Best Action Game of 2003 " . At GameSpot 's Best of 2003 , the game was nominated for " Best Artistic Achievement in a Game " , " Coolest New Character " , " Best GameCube Game " , " Readers ' Choice Best GameCube Action Game " , and " Readers ' Choice GameCube Game of the Year " . It was also named the fourth @-@ best GameCube game of 2003 by GameSpy , winning the website 's " Most Stylish " award for the year . Viewt
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game was Thad Farnham ( left end ) , Giovanni " Count " Villa ( left tackle ) , Carr ( left guard ) , Wombacher ( center ) , Baker ( right guard ) , Henninger ( right tackle ) , Hutchinson ( right end ) , Howard Felver ( quarterback ) , Caley ( left halfback ) , Gustave Ferbert ( right halfback ) , and Hogg ( fullback ) .
The 1897 Michiganensian noted that the game was Lehigh 's worst defeat of the 1896 season and suggested that the game was important in measuring Michigan 's standing : " This was the only contest with an eastern team and furnished some basis for comparison . ... Comparison with the eastern leaders was necessarily indirect , but it can conservatively be said that at this time Michigan was playing in much the same form as the great eastern quartette . "
= = = Michigan 6 , Minnesota 4 = = =
The first close game of the season game in early November in a conference game against the Minnesota Golden Gophers in Minneapolis . In a game played in 35 minute halves at Athletic Field in Minneapolis , the Wolverines came away with the win by a score of 6 – 4 . Michigan came within ten yards of a touchdown five minutes into the game but did not score . The first half ended in a scoreless tie . When Michigan scored its touchdown in the second half , Michigan fans in the bleachers signaled the event with cowbells . Michigan 's touchdown was scored by fullback duffy and the goal after touchdown was kicked by Ferbert . Minnesota responded with a touchdown ( worth 4 points under 1896 rules ) , but the score came at the far corner of the field where a straight kick for the goal after touchdown ( worth 2 points ) was impossible . Accordingly , Minnesota attempted a double kick , kicking the ball first to the fullback Loomis . Loomis caught the ball so close to the goal posts that his kick for goal " was easily stopped by Michigan players . " The blocked kick was the difference in a close game . Michigan 's lineup was Hutchins ( right end ) , Henninger ( right tackle ) , Bennett ( right guard ) , Wombacher ( center ) , Carr ( left guard ) , Villa ( left tackle ) , Farnham ( left end ) , Felver ( quarterback ) , Caley ( right halfback ) , Ferbert ( left halfback ) , and Hogg and Duff at fullback .
= = = Michigan 10 , Oberlin 0 = = =
After the road game against Minnesota , the Wolverines defeated Oberlin College by a score of 10 – 0 in front of a crowd of 1 @,@ 000 spectators in Ann Arbor . An account of the game published in The World of New York reported : " Michigan put a substitute team against Oberlin to @-@ day and won by making two touchdowns in the first half . Oberlin forced the fighting towards the end of the game . "
= = = Michigan 28 , Wittenberg 0 = = =
In the final home game of the 1896 season , Michigan defeated Wittenberg College by a score of 28 – 0 . The game was described by the press as " a fine exhibition of football , " and the Wittenberg team was credited with playing " a sportsmanlike and fast game . " The game was played on " extremely muddy grounds " at Regents Field , but the conditions did not stop Michigan 's interference . Three minutes into the game , Michigan 's right end scored the first touchdown " on a pretty quarterback kick from the thirty yard line . " Michigan reportedly " found no trouble in gaining as she pleased , " scoring 18 points in the first half and 10 more in the second . Halfbacks Coley and Pingree each scored two touchdowns for Michigan . The game was played in halves of 20 and 15 minutes . Michigan 's lineup in the game was Farnham ( left end ) , Villa ( left tackle ) , Carr ( left guard ) , Wombacher ( center ) , Bennett ( right guard ) , Henninger ( right tackle ) , Greenleaf ( right end ) , Drumheller ( quarterback ) , Pingree and Gordon ( left halfback ) , Coley ( right halfback ) , and Hogg ( fullback ) .
Through the first nine games , Michigan was undefeated and had outscored its opponents by a combined score of 256 to 4 .
= = = Chicago 7 , Michigan 6 = = =
The final game of the season , to decide the Western Conference championship , matched Michigan against Amos Alonzo Stagg 's Chicago Maroons on Thanksgiving Day . Michigan lost the game , which was described as " one of the most desperately contested games ever played in Chicago , " by a score of 7 – 6 . The game featured " few trick plays , " as both teams relied on " straight , hard football . " Hazen Pingree , Jr . ( whose father , Hazen S. Pingree , had been elected Governor of Michigan three weeks earlier ) was the star of the game for Michigan , as one newspaper reported that Pingree 's effort " in the first half was the ' whole thing , ' the plucky little fellow seldom failing to make the required distance . " Pingree was unable to play in the second half , and Gustave Ferbert , who later became a millionaire in the Klondike Gold Rush , took over in the second half and " was equally effective . "
Chicago 's scoring came on a blocked punt resulting in a safety and a drop kick ( worth five points under the rules at the time ) by Clarence Herschberger from the 45 – yard line . Michigan 's sole touchdown came in the second half when Henninger was pushed into the endzone from the two @-@ yard line , and Ferbert " kicked and easy goal . " Michigan drove the ball to Chicago 's 20 – yard line late in the game , but Chicago recovered a fumble and " Michigan 's chances of victory were dashed . "
The Michiganensian described the defeat as follows :
" There had been every reason to expect a victory from Chicago . Michigan had played strong and consistent foot ball throughout her schedule – Chicago had been erratic and unsteady . But there is certainly no sport more full of surprises than foot @-@ ball , and the Thanksgiving Day contest of ' 96 furnished as sensational a surprise in as exciting a contest as had ever come off on a western gridiron . There was one great difference in the character of the play of the two teams . Michigan was playing her stock game of football , hard and steady , the game she could have been depended on to play at any time . Chicago seemed to have been trained and nerved to this one game . There could have been little doubt what the result of a series of contests would have been . But this one game , Chicago won by good generalship , by the most advantageous use of her greatest resource – a magnificent player in a telling place .
= = = = Indoor football = = = =
The most unusual feature of the Michigan @-@ Chicago game on Thanksgiving Day was that it was played indoors at the Chicago Coliseum and was " the first collegiate game of football played under a roof . " Adding to the novelty , as daylight turned to darkness , the field inside the Coliseum was lit with electric lighting . According to a newspaper account , the field grew dark in the second half , and play was halted for ten minutes to discuss whether play should continue . Play was resumed , and the lights were finally turned on after Michigan scored a touchdown .
The crowd was stated in varying press accounts to be either 15 @,@ 000 , or 20 @,@ 000 . Noting that the game was played in the same building " in which five months ago W. J. Bryan was nominated for the presidency , " the press proclaimed the experiment in indoor football to be a success :
" One thing at least was settled by the game , and that is , that indoor football is literally and figuratively speaking a howling success . The men had no trouble in catching punts , and football was played on its merits , without the handicaps of a wet field or a strong wind . Toward the end of the second half it got very dark , and the spectators were treated to a novelty in the shape of football by electric light . "
Another newspaper described the novelty of indoor football as follows :
" Indoor football is an innovation , but it promises to become a permanency for late games . While the other fields about Chicago were sloppy and the players were floundering about in the seas of mud , the athletes in the Coliseum played on dry surface and secure from the elements . A two @-@ inch layer of tan bark was placed over the hard earth , and there was no inconvenience from dust . None of the punts touched the beams overhead and spectators and players were captivated with the comfortable conditions under which the game was played . Darkness came on at 4 : 00 and the players were scarcely distinguishable for a time , but electric lights soon rendered each play distinct . "
= = Starting lineup = =
Ends
Henry Mortimer Senter ( captain ) , Houghton , Michigan
George Greenleaf , Brazil , Indiana
Thaddeus Loomis Farnham , Rosford , Ohio
Loomis Hutchinson , Ceresco , Michigan
Tackles
Frank Villa , Walla Walla , Washington
Frederick W. Henninger , Barberton , Ohio
Guards
Bert Carr , Cedar Springs , Michigan
John W. F. Bennett , Jackson , Michigan
Fred L. Baker , Hillsdale , Michigan
Center
John Wombacher , Joliet , Illinois
Quarterbacks
Thomas Jesse Drumheller , Walla Walla , Washington
Howard C. Felver , Batavia , Illinois
J. De Forest Richards
Fullbacks
James R. Hogg , Knoxville , Tennessee ( St. Albans Military Academy )
Ignatius M. Duffy , Ann Arbor , Michigan
Halfbacks
Gustave Herman Ferbert , Cleveland , Ohio
William Caley , Boulder , Colorado ( University of Colorado )
Hazen Stuart Pingree , Jr . ,
= = Coaching staff = =
Coach : William Ward
Assistant coach : William McCauley
Trainer : James Robinson , hired in 1896 from his position with the Manhattan Athletic Club
Manager : Ward W. Hughes
Assistant manager : Charles O. Cook
= Destination Moon ( comics ) =
Destination Moon ( French : Objectif Lune ) is the sixteenth volume of The Adventures of Tintin , the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé . The story was initially serialised weekly in Belgium 's Tintin magazine from March to September 1950 before being published in a collected volume by Casterman in 1953 . The plot tells of young reporter Tintin and his friend Captain Haddock who receive an invitation from Professor Calculus to come to Syldavia , where Calculus is working on a top @-@ secret project in a secure government facility to plan a manned mission to the Moon .
Developed in part through the suggestions of Hergé 's friends Bernard Heuvelmans and Jacques Van Melkebeke , Destination Moon was produced following Hergé 's extensive research into the possibility of human space travel – a feat that had yet to be achieved – with the cartoonist seeking for the work to be as realistic as possible . During the story 's serialisation , Hergé established Studios Hergé , a Brussels @-@ based team of cartoonists to aid him on the project . Hergé concluded the story arc begun in this volume with Explorers on the Moon , while the series itself became a defining part of the Franco @-@ Belgian comics tradition . Critics have praised the illustrative detail of the book , but have expressed mixed views of the narrative . The story was adapted for both the 1957 Belvision animated series , Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin , and for the 1991 animated series The Adventures of Tintin by Ellipse and Nelvana .
= = Synopsis = =
Tintin , Snowy , and Captain Haddock travel to join Professor Calculus , who has been commissioned by the Syldavian government to secretly build a spacecraft that will fly to the Moon . Arriving at the Sprodj Atomic Research Centre , they meet the Centre 's managing director , Mr. Baxter , and Calculus ' assistant , the engineer Frank Wolff . After witnessing Calculus test out a new multiplex helmet for the planned mission , they are informed of the plan . Haddock is against the idea , but due to his hearing problems , Calculus instead hears him agreeing . An unmanned sub @-@ scale prototype of the rocket — the " X @-@ FLR6 " — is launched on a circumlunar mission to photograph the far side of the Moon and test Calculus 's nuclear rocket engine . Before the launch , the centre 's radar picks up a plane which drops three paratroopers near to the centre ; the incident coincides with the arrival of the police detectives Thomson and Thompson ,
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who are initially mistaken for the intruders .
Tintin sets out to locate the spies , telling Haddock to follow from the base , as he suspects a spy is in the base . Wolff follows Haddock out of suspicion . When Tintin spots the paratroopers , he is shot before he is able to do anything . At the same time , the power goes out inside the base , and confusion ensues , with neither Haddock nor Wolff explaining clearly what happened .
This incident confirms the Centre 's suspicions that the paratroopers were agents of a foreign power , but Tintin fears that efforts to trace any leaked information would be futile . The rocket is successfully launched and orbits the moon as planned , but on its return it is then intercepted by an unknown foreign power , who have used the leaked information concerning the rocket 's radio control . However , Tintin had anticipated this and asked Calculus to rig a self @-@ destruct mechanism for the rocket . The centre destroys the rocket to prevent it from falling into enemy hands . Tintin reasons that there must have been an inside spy who leaked information to the paratroopers , but no suspects are found . Preparations are made for the manned expedition to the moon , but after an argument with Haddock , in which Haddock accuses Calculus of " acting the goat " , Calculus becomes irate and shows Haddock everything that has been built . However , in doing so , Calculus forgets to look where he is going , falls down a ladder and suffers amnesia .
After failing to bring his memory back through recent events , Haddock opts to use a violent shock to overcome Calculus ' amnesia , though his attempts repeatedly backfire . Eventually , after saying the phrase " acting the goat " , Haddock successfully triggers Calculus ' memories . After regaining his knowledge on the rocket , construction is eventually completed , and the final preparations are made . On the night of the launch , Haddock initially backs out , though after hearing Thomson and Thompson feeling he would be too old to go , he angrily declares he will go . The crew of the rock finally board the rocket , and later lose consciousness as the rocket successfully takes off , due to the sudden g @-@ force . However , despite attempting to make contact , the ground crew are unable to get through , with the book ending with the rocket flying towards the moon , with the ground crew repeatedly calling " Moon Rocket , are you receiving me ? " .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Hergé first devised the idea of sending Tintin on a mission to the Moon while he was working on Prisoners of the Sun ( 1949 ) . His decision to move into the field of science fiction might have been influenced by his friendly rivalry with his colleague Edgar P. Jacobs , who had recently had success with his own science fiction comic , The Secret of the Swordfish ( 1950 – 53 ) . He decided that it would be a two @-@ volume story arc , as had proved successful with his earlier arcs , The Secret of the Unicorn ( 1943 ) and Red Rackham 's Treasure ( 1944 ) , and The Seven Crystal Balls ( 1948 ) and Prisoners of the Sun . He had initially intended on beginning this story after the culmination of Prisoners of the Sun , but both his wife Germaine Remi and his close friend Marcel Dehaye convinced him to proceed with Land of Black Gold ( 1950 ) , a story that he had previously left unfinished , instead .
Seeking advice on the story , Hergé consulted his friend Bernard Heuvelmans , who had authored the non @-@ fiction book L 'Homme parmi les étoiles ( " Man Among the Stars " ) ( 1944 ) . In autumn 1947 , Heuvelmans and Jacques Van Melkebeke developed a script for the story , which they gave to Hergé . This version based Calculus ' lunar expedition in a fictional location , Radio City , in the United States . It featured a return of Professor Decimus Phostle , a character who had previously appeared in The Shooting Star ( 1942 ) , but this time as an antagonist ; Phostle had sold the secrets of the mission in order to attain funds to buy a diamond for the actress Rita Hayworth . In early 1948 , Hergé produced two black @-@ and @-@ white pages of this version of the story before abandoning it . Hergé retained some elements of this original script in his finished version , namely the scenes in which Haddock drinks whiskey in a gravity @-@ free environment and that in which Haddock goes for a space walk and nearly becomes a satellite of Adonis , which appear on pages 5 and 8 of Explorers on the Moon . Nevertheless , Heuvelmans thought his influence on the story to be more significant , stating that " In going through the two books we [ he and Van Melkebeke ] really had the impression that it was what we had originally done at the beginning . In broad outline , that was it . "
Hergé hoped for the story to be as realistic as possible , and sought to eschew fantastical elements . In his own words , it contained " no moonmen , no monsters , no incredible surprises " . To ensure this realism , he collected a wide range of documents about rockets and space travel with which to conduct research . In this he was aided by Heuvelmans , who collected pictures of rockets and atomic research facilities for him . Hergé 's research archive included an article from the American magazine Collier 's which discussed how humanity could reach the moon , as well as books by Pierre Rousseau and Auguste Piccard . A further work that he used was L 'Astronautique ( 1950 ) , a book on putative space travel by the physicist Alexander Ananoff , with whom Hergé began a correspondence in April 1950 . He also visited the Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi 's Center for Atomic Research , striking up a subsequent correspondence with its director , Max Hoyaux . Hergé incorporated much of this technical information into the story , but juxtaposed it with moments of humour to make it more accessible to his young readership .
According to literary critics Jean @-@ Marc Lofficier and Randy Lofficier , possible fictional influences on Hergé 's story include Jules Verne 's 1870 novel Around the Moon and the 1950 American film Destination Moon . Hergé was certainly inspired by a number of photographic stills from the Destination Moon film which had been published . The computer system at the Sprodj space centre was visually based upon the UNIVAC I , the first computer to be created for non @-@ military purposes . Hergé based his moon rocket on the designs of the V @-@ 2 rocket which had been developed by German scientists during World War II . The red @-@ and @-@ white checker pattern on Hergé 's rocket was based upon an illustration of a V @-@ 2 which Hergé had come upon in Leslie Simon 's 1947 book German Research in World War II . He commissioned the construction of a model rocket with detachable parts from his assistant Arthur Van Noeyen . He took the model to Paris where he showed it to Ananoff , asking him if it was realistic representation of what a moon rocket might look like . He and his then used the model from which to accurately sketch when producing the comic .
Hergé also inserted a cameo of Jacobs into the story , using him as the basis for a scientist that appears on page 40 of Destination Moon , a nod to Jacobs ' inclusion of a reference to Hergé in one of his Blake and Mortimer mysteries , The Mystery of the Great Pyramid ( 1954 ) .
= = = Publication = = =
Hergé announced the upcoming story with two consecutive covers of Tintin magazine each depicting the Moon . The story began serialisation in the Belgium 's Tintin magazine from 30 March 1950 , in the French language . It then began serialisation over the border in France , in that country 's edition of the magazine , from 11 May 1950 . During this time , there were changes to how Hergé conducted his work ; on 6 April 1950 , he established Studios Hergé as a public company . The Studios were based in his Avenue Delleur house in Brussels , with Hergé making a newly purchased country house in Céroux @-@ Mousty his and Germaine 's main abode . The Studios would provide both personal support to Hergé and technical support for his ongoing work . He hired Bob de Moor as his primary apprentice at the Studios in March 1951 .
The story was collected together and published by Editions Casterman as Objectif Lune in 1953 . The title had been Hergé 's own choice , having rejected Casterman 's suggestion of Tintin and the Nuclear Rocket . For publication in book form , the story was re @-@ coloured , with various changes being made ; for instance , in the serialised version , the uniforms worn by staff were green , and they are changed to blue for the book volume . A number of scenes were also deleted . Hergé sent a copy to Ananoff , with a message stating that " Your help , your knowledge , has been invaluable , enabling me to get my little characters to the Moon ... and to bring them back safe and sound . " An English @-@ language translation of the book was published in 1959 .
Marking the Apollo 11 Moon landings in 1969 , Hergé produced an illustration in which NASA astronaut arrived on the moon only to be greeted by Tintin carrying a sign welcoming him . That same year , the French magazine Paris Match commissioned him to produce a short comic documenting the Apollo 11 landings .
= = Critical analysis = =
Jean @-@ Marc Lofficier and Randy Lofficier believed that the two @-@ part story " belongs " to Calculus , because his " cosmic vision moves the story forward " . They further expressed the opinion that Wolff was a unique character in the Adventures of Tintin , suggesting that he is akin to a character from a John le Carré novel . They felt that the moon adventure was " Hergé at his best ... a triumphant achievement on every level " , awarding both halves of the story five stars out of five . Harry Thompson described the entire moon adventure as " a technical masterpiece " as a result of its " uncannily accurate " depiction of the moon . Hergé biographer Pierre Assouline felt that the two moon adventures " mark a stage in the development of Hergé 's work " . Conversely , Hergé biographer Benoît Peeters was critical of the two @-@ part story arc , stating that they had " neither the liveliness and dynamism " of The Secret of the Unicorn @-@ Red Rackham 's Treasure , " nor the supernatural quality " of The Seven Crystal Balls @-@ Prisoners of the Sun .
In his psychoanalytical study of the Adventures of Tintin , the literary critic Jean @-@ Marie Apostolidès praised the Destination Moon @-@ Explorers on the Moon story arc for its " meticulous attention to scientific facts " , but added that this had also resulted in the story 's " rather pedagogical tone " . He added that in these stories , the main division was " no longer Good and Evil " as it had been in previous Adventures , but " Truth and Error " . Apostolidès opined that despite being a " fussy and somewhat ridiculous character " , through his scientific achievements Calculus grows to the " stature of a giant " in this arc , eclipsing Sir Francis Haddock ( from The Secret of the Unicorn ) as the series ' " founding ancestor " . He goes on to claim that in becoming the " sacred ancestor " , the voyage to the moon becomes " a mystical quest " with science as its guiding religion . Drawing comparisons between this arc and the Prisoners of the Sun
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=
The life cycle of D. sayi begins with copulation , which normally takes place shortly after the female has moulted , while her exoskeleton is still soft . Spawning occurs within hours or days of copulation , and the eggs are brooded on the female 's pleopods ( swimmerets ) until they are ready to hatch . Females have been found carrying eggs from April to October ; in a study of crabs caught at Gloucester Point , Virginia in 1978 , females were observed to carry between 686 and 14 @,@ 735 eggs . The number of eggs increases with carapace width according to a power law ; extrapolation of the power law suggests that the largest D. sayi females are capable of carrying over 32 @,@ 000 eggs each .
At 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) , the eggs can take only 9 or 10 days to develop , and this increases to 16 days at temperatures of 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) . The young crabs hatch as zoea larvae , and pass through three further zoeal stages and one megalopa before becoming juveniles . Juveniles are thought to reach maturity in the summer after they hatch . The total lifespan of an individual can be up to 2 years .
= = Taxonomy = =
The species had been noticed by the American zoologist Thomas Say , and formed part of the species he called " Cancer panope " – a junior homonym of " Cancer panope " Herbst , 1801 , which is itself a junior synonym of Sphaerozius scaber ( Fabricius , 1798 ) . In 1869 , Sidney Irving Smith described seven new species in the genus Panopeus , including " P. sayi " , in addition to the twelve species already placed in the genus at that time . Common names for the species include " Say 's mud crab " and " Say mud crab " .
Smith noted the similarity of the species to " Panopeus texanus " , which had been described ten years earlier by William Stimpson , and Smith considered that the two might be the same species . In 1880 , John Sterling Kingsley and Alphonse Milne @-@ Edwards independently synonymised " P. sayi " with " P. texana " , which remained until Mary J. Rathbun moved both taxa to the genus Neopanope and re @-@ established Smith 's taxon as a subspecies of " N. texana " . She argued that the two taxa should be considered subspecies , as hybrids between them occurred , although the specimens she saw are now thought to be D. sayi .
In 1972 , Lawrence G. Abele re @-@ examined " N. texanus texanus " , " N. texanus sayi " and N. packardi , and concluded that they were all good species , and so re @-@ elevated " N. sayi " to the rank of species . In 1986 , Joel W. Martin and Abele placed N. texanus and N. sayi in a separate genus , Dyspanopeus , reaffirming their close relationship . However , P. texana only occurs in the Gulf of Mexico , and can be distinguished from P. sayi by the form of the fifth pereiopod ( last walking leg ) and that of the male gonopod .
= Field Spaniel =
The Field Spaniel is a medium @-@ sized breed dog of the spaniel type . They were originally developed to be all @-@ black show dogs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and were unpopular for work as a hunting dog . However , during the mid @-@ 20th century they were redeveloped as a longer @-@ legged dog that was more suitable to be used for field work . They are now considered to be a rare breed , and are registered as a Vulnerable Native Breed by The Kennel Club .
Their fur is darker than other spaniels and have no undercoat . Their coats come mostly in solid colours with some occasional markings on the chest . They can make good family dogs and are patient with children , but can require some sort of purpose , be it hunting or agility work in order to prevent them from becoming bored and destructive .
= = History = =
The Field Spaniel was originally developed for the show ring by competitors who were attempting to develop an all @-@ black Spaniel . Some of the breeding methods of those early developers were criticised ; one of the first breeders of the Field Spaniel , Thomas Jacobs , said of the origin ; " Much has been written and said on the purity of the breed ; deprecating the means I have adopted to produce them as calculated to alter a presumed type , and frequent missiles have at me and my dogs from behind the hedge . But where is the pure bred black spaniel we hear so much about ? Proof of the existence of the pure bred one ( if there ever was one ! ) has not been forthcoming . Like most sporting dogs , they are the result of different crosses . "
They were unpopular with sportsmen as the dark colours of the breed did not show up in hunting conditions , and the elongated and short shape of the early breed was not very practical for moving easily through cover . The low @-@ slung variety of Field Spaniel were developed by Phineas Bullock from dogs previously owned by Sir Francis Burdett , the secretary of the Birmingham Dog Show . Burdett was said to have owned a variety of black Cocker Spaniels . Bullock crossed the Field Spaniel with the Sussex Spaniel and the English Water Spaniel . In the 1870s he was very successful in the show ring with his variety of Field Spaniel ; however , it resulted in a dog that was almost exactly like a Sussex Spaniel with the exception of the head itself .
The dog who is considered to be the father of the modern English Cocker Spaniel is Ch . Obo , who was born in 1879 to a Sussex Spaniel father and a Field Spaniel mother . Obo 's son Ch . Obo II is considered to be the father of the modern American Cocker Spaniel , who was described as being only ten inches high with quite a long body .
By 1909 , the average weight of a Field Spaniel was 35 – 45 pounds ( 16 – 20 kg ) . Further mixing of the breed occurred with elements of the Basset Hound introduced . Various genetic health issues arose and action was taken in order to correct the problems within the breed . English Springer Spaniels were used to introduce healthier elements into the breed and resulted in the longer legged spaniel that we know today . Most of the modern breed can be traced to four dogs from the 1950s ; Colombina of Teffont , Elmbury Morwena of Rhiwlas , Gormac Teal , and Ronayne Regal .
The Field Spaniel remains a rare breed , even in the UK . In 2009 , a total of 51 dogs were registered with The Kennel Club and has been in steady decline since 2000 . Out of all the Spaniel breeds registered with The Kennel Club , the Field Spaniel has the lowest numbered registered year on year , with only the Sussex Spaniel coming a close second with 60 registrations in 2009 . This is compared to the English Springer Spaniel with 12 @,@ 700 and the English Cocker Spaniel with 22 @,@ 211 registrations in 2009 alone . In order to promote the breed , they have been registered as a Vulnerable Native Breed by The Kennel Club .
= = Description = =
= = = Appearance = = =
The standard size for a Field Spaniel is 17 – 18 inches ( 43 – 46 cm ) tall at the withers , and a weight of between 40 – 55 pounds ( 18 – 25 kg ) . This places it roughly between the English Cocker Spaniel and the English Springer Spaniel in size . Its long , silky coat comes in solid colours of black , liver , or roan . Tan points , white markings on the throat and the chest can be ticked or the same colour as the rest of the body .
They have a moderately long single coat with no undercoat . Feathering of the fur appears on the chest , belly , ears and on the back of the legs . The coat is not as heavy as that of a Cocker Spaniel but will require grooming in order to prevent mats from appearing in the fur . Docked tails were often used in working dogs , as poor blood flow left healing of the non docked tail difficult .
= = = Temperament = = =
The Field Spaniel can be a good family dog while it has a job to do . They are suitable for dog agility and hunting . Without some sort of purpose , the dog can often try to amuse itself and cause mischief . However , they are patient with children and like to stay close to their family . When socialised , they are good with other dogs . They are generally docile and independent , and are not as excitable as Cocker Spaniels . Stanley Coren 's The Intelligence of Dogs lists the breed as being above average in working intelligence .
= = Health = =
There are a few ocular conditions to which the Field Spaniel has a predisposition . These include cataracts , retinal atrophy and retinal dysplasia . Hip dysplasia has appeared in British lines of Field Spaniels . In a health survey conducted by the Kennel Club ( UK ) , the primary cause of death in Field Spaniels was cancer , with the second most frequent cause being old age . The median lifespan for the breed was found to be eleven years and eight months , which is five months higher than the median age for all dog breeds .
= Scandium =
Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21 . A silvery @-@ white metallic d @-@ block element , it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare earth element , together with yttrium and the lanthanoids . It was discovered in 1879 by spectral analysis of the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia .
Scandium is present in most of the deposits of rare earth and uranium compounds , but it is extracted from these ores in only a few mines worldwide . Because of the low availability and the difficulties in the preparation of metallic scandium , which was first done in 1937 , applications for scandium were not developed until the 1970s . The positive effects of scandium on aluminium alloys were discovered in the 1970s , and its use in such alloys remains its only major application . The global trade of scandium oxide is about 10 tonnes per year .
The properties of scandium compounds are intermediate between those of aluminium and yttrium . A diagonal relationship exists between the behavior of magnesium and scandium , just as there is between beryllium and aluminium . In the chemical compounds of the elements in group 3 , the predominant oxidation state is + 3 .
= = Properties = =
= = = Chemical characteristics of the element = = =
Scandium is a soft metal with a silvery appearance . It develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast when oxidized by air . It is susceptible to weathering and dissolves slowly in most dilute acids . It does not react with a 1 : 1 mixture of nitric acid ( HNO3 ) and 48 % hydrofluoric acid ( HF ) , possibly due to the formation of an impermeable passive layer . Scandium turnings ignite in air with a brilliant yellow flame to form scandium ( III ) oxide .
= = = Isotopes = = =
In nature , scandium is found exclusively as the isotope 45Sc , which has a nuclear spin of 7 / 2 . Thirteen radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 46Sc , which has a half @-@ life of 83 @.@ 8 days ; 47Sc , 3 @.@ 35 days ; the positron emitter 44Sc , 4 h ; and 48Sc , 43 @.@ 7 hours . All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half @-@ lives less than 4 hours , and the majority of these have half @-@ lives less than 2 minutes . This element also has five meta states , with the most stable being 44mSc ( t1 / 2 = 58 @.@ 6 h ) .
The isotopes of scandium range from 36Sc to 60Sc . The primary decay mode at masses lower than the only stable isotope , 45Sc , is electron capture , and the primary mode at masses above it is beta emission . The primary decay products at atomic weights below 45Sc are calcium isotopes and the primary products from higher atomic weights are titanium isotopes .
= = = Occurrence = = =
In Earth 's crust , scandium is not rare . Estimates vary from 18 to 25 ppm , which is comparable to the abundance of cobalt ( 20 – 30 ppm ) . Scandium is only the 50th most common element on Earth ( 35th most abundant in the crust ) , but it is the 23rd most common element in the Sun . However , scandium is distributed sparsely and occurs in trace amounts in many minerals . Rare minerals from Scandinavia and Madagascar such as thortveitite , euxenite , and gadolinite are the only known concentrated sources of this element . Thortveitite can contain up to 45 % of scandium in the form of scandium ( III ) oxide .
The stable form of scandium is created in supernovas via the r @-@ process .
= = Production = =
The world production of scandium is in the order of 10 tonnes per year , in the form of scandium oxide . The demand is about 50 % higher , and both the production and demand keep increasing . In 2003 , only three mines produced scandium : the uranium and iron mines in Zhovti Vody in Ukraine , the rare earth mines in Bayan Obo , China , and the apatite mines in the Kola peninsula , Russia ; since then many other countries have built scandium @-@ producing facilities . In each case scandium is a byproduct from the extraction of other elements and is sold as scandium oxide .
To produce metallic scandium , the oxide is converted to scandium fluoride and reduced with metallic calcium .
Madagascar and Iveland @-@ Evje region in Norway have the only deposits of minerals with high scandium content , thortveitite ( Sc , Y ) 2 ( Si2O7 ) and kolbeckite ScPO4 · 2H2O , but these are not being exploited .
The absence of reliable , secure , stable , and long term production has limited commercial applications of scandium . Despite this low level of use , scandium offers significant benefits . Particularly promising is the strengthening of aluminium alloys with as little as 0 @.@ 5 % scandium . Scandium @-@ stabilized zirconia enjoys a growing market demand for use as a high efficiency electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells .
= = Compounds = =
Scandium chemistry is almost completely dominated by the trivalent ion , Sc3 + . The radii of M3 + ions in the table below indicate that the chemical properties of scandium ions have more in common with yttrium ions than with aluminium ions . In part because of this similarity , scandium is often classified as a lanthanide @-@ like element .
= = = Oxides and hydroxides = = =
The oxide Sc2O3 and the hydroxide Sc ( OH ) 3 are amphoteric :
Sc ( OH ) 3 + 3 OH − → Sc ( OH ) 3 −
6
Sc ( OH ) 3 + 3 H + + 3 H2O → [ Sc ( H2O ) 6 ] 3 +
The α- and γ- forms of scandium oxide hydroxide ( ScO ( OH ) ) , are isostructural with their aluminium oxide hydroxide counterparts . Solutions of Sc3 + in water are acidic because of hydrolysis .
= = = Halides and pseudohalides = = =
The halides , ScX3 , are very soluble in water where X = Cl , Br , or I , but ScF3 is insoluble . In all four halides , the scandium is 6 @-@ coordinated . The halides are Lewis acids ; for example , ScF3 dissolves in a solution containing excess fluoride ion to form [ ScF6 ] 3 − . The coordination number 6 is typical of Sc ( III ) . In the larger Y3 + and La3 + ions , coordination numbers of 8 and 9 are common . Scandium ( III ) triflate is sometimes used as a Lewis acid catalyst in organic chemistry .
= = = Organic derivatives = = =
Scandium forms a series of organometallic compounds with cyclopentadienyl ligands ( Cp ) , similar to the behavior of the lanthanides . One example is the chlorine @-@ bridged dimer , [ ScCp2Cl ] 2 and related derivatives of pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligands .
= = = Uncommon oxidation states = = =
Compounds that feature scandium in the oxidation state other than + 3 are rare but well characterized . The blue @-@ black compound CsScCl3 is one of the simplest . This material adopts a sheet @-@ like structure that exhibits extensive bonding between the scandium ( II ) centers . Scandium hydride is not well understood , although it appears not to be a saline hydride of Sc ( II ) . As is observed for most elements , a diatomic scandium hydride has been observed spectroscopically at high temperatures in the gas phase . Scandium borides and carbides are non @-@ stoichiometric , as is typical for neighboring elements .
Lower oxidation states ( + 2 , + 1 , 0 ) have also been observed in organoscandium compounds .
= = History = =
Dmitri Mendeleev , who is referred to as the father of the periodic table , predicted the existence of an element ekaboron , with an atomic mass between 40 and 48 in 1869 . Lars Fredrik Nilson and his team detected this element in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite . Nilson prepared 2 grams of scandium oxide of high purity . He named the element scandium , from the Latin Scandia meaning " Scandinavia " . Nilson was apparently unaware of Mendeleev 's prediction , but Per Teodor Cleve recognized the correspondence and notified Mendeleev .
Metallic scandium was produced for the first time in 1937 by electrolysis of a eutectic mixture of potassium , lithium , and scandium chlorides , at 700 – 800 ° C. The first pound of 99 % pure scandium metal was produced in 1960 . Production of aluminium alloys began in 1971 , following a US patent . Aluminium @-@ scandium alloys were also developed in the USSR .
Laser crystals of gadolinium @-@ scandium @-@ gallium garnet ( GSGG ) were used in strategic defense applications developed for the Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) in the 1980s and 1990s .
= = Applications = =
The addition of scandium to aluminium limits the grain growth in the heat zone of welded aluminium components . This has two beneficial effects : the precipitated Al3Sc forms smaller crystals than in other aluminium alloys , and the volume of precipitate @-@ free zones at the grain boundaries of age @-@ hardening aluminium alloys is reduced . Both of these effects increase the usefulness of the alloy . However , titanium alloys , which are similar in lightness and strength , are cheaper and much more widely used .
The alloy Al20Li20Mg10Sc20Ti30 is as strong as titanium , light as aluminium , and hard as ceramic .
The main application of scandium by weight is in aluminium @-@ scandium alloys for minor aerospace industry components . These alloys contain between 0 @.@ 1 % and 0 @.@ 5 % of scandium . They were used in the Russian military aircraft , specifically the MiG @-@ 21 and MiG @-@ 29 .
Some items of sports equipment , which rely on high performance materials , have been made with scandium @-@ aluminium alloys , including baseball bats and bicycle frames and components . Lacrosse sticks are also made with scandium . The American firearm manufacturing company , Smith & Wesson , produces revolvers with frames of scandium alloy and cylinders of titanium or carbon steel .
Dentists use erbium , chromium : yttrium @-@ scandium @-@ gallium garnet ( Er , Cr : YSGG ) lasers for cavity preparation and in endodontics .
The first scandium @-@ based metal halide lamps were patented by General Electric and initially made in North America , although they are now produced in all major industrialized countries . Approximately 20 kg ( as Sc2O3 ) of scandium is used annually in the United States for high @-@ intensity discharge lamps . One type of metal halide lamp , similar to the mercury @-@ vapor lamp , is made from Scandium iodide and sodium iodide . This lamp is a white light source with high color rendering index that sufficiently resembles sunlight to allow good color @-@ reproduction with TV cameras . About 80 kg of scandium is used in metal halide lamps / light bulbs globally per year .
The radioactive isotope 46Sc is used in oil refineries as a tracing agent . Scandium triflate is a catalytic Lewis acid used in organic chemistry .
= = Health and safety = =
Elemental scandium is considered non @-@ toxic , though extensive animal testing of scandium compounds has not been done . The median lethal dose ( LD50 ) levels for scandium ( III ) chloride for rats have been determined as 4 mg / kg for intraperitoneal and 755 mg / kg for oral administration . In the light of these results compounds of scandium should be handled as compounds of moderate toxicity .
= Interstate 70 in Utah =
Interstate 70 ( I @-@ 70 ) is a mainline route of the Interstate Highway System in the United States connecting Utah and Maryland . The Utah section runs east – west for 232 @.@ 15 miles ( 373 @.@ 61 km ) across the central part of the state . Richfield is the largest Utah city served by the freeway , which does not serve or connect any urban areas in the state . The freeway was built as part of a system of highways connecting Los Angeles and the northeastern United States . I @-@ 70 was the second attempt to connect southern California to the east coast of the United States via central Utah , the first being a failed attempt to construct a transcontinental railroad . Parts of that
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aly and Doggett unite to form " Safe Place " , a therapy group where prisoners can share their feelings in a confidential and supportive environment . " Safe Place " is short @-@ lived , however , and Healy decides to cancel the group indefinitely after Doggett fails to attend one of the sessions ; when he investigates her reason for non @-@ attendance , he finds her getting a hair cut from Burset . Doggett initially talks to Big Boo , an openly lesbian inmate , during a blackout in the prison as she believes that there is a secret ' gay agenda ' and she believes that Big Boo will give her the answers that she is seeking . Doggett 's physical appearance also changes in this season ; she has white false teeth , neater hair and her skin looks smoother .
= = = Season 3 = = =
In the first episode , Big Boo and Doggett 's friendship continues to develop . Seeing that Doggett bears strong feelings of guilt relating to the six abortions that she has had , Big Boo makes reference to the book Freakonomics , which suggests that crime rates in the 1990s fell because of Roe v. Wade . Following Lorna Morello ( played by Yael Stone ) being relieved of her duty of driving the prison van , the role is given to Doggett . She comes into contact with one of the new correctional officers called Charlie Coates ( played by James McMenamin ) . Coates is initially friendly towards Doggett . Despite relationships between prison staff and prisoners being forbidden , Coates kisses Doggett , against her will , after feeding some ducks . Following another outing , Coates gets in trouble with his boss Joe Caputo ( played by Nick Sandow ) for being late for count and is placed on probation . Doggett apologises for having caused him trouble , and he rapes her in the back of the prison van .
When Big Boo learns of the rape , she encourages Doggett to take revenge on Coates by making him unconscious and then raping him with a broomstick . Whilst they successfully drug Coates , neither of them are willing to violate him with the broomstick . In order to end contact with Coates , Doggett fakes a seizure on her next outing with him and is declared unfit for driving a van . She is replaced as prison van driver by another inmate , Maritza Ramos ( played by Diane Guerrero ) .
= = Critical commentary = =
Doggett was widely perceived to have been the series ' main antagonist in its first season . She was seen to be homophobic and racist ; one Cosmopolitan critic described her as ' vile ' . A critic for TV Insider described the first season Doggett as " terrifying , manipulative and so entirely unlikable " but also " hypnotic to watch " . Horatia Harrod 's review in the Daily Telegraph described Manning 's portrayal of Doggett as " brilliantly unhinged " . Other critics have praised the character , especially in the final episode of season one ; calling her " fantastic " , a " solid character " and " one of the best characters on the show " . Some also felt that Manning 's performance was worthy of an Emmy nomination .
Following the release of the first season of Orange is the New Black , Doggett received some criticism from different media . Writing for The American Conservative , B. D. McClay claimed that Doggett was a poor and inaccurate representation of American Christians ; " Pennsatucky is such an aggressively terrible character " and " her faith is neither well @-@ understood nor well @-@ drawn " . Laura Leonard of Christianity Today , supports Clay 's view and goes further to say " it was frustrating to see this one painful narrative represent Christian faith on OITNB , a show that masters other aspects of the melting pot so well " , speaking about Doggett 's background story and conflict with Chapman . Two critics for The A.V. Club also gave negative reviews of Doggett ; Todd VanDerWerff says that " Pennsatucky never really comes together as a character in the same way as some of the others on the show " and Myles McNutt opted to criticize the storyline of the final episode of the first season specifically , saying that it " [ treats ] her like a cartoon villain instead of a real character " . Betsy Leondar @-@ Wright accused the series ' creators of classism and said that Doggett was an " outrageous Redneck stereotype " .
Doggett 's rape storyline in the third season garnered much reaction , both positive and negative . Jada Yuan of Vulture described the rape scenes ( both the one in the flashback and the one involving correctional officer Coates ) as " heartbreaking " and praised episode director Jesse Peretz 's decision to keep the camera focused on Manning during the scenes . Megan Vick praised the ' transformation ' of the character of Doggett , calling it " the season ’ s breakout storyline and performance " . McNutt , who had been critical of Doggett in the first season , spoke positively about the rape storyline .
Marissa Higgins , writing for xoJane , contended that the show " didn 't accomplish anything with their portrayal of sexual assault " and said that she disliked the way that the story ended with Doggett effectively quitting her job as van driver in order to avoid further contact with Coates . Emma Eisenberg , of Salon , criticized the scenes depicting Doggett growing up in Waynesboro , as being " riddled with excessive Appalachian clichés " . She went further by calling Doggett 's mother unrealistic in her attitude towards sex : " the mothers I met [ near Waynesboro ] wanted their daughters to understand sex and to make informed choices " . Eisenberg claimed that , therefore , Doggett 's mother 's speech about sex − " it ’ s like a bee sting , in and out , over before you knew it was happening " − was not representative of people in Waynesboro at that time . Chloe Stillwell completely disagreed with Eisenberg and insisted that the character of Doggett was realistic : " Eisenberg 's argument completely misses the point that perhaps the show is trying to be as real as possible , and acknowledging that there are real life Pennsatuckies in this world isn 't to disenfranchise Appalachia . "
= Victoria Cross =
The Victoria Cross ( VC ) is the highest award of the United Kingdom honours system . It is awarded for gallantry " in the face of the enemy " to members of the British armed forces . It may be awarded posthumously . It was previously awarded to Commonwealth countries , most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours . It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command although no civilian has received the award since 1879 . Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857 , two thirds of all awards have been personally presented by the British monarch . These investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace .
The VC was introduced on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria to honour acts of valour during the Crimean War . Since then , the medal has been awarded 1 @,@ 358 times to 1 @,@ 355 individual recipients . Only 15 medals , 11 to members of the British Army , and four to the Australian Army , have been awarded since the Second World War . The traditional explanation of the source of the metal from which the medals are struck is that it derives from Russian cannon captured at the Siege of Sevastopol . Some research suggested a variety of origins for the material actually making up the medals themselves . Research has established that the metal for the medals came from two Chinese cannons that were captured from the Russians in 1855 .
Owing to its rarity , the VC is highly prized and the medal has fetched over £ 400 @,@ 000 at auction . A number of public and private collections are devoted to the Victoria Cross . The private collection of Lord Ashcroft , amassed since 1986 , contains over one @-@ tenth of all VCs awarded . Following a 2008 donation to the Imperial War Museum , the Ashcroft collection went on public display alongside the museum 's Victoria and George Cross collection in November 2010 .
Beginning with the Centennial of Confederation in 1967 , Canada followed in 1975 by Australia and New Zealand developed their own national honours systems , separate and independent of the British or Imperial honours system . As each country 's system evolved , operational gallantry awards were developed with the premier award of each system , the VC for Australia , the Canadian VC and the VC for New Zealand being created and named in honour of the Victoria Cross . These are unique awards of each honours system , recommended , assessed , gazetted and presented by each country .
= = Origin = =
In 1854 , after 39 years of peace , Britain found itself fighting a major war against Russia . The Crimean War was one of the first wars with modern reporting , and the dispatches of William Howard Russell described many acts of bravery and valour by British servicemen that went unrewarded .
Before the Crimean War , there was no official standardised system for recognition of gallantry within the British armed forces . Officers were eligible for an award of one of the junior grades of the Order of the Bath and brevet promotions while a Mention in Despatches existed as an alternative award for acts of lesser gallantry . This structure was very limited ; in practice awards of the Order of the Bath were confined to officers of field rank . Brevet promotions or Mentions in Despatches were largely confined to those who were under the immediate notice of the commanders in the field , generally members of the commander 's own staff .
Other European countries had awards that did not discriminate against class or rank ; France awarded the Légion d 'honneur ( Legion of Honour , established 1802 ) and The Netherlands gave the Order of William ( established in 1815 ) . There was a growing feeling among the public and in the Royal Court that a new award was needed to recognise incidents of gallantry that were unconnected with a man 's lengthy or meritorious service . Queen Victoria issued a Warrant under the Royal sign @-@ manual on 29 January 1856 ( gazetted 5 February 1856 ) that officially constituted the VC . The order was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of valour during the Crimean War .
Queen Victoria had instructed the War Office to strike a new medal that would not recognise birth or class . The medal was meant to be a simple decoration that would be highly prized and eagerly sought after by those in the military services . To maintain its simplicity , Queen Victoria , under the guidance of Prince Albert , vetoed the suggestion that the award be called The Military Order of Victoria and instead suggested the name Victoria Cross . The original warrant stated that the Victoria Cross would only be awarded to soldiers who have served in the presence of the enemy and had performed some signal act of valour or devotion . The first ceremony was held on 26 June 1857 where Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in a ceremony in Hyde Park , London .
It was originally intended that the VCs would be cast from the cascabels of two cannon that were captured from the Russians at the siege of Sevastopol . In 1990 Creagh and Ashton conducted a metallurgical examination of the VCs in the custody of the Australian War Memorial . Later , the historian John Glanfield , wrote that , through the use of x @-@ ray studies of older Victoria Crosses , it was determined that the metal used for VCs is from antique Chinese guns and not of Russian origin . Theories abound . One theory is that the cannon were originally Chinese weapons but the Russians captured them and deployed them at Sevastopol . However , there had been no hostilities between Russia and China for nearly 200 years before 1855 and no ready explanation of how such cannons would come to be in Sebastopol . They are indeed Chinese cannon : Creagh noted the existence of Chinese inscriptions on the cannon which are now barely legible due to corrosion . A more likely explanation is that these cannons were taken as trophies during Britain 's military intervention in China in the 1840s and held in the Woolwich repository . Whilst it had been suggested that the new medal be made of Sebastopol cannons , the Hancocks employees who went to cut metal picked the Chinese guns instead . There is no evidence that the VC guns have ever been near Sebastopol . It was also thought that some medals made during the First World War were composed of metal captured from different Chinese guns during the Boxer Rebellion . This is not so , however . The VCs examined by Creagh and Ashton both in Australia ( 58 ) and at the QE II Army Memorial Museum in New Zealand ( 14 ) spanned the entire time during which VCs have been issued and no compositional inconsistencies were found . It was also believed that another source of metal was used between 1942 and 1945 to create five Second World War VCs when the Sevastopol metal " went missing " . Creagh accessed the Army records at MoD Donnington in 1991 and did not find any gaps in the custodial record . The composition found in the WW2 VCs , amongst them those for Edwards ( Australia ) and Upham ( New Zealand ) , is similar to that for the early WW1 medals . This is likely to be due to the reuse of material from earlier pourings , casting sprues , defective medals , etc .
The barrels of the cannon in question are on display at Firepower - The Royal Artillery Museum at Woolwich . The remaining portion of the only remaining cascabel , weighing 358 oz ( 10 kg ) , is stored in a vault maintained by 15 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps at MoD Donnington . It can only be removed under armed guard . It is estimated that approximately 80 to 85 more VCs could be cast from this source . A single company of jewellers , Hancocks of London , has been responsible for the production of every VC awarded since its inception .
= = Appearance = =
The decoration is a bronze cross pattée , 1 39 / 64 " ( 41 mm ) high , 1 27 / 64 " ( 36 mm ) wide , bearing the crown of Saint Edward surmounted by a lion , and the inscription FOR VALOUR . This was originally to have been FOR THE BRAVE , until it was changed on the recommendation of Queen Victoria , as it implied that not all men in battle were brave . The decoration , suspension bar and link weigh about 0 @.@ 87 troy ounces ( 27 g ) .
The cross is suspended by a ring from a seriffed " V " to a bar ornamented with laurel leaves , through which the ribbon passes . The reverse of the suspension bar is engraved with the recipient 's name , rank , number and unit . On the reverse of the medal is a circular panel on which the date of the act for which it was awarded is engraved in the centre .
The Original Warrant Clause 1 states that the Victoria Cross " shall consist of a Maltese cross of bronze " . Nonetheless , it has always been a cross pattée ; the discrepancy with the Warrant has never been corrected .
The ribbon is crimson , 1 1 / 2 " ( 38 mm ) wide . The original ( 1856 ) specification for the award stated that the ribbon should be red for army recipients and dark blue for naval recipients . However the dark blue ribbon was abolished soon after the formation of the Royal Air Force on 1 April 1918 . On 22 May 1920 King George V signed a warrant that stated all recipients would now receive a red ribbon and the living recipients of the naval version were required to exchange their ribbons for the new colour . Although the army warrants state the colour as being red it is defined by most commentators as being crimson or " wine @-@ red " .
= = Award process = =
The Victoria Cross is awarded for
... most conspicuous bravery , or some daring or pre @-@ eminent act of valour or self @-@ sacrifice , or extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy .
A recommendation for the VC is normally issued by an officer at regimental level , or equivalent , and has to be supported by three witnesses , although this has been waived on occasion . The recommendation is then passed up the military hierarchy until it reaches the Secretary of State for Defence . The recommendation is then laid before the monarch who approves the award with his or her signature . Victoria Cross awards are always promulgated in the London Gazette with the single exception of the award to the American Unknown Soldier in 1921 . The Victoria Cross warrant makes no specific provision as to who should actually present the medals to the recipients . Queen Victoria indicated that she would like to present the medals in person and she presented 185 medals out of the 472 gazetted during her reign . Including the first 62 medals presented at a parade in Hyde Park on 26 June 1857 by Queen Victoria , nearly 900 awards have been personally presented to the recipient by the reigning British monarch . Nearly 300 awards have been presented by a member of the royal family or by a civil or military dignitary . About 150 awards were either forwarded to the recipient or next of kin by registered post or no details of the presentations are known .
The original Royal Warrant did not contain a specific clause regarding posthumous awards , although official policy was not to award the VC posthumously . Between the Indian Mutiny in 1857 and the beginning of the Second Boer War the names of six officers and men were published in the London Gazette with a memorandum stating they would have been awarded the Victoria Cross had they survived . A further three notices were published in the London Gazette in September 1900 and April 1901 for gallantry in the Second Boer War . In an exception to policy for the South Africa War 1899 – 1902 , six posthumous Victoria Crosses , three to the officers and men mentioned in the notices in 1900 and 1901 and a further three , the first official posthumous awards , were granted on 8 August 1902 . Five years later in 1907 , the posthumous policy was reversed and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six officers and men . The awards were mentioned in notices in the Gazette dating back to the Indian Mutiny . The Victoria Cross warrant was not amended to explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920 , but one quarter of all awards for World War I were posthumous . Although the 1920 Royal Warrant made provision for awards to women serving in the Armed Forces , no women have been awarded a VC .
In the case of a gallant and daring act being performed by a squadron , ship 's company or a detached body of men ( such as marines ) in which all men are deemed equally brave and deserving of the Victoria Cross then a ballot is drawn . The officers select one officer , the NCOs select one individual and the private soldiers or seamen select two individuals . In all 46 awards have been awarded by ballot with 29 of the awards during the Indian Mutiny . Four further awards were granted to Q Battery , Royal Horse Artillery at Korn Spruit on 31 March 1900 during the Second Boer War . The final ballot awards for the army were the six awards to the Lancashire Fusiliers at W Beach during the landing at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915 although three of the awards were not gazetted until 1917 . The final seven ballot awards were the only naval ballot awards with three awards to two Q @-@ Ships in 1917 and four awards for the Zeebrugge Raid in 1918 . The provision for awards by ballot is still included in the Victoria Cross warrant but there have been no further such awards since 1918 .
Between 1858 and 1881 the Victoria Cross could be awarded for actions taken " under circumstances of extreme danger " not in the face of the enemy . Six such awards were made during this period — five of them for a single incident during an Expedition to the Andaman Islands in 1867 . In 1881 , the criteria were changed again and the VC was only awarded for acts of valour " in the face of the enemy " . Due to this it has been suggested by many historians including Lord Ashcroft that the changing nature of warfare will result in fewer VCs being awarded .
= = = Colonial awards = = =
The Victoria Cross was extended to colonial troops in 1867 . The extension was made following a recommendation for gallantry regarding colonial soldier Major Charles Heaphy for action in the New Zealand land wars in 1864 . He was operating under British command and the VC was gazetted in 1867 . Later that year , the Government of New Zealand assumed full responsibility for operations but no further recommendations for the Victoria Cross were raised for local troops who distinguished themselves in action . Following gallant actions by three New Zealand soldiers in November 1868 and January 1869 during the New Zealand land wars , an Order in Council on 10 March 1869 created a " Distinctive Decoration " for members of the local forces without seeking permission from the Secretary of State for the Colonies . Although the governor was chided for exceeding his authority , the Order in Council was ratified by the Queen . The title " Distinctive Decoration " was later replaced by the title New Zealand Cross .
The question of whether recommendations could be made for colonial troops not serving with British troops was not asked in New Zealand , but in 1881 , the question was asked in South Africa . Surgeon John McCrea , an officer of the South African forces was recommended for gallantry during hostilities which had not been approved by British Government . He was awarded the Victoria Cross and the principle was established that gallant conduct could be rewarded independently of any political consideration of military operations . More recently , four Australian soldiers were awarded the Victoria Cross in Vietnam although Britain was not involved in the conflict .
Indian troops were not originally eligible for the Victoria Cross since they had been eligible for the Indian Order of Merit since 1837 which was the oldest British gallantry award for general issue . When the Victoria Cross was created , Indian troops were still controlled by the Honourable East India Company and did not come under Crown control until 1860 . European officers and men serving with the Honourable East India Company were not eligible for the Indian Order of Merit and the Victoria Cross was extended to cover them in October 1857 . It was only at the end of the 19th century that calls for Indian troops to be awarded the Victoria Cross intensified . Indian troops became eligible for the award in 1911 . The first awards to Indian troops appeared in the London Gazette on 7 December 1914 to Darwan Sing Negi and Khudadad Khan . Negi was presented with the Victoria Cross by King George V during a visit to troops in France . The presentation occurred on 5 December 1914 and he is one of a very few soldiers presented with his award before it appeared in the London Gazette .
= = = Separate Commonwealth awards = = =
Since the Second World War , most but not all Commonwealth countries have created their own honours systems and no longer participate in the British honours system . This began soon after the Partition of India in 1947 , when the new countries of India and Pakistan introduced their own systems of awards . The VC was replaced by the Param Vir Chakra ( PVC ) and Nishan @-@ e @-@ Haider ( NH ) respectively . Most if not all new honours systems continued to permit recipients of British honours to wear their awards according to the rules of each nation 's order of wear . Sri Lanka , whose defence personnel were eligible to receive the Victoria Cross until 1972 , introduced its own equivalent , the Parama Weera Vibhushanaya medal . Three Commonwealth realms — Australia , Canada and New Zealand — have each introduced their own decorations for gallantry and bravery , replacing British decorations such as the Victoria Cross with their own . The only Commonwealth countries that still can recommend the VC are the small nations , none of whose forces have ever been awarded the VC , that still participate in the British honours system .
With effect from 6 April 1952 , when the Union of South Africa instituted its own range of military decorations and medals , these new awards took precedence before all earlier British decorations and medals awarded to South Africans , with the exception of the Victoria Cross , which still took precedence before all other awards . The other older British awards continued to be worn in the order prescribed by the British Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood .
Australia was the first Commonwealth realm to create its own VC , on 15 January 1991 . Although it is a separate award , its appearance is identical to its British counterpart . Canada followed suit when in 1993 Queen Elizabeth signed Letters Patent creating the Canadian VC , which is also similar to the British version , except that the legend has been changed from FOR VALOUR to the Latin PRO VALORE This language was chosen so as to favour neither French nor English , the two official languages of Canada . New Zealand was the third country to adapt the VC into its own honours system . While the New Zealand and Australian VCs are technically separate awards , the decoration is identical to the British design , including being cast from the same Crimean War gunmetal as the British VC . The Canadian Victoria Cross also includes metal from the same cannon , along with copper and other metals from all regions of Canada .
Five of the separate VCs have so far been awarded . Willie Apiata received the Victoria Cross for New Zealand on 2 July 2007 , for his actions in the War in Afghanistan in 2004 . The Victoria Cross for Australia has been awarded four times . Mark Donaldson was awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia on 16 January 2009 for actions during Operation Slipper , the Australian contribution to the War in Afghanistan . Ben Roberts @-@ Smith was awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia on 23 January 2011 for actions in the Shah Wali Kot Offensive , part of the War in Afghanistan . Daniel Keighran was awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia on 1 November 2012 for his actions during the Battle of Derapet in Oruzgan Province , Afghanistan , on 24 August 2010 . A posthumous award was made to Corporal Cameron Baird for actions in Afghanistan in 2013 . A Canadian version has been cast that was originally to be awarded to the Unknown Soldier at the rededication of the Vimy Memorial on 7 April 2007 . This date was chosen as it was the 90th anniversary of the battle of Vimy Ridge but pressure from veterans ' organisations caused the plan to be dropped .
= = Authority and privileges = =
As the highest award for valour of the United Kingdom , the Victoria Cross is always the first award to be presented at an investiture , even before knighthoods , as was shown at the investiture of Private Johnson Beharry , who received his medal before General Sir Mike Jackson received his knighthood . Owing to its status , the VC is always the first decoration worn in a row of medals and it is the first set of post @-@ nominal letters used to indicate any decoration or order . Similar acts of extreme valour that do not take place in the face of the enemy are honoured with the George Cross , which has equal precedence but is awarded second because the GC is newer .
There is a widespread though erroneous belief that it is statutory for " all ranks to salute a bearer of the Victoria Cross " . There is no official requirement that appears in the official Warrant of the VC , nor in Queen 's Regulations and Orders , but tradition dictates that this occurs and as such the Chiefs of Staff will salute a Private awarded a VC or GC .
The Victoria Cross was at first worn as the recipient fancied . It was popular to pin it on the left side of the chest over the heart , with other decorations grouped around the VC . The Queen 's Regulations for the Army of 1881 gave clear instructions on how to wear it ; the VC had to follow the badge of the Order of the Indian Empire . In 1900 it was ordained in Dress Regulations for the Army that it should be worn after the cross of a Member of the Royal Victorian Order . It was only in 1902 that King Edward VII gave the cross its present position on a bar brooch . The cross is also worn as a miniature decoration on a brooch or a chain with mess jacket , white tie or black tie . As a bearer of the VC is not a Companion in an Order of Chivalry , the VC has no place in a coat of arms .
= = = Annuity = = =
The original warrant stated that NCOs and private soldiers or seamen on the Victoria Cross Register were entitled to a £
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elements with System Shock 2 : reconstitution stations can be activated , allowing the player to be resurrected when they die ; hacking , ammo conservation , and exploration are integral parts of gameplay ; and unique powers may be acquired via plasmids , special abilities that function similarly to psionics in System Shock 2 . The two titles also share plot similarities and employ audio logs and encounters with ghostly apparitions to reveal backstory . In BioShock Infinite , Irrational Games included a gameplay feature called " 1999 Mode " , specifically in reference to System Shock 2 's release year , designed to provide a similar game experience , with a higher difficulty and long @-@ lasting effects of choices made , that would remind players of System Shock 's unforgiving nature .
= Battle of Plataea =
The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle during the second Persian invasion of Greece . It took place in 479 BC near the city of Plataea in Boeotia , and was fought between an alliance of the Greek city @-@ states , including Sparta , Athens , Corinth and Megara , and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I.
The previous year the Persian invasion force , led by the Persian king in person , had scored victories at the battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium and conquered Thessaly , Boeotia , Euboea and Attica . However , at the ensuing Battle of Salamis , the Allied Greek navy had won an unlikely but decisive victory , preventing the conquest of the Peloponnesus . Xerxes then retreated with much of his army , leaving his general Mardonius to finish off the Greeks the following year .
In the summer of 479 BC the Greeks assembled a huge ( by ancient standards ) army and marched out of the Peloponnesus . The Persians retreated to Boeotia and built a fortified camp near Plataea . The Greeks , however , refused to be drawn into the prime cavalry terrain around the Persian camp , resulting in a stalemate that lasted 11 days . While attempting a retreat after their supply lines were disrupted , the Greek battle line fragmented . Thinking the Greeks in full retreat , Mardonius ordered his forces to pursue them , but the Greeks ( particularly the Spartans , Tegeans and Athenians ) halted and gave battle , routing the lightly armed Persian infantry and killing Mardonius .
A large portion of the Persian army was trapped in its camp and slaughtered . The destruction of this army , and the remnants of the Persian navy allegedly on the same day at the Battle of Mycale , decisively ended the invasion . After Plataea and Mycale the Greek allies would take the offensive against the Persians , marking a new phase of the Greco @-@ Persian Wars . Although Plataea was in every sense a resounding victory , it does not seem to have been attributed the same significance ( even at the time ) as , for example , the Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon or the Spartan defeat at Thermopylae .
= = Background = =
The Greek city @-@ states of Athens and Eretria had supported the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499 – 494 BC . The Persian Empire was still relatively young and prone to revolts by its subject peoples . Moreover , Darius was an usurper and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule . The Ionian Revolt threatened the integrity of his empire , and he thus vowed to punish those involved ( especially those not already part of the empire ) . Darius also saw the opportunity to expand his empire into the fractious world of Ancient Greece . A preliminary expedition under Mardonius , in 492 BC , to secure the land approaches to Greece ended with the re @-@ conquest of Thrace and forced Macedon to become a fully subordinate client kingdom of Persia , the latter which had been a Persian vassal as early as the late 6th century BC . An amphibious task force was then sent out under Datis and Artaphernes in 490 BC , using Delos as an intermediate base at , successfully sacking Karystos and Eretria , before moving to attack Athens . However , at the ensuing Battle of Marathon , the Athenians won a remarkable victory , resulting in the withdrawal of the Persian army to Asia .
Darius therefore began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece . However , he died before the invasion could begin . The throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I , who quickly restarted the preparations for the invasion of Greece , including building two pontoon bridges across the Hellespont . In 481 BC Xerxes sent ambassadors around Greece asking for earth and water as a gesture of their submission , but making the very deliberate omission of Athens and Sparta ( both of whom were at open war with Persia ) . Support thus began to coalesce around these two leading states . A congress of city states met at Corinth in late autumn of 481 BC , and a confederate alliance of Greek city @-@ states was formed ( hereafter referred to as " the Allies " ) . This was remarkable for the disjointed Greek world , especially since many of the city @-@ states in attendance were still technically at war with each other .
The Allies initially adopted a strategy of blocking land and sea approaches to southern Greece . Thus , in August 480 BC , after hearing of Xerxes ' approach , a small Allied army led by Spartan King Leonidas I blocked the Pass of Thermopylae , while an Athenian @-@ dominated navy sailed to the Straits of Artemisium . Famously , the massively outnumbered Greek army held Thermopylae against the Persian army for three days before being outflanked by the Persians , who used a little @-@ known mountain path . Although much of the Greek army retreated , the rearguard , formed of the Spartan and Thespian contingents , was surrounded and annihilated . The simultaneous Battle of Artemisium , consisting of a series of naval encounters , was up to that point a stalemate ; however , when news of Thermopylae reached them , they also retreated , since holding the straits of Artemisium was now a moot point .
Following Thermopylae the Persian army proceeded to burn and sack the Boeotian cities that had not surrendered , Plataea and Thespiae , before taking possession of the now @-@ evacuated city of Athens . The Allied army , meanwhile , prepared to defend the Isthmus of Corinth . Xerxes wished for a final crushing defeat of the Allies to finish the conquest of Greece in that campaigning season ; conversely , the allies sought a decisive victory over the Persian navy that would guarantee the security of the Peloponnese . The ensuing naval Battle of Salamis ended in a decisive victory for the Allies , marking a turning point in the conflict .
Following the defeat of his navy at Salamis , Xerxes retreated to Asia with the bulk of his army . According to Herodotus , this was because he feared the Greeks would sail to the Hellespont and destroy the pontoon bridges , thereby trapping his army in Europe . He thus left Mardonius , with handpicked troops , to complete the conquest of Greece the following year . Mardonius evacuated Attica and wintered in Thessaly ; the Athenians then reoccupied their destroyed city . Over the winter there seems to have been some tension among the Allies . The Athenians in particular , who were not protected by the Isthmus but whose fleet was the key to the security of the Peloponnese , felt hard done by and demanded that an allied army march north the following year . When the Allies failed to commit to this , the Athenian fleet refused to join the Allied navy in the spring . The navy , now under the command of the Spartan king Leotychides , thus skulked off Delos , while the remnants of the Persian fleet skulked off Samos , both sides unwilling to risk battle . Similarly , Mardonius remained in Thessaly , knowing an attack on the Isthmus was pointless , while the Allies refused to send an army outside the Peloponnese .
Mardonius moved to break the stalemate by trying to win over the Athenians and their fleet through the mediation of Alexander I of Macedon , offering peace , self @-@ government and territorial expansion . The Athenians made sure that a Spartan delegation was also on hand to hear the offer , and rejected it :
The degree to which we are put in the shadow by the Medes ' strength is hardly something you need to bring to our attention . We are already well aware of it . But even so , such is our love of liberty , that we will never surrender .
Upon this refusal , the Persians marched south again . Athens was again evacuated and left to the enemy . Mardonius now repeated his offer of peace to the Athenian refugees on Salamis . Athens , along with Megara and Plataea , sent emissaries to Sparta demanding assistance and threatening to accept the Persian terms if it was not given . According to Herodotus , the Spartans , who were at that time celebrating the festival of Hyacinthus , delayed making a decision until they were persuaded by a guest , Chileos of Tegea , who pointed out the danger to all of Greece if the Athenians surrendered .
= = Prelude = =
When Mardonius learned of the Spartan force , he completed the destruction of Athens , tearing down whatever was left standing . He then retreated towards Thebes , hoping to lure the Greek army into territory that would be suitable for the Persian cavalry . Mardonius created a fortified encampment on the north bank of the Asopus river in Boeotia covering the ground from Erythrae past Hysiae and up to the lands of Plataea .
The Athenians sent 8 @,@ 000 hoplites , led by Aristides , along with 600 Plataean exiles to join the Allied army . The army then marched in Boeotia across the passes of Mount Cithaeron , arriving near Plataea , and above the Persian position on the Asopus . Under the guidance of the commanding general , Pausanias , the Greeks took up position opposite the Persian lines but remained on high ground . Knowing that he had little hope of successfully attacking the Greek positions , Mardonius sought to either sow dissension among the Allies or lure them down into the plain . Plutarch reports that a conspiracy was discovered among some prominent Athenians , who were planning to betray the Allied cause ; although this account is not universally accepted , it may indicate Mardonius ' attempts of intrigue within the Greek ranks .
Mardonius also initiated hit @-@ and @-@ run cavalry attacks against the Greek lines , possibly trying to lure the Greeks down to the plain in pursuit . Although having some initial success , this strategy backfired when the Persian cavalry commander Masistius was killed ; with his death , the cavalry retreated .
Their morale boosted by this small victory , the Greeks moved forward , still remaining on higher ground , to a new position nearer more suited for encampment and better watered . The Spartans and Tegeans were on a ridge to the right of the line , the Athenians on a hillock on the left and the other contingents on the slightly lower ground between . In response , Mardonius brought his men up to the Asopus and arrayed them for battle ; However , neither the Persians nor the Greeks would attack ; Herodotus claims this is because both sides received bad omens during sacrificial rituals . The armies thus stayed camped in their locations for eight days , during which new Greek troops arrived . Mardonius then sought to break the stalemate by sending his cavalry to attack the passes of Mount Cithaeron ; this raid resulted in the capture of a convoy of provisions intended for the Greeks . Two more days passed , during which time the supply lines of the Greeks continued to be menaced . Mardonius then launched another cavalry raid on the Greek lines , which succeeded in blocking the Gargaphian Spring , which had been the only source of water for the Greek army ( they could not use the Asopus due to the threat posed by Persian archers ) . Coupled with the lack of food , the restriction of the water supply made the Greek position untenable , so they decided to retreat to a position in front of Plataea , from where they could guard the passes and have access to fresh water . To prevent the Persian cavalry from attacking during the retreat , it was to be performed that night .
However , the retreat went awry . The Allied contingents in the centre missed their appointed position and ended up scattered in front of Plataea itself . The Athenians , Tegeans and Spartans , who had been guarding the rear of the retreat , had not even begun to retreat by daybreak . A single Spartan division was thus left on the ridge to guard the rear , while the Spartans and Tegeans retreated uphill ; Pausanias also instructed the Athenians to begin the retreat and if possible join up with the Spartans . However , the Athenians at first retreated directly towards Plataea , and thus the Allied battle line remained fragmented as the Persian camp began to stir .
= = The opposing forces = =
= = = The Greeks = = =
According to Herodotus , the Spartans sent 45 @,@ 000 men — 5 @,@ 000 Spartiates ( full citizen soldiers ) , 5 @,@ 000 other Lacodaemonian hoplites ( perioeci ) and 35 @,@ 000 helots ( seven per Spartiate ) . This was probably the largest Spartan force ever assembled . The Greek army had been reinforced by contingents of hoplites from the other Allied city @-@ states , as shown in the table . Diodorus Siculus claims in his Bibliotheca historica that the number of the Greek troops approached one hundred thousand .
According to Herodotus , there were a total of 69 @,@ 500 lightly armed troops — 35 @,@ 000 helots and 34 @,@ 500 troops from the rest of Greece ; roughly one per hoplite . The number of 34 @,@ 500 has been suggested to represent one light skirmisher supporting each non @-@ Spartan hoplite ( 33 @,@ 700 ) , together with 800 Athenian archers , whose presence in the battle Herodotus later notes . Herodotus tells us that there were also 1 @,@ 800 Thespians ( but does not say how they were equipped ) , giving a total strength of 108 @,@ 200 men .
The number of hoplites is accepted as reasonable ( and possible ) ; the Athenians alone had fielded 10 @,@ 000 hoplites at the Battle of Marathon . Some historians have accepted the number of light troops and used them as a population census of Greece at the time . Certainly these numbers are theoretically possible . Athens , for instance , allegedly fielded a fleet of 180 triremes at Salamis , manned by approximately 36 @,@ 000 rowers and fighters . Thus 69 @,@ 500 light troops could easily have been sent to Plataea . Nevertheless , the number of light troops is often rejected as exaggerated , especially in view of the ratio of seven helots to one Spartiate . For instance , Lazenby accepts that hoplites from other Greek cities might have been accompanied by one lightly armoured retainer each , but rejects the number of seven helots per Spartiate . He further speculates that each Spartiate was accompanied by one armed helot , and that the remaining helots were employed in the logistical effort , transporting food for the army . Both Lazenby and Holland deem the lightly armed troops , whatever their number , as essentially irrelevant to the outcome of battle .
A further complication is that a certain proportion of the Allied manpower was needed to man the fleet , which amounted to at least 110 triremes , and thus approximately 22 @,@ 000 men . Since the Battle of Mycale was fought at least near @-@ simultaneously with the Battle of Plataea , then this was a pool of manpower which could not have contributed to Plataea , and further reduces the likelihood that 110 @,@ 000 Greeks assembled before Plataea .
The Greek forces were , as agreed by the Allied congress , under the overall command of Spartan royalty in the person of Pausanias , who was the regent for Leonidas ' young son , Pleistarchus , his cousin . Diodorus tells us that the Athenian contingent was under the command of Aristides ; it is probable that the other contingents also had their leaders . Herodotus tells us in several places that the Greeks held council during the prelude to the battle , implying that decisions were consensual and that Pausanias did not have the authority to issue direct orders to the other contingents . This style of leadership contributed to the way events unfolded during the battle itself . For instance , in the period immediately before the battle , Pausanias was unable to order the Athenians to join up with his forces , and thus the Greeks fought the battle completely separated from each other .
= = = The Persians = = =
According to Herodotus , the Persians numbered 300 @,@ 000 and were accompanied by troops from Greek city states that supported the Persian cause ( including Thebes ) . Herodotus admits that no one counted the latter , but he guesses that there were about 50 @,@ 000 of them .
Ctesias , who wrote a history of Persia based on Persian archives , claimed there were 120 @,@ 000 Persian and 7 @,@ 000 Greek soldiers , but his account is generally garbled ( for instance , placing this battle before Salamis , he also says there were only 300 Spartans , 1000 perioeci and 6000 from the other cities at Plataea , perhaps confusing it with Thermopylae ) .
Diodorus Siculus claims in his Bibliotheca historica that the number of the Persian troops was some five hundred thousand .
The figure of 300 @,@ 000 has been doubted , along with many of Herodotus ' numbers , by many historians ; modern consensus estimates the total number of troops for the Persian invasion at around 250 @,@ 000 . According to this consensus , Herodotus ' 300 @,@ 000 Persians at Plataea would self @-@ evidently be impossible . One approach to estimating the size of the Persian army has been to estimate how many men might feasibly have been accommodated within the Persian camp ; this approach gives figures of between 70 @,@ 000 and 120 @,@ 000 men . Lazenby , for instance , by comparison with later Roman military camps , calculates the number of troops at 70 @,@ 000 , including 10 @,@ 000 cavalry . Meanwhile , Connolly derives a number of 120 @,@ 000 from the same @-@ sized camp . Indeed , most estimates for the total Persian force are generally in this range . For instance , Delbrück , based on the distance the Persians marched in a day when Athens was attacked , concluded that 75 @,@ 000 was the upper limit for the size of the Persian army , including the supply personnel and other non @-@ combatants .
= = Strategic and tactical considerations = =
In some ways the run @-@ up to Plataea resembled that at the Battle of Marathon ; there was a prolonged stalemate in which neither side risked attacking the other . The reasons for this stalemate were primarily tactical , and similar to the situation at Marathon ; the Greek hoplites did not want to risk being outflanked by the Persian cavalry and the lightly armed Persian infantry could not hope to assault well @-@ defended positions .
According to Herodotus , both sides wished for a decisive battle that would tip the war in their favor . However , Lazenby believed that Mardonius ' actions during the Plataea campaign were not consistent with an aggressive policy . He interprets the Persian operations during the prelude not as attempts to force the Allies into battle but as attempts to force the Allies into retreat ( which indeed became the case ) . Mardonius may have felt he had little to gain in battle and that he could simply wait for the Greek alliance to fall apart ( as it had nearly done over the winter ) . There can be little doubt from Herodotus ' account that Mardonius was prepared to accept battle on his own terms , however . Regardless of the exact motives , the initial strategic situation allowed both sides to procrastinate , since food supplies were ample for both armies . Under these conditions , the tactical considerations outweighed the strategic need for action .
When Mardonius ' raids disrupted the Allied supply chain , it forced the Allies to rethink their strategy . Rather than now moving to attack , however , they instead looked to retreat and secure their lines of communication . Despite this defensive move by the Greeks , it was in fact the chaos resulting from this retreat that finally ended the stalemate . Mardonius perceived this as a full @-@ on retreat , in effect thinking that the battle was already over , and sought to pursue the Greeks . Since he did not expect the Greeks to fight , the tactical problems were no longer an issue and he tried to take advantage of the altered strategic situation he thought he had produced . Conversely , the Greeks had , inadvertently , lured Mardonius into attacking them on the higher ground and , despite being outnumbered , were thus at a tactical advantage .
= = The battle = =
Once the Persians discovered that the Greeks had abandoned their positions and appeared to be in retreat , Mardonius decided to set off in immediate pursuit with the elite Persian infantry . As he did so , the rest of the Persian army , unbidden , began to move forward . The Spartans and Tegeans had by now reached the Temple of Demeter . The rearguard under Amompharetus began to withdraw from the ridge , under pressure from Persian cavalry , to join them . Pausanias sent a messenger to the Athenians , asking them to join up with the Spartans . However , the Athenians had been engaged by the Theban phalanx and were unable to assist Pausanias . The Spartans and Tegeans were first assaulted by the Persian cavalry , while the Persian infantry made their way forward . They then planted their shields and began shooting arrows at the Greeks , while the cavalry withdrew .
According to Herodotus , Pausanias refused to advance because good omens were not divined in the goat sacrifices that were performed . At this point , as Greek soldiers began to fall under the barrage of arrows , the Tegeans started to run at the Persian lines . Offering one last sacrifice and a prayer to the heavens in front of the Temple of Hera , Pausanias finally received favourable omens and gave the command for the Spartans to advance , whereupon they also charged the Persian lines .
The numerically superior Persian infantry were of the heavy ( by Persian standards ) sparabara formation , but this was still much lighter than the Greek phalanx . The Persian defensive weapon was a large wicker shield and they used short spears ; by contrast , the hoplites were armored in bronze , with a bronze shield and a long spear . As at Marathon , it was a severe mismatch . The fight was fierce and long , but the Greeks ( Spartans and Tegeans ) continued to push into the Persian lines . The Persians tried to break the Greeks ' spears by grabbing hold of them , but the Greeks responded by switching to swords . Mardonius was present at the scene , riding a white horse , and surrounded by a bodyguard of 1 @,@ 000 men ; while he remained , the Persians stood their ground . However , the Spartans closed in on Mardonius ; a Spartan soldier named Arimnestus saw him astride his horse , picked up a large rock off the ground and threw it hard at Mardonius ; it hit him squarely in the head , killing him . With Mardonius dead , the Persians began to flee ; although his bodyguard remained , they were annihilated . Herodotus claims that the reason for their discomfort was a lack of armour . Quickly the rout became general , with many Persians fleeing in disorder to their camp . However , Artabazus ( who had earlier commanded the Sieges of Olynthus and Potidea ) , had disagreed with Mardonius about attacking the Greeks , and he had not fully engaged the forces under his command . As the rout commenced , he led these men ( 40 @,@ 000 , according to Herodotus ) away from the battlefield , on the road to Thessaly , hoping to escape eventually to the Hellespont .
On the opposite side of the battlefield the Athenians had triumphed in a tough battle against the Thebans . The other Greeks fighting for the Persians had deliberately fought badly , according to Herodotus . The Thebans retreated from the battle , but in a different direction from the Persians , allowing them to escape without further losses . The Allied Greeks , reinforced by the contingents who had not taken part in the main battle , then stormed the Persian camp . Although the Persians initially defended the wall vigorously , it was eventually breached ; the Persians , packed tightly together in the camp , were slaughtered by the Greeks . Of the Persians who had retreated to the camp , scarcely 3 @,@ 000 were left alive .
According to Herodotus , only 43 @,@ 000 Persians survived the battle . The number who died , of course , depends on how many there were in the first place ; there would be 257 @,@ 000 dead by Herodotus ' reckoning . Herodotus claims that the Greeks as a whole lost only 159 men . Furthermore , he claims that only Spartans , Tegeans and Athenians died , since they were the only ones who fought . Plutarch , who had access to other sources , gives 1 @,@ 360 Greek casualties , while both Ephorus and Diodorus Siculus tally the Greek casualties to over 10 @,@ 000 .
= = Accounts of individuals = =
Herodotus recounts several anecdotes about the conduct of specific Spartans during the battle .
Amompharetus : The leader of a battalion of Spartans , he refused to undertake the night @-@ time retreat towards Plataea before the battle , since doing so would be shameful for a Spartan . Herodotus has an angry debate continuing between Pausanias and Amompharetus until dawn , whereupon the rest of the Spartan army finally began to retreat , leaving Amompharetus ' division behind . Not expecting this , Amompharetus eventually led his men after the retreating Spartans . However , another tradition remembers Amompharetus as winning great renown at Plataea , and it has thus been suggested that Amompharetus , far from being insubordinate , had instead volunteered to guard the rear .
Aristodemus : The lone Spartan survivor of the slaughter of the 300 at the Battle of Thermopylae had , with a fellow Spartiate , been dismissed from the army by Leonidas I because of an eye infection . However , his colleague had insisted on being led into battle , partially blind , by a helot . Preferring to return to Sparta , Aristodemus was branded a coward and suffered a year of reproach before Plataea . Anxious to redeem his name , he charged the Persian lines by himself , killing in a savage fury before being cut down . Although the Spartans agreed that he had redeemed himself , they awarded him no special honour , because he failed to fight in the disciplined manner expected of a Spartan .
Callicrates : Considered the " most beautiful man , not among the Spartans only , but in the whole Greek camp " , Callicrates was eager to distinguish himself that day as a warrior but was deprived of the chance by a stray arrow that pierced his side while standing in formation . When the battle commenced he insisted on making the charge with the rest , but collapsed within a short distance . His last words , according to Herodotus , were , " I grieve not because I have to die for my country , but because I have not lifted my arm against the enemy . "
= = Aftermath = =
According to Herodotus , the Battle of Mycale occurred on the same afternoon as Plataea . A Greek fleet under the Spartan king Leotychides had sailed to Samos to challenge the remnants of the Persian fleet . The Persians , whose ships were in a poor state of repair , had decided not to risk fighting and instead drew their ships up on the beach at the feet of Mount Mycale in Ionia . An army of 60 @,@ 000 men had been left there by Xerxes and the fleet joined with them , building a palisade around the camp to protect the ships . However , Leotychides decided to attack the camp with the Allied fleet 's marines . Seeing the small size of the Greek force , the Persians emerged from the camp but the Greek hoplites again proved superior and destroyed much of the Persian force . The ships were abandoned to
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the Greeks , who burned them , crippling Xerxes ' sea power and marking the ascendancy of the Greek fleet .
With the twin victories of Plataea and Mycale , the second Persian invasion of Greece was over . Moreover , the threat of future invasion was abated ; although the Greeks remained worried that Xerxes would try again , over time it became apparent that the Persian desire to conquer Greece was much diminished .
The remnants of the Persian army , under the command of Artabazus , tried to retreat back to Asia Minor . Travelling through the lands of Thessaly , Macedonia and Thrace by the shortest road , Artabazus eventually made it back to Byzantium , though losing many men to Thracian attacks , weariness and hunger . After the victory at Mycale , the Allied fleet sailed to the Hellespont to break down the pontoon bridges , but found that this had already been done . The Peloponnesians sailed home , but the Athenians remained to attack the Chersonesos , still held by the Persians . The Persians in the region , and their allies , made for Sestos , the strongest town in the region , and the Athenians laid siege to them there . After a protracted siege Sestos fell to the Athenians , marking the beginning of a new phase in the Greco @-@ Persian Wars , the Greek counterattack . Herodotus ended his Histories after the Siege of Sestos . Over the next 30 years the Greeks , primarily the Athenian @-@ dominated Delian League , would expel ( or help expel ) the Persians from Macedon , Thrace , the Aegean islands and Ionia . Peace with Persia came in 449 BC with the Peace of Callias , finally ending a half @-@ century of warfare .
= = Significance = =
Plataea and Mycale have great significance in ancient history as the battles that decisively ended the second Persian invasion of Greece , thereby swinging the balance of the Greco @-@ Persian Wars in favour of the Greeks . They kept Persia from conquering all of Greece , although they paid a high price by losing many of their men . The Battle of Marathon showed that the Persians could be defeated , and the Battle of Salamis saved Greece from immediate conquest , but it was Plataea and Mycale that effectively ended that threat . However , neither of these battles is nearly as well known as Thermopylae , Salamis or Marathon . The reason for this discrepancy is not entirely clear ; it might , however , be a result of the circumstances in which the battle was fought . The fame of Thermopylae certainly lies in the doomed heroism of the Greeks in the face of overwhelming numbers ; and Marathon and Salamis perhaps because they were both fought against the odds , and in dire strategic situations . Conversely , the Battles of Plataea and Mycale were both fought from a relative position of Greek strength , and against lesser odds ; the Greeks , in fact , sought out battle on both occasions .
Militarily , the major lesson of both Plataea and Mycale ( since both were fought on land ) was to re @-@ emphasise the superiority of the hoplite over the more lightly armed Persian infantry , as had first been demonstrated at Marathon . Taking on this lesson , after the Greco @-@ Persian Wars the Persian empire started recruiting and relying on Greek mercenaries . One such mercenary expedition , the " Anabasis of the 10 @,@ 000 " as narrated by Xenophon , further proved to the Greeks that the Persians were militarily vulnerable even well within their own territory , and paved the way for the destruction of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great some decades later .
= = Legacy = =
= = = Monuments to the battle = = =
A bronze column in the shape of intertwined snakes ( the Serpent column ) was created from melted @-@ down Persian weapons , acquired in the plunder of the Persian camp , and was erected at Delphi . It commemorated all the Greek city @-@ states that had participated in the battle , listing them on the column , and thus confirming some of Herodotus ' claims . Most of it still survives in the Hippodrome of Constantinople ( present @-@ day Istanbul ) , where it was carried by Constantine the Great during the founding of his city on the Greek colony of Byzantium .
= = = Ancient sources = = =
Herodotus ( 1920 ) . The Histories. with an English translation by A. D. Godley . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . At the Perseus Project of the Tufts University .
Ctesias , Persica ( excerpt in Photius 's epitome )
Diodorus Siculus ( 1967 ) . Library. in Twelve Volumes with an English Translation by C. H. Oldfather . Cambridge , Mass . ; London . At the Perseus Project of the Tufts University .
Plutarch , Aristides
Xenophon , Anabasis
= = = Modern sources = = =
Delbrück , Hans . History of the Art of War Vol I. ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8032 @-@ 6584 @-@ 4
Holland , Tom . Persian Fire . Abacus , 2005 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 349 @-@ 11717 @-@ 1
Green , Peter . The Greco @-@ Persian Wars . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1970 ; revised ed . , 1996 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 @-@ 520 @-@ 20573 @-@ 1 ) ; 1998 ( paperback , ISBN 0 @-@ 520 @-@ 20313 @-@ 5 ) .
Gibbon , Edward . The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8095 @-@ 9235 @-@ 7
Lazenby , JF . The Defence of Greece 490 – 479 BC . Aris & Phillips Ltd . , 1993 . ISBN 0 @-@ 85668 @-@ 591 @-@ 7
Fehling , D. Herodotus and His " Sources " : Citation , Invention , and Narrative Art . Translated by J.G. Howie . Arca Classical and Medieval Texts , Papers , and Monographs , 21 . Leeds : Francis Cairns , 1989 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 905205 @-@ 70 @-@ 0
Connolly , P. Greece and Rome at War , 1981 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 84832 @-@ 609 @-@ 5
Finley , Moses ( 1972 ) . " Introduction " . Thucydides – History of the Peloponnesian War ( translated by Rex Warner ) . Penguin . ISBN 0 @-@ 14 @-@ 044039 @-@ 9 .
Roisman , Joseph ; Worthington , Ian ( 2011 ) . A Companion to Ancient Macedonia . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 44 @-@ 435163 @-@ 7 .
Shepherd , William ( 2012 ) . Plataea 479 B.C. ; The most glorious victory ever seen . Osprey Campaign Series # 239 . Osprey Publishing . Illustrator : Peter Dennis . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 84908 @-@ 554 @-@ 0
= Henry Martyn =
Henry Martyn ( 18 February 1781 – 16 October 1812 ) was an Anglican priest and missionary to the peoples of India and Persia . Born in Truro , Cornwall , he was educated at Truro Grammar School and St John 's College , Cambridge . A chance encounter with Charles Simeon led him to become a missionary . He was ordained a priest in the Church of England and became a chaplain for the British East India Company .
Martyn arrived in India in April 1806 , where he preached and occupied himself in the study of linguistics . He translated the whole of the New Testament into Urdu , Persian and Judaeo @-@ Persic . He also translated the Psalms into Persian and the Book of Common Prayer into Urdu . From India , he set out for Bushire , Shiraz , Isfahan , and Tabriz .
Martyn was seized with fever , and , though the plague was raging at Tokat , he was forced to stop there , unable to continue . On 16 October 1812 he died . He was remembered for his courage , selflessness and his religious devotion . In parts of the Anglican Communion he is celebrated with a Lesser Festival on 19 October .
= = Early life = =
Martyn was born in Truro , Cornwall . His father , John Martyn , was a " captain " or mine @-@ agent at Gwennap . As a boy , he was educated at Truro grammar school under Dr. Cardew and he entered St John 's College , Cambridge , in the autumn of 1797 , and was senior wrangler and first Smith 's prizeman in 1801 . In 1802 , he was chosen as a fellow of his college .
He had intended to go to the bar , but in the October term of 1802 he chanced to hear Charles Simeon speaking of the good done in India by a single missionary , William Carey , and some time afterwards he read the life of David Brainerd , a missionary to the Native Americans . He resolved , accordingly , to become a missionary himself . On 22 October 1803 , he was ordained deacon at Ely , and afterwards priest , and served as Simeon 's curate at the Church of Holy Trinity , taking charge of the neighbouring parish of Lolworth .
= = Missionary work = =
Martyn wanted to offer his services to the Church Missionary Society , when a financial disaster in Cornwall deprived him and his unmarried sister of the income their father had left for them . It was necessary for Martyn to earn an income that would support his sister as well as himself . He accordingly obtained a chaplaincy under the British East India Company and left for India on 5 July 1805 . On his voyage to the East , Martyn happened to be present at the British conquest of the Cape Colony on 8 January 1806 . He spent that day tending to the dying soldiers and was distressed by seeing the horrors of war . He would come away feeling that it was Britain 's destiny to convert , not colonize , the world . He wrote in his diary :
I prayed that … England whilst she sent the thunder of her arms to distant regions of the globe , might not remain proud and ungodly at home ; but might show herself great indeed , by sending forth the ministers of her church to diffuse the gospel of peace .
= = = India = = =
Martyn arrived in India in April 1806 , and for some months he was stationed at Aldeen , near Serampur . In October 1806 , he proceeded to Dinapur , where he was soon able to conduct worship among the locals in the vernacular , and established schools . In April 1809 , he was transferred to Cawnpore , where he preached to British and Indians in his own compound , in spite of interruptions and threats from local non @-@ Christians .
He occupied himself in linguistic study , and had already , during his residence at Dinapur , been engaged in revising the sheets of his Hindustani version of the New Testament . He now translated the whole of the New Testament into Urdu also , and into Persian twice . He translated the Psalms into Persian , the Gospels into Judaeo @-@ Persic , and the Book of Common Prayer into Urdu , in spite of ill @-@ health and " the pride , pedantry and fury of his chief munshi Sabat . " Ordered by the doctors to take a sea voyage , he obtained leave to go to Persia and correct his Persian New Testament . From there , he wanted to go to Arabia , and there compose an Arabic version . On 1 October 1810 , having seen his work at Cawnpore rewarded on the previous day by the opening of a church , he left for Calcutta , from where he sailed on 7 January 1811 for Bombay . The ship reached port on his thirtieth birthday .
= = Final voyage and death = =
From Bombay he set out for Bushire , bearing letters from Sir John Malcolm to men of position there , as also at Shiraz and Isfahan . After an exhausting journey from the coast he reached Shiraz , and was soon plunged into discussion with the disputants of all classes , " Sufi , Muslim , Jew , and Jewish Muslim , even Armenian , all anxious to test their powers of argument with the first English priest who had visited them . " He next traveled to Tabriz to attempt to present the Shah with his translation of the New Testament , which proved unsuccessful . Sir Gore Ouseley , the British ambassador to the Shah , was unable to bring about a meeting , but did deliver the manuscript . Although Martyn could not present the Bible in person , the Shah later wrote him a letter :
In truth ( said the royal letter of thanks to the ambassador ) through the learned and unremitted exertions of the Reverend Henry Martyn it has been translated in a style most befitting sacred books , that is in an easy and simple diction ... The whole of the New Testament is completed in a most excellent manner , a source of pleasure to our enlightened and august mind .
At this time , he was seized with fever , and after a temporary recovery , had to seek a change of climate . He set off for Constantinople , where he intended to return on furlough to England to regain his strength and recruit help for the missions in India . On 12 September 1812 , he started with two Armenian servants and crossed the Aras River . Urged on from place to place by their Tatar guide , they rode from Tabriz to Erivan , from Erivan to Kars , and from Kars to Erzurum . They departed Erzurum and though the plague was raging at Tokat , he was forced to stop there , unable to continue . He wrote his final journal entry on 6 October . It read , in part :
Oh ! when shall time give place to eternity ? When shall appear that new heaven and new earth wherein dwelleth righteousness ? There , there shall in no wise enter in any thing that defileth : none of that wickedness which has made men worse than wild beasts , none of those corruptions which add still more to the miseries of mortality , shall be seen or heard of any more .
On 16 October 1812 he died and was given a Christian burial by Armenian clergy .
He was heard to say , " Let me burn out for God " . An indication of his zeal for the things of God .
= = Legacy = =
His devotion to his tasks won him much admiration in Great Britain and he was the hero of a number of literary publications . Thomas Babington Macaulay 's Epitaph , composed early in 1813 , testified to the impression made by his career :
An institution was established in his name in India , called the Henry Martyn Institute : An Interfaith Centre for Reconciliation and Research , Hyderabad , India . John McManners wrote in his Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity that Martyn was a man remembered for his courage , selflessness and his religious devotion . In parts of the Anglican Communion he is celebrated with a Lesser Festival on 19 October .
The Henry Martyn Trust based in Cambridge , England can trace its history back to 1897 , at a time of great enthusiasm in Cambridge for overseas missions , when an appeal was launched for a ' Proposed Missionary Library for Cambridge University ' , to be housed in the Henry Martyn Hall , erected ten years previously .
The Henry Martyn Library opened in the Hall in 1898 , and there it remained as a small collection of missionary biographies and other books until 1995 . The evolution of the Henry Martyn Library into the present Henry Martyn Centre began in 1992 , when Canon Graham Kings , now Bishop of Sherborne , was appointed as the first Henry Martyn Lecturer in Missiology in the Cambridge Theological Federation .
In 1999 the Centre became an Associate Institute of the Cambridge Theological Federation , one of the largest providers of theological education in the United Kingdom .
Today , the Centre continues to seek to promote the study of mission and world Christianity , developing strong links with mission study centres around the world and fulfilling the same aim that was stated by the founders of the Library in 1897 .
= Carl Hans Lody =
Carl Hans Lody , alias Charles A. Inglis ( 20 January 1877 – 6 November 1914 ; name occasionally given as Karl Hans Lody ) , was a reserve officer of the Imperial German Navy who spied in the United Kingdom in the first few months of the First World War .
He grew up in Nordhausen in central Germany and was orphaned at an early age . After embarking on a nautical career at the age of 16 , he served briefly in the Imperial German Navy at the start of the 20th century . His ill health forced him to abandon a naval career , but he remained in the naval reserve . He joined the Hamburg America Line to work as a tour guide . While escorting a party of tourists , he met and married a German @-@ American woman , but the marriage broke down after only a few months . His wife divorced him and he returned to Berlin .
In May 1914 , two months before war broke out , Lody was approached by German naval intelligence officials . He agreed to their proposal to employ him as a peacetime spy in southern France , but the outbreak of the First World War on 28 July 1914 resulted in a change of plans . In late August , he was sent to the United Kingdom with orders to spy on the Royal Navy . He posed as an American — he could speak English fluently , with an American accent — using a genuine U.S. passport purloined from an American citizen in Germany . Over the course of a month , Lody travelled around Edinburgh and the Firth of Forth observing naval movements and coastal defences . By the end of September 1914 , he was becoming increasingly worried for his safety as a rising spy panic in Britain led to foreigners coming under suspicion . He travelled to Ireland , where he intended to keep a low profile until he could make his escape from the UK .
Lody had been given no training in espionage before embarking on his mission and within only a few days of arriving he was detected by the British authorities . His un @-@ coded communications were detected by British censors when he sent his first reports to an address in Stockholm that the British knew was a postbox for German agents . The British counter @-@ espionage agency MI5 , then known as MO5 ( g ) , allowed him to continue his activities in the hope of finding out more information about the German spy network . His first two messages were allowed to reach the Germans but later messages were stopped , as they contained sensitive military information . At the start of October 1914 , concern over the increasingly sensitive nature of his messages prompted MO5 ( g ) to order Lody 's arrest . He had left a trail of clues that enabled the police to track him to a hotel in Killarney , Ireland , in less than a day .
Lody was put on public trial — the only one held for a German spy captured in the UK in either World War — before a military court in London at the end of October . He did not attempt to deny that he was a German spy . His bearing in court was widely praised as forthright and courageous by the British press and even by the police and MO5 ( g ) officers who had tracked him down . He was convicted and sentenced to death after a three @-@ day hearing . Four days later , on 6 November 1914 , Lody was shot at dawn by a firing squad at the Tower of London in the first execution there in 167 years . His body was buried in an unmarked grave in East London . When the Nazi Party came to power in Germany in 1933 , it declared him a national hero . Lody became the subject of memorials , namesake for a destroyer ship eulogies and commemorations in Germany before and during the Second World War .
= = Early life and career = =
Carl Hans Lody was born in Berlin on 20 January 1877 . His father was a lawyer in government service who served as mayor of Oderberg in 1881 . The Lody family subsequently moved to Nordhausen , where they lived at 8 Sedanstrasse ( today Rudolf @-@ Breitscheid @-@ Strasse ) . Lody 's father served as deputy mayor there in 1882 but died in June 1883 after a short illness and his mother died in 1885 . He was fostered for a time by a couple in Leipzig before entering the orphanage of the Francke Foundations in nearby Halle .
Lody began an apprenticeship at a grocery store in Halle in 1891 , before moving to Hamburg two years later to join the crew of the sailing ship Sirius as a cabin boy . He studied at the maritime academy in Geestemünde , qualifying as a helmsman , and immediately afterwards served with the Imperial German Navy for a year between 1900 and 1901 . Subsequently joining the First Naval Reserve , he enlisted as an officer on German merchant ships . In 1904 he returned to Geestemünde , where he successfully obtained a captain 's licence . He fell seriously ill with what he later said was a stomach abscess , " caused from a very badly cured typhoid attack of fever from which I suffered in Italy on account of the bad water at Genoa . " An operation was required , which weakened his left arm and his eyesight . As Lody put it , " Consequently , my career as a seaman was closed as soon as I discovered that , and my doctor told me that I could not go any further . "
Lody found alternative employment with the Hamburg America Line , which had inaugurated a personally guided tour service for wealthy travellers going from Europe to America . Lody became a tour guide responsible for looking after these clients , and in this capacity visited European countries , including Britain . During one such tour he met a German @-@ American woman named Louise Storz , the 23 @-@ year @-@ old adoptive daughter of a wealthy beer brewer , Gottlieb Storz of Omaha , Nebraska . Louise 's tour included several European countries , including Germany ; by its conclusion she and Lody were engaged . After visiting Lody 's family in Berlin , the couple travelled to the United States . They were married on 29 October 1912 in what the Omaha Daily Bee described as " a ' society ' wedding " :
The home was beautifully decorated with chrysanthemums , palms and ferns . The ceremony and the details that preceded it were elaborate . About seventy @-@ five guests attended . After an extended western honeymoon tour Mr. and Mrs. Lody established a residence at the Clarinda .
Despite the high profile of the wedding the couple lived together for only two months . Lody sought to obtain a position in the Storz Brewing Company but he lacked expertise in brewing . As the local Omaha Daily Bee newspaper put it , " Here he was in the United States with a wife to support and no position in sight . " He found a job working as a clerk for the Union Pacific Railroad for under $ 100 a month . Two months after they were married , Louise brought suit for divorce , charging that Lody had " beat [ en ] her , inflicting serious wounds to her body . " Lody left for Berlin shortly thereafter ; over six months later , he unexpectedly returned with a German lawyer to contest the suit in the Douglas County courts . The suit was withdrawn without explanation a few days later ; Lody returned to Berlin . The two sides apparently reached an amicable settlement ; in February 1914 the divorce suit was reinstated and Lody agreed not to contest it . The divorce was granted the following month .
The military historian Thomas Boghardt suggests that the Storz family did not approve of the match , and may have pressured the couple to separate . Lody said later that his former father @-@ in @-@ law gave him $ 10 @,@ 000 , possibly as compensation . The failed marriage had a lasting effect on Lody . He wrote in 1914 : " My feelings run riot when I can permit myself to review the dramatic events of the last three years and what is to be the probable climax of it all . "
= = Beginning of espionage career = =
On his return to Germany , Lody settled in Berlin , living in what he described as " well to do circumstances " . He stayed in the Adlon , the city 's most fashionable luxury hotel , while his sister Hanna lived with her doctor husband in the prosperous suburb of Westend in Charlottenburg . As tensions grew across Europe in the first half of 1914 , German naval intelligence – the Nachrichten @-@ Abteilung , or " N " – set out to recruit potential agents . Lody already had links with the service . During his time with the Imperial German Navy , Lody had served under Arthur Tapken , who later became N 's first director . The German Imperial Admiralty Staff , or Admiralstab , listed Lody as a possible recruitment target before the outbreak of war . The naval authorities regarded Hamburg America Line ( HAL ) employees such as Lody as ideal recruits because of their expertise in naval matters and presence in ports worldwide . The HAL had collaborated with the Admiralstab since the 1890s . The relationship became so close that in July 1914 , just before the outbreak of the war , the HAL 's director Albert Ballin told the Admiralstab that he would " place myself and the organisation subordinate to me at your Excellency 's disposal as best as possible . "
On 8 May 1914 , Fritz Prieger , the director of N , contacted Lody to ask whether he was willing to serve as a naval agent . Lody replied that he was " honoured " by Prieger 's trust and would serve at Prieger 's disposal . Within three weeks Lody had signed a formal agreement to operate as a " tension traveller " in southern France – an agent who would report back to Berlin in times of heightened international tensions . The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June and the subsequent July Crisis precipitated the outbreak of World War I on 28 July .
With the United Kingdom declaring war in support of France and Belgium , Prieger sent Lody to Britain as a war agent . Lody was ordered to base himself in the Edinburgh – Leith area and monitor British naval movements . He was to travel along the Scottish coast and report on the warships stationed there ; " If or when Mr. Lody comes to know that a naval battle has taken place , he will enquire as much and unobtrusively as possible regarding losses , damage etc . " His orders reflected the Admiralstab 's belief that the war would be decided by a single major naval battle .
To communicate with his handlers , Lody was instructed to write to certain addresses in Christiania ( now Oslo ) , Stockholm , New York and Rome . He acquired an American emergency passport in the name of Charles A. Inglis , a genuine document obtained from the US Embassy in Berlin . When Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August , newly imposed restrictions prevented foreigners from leaving Germany without travel documents . Embassies and consulates throughout the country experienced a rush of visitors as foreigners sought emergency passports ; these had to be submitted to the German Foreign Ministry to obtain exit permits for neutral Denmark or the Netherlands . One such applicant was the real Charles A. Inglis , whose passport went missing – lost , it was claimed , although in fact the Foreign Ministry had appropriated it for Lody 's use . As the passport lacked security features such as the holder 's photograph or fingerprints , being merely a single @-@ sheet document , it was well @-@ suited for use by a spy . Lody said later that he had received it in the post from his superiors at N. He was also given £ 250 in British banknotes , 1 @,@ 000 Danish krone and 1 @,@ 000 Norwegian krone to finance his mission to the UK , where he would travel via Denmark and Norway .
Gustav Steinhauer , the head of N 's British section , later wrote that he had met Lody shortly before the latter 's departure , and spoken with him on a couple of occasions . Steinhauer had been active in Britain shortly before the outbreak of war , and was keen to give Lody advice on the difficulties he would face :
When you are in England , Lody , you are not in Germany or France with a neutral frontier close at hand to assist your escape . You will have to get through a port , and it will not be easy ... It will mean death if you are in the slightest degree careless . You must remember that all foreigners will be watched everywhere . Your correspondence will be opened and your luggage will be ransacked . They will go over your passport with a microscope to see that it is not forged and they will make you notify every change of address that you have .
To Steinhauer 's apparent surprise , Lody appeared nonchalant about the danger that he was about to go into . " Well , after all , one might as well die that way as any other , " Lody said , according to Steinhauer ; " I shall be rendering the Fatherland a service and no other German can do more than that . " At a final meeting at the Anhalter Bahnhof in Berlin , Steinhauer repeated his warnings , but Lody " only laughed at me and told me my fears were groundless . " Steinhauer regarded Lody 's ability to carry out his mission as " practically nil " and warned the Chief of Naval Intelligence not to send him to the UK , but the warning went unheeded . He recalled that " as he had specially volunteered for the task – and I must admit there were very few people in Berlin just then anxious to accompany him – they allowed him to go . "
As Steinhauer noted in his autobiography , the UK was a dangerous environment for a foreign agent . Only five years previously , the country had not had a dedicated counter @-@ espionage organisation . In 1909 a series of spy scares fanned by the press led to the establishment of the Secret Service Bureau , jointly headed by Captain Vernon Kell and Lieutenant @-@ Commander Mansfield Cumming . They soon split their responsibilities ; Kell took charge of counter @-@ espionage , while Cumming focused on foreign intelligence . These two divisions of the Secret Service Bureau eventually became two independent intelligence agencies , MI5 and MI6 . The Bureau quickly identified a list of possible German agents in the UK . Just before the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914 , Chief Constables across Britain and Ireland were instructed to arrest suspects in their areas . This was done quickly and a number of German agents were caught , crippling German intelligence operations in the UK at a crucial moment in the war . Steinhauer himself had been lucky to escape arrest ; he was known by name to the British authorities and he had been spying on the Royal Navy in Scotland as recently as late June 1914 .
= = Scotland = =
Lody embarked on his mission " so hastily that he did not even have time to learn a code that might have assisted him to get his messages through " , according to Steinhauer Posing as an American tourist , Lody left Berlin on 14 August , travelling via Denmark to the Norwegian port of Bergen . There he boarded a ship that took him to Newcastle , arriving on the evening of 27 August . He took a train to the North British Hotel ( now the Balmoral Hotel ) adjacent to Edinburgh Waverley railway station . On 30 August , he sent a telegram from Edinburgh 's main post office to an Adolf Burchard at 4 Drottninggatan , Stockholm – a cover address for a German agent in Sweden . The message said : " Must cancel Johnson very ill last four days shall leave shortly " and was signed " Charles " . As it was an overseas telegram , he had to sign for it with his full ( alias ) name .
The Secret Service Bureau 's counter @-@ espionage section had by now become part of the War Office 's Directorate of Military Operations and was known as MO5 ( g ) . At the outbreak of war it instituted widespread censorship of letters and telegrams sent abroad . From 4 August all mails from the UK to Norway and Sweden had been brought to London for examination to identify any being sent to suspect addresses . Fatally for Lody , MO5 ( g ) was already aware that the Stockholm address was that of a German agent , and was watching for correspondence using the " Johnson " formula employed in Lody 's telegram . " Burchard " was later identified as a German agent by the name of K. Leipziger . After Lody sent his telegram to " Burchard " , exposing his " Charles Inglis " alias on the telegram form , MO5 ( g ) ' s Letter Interception Unit conducted a back @-@ tracking exercise to find any other messages sent to the same place . One of MO5 ( g ) ' s censors later described the scene at Salisbury House in London , where the Letter Interception Unit was based :
Several names were written on a large blackboard which hung on the wall , plainly visible , and we had to keep a sharp look @-@ out for any mention of these in letters we read . The names were those of persons suspected of sending information to Germany via neutral countries . In addition , a short sentence was scribbled up on this board : ' Johnson is ill ' . The Admiralty knew that somewhere in Britain a German officer was travelling about who intended to use this formula to convey the news of certain movements of the British fleet .
The " Johnson " telegram reached its destination and was only identified retrospectively by the British authorities . It was said to have indicated the presence of four British battleships , though the censors took its meaning to be that " he was being watched and in danger & would have to leave Edinburgh which he did later on . "
Having inadvertently exposed his assumed identity , Lody 's subsequent communications came under close scrutiny by MO5 ( g ) . He left his Edinburgh hotel on 1 September , and moved to a boarding @-@ house in Drumsheugh Gardens , where he gave his name as Charles A. Inglis of New York City and paid as a weekly boarder . Three days later he sent a letter in English to the same Stockholm address , enclosing an envelope with a second letter , in German and addressed to Berlin . This was intercepted by the British authorities , opened , photographed , sealed again and sent on to Sweden . A post @-@ war report by MI5 , the successor organisation to MO5 ( g ) , explains that it was treated this way " in the hope of learning more . "
In this instance MO5 ( g ) was happy to let Lody 's letters go through as they contained information that was wildly misleading and caused serious ( and needless ) worry to the German High Command . Lody had heard the widespread rumour that thousands of Russian troops with " snow on their boots " had passed through Scotland en route to the Western Front , and relayed it to his controllers in Berlin :
Will you kindly communicate with Berlin at once by wire ( code or whatever system at your disposal ) and inform them that on Sept . 3rd great masses of Russian soldiers have passed through Edinburgh on their way to London and France . Although it must be expected that Berlin has knowledge of these movements , which probably took its start at Archangel , it may be well to forward this information . It is estimated here that 60 @,@ 000 men have passed , numbers which seem greatly exaggerated . I went to the depot [ station ] and noticed trains passing through at high speed , blinds down . The landing in Scotland took place at Aberdeen . Yours very truly Charles .
Lody 's information was entirely inaccurate and had been gleaned , as he was to admit at his trial , purely from rumours : " I heard it in the boarding @-@ house and I heard it in the barber 's shop . " His second letter , in German , was addressed to " Herr Stammer " at German naval intelligence in Courbierestrasse , Berlin , and contained details of British naval losses and vessels stationed at Leith and Grangemouth . He had obtained details of the naval vessels simply by climbing Calton Hill in Edinburgh and observing the panorama from the summit , and by taking a promenade along the seafront at Grangemouth , used by thousands of citizens as a popular excursion . He was worried about the risks that he was taking and stated in his letter that he would not go near any place where he could be challenged , or where barricades and restrictions prevented access . His lack of training or preparation
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Οὐεσούιον or Οὐεσούιος . Many scholars since then have offered an etymology . As peoples of varying ethnicity and language occupied Campania in the Roman Iron Age , the etymology depends to a large degree on the presumption of what language was spoken there at the time . Naples was settled by Greeks , as the name Nea @-@ polis , " New City " , testifies . The Oscans , a native Italic people , lived in the countryside . The Latins also competed for the occupation of Campania . Etruscan settlements were in the vicinity . Other peoples of unknown provenance are said to have been there at some time by various ancient authors .
Some theories about its origin are :
From Greek οὔ
= " not " prefixed to a root from or related to the Greek word σβέννυμι =
" I quench " , in the sense of " unquenchable " .
From Greek ἕω
= " I hurl " and βίη " violence " , " hurling violence " , * vesbia , taking advantage of the collateral form .
From an Indo @-@ European root , * eus- < * ewes- < * ( a ) wes- , " shine " sense " the one who lightens " , through Latin or Oscan .
From an Indo @-@ European root * wes =
" hearth " ( compare e.g. Vesta )
= = Physical appearance = =
Vesuvius is a distinctive " humpbacked " mountain , consisting of a large cone ( Gran Cono ) partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera caused by the collapse of an earlier and originally much higher structure called Monte Somma . The Gran Cono was produced during the eruption of AD 79 . For this reason , the volcano is also called Somma @-@ Vesuvius or Somma @-@ Vesuvio .
The caldera started forming during an eruption around 17 @,@ 000 ( or 18 @,@ 300 ) years ago and was enlarged by later paroxysmal eruptions ending in the one of AD 79 . This structure has given its name to the term " somma volcano " , which describes any volcano with a summit caldera surrounding a newer cone .
The height of the main cone has been constantly changed by eruptions but is 1 @,@ 281 m ( 4 @,@ 203 ft ) at present . Monte Somma is 1 @,@ 149 m ( 3 @,@ 770 ft ) high , separated from the main cone by the valley of Atrio di Cavallo , which is some 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) long . The slopes of the mountain are scarred by lava flows but are heavily vegetated , with scrub and forest at higher altitudes and vineyards lower down . Vesuvius is still regarded as an active volcano , although its current activity produces little more than steam from vents at the bottom of the crater . Vesuvius is a stratovolcano at the convergent boundary where the African Plate is being subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate . Layers of lava , scoria , volcanic ash , and pumice make up the mountain . Their mineralogy is variable , but generally silica @-@ undersaturated and rich in potassium , with phonolite produced in the more explosive eruptions .
= = Formation = =
Vesuvius was formed as a result of the collision of two tectonic plates , the African and the Eurasian . The former was subducted beneath the latter , deeper into the earth . As the water @-@ saturated sediments of the oceanic African plate were pushed to hotter depths in the earth , the water boiled off and caused the melting point of the upper mantle to drop enough to create partial melting of the rocks . Because magma is less dense than the solid rock around it , it was pushed upward . Finding a weak place at the Earth 's surface it broke through , producing the volcano .
The volcano is one of several which form the Campanian volcanic arc . Others include Campi Flegrei , a large caldera a few kilometres to the north west , Mount Epomeo , 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) to the west on the island of Ischia , and several undersea volcanoes to the south . The arc forms the southern end of a larger chain of volcanoes produced by the subduction process described above , which extends northwest along the length of Italy as far as Monte Amiata in Southern Tuscany . Vesuvius is the only one to have erupted within recent history , although some of the others have erupted within the last few hundred years . Many are either extinct or have not erupted for tens of thousands of years .
= = Eruptions = =
Mount Vesuvius has erupted many times . The famous eruption in 79 AD was preceded by numerous others in prehistory , including at least three significantly larger ones , the best known being the Avellino eruption around 1800 BC which engulfed several Bronze Age settlements . Since 79 AD , the volcano has also erupted repeatedly , in 172 , 203 , 222 , possibly 303 , 379 , 472 , 512 , 536 , 685 , 787 , around 860 , around 900 , 968 , 991 , 999 , 1006 , 1037 , 1049 , around 1073 , 1139 , 1150 , and there may have been eruptions in 1270 , 1347 , and 1500 . The volcano erupted again in 1631 , six times in the 18th century , eight times in the 19th century ( notably in 1872 ) , and in 1906 , 1929 , and 1944 . There has been no eruption since 1944 , and none of the post @-@ 79 eruptions were as large or destructive as the Pompeian one .
The eruptions vary greatly in severity but are characterized by explosive outbursts of the kind dubbed Plinian after Pliny the Younger , a Roman writer who published a detailed description of the 79 AD eruption , including his uncle 's death . On occasion , eruptions from Vesuvius have been so large that the whole of southern Europe has been blanketed by ash ; in 472 and 1631 , Vesuvian ash fell on Constantinople ( Istanbul ) , over 1 @,@ 200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) away . A few times since 1944 , landslides in the crater have raised clouds of ash dust , raising false alarms of an eruption .
= = = Before AD 79 = = =
Scientific knowledge of the geologic history of Vesuvius comes from core samples taken from a 2 @,@ 000 m ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) plus bore hole on the flanks of the volcano , extending into Mesozoic rock . Cores were dated by potassium – argon and argon – argon dating . The mountain started forming 25 @,@ 000 years ago . Although the area has been subject to volcanic activity for at least 400 @,@ 000 years , the lowest layer of eruption material from the Somma mountain lies on top of the 40 @,@ 000 ‑ year ‑ old Campanian Ignimbrite produced by the Campi Flegrei complex , and was the product of the Codola Plinian eruption 25 @,@ 000 years ago .
It was then built up by a series of lava flows , with some smaller explosive eruptions interspersed between them . However , the style of eruption changed around 19 @,@ 000 years ago to a sequence of large explosive plinian eruptions , of which the 79 AD one was the most recent . The eruptions are named after the tephra deposits produced by them , which in turn are named after the location where the deposits were first identified :
The Basal Pumice ( Pomici di Base ) eruption , 18 @,@ 300 years ago , VEI 6 , saw the original formation of the Somma caldera . The eruption was followed by a period of much less violent , lava producing eruptions .
The Green Pumice ( Pomici Verdoline ) eruption , 16 @,@ 000 years ago , VEI 5 .
The Mercato eruption ( Pomici di Mercato ) – also known as Pomici Gemelle or Pomici Ottaviano – 8000 years ago , VEI 6 , followed a smaller explosive eruption around 11 @,@ 000 years ago ( called the Lagno Amendolare eruption ) .
The Avellino eruption ( Pomici di Avellino ) , 3800 years ago , VEI 5 , followed two smaller explosive eruptions around 5 @,@ 000 years ago . The Avellino eruption vent was apparently 2 km west of the current crater , and the eruption destroyed several Bronze Age settlements of the Apennine culture . Several carbon dates on wood and bone offer a range of possible dates of about 500 years in the mid @-@ 2nd millennium BC . In May 2001 , near Nola , Italian archaeologists using the technique of filling every cavity with plaster or substitute compound recovered some remarkably well @-@ preserved forms of perishable objects , such as fence rails , a bucket and especially in the vicinity thousands of human footprints pointing into the Apennines to the north . The settlement had huts , pots , and goats . The residents had hastily abandoned the village , leaving it to be buried under pumice and ash in much the same way that Pompeii was later preserved . Pyroclastic surge deposits were distributed to the northwest of the vent , travelling as far as 15 km ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) from it , and lie up to 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8
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ft ) deep in the area now occupied by Naples .
The volcano then entered a stage of more frequent , but less violent , eruptions until the most recent Plinian eruption , which destroyed Pompeii .
The last of these may have been in 217 BC . There were earthquakes in Italy during that year and the sun was reported as being dimmed by a haze or dry fog . Plutarch wrote of the sky being on fire near Naples and Silius Italicus mentioned in his epic poem Punica that Vesuvius had thundered and produced flames worthy of Mount Etna in that year , although both authors were writing around 250 years later . Greenland ice core samples of around that period show relatively high acidity , which is assumed to have been caused by atmospheric hydrogen sulfide .
The mountain was then quiet ( for 295 years , if the 217 BC date for the last previous eruption is true ) and was described by Roman writers as having been covered with gardens and vineyards , except at the top which was craggy . The mountain may have had only one summit at that time , judging by a wall painting , " Bacchus and Vesuvius " , found in a Pompeiian house , the House of the Centenary ( Casa del Centenario ) .
Several surviving works written over the 200 years preceding the 79 AD eruption describe the mountain as having had a volcanic nature , although Pliny the Elder did not depict the mountain in this way in his Naturalis Historia :
The Greek historian Strabo ( ca 63 BC – AD 24 ) described the mountain in Book V , Chapter 4 of his Geographica as having a predominantly flat , barren summit covered with sooty , ash @-@ coloured rocks and suggested that it might once have had " craters of fire " . He also perceptively suggested that the fertility of the surrounding slopes may be due to volcanic activity , as at Mount Etna .
In Book II of De architectura , the architect Vitruvius ( ca 80 – 70 BC - ? ) reported that fires had once existed abundantly below the mountain and that it had spouted fire onto the surrounding fields . He went on to describe Pompeiian pumice as having been burnt from another species of stone .
Diodorus Siculus ( ca 90 BC – ca 30 BC ) , another Greek writer , wrote in Book IV of his Bibliotheca Historica that the Campanian plain was called fiery ( Phlegrean ) because of the mountain , Vesuvius , which had spouted flame like Etna and showed signs of the fire that had burnt in ancient history .
= = = Eruption of AD 79 = = =
In the year of 79 AD , Mount Vesuvius erupted in one of the most catastrophic and famous eruptions of all time . Historians have learned about the eruption from the eyewitness account of Pliny the Younger , a Roman administrator and poet .
Mount Vesuvius spawned a deadly cloud of stones , ash and fumes to a height of 33 km ( 20 @.@ 5 mi ) , spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1 @.@ 5 Mt / s , ultimately releasing a hundred thousand times the thermal energy released by the Hiroshima bombing . The towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum were destroyed by pyroclastic flows and the ruins buried under dozens of feet of tephra .
= = = = Precursors and foreshocks = = = =
The 79 AD eruption was preceded by a powerful earthquake seventeen years beforehand on February 5 , AD 62 , which caused widespread destruction around the Bay of Naples , and particularly to Pompeii . Some of the damage had still not been repaired when the volcano erupted . The deaths of 600 sheep from " tainted air " in the vicinity of Pompeii indicates that the earthquake of 62 may have been related to new activity by Vesuvius
The Romans grew accustomed to minor earth tremors in the region ; the writer Pliny the Younger even wrote that they " were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania " . Small earthquakes started taking place on 20 August 79 becoming more frequent over the next four days , but the warnings were not recognised .
= = = = Scientific analysis of the eruption = = = =
Reconstructions of the eruption and its effects vary considerably in the details but have the same overall features . The eruption lasted two days . The morning of the first day was perceived as normal by the only eyewitness to leave a surviving document , Pliny the Younger . In the middle of the day an explosion threw up a high @-@ altitude column from which ash began to fall , blanketing the area . Rescues and escapes occurred during this time . At some time in the night or early the next day pyroclastic flows in the close vicinity of the volcano began . Lights were seen on the mountain interpreted as fires . People as far away as Misenum fled for their lives . The flows were rapid @-@ moving , dense and very hot , knocking down wholly or partly all structures in their path , incinerating or suffocating all population remaining there and altering the landscape , including the coastline . These were accompanied by additional light tremors and a mild tsunami in the Bay of Naples . By evening of the second day the eruption was over , leaving only haze in the atmosphere through which the sun shone weakly .
The latest scientific studies of the ash produced by Vesuvius reveals a multi @-@ phase eruption . The initial major explosion produced a column of ash and pumice ranging between 15 and 30 kilometres ( 49 @,@ 000 and 98 @,@ 000 ft ) high , which rained on Pompeii to the southeast but not on Herculaneum upwind . The chief energy supporting the column came from the escape of steam superheated by the magma , created from ground water seeping over time into the deep faults of the region .
Subsequently the cloud collapsed as the gases expanded and lost their capability to support their solid contents , releasing it as a pyroclastic surge , which reached Herculaneum but not Pompeii . Additional explosions reinstituted the column . The eruption alternated between Plinian and Peléan six times . Surges 3 and 4 are believed by the authors to have destroyed Pompeii . Surges are identified in the deposits by dune and cross @-@ bedding formations , which are not produced by fallout .
Another study used the magnetic characteristics of over 200 samples of roof @-@ tile and plaster fragments collected around Pompeii to estimate equilibrium temperature of the pyroclastic flow . The magnetic study revealed that on the first day of the eruption a fall of white pumice containing clastic fragments of up to 3 centimetres ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) fell for several hours . It heated the roof tiles up to 140 ° C ( 284 ° F ) . This period would have been the last opportunity to escape .
The collapse of the Plinian columns on the second day caused pyroclastic density currents ( PDCs ) that devastated Herculaneum and Pompeii . The depositional temperature of these pyroclastic surges ranged up to 300 ° C ( 572 ° F ) . Any population remaining in structural refuges could not have escaped , as the city was surrounded by gases of incinerating temperatures . The lowest temperatures were in rooms under collapsed roofs . These were as low as 100 ° C ( 212 ° F ) .
= = = = The Two Plinys = = = =
The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus . Pliny the Younger describes , amongst other things , the last days in the life of his uncle , Pliny the Elder . Observing the first volcanic activity from Misenum across the Bay of Naples from the volcano , approximately 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) , the elder Pliny launched a rescue fleet and went himself to the rescue of a personal friend . His nephew declined to join the party . One of the nephew 's letters relates what he could discover from witnesses of his uncle 's experiences . In a second letter the younger Pliny details his own observations after the departure of his uncle .
The two men saw an extraordinarily dense cloud rising rapidly above the mountain . This cloud and a request by messenger for an evacuation by sea prompted the elder Pliny to order rescue operations in which he sailed away to participate . His nephew attempted to resume a normal life , but that night a tremor awoke him and his mother , prompting them to abandon the house for the courtyard . Further tremors near dawn caused the population to abandon the village and caused wave action in the Bay of Naples .
The early light was obscured by a black cloud through which shone flashes , which Pliny likens to sheet lightning , but more extensive . The cloud obscured Point Misenum near at hand and the island of Capraia ( Capri ) across the bay . Fearing for their lives , the population began to call to each other and move back from the coast along the road . A rain of ash fell , causing Pliny to shake it off periodically to avoid being buried . Later that same day the ash stopped falling and the sun shone weakly through the cloud , encouraging Pliny and his mother to return to their home and wait for news of Pliny the Elder .
Pliny 's uncle Pliny the Elder was in command of the Roman fleet at Misenum , and had meanwhile decided to investigate the phenomenon at close hand in a light vessel . As the ship was preparing to leave the area , a messenger came from his friend Rectina ( wife of Tascius ) living on the coast near the foot of the volcano explaining that her party could only get away by sea and asking for rescue . Pliny ordered the immediate launching of the fleet galleys to the evacuation of the coast . He continued in his light ship to the rescue of Rectina 's party .
He set off across the bay but in the shallows on the other side encountered thick showers of hot cinders , lumps of pumice and pieces of rock . Advised by the helmsman to turn back he stated " Fortune favors the brave " and ordered him to continue on to Stabiae ( about 4 @.@ 5 km from Pompeii ) .
Pliny the Elder and his party saw flames coming from several parts of the mountain . After staying overnight , the party was driven from the building by an accumulation of material , presumably , tephra , which threatened to block all egress . They woke Pliny , who had been napping and emitting loud snoring . They elected to take to the fields with pillows tied to their heads to protect them from rockfall . They approached the beach again but the wind prevented the ships from leaving . Pliny sat down on a sail that had been spread for him and could not rise even with assistance when his friends departed . Though Pliny the Elder died , his friends ultimately escaped by land .
In the first letter to Tacitus , Pliny the Younger suggested that his uncle 's death was due to the reaction of his weak lungs to a cloud of poisonous , sulphurous gas that wafted over the group . However , Stabiae was 16 km from the vent ( roughly where the modern town of Castellammare di Stabia is situated ) and his companions were apparently unaffected by the fumes , and so it is more likely that the corpulent Pliny died from some other cause , such as a stroke or heart attack . His body was found with no apparent injuries on the next day , after dispersal of the plume .
= = = = Casualties from the eruption = = = =
Along with Pliny the Elder , the only other noble casualties of the eruption to be known by name were Agrippa ( a son of the Herodian Jewish princess Drusilla and the procurator Antonius Felix ) and his wife .
By 2003 , around 1 @,@ 044 casts made from impressions of bodies in the ash deposits had been recovered in and around Pompeii , with the scattered bones of another 100 . The remains of about 332 bodies have been found at Herculaneum ( 300 in arched vaults discovered in 1980 ) . What percentage these numbers are of the total dead or the percentage of the dead to the total number at risk remain completely unknown .
Thirty @-@ eight percent of the 1 @,@ 044 were found in the ash fall deposits , the majority inside buildings . These are thought to have been killed mainly by roof collapses , with the smaller number of victims found outside of buildings probably being killed by falling roof slates or by larger rocks thrown out by the volcano . The remaining 62 % of remains found at Pompeii were in the pyroclastic surge deposits , and thus were probably killed by them – probably from a combination of suffocation through ash inhalation and blast and debris thrown around . In contrast to the victims found at Herculaneum , examination of cloth , frescoes and skeletons show that it is unlikely that high temperatures were a significant cause . Herculaneum , which was much closer to the crater , was saved from tephra falls by the wind direction , but was buried under 23 metres ( 75 ft ) of material deposited by pyroclastic surges . It is likely that most , or all , of the known victims in this town were killed by the surges .
People caught on the former seashore by the first surge died of thermal shock . No boats have been found , indicating they may have been used for the earlier escape of some of the population . The rest were concentrated in arched chambers at a density of as high as 3 persons per square metre . As only 85 metres ( 279 ft ) of the coast have been excavated , the casualties waiting to be excavated may well be as high as the thousands .
= = = Later eruptions from the 3rd to the 19th century = = =
Since the eruption of 79 AD , Vesuvius has erupted around three dozen times . It erupted again in 203 , during the lifetime of the historian Cassius Dio . In 472 , it ejected such a volume of ash that ashfalls were reported as far away as Constantinople . The eruptions of 512 were so severe that those inhabiting the slopes of Vesuvius were granted exemption from taxes by Theodoric the Great , the Gothic king of Italy . Further eruptions were recorded in 787 , 968 , 991 , 999 , 1007 and 1036 with the first recorded lava flows . The volcano became quiescent at the end of the 13th century and in the following years it again became covered with gardens and vineyards as of old . Even the inside of the crater was filled with shrubbery .
Vesuvius entered a new phase in December 1631 , when a major eruption buried many villages under lava flows , killing around 3 @,@ 000 people . Torrents of boiling water were also ejected , adding to the devastation . Activity thereafter became almost continuous , with relatively severe eruptions occurring in 1660 , 1682 , 1694 , 1698 , 1707 , 1737 , 1760 , 1767 , 1779 , 1794 , 1822 , 1834 , 1839 , 1850 , 1855 , 1861 , 1868 , 1872 , 1906 , 1926 , 1929 , and 1944 .
= = = Eruptions in the 20th century = = =
The eruption of April 7 , 1906 , killed more than 100 people and ejected the most lava ever recorded from a Vesuvian eruption . Italian authorities were preparing to hold the 1908 Summer Olympics when Mount Vesuvius erupted , devastating the city of Naples . Funds were diverted to the reconstruction of Naples , requiring a new location for the Olympics to be found .
The last major eruption was in March 1944 . It destroyed the villages of San Sebastiano al Vesuvio , Massa di Somma , Ottaviano , and part of San Giorgio a Cremano . From March 18 to 23 , 1944 , lava flows appeared within the rim . There were outflows . Small explosions then occurred until the major explosion took place on March 18 , 1944 .
At the time of the eruption , the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) 340th Bombardment Group was based at Pompeii Airfield near Terzigno , Italy , just a few kilometres from the eastern base of the mountain . The tephra and hot ash damaged the fabric control surfaces , the engines , the Plexiglas windscreens and the gun turrets of the 340th 's B @-@ 25 Mitchell medium bombers . Estimates ranged from 78 to 88 aircraft destroyed .
The eruption could be seen from Naples . Different perspectives and the damage caused to the local villages were recorded by USAAF photographers and other personnel based nearer to the volcano .
= = = The future = = =
Large plinian eruptions which emit lava in quantities of about 1 cubic kilometre ( 0 @.@ 24 cu mi ) , the most recent of which overwhelmed Pompeii , have happened after periods of inactivity of a few thousand years . Subplinian eruptions producing about 0 @.@ 1 cubic kilometres ( 0 @.@ 024 cu mi ) , such as those of 472 and 1631 , have been more frequent with a few hundred years between them . Following the 1631 eruption until 1944 every few years saw a comparatively small eruption which emitted 0 @.@ 001 – 0 @.@ 01 km ³ of magma . It seems that for Vesuvius the amount of magma expelled in an eruption increases very roughly linearly with the interval since the previous one , and at a rate of around 0 @.@ 001 cubic kilometres ( 0 @.@ 00024 cu mi ) for each year . This gives an approximate figure of 0 @.@ 06 cubic kilometres ( 0 @.@ 014 cu mi ) for an eruption after 60 years of inactivity .
Magma sitting in an underground chamber for many years will start to see higher melting point constituents such as olivine crystallising out . The effect is to increase the concentration of dissolved gases ( mostly steam and carbon dioxide ) in the remaining liquid magma , making the subsequent eruption more violent . As gas @-@ rich magma approaches the surface during an eruption , the huge drop in pressure caused by the reduction in weight of the overlying rock ( which drops to zero at the surface ) causes the gases to come out of solution , the volume of gas increasing explosively from nothing to perhaps many times that of the accompanying magma . Additionally , the removal of the higher melting point material will raise the concentration of felsic components such as silicates potentially making the magma more viscous , adding to the explosive nature of the eruption .
The government emergency plan for an eruption therefore assumes that the worst case will be an eruption of similar size and type to the 1631 VEI 4 one . In this scenario the slopes of the mountain , extending out to about 7 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) from the vent , may be exposed to pyroclastic flows sweeping down them , whilst much of the surrounding area could suffer from tephra falls . Because of prevailing winds , towns to the south and east of the volcano are most at risk from this , and it is assumed that tephra accumulation exceeding 100 kg / m ² – at which point people are at risk from collapsing roofs – may extend out as far as Avellino to the east or Salerno to the south east . Towards Naples , to the north west , this tephra fall hazard is assumed to extend barely past the slopes of the volcano . The specific areas actually affected by the ash cloud will depend upon the particular circumstances surrounding the eruption .
The plan assumes between two weeks and 20 days ' notice of an eruption and foresees the emergency evacuation of 600 @,@ 000 people , almost entirely comprising all those living in the zona rossa ( " red zone " ) , i.e. at greatest risk from pyroclastic flows . The evacuation , by trains , ferries , cars , and buses is planned to take about seven days , and the evacuees will mostly be sent to other parts of the country rather than to safe areas in the local Campania region , and may have to stay away for several months . However , the dilemma that would face those implementing the plan is when to start this massive evacuation , since if it is left too late then thousands could be killed , while if it is started too early then the precursors of the eruption may turn out to have been a false alarm . In 1984 , 40 @,@ 000 people were evacuated from the Campi Flegrei area , another volcanic complex near Naples , but no eruption occurred .
Ongoing efforts are being made by the government at various levels ( especially of Campania ) to reduce the population living in the red zone , by demolishing illegally constructed buildings , establishing a national park around the whole volcano to prevent the future construction of buildings and by offering sufficient financial incentives to people for moving away . One of the underlying goals is to reduce the time needed to evacuate the area , over the next 20 or 30 years , to two or three days .
The volcano is closely monitored by the Osservatorio Vesuvio in Naples with extensive networks of seismic and gravimetric stations , a combination of a GPS @-@ based geodetic array and satellite @-@ based synthetic aperture radar to measure ground movement , and by local surveys and chemical analyses of gases emitted from fumaroles . All of this is intended to track magma rising underneath the volcano . No magma has been detected within 10 km of the surface , and so the volcano is classified by the Observatory as at a Basic or Green Level .
= = Vesuvius today = =
The area around Vesuvius was officially declared a national park on June 5 , 1995 . The summit of Vesuvius is open to visitors and there is a small network of paths around the mountain that are maintained by the park authorities on weekends .
There is access by road to within 200 metres ( 660 ft ) of the summit ( measured vertically ) , but thereafter access is on foot only . There is a spiral walkway around the mountain from the road to the crater .
= = Funiculì , Funiculà = =
The first funicular cable car on Mount Vesuvius opened in 1880 . It was later destroyed by the 1944 eruption . " Funiculì , Funiculà " , a famous Neapolitan song with lyrics by journalist Peppino Turco set to music by composer Luigi Denza , commemorates its opening .
= Grey 's Anatomy ( season 6 ) =
The sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , commenced airing on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on September 24 , 2009 , and concluded on May 20 , 2010 . The season was produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . Actors Ellen Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , and Justin Chambers reprised their roles as surgical residents Meredith Grey , Cristina Yang , Izzie Stevens , and Alex Karev , respectively . Heigl was released from her contract in the middle of the season , while T.R. Knight did not appear as George O 'Malley , because Knight was released from his contract at the conclusion of season five . Main cast members Patrick Dempsey , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens , Jr . , Sara Ramirez , Eric Dane , Chyler Leigh , and Kevin McKidd also returned , while previous recurring star Jessica Capshaw was promoted to a series regular , and Kim Raver was given star billing after the commencement of the season .
The season follows the story of surgical interns , residents and their competent mentors , as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . A major storyline of the season is the characters adapting to change , as their beloved co @-@ worker Stevens departed following the breakdown of her marriage , O 'Malley died in the season premiere — following his being dragged by a bus , and new cardiothoracic surgeon Teddy Altman is given employment at the hospital . Further storylines include Shepherd being promoted to chief of surgery , Seattle Grace Hospital merging with the neighboring Mercy West — introducing several new doctors , and several physicians lives being placed into danger — when a grieving deceased patient 's husband embarks on a shooting spree at the hospital , seeking revenge for his wife 's death .
The series ended its sixth season with 13 @.@ 26 million viewers , ranking # 17 in terms of ratings , the lowest the series had ever ranked up to then . The season received mixed critical feedback , with the season 's premiere and finale given heavier critical acclaim , in contrast to the middle . The season was one of the least acclaimed in terms of awards and nominations , being the show 's only season not to warrant a Primetime Emmy nomination . Despite the negative aspects of ratings and awards , the season managed to receive a spot on Movieline 's top ten list . Buena Vista released the season onto a DVD box @-@ set , being made available to regions 1 and 2 .
= = Cast = =
The sixth season had thirteen roles receiving star billing , with twelve of them returning from the previous season , one of whom previously in a recurring guest capacity . The regulars portray the surgeons from the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital as new rivalries and romantic relationships begin to develop after the hospital 's merger with Mercy West . Meredith Grey , a surgical resident and the protagonist of the series , is portrayed by Ellen Pompeo . Fellow residents Cristina Yang , Izzie Stevens and Alex Karev are portrayed by Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl and Justin Chambers , respectively . Attending general surgeon Miranda Bailey was portrayed by Chandra Wilson whose main storylines throughout the season focus on her divorce and the development of new romantic relationships . Seattle Grace Hospital 's Chief of Surgery and general surgeon Richard Webber was portrayed by James Pickens , Jr . , who returns to alcoholism after being sober for twenty years .
Sara Ramirez acted as bisexual orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres , Eric Dane played womanizer plastic surgeon Mark Sloan , Kevin McKidd continued his portrayal of trauma surgeon Owen Hunt , while Patrick Dempsey acted as chief of neurosurgery Derek Shepherd . Meredith 's half @-@ sister and second @-@ year surgical resident Lexie Grey was portrayed by Chyler Leigh . After having previously appeared in a multi @-@ episode arc in a guest star capacity in the show 's fifth season , Jessica Capshaw began receiving star billing in the season 's premiere episode in the role of attending pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins , love interest to Callie Torres . The ninth episode of the season marked the introduction of the new chief of cardiothoracic surgery Teddy Altman , portrayed by Kim Raver , whose mysterious romantic past with Owen Hunt develops into one of the season 's main stories . Starting with the nineteenth episode of the season , Raver began receiving star billing .
The sixth season introduces several new recurring characters who start to develop progressive and expansive storylines throughout the season . Mercy West surgical residents Reed Adamson , Charles Percy , April Kepner and Jackson Avery were portrayed by Nora Zehetner , Robert Baker , Sarah Drew and Jesse Williams , respectively . Jason George portrayed Miranda Bailey 's love interest , anesthesiologist Ben Warren . Thatcher Grey ( Jeff Perry ) and Sloan Riley ( Leven Rambin ) have been part of the season 's main story arcs , while numerous episodic characters have made guest appearances : Sara Gilbert as Kim Allen , Demi Lovato as Haley , Marion Ross as Betty , Mandy Moore as Mary Portman , Ryan Devlin as Bill Portman , Nick Purcell as Doug , Michael O 'Neill as Gary Clark , Danielle Panabaker as Kelsey , Adrienne Barbeau as Jodie Crawley , Héctor Elizondo as Mr. Torres , Amy Madigan as Dr. Wyatt , and Missi Pyle as Jasmine . Former series regular Kate Walsh returned to the series as a special guest star , portraying neonatal surgeon and obstetrician @-@ gynecologist Addison Montgomery .
= = Production = =
The season was produced by Touchstone Television ABC Studios , The Mark Gordon Company , Shondaland and was distributed by Buena Vista International , Inc .. The executive producers were creator Shonda Rhimes , Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , Joan Rater and James D. Parriott . The regular directors were Shonda Rhimes , Krista Vernoff , Stacy McKee , William Harper , Debora Cahn , Allan Heinberg and Peter Nowalk . At the conclusion of season five , T.R. Knight was released from his contract , following a disagreement with Rhimes . When asked to make a ' flashback ' appearance in season six , Knight declined . Heigl 's appearances in the season were sporadic , seeing Stevens depart and return twice . Although she was scheduled to appear in the final five episodes of the season , Heigl requested that she be released from her contract 18 months early , and made her final appearance on January 21 , 2010 . Heigl explained that she wanted to spend more time with her family , and did not think it would be respectful to Grey 's Anatomy viewers to have Izzie return and depart yet again . The season 's two @-@ hour opener showed the doctors of Seattle Grace Hospital , grieving the loss of their deceased friend , O 'Malley . The special 's writer , Vernoff , commented : " It ’ s heartbreaking . I fell in love with George , like many of you did , in season one . "
The ninth episode of the season , " New History " , saw the arrival of Altman , which ended up forming a love triangle between her , Hunt , and Yang . Raver commented on this : " She was in Iraq with Owen . She 's a cardiac surgeon . She 's really good at what she does . There 'll be some interesting stuff between Teddy , Cristina , and Owen . " The episode 's writer
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the attorney general , and many others . The crackdown effectively rendered the Klan powerless .
During the 1930s , Indiana , like the rest of the nation , was affected by the Great Depression . The economic downturn had a wide @-@ ranging negative impact on Indiana . Urbanization declined . Governor Paul V. McNutt 's administration struggled to build from scratch a state @-@ funded welfare system to help the overwhelmed private charities . During his administration , spending and taxes were cut drastically in response to the Depression . The state government was completely reorganized . McNutt also enacted the state 's first income tax . On several occasions , he declared martial law to put an end to worker strikes .
During the Great Depression , unemployment exceeded 25 % statewide . Southern Indiana was hard hit , and unemployment topped 50 % during the worst years . The federal Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) began operations in Indiana in July 1935 . By October of that year , the agency had put 74 @,@ 708 Hoosiers to work . In 1940 , there were still 64 @,@ 700 people working for agency . The majority of these workers were employed to improve the state 's infrastructure : roads , bridges , flood control projects , and water treatment plants . Some helped index collections of libraries , and artists were employed to create murals for post offices and libraries . Nearly every community had a project to work on .
During the 1930s , many local businesses collapsed , several railroads went bankrupt , and numerous small rural banks folded . Manufacturing came to an abrupt halt or was severely cut back due the dwindling demand for products . The Depression continued to negatively affect Indiana until the buildup for World War II . The effects continued to be felt for many years thereafter .
= = = World War II = = =
The economy began to recover in 1933 , but unemployment remained high among youth and older workers until 1940 , when the federal government built up supplies and armaments going into World War II .
Indiana participated in the mobilization of the nation 's economy and resources . Domestically , the state produced munitions in an army plant near Sellersburg . The P @-@ 47 fighter @-@ plane was manufactured in Evansville at Republic Aviation . The steel produced in northern Indiana was used in tanks , battleships , and submarines . Other war @-@ related materials were produced throughout the state . Indiana 's military bases were activated , with areas such as Camp Atterbury reaching historical peaks in activity .
The population was highly supportive of the war efforts . The political left supported the war ( unlike World War I , which Socialists opposed . ) The churches showed much less pacifism than in 1914 . The Church of God , based in Anderson , had a strong pacifist element , reaching a high point in the late 1930s . The Church regarded World War II as a just war because America was attacked . Anti @-@ Communist sentiment has since kept strong pacifism from developing in the Church of God . Likewise the Quakers , with a strong base near Richmond , generally regarded World War II as a just war and about 90 % served , although there were some conscientious objectors . The Mennonites and Brethren continued their pacifism , but the federal government was much less hostile than before . The churches helped their young men to both become conscientious objectors and to provide valuable service to the nation . Goshen College set up a training program for unpaid Civilian Public Service jobs . Although the young women pacifists were not liable to the draft , they volunteered for unpaid Civilian Public Service jobs to demonstrate their patriotism ; many worked in mental hospitals .
The state sent nearly 400 @,@ 000 Hoosiers who enlisted or were drafted . More than 11 @,@ 783 Hoosiers died in the conflict and another 17 @,@ 000 were wounded . Hoosiers served in all the major theaters of the war . Their sacrifice was honored by additions to the World War Memorial in Indianapolis , which was not finished until 1965 .
Tens of thousands of women volunteered for war service , through agencies such as the Red Cross . Representative was Elizabeth Richardson of Mishawaka . She served coffee and doughnuts to combat soldiers in England and France from a Red Cross clubmobile . She died in a plane crash in 1945 in France .
= = 21st century = =
Central Indiana was struck by a major flood in 2008 , leading to widespread damage and the evacuations of hundreds of thousands of residents . It was the costliest disaster in the history of the state , with early damage estimates topping $ 1 billion .
In 2012 , Indiana 's exports totaled US $ 34 @.@ 4 billion , a record high for the state . The rate of export growth in 2012 was faster in Indiana than it was for the Nation .
= Mongol siege of Kaifeng =
In the Mongol siege of Kaifeng from 1232 to 1233 , the Mongol Empire captured Kaifeng , the capital of the Jurchen Jin dynasty . The Mongols and Jurchens had been at war for nearly two decades , beginning in 1211 after the Jurchens refused the Mongol offer to submit as a vassal . Ögedei Khan sent two armies to besiege Kaifeng , one led by himself , and the other by his brother Tolui . Command of the forces , once they converged into a single army , was given to Subutai who led the siege . The Mongols arrived at the walls of Kaifeng on April 8 , 1232 .
The siege deprived the city of resources , and its residents were beset with famine and disease . Jurchen soldiers defended the city with fire lances and bombs of gunpowder , killing many Mongols and severely injuring others . The Jurchens tried to arrange a peace treaty , but the assassination of a Mongol diplomat foiled their efforts . Emperor Aizong , the Jurchen emperor , fled the city for the town of Caizhou . The city was placed under the command of General Cui Li , who executed the emperor 's loyalists and promptly surrendered to the Mongols . The Mongols captured Kaifeng on February 26 , 1233 , and looted the city . The dynasty fell two years later after the suicide of Aizong and the capture of Caizhou in 1234 .
= = Background = =
Genghis Khan was declared Khaghan in 1206 . The Mongols had united under his leadership , and defeated the rival tribes of the steppes . In the same period , China was divided into three separate states . In the north , the Jurchen Jin dynasty controlled Manchuria and all of China north of the Huai River . The Tangut Western Xia ruled parts of the western China , while the Song Dynasty reigned over the south . The Mongols subjugated Western Xia in 1210 . In that same year , the Mongols renounced their vassalage to the Jin . Hostilities between the Jin and Mongols had been building up . The Mongols coveted the prosperity of Jurchen territory . They may have also harbored a grudge against the Jin for assassinating Ambaghai , one of Genghis ' predecessors , and for the Jin emperor Wanyan Yongji 's rude behavior to Genghis when Wanyan Yongji was still a Jurchen prince .
The Mongols learned that a famine had struck the Jin , and invaded in 1211 . Two armies were dispatched by the Mongols into Jurchen territory , with one under the command of Genghis . The Jin built up its armies and reinforced its cities in preparation for the Mongol incursion . The Mongol strategy was based on capturing small settlements and ignoring the fortifications of major cities . They looted the land and retreated in 1212 . The Mongols returned the next year and besieged Zhongdu , the capital of the Jin , in 1213 . The Mongols were not able to penetrate the walls of the city in the Battle of Zhongdu , but intimidated the Jin emperor into paying tribute . They withdrew in 1214 . Later in the year , fearing another siege , the Jin moved their capital from Zhongdu to Kaifeng . The Mongols besieged Zhongdu once more in 1215 once they learned that the Jin court had fled from the city . The city fell on May 31 , and by 1216 , large swaths of Jin territory were under Mongol control .
Meanwhile , the Jin had been afflicted by multiple revolts . In Manchuria , the Khitans , under the leadership of Yelü Liuge , declared their independence from the Jin and allied with the Mongols . Yelü was enthroned a puppet ruler subordinate to the Mongols in 1213 , and given the title emperor of the Liao Dynasty . The Jurchen expedition sent against him commanded by Puxian Wannu was not successful . Wannu , realizing the Jin dynasty was on the verge of collapse , rebelled and declared himself king of Dazhen in 1215 . Further south , rebellions had broken out in Shandong beginning with Yang Anguo 's revolt in 1214 . The rebels were known as Red Coats , from the color of the uniforms they wore starting in 1215 . After the fall of Zhongdu in 1215 , the Mongols downsized their war effort against the Jin , and shifted their resources in preparation for the invasion of Central Asia . The Jurchens tried to make up for their territorial losses to the Mongols by invading the Song in 1217 . The invasion was fruitless , so the Jin wanted to negotiate for peace , but the Song rebuffed the offers . By 1218 , Jurchen diplomats were prohibited from traveling to the Song . The Mongol war against the Jurchens had subsided , but not stopped , and went on through the early 1220s under the command of the general Muqali . Muqali died from sickness in 1223 , and the Mongol campaigns against the Jin wound down . The Jin settled for peace with the Song , but the Song continued to assist the Red Coats insurgency against the Jin . Genghis Khan fell ill and died in 1227 . Ögedei was his successor , and he renewed the war against the Jin in 1230 .
= = Siege of Kaifeng = =
Two Mongol armies were dispatched in 1230 to capture the Jin capital of Kaifeng , then named Bian . The plans were to have one army approach the city from the north , while the second attacked from the south . Ögedei Khan headed the army based in Shanxi and his brother Tolui commanded the army stationed in Shaanxi . An illness incapacitated Ögedei and Tolui , and they relinquished their roles in the campaign . Ögedei later regained his health , but Tolui died the next year . Subutai led the combined Mongol forces once the two armies converged in late 1231 and early 1232 . The Mongols reached the Yellow River on January 28 , 1232 , and began amassing around Kaifeng on February 6 . They besieged the city on April 8 .
The Jurchens tried to end the siege by negotiating a peace treaty . There was some progress towards an agreement in the summer of 1232 , but the assassination of the Mongol diplomat Tang Qing and his entourage by the Jurchens made further talks impossible . The Jin grew desperate . They had enlisted most of the available men in the empire to either defend Kaifeng or fight against the Mongols on the front lines . While the negotiations were ongoing , a plague was devastating the population of the city . Starvation was rampant . The supplies stored in Kaifeng were running out , even with what had been forcibly seized from people . The city 's political disintegration created unfounded fears that there was an internal threat . Several residents of the city were executed on the suspicion that they were traitors .
The defense of the city did not collapse immediately . The Jin held out for months before the city fell . The Jurchen emperor was afforded the opportunity to escape in late 1232 , and departed with a retinue of court officials . He left the governance of the city to the General Cui Li and moved to the city of Guide in Henan on February 26 , 1233 , then Caizhou on August 3 . The retreat of the emperor was ruinous to the morale of the soldiers defending the city . In the wake of the emperor 's departure , Cui ordered the execution of those loyal to the emperor who had remained in the city . He realized that prolonging the siege was suicidal , and offered to surrender to the Mongols . Cui opened the gates of Kaifeng and the Mongols were let into the city . He was later killed outside of battle in a personal dispute , for insulting the wife of someone under his command .
The Mongols looted the city when it fell , but atypical to most sieges in the time period , they permitted trade . The richest residents of the city sold their luxury belongings to Mongol soldiers for critically needed food supplies . Male members of the royal family residing in the city were captured and executed .
= = Military technology = =
Historian Herbert Franke observed in his assessment of the battle that the siege is significant for historians of military technology . Many of the details of the siege are known to historians , based on a comprehensive account of the battle compiled by a Jin official living in the besieged city . The Jurchens fired explosives , propelled by trebuchets , at the
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; it just features these characters invented by Fleming .
= = Release and reception = =
Solo was launched on 25 September 2013 at the Dorchester Hotel . Seven copies of the book were signed by Boyd , were collected by seven Jensen Interceptors and were then flown by British Airways to Amsterdam , Edinburgh , Zurich , Los Angeles , Delhi , Cape Town and Sydney . The book was released into the shops on 26 September 2013 ; the hardcover book was published by Jonathan Cape and was 336 pages long and cost £ 18 @.@ 99 . An e @-@ book edition was also released , as was an audio book , narrated by Dominic West . The hardcover edition was released in the US by HarperCollins on 8 October 2013 for $ 26 @.@ 99 .
The jacket was designed by Suzanne Dean , the creative director at Random House . The book 's dust jacket featured die @-@ cut bullet holes , while the hardcover binding featured " burn marks " under the holes . Dean commented that she took inspiration from the 1960s in her design , and was influenced by the graphic designers Saul Bass , Paul Rand and Alvin Lustig .
= = = Reviews = = =
The novel sold nearly 9 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , although that was 48 % down on Deaver 's 2011 novel Carte Blanche , and even further behind Sebastian Faulks 's 2008 book Devil May Care . By 10 October the London Evening Standard listed the books as number one on the London 's Bestsellers list , and in the two weeks of 5 and 12 October 2013 was shown as number 3 in the UK fiction best sellers list , dropping to fourth place on 19 October 2013 .
Solo received mixed reviews . A number of reviewers , including Robert McCrum in The Guardian , David Mills in The Sunday Times and Olen Steinhauer in The New York Times , all considered the book to be equal with , or superior to , Fleming 's stronger novels . Steinhauer considered that it was Boyd 's description of the Zanzarim civil war that gave the novel its " greatest power " , but he also thought there was a " neat metafictional trick " by connecting Bond 's wartime experiences with 30 Assault Unit — a British Commando unit developed by Fleming . The connection was also picked up by Geoffrey Wansell , reviewing for the Daily Mail , who saw the tribute paid to Fleming as a " masterstroke " , in a novel that he thought " brings back the real Bond , triumphantly " . Writing in The Guardian , Richard Williams saw Boyd using some similar phrasing of Fleming 's , while also including " gestures of independence " with his own ideas . The result , Williams considers , is a story that " entertains far more than it exasperates " .
Much of the criticism about the novel focuses on the plot ; Jon Stock , writing in The Daily Telegraph , thought that although Boyd used details in the same way Fleming did that would appeal to Bond aficionados , the book was based on " a curiously unstirring plot " , which was also " convoluted " . The National 's Nick Leech also noted the use of details , but considered that this led to " a pedantic , meandering narrative " which led to " an underwhelming finale " . Writing in the London Evening Standard , David Sexton agreed , calling the book a " rather inattentive novel " , that was a " lame outing " in the Bond canon . David Connett was another who saw flaws in the novel , calling it " anaemic stuff " , although it was " far superior to the last effort to breathe life into a Bond novel by Jeffery Deaver " .
= = Adaptations = =
On 30 September 2013 Solo was the chosen work for Book at Bedtime on BBC Radio 4 . The work was read by Paterson Joseph ; the book was adapted by Libby Spurrier and was broadcast in ten episodes .
= Middlesbrough F.C. =
Middlesbrough Football Club ( / ˈmɪdəlzbrə / ) is a professional association football club based in Middlesbrough , North Yorkshire , England . Formed in 1876 , they have played at the Riverside Stadium since 1995 , their second ground since turning professional in 1889 . They played at Ayresome Park for ninety @-@ two years , from 1903 to 1995 .
They were one of the founding members of the Premier League in 1992 . The club 's main rivals are Sunderland and Newcastle United . There is also a rivalry with Yorkshire club Leeds United .
The club 's highest league finish to date was third in the 1913 – 14 season and they have only spent two seasons outside of the Football League 's top two divisions . The club came close to folding in 1986 after experiencing severe financial difficulties before it was saved by a consortium led by then board member and later chairman Steve Gibson . Middlesbrough were deducted three points for failing to fulfil a fixture against Blackburn Rovers in the 1996 – 97 Premier League season and subsequently relegated . They were promoted the following season and spent eleven seasons in the top division before being relegated again in 2009 .
Middlesbrough won the League Cup in 2004 , the club 's first and only major trophy . They reached the 2006 UEFA Cup Final , but were beaten by Spanish side Sevilla . After seven years in the Championship , Middlesbrough secured promotion to the Premier League in 2016 after finishing in second place .
The club 's traditional kit is red with white detailing . The various crests throughout the club 's history , the most recent of which was adopted in 2007 , incorporate a lion rampant .
= = History = =
They won the FA Amateur Cup in 1895 and again in 1898 . The club turned professional in 1889 , but reverted to amateur status in 1892 . They turned professional permanently in 1899 . After three seasons , they won promotion to the First Division , where they would remain for the next 22 years .
In 1903 , the club moved to Ayresome Park , their home for the next 92 years . In 1905 , the club sanctioned the transfer of Alf Common for £ 1 @,@ 000 , a record fee . Over the next few years , their form fluctuated greatly , rising to sixth in 1907 – 08 before dropping to 17th two seasons later . The club rose to their highest league finish to date , third , in 1913 – 14 . The First World War soon intervened and football was suspended . Before league football resumed , Middlesbrough won the Northern Victory League , but the team were unable to maintain their previous form and finished the 1919 – 20 season in mid @-@ table . They remained in the First Division for the next few seasons , but were relegated in 1923 – 24 after finishing bottom , 10 points adrift of their nearest rivals . Three seasons later , they won the Division Two title . During that season , debutant George Camsell , who had signed from Third Division North side Durham City the previous season , finished with a record 59 league goals , which included nine hat tricks . He would continue as top scorer for each of the next ten seasons . Their tenure back in the top flight lasted only one season , and the club were relegated . They were promoted at the first attempt in 1928 – 29 , winning another Second Division title . The club remained in the First Division until 1954 .
The decade before the war saw the emergence of Wilf Mannion and George Hardwick , both of whom would go on to become England internationals in the years ahead . Middlesbrough climbed to fourth in the last full season before the Second World War and were expected to challenge for the title next season , but the war intervened . After the war , the club was unable to recover the form of the previous seasons and hovered around mid @-@ table and exited in the early rounds of the FA Cup . Soon afterwards the team began to falter , eventually suffering relegation in 1953 – 54 . This was the start of a 20 @-@ year spell outside the top division , but saw the emergence of one of the club 's top goalscorers , Brian Clough , who scored 204 goals in 222 games , before he left for Sunderland . Over that period , Middlesbrough maintained reasonable progress in the Second Division but were never serious contenders for promotion . After a fourth @-@ place finish in 1962 – 63 , the club endured a steady decline and were relegated to the Third Division for the first time in their history in 1966 .
New manager Stan Anderson returned the club to the second flight at the first attempt . Middlesbrough would not finish below ninth during the next eight seasons . By 1974 , Jack Charlton had taken over as manager and guided the team back to the top flight . They ensured promotion as early as 23 March , and with eight games of the season left , they became runaway champions , finishing with a record 65 points . Middlesbrough won their first silverware as a professional side in the 1975 – 76 season , lifting the Anglo @-@ Scottish Cup in its inaugural season after a two @-@ legged final win over Fulham .
The club experienced severe financial difficulties during the mid @-@ 1980s . Middlesbrough were dropping down the table , and finished 19th in the 1984 – 85 season . In April 1986 the club had to borrow £ 30 @,@ 000 from the PFA to pay wages . The final game of the season saw Middlesbrough relegated to the Third Division again . That summer , the club called in the Provisional Liquidator and shortly afterwards , the club was wound up and the gates to Ayresome Park were padlocked . Without the £ 350 @,@ 000 capital required for Football League registration , a new rule , it seemed inevitable that the club would fold permanently . However , Steve Gibson , a member of the board at the time , brought together a consortium and with 10 minutes to spare before the deadline , they completed their registration with the Football League for the 1986 – 87 season . Following the registration came both a change of club crest and a change of the official company name to Middlesbrough Football and Athletic Club ( 1986 ) Ltd .
Over the next two seasons , Middlesbrough gained successive promotions into Division Two and then into Division One . The next season though , they came straight back down to Division Two , and with it came the then British transfer record move of Gary Pallister to Manchester United for £ 2 @.@ 3 million . Despite constant promotion and relegation , Middlesbrough were founding members of the FA Premier League for the 1992 – 93 season .
Player @-@ manager Bryan Robson , from Manchester United , took charge in 1994 and Middlesbrough were brought back into national attention . Following promotion to the Premier League and high @-@ profile purchases like diminutive Brazilian Juninho , many considered Middlesbrough were on the way up . However , a difficult 1996 – 97 season was compounded by a deduction of three points imposed just after Christmas , as punishment for the club 's failure to fulfil a fixture against Blackburn , which ultimately resulted in relegation . Without the points deduction , the club would have had enough points to avoid the drop . At the same time , the club managed to reach both the League and FA Cup finals for the first time , but lost out in both . Despite being in the second tier they were again runners up in the League Cup final the next year .
Despite losing high profile players Fabrizio Ravanelli and Juninho due to relegation , Middlesbrough were promoted back to the Premiership at the first attempt in 1998 . The following season saw them settle well and they enjoyed a 12 @-@ game unbeaten run midway through 1998 – 99 , including a 3 – 2 win at Old Trafford in January during which they took a 3 – 0 lead . It was United 's only home defeat during their treble winning season . Middlesbrough continued to stay secure in mid @-@ table the following season , thanks mainly to the goals of Hamilton Ricard and the signings of big name players such as Paul Ince and Christian Ziege . In 2000 –
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earn $ 19 @.@ 9 million in pay @-@ per @-@ view revenue versus $ 18 @.@ 7 million the previous year ; this was confirmed by WWE in its 2007 fourth quarter financial report . Although Survivor Series helped WWE 's revenue , it earned 42 @,@ 000 less buys than the previous year 's Survivor Series .
In addition , the pay @-@ per @-@ view received mixed reviews . Dale Plummer and Nick Tylwalk of Canadian Online Explorer 's SLAM ! Sports – Wrestling rated the entire event 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 points . They also rated Raw and SmackDown 's main event an 8 out of 10 points . J.D. Dunn of 411Mania stated that the event was " The best WWE PPV since Backlash . " Wade Keller of the Pro Wrestling Torch , a professional wrestling newsletter operated since 1987 , reported that the main event was " disappointing " and that " WWE set expectations too high for the Cell . " He rated the Raw main event 3 out of 5 points , while rating the SmackDown main event 2 @.@ 25 out of 5 points . Survivor Series was released on DVD on December 26 , 2007 by WWE Home Video , and it was distributed by Genius Products . The DVD debuted on Billboard 's Video Sales chart on January 19 , 2008 at number five . It spent nine more weeks on the chart , before it fell off the chart at number 20 .
= = Results = =
Survivor Series elimination match
= More Demi Moore =
More Demi Moore or the August 1991 Vanity Fair cover was a controversial handbra nude photograph of the then seven @-@ months pregnant Demi Moore taken by Annie Leibovitz for the August 1991 cover of Vanity Fair to accompany a cover story about Moore .
The cover has had a lasting societal impact . Since the cover was released , several celebrities have posed for photographs in advanced stages of pregnancy , although not necessarily as naked as Moore . This trend has made pregnancy photos fashionable and created a booming business . The photograph is one of the most highly regarded magazine covers of all time , and it is one of Leibovitz 's best known works .
The picture has been parodied several times , including for advertising Naked Gun 33 ⅓ : The Final Insult ( 1994 ) . This led to the 1998 Second Circuit fair use case Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp. In addition to being satirically parodied and popularizing pregnancy photographs , there was also backlash . Critics rated it grotesque and obscene , and it was also seriously considered when Internet decency standards were first being legislated and adjudicated . Others thought it was a powerful artistic statement .
In each of the subsequent two years , Moore made follow @-@ up cover appearances on Vanity Fair , the first of which propelled Joanne Gair to prominence as a trompe @-@ l 'œil body painter .
= = Background = =
In 1991 , Demi Moore was a budding A @-@ list film star who had been married to Bruce Willis since 1987 . The couple had had their first child Rumer Willis in 1988 , and they had hired three photographers for an audience of six friends for the delivery . In 1990 , she had starred in that year 's highest @-@ grossing film , Ghost , for which she was paid $ 350 @,@ 000 , and she had earned $ 2 million for 1991 roles in The Butcher 's Wife , Mortal Thoughts and Nothing But Trouble . Following the photo , she would earn $ 3 million for her 1992 role in A Few Good Men and $ 5 million apiece for roles in The Scarlet Letter ( 1995 ) and Disclosure ( 1994 ) .
Annie Leibovitz had been chief photographer at Rolling Stone from 1973 until 1983 , when she moved to Vanity Fair . In 1991 , she had the first mid @-@ career show , Annie Leibovitz Photographs 1970 @-@ 1990 , ever given a photographer by the National Portrait Gallery in Washington , D.C. , with a similarly titled accompanying book . The show traveled to New York City at the International Center of Photography for a showing that would run until December 1 , 1991 .
= = Details = =
The photograph was one of several taken by Leibovitz of seven @-@ months pregnant 28 @-@ year @-@ old Moore , then carrying the couple 's second daughter , Scout LaRue . The photographs ranged from Moore in lacy underwear and spiked high heels , to a revealing peignoir . The final selection had Moore wearing only a diamond ring . Joanne Gair worked on make @-@ up for the shoot . Samuel Irving Newhouse , Jr . , chairman of Conde Nast Publications , was very supportive of the chosen cover despite the potential for lost sales . Tina Brown , Vanity Fair editor , quickly realized that there would be harsh backlash for regular distribution of the magazine ; the issue had to be wrapped in a white envelope with only Moore 's eyes visible . Some editions had a brown wrapper that implied naughtiness . However , Brown viewed the image as a chance to make a statement about the decade of the 1990s after a decade dominated by power suits . Approximately 100 million people saw the cover .
The use of a pregnant sex symbol was in a sense an attempt to combat the pop culture representations of the anathema of the awkward , uncomfortable , and grotesquely excessive female form in a culture that values thinness . Leibovitz ' candid portrayal drew a wide spectrum of responses from television , radio and newspaper personalities and the public at large ranging from complaints of sexual objectification to celebrations of the photograph as a symbol of empowerment . One of the judges in Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp. stated that the image evoked Botticelli 's Birth of Venus . The contemporary retrospective view of some is that this photograph is " high art " . The intent of the photograph was to portray pregnancy with a celebrity in a way that was bold , proud and understated in a " anti @-@ Hollywood , anti @-@ glitz " manner . It was successful in some regards as many perceived it as a statement of beauty and pride . However , many took offense and the cover drew unusually intense controversy for Vanity Fair in the form of ninety @-@ five television spots , sixty @-@ four radio shows , 1 @,@ 500 newspaper articles and a dozen cartoons . Some stores and newsstands refused to carry the August issue , while others modestly concealed it in the wrapper evocative of porn magazines .
The photo is not only considered one of Leibovitz 's most famous , but also an almost mythical representation . It is considered emblematic of Si Newhouse 's reputation for " newsy features and provocative photos . " It is the first photo mentioned in the New York Times review of Leibovitz 's exhibition Annie Leibovitz : A Photographer 's Life , 1990 @-@ 2005 at the Brooklyn Museum and it is contrasted with another of her female pregnancy photographs ( of Melania Trump ) .
A year later , Moore still did not understand the controversy that caused photos of a naked , pregnant woman to be viewed as morally objectionable . Moore stated that , " I did feel glamorous , beautiful and more free about my body . I don 't know how much more family oriented I could possibly have gotten . " She considered the cover to be a healthy " feminist statement . " In 2007 , Moore stated that the picture was not originally intended for publication . She had posed in a personal photo session , not a cover shoot . Leibovitz has had personal photo sessions of Moore and all of her daughters .
= = = Cover story = = =
One journalist 's professional account of the cover story describes it as " relentlessly long " , and a second journalist 's description is that it is a " very long profile " . The article discussed the then three @-@ year @-@ old Rumer Willis and husband Bruce Willis . Willis and Moore discuss each other in the article . The article also spends three pages recounting her life . The article spent little time on her next film , The Butcher 's Wife or the baby inside her , Scout LaRue Willis .
= = Legal issues = =
= = = Naked Gun 33 ⅓ = = =
The photograph was parodied on several occasions , including the computer @-@ generated Spy magazine version , which placed Willis ' head on Moore 's body . In Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp. , Leibovitz sued over one parody featuring Leslie Nielsen , made to promote the 1994 film Naked Gun 33 ⅓ : The Final Insult . In the parody , the model 's body was used and " the guilty and smirking face of Mr. Nielsen appeared above " . The teaser said " Due this March " . The case was dismissed in 1996 because the parody relied " for its comic effect on the contrast between the original " .
In a parody ruling the court must determine whether a work is transformative in a way that gives a new expression , meaning or message to the original work . In this case , the court ruled that the " ad may reasonably be perceived , as commenting on the seriousness and even pretentiousness of the original . " It also ruled that the ad differed from the original " in a way that may , reasonably , be perceived as commenting , through ridicule on what a viewer might reasonably think is the undue self @-@ importance conveyed by the subject of the Leibovitz photograph . "
= = = Other issues = = =
When the Internet arose as a popular and important medium and the United States Supreme Court issued a ruling on the Communications Decency Act of 1996 ( CDA ) , Moore 's image was described as a sort of litmus test to determine if the law could be reasonably applied in the current environment by the trial court . When John Paul Stevens ' rendered an opinion over a year later , the image was still on the minds of legal scholars .
Fifteen years later the photo continued to be parodied . In 2006 , graffiti artist Banksy used a Simpsons @-@ like character to replace Moore 's head for a promotion in Los Angeles , California . He illegally posted the parody around Los Angeles to promote his website and his exhibition .
= = Follow @-@ ups = =
In the Demi 's Birthday Suit August 1992 issue of Vanity Fair , Moore was shown on the cover in the body painting photo by Joanne Gair . The painting is a memorable example of modern body painting artwork . It made Gair an immediate pop culture star as the most prominent body paint artist , which prompted consideration for an Absolut Vodka Absolut Gair ad campaign . The 1992 cover , which required a thirteen @-@ hour sitting for Gair and her team of make @-@ up artists , was a commemoration of the August 1991 photo . Leibovitz could not decide where to shoot , and reserved two mobile homes , four hotel rooms and five houses .
In December 1993 , Moore was again on the cover of Vanity Fair , but this time she was dressed in two straps and a large red bow and was sitting on David Letterman 's lap while he was dressed up as Santa Claus .
Other celebrities have since posed nude or semi @-@ nude while in advanced pregnancy , including Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears whose billboard advertisements led to great controversy . Newsweek referred to the pose more than a decade later , and The New York Times coined " demiclad " for the nude pregnant handbra pose . Eventually , Vogue and Harper 's Bazaar included pregnant cover models , and Star included a pregnant foursome of Katie Holmes , Gwen Stefani , Gwyneth Paltrow and Angelina Jolie . They also had a " Bump Brigade " of Jennie Garth , Maggie Gyllenhaal and Sofia Coppola . Vogue had a very pregnant 37 @-@ year @-@ old Brooke Shields on the cover of its April 2003 issue . By the time Linda Evangelista appeared pregnant ( and clothed ) on the August 2006 cover of Vogue , pregnancy was not the emphasis of the story . However , even at the end of 2007 appearing bare @-@ bellied and pregnant on the cover of a magazine , as Aguilera did for Marie Claire , was still considered a derivative of Moore 's original . When Melania Trump appeared in American Vogue , she held in esteem as a model of maternity fashion by Anna Wintour . A commemoration of the photo was a self @-@ portrait by Leibovitz in which she appeared in profile and pregnant for her A Photographer 's Life exhibition . Myleene Klass posed for a similar nude pregnant photo for Glamour magazine in 2007 .
= = Legacy = =
The photo has had long cultural and social impact in the U.S. Many women feel that the rush of celebrities taking pregnant photos has made taking such photos glamorous for pregnant mothers . As the photos have become more common on magazine covers the business of documenting pregnancies photographically has boomed . Furthermore , the photo is critically acclaimed . Almost fifteen years after its publication the American Society of Magazine Editors listed it as the second best magazine cover of the last forty years .
= Big Girls Don 't Cry ( book ) =
Big Girls Don 't Cry : The Election that Changed Everything for American Women is a 2010 non @-@ fiction book written by American journalist Rebecca Traister and published by Free Press . The book discusses women 's contributions to and experiences of the 2008 United States presidential election . Traister places particular focus on four main political figures — Hillary Clinton , Sarah Palin , Michelle Obama and Elizabeth Edwards — as well as women in the media , including Katie Couric , Rachel Maddow , Tina Fey and Amy Poehler . She also describes her personal experience of the electoral campaign and her shift from supporting John Edwards to Hillary Clinton .
Traister began writing about the presidential election while working as a political columnist for Salon ; her coverage for Salon provided much of the book 's content . She aimed to write an account of the election from a feminist perspective , focusing on events that she felt were otherwise underreported in the media . The book was generally well received by critics .
= = Background = =
Rebecca Traister described the 2008 presidential election as " a completely gripping narrative " during which " everything in America was busted open " , but was disappointed by the way it was covered in the mainstream media . She felt that some " big stories " — such as Hillary Clinton becoming the first woman to win an American presidential primary — had been underreported , and that many misogynistic and racist remarks made by commentators had gone unnoticed . By writing the book , she wanted to defend the feminist perspective of the election against its Democrat and progressivist critics " who continue to write off concern with these issues " . Asked about what she intended for readers to [ take away from ] the book , Traister said :
I want those people who lived through the 2008 election — and in many cases suffered through it , on one end or the other — to think about the history that we all made and we all witnessed . I really want those of us who were pained by it or who were exhausted by it to understand the way that living through that election changed our country . Because I believe it did .
Traister chose the title Big Girls Don 't Cry when it was suggested by a friend , before she began writing the book ; she thought it was " the perfect ironic reference to Hillary [ Clinton ] ' s ( non- ) crying moment in New Hampshire " , as well as a reference to her own response of " gulp [ ing ] out sobs " when Clinton lost the Democratic primary . She said that , after interviewing women who described crying at various moments during the election , " I realized that the title was more prophetic than I knew " . Some of Traister 's political views expressed in the book contradict those she expressed when writing for Salon , such as her support for Clinton and her defense of Michelle Obama in the book ; throughout the book she describes the transformations of her opinions .
= = Content = =
Big Girls Don 't Cry is divided into twelve chapters , telling a roughly chronological recount of the 2008 election , interwoven with Traister 's own experiences and perspectives as well as analysis from other political commentators . She focuses on four key women involved in the election : Hillary Clinton , Sarah Palin , Michelle Obama and Elizabeth Edwards .
In 2008 Clinton , a Senator and candidate for the Democratic Party presidential nomination , became the first American woman to win a presidential primary . Traister discusses Clinton 's political campaign , which did not focus on her gender , and the misogynistic reactions she received from the media and political opponents . She argues that the Democratic Party 's lack of response to the sexism of Clinton 's opponents led a large number of liberal female voters to abandon the party , and blames Mark Penn for advising Clinton not to advertise herself as a feminist . Although she originally supported John Edwards ' candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination , she became a strong supporter of Clinton .
Palin was the Republican Party nominee for Vice President and then @-@ Governor of Alaska . Traister criticises Palin 's " faux feminism " , as she claimed to be a feminist despite running under a party whose policies did not align with feminist ideals , and claims that her strong conservatism led Clinton supporters to back Barack Obama rather than John McCain after Clinton 's withdrawal from the race . Despite this , Palin was celebrated by Republican women voters ; Traister argues that this inspired a wave of feminism which focused on political empowerment but neglected other values such as reproductive rights .
Traister also discusses the wives of men involved in politics : Michelle Obama , the wife of Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama , and Elizabeth Edwards , the wife of John Edwards , another candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination . Traister contrasts the Obamas ' relationship with that of Hillary and ex @-@ President Bill Clinton . She argues that Michelle Obama 's candidness led many women voters to feel they had more in common with her than Hillary Clinton . She compares Elizabeth Edwards ' public image to that of Michelle Obama and Hillary Clinton , and criticizes her for " enabl [ ing ] her husband 's deception " about his extramarital affair .
In addition to female political figures , Traister also discusses women in the media who played influential roles in the election coverage . These include Rachel Maddow , whose political commentary led to a surge in her popularity ; television journalist Katie Couric , who led a critical interview with Sarah Palin ; and Tina Fey and Amy Poehler , who parodied Palin and Clinton , respectively , in several Saturday Night Live skits .
The book is written from a feminist perspective ; Traister recounts her own experiences with the women 's liberation movement , identifying with neither second @-@ wave nor third @-@ wave feminism . She notes the various responses to the election and candidates from different generations of feminists , and argues that for older feminists the main priority was the election of a female President , while younger women were less inclined to automatically vote for a female candidate . She concludes that the 2008 election marked the year that " the women 's liberation movement found thrilling new life " .
= = Reception = =
Big Girls Don 't Cry was deemed a New York Times Notable Book of 2010 and the winner of the Ernesta Drinker Ballard Book Prize .
It also received positive reviews from critics . In a review for Foreign Affairs , Walter Russell Mead described Traister as " one of the most powerful voices in a new generation of American feminist writers " , while Liesl Schillinger of The New York Times called the book " a passionate , visionary and very personal account " of the 2008 election . Maureen Corrigan of NPR praised the " superb " book , and concluded that " Girls , these days , can not only run for president ; they can brilliantly analyze presidential campaigns , too . " The Washington Post critic Connie Schultz felt that at times Traister 's writing at times seemed to " alienate every female reader over 40 " , but wrote that the book was " in its best parts ... a raw and brave memoir " . A writer for Kirkus Reviews praised Traister 's arguments and summarized the book as " nuanced look at how the recent election shaped — and was shaped by — gender " . Lynda Obst wrote for The Atlantic that the book served as a satisfying explanation to " mystified " Obama supporters " what the hell all the crying was about " after Clinton conceded from the Democratic primary . Slate reviewer Hanna Rosin questioned the relevance of some chapters but overall concluded that " Traister can be clever , caustic , wickedly funny , and as cynical as the next blogger , but it 's always clear that in her heart she cares . "
= Sabre Wulf =
Sabre Wulf a 1984 action @-@ adventure game by Ultimate Play the Game and the first game of the Sabreman series . The player , as Sabreman , navigates a 2D jungle flip @-@ screen maze aiming to reconstruct an amulet and escape . The maze is divided into 256 edge @-@ to @-@ edge screens filled with colourful flora and enemies that spawn randomly . Ultimate released the game for the ZX Spectrum in 1984 at an above @-@ average price to combat piracy . The game 's premium packaging became a company standard . Ultimate , a developer known for its secrecy , had finished Sabre Wulf 's sequels in advance of its release , but withheld them for marketing purposes . They were swiftly released the same year . Ultimate hired outside developers to make Sabre Wulf ports for the BBC Micro , Commodore 64 , and Amstrad CPC platforms , and the game was subsequently included in multiple compilation releases , including the 2015 Ultimate and Rare retrospective Rare Replay .
Reviewers lauded the game 's graphics and found its gameplay similar to Ultimate 's previous release , Atic Atac , though preferred Sabre Wulf . Reviewers also noted the game 's difficulty . It was recommended in several gaming publications and won " Best Maze Game " in the 1984 Crash Reader Awards . Sabre Wulf was a financial success and reached the top of the format charts . It was listed in multiple lists of top Spectrum games . It introduced the Sabreman character , who has recurred throughout Ultimate and Rare intellectual properties , and the Sabreman game series .
= = Gameplay = =
The player , as the adventurer Sabreman , must fight their way through a 2D jungle and reconstruct an amulet in order to leave . After collecting four pieces of the ACG Amulet ( Ashby Computers & Graphics , the developer 's former name ) , the player can bypass the gatekeeper guarding the cave exit , which leads to the game 's sequel , Underwurlde . Sabre Wulf is presented as a flip @-@ screen maze with paths bordered by tropical flora . The player only views a single small and static area of the maze at any time . When the player character reaches the edge of the screen , the next section of the maze loads . There are 256 screens in the maze . The player does not receive any explicit guidance on how to play and is left to decipher the game 's objectives through
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trial and error . Sabre Wulf 's graphics fill the full screen with no interface , inventory , or damage indicators apart from a high score meter in the top corner . Sabreman can eat orchid power @-@ ups , which bloom for only a few seconds . He turns the colour of the orchid and receives one of five abilities : some are helpful , like invulnerability or faster walking speed , and others impair him , such as slower walking speed , or reversed controls . Sabreman also collects treasure and extra lives scattered throughout the maze .
The Sabre Wulf map is drawn in a 16 by 16 grid populated by attacking enemies and bordered by landforms . The player swings Sabreman 's sabre with the push of the joystick 's fire button to defeat enemies that spawn in random locations on @-@ screen . Enemies include spiders , scorpions , snakes , bats , indigenous people , sleeping hippos , and a fast wolf ( the titular Sabre Wulf ) . Some enemies , such as the hippos , flee when hit . The sword does not affect the wolf or cave guardians . An indestructible bushfire appears and pursues the player who idles for too long in the same screen . Apart from the jungle , the game 's settings include mountains and lakes .
The game begins with an electronic rendition of classical music composed by Bach . The Spectrum and Commodore 64 versions have an optional two @-@ player mode in which players take turns controlling Sabreman .
= = Development = =
Ultimate Play the Game , the developer of Sabre Wulf , was known for its secrecy , distance from game development circles , and reticence to reveal details about their development practices and upcoming games . Little is known about their process apart from that they used Sage IV computers . They also preferred to develop for the ZX Spectrum 's Z80 microprocessor and chose to outsource development for other platforms , such as those that ran 6502 microprocessors . After releasing Atic Atac at the end of 1983 , Ultimate went silent until it ran teaser advertisements for Sabre Wulf in April 1984 . ( The company rarely depicted actual gameplay in their advertisements . ) They had already prepared Knight Lore , the third game in the Sabreman series , before the character 's introduction in Sabre Wulf . Ultimate founders Tim and Chris Stamper withheld Knight Lore for about a year because they felt Sabre Wulf would not have sold as well once players saw the former 's graphical advancements . ( Knight Lore became known as a seminal work in British gaming history and an iconic game of the 1980s for its popularization of the isometric platformer format . )
Ultimate released Sabre Wulf for the ZX Spectrum in 1984 and the other Sabreman titles soon followed . Sabre Wulf was Ultimate 's first game to use what would become the company 's standard price and mysterious , unadorned packaging . Ultimate nearly doubled its usual retail price in what they saw as a " bold step " to combat piracy . They expected legal owners to be more protective over letting friends copy their more expensive copies . Ultimate had seen competitor prices slowly increasing and felt that their full price was fair for their time invested . The game retailed in a high @-@ quality , big cardboard box with a glossy instruction manual , which were both upgrades over regular game packaging . It became Ultimate 's standard packaging for new games . The company 's game packaging was nondescript and showed no screenshots of the in @-@ game world . Ultimate 's games did not display internal credits , and they hired outside developers to complete Sabre Wulf ports for other consoles . Paul Proctor wrote the BBC Micro conversion , and in 1985 , Greg Duddle wrote the Commodore 64 conversion , which was licensed under Firebird . Sabre Wulf later appeared in the 1985 compilation They Sold a Million , a collection of Spectrum games that had together sold a million units . When the compilation was released for the Amstrad CPC , Sabre Wulf was converted for the platform and eventually released in a standalone edition . Sabre Wulf also appeared alongside Underwurlde , its sequel , in a Commodore 64 pack , and in the August 2015 Xbox One compilation of 30 Ultimate and Rare titles , Rare Replay .
= = Reception = =
Reviewers appreciated the game 's graphics and found its gameplay similar to Ultimate 's previous game , Atic Atac — particularly in its opening sequence and maze format — though reviewers preferred Sabre Wulf . Critics also noted the game 's difficulty and above @-@ average pricing . Sabre Wulf was a selected recommendation in Crash ( July 1984 ) , Personal Computer Games ( August 1984 ) , and Popular Computing Weekly ( June 1984 ) . The game was named " Best Maze Game " in the 1984 Crash Readers Awards . Retro Gamer reported that Ultimate 's new pricing strategy was a success and that Sabre Wulf broke the company 's sales records and reached the top of the format charts , though Computer and Video Games ( CVG ) reported in December 1984 that Sabre Wulf had sold only 30 @,@ 000 copies — not as many as the company 's prior games . Eurogamer reported that 350 @,@ 000 units were sold in total .
Crash confirmed rumors that the game was similar to Atic Atac , but declared Sabre Wulf the better of the two , and predicted that they would have similar legacies . Crash wrote that their inability to intuit Sabreman 's current inventory or resistance to damage added to the game 's mystique , and that Ultimate was particularly skilled at not giving hints but leaving sufficient clues through the game 's design . Personal Computer Games found one such tip : that the indigenous enemies will play a sound when they align both horizontally and vertically with a piece of the amulet . In a similar experience , Popular Computing Weekly slowly learned to use rather than avoid the orchids . CVG described the game 's instructions as " cryptic " . Crash had high praise for the colourful and detailed graphics and animations , as well as the sound . One of their staff called it " a Software Masterpiece " . The magazine 's chief complaints were of a bug in two @-@ player mode and of the game 's high price , nearly double the average . They predicted that the cost may lead to more piracy . A year later , in 1985 , Crash repeated that Sabre Wulf was among the top games available for the Spectrum . They added that the game did not feel antiquated and that comparisons to Atic Atac at its launch were unfair , similar to calling any two text adventures identical . They received more mail in praise of Sabre Wulf in 1984 than for any other game .
CVG wrote that Sabre Wulf carried Ultimate 's momentum from Jetpac and Atic Atac . In their opinion , Sabre Wulf had the best graphics on the Spectrum , with graphical detail that surpassed what previous reviewers thought was possible . In describing the game 's difficulty , CVG mentioned the narrow window in which sword swings register as enemy hits . Their Commodore 64 review two years later approved of the port and said that the game remained a classic . They recommended drawing a map of the maze , without which it was easy to get lost . Personal Computer Games found that many of Sabre Wulf 's 256 screens were repeated from elsewhere in the game world . Sinclair User liked how the hippo enemies forced the player to vary their hack @-@ and @-@ slash gameplay style . They thought that the game 's price was too high and noted that while Sabre Wulf had some flicker issues , it altogether met Ultimate 's high quality benchmarks .
A retrospective review from Retro Gamer said that Sabre Wulf was " essentially an interactive maze " packed with colour and hack @-@ and @-@ slash gameplay . They likened the game 's colour choice and setting to what the magazine considered Ultimate 's best arcade game , Dingo ( 1983 ) . Retro Gamer disliked Sabreman 's inability to hit enemies above or below him . Eurogamer 's Peter Parrish found the game 's collision detection imprecise as well . In The Routledge Companion to Video Game Studies , Simon Niedenthal used Sabre Wulf as an example of games that maximized the limited colour palette of 8 @-@ bit computers . He described its colours as pure , with a glow like stained glass and a strong figure – ground contrast against the Spectrum 's black background .
= = Legacy = =
The Spectrum release was included in multiple lists of top games for the platform . Parrish ( Eurogamer ) wrote that the game was " much @-@ beloved " in a retrospective review . Sabre Wulf was the first of four titles in the Sabreman series for the ZX Spectrum . Retro Gamer wrote that the Sabreman character was memorable both in name and appearance , and fit the " 8 @-@ bit hero " archetype : an ordinary human with a hat and exaggerated nose . The last , unreleased game in the Spectrum Sabreman series , Mire Mare , was planned to have been similar to Sabre Wulf in gameplay . Rare , the successor to Ultimate , later released the side @-@ scrolling platformer Sabre Wulf for the Game Boy Advance in 2004 that had Sabreman enlist jungle animals to solve the Sabre Wulf 's puzzles . It was not received well by fans . Elements from the original Sabre Wulf appear in other games , including Rare 's Jet Force Gemini . Retro Gamer considered Sabreman 's recurrence to be proof that Rare was interested in the character and series .
= Fasci Siciliani =
The Fasci Siciliani [ ˈfaʃʃi sitʃiˈljani ] , short for Fasci Siciliani dei Lavoratori ( Sicilian Workers Leagues ) , were a popular movement of democratic and socialist inspiration , which arose in Sicily in the years between 1889 and 1894 . The Fasci gained the support of the poorest and most exploited classes of the island by channeling their frustration and discontent into a coherent programme based on the establishment of new rights . Consisting of a jumble of traditionalist sentiment , religiosity , and socialist consciousness , the movement reached its apex in the summer of 1893 , when new conditions were presented to the landowners and mine owners of Sicily concerning the renewal of share cropping and rental contracts .
Upon the rejection of these conditions , there was an outburst of strikes that rapidly spread throughout the island , and was marked by violent social conflict , almost rising to the point of insurrection . The leaders of the movement were not able to keep the situation from getting out of control . The proprietors and landowners asked the government to intervene , and Prime Minister Francesco Crispi declared a state of emergency in January 1894 , dissolving the organizations , arresting its leaders and restoring order through the use of extreme force . Some reforms followed , including workmen 's compensation and pension schemes . The suppression of the strikes also led to an increase in emigration .
= = Characteristics = =
The Fasci movement was made up of a federation of scores of associations that developed among farm workers , tenant farmers , and small sharecroppers as well as artisans , intellectuals , and industrial workers . The immediate demands of the movement were fair land rents , higher wages , lower local taxes and distribution of misappropriated common land . Between 1889 and 1893 some 170 Fasci were established in Sicily . According to some sources the movement reached a membership of more than 300 @,@ 000 by the end of 1893 . The Fasci constituted autonomous organizations with their own insignia ( red rosettes ) , uniforms and sometimes even musical bands , and their own local halls for reunions and congresses . They were called Fasci ( Fascio literally means bundle ) because everyone can break a single stick , but no one can break a bundle of sticks .
While many of the leaders were of socialist or anarchist leanings , few of their supporters were true revolutionaries . Nevertheless , the peasants who assembled into the Fasci were eager for social justice and convinced that a new world was about to be born . A crucifix hung beside the red flag in many of their meeting @-@ places , and portraits of the King beside those of the revolutionaries Garibaldi , Mazzini and Marx . Cheers for the King were often heard in their marches that almost resembled quasi @-@ religious processions . Many of the Fasci were part of the Italian Workers ' Party ( Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani , the initial name of the Italian Socialist Party ) that had been founded at a conference in Genoa on August 14 , 1892 .
The rural Fasci in particular were a curious phenomenon : both ancient and modern . They combined millenarian aspirations with urban intellectual leadership often in contact with workers ’ organizations and ideas in the more industrialized Northern Italy . According to the Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm , the Fasci were millenarian insofar as the socialism preached by the movement was seen by the Sicilian peasantry as a new religion , the true religion of Christ – betrayed by the priests , who were on the side of the rich – that foretold the dawn of a new world , without poverty , hunger and cold , in accordance with God ’ s will . The Fasci , which included many women , were encouraged by the messianic belief that the start of a new reign of justice was looming and the movement spread like an epidemic .
= = Foundation and rapid growth = =
The Fasci were the result of the revolt of the Sicilian peasants against the introduction of capitalist relationships into the rural economy aggravated by the world depression in agriculture of the 1880s . The agrarian crisis between 1888 and 1892 led to a steep decrease in wheat prices . The island ’ s main sources of wealth – wine , fruit and sulphur – suffered a heavy blow . The dominant landowning class channeled most of the economic burden on to the peasantry , in the form of higher rents and discriminatory local taxation . As social tension rose , a handful of young and hitherto quite unknown socialist intellectuals – many of them recent graduates of Palermo University – seized their opportunity . The movement grew under the first government of Prime minister Francesco Crispi ( 1887 @-@ 1891 ) and coincided with unpopular tax increases and ratification of a series of laws curtailing personal freedom . The Italian economy had been sliding into a deep recession since the late 1880s . New protective tariffs had been introduced in 1887 on agricultural and industrial goods , followed by a trade war with France , which badly damaged Italian commerce and affecting Italy ’ s agricultural exports , the only potentially dynamic economic sector of southern Italy . Many farmers suffered severely .
The first official Fascio was founded on May 1 ( Labour Day ) , 1891 , in Catania by Giuseppe de Felice Giuffrida . ( An earlier Fascio was set up in Messina on March 18 , 1889 , but was dormant after its founder , Nicola Petrina , was arrested in July of that year and not released until 1892 . Another reason why the first Fascio of Messina – formed after the example of the Fasci operai [ Workers leagues ] constituted in Central and North Italy from 1871 – did not develop was that it brought together not individual workers but the workers ' associations of the city , which retained their independence , their status and economic orientation . ) Other leaders included Rosario Garibaldi Bosco in Palermo , Nicola Barbato in Piana dei Greci , Bernardino Verro in Corleone , and Lorenzo Panepinto in Santo Stefano Quisquina . While the ruling elite depicted the men of the Fasci as treasonous socialists , communists and anarchists seeking to overthrow the monarchy ; in fact many were devout Catholics and monarchists . The movement sometimes had a messianic nature , characterised by statements as " Jesus was a true socialist and wanted just what the Fasci were demanding . " Nicola Barbato was known as " the workers ' apostle . "
The keenest socialist among the Fasci leaders was Garibaldi Bosco . In August 1892 he attended the Socialist party ’ s congress at Genoa and on his return obediently purged his fascio of its anarchist and other non @-@ socialist members . His ideal of a united democratic front was shared by the father of Sicilian socialism , Napoleone Colajanni . The leader in Catania , De Felice , also maintained contact with leading anarchists like Amilcare Cipriani . On these and other important issues there was much friction between Catania and Palermo .
Crispi was replaced by Antonio Di Rudinì in February 1891 , who was succeeded by Giovanni Giolitti in May 1892 . On January 20 , 1893 , when peasants of Caltavuturo occupied communal land that they claimed was theirs , local authorities killed 13 and wounded 21 in the Caltavuturo massacre . Disturbances continued throughout the year . The Fasci started out as urban movements , animated by artisans , which evolved into a more popular and combative mass movement with the adherence of sulphur miners , and in a later stage with the involvement of peasants and sharecroppers . In the autumn of 1893 , labour conflicts in the cities and the mines came together with the protests and claims of the farmers . The movement reached its greatest breadth in the manifestations against taxes , involving the lowest tiers of the city and the countryside , becoming difficult , if not impossible , to control by its leaders .
= = Initial success = =
From its initial origins in Eastern Sicily , especially in Catania , the movement got its real impetus with the establishment of the Fascio of Palermo on June 29 , 1892 . The Leagues rapidly radiated over all Sicily . In the spring of 1893 the leaders of the movement decided to carry their propaganda to the peasants and miners of the countryside . Between March and October the number of fasci grew from 35 to 162 with more than 200 @,@ 000 members .
On May 21 – 22 , 1893 , a Congress was held in Palermo attended by 500 delegates from nearly 90 leagues and socialist circles . A Central Committee was elected , composed of nine members : Giacomo Montalto for the province of Trapani , Nicola Petrina for the province of Messina , Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida for the province of Catania , Luigi Leone for the province of Siracusa , Antonio Licata for the province Agrigento , Agostino Lo Piano Pomar for the province of Caltanissetta , Rosario Garibaldi Bosco , Nicola Barbato and Bernardino Verro for the province of Palermo . The Congress decided that all Leagues were obliged to join the Italian Workers ' Party ( Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani ) , the predecessor of the PSI .
In July 1893 a peasant conference at Corleone drafted model agrarian contracts for labourers , sharecroppers and tenants and presented them to the landowners . When those refused to negotiate , a strike against landowners and against state taxes broke out over a large part of western Sicily . The so @-@ called Patti di Corleone ( Corleone Covenants ) , are considered by historians to be the first trade union collective contract in capitalist Italy . In September the state authorities intervened and some of the landowners were persuaded to capitulate . Elsewhere the strike continued until November 1893 . Railwaymen of Catania and Palermo , the sulphur @-@ miners and many other workers followed their example winning higher wages or better working conditions .
In October 1893 , a congress of miners was held in Grotte in the Province of Agrigento which was attended by some 1 @,@ 500 people , including workers and small producers . The miners demanded that the minimum age to be raised to 14 years for those who worked in the sulfur mines , the decrease of working hours and setting a minimum wage . Small producers demanded measures to avoid exploitation by large owners . The minimum @-@ age measure was meant to improve the situation for the carusi , minors that worked in conditions of near @-@ slavery that sparked public outrage and inspired many complaints .
The successful struggle convinced the Sicilian ruling elite that the " upheaval " had to be stopped . They were seized by panic and some even demanded the closing of all schools to halt the spread of subversive doctrines . Prefects and frightened local councils bombarded Rome with requests for the immediate suppression of the Fasci . Despite the heavy pressure from the King , the army and conservative circles in Rome , however , Giolitti would neither treat strikes – which were not illegal – as a crime nor dissolve the Fasci nor authorise the use of firearms against popular demonstrations . His policy was “ to allow these economic struggles to resolve themselves through amelioration of the condition of the workers ” and not to interfere in the process .
= = Rising tensions = =
Nonetheless , Giolitti acknowledged the need to stifle the agitation . From May 1893 onwards , leaders of the Fasci were arrested occasionally and police and military reinforcements were sent to Sicily . In the autumn of 1893 the leadership lost control over the Fasci and the popular agitation got out of hand . Peasant squatters seized land , violent crowds demonstrated for work and against local misgovernment , tax offices were burnt down and clashes with the police grew more frequent and bloody . The violent social conflict almost rose to the point of insurrection . The proprietors and landowners asked the government to intervene .
However , his attitude could not be maintained . Landowners were infuriated by the unwillingness of the government to use
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duck ' do not appear to follow these rules . This might be due to incomplete understanding of PIE phonotactics or to wrong reconstructions . * pster- , for example , might not have existed in PIE at all , if the Indo @-@ European words usually traced back to it are onomatopoeias .
Thorn clusters are sequences of a dental ( * t * d * dʰ ) plus a velar plosive ( * k * g * gʰ etc . ) . Their role in PIE phonotactics is unknown . Roots like * dʰgʷʰei- ' to perish ' apparently violate the phonotactical rules , but are quite common .
= = Lexical meaning = =
The meaning of a reconstructed root is conventionally that of a verb ; the terms root and verbal root are almost synonymous in PIE grammar . This is because , apart from a limited number of so @-@ called root nouns , PIE roots overwhelmingly participate in verbal inflection through well @-@ established morphological and phonological mechanisms . Their meanings are not always directly reconstructible , due to semantic shifts that led to discrepancies in the meanings of reflexes in the attested daughter languages . Many nouns and adjectives are derived from verbal roots via suffixes and ablaut .
Nevertheless , some roots did exist that did not have a primary verbal derivation . Apart from the aforementioned root nouns , the most important of these were the so @-@ called Caland roots , which had adjectival meaning . Such roots generally formed proterokinetic adjectives with the suffix * -u- , thematic adjectives in * -ró- and compounding stems in * -i- . They included at least * h ₁ rewdʰ- ' red ' , * h ₂ erǵ- ' white ' , * dʰewb- ' deep ' and * gʷreh ₂ - ' heavy ' .
Verbal roots were inherently imperfective ( durative , present ) or perfective ( punctual , aoristic ) . To form a verb from the root 's own aspect , verb endings were attached directly to the root , either with or without a thematic vowel . The " other " aspect , if it was needed , would then be a so @-@ called " characterised " stem , as detailed in Proto @-@ Indo @-@ European verb . The characterised stems are often different in different descendants , which suggests that they did not yet exist in PIE proper .
= = Creation of new roots = =
Roots were occasionally created anew within PIE or its early descendants . A variety of methods have been observed .
= = = Root extensions = = =
Root extensions are additions of one or two sounds , often plosives , to the end of a root . These extensions do not seem to change the meaning of a root , and often lead to variant root forms across different descendants . The source and function of these extensions is not known .
For * ( s ) tew- ' to push , hit , thrust ' , we can reconstruct :
* ( s ) tewk- > Ancient Greek τύκος ( túkos ) ' hammer'
* ( s ) tewg- > English stoke ( Germanic k goes back to PIE * g . )
* ( s ) tewd- > Vedic tudáti ' beats'
= = = Sonorant metathesis = = =
When the root contains a sonorant , the zero grade is ambiguous as to whether the sonorant should be placed before the ablaut vowel or after it . Speakers occasionally analysed such roots the " wrong " way , and this has led to some roots being created from existing ones by swapping the position of the sonorant .
An example of such a pair of roots , both meaning ' to increase , to enlarge ' :
* h ₂ weg- > Gothic wahsjan , Ancient Greek aéksō .
* h ₂ ewg- > Gothic aukan , Latin augeō , Lithuanian áugti .
Another example concerns the root ' sky ' :
* dyew- > Ancient Greek Zeus , Latin diēs , Sanskrit dyú .
* deyw- > Latin dīvus , Old Prussian deiwis , Sanskrit devá .
= M @-@ 14 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 14 is an east – west state trunkline highway in the southeastern portion of the US state of Michigan . Entirely freeway , it runs for 22 @.@ 250 miles ( 35 @.@ 808 km ) to connect Ann Arbor with Detroit by way of a connection with Interstate 96 ( I @-@ 96 ) . The western terminus is at a partial interchange with I @-@ 94 west of Ann Arbor . From there , the freeway curves around the north side of Ann Arbor and runs concurrently with US Highway 23 ( US 23 ) . East of that section , M @-@ 14 passes through woodlands and fields in Washtenaw County . In Wayne County , the freeway returns to a suburban area of mixed residential neighborhoods and light industrial areas . It crosses two different rivers and a pair of rail lines as it approaches Detroit 's inner suburbs , where it terminates at an interchange between I @-@ 96 and I @-@ 275 .
When the state 's highway system was first signed in 1919 , there was a different M @-@ 14 that ran the length of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan . This was later replaced by a pair of different US Highways in the 1920s and 1930s . Another M @-@ 14 was designated that lasted until the 1940s . The current highway dates back to 1956 when it was designated along a series of roads that previously carried US 12 . During the 1960s and 1970s , M @-@ 14 was moved to the freeway alignment it currently uses ; sections of the former route are still maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) as unsigned highways .
= = Route description = =
The western terminus of M @-@ 14 is west of Ann Arbor , at exit 171 on I @-@ 94 . This is a partial interchange ; only traffic from eastbound I @-@ 94 can access eastbound M @-@ 14 , and traffic from westbound M @-@ 14 must follow westbound I @-@ 94 . From this junction , M @-@ 14 runs northeasterly through suburban Scio Township . The freeway is bordered by residential subdivisions to the southeast and woodlands to the northwest . M @-@ 14 curves around to the east through an interchange that has ramps that connect Miller and Maple roads ; the ramps connect to Maple Road through a pair of roundabouts . As it approaches the Huron River , the freeway has an interchange with Business US 23 ( Bus . US 23 ) ; the two highways merge and run concurrently to the north over the river . Bus . US 23 / M @-@ 14 then has an ususual right @-@ in / right @-@ out interchange that uses short connector roads to provide access to Barton Drive on the north side of the river . The freeway then continues north to an interchange with US 23 . The business loop ends there , and M @-@ 14 turns eastward to follow the US 23 freeway around the north side of Ann Arbor .
The US 23 / M @-@ 14 freeway runs for about one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) before US 23 turns southward to run between Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti while M @-@ 14 continues east through Ann Arbor Township past Domino 's Farms , the office complex for Domino 's Pizza that was to be the home to Tom Monaghan 's Leaning Tower of Pizza . East of that complex , M @-@ 14 runs through woodlands and fields north of the community of Dixboro . The freeway turns northeasterly after the interchange with M @-@ 153 . At the Napier Road underpass , M @-@ 14 crosses into Wayne County .
Once across the county line , the M @-@ 14 freeway runs through residential subdivisions from the western Detroit suburbs . There is an interchange for Beck Road as M @-@ 14 turns back to the east . The freeway crosses a rail line operated by CSX Transportation The freeway passes Ford Motor Company 's Sheldon Road Plant near the Sheldon Road interchange . There is a crossing for another CSX rail line near the bridges over the River Rouge by the St. Johns Golf Course . The freeway through this area curves around a bit north of its previous course . As M @-@ 14 nears the Livonia city line , it meets an interchange with I @-@ 96 and I @-@ 275 that marks the eastern terminus of M @-@ 14 in Plymouth Township .
M @-@ 14 is maintained by MDOT like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M @-@ 14 were the 86 @,@ 500 vehicles daily east of the Sheldon Road interchange in Plymouth Township ; the lowest counts were the 26 @,@ 641 vehicles per day west of the Miller Road interchange . All of M @-@ 14 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
= = = Previous designations = = =
In July 1919 , M @-@ 14 was signed on a north – south route that ran most of the length of the Lower Peninsula , beginning at the Ohio state line south of Hudson to end three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) south of downtown Cheboygan . It mostly followed the path of present @-@ day US 127 , I @-@ 75 and M @-@ 27 . This edition of M @-@ 14 was truncated in November 1926 when the US Highway System was formed . From the Jackson area north to Lansing , it was US 127 ; from Lansing to Cheboygan , it was US 27 . In 1930 , US 127 was rerouted to replace the remainder of M @-@ 14 when US 223 was created . Right afterwards , M @-@ 14 was designated from Battle Creek to Edmore . This designation of M @-@ 14 was eliminated when M @-@ 66 was rerouted to replace it in the mid @-@ 1940s .
= = = Current designation = = =
In 1956 , the portion of US 12 from the west side of Ann Arbor into Detroit was rerouted from surface streets to new stretches of freeways running south of Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti . The former route of US 12 , much of which was known as Plymouth Road , was retained as a trunkline and redesignated M @-@ 14 . In 1964 , a northern bypass connecting US 23 with M @-@ 153 was completed , and M @-@ 14 was rerouted onto the new freeway ; the highway still ran through Ann Arbor along routes now designated Bus . US 23 and Business Loop I @-@ 94 . The following year , the freeway was extended to its present western terminus at I @-@ 94 , and M @-@ 14 is removed from the business routes and transferred to the expressway .
In 1977 , when the Jeffries Freeway ( I @-@ 96 ) was completed , M @-@ 14 was shortened to have its eastern terminus at I @-@ 275 exit 28 in Plymouth Township , and the portion of Plymouth Road within the city of Detroit was returned to local control . The portion of Plymouth Road – Ann Arbor Road between I @-@ 275 and the city boundary with Redford Township was retained as an unsigned trunkline , maintained by the state to this day . In 1979 , the final segment of the M @-@ 14 freeway , between M @-@ 153 and I @-@ 275 was completed . The former route of M @-@ 14 in Washtenaw County along Plymouth – Ann Arbor Road was returned to local control . The portion of Ann Arbor Road from the Wayne County line east to I @-@ 275 also became an unsigned state trunkline , also still maintained by MDOT .
= = Exit list = =
= The Ghost Network =
" The Ghost Network " is the third episode of the first season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe . The episode was written by co @-@ executive producer David H. Goodman and supervising producer J. R. Orci , and was directed by Frederick E. O. Toye . The episode follows the Fringe team 's investigation into a bus that was filled with amber , encasing the people inside . They discover a man named Roy ( Zak Orth ) who predicted it and other similar events , and Walter realizes Roy has connections to a past experiment he did over twenty years ago , called the " Ghost Network " .
The episode was important in the show 's evolution , as the writers noted that Roy was the first guest character the audience could get emotionally invested in . " The Ghost Network " also included their quest to explain seemingly impossible and weird phenomenon through a real scientific explanation from Walter 's past research .
It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 23 , 2008 . An estimated 9 @.@ 42 million viewers watched the episode on its first broadcast . It received mixed reviews , with many believing the show to be finally finding its legs , while others worried over the ongoing formulaic storylines featured in each episode .
= = Plot = =
A man named Roy McComb ( Zak Orth ) confesses to his priest that he sees visions of bad things , including a bus where everyone is going to die . Simultaneously with this scene , a man enters a bus , unleashes a canister emitting gaseous fumes , and steals a backpack before quickly getting off . The Fringe team arrives soon after , only to find the fumes have hardened into an amber @-@ like substance , trapping and killing those inside . Walter ( John Noble ) studies the substance and concludes it started out as a gas and then solidified , suffocating the passengers . While looking at a victim 's video footage , Olivia ( Anna Torv ) discovers a backpack is missing , and traces it back to one of the victims , a Federal employee with undercover connections to a drug cartel . They interview her " handler " , who comes to identify her body . The Fringe team finds out about Roy , and search through his apartment , believing he is behind the bus and other Pattern @-@ related terror attacks . They soon realize all of his drawings are dated before the incidents took place , despite the fact that several of them were never made public . In an interrogation , Roy tells Charlie ( Kirk Acevedo ) he 's been receiving his visions for nine months , roughly when they began seeing Pattern @-@ related attacks .
Meanwhile , they trace the substance to Massive Dynamic . Olivia interviews Massive Dynamic executive Nina Sharp ( Blair Brown ) , who tells her the substance has been seen in an attack before . Walter suspects Roy is psychic and runs tests on him before realizing Roy has some kind of magnetic compound in his blood . This leads Walter to recall he and his old lab partner William Bell had conducted research on creating a " Ghost Network " to secretly communicate messages from one person to another in an otherwise undetectable frequency range . During this research , Roy was one of his past test subjects . Walter further theorizes that someone else has perfected his research , and that Roy is overhearing secret messages from some of the people behind the terrorist attacks . Olivia and Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) arrive at his old house to find equipment needed to tap into Roy 's mind .
Using the equipment , they are able to intercept messages in Latin detailing an upcoming exchange at South Station in an hour . They realize the handler removed a small crystalline disk from the Federal agent 's hand when he identified her body , and that he is now going to exchange it for something else . Olivia intercepts the man , who is killed before she can talk to him . She chases another man involved
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ades . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 1 @-@ 135 @-@ 13137 @-@ 6 .
Miller , William ( 1908 ) . The Latins in the Levant , a History of Frankish Greece ( 1204 – 1566 ) . New York : E.P. Dutton and Company .
Nicol , Donald MacGillivray ( 1993 ) . The Last Centuries of Byzantium , 1261 – 1453 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 43991 @-@ 4 .
Setton , Kenneth M. ( 1975 ) . " The Catalans in Greece , 1311 – 1388 " . In Hazard , Harry W. A History of the Crusades , Volume III : The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries . Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 167 – 224 . ISBN 0 @-@ 299 @-@ 06670 @-@ 3 .
Setton , Kenneth M. ( 1976 ) . The Papacy and the Levant ( 1204 – 1571 ) , Volume I : The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : DIANE Publishing . ISBN 0 @-@ 87169 @-@ 114 @-@ 0 .
Topping , Peter ( 1975 ) . " The Morea , 1311 – 1364 " . In Hazard , Harry W. A History of the Crusades , Volume III : The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries . Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 104 – 140 . ISBN 0 @-@ 299 @-@ 06670 @-@ 3 .
= Give Me a Ring Sometime =
" Give Me a Ring Sometime " is the first episode of the American situation comedy Cheers . Written by Glen and Les Charles and directed by James Burrows , the episode first aired September 30 , 1982 on NBC . The pilot episode introduces the employees of bar Cheers : Sam Malone , Diane Chambers , Coach Ernie Pantusso , and Carla Tortelli ; and regular customers : Norm Peterson and Cliff Clavin . In this episode , Diane , brought in by fiancé Sumner Sloan , meets the employees and patrons of the bar . When she realizes that her fiancé has left her alone in the bar , Diane accepts Sam 's offer to be the bar 's waitress to start over .
In the original script the employees were the principal characters , and Norm and Cliff were not included . Later revisions added Norm and Cliff , and scenes were restructured and rewritten . Originally , Cheers ' set would be a hotel , but it was ultimatelly changed to a bar . Ratings were low when the episode first aired , but were moderately successful in reruns . It has been critically praised over the years , and earned its writers awards for Best Writing in 1983 .
= = Plot = =
As owner Sam Malone opens the bar , a professor Sumner Sloane ( Michael McGuire ) and his Boston University student fiancée Diane Chambers are the first customers . They are planning to go to Barbados to be married , but do not have a wedding ring ; Sumner leaves to get the ring from his ex @-@ wife . While she waits , Diane learns about the other people in the bar . Sam is an ex @-@ baseball player and a recovering alcoholic . Waitress Carla Tortelli is a bitter divorcée with four children . Male patrons are playing a " body sweat in movies " trivia game , which repulses Diane . Sumner returns a few hours later , suggesting Cool Hand Luke as a " sweaty " movie and telling Diane he could not get his ex @-@ wife 's ring . His ex @-@ wife calls the bar with a change of heart , and Sumner leaves Diane again .
Diane and Sam argue about Sumner , and Sam pointedly tells her Sumner is probably on a plane with his ex @-@ wife . Diane calls the airport to change their flight reservation , and finds out that " Mr. and Mrs. Sloane " have already used it . Heartbroken , she prepares to go home before realizing that her job as Sumner 's teaching assistant is gone . Out of pity , Sam offers her a job at Cheers as a waitress . Because of her educational background , Diane initially refuses ; however , when she remembers a number of orders ( including special requests ) from a table she reluctantly accepts the job . The following day , Diane 's first customer is an international tourist ( Erik Holland ) , asking for his lost luggage .
= = Casting = =
The pilot introduces employees of the bar , Cheers , in Boston , Massachusetts in order of appearance :
Sam Malone ( Ted Danson ) is a recovering alcoholic , a former baseball player , a bartender and the owner of Cheers .
Diane Chambers ( Shelley Long ) is a college student and " bar misfit " who is abandoned by her fiancé , Sumner Sloane . She becomes a waitress at the end of the episode .
Ernie Pantusso ( Nicholas Colasanto ) is a " forgetful " , " gravelly @-@ voiced bartender " , nicknamed " Coach " because he was Sam 's coach during his career as a relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox .
Carla Tortelli ( Rhea Perlman ) is a bitter , " wisecracking , cynical waitress " and divorcée whose husband , Nick , abandons her and her four children .
The creators rejected the idea of casting a star such as Mary Tyler Moore , and sought actors who were previously unknown to the public . They interviewed almost 1 @,@ 000 people for the four principal roles : Sam Malone , Diane Chambers , Carla Tortelli , and " Coach " Ernie Pantusso . Steve Kolzak ( credited as Stephen Kolzak ) cast the original characters . According to Danson , Rhea Perlman was the first to be cast . Former umpire Ron Luciano auditioned for Coach ; however , the producers " wanted an experienced actor " . Robert Prosky , who later appeared as Rebecca Howe 's ( Kirstie Alley ) Navy father in the 1992 Cheers episode " Daddy 's Little Middle @-@ Aged Girl " and an author in the 1996 Frasier episode " A Crane 's Critique " , turned down the role of Coach . Actor @-@ director Nicholas Colasanto won the role .
Auditions were held for Sam and Diane . Three pairs were tested : William Devane and Lisa Eichhorn , Fred Dryer and Julia Duffy , and Ted Danson and Shelley Long . Before the show premiered Danson appeared in 1979 's The Onion Field ; Long appeared in 1982 's Night Shift , starring Henry Winkler of Happy Days . Fred Dryer later appeared as Dave Richards , a sportscaster friend of Sam 's , in " Sam at Eleven " in 1982 . Sam Malone was originally " a former wide receiver for the New England Patriots " , and Fred Dryer was considered for the role because he was a football player . However , NBC executives liked test scenes with Danson and Long so the creators chose them instead , making Sam a former relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox . Ed O 'Neill also auditioned for the role of Sam Malone .
We had some surprises . Some actors were terrific by themselves but not in concert with others . Each actor read the same scene . Everyone got the same chance . We were looking for actors who could make us laugh by being loyal to the characters . Then we matched them up .
Two customers were introduced :
Norm Peterson ( George Wendt ) , recognized by everyone in the bar , enters for a quick drink .
Cliff Clavin ( John Ratzenberger ) appears for a conversation with other male patrons about bar trivia .
George Wendt and John Ratzenberger originally auditioned for the role of " George " , and Wendt was cast . In the original script , George was Diane 's first customer at the end of the episode . Annoyed with Diane 's long @-@ winded explanation of how she became a waitress , he delivered his one @-@ word line : " Beer ! " After Wendt was cast , the writers revised the script ; his role evolved into Norm Peterson , the first onscreen customer to enter the bar and " [ badgering ] Diane rather than the other way around " . After Wendt was cast , Ratzenberger suggested to the producers that a know @-@ it @-@ all character be added ; this led to the creation of another character , Cliff Clavin .
One character who was cut from the pilot episode was an unpleasant , racist , wheelchair @-@ bound old woman named Mrs. Littlefield , supposedly a regular customer of Cheers , who was intended to be a recurring character . Her lines were filmed as part of a rough cut of the pilot . However , the producers decided to cut the character out of the episode , as they found her character did not mesh with other characters or with the overall tone of the show . Nevertheless , the uncredited actress who played her can still be seen as a background performer in a few scenes . Some sources credit this actress as Elaine Strich , although the unidentified actress who is still seen on camera looks nothing like Stritch . In answer to a question about the actress , Cheers writer / producer Ken Levine has stated on his blog " that was not Elaine Stritch " The producers ultimately decided to eliminate Mrs. Littlefield completely from the show from that point forward , necessitating changes to some yet @-@ to @-@ be @-@ filmed scripts for the first few episodes .
Three other bar patrons have speaking roles in the completed episode : John P. Navin , Jr. portrays a teenage boy in the cold open , Erik Holland has a brief bit as Diane 's first customer , and Ron Frazier appears as a barfly who stands at the bar near Cliff ( and who offers " Ben Hur " as his choice for the sweatiest movie ever made . )
= = Production = =
The creators of Cheers ( and the crew of Taxi ) , co @-@ writers Glen and Les Charles and director James Burrows , created a sitcom project in 1981 . Initially set in a hotel , the setting changed to a hotel bar and finally a " Boston neighborhood bar " . The show was filmed not in a pub , but on Stage 25 of the Paramount Studios lot . Cheers ' set was inspired by the Bull & Finch Pub in Boston , now known as Cheers Beacon Hill ( pictured , right ) . A Boston bar was chosen because of its " interior [ made out of ] brick , polished mahogany , and brass " ; the city was chosen because it is " cosmopolitan " , " a great sports town " and was not previously explored on television . Because the creators are sports fans , an athletic element was added to the bar . Burrows said that the show was intended to be about a bar which people visit for more than drinks .
Jokes from earlier scripts were used . In one scene , Carla Tortelli orders a phone caller to do something about their unruly children . When one of the bartenders suggests hiring a babysitter , Carla replied that the caller was the babysitter . The cast did not know the ending of the pilot episode during production , since the final draft of the script was dated April 16 , 1982 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
The NBC premiere lineup on September 30 , 1982 consisted of ( beginning at 8 : 00 pm Eastern and Pacific Time ) Fame , Cheers , Taxi and Hill Street Blues . Cheers debuted at 9 : 00 pm against the two @-@ hour season premiere of Magnum , P.I. and the one @-@ hour season premiere of Too Close for Comfort . It finished in 60th place ( out of 63 programs ) , with a 9 @.@ 6 Nielsen rating . In Alaska , it premiered on October 14 , 1982 at 8 : 00 pm AKT . On December 23 , 1982 the episode was rerun , receiving an 11 @.@ 5 rating and finishing 57th out of 68 programs airing from December 20 – 26 , 1982 .
= = = Critical reaction = = =
When the episode originally aired in 1982 , Fred Rothenberg of the Associated Press called it an introduction to a " new wise @-@ cracking comedy " , " a warm and wacky companion of a television show , a delightful place to spend idle time , [ and ] a five @-@ star watering hole " known as Cheers . Television and radio critic Mike Drew said it was not great but " funnier [ ... ] with cute lines [ ... ] than " any other sitcom , even those ( like Archie Bunker 's Place on TV and Duffy 's Tavern on radio ) set in bars . Fred L. Smith of The News and Courier found this episode similar to Taxi : " Both are set in a place of business − Cheers at a [ Boston bar ] , Taxi at a [ New York taxi company ] — both have a sensible guy and a pretty , preppy girl as main characters — Ted Danson and Shelley Long in Cheers and Judd Hirsch and Marilu Henner in Taxi — and both are wacky comedies . " He found it " amusing " ; some jokes , funny ; many others , forced ; and the number of " weird characters " in the show greater than their real @-@ life bar counterparts .
In 2009 , Lex Walker on the Just Press Play website found this episode " sadder and more sentimental " than funny ; the episode focuses " less on character development and more on " Diane restarting her life as a waitress after the loss of love , and he said it contradicts " what [ Cheers ] will grow to be " . Nevertheless , he called the episode a true introduction to the series and considered the intertwining stories of Sam and his friends the series ' premise . In 2010 , Robin Raven from Yahoo ! Voices called it one of her top five Cheers episodes . In 2011 , Austin Lugar from The Film Yap website called it the " best " . IGN ranked it number nine of the top ten Cheers episodes .
= = = Awards = = =
At the 1983 Primetime Emmy Awards , writers and co @-@ creators Glen and Les Charles won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for this episode . The brothers also received a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Screenplay - Episodic Comedy . The episode earned production designer Richard Sylbert and set decorator George Gaines an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Art Direction for a Series ( won by Tales of the Gold Monkey ) .
= = = Home media = = =
The first home media release of the episode was a VHS cassette in the United States on September 29 , 1993 . It was part of the initial launch of seven cassettes by Paramount Home Video . One volume contained only the pilot episode itself , while each of other six volumes contained two episodes . The episode was released on Region 1 DVD as part of the season one box on May 20 , 2003 , and as part of Fan Favorites : The Best of Cheers on March 6 , 2012 .
= SS Kommandøren =
SS Kommandøren was a steel @-@ hulled passenger / cargo steamship built in Norway in 1891 . She served as a communications link between the regional capital of Western Norway , Bergen , and the various communities of Sogn og Fjordane county .
Following the 9 April 1940 German invasion of Norway , she was requisitioned by the Norwegian authorities and carried troops for the Norwegian war effort until the forces in Western Norway ceased fighting on 2 May 1940 .
After a brief stint in German service , she returned to her civilian duties later in 1940 , and was accidentally torpedoed and sunk by a German E @-@ boat in Bergen on 29 March 1945 .
= = Construction and characteristics = =
Kommandøren was one of four passenger / cargo steamships built for Nordre Bergenhus Amts Dampskibe at Norwegian shipyards around the turn of the 20th century . The four ships were constructed to supplement four smaller vessels built decades earlier at British shipyards . In addition to Kommandøren , which was seen as the flagship of the company 's fleet , Lærdal , Balder and Stavenes were built between 1876 and 1904 . The company sailed on cargo / passenger routes in Western Norway . Kommandøren was the largest of the new @-@ builds , and was considered the grandest of the company vessels .
Delivered on 30 June 1891 , Kommandøren was yard number 132 at Akers Mekaniske Værksted in Kristiania ( modern @-@ day Oslo ) , Norway . The steel @-@ hulled ship measured 433 gross register tons ( GRT ) , had a length of 50 @.@ 8 metres ( 167 ft ) , a beam of 7 @.@ 5 metres ( 25 ft ) and a draught of 3 @.@ 9 metres ( 13 ft ) . Her 600 indicated horsepower / 116 nominal horsepower 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion steam engine could propel the ship at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . Kommandøren cost the company NOK 264 @,@ 000 to build and could take up to 249 passengers .
Although much newer than the first ships operated by Nordre Bergenhus Amts Dampskibe , Kommandøren and the three other ships were only around 2 knots ( 3 @.@ 7 km / h ; 2 @.@ 3 mph ) faster than the mid @-@ 19th century vessels used by the company .
The new ship was named Kommandøren by Nordre Bergenhus amt county council , after the affectionate nickname of the county 's shipping company 's first executive director , Hugo Lous , who had held the rank of kommandørkaptein ( English : commander ) in the Royal Norwegian Navy . To name the new ship after the executive director was an unusual decision , as most Norwegian ships of the era were named after place names , historical figures or royalty .
Built not only to carry people and cargo between the towns and villages of Western Norway , but also for the tourist trade , Kommandøren was fitted with a comparatively luxurious first class section . The 10 @-@ cabin , 36 @-@ bed , first class featured a smoking salon , a women 's salon and a dining salon for the first class passengers and ship officers . A promenade deck gave views in all directions . The third class passengers had two salons , one on the main deck and one on the orlop ( lowest ) deck . On Kommandøren , the third class section was expanded and improved in comparison with earlier vessels , after complaints from passengers to the county council . The third class section of Kommandøren was described by the newspaper Sogns Tidende as " large , spacious and almost comfortably equipped . Kommandøren was home ported in Bergen . She had her maiden passenger voyage from Bergen to Sogn on 5 July 1891 .
= = Passenger / cargo and tourist service = =
In the summer season , Kommandøren served the tourist trade in Sogn , while she sailed the regular passenger / cargo routes during the winter months . Kommandøren was generally used as an express route ship , often carrying patients on their way to treatment . Amongst the cargo carried by was often live animals , including horses , cattle and sheep . During one of her trips , Kommandøren ran aground on 20 October 1900 near Tjugum in Balestrand . The ship was also at times employed to transport important dignitaries in the region , like she did in September 1920 , when she brought politicians to Vik to inspect the area for a proposed railway project . Shortly after delivery , in September 1892 , Kommandøren provided transport support to a large @-@ scale Norwegian Army field exercise in Western Norway . She was tasked with transporting troops from Gudvangen to Lærdalsøyri after the completion of the exercises .
In 1910 , Kommandøren was modernized at Stavanger Støberi & Dok in Stavanger , gaining a new boiler for the steam engine and being painted white . In January the next year , she ran aground at Rongevær in the Fensfjord . She ran aground again in 1913 , in Herdlefjorden , and again in Bårdsundet off Tysnesøy in 1928 .
A rebuild in 1922 saw the ship 's well deck built over , creating a flush deck profile . In 1930 the ship was refurbished and modernized . By this time , Kommandøren measured 543 GRT and 315 NRT .
Kommandøren ran aground yet again in April 1938 , when she ran into the island Segløya while en route from Skjerjehamn to Eivindvik . The incident caused severe damage to the bottom of the hull .
= = Second World War = =
= = = Norwegian Campaign = = =
= = = = Troop ship = = = =
When Norway was invaded by Nazi Germany on 9 April , Kommandøren was not in the areas immediately captured by the invading Germans . She was thus able to continue her service in the Sognefjord for much of the month of April 1940 . On 9 April 1940 , Kommandøren was en route to Bergen , but was stopped at Høyanger and ordered to Sogn to assist in the mobilization of Norwegian Army units to oppose the Germans .
Kommandøren was directed to transport troops from Dingja via several smaller villages to Nordeide and Gudvangen . Together with the steamer Gudvangen , she set out in the early morning of 10 April to retrieve troops . Kommandøren and the other ships of the company fleet were later praised by the regional police commander for their important role in the successful mobilization in Sogn og Fjordane .
= = = = Bombing in the Sognefjord = = = =
On 25 April 1940 , Kommandøren steamed in the Sognefjord , carrying regular passengers , as well as a load of around 100 soldiers bound for Gudvangen and Voss for service with the Norwegian Army 's 4th Division . The soldiers brought in that day belonged to an older age group not called up in the initial mobilization drive . While en route from Vik to Balestrand , the steamer was bombed and strafed by a German bomber . The bombs did not hit the ship , and the machine gun bullets only did minor damage and caused no casualties .
After calling at Balestrand , Kommandøren proceeded to Leikanger , where the soldiers on board disembarked . While Kommandøren was docked at Leikanger , the village was attacked by a German aircraft . The aircraft dropped 11 bombs in three series on the area , before strafing people and cars on the ground . Amongst the targets were the soldiers unloaded by Kommandøren , the troops being on the march to nearby Hermansverk . The attack killed a travelling salesman from Bergen outright , and wounded a 16 @-@ year @-@ old local boy and the boy 's mother , restaurateur Isak Roksvåg from Kommandøren and the ship 's captain , Thorvald Johannessen . While on the way to hospital in Lærdal with Kommandøren , Captain Johannessen died from his wounds .
= = = = End of the campaign = = = =
For the remaining week of the fighting in South Norway , Kommandøren was docked at Kvamsøya , immobilized by a damaged axle . As part of the ceasefire agreement accepted by the Norwegians in Western Norway in the evening of 1 May 1940 , Kommandøren was to be handed over to the Germans , along with the ferry Lærdal and 40 smaller boats . The transfer of the ships occurred at Lærdal on 2 May , and the ceasefire was announced on 3 May . The Germans used Kommandøren and the other vessels for a limited period to transport troops to occupy various places in Western Norway . When released by the Germans , Kommandøren was repaired before re @-@ entering service .
= = = During the German occupation = = =
By the autumn of 1940 , Kommandøren was back in regular service , providing an important link between Bergen and the smaller town and villages in the region . By 1944 , Kommandøren had been assigned the code letters LEGO .
She remained in service until 8 February 1945 , when she ran aground in the Alverstraumen narrows . Kommandøren remained aground for five weeks , and was filled by sea water before being salvaged and towed to Bergen to await repairs . Although the ship 's hull was intact , the interior and engine were heavily water damaged .
= = = Sinking = = =
During the night of 29 March 1945 , Kommandøren was docked at the remains of Søndre Nykirkekai in Bergen . At around 01 : 00 the ship was struck by one of two torpedoes accidentally fired by a German torpedo boat anchored on the opposite side of Vågen bay . The torpedo explosion threw debris from Kommandøren over a wide area , and left the ship lying on the harbour bed . Only the mast and a section of the bow remained above water . The midship and aft sections of the ship were completely destroyed by the torpedo . The only crew member on board at the time , Able Seaman Alf Larsen , was killed in the incident .
Before discovering that the incident had been caused by the accidental launch of two torpedoes by a drunken German crewman on the E @-@ boat S @-@ 13 , the German authorities in Bergen launched a search for saboteurs in the city . Kommandøren was the only total loss suffered by Fylkesbaatane i Sogn og Fjordane ( the formerly named Nordre Bergenhus Amts Dampskibe ) during the Second World War .
The wreck of Kommandøren was raised in April 1946 and towed to Kjøkkelvik in Askøy . Kommandøren was sold for scrap in November 1946 .
= Warren County , Indiana =
Warren County lies in western Indiana between the Illinois state line and the Wabash River in the United States . According to the 2010 census , the population was 8 @,@ 508 . The county seat is Williamsport .
Before the arrival of non @-@ indigenous settlers in the early 19th century , the area was inhabited by several Native American tribes . The county was officially established in 1827 and was the 55th county to be formed in Indiana .
It is one of the most rural counties in the state , with the third @-@ smallest population and the lowest population density at about 23 inhabitants per square mile ( 8 @.@ 9 / km2 ) . The county has four incorporated towns with a total population of about 3 @,@ 100 , as well as many small unincorporated communities . The county is divided into 12 townships which provide local services .
Much of the land in the county is given over to agriculture , especially on the open prairie in the northern and western parts ; the county 's farmland is among the most productive in the state . Nearer the river along the southeastern border , the land has many hills , valleys , and tributary streams and is more heavily wooded . Agriculture , manufacturing , government , education , and health care each provide substantial portions of the jobs in the county . Four Indiana state roads cross the county , as do two U.S. Routes and one major railroad line .
= = History = =
In the centuries before the arrival of European settlers , the area that became Warren County was on the boundary between the Miami and Kickapoo tribes . By the late 18th century , many Miami had moved further south ; most of Indiana north of the Wabash was then occupied by the Potawatomi people . The first non @-@ indigenous settler in the area was probably Zachariah Cicott , a French @-@ Canadian who first traded with the Kickapoo and Potawatomi people around 1802 . When General William Henry Harrison took an army from Vincennes to the Battle of Tippecanoe in late 1811 , Cicott served as a scout ; the trail taken by Harrison 's army passed through the area that later became Warren County on its way to and from the battle site in Tippecanoe County . Following the War of 1812 , Cicott resumed his trading on the Wabash ; the state of Indiana was established in 1816 , and Cicott built a log house in 1817 at the location where he later founded the town of Independence . Other settlers came to the area , but probably not until around 1822 .
The county was established on March 1 , 1827 , by the Indiana General Assembly . It was named for Dr. Joseph Warren , who was killed in 1775 at the Battle of Bunker Hill , in which he fought as a private because his commission as a general had not yet taken effect . The short @-@ lived town of Warrenton was the original Warren County seat , chosen by commissioners in March 1828 ; the next year an act was passed calling for the seat to be relocated , and in June 1829 it was moved to Williamsport .
The first county courthouse was a log house in Warrenton that belonged to ( and was occupied by ) Enoch Farmer , one of the county 's earliest settlers . When the county seat moved to Williamsport , a log house belonging to the town 's founder , William Harrison , served this purpose for several years . The first purpose @-@ built courthouse was completed in 1835 at a cost of $ 2 @,@ 000 ; in 1872 , it was replaced with a new building that cost $ 48 @,@ 000 . The third courthouse was built in 1886 , in a new section of town that grew around the newly constructed railroad . That building burned in 1907 , and the fourth and current Warren County courthouse was completed on the same site in 1908 at a cost of $ 115 @,@ 000 .
As the 19th century progressed , the United States government 's Indian removal policy pushed Native American tribes west of the Mississippi River . In 1830 , the Indian Removal Act was signed into law , and though that act did not directly address the Potawatomi people of Indiana , it led to several additional treaties that resulted in their removal . In what came to be known as the Potawatomi Trail of Death , about 860 Potawatomi Indians who had refused to leave were forced to move from Indiana to Kansas . On September 14 , 1838 , the group camped near Williamsport , and on September 15 they camped in the southwestern part of the county before moving into Illinois . Before reaching their destination in Kansas , over 40 of them had died , many of them children ; two children died and were buried at the second Warren County campsite .
When the county was established , the Wabash River was vital to transportation and shipping . Zachariah Cicott traded up and down the river , and cities like Attica , Perrysville , Baltimore and Williamsport were founded near the river 's banks and flourished because of it . In the 1840s , the Wabash and Erie Canal began to operate and provided even broader shipping opportunities , but the canal favored towns which were on the " right side " of the river ; the canal was on the Fountain County side , and towns like Baltimore dwindled as a result . Some towns , such as Williamsport and Perrysville , managed to participate in canal traffic through the use of side @-@ cuts that brought traffic from the canal across the river . When railroads were constructed starting in the 1850s , they in turn began to render the canals obsolete and allowed trade to reach towns that lacked water connections . The canal continued to be used through the early 1870s .
The first trains to run in Warren County operated on portions of the Toledo , Wabash and Western Railway ( later the Wabash Railroad ) in 1856 . The railroad entered the county near Williamsport and was built westward , reaching the western border at State Line City by 1857 . West Lebanon was the only other settlement near the railroad 's path , but the line bypassed it by about a mile ; the town subsequently moved northward to be nearer the station . In 1869 the Indianapolis , Bloomington and Western Railway was built across Mound Township in the southern part of the county . A few years later , in 1872 , a branch of the Chicago , Danville and Vincennes Railroad ( known as the " Pumpkin Vine Railroad " ) was built from Bismarck , Illinois , southeast through Warren County ; it was built specifically to carry coal from the mines south of Covington . A labor riot at the mines in the late 1870s interrupted the flow of coal , and this combined with the poor financial state of the railroad led to the removal of most of the track by 1880 ; the remaining portion was removed a few years later . At about this time , in the early 1880s , the Chicago and Indiana Coal Railroad began operating a north – south line through the county . It became part of the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad but was abandoned in 1920 due to financial difficulties ; a new company operated the line as the Chicago , Attica and Southern Railroad starting in 1921 , but financial problems affected the new company as well and the rails were removed in 1946 . Another line , part of the New York Central Railroad , was built through the area in 1903 ; locally , it ran northeast from Danville into Warren County , then turned north through the small towns of Sloan and Stewart and continued north into Benton County . In the 1970s it became part of Penn Central , then Conrail ; operations on the line ceased in the 1990s and the tracks were removed , though a portion running north from Stewart remained and became the Bee Line Railroad which serves the grain processing facility in Stewart .
The Wabash Cannonball was a passenger train that ran on the Wabash Railroad between Detroit , Michigan and Saint Louis , Missouri , starting in 1949 . On September 19 , 1964 , the southbound Cannonball struck a truck loaded with concrete blocks at a crossing in Johnsonville . The driver of the truck was killed instantly , but although the train derailed , no other lives were lost . On the train , the driver and fireman were severely injured when the engine caught fire , and about half of the 50 passengers were injured . Over 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) of track was torn out , and the damage was estimated at over $ 500 @,@ 000 . The last run of the Cannonball was in 1969 .
After peaking in the late 19th century , the county 's population declined during the 20th , in common with much of the rural Midwest . The widespread adoption of the automobile in the 1920s undercut small @-@ town businesses , which were threatened further by the Great Depression of the 1930s . World War II and the economic revival of the late 1940s and 1950s drew people to better jobs in growing regional cities , and this further diminished small towns . The population shrank again in the 1980s due largely to the effects of the " farm crisis " of low crop prices , high farmer debt and other economic causes .
The first county fair involved both Fountain and Warren counties and was held in Independence on September 6 and 7 , 1853 . In following years , the fair was held in Fountain County , and participation by Warren County farmers diminished . In 1856 , farmers in the northern part of the county held a fair just east of Pine Village , and this continued each year through 1864 . West Lebanon became the next site of the county fair , and it ran successfully through 1883 ; the fairgrounds just to the northwest of town
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. In the True Law , he sets out the divine right of kings , explaining that kings are higher beings than other men for Biblical reasons , though " the highest bench is the sliddriest to sit upon " . The document proposes an absolutist theory of monarchy , by which a king may impose new laws by royal prerogative but must also pay heed to tradition and to God , who would " stirre up such scourges as pleaseth him , for punishment of wicked kings " .
Basilikon Doron was written as a book of instruction for four year old Prince Henry and provides a more practical guide to kingship . The work is considered to be well written and perhaps the best example of James 's prose . James 's advice concerning parliaments , which he understood as merely the king 's " head court " , foreshadows his difficulties with the English Commons : " Hold no Parliaments , " he tells Henry , " but for the necesitie of new Lawes , which would be but seldome " . In the True Law , James maintains that the king owns his realm as a feudal lord owns his fief , because kings arose " before any estates or ranks of men , before any parliaments were holden , or laws made , and by them was the land distributed , which at first was wholly theirs . And so it follows of necessity that kings were the authors and makers of the laws , and not the laws of the kings . "
= = = Literary patronage = = =
James was concerned in the 1580s and 1590s to promote the literature of the country of his birth . His treatise Some Rules and Cautions to be Observed and Eschewed in Scottish Prosody was published in 1584 at the age of 18 . It was both a poetic manual and a description of the poetic tradition in his mother tongue of Scots , applying Renaissance principles . He also made statutory provision to reform and promote the teaching of music , seeing the two in connection .
In furtherance of these aims , he was both patron and head of a loose circle of Scottish Jacobean court poets and musicians known as the Castalian Band , which included William Fowler and Alexander Montgomerie among others , Montgomerie being a favourite of the King . James was himself a poet , and was happy to be seen as a practising member in the group .
By the late 1590s , his championing of his native Scottish tradition was diffused to some extent by the increasingly expected prospect of inheritance of the English throne . William Alexander and other courtier poets started to anglicise their written language , and followed the king to London after 1603 . James 's characteristic role as active literary participant and patron in the Scottish court made him a defining figure in many respects for English Renaissance poetry and drama , which reached a pinnacle of achievement in his reign , but his patronage of the high style in the Scottish tradition , which included his ancestor James I of Scotland , largely became sidelined .
= = Accession in England = =
Elizabeth I was the last of Henry VIII 's descendants , and James was seen as the most likely heir to the English throne through his great @-@ grandmother Margaret Tudor , who was Henry VIII 's oldest sister . From 1601 , in the last years of Elizabeth I 's life , certain English politicians — notably her chief minister Sir Robert Cecil — maintained a secret correspondence with James to prepare in advance for a smooth succession . Cecil sent James a draft proclamation of his accession to the English throne in March 1603 , with the Queen clearly dying . Elizabeth died in the early hours of 24 March , and James was proclaimed king in London later the same day .
On 5 April , James left Edinburgh for London , promising to return every three years ( a promise that he did not keep ) , and progressed slowly southwards . Local lords received him with lavish hospitality along the route and James was amazed by the wealth of his new land and subjects . James said that he was ' swapping a stony couch for a deep feather bed ' . At Cecil 's house , Theobalds , Hertfordshire , James was so in awe that he bought it there and then , arriving in the capital after Elizabeth 's funeral . His new subjects flocked to see him , relieved that the succession had triggered neither unrest nor invasion . When he entered London on 7 May , he was mobbed by a crowd of spectators .
His English coronation took place on 25 July , with elaborate allegories provided by dramatic poets such as Thomas Dekker and Ben Jonson . An outbreak of plague restricted festivities , but " the streets seemed paved with men , " wrote Dekker . " Stalls instead of rich wares were set out with children , open casements filled up with women . "
The kingdom to which James succeeded was , however , not without its problems . Monopolies and taxation had engendered a widespread sense of grievance , and the costs of war in Ireland had become a heavy burden on the government . By the time of his succession , England had incurred a debt of £ 400 @,@ 000 .
= = Early reign in England = =
James survived two conspiracies in the first year of his reign , despite the smoothness of the succession and the warmth of his welcome : the Bye Plot and Main Plot , which led to the arrest of Lord Cobham and Sir Walter Raleigh , among others . Those hoping for governmental change from James were at first disappointed when he maintained Elizabeth 's Privy Councillors in office , as secretly planned with Cecil , but James shortly added long @-@ time supporter Henry Howard and his nephew Thomas Howard to the Privy Council , as well as five Scottish nobles .
In the early years of James 's reign , the day @-@ to @-@ day running of the government was tightly managed by the shrewd Robert Cecil , later Earl of Salisbury , ably assisted by the experienced Thomas Egerton , whom James made Baron Ellesmere and Lord Chancellor , and by Thomas Sackville , soon Earl of Dorset , who continued as Lord Treasurer . As a consequence , James was free to concentrate on bigger issues , such as a scheme for a closer union between England and Scotland and matters of foreign policy , as well as to enjoy his leisure pursuits , particularly hunting .
James was ambitious to build on the personal union of the Crowns of Scotland and England to establish a single country under one monarch , one parliament , and one law , a plan which met opposition in both realms . " Hath He not made us all in one island , " James told the English parliament , " compassed with one sea and of itself by nature indivisible ? " In April 1604 , however , the Commons refused his request to be titled " King of Great Britain " on legal grounds . In October 1604 , he assumed the title " King of Great Britain " by proclamation rather than statute , though Sir Francis Bacon told him that he could not use the style in " any legal proceeding , instrument or assurance " .
James achieved more success in foreign policy . Never having been at war with Spain , he devoted his efforts to bringing the long Anglo – Spanish War to an end , and a peace treaty was signed between the two countries in August 1604 , thanks to skilled diplomacy on the part of Robert Cecil and Henry Howard , now Earl of Northampton , which James celebrated by hosting a great banquet . Freedom of worship for Catholics in England , however , continued to be a major objective of Spanish policy , causing constant dilemmas for James , distrusted abroad for repression of Catholics while at home being encouraged by the Privy Council to show even less tolerance towards them .
= = = Gunpowder Plot = = =
A dissident Catholic , Guy Fawkes , was discovered in the cellars of the parliament buildings on the night of 4 – 5 November 1605 , the eve of the state opening of the second session of James 's first English Parliament . He was guarding a pile of wood not far from 36 barrels of gunpowder with which Fawkes intended to blow up Parliament House the following day and cause the destruction , as James put it , " not only ... of my person , nor of my wife and posterity also , but of the whole body of the State in general " . The sensational discovery of the Gunpowder Plot , as it quickly became known , aroused a mood of national relief at the delivery of the king and his sons . Salisbury exploited this to extract higher subsidies from the ensuing Parliament than any but one granted to Elizabeth . Fawkes and others implicated in the unsuccessful conspiracy were executed .
= = King and Parliament = =
The co @-@ operation between monarch and Parliament following the Gunpowder Plot was atypical . Instead , it was the previous session of 1604 that shaped the attitudes of both sides for the rest of the reign , though the initial difficulties owed more to mutual incomprehension than conscious enmity . On 7 July 1604 , James had angrily prorogued Parliament after failing to win its support either for full union or financial subsidies . " I will not thank where I feel no thanks due " , he had remarked in his closing speech . " ... I am not of such a stock as to praise fools ... You see how many things you did not well ... I wish you would make use of your liberty with more modesty in time to come " .
As James 's reign progressed , his government faced growing financial pressures , due partly to creeping inflation but also to the profligacy and financial incompetence of James 's court . In February 1610 , Salisbury proposed a scheme , known as the Great Contract , whereby Parliament , in return for ten royal concessions , would grant a lump sum of £ 600 @,@ 000 to pay off the king 's debts plus an annual grant of £ 200 @,@ 000 . The ensuing prickly negotiations became so protracted that James eventually lost patience and dismissed Parliament on 31 December 1610 . " Your greatest error " , he told Salisbury , " hath been that ye ever expected to draw honey out of gall " . The same pattern was repeated with the so @-@ called " Addled Parliament " of 1614 , which James dissolved after a mere nine weeks when the Commons hesitated to grant him the money he required . James then ruled without parliament until 1621 , employing officials such as the merchant Lionel Cranfield , who were astute at raising and saving money for the crown , and sold baronetcies and other dignities , many created for the purpose , as an alternative source of income .
= = = Spanish Match = = =
Another potential source of income was the prospect of a Spanish dowry from a marriage between Charles , Prince of Wales , and Infanta Maria Anna of Spain . The policy of the Spanish Match , as it was called , was also attractive to James as a way to maintain peace with Spain and avoid the additional costs of a war . Peace could be maintained as effectively by keeping the negotiations alive as by consummating the match — which may explain why James protracted the negotiations for almost a decade .
The policy was supported by the Howards and other Catholic @-@ leaning ministers and diplomats — together known as the Spanish Party — but deeply distrusted in Protestant England . When Sir Walter Raleigh was released from imprisonment in 1616 , he embarked on a hunt for gold in South America with strict instructions from James not to engage the Spanish . Raleigh 's expedition was a disastrous failure , and his son Walter was killed fighting the Spanish . On Raleigh 's return to England , James had him executed to the indignation of the public , who opposed the appeasement of Spain . James 's policy was further jeopardised by the outbreak of the Thirty Years ' War , especially after his Protestant son @-@ in @-@ law , Frederick V , Elector Palatine , was ousted from Bohemia by the Catholic Emperor Ferdinand II in 1620 , and Spanish troops simultaneously invaded Frederick 's Rhineland home territory . Matters came to a head when James finally called a Parliament in 1621 to fund a military expedition in support of his son @-@ in @-@ law . The Commons on the one hand granted subsidies inadequate to finance serious military operations in aid of Frederick , and on the other — remembering the profits gained under Elizabeth by naval attacks on Spanish gold shipments — called for a war directly against Spain . In November 1621 , roused by Sir Edward Coke , they framed a petition asking not only for war with Spain but also for Prince Charles to marry a Protestant , and for enforcement of the anti @-@ Catholic laws . James flatly told them not to interfere in matters of royal prerogative or they would risk punishment , which provoked them into issuing a statement protesting their rights , including freedom of speech . Urged on by the Duke of Buckingham and the Spanish ambassador Gondomar , James ripped the protest out of the record book and dissolved Parliament .
In early 1623 , Prince Charles , now 22 , and Buckingham decided to seize the initiative and travel to Spain incognito , to win the Infanta directly , but the mission proved an ineffectual mistake . The Infanta detested Charles , and the Spanish confronted them with terms that included the repeal of anti @-@ Catholic legislation by Parliament . Though a treaty was signed , the prince and duke returned to England in October without the Infanta and immediately renounced the treaty , much to the delight of the British people . Disillusioned by the visit to Spain , Charles and Buckingham now turned James 's Spanish policy upon its head and called for a French match and a war against the Habsburg empire . To raise the necessary finance , they prevailed upon James to call another Parliament , which met in February 1624 . For once , the outpouring of anti @-@ Catholic sentiment in the Commons was echoed in court , where control of policy was shifting from James to Charles and Buckingham , who pressured the king to declare war and engineered the impeachment of Lord Treasurer Lionel Cranfield , by now made Earl of Middlesex , when he opposed the plan on grounds of cost . The outcome of the Parliament of 1624 was ambiguous : James still refused to declare or fund a war , but Charles believed the Commons had committed themselves to finance a war against Spain , a stance which was to contribute to his problems with Parliament in his own reign .
= = King and Church = =
After the Gunpowder Plot , James sanctioned harsh measures to control non @-@ conforming English Catholics . In May 1606 , Parliament passed the Popish Recusants Act which could require any citizen to take an Oath of Allegiance denying the Pope 's authority over the king . James was conciliatory towards Catholics who took the Oath of Allegiance , and tolerated crypto @-@ Catholicism even at court . Henry Howard , for example , was a crypto @-@ Catholic , received back into the Catholic Church in his final months . On ascending the English throne , James suspected that he might need the support of Catholics in England , so he assured the Earl of Northumberland , a prominent sympathiser of the old religion , that he would not persecute " any that will be quiet and give but an outward obedience to the law " .
In the Millenary Petition of 1603 , the Puritan clergy demanded the abolition of confirmation , wedding rings , and the term " priest " , among other things , and that the wearing of cap and surplice become optional . James was strict in enforcing conformity at first , inducing a sense of persecution amongst many Puritans ; but ejections and suspensions from livings became rarer as the reign continued . As a result of the Hampton Court Conference of 1604 , a new translation and compilation of approved books of the Bible was commissioned to resolve discrepancies among different translations then being used . The Authorized King James Version , as it came to be known , was completed in 1611 and is considered a masterpiece of Jacobean prose . It is still in widespread use .
In Scotland , James attempted to bring the Scottish kirk " so neir as can be " to the English church and to reestablish episcopacy , a policy that met with strong opposition from presbyterians . James returned to Scotland in 1617 for the only time after his accession in England , in the hope of implementing Anglican ritual . James 's bishops forced his Five Articles of Perth through a General Assembly the following year , but the rulings were widely resisted . James left the church in Scotland divided at his death , a source of future problems for his son .
= = Favourites = =
James 's sexuality is a matter of dispute . Throughout his life James had close relationships with male courtiers , which has caused debate among historians about their exact nature . After his accession in England , his peaceful and scholarly attitude contrasted strikingly with the bellicose and flirtatious behaviour of Elizabeth , as indicated by the contemporary epigram Rex fuit Elizabeth , nunc est regina Jacobus ( Elizabeth was King , now James is Queen ) .
Many of James 's biographers conclude that Esmé Stewart ( later Duke of Lennox ) , Robert Carr ( later Earl of Somerset ) , and George Villiers ( later Duke of Buckingham ) were his lovers . Restoration of Apethorpe Hall undertaken in 2004 – 08 revealed a previously unknown passage linking the bedchambers of James and Villiers .
A few biographers of James argue that the relationships were not sexual . James 's Basilikon Doron lists sodomy among crimes " ye are bound in conscience never to forgive " , and James 's wife Anne gave birth to seven live children , as well as suffering two stillbirths and at least three other miscarriages . Contemporary Huguenot poet Théophile de Viau observed that " it is well known that the king of England / fucks the Duke of Buckingham " . Buckingham himself provides evidence that he slept in the same bed as the King , writing to James many years later that he had pondered " whether you loved me now ... better than at the time which I shall never forget at Farnham , where the bed 's head could not be found between the master and his dog " . Buckingham 's words may be interpreted as non @-@ sexual , in the context of seventeenth @-@ century court life , and remain ambiguous .
When the Earl of Salisbury died in 1612 , he was little mourned by those who jostled to fill the power vacuum . Until Salisbury 's death , the Elizabethan administrative system over which he had presided continued to function with relative efficiency ; from this time forward , however , James 's government entered a period of decline and disrepute . Salisbury 's passing gave James the notion of governing in person as his own chief Minister of State , with his young Scottish favourite Robert Carr carrying out many of Salisbury 's former duties , but James 's inability to attend closely to official business exposed the government to factionalism .
The Howard party , consisting of Northampton , Suffolk , Suffolk 's son @-@ in @-@ law Lord Knollys , and Charles Howard , Earl of Nottingham , along with Sir Thomas Lake , soon took control of much of the government and its patronage . Even the powerful Carr fell into the Howard camp , hardly experienced for the responsibilities thrust upon him and often dependent on his intimate friend Sir Thomas Overbury for assistance with government papers . Carr had an adulterous affair with Frances Howard , Countess of Essex , daughter of the Earl of Suffolk , whom James assisted in securing an annulment of her marriage to free her to marry Carr .
In summer 1615 , however , it emerged that Overbury had been poisoned . He had died on 15 September 1613 in the Tower of London , where he had been placed at the King 's request . Among those convicted of the murder were Frances and Robert Carr , the latter having been replaced as the king 's favourite in the meantime by Villiers . James pardoned Frances and commuted Carr 's sentence of death , eventually pardoning him in 1624 . The implication of the King in such a scandal provoked much public and literary conjecture and irreparably tarnished James 's court with an image of corruption and depravity . The subsequent downfall of the Howards left Villiers unchallenged as the supreme figure in the government by 1619 .
= = Final year = =
After about the age of fifty , James suffered increasingly from arthritis , gout , and kidney stones . He also lost his teeth and drank heavily . The king was often seriously ill during the last year of his life , leaving him an increasingly peripheral figure , rarely able to visit London , while Buckingham consolidated his control of Charles to ensure his own future . One theory is that James may have suffered from porphyria , a disease of which his descendant George III of the United Kingdom exhibited some symptoms . James described his urine to physician Théodore de Mayerne as being the " dark red colour of Alicante wine " . The theory is dismissed by some experts , particularly in James 's case , because he had kidney stones which can lead to blood in the urine , colouring it red .
In early 1625 , James was plagued by severe attacks of arthritis , gout , and fainting fits , and fell seriously ill in March with tertian ague and then suffered a stroke . James finally died at Theobalds House on 27 March during a violent attack of dysentery , with Buckingham at his bedside . James 's funeral on 7 May was a magnificent but disorderly affair . Bishop John Williams of Lincoln preached the sermon , observing , " King Solomon died in Peace , when he had lived about sixty years ... and so you know did King James " .
James was buried in Westminster Abbey . The position of the tomb was lost for many years . The lead coffin was found in the Henry VII vault in the 19th century , during an excavation of many of the vaults beneath the floor .
= = Legacy = =
James was widely mourned . For all his flaws , he had largely retained the affection of his people , who had enjoyed uninterrupted peace and comparatively low taxation during the Jacobean era . " As he lived in peace , " remarked the Earl of Kellie , " so did he die in peace , and I pray God our king [ Charles I ] may follow him " . The earl prayed in vain : once in power , Charles and Buckingham sanctioned a series of reckless military expeditions that ended in humiliating failure . James had often neglected the business of government for leisure pastimes , such as the hunt ; and his later dependence on male favourites at a scandal @-@ ridden court undermined the respected image of monarchy so carefully constructed by Elizabeth .
According to a tradition originating with anti @-@ Stuart historians of the mid @-@ seventeenth @-@ century , James 's taste for political absolutism , his financial irresponsibility , and his cultivation of unpopular favourites established the foundations of the English Civil War . James bequeathed Charles a fatal belief in the divine right of kings , combined with a disdain for Parliament , which culminated in the execution of Charles and the abolition of the monarchy . Over the last three hundred years , the king 's reputation has suffered from the acid description of him by Sir Anthony Weldon , whom James had sacked and who wrote treatises on James in the 1650s .
Other influential anti @-@ James histories written during the 1650s include : Sir Edward Peyton , Divine Catastrophe of the Kingly Family of the House of Stuarts ( 1652 ) ; Arthur Wilson , History of Great Britain , Being the Life and Reign of King James I ( 1658 ) ; and Francis Osborne , Historical Memoirs of the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James ( 1658 ) . David Harris Willson 's 1956 biography continued much of this hostility . In the words of historian Jenny Wormald , Willson 's book was an " astonishing spectacle of a work whose every page proclaimed its author 's increasing hatred for his subject " . Since Willson , however , the stability of James 's government in Scotland and in the early part of his English reign , as well as his relatively enlightened views on religion and war , have earned him a re @-@ evaluation from many historians , who have rescued his reputation from this tradition of criticism .
Under James the Plantation of Ulster by English and Scots Protestants began , and the English colonisation of North America started its course with the foundation of Jamestown , Virginia , in 1607 . Cuper 's Cove , Newfoundland , was founded in 1610 . During the next 150 years , England would fight with Spain , the Netherlands , and France for control of the continent , while religious division in Ireland between Protestant and Catholic has lasted for 400 years . By actively pursuing more than just a personal union of his realms , he helped lay the foundations for a unitary British state .
= = Titles , styles , honours , and arms = =
= = = Titles and styles = = =
In Scotland , James was " James the sixth , King of Scotland " , until 1604 . He was proclaimed " James the first , King of England , France , and Ireland , defender of the faith " in London on 24 March 1603 . On 20 October 1604 , James issued a proclamation at Westminster changing his style to " King of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , Defender of the Faith , etc . " The style was not used on English statutes , but was used on proclamations , coinage , letters , treaties , and in Scotland . James styled himself " King of France " , in line with other monarchs of England between 1340 and 1800 , although he did not actually rule France .
= = = Arms = = =
As King of Scots , James bore the ancient royal arms of Scotland : Or , a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory counter @-@ flory Gules . The arms were supported by two unicorns Argent armed , crined and unguled Proper , gorged with a coronet Or composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lys a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or . The crest was a lion sejant affrontée Gules , imperially crowned Or , holding in the dexter paw a sword and in the sinister paw a sceptre both erect and Proper .
The Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland under James was symbolised heraldically by combining their arms , supporters and badges . Contention as to how the arms should be marshalled , and to which kingdom should take precedence , was solved by having different arms for each country .
The arms used in England were : Quarterly , I and IV , quarterly 1st and 4th Azure three fleurs de lys Or ( for France ) , 2nd and 3rd Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or ( for England ) ; II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory @-@ counter @-@ flory Gules ( for Scotland ) ; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ( for Ireland , this was the first time that Ireland was included in the royal arms ) . The supporters became : dexter a lion rampant guardant Or imperially crowned and sinister the Scottish unicorn . The unicorn replaced the red dragon of Cadwaladr , which was introduced by the Tudors . The unicorn has remained in the royal arms of the two united realms . The English crest and motto was retained . The compartment often contained a branch of the Tudor rose , with shamrock and thistle engrafted on the same stem . The arms were frequently shown with James 's personal motto , Beati pacifici .
The arms used in Scotland were : Quarterly , I and IV Scotland , II England and France , III Ireland , with Scotland taking precedence over England . The supporters were : dexter a unicorn of Scotland imperially crowned , supporting a tilting lance flying a banner Azure a saltire Argent ( Cross of Saint Andrew ) and sinister the crowned lion of England supporting a similar lance flying a banner Argent a cross Gules ( Cross of Saint George ) . The Scottish crest and motto was retained , following the Scottish practice the motto In defens ( which is short for In My Defens God Me Defend ) was placed above the crest .
As royal badges James used : the Tudor rose , the thistle ( for Scotland ; first used by James III of Scotland ) , the Tudor rose dimidiated with the thistle ensigned with the royal crown , a harp ( for Ireland ) and a fleur de lys ( for France ) .
= = Issue = =
James 's queen , Anne of Denmark , gave birth to seven children who survived beyond birth , of whom three reached adulthood :
Henry , Prince of Wales ( 19 February 1594 – 6 November 1612 ) . Died , probably of typhoid fever , aged 18 .
Elizabeth ( 19 August 1596 – 13 February 1662 ) . Married 1613 , Frederick V , Elector Palatine . Died aged 65 .
Margaret ( 24 December 1598 – March 1600 ) . Died aged 1 .
Charles I ( 19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649 ) . Married 1625 , Henrietta Maria . Succeeded James I. Executed aged 48 .
Robert , Duke of Kintyre ( 18 January 1602 – 27 May 1602 ) . Died aged 4 months .
Mary ( 8 April 1605 – 16 December 1607 ) . Died aged 2 .
Sophia ( June 1607 ) . Died within 48 hours of birth .
= = Ancestry = =
= = = Family tree = = =
= = List of writings = =
The Essayes of a Prentise in the Divine Art of Poesie , ( also called Some Reulis and Cautelis ) , 1584
His Majesties Poeticall Exercises at Vacant Houres , 1591
Lepanto , poem
Daemonologie , 1597
Newes from Scotland , 1591
The True Law of Free Monarchies , 1598
Basilikon Doron , 1599
A Counterblaste to Tobacco , 1604
An Apologie for the Oath of Allegiance , 1608
A Premonition to All Most Mightie Monarches , 1609
= Jahanpanah =
Jahanpanah ( Persian : جهان پناه ) was the fourth medieval city of Delhi established in 1326 – 1327 by Muhammad bin Tughlaq ( 1321 – 51 ) , of the Delhi Sultanate . To address the constant threat of the Mongols , Tughlaq built the fortified city of Jahanpanah ( meaning in Persian : “ Refuge of the World ” ) subsuming the Adilabad fort that had been built in the 14th century and also all the establishments lying between Qila Rai Pithora and Siri Fort . Neither the city nor the fort has survived . Many reasons have been offered for such a situation . One of which is stated as the idiosyncratic rule of Mohammed bin Tughlaq when inexplicably he shifted the capital to Daulatabad in the Deccan and came back to Delhi soon after .
The ruins of the city ’ s walls are even now discerned in the road between Siri to Qutub Minar and also in isolated patches behind the Indian Institute of Technology ( IIT ) , in Begumpur , Khirki Masjid near Khirki village , Satpula and many other nearby locations ; at some sections , as seen at Satpula , the fort walls were large enough to have few in built store rooms to stack provisions and armory . The mystery of the city ’ s precincts ( complex ) has unfolded over the years with later day excavations revealing a large number of monuments in the villages and colonies of South Delhi . Due to compulsions of urban expansion of the Capital City of Delhi , Jahanpanah is now part of the upscale urban development of South Delhi . The village and the wealth of ruins scattered all around are now enclosed by South Delhi suburbs of Panchshil Park South , Malviya Nagar , Adchini , the Aurobindo Ashram , Delhi branch and other smaller housing colony developments . It is hemmed in the North – South direction between the Outer Ring Road and the Qutb Complex and on the east – west direction by the Mehrauli road and the Chirag Delhi road , with Indian Institute of Technology located on the other side of the Mehrauli road as an important landmark .
= = Etymology = =
Jahanpanah ’ s etymology consists of two Persian words , جهان ‘ Jahan ’ , “ the world ” , and پناه ‘ panah ’ , “ shelter ” , thus “ Refuge of the World ”
= = History = =
Mohammed bin Tughlaq , son of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq who built Tughlaqabad , constructed his new city of Jahanpanah between 1326 and 1327 by encircling the earlier cities of Siri and Lal Kot with 13 gates . But what remains of the city and Adilabad fort are large ruins , which leave much ambiguity and conjectures regarding its physical status as to why and when it was built by Tughlaq . Some of the structures which have survived partially are the Bijay Mandal ( that is inferred to have housed the Hazar Sutan Palace , now destroyed ) , Begumpur Mosque , Serai Shaji Mahal , Lal Gumbad , Baradari with other nearby structures and scattered swathes of rubble masonry walls . From Ibn Batuta ’ s chronicle of the period ( he lived in Delhi from 1333 – 41 ) it is inferred that Lal Kot ( Qutb complex ) was then the urban area , Siri was the military cantonment and the remaining area consisted of his palace ( Bijaymandal ) and other structures like mosques
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historians .
Thomas Owen was a carpenter from Pennsylvania . Severely injured in an accident a week before the executions , Owen reportedly confessed to the bombing on his deathbed by saying , " I was at the Haymarket riot and am an anarchist and say that I threw a bomb in that riot . " He was an anarchist and apparently had been in Chicago at the time but other accounts note that long before his accident he had said he was at the Haymarket and saw the bomb thrower . Owen may have been trying to save the condemned men .
Reinold " Big " Krueger was killed by police either in the melee after the bombing or in a separate disturbance the next day and has been named as a suspect but there is no supporting evidence .
A mysterious outsider was reported by John Philip Deluse , a saloon keeper in Indianapolis who claimed he encountered a stranger in his saloon the day before the bombing . The man was carrying a satchel and on his way from New York to Chicago . According to Deluse , the stranger was interested in the labor situation in Chicago , repeatedly pointed to his satchel and said , " You will hear of some trouble there very soon . " Parsons used Deluse 's testimony to suggest the bomb thrower was sent by eastern capitalists . Nothing more was ever learned about Deluse 's claim .
= = Burial and monument = =
Lingg , Spies , Fischer , Engel , and Parsons were buried at the German Waldheim Cemetery ( later merged with Forest Home Cemetery ) in Forest Park , Illinois , a suburb of Chicago . Schwab and Neebe were also buried at Waldheim when they died , reuniting the " Martyrs . " In 1893 , the Haymarket Martyrs ' Monument by sculptor Albert Weinert was raised at Waldheim . Over a century later , it was designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior .
Throughout the 20th century , activists such as Emma Goldman chose to be buried near the Haymarket Martyrs ' Monument graves .
= = Haymarket memorials = =
In 1889 , a commemorative nine @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 meter ) bronze statue of a Chicago policeman by sculptor Johannes Gelert was erected in the middle of Haymarket Square with private funds raised by the Union League Club of Chicago . The statue was unveiled on May 30 , 1889 , by Frank Degan , the son of Officer Mathias Degan . On May 4 , 1927 , the 41st anniversary of the Haymarket affair , a streetcar jumped its tracks and crashed into the monument . The motorman said he was " sick of seeing that policeman with his arm raised " . The city restored the statue in 1928 and moved it to Union Park . During the 1950s , construction of the Kennedy Expressway erased about half of the old , run @-@ down market square , and in 1956 , the statue was moved to a special platform built for it overlooking the freeway , near its original location .
The Haymarket statue was vandalized with black paint on May 4 , 1968 , the 82nd anniversary of the Haymarket affair , following a confrontation between police and demonstrators at a protest against the Vietnam War . On October 6 , 1969 , shortly before the " Days of Rage " protests , the statue was destroyed when a bomb was placed between its legs . Weatherman took credit for the blast , which broke nearly 100 windows in the neighborhood and scattered pieces of the statue onto the Kennedy Expressway below . The statue was rebuilt and unveiled on May 4 , 1970 , to be blown up yet again by Weatherman on October 6 , 1970 . The statue was rebuilt , again , and Mayor Richard J. Daley posted a 24 ‑ hour police guard at the statue . This guard cost $ 67 @,@ 440 per year . In 1972 , it was moved to the lobby of the Central Police Headquarters , and in 1976 to the enclosed courtyard of the Chicago police academy . For another three decades the statue 's empty , graffiti @-@ marked pedestal stood on its platform in the run @-@ down remains of Haymarket Square where it was known as an anarchist landmark . On June 1 , 2007 , the statue was rededicated at Chicago Police Headquarters with a new pedestal , unveiled by Geraldine Doceka , Officer Mathias Degan 's great @-@ granddaughter .
In 1992 , the site of the speakers ' wagon was marked by a bronze plaque set into the sidewalk , reading :
" A decade of strife between labor and industry culminated here in a confrontation that resulted in the tragic death of both workers and policemen . On May 4 , 1886 , spectators at a labor rally had gathered around the mouth of Crane 's Alley . A contingent of police approaching on Des Plaines Street were met by a bomb thrown from just south of the alley . The resultant trial of eight activists gained worldwide attention for the labor movement , and initiated the tradition of ' May Day ' labor rallies in many cities . "
Designated on March 25 , 1992
Richard M. Daley , Mayor
On September 14 , 2004 , Daley and union leaders — including the president of Chicago 's police union — unveiled a monument by Chicago artist Mary Brogger , a fifteen @-@ foot speakers ' wagon sculpture echoing the wagon on which the labor leaders stood in Haymarket Square to champion the eight @-@ hour day . The bronze sculpture , intended to be the centerpiece of a proposed " Labor Park " , is meant to symbolize both the rally at Haymarket and free speech . The planned site was to include an international commemoration wall , sidewalk plaques , a cultural pylon , a seating area , and banners , but construction has not yet begun .
As of 2014 , a feature motion picture is being produced about the Haymarket affair , the events leading up to it , and its aftermath .
= = = Encyclopedia of Chicago = = =
Haymarket and May Day
Haymarket Riot Monument , 1889
Haymarket Monument , Waldheim Cemetery
Haymarket Memorial , 2005
= M @-@ 185 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 185 is a state trunkline highway in the U.S. state of Michigan that circles Mackinac Island , a popular tourist destination on the Lake Huron side of the Straits of Mackinac , along the island 's shoreline . A narrow paved road of 8 @.@ 004 miles ( 12 @.@ 881 km ) , it offers scenic views of the straits that divide the Upper and the Lower peninsulas of Michigan and Lakes Huron and Michigan . It has no connection to any other Michigan state trunkline highways — as it is on an island — and is accessible only by passenger ferry . The City of Mackinac Island , which shares jurisdiction over the island with the Mackinac Island State Park Commission ( MISPC ) , calls the highway Main Street within the built @-@ up area on the island 's southeast quadrant , and Lake Shore Road elsewhere . M @-@ 185 passes by several important sites within Mackinac Island State Park , including Fort Mackinac , Arch Rock , British Landing , and Devil 's Kitchen . Lake Shore Road carries the highway next to the Lake Huron shoreline , running between the water 's edge and woodlands outside the downtown area .
According to the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) , M @-@ 185 is " the only state highway in the nation where motor vehicles are banned " . Traffic on it is by foot , on horse , by horse @-@ drawn vehicle , or by bicycle . Restrictions on automobiles date back to the 1890s , and since the ban , only a few vehicles have been permitted on the island other than the city 's emergency vehicles . The highway was built during the first decade of the 20th century by the state and designated as a state highway in 1933 . The highway was paved in the 1950s , and portions were rebuilt to deal with shoreline erosion in the 1980s . Until 2005 , it was the only state highway without any automobile accidents .
= = Route description = =
As a circular highway , M @-@ 185 has no specific termini ; the generally accepted starting point is at the mile 0 marker placed in front of the Mackinac Island State Park Visitor Center . The highway uses wooden markers to measure miles instead of the common metal signage ; these signs are erected by the MISPC , as MDOT does not install the standard state highway reassurance markers along this roadway . M @-@ 185 is one of only three state trunkline highways in Michigan on islands ; the others are M @-@ 134 on Drummond Island and M @-@ 154 on Harsens Island . No part of M @-@ 185 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roadways important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . Over a half million people travel along the trunkline in a year .
Mackinac Island has been a tourist destination since the late 19th century . The island was the country 's second national park , after Yellowstone , until the land was given to Michigan in 1895 to become its first state park . M @-@ 185 has been recognized in the press for its unique role as the only state highway without car traffic in the United States by such publications as The Kansas City Star , the Chicago Tribune , the Toronto Star , and The Saturday Evening Post . In 2003 , it was named the " best scenic drive " in the state by The Detroit News . In 2008 , USA Today named the island one of the " 10 great places to get your feet back on the ground " as a car @-@ free destination , highlighting the unique status of M @-@ 185 in the process . The magazine Paraplegia News , in an article encouraging its readers to visit Mackinac Island , called the trek around the island on M @-@ 185 a " high priority " for visitors . The trip around the island " provides a photo opportunity at every bend in the path " , according to the PSA Journal , the official magazine of the Photographic Society of America .
= = = Along the harbor = = =
The beginning and ending of M @-@ 185 is marked at the intersection of Main and Fort streets next to the visitor center . That building is operated by the MISPC , but it was originally a US Coast Guard station . From its starting point , M @-@ 185 heads east between Marquette Park , at the base of Fort Mackinac , and the marina at Haldimand Bay . The roadway passes the Indian Dormitory ( Mackinac Art Center ) , as well as various hotels , bed and breakfast establishments , private residences and landmarks such as Sainte Anne 's Catholic Church , Mission Church and the Mission House . Main Street then turns northeasterly , passing Mission Point Resort ( the former Mackinac College ) , after which the road name changes to Lake Shore Road . Along this section of the trunkline , Shoreline Trail departs to the south and follows the water 's edge before returning to M @-@ 185 at the city 's water filtration plant .
= = = Around the island = = =
After rounding Mission Point , M @-@ 185 continues north @-@ northwesterly along the eastern shore of Mackinac Island , first passing Dwightwood Spring then the Arch Rock viewing area just beyond the mile 1 marker . The next two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) of M @-@ 185 are relatively isolated and devoid of major landmarks as the highway rounds Hennepin Point and runs along Voyageur 's Bay . Other than a few picnic tables , the only feature between Arch Rock and mile 3 is the Lake Shore Nature Trail , a short interpretive trail on the inland side of the road . Just beyond mile 3 , Scott 's Shore Road , a short gravel @-@ surfaced connecting roadway between Lake Shore Road and Scott 's Road , departs inland near Point St. Clair . M @-@ 185 is bounded by the interior woods on one side and the beaches and rocky shores on the other through this area .
Mile 4 is situated at Point aux Pins at the northernmost point of the island . Here , M @-@ 185 turns southerly , passing the state boat dock and a nature center before coming to British Landing at the intersection with British Landing Road . The area is a popular stopping point for tourists biking or walking M @-@ 185 ; it is the location where British troops came ashore during the Battle of Mackinac Island during the War of 1812 . Located around British Landing are various amenities including restrooms , picnic tables , and a concession stand . M @-@ 185 continues along Maniboajo Bay and passes the mile 5 marker near Radisson Point .
The next area along M @-@ 185 is also sparsely developed as it passes along Griffin Cove . Other than a few newer residential developments , the sights are limited to Brown 's Brook , which features a picnic area and interpretive nature trail , and the views of the Mackinac Bridge as the trunkline rounds both Heriot and Perrot points . Between the markers for miles 6 and 7 is the Devil 's Kitchen , another popular tourist stopping point , at Jacker Point . Near mile 7 is the West Bluff Stairs leading up the bluff to Pontiac 's Lookout . Further along , there is a marker commemorating the filming of a scene from Somewhere in Time as well as views of the Grand Hotel . The building 's 660 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 200 m ) front porch is promoted as the " longest in the world " . Visible to the east of the hotel is Michigan 's second Governor 's Mansion , which is used as a summer retreat for the state 's chief executive . At this point , M @-@ 185 transitions back to the more developed portion of the island and the road name for the trunkline changes back to Main Street . Next to the roadway , a boardwalk runs from here into the downtown business district .
= = = Entering downtown = = =
The first landmark as the highway approaches downtown Mackinac Island is the island 's public school building . As it passes the island 's public library on the shoreline side of the street , Main Street makes a sweeping curve to the north at Windermere , or Biddle 's , Point to run through the downtown district . Other than the library , most of the city 's public buildings are actually situated along Market Street , one block behind Main Street . Three streets and a city park allow for connections between Main and Market streets . M @-@ 185 through downtown Mackinac Island passes through the major business district , featuring dozens of shops , restaurants and lodging establishments ; nearly a dozen of these outlets , feature the authentic Mackinac Island fudge made fresh daily during tourist season . The passenger ferry docks are all situated along Main Street in the downtown area . At the northeastern end of the downtown district , Main Street intersects Fort Street at the state park visitor center to complete its circuit of Mackinac Island .
= = History = =
The first city ordinances banning all motorized vehicles from the island were passed on July 6 , 1898 , with similar state park rules coming in 1901 . The residents complained after a doctor 's car scared their horses and caused carriage accidents , and these complaints prompted the ban . As such , other than a handful of emergency and utility vehicles as well as others by special , limited @-@ time permit , no cars or trucks are allowed on the island and no motorized vehicles appear on M @-@ 185 . Traffic on this highway is by foot , on horse , by horse @-@ drawn vehicle , or by bicycle ; M @-@ 185 is the only such state highway in the country " that allows no automobiles " . As a result , the roadside litter is picked up using a horse @-@ drawn wagon .
Lake Shore Road around the island was built between 1900 and 1910 by the state , and the M @-@ 185 designation was first assigned on July 12 , 1933 . The roadway was purpose @-@ built for non @-@ motorized use ; it is narrower than other state highways . During the 1950s , the state paved the road in asphalt . Since the 1970s , the MISPC has allowed snowmobiles to operate on Mackinac Island during the winter .
In the mid @-@ 1980s , rising water levels in Lake Huron endangered M @-@ 185 and bicyclists . The roadway was overwashed by waves from the lake during a storm on May 31 , 1985 ; the waves littered the road with gravel and dirt and raised fears of erosion . MDOT spent around $ 50 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 153 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) to install 2 @,@ 500 short tons ( 2 @,@ 200 long tons ; 2 @,@ 300 t ) of rock and filter cloth designed to prevent erosion . The expectation at the time was that Lake Huron could rise another 4 – 5 inches ( 10 – 13 cm ) that summer . Such a lake level increase prompted worries that the waves would wash away sections of the road . The lake had already washed away shoreline near Arch Rock ; there was at least 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) of berm between the road and shoreline in the 1970s and by 1985 some sections had been reduced to just 2 inches ( 5 @.@ 1 cm ) . Storms later that year washed away sections of M @-@ 185 , removing huge chunks of asphalt . MDOT closed those stretches on July 7 , 1986 , after the Independence Day weekend , to fix the damage . Repairs were budgeted to replace the missing sections of roadway at a cost of $ 894 @,@ 366 ( equivalent to $ 2 @.@ 62 million in 2015 ) ; tourists were detoured inland , and uphill , to access the island 's various tourist attractions .
In 1979 , while filming Somewhere in Time , a car was brought on the island for Christopher Reeve 's character to drive . The next time that a vehicle was permitted on the island was on July 6 , 1998 , to commemorate the original ordinance that prohibited cars from Mackinac Island . A 1901 Geneva steam @-@ powered car toured the island and was exhibited in Marquette Park before being towed by horse back to British Landing .
MDOT obtained a $ 242 @,@ 000 grant ( equivalent to $ 354 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) from the Federal Highway Administration in 2002 to purchase conservation easements along M @-@ 185 . The land adjacent to the highway on the east side of the island is publicly owned while along the west it is mostly private . The grant allowed the MISPC and MDOT to either purchase the development rights to adjacent properties along Lake Shore Road , or the adjacent properties themselves .
The only known motor vehicle collision on Mackinac Island occurred on M @-@ 185 at the head of the Shepler passenger ferry dock on May 13 , 2005 , when the island 's fire truck slightly damaged the door on the island 's ambulance ; both vehicles were responding to a report from the ferryboat that an injured passenger required medical attention . Before this incident , it was the only state highway that " never had an automobile accident " according to the Toronto Star .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is on Mackinac Island , which is located in Mackinac County . Milemarkers are posted in a counterclockwise fashion .
= Learie Constantine =
Learie Nicholas Constantine , Baron Constantine , ( 21 September 1901 – 1 July 1971 ) was a West Indian cricketer , lawyer and politician who served as Trinidad 's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom and became the UK 's first black peer . He played 18 Test matches before the Second World War and took the West Indies ' first wicket in Test cricket . An advocate against racial discrimination , in later life he was influential in the passing of the 1965 Race Relations Act in Britain . He was knighted in 1962 and made a life peer in 1969 .
Born in Trinidad , Constantine established an early reputation as a
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was killed by rip currents at Nags Head , North Carolina .
= = Meteorological history = =
A large band of frontal clouds became situated over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean on June 27 . By the following day , satellite imagery indicated that a low @-@ pressure area began developing northwest of Bermuda , along the northwest periphery of the frontal cloud band . Substantial amounts of deep convection eventually formed north and west of the low center . Thus , the system was designated as a subtropical storm at 1200 UTC on June 29 , while centered approximately 575 miles ( 925 km ) east of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . The system continued to gain convection and intensify while tracking westward toward the Mid @-@ Atlantic states at a forward speed of 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) . Early on June 30 , a well @-@ defined atmospheric circulation became apparent on infrared satellite imagery . As a result , subtropical storm transitioned into Tropical Storm Bret later that day at 0600 UTC .
Upon becoming a tropical cyclone early on June 30 , Bret attained maximum sustained winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . About six hours later , at 1200 UTC , the storm also attained its minimum barometric pressure of 996 mbar ( 29 @.@ 4 inHg ) . Around 2200 UTC on June 30 , a reconnaissance aircraft flight observed hurricane @-@ force winds , though Bret was not upgraded to a hurricane because the minimum barometric pressure was considered too high . About an hour later , the National Hurricane Center noted that Bret was moving westward toward Virginia at 20 mph ( 25 km / h ) and entering a region of colder sea surface temperatures , causing further intensification to become unlikely . Subsequently , the storm curved west @-@ northwestward and rapidly weakened . At 0500 UTC on July 1 , Bret made landfall near Oyster , Virginia on the Delmarva Peninsula as a minimal tropical storm . About an hour later , the storm emerged into the Chesapeake Bay and weakened to a tropical depression . Later on July 1 , Bret moved inland over mainland Virginia and continued to weaken , until dissipating over the northern portion of the state .
= = Preparations and impact = =
In its early stages , the subtropical precursor of Bret tracked north of Bermuda and dropped light rainfall on the island , peaking at 3 @.@ 34 inches ( 85 mm ) .
While Bret was approaching the East Coast of the United States , various National Weather Service offices issued gale warnings . At 2000 UTC on June 30 , a gale @-@ force warning was issued for a portion of the North Carolina coastline extending from Cape Hatteras northward , including Albemarle and Pamlico sounds . Simultaneously , another gale warning was issued for areas along the Chesapeake Bay south of the Patuxent River in Maryland and on the east coast from Ocean City , Maryland to Virginia Beach , Virginia . Around 0300 UTC on July 1 , all gale warnings were discontinued in North Carolina , while the remaining warnings in Maryland and Virginia were canceled about five hours later . Additionally , a small craft advisory was also posted for the North Carolina and Virginia coastlines . Officials in North Carolina closed off beaches at Nags Head , Kitty Hawk , and Kill Devil Hills from swimmers due to rip currents and tides . After Bret dissipated , the small craft warning remained in effect and mariners were told to remain in port until the weather calmed .
In Virginia , Bret produced relatively light rainfall , peaking at 4 @.@ 48 inches ( 114 mm ) in Big Meadows , a section of Shenandoah National Park . At the time of Bret 's landfall , portions of the Mid @-@ Atlantic states were experiencing a strong drought , though the amounts of precipitation were not enough for farmers in Virginia to save their crops . In Virginia Beach , local street flooding and a brief tornado were reported . Minor beach erosion occurred in the area due to tides reaching about 0 @.@ 9 feet ( 0 @.@ 27 m ) above normal . One fatality was confirmed in North Carolina when a woman was killed after getting stuck in rip currents at Nags Head . Offshore , two boats lost contact with the Coast Guard during the approach to land , one of which washed up at Cape May , New Jersey and the other on the Virginia coast . The Coast Guard began cleanup of an oil spill at Nags Head caused by Bret off the coast . About 8 miles ( 13 km ) of the shoreline was filled with oil , little of which polluted the water . Most of the oil was thin and easily cleanup private contractor . Locally heavy rainfall in western Pennsylvania flooded streets and basements in some areas . The town of Brookville was inundated with up to 4 inches ( 100 mm ) of water . Elsewhere , Bret dropped 1 to 3 inches ( 25 to 76 mm ) of precipitation in several states . Overall , no considerable damage was reported .
= Operation Ironside =
Operation Ironside was a Second World War military deception undertaken by the Allies in 1944 . It formed part of Operation Bodyguard , a broad strategic deception plan instigated by the Allies throughout the year to help cover the June 1944 invasion of Normandy . Ironside supported the overall deception by suggesting to the Germans that the Allies would subsequently land along the Bay of Biscay . It complemented efforts to deceive the Germans into believing that the Allies would also land in southern France at this time ( Operation Vendetta ) . Bordeaux was an important military port during the war and had already been a target of commando raids two years earlier . Ironside intended to play on German fears of an invasion in the region , with the aim of tying down defensive forces following Operation Overlord in June 1944 .
Planned by the London Controlling Section , Ironside was communicated to the Germans via double agents between May and June 1944 . Unlike other Bodyguard deceptions , the plan was put across entirely by double agents without support by physical deception . Agent Bronx took the lead with support from Tate , Rudloff and Garbo . Ironside 's story included an initial two @-@ division assault , using Overlord formations , staged out of the United Kingdom . This would then be followed up with six divisions sailing from the East Coast of the United States . Historians disagree on the impact of Ironside on German plans . There is no indication that the operation was successful in convincing the Germans of imminent Allied plans to invade the Bay of Biscay . On the other hand , Allied planners attributed the delay of a Panzer division moving to Normandy in part to the deception .
As Ironside was a marginal operation , and they were worried about exposing agents as false , the Twenty Committee for the most part utilised less important agents and added words of caution to the messages they sent , reducing the impact of the story . Allied landings around Bordeaux may also have seemed implausible because it was beyond air cover from the UK and lacked the normal physical elements ( such as Naval activities and dummy landing craft ) associated with an invasion .
After the operation closed , at the end of June 1944 , the threat of invasion from the US was informally kept alive . It was revisited as Ironside II in mid @-@ July as support for Operation Ferdinand . The invasion story was replaced with a supposed Allied plan to increase French resistance in the Bordeaux region to tie up German forces . Most of Ironside II was ignored by the Germans , whose interest had turned away from the Bordeaux region .
= = Background = =
Operation Ironside formed part of Operation Bodyguard , a broad strategic military deception intended to confuse the Axis high command as to Allied intentions during the lead @-@ up to the Normandy landings . The overall aim of Bodyguard was to tie down German forces away from Normandy by threatening other targets . Ironside 's specific objective was to tie up the 17th SS and 11th Panzer divisions deployed in the south of France .
Overall planning for Bodyguard and Ironside rested with John Bevan and the London Controlling Section ( LCS ) . The LCS had been set up in 1942 following successes in deception in the Middle East by Dudley Clarke . After initial attempts at deception planning the department was tasked with bringing Bodyguard to fruition . One of their most useful deception channels was through double agents . During the early stages of the war , the Abwehr ( German intelligence ) had sent spies to Britain , but all of them either surrendered or were captured . Some , along with other volunteers , were used as an extensive misinformation network under the control of the Twenty Committee .
Bordeaux was an important port for the German war effort , receiving a great deal of cargo , mostly raw materials , from overseas . The Gironde estuary and Bordeaux had already been a target for the Allies . Operation Frankton was a 1942 commando raid targeting important shipping in the port . In January 1944 , the Allies intercepted communications indicating that German commanders were concerned by the possibility of landings in the Bay of Biscay region of France . The next month , German naval and air units undertook anti @-@ invasion exercises in the area . Ironside was intended to amplify these concerns .
According to the storyline for Ironside , ten days following D @-@ Day , Allied forces would land in the Bordeaux region . This force would spend around twelve days establishing a bridgehead before advancing to meet formations supposedly part of an invasion of the Mediterranean coast of France ( in reality these were fictional landings as well , part of another Bodyguard deception called Operation Vendetta ) . The supposed target of Ironside was the Gironde estuary ( on the river Garrone ) with landing sites at Royan and Accord .
At first , Bevan suggested that the fictional invasion force should stage from the American East Coast . Newman Smith , based out of New York and responsible for the US elements of
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the deception , felt this was an unrealistic story and suggested a large force from the US might conceivably reinforce a bridgehead established by units from the UK . Formations intended for Normandy could be " re @-@ purposed " for the initial invasion . The final plan earmarked two Overlord divisions for the assault with the supposed reinforcements consisting of six real divisions ( the 26th , 94th , 95th , and 104th Infantry , and the 10th and 11th Armored ) under the notional command of Lieutenant General Lloyd Fredendall .
= = Operation = =
Ironside began on 23 May 1944 with the aim of having the threat established by 29 May and continued until 28 June ( 22 days after the Normandy landings ) . It was implemented via double agents , in Britain and the United States , under the control of the Twenty Committee . The operation did not receive any resources from the Allied navies or airforce , so the deception had no physical element . This meant that Ironside had none of the traditional accompaniments to an invasion , including reconnaissance flights , bombardment , and naval operations . As a result , the Twenty Committee was cautious about using important agents to pass over the deception .
The lead was given to the less important Agent Bronx , a Peruvian socialite named Elvira Chaudoir , who communicated with her German handlers via letter . From April 1944 , she had also begun sending codes as telegrams , which were faster than letters in the event of an imminent invasion . Her code was based on a financial theme , assigning different amounts of money to possible invasion sites . Mentioning her doctor ( almost certain ) or dentist ( certain ) showed Chaudoir 's confidence in the information . Asking for the money " straight away " , " urgently " or " quickly " identified when the invasion would take place ( within a week , a fortnight or a month , respectively ) .
Agent Tate ( a Dane sent to England in 1941 and turned double shortly after ) opened the operation , on 23 May , in a message to his German handlers stating that a friend from the US had identified an expeditionary force , consisting of six divisions , preparing to sail . On 29 May , Bronx sent a telegram identifying an invasion targeted at the Bordeaux region within a month , using the code " dentist " to say she was certain of the information . She also sent a follow @-@ up letter explaining that the information came from a drunken British officer in the Four Hundred Club who had later sworn her to secrecy . According to Bronx , the officer had boasted about an airborne assault in the Bordeaux region that would be in the papers the following morning . The next day he had told her the operation had been delayed by a month .
Although many messages were sent by agents , the Twenty Committee considered that Ironside was quite unrealistic and as a result was cautious about promoting it too heavily . Most of the information was sent with words of caution or uncertainty to ensure that the agent would not be compromised . One of the most critical Bodyguard agents , Garbo , did become involved on 5 June , but only in forwarding the message of a fictional sub @-@ agent who he had already identified as unreliable ( MI5 hoped that this would cover for , in their opinion , the implausible nature of the story ) . The agent 's report explained that a US division based in Liverpool was preparing to head to Bordeaux .
Messages were also sent from the US . Rudloff , an agent based in the New York , sent four reports between 2 and 20 June . He identified the six divisions under Fredendall being sidelined for specialist training in bridge building but not amphibious assault and under heavy security . A last @-@ minute deception involved an MI6 transmitter in France . Known to be under German control , when the operator asked about routes to send escaped prisoners of war the handlers replied that they should , from 15 June , be sent toward Bordeaux .
= = Impact = =
German intelligence documents indicate that there was never strong belief that the Allies were ready to land in the Bordeaux region . Intercepted situation reports suggested that the Germans believed rumours of landings in the area to be " cover operations of small caliber " and part of the cover for a main Allied thrust at Calais ( in itself a deception called Operation Fortitude South ) . Axis commanders had considered the idea and conducted exercises in preparation , and training continued in the region after D @-@ Day . Following the Normandy invasion , the Allies had expected both German divisions in the Bordeaux area to mobilise . In the end , only the 17th SS Panzer Division moved north , and even they were delayed by several days , whilst the 11th Panzer Division remained to guard the region .
Historians are divided over whether the deception played a major role in the German response . Most , such as historian Ben McIntyre , agree that Ironside added to the general picture of confusion for the German commanders . McIntyre quotes senior Allied figures , such as John Masterman ( chair of the Twenty committee ) and Hugh Astor ( MI5 ) , who attributed the delayed German response in part to Ironside . Michael Howard dismisses the impact of the operation saying that there is " no evidence that anyone took them seriously " .
Part of the problem was that Bordeaux may not have appeared a plausible Allied target because it was out of range of fighter aircraft cover from the United Kingdom . Historian Terry Crowdy 's analysis is that Ironside may have suffered simply from lack of resources . In common with other , higher @-@ impact , Bodyguard deceptions it preyed on a concern that the Allies knew Hitler and the German High Command had discussed . Crowdy suggests that with physical deception , and more effort , Ironside could have succeeded in the same way as deceptions aimed against Calais , Normandy and the Mediterranean .
= = Ironside II = =
John Bevan had asked Newman Smith to retain the threat of a US invasion force beyond 28 June when the initial deception was supposed to have ended . Agent Rudloff sent messages on 10 , 12 and 18 July referring to the Ironside force . In mid @-@ July , the Allies began Operation Ferdinand , a cover deception for Operation Dragoon , the August 1944 invasion of southern France . The Ironside story was considered as an option in support of Ferdinand , but Noel Wild and Ops ( B ) , the SHAEF deception planners were worried about the impact of a theoretical US invasion force on the continuing Fortitude deception . It was decided that a new story would be presented to the Germans , suggesting that the Allies intended to bolster French resistance in the south of the country . The operation went largely unnoticed and German interest in the Bordeaux region dissipated .
= Cody Ross =
Cody Joseph Ross ( born December 23 , 1980 ) , nicknamed " Toy Cannon " and " Ross the Boss , " is a former American professional baseball outfielder . He is 5 feet 10 inches ( 1 @.@ 78 m ) tall and weighs 195 pounds ( 88 kg ) . Ross has played in MLB for the Detroit Tigers ( 2003 ) , Los Angeles Dodgers ( 2005 – 2006 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 2006 ) , Florida Marlins ( 2006 – 2010 ) , San Francisco Giants ( 2010 – 2011 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 2012 ) , Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2013 – 2014 ) and Oakland Athletics ( 2015 ) . He is one of the few Major League players to bat right @-@ handed but throw left @-@ handed .
Following high school , Ross embarked on his professional career , getting selected by the Detroit Tigers in the fourth round of the 1999 Major League Baseball draft . He reached the Major Leagues in 2003 , but suffered a torn ACL which caused him to miss most of September . He was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers following spring training in 2004 , appearing in a handful of games with them in 2005 . In 2006 , he played for the Los Angeles Dodgers , the Cincinnati Reds , and the Florida Marlins . It was in Florida that he finally established himself , as he played with the Marlins through 2010 . He was used mainly as a reserve outfielder in 2006 and 2007 , but during the 2008 season he took over a starting role . He would be a starting outfielder for the rest of his Marlins career , playing centerfield or right field . In 2009 , he hit a career @-@ high 24 home runs and won the Marlins ' Charlie Hough Good Guy award .
During the 2010 season , the Marlins placed Ross on waivers , and he was claimed by the San Francisco Giants . Named their starting right fielder for the 2010 playoffs , he went on to win the National League Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award , hitting five home runs in the postseason while helping the Giants win the 2010 World Series . He re @-@ signed with San Francisco in 2011 , batting .240 during the year . In 2012 , he signed a one @-@ year contract with the Boston Red Sox , hitting 22 home runs while playing every day despite the fact that the Red Sox originally expected him to be a reserve player for them . The Arizona Diamondbacks signed him to a three @-@ year contract in December 2012 , but a season @-@ ending hip injury limited Ross to 94 games his first year with the team .
= = Early life = =
Ross was born in Portales , New Mexico . Ross 's father was a chiropractor and professional bull rider ; and as a youth , Ross wanted to become a rodeo clown . He used to attend his father 's bull @-@ riding matches in clown outfits , complete with makeup . He did not give up on the aspiration until his family moved to Dallas , Texas . The Ross 's eventually moved back to New Mexico , and Ross played high school baseball at Carlsbad High School . Ross also played football until ninth grade . During high school , he was a Baseball America All @-@ American selection . As a senior , he threw a five @-@ inning perfect game . He graduated in 1999 .
= = Minor League career = =
Ross was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the fourth round of the 1999 Major League Baseball draft . He began his minor league career that year with the rookie Gulf Coast League Tigers , batting .218 with 31 hits , eight doubles , three triples , four home runs , and 18 runs batted in ( RBI ) in 42 games . In 2000 , he played for the A West Michigan Whitecaps of the Midwest League , getting named the Midwest League Player of the Week from June 18 – 24 after he scored four runs , had two doubles and a triple , drove in six runs , and batted .636 . In 122 games , he batted .267 with 116 hits , 17 doubles , nine triples , seven home runs , 68 RBI , and 11 stolen bases . His nine triples were tied for second in the league . After the season , Baseball America said he had the best outfield arm in the Detroit system .
Ross played for the A @-@ advanced Lakeland Tigers of the Florida State League in 2001 . He was the league 's player of the week from June 18 – 24 after stealing four bases and batting .516 with 11 runs scored , three doubles , two home runs , and five RBI . Then , he was named Player of the Week from August 13 to 19 after batting .385 . In 127 games ( 10th in the league ) , Ross batted .276 with 84 runs scored ( fifth ) , 133 hits ( eighth ) , 34 doubles ( second to Matt Padgett 's 37 ) , five triples ( tied with eight other players for seventh ) , 15 home runs ( tied with Jason Jones for eighth ) , 80 RBI ( seventh ) , and 28 stolen bases ( tied with Josh McKinley for eighth ) . After the season , Baseball America ranked him the ninth best Tigers ' prospect and again said he had the best outfield arm in the organization .
In 2002 , Ross played for the AA Erie SeaWolves of the Eastern League , getting named to both the regular season and postseason All @-@ Star teams for the league . He was named the Tigers ' Minor League Player of the Month in June after hitting .336 with 29 runs , 10 doubles , two triples , eight home runs , 30 RBI , and 10 stolen bases ; he earned the same honor from Topps . A broken toe forced him out of action from July 1 through August 2 and limited him to 105 games . He finished the year with 112 hits , 28 doubles , three triples , 72 RBI , and 16 stolen bases . His 19 home runs were tied with Andy Phillips and Aaron McNeal for ninth in the league . After the season , he played for the Mesa Solar Sox of the Arizona Fall League . For the third year in a row , Baseball America said he had the best outfield arm in the Tigers ' system .
Ross began 2003 with the AAA Toledo Mud Hens of the International League . On July 4 , he was called up by the Tigers . He made his Major League debut that day , going hitless in two at bats before exiting after getting hit by a pitch in the sixth inning as the Tigers lost 9 – 8 to the Kansas City Royals . He got his first hit on July 9 , an RBI single against Bartolo Colón in a 4 – 2 victory over the Chicago White Sox . After he had one hit in four games , he was optioned back to Toledo on July 16 to make room for Danny Patterson , who was returning from the disabled list . From July 27 to 29 , and again from August 17 to 18 , Ross homered in three consecutive games for the Mud Hens . In 124 games for the Mud Hens , Ross batted .287 with 135 hits , 35 doubles ( tied for sixth in the International League with Andy Abad and Luis Rodríguez ) , six triples ( tied for fourth with Ross Gload and Coco Crisp ) , 20 home runs ( tied for third with Brandon Larson behind Fernando Seguignol 's 28 and Ernie Young 's 21 ) , 61 RBI , and 15 stolen bases . He was recalled to the big leagues in September when rosters expanded . On September 2 , he hit a grand slam off Cliff Lee for his first Major League home run in an 8 – 6 victory over the Cleveland Indians , becoming the first Tiger since Milt Cuyler in 1991 to hit a grand slam for his first home run . In that same game , he tore his ACL running to first base , which required season @-@ ending surgery . In six games with the Tigers , Ross had four hits in 19 at bats , including five RBI . Ross was named the Tigers ' Minor League Player of the Year , and he was named to Baseball America 's postseason All @-@ Star team . For the final time , he was rated as having the best outfield arm in the Detroit organization .
In 2004 , Ross was supposed to begin the season in the minors for Detroit . However , with Detroit desperate for bullpen help , Ross was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers on April 1 for relief pitcher Steve Colyer . He was assigned to the AAA Las Vegas 51s of the Pacific Coast League , where he was teammates with Jayson Werth and Shane Victorino , whom he went on to face in the 2010 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) . Injuries marred Ross 's 2004 campaign ; a knee injury kept him out for two weeks early in the season , he missed time from May 26 to July 15 after smashing his hand in a car door and breaking his finger , and he broke his wrist on August 25 which ended his season . In 60 games , he batted .273 with 65 hits , 17 doubles , 14 home runs , and 49 RBI . Ross spent most of 2005 with Las Vegas . From July 26 to August 11 , he hit 10 home runs and had 25 RBI in 17 games . In 115 games , he batted .267 with 105 hits , 21 doubles , 22 home runs , and 63 RBI .
= = Major League career = =
= = = Los Angeles Dodgers / Cincinnati Reds = = =
On July 24 , 2005 , Ross was recalled by the Dodgers to give them another bat during interleague play . He appeared in 14 games , batting .160 with four hits ( one double , no home runs ) and one RBI before getting sent back down on July 14 in favor of Steve Schmoll . He was not called up in September .
Ross was out of options in 2006 and made the Dodgers Opening Day roster as a backup outfielder only because of an injury to Kenny Lofton . On April 13 , he hit a tie @-@ breaking grand slam and a three run home run in a 13 – 5 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . He batted .500 in eight games for the Dodgers before getting designated for assignment on April 17 to make room for Óscar Robles on the roster . A week later , he was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for cash or a player to be named later ( Ben Kozlowski ) .
Ross broke his finger in his debut with the Reds on April 29 and went on the disabled list . He returned to the Reds on May 23 and appeared in one more game before getting traded to the Florida Marlins on May 26 for cash considerations .
= = = Florida Marlins = = =
= = = = 2006 = = = =
Upon joining the Marlins in 2006 , Ross was forced to shave his beard , in order to comply with the Marlins ' no facial hair policy . Manager Joe Girardi quipped , " Maybe he can put it on top of his head . " He was used as a backup outfielder but got many starts at all three outfield positions throughout the year , especially from June 10 through 30 , July 21 through August 8 , and September 11 through the end of the season . On September 11 , Ross hit a three @-@ run home run against David Williams and a pair of two @-@ run home runs against Heath Bell and Royce Ring in a 16 – 5 win over the New York Mets . His three home runs and seven RBI in the game tied Marlins records . Ross 's five home runs and 14 RBI in September were more than he had in any other month that season . In 91 games ( 250 at bats ) with the Marlins in 2006 , Ross batted .212 with 53 hits , 11 doubles , 11 home runs , and 37 RBI .
= = = = 2007 = = = =
Again a reserve outfielder in 2007 , Ross batted .673 before going on the disabled list with a strained left hamstring on May 6 . He returned on July 19 and continued to be used in a variety of roles for the Marlins . For much of the year , he platooned with Alfredo Amézaga in centerfield . On April 20 , he hit his first career pinch @-@ hit home run against Chad Cordero to tie the Marlins with the Washington Nationals in the ninth inning ; however , the Marlins went on to lose 6 – 5 in 14 innings . Four days later , he homered and had five RBI against Mark Redman in an 11 – 6 loss to the Atlanta Braves . He had another pinch @-@ hit home run on August 23 against Brad Thompson in an 11 – 3 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals . In 66 games ( 173 at bats ) , Ross hit .335 with 58 hits , 19 doubles , 12 home runs , and 39 RBI .
= = = = 2008 = = = =
Ross began 2008 platooning with Amézaga again in center field , though Amézaga was eventually replaced by Jacque Jones as Ross 's centerfield partner . Ross played against left @-@ handed pitchers as Amézaga and Jones faced right @-@ handers . Ross struggled in April , batting .159 with no home runs and two RBI . After receiving a text message from his father at the beginning of May saying he would improve , Ross declared that he was restarting his season and had 10 home runs and 18 RBI in the month . During the month , Ross had a stretch where nine out of 10 hits were home runs , becoming the first player to have a streak of that sort since Mark McGwire in 2001 . On May 14 , he hit a game @-@ tying three @-@ run ninth inning home run against Francisco Cordero in a 10 @-@ inning , 7 – 6 loss to the Reds . Then , on June 7 he hit a game @-@ winning three @-@ run home run in the bottom of the ninth inning against Cordero to give the Marlins an 8 – 7 victory over the Reds . Jones was designated for assignment on June 11 , putting Ross in sole control of centerfield . In a four @-@ game series with the Colorado Rockies from July 3 through 6 , Ross had 15 RBI , becoming the first player to have that many in a four @-@ game series since Carlton Fisk in 1977 . Fourteen of those RBI came from July 4 through 6 , the most in a three @-@ game span since Sammy Sosa had 16 in 2002 . In 145 games ( 461 at bats ) , Ross hit .260 with 120 hits , 29 doubles , 22 home runs , and 73 RBI .
= = = = 2009 = = = =
For the first time in his career in 2009 , Ross was a starting outfielder for the entire season . He began the year as the right fielder for the Marlins , who wanted prospect Cameron Maybin to play centerfield . On April 26 , he pitched a scoreless ninth inning for the Marlins to finish a 13 – 2 loss to the Philadelphia Phillies . After Maybin batted only .202 , Ross moved back to centerfield on May 10 when he was sent down . On June 12 , he hit his third grand slam of the season against Brandon League to give the Marlins a 7 – 3 victory over the Toronto Blue Jays . The grand slam tied Bobby Bonilla 's and Jeff Conine 's record for grand slams in a season by a Marlin . Dan Uggla and he hit back @-@ to @-@ back solo home runs against Kevin Gregg in the ninth inning on August 2 to give the Marlins a 3 – 2 victory over the Chicago Cubs . On August 16 , he set a team record by notching six hits in a doubleheader against the Rockies . Ross returned to right field on August 31 when Maybin was recalled . He set career @-@ highs in most categories in 2009 . In 151 games ( 559 at bats ) , he batted .270 with 151 hits , 37 doubles , 24 home runs , and 90 RBI . In the daytime , he batted .349 , the fourth @-@ highest mark in the NL . Following the season , he was named the Marlins Charlie Hough Good Guy award winner .
= = = = 2010 = = = =
Ross began 2010 in right field , but he moved to centerfield when Maybin was sent down on June 17 . He had four hits on April 7 in a 10 @-@ inning , 7 – 6 victory over the Mets . On May 10 , he stole home as part of a double steal with Maybin in a 4 – 2 victory over the Cubs , marking the first time a Marlin had stolen home since Reggie Abercrombie did so in 2006 . Six days later , he again had four hits in a 10 – 8 victory over the Mets . In his first 120 games ( 452 at bats ) , Ross batted .265 with 120 hits , 24 doubles , 11 home runs , and 58 RBI . After the Marlins fell out of contention in 2010 and with Ross due for a pay raise the following year , the Marlins put him on waivers in August in order save money and give their young players more playing time .
= = = San Francisco Giants = = =
On August 21 , 2010 , Ross was awarded to the San Francisco Giants on a waiver claim , partly to prevent him from being acquired by the San Diego Padres . He appeared in 33 regular season games for the Giants , batting .288 with three home runs . In 153 games combined with Florida and San Francisco ( 525 at bats ) , he batted .269 with 141 hits , 28 doubles , 14 home runs , and 65 RBI . The Giants went on to overtake the Padres late in the season to win the NL West Division title .
Ross was named the Giants ' starting right fielder for the playoffs because of a neck injury to José Guillén , according to Bruce Bochy at the start of the postseason . However , it was later revealed that Guillén had been left off the roster after a package of human growth hormone was intercepted as it was being shipped to his house . In the ensuing NL Division Series ( NLDS ) against the Atlanta Braves , Ross started
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, knee @-@ jerk reactions " of a few individuals , and stressed that these reactions in no way represent the movement to bring Ianto Jones back , which they hold as fundamentally respectful towards the show 's actors and writers . Fans have distanced themselves from the small minority of extremists , and have been keen to stress their peaceful activism , described as " thousands of fans who are raising money for charity , sending polite letters , and doing what we can to be supportive of the character and actor " . In 2010 , Doctor Who executive producer Steven Moffat told fans who contacted him that he wouldn 't want to resurrect Ianto even if he could : " Not reversing it . Stop asking . " In a 2011 poll published by the Liverpool Daily Post as part of a live Interview with writer John Fay , 70 % of respondents replied that the decision to kill Ianto had been the right one , with 19 % responding " indifferent " and only 11 % stating that it had been the wrong decision , contrasting with the initial fan response . In response to a question , Fay also stated that he had not been affected by the " scary " fan reaction , maintaining that " a universe in which fictional characters aren 't ' allowed ' to die is ridiculous and limiting " .
The public reaction to the death of Ianto has had a wider @-@ reaching impact than simply the Torchwood fan community . For example , comic book writer Peter David cited the reaction to Ianto Jones 's death when reflecting on where to go with the gay relationship between the Marvel Comics characters Rictor and Shatterstar in X @-@ Factor v. 3 . He opined that in " virtually any happy relationship " , one of the characters has to die to " provide angst " to the more major character . His concern was " being tagged as against gay people " , the way Russell T Davies was , even though Davies is himself gay .
= Hurricane Iniki =
Hurricane Iniki ( / iːˈniːkiː / ee @-@ NEE @-@ kee ; Hawaiian : ʻiniki meaning " strong and piercing wind " ) was the most powerful hurricane to strike the U.S. state of Hawaii in recorded history . Forming on September 5 , 1992 , during the strong 1990 – 95 El Niño , Iniki was one of eleven Central Pacific tropical cyclones during that season . It attained tropical storm status on September 8 and further intensified into a hurricane the next day . After turning north , Iniki struck the island of Kauaʻi on September 11 at peak intensity ; it had winds of 145 miles per hour ( 233 km / h ) and reached Category 4 on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane scale . It was the first hurricane to hit the state since Hurricane Iwa in the 1982 season , and the first major hurricane since Hurricane Dot in 1959 . Iniki dissipated on September 13 about halfway between Hawaii and Alaska .
Iniki caused around $ 1 @.@ 8 billion ( 1992 USD ) of damage and six deaths . At the time , Iniki was among the costliest United States hurricanes , and it remains one of the costliest hurricanes on record in the eastern Pacific . The storm struck just weeks after Hurricane Andrew , the costliest tropical cyclone ever at the time , struck Florida .
The Central Pacific Hurricane Center ( CPHC ) failed to issue tropical cyclone warnings and watches 24 hours in advance . Despite the lack of early warning , only six deaths ensued . Damage was greatest on Kauaʻi , where the hurricane destroyed more than 1 @,@ 400 houses and severely damaged more than 5 @,@ 000 . Though not directly in the path of the eye , Oʻahu experienced moderate damage from wind and storm surge .
= = Meteorological history = =
The origin of Iniki is unclear , but it possibly began as a tropical wave that exited the African coast on August 18 . It moved westward across the unfavorable Atlantic Ocean and crossed Central America into the Pacific on the August 28 . The wave continued rapidly westward and remained disorganized . Conditions slowly became more favorable , and , as the convection concentrated around a center , the wave was classified Tropical Depression Eighteen @-@ E on September 5 . At this time , the wave was located 1700 miles ( 2700 km ) southwest of Cabo San Lucas or 1550 miles ( 2500 km ) east @-@ southeast of Hilo . Initially , the thunderstorm activity was not concentrated towards the center and thus the depression was not expected to intensify beyond minimal tropical storm strength . The depression continued quickly westward and remained weak until the September 8 , when it slowed enough to strengthen to a tropical storm .
Located at the southern periphery of a subtropical ridge , Iniki continued westward and strengthened over the unusually favorable central Pacific ; it reached hurricane status on September 9 while 470 miles ( 760 km ) south @-@ southeast of Hilo . The subtropical ridge , which typically keeps hurricanes well away from the Hawaiian Islands , weakened due to an approaching upper level @-@ trough and allowed Iniki to turn to the northwest . With very favorable upper @-@ level outflow and warm water temperatures , Iniki steadily intensified , and attained major hurricane status on September 10 while south @-@ southwest of the island chain .
As Iniki turned to the north , it continued to strengthen , reaching a peak of 145 mph ( 235 km / h ) winds on September 11 while 170 miles ( 270 km ) south @-@ southwest of Poʻipū on the island of Kauaʻi . It continued rapidly to the north @-@ northeast , and made landfall on south @-@ central Kauai early on the 11th with sustained winds of 145 mph ( 235 km / h ) , making Iniki a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . The National Weather Service reported wind gusts of up to 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) . The highest recorded wind speed from Hurricane Iniki was a 227 mph ( 365 km / h ) reading from the Navy 's Makaha Ridge radar station . According to the Honolulu Advertiser , that remarkable figure was recorded at a digital weather station whose wind gauging equipment blew off after taking the measurement during the storm . After crossing the island , Iniki rapidly accelerated north @-@ northeastward , weakened rapidly , and was absorbed by a cold front as it lost tropical characteristics and became extratropical on September 13 about halfway between Alaska and Hawaiʻi .
= = Preparations = =
The Central Pacific Hurricane Center ( CPHC ) failed to issue tropical cyclone warnings and watches for the hurricane well in advance . For several days prior to the disaster , the CPHC and the news media forecast Iniki to remain well south of the island chain , with the only effect being some high surf conditions . Some of the standard international computer models were indicating a northward turn towards the populated Hawaiian Islands , but these were rejected by the CPHC forecasters . As late as early September 11 , the CPHC suggested that Iniki would remain well to the south of the island group . It was not until a special bulletin was issued by the CPHC less than 24 hours before landfall — that any warning was given to the public .
A hurricane watch was issued for Kauaʻi early on September 11 and was upgraded to a hurricane warning later that day . Prior to Iniki 's arrival in Kauaʻi , 8 @,@ 000 people were housed in shelters , many of whom remembered Hurricane Iwa 10 years prior . Because schools were canceled , traffic was light during the evacuation , and streets were clear by mid @-@ morning . Rather than sending tourists to public shelters , two major hotels kept their occupants in the buildings during the storm 's passage .
The CPHC issued a tropical storm warning for Oʻahu on September 11 which was upgraded to a hurricane warning later that day . Though not hit by the hurricane , Iniki 's large wind field caused nearly 30 @,@ 000 people to evacuate to 110 public shelters in Oʻahu . Public school buildings acted as shelters , and were for refuge only , meaning they did not provide food , cots , blankets , medications or other comfort items . Roughly one @-@ third of Oʻahu 's population participated in the evacuation , though many others went to the house of a family member or friend for shelter . The execution of the evacuations went well , beginning with the vulnerable coastal area . For those in need , vans and buses gave emergency transportation , while police manned certain overused intersections . The two main problems that occurred during the evacuation were lack of parking at shelters and exit routes for the coastlines .
= = Impact = =
Hurricane Iniki was the costliest hurricane to strike the state of Hawaiʻi , causing $ 1 @.@ 8 billion in damage . Most damage was on the island of Kauaʻi , where the storm destroyed thousands of homes and left a large amount of the island without power , although Oʻahu also suffered significant damage . Iniki also was responsible for six deaths .
The hurricane nearly struck the Central Pacific Hurricane Center in Honolulu . Had it hit there , Iniki , along with Hurricane Andrew and Typhoon Omar , would have struck each of the three National Weather Service offices responsible for tropical cyclone warnings within a two @-@ month period .
= = = Kauaʻi = = =
Hurricane Iniki made landfall on the south @-@ central portion of Kauaʻi island , bringing its dangerous inner core to the entire island . Upon making landfall the hurricane produced storm tides of 4 @.@ 5 – 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 8 m ) , with some portions of the coastlines having high @-@ water marks of up to 18 feet ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) . In addition , strong waves of up to 35 feet ( 10 @.@ 5 m ) in height crashed along the southern coastline for several hours , causing a debris line of more than 800 feet ( 250 m ) inland . Because it moved quickly through the island , there were no reports of significant rainfall .
Hurricane Iniki 's making landfall during daylight hours , combined with the popularity of camcorders , led many Kauaʻi residents to record much of the damage as it was occurring . The footage was later used to create an hour @-@ long video documentary . Airline service was down .
Hurricane Iniki 's high winds caused extensive damage in Kauaʻi . 1 @,@ 421 houses were destroyed , and 63 were lost from the storm surge and wave action . A total of 5 @,@ 152 homes were severely damaged , while 7 @,@ 178 received minor damage . On the south coast , hotels and condominiums received severe damage as well . A few were restored quickly , though some took several years to be rebuilt . One hotel — the Coco Palms Resort famous for Elvis Presley 's Blue Hawaii — never reopened after the hurricane . Destroyed housing across the island left more than 7 @,@ 000 people homeless after the storm 's passage .
Iniki 's high winds also downed 26 @.@ 5 % of the island 's transmission poles , 37 % of its distribution poles , and 35 % of its 800 mile ( 1300 km ) distribution wire system . The entire island lacked electricity and television service for an extended period of time . Electric companies restored only 20 % of the island 's power service within four weeks of Iniki , while other areas were without power for up to three months . Also affected by the storm was the agricultural sector . Though much of the sugar cane was already harvested , what was left was severely damaged . The winds destroyed tender tropical plants like bananas and papayas and uprooted or damaged fruit and nut trees .
Most of Iniki 's damage occurred in Kauaʻi . On the island , one person died when struck by debris , while another lost her life when a portion of her house fell on her . Offshore , two Japanese nationals died when their boat capsized . The reduced death toll was likely due to well @-@ executed warnings and preparation . More than 100 injuries can be attributed to Iniki , though most occurred in the aftermath of the hurricane .
Among those on Kauaʻi was filmmaker Steven Spielberg , who was preparing for the final day of on @-@ location shooting of the film Jurassic Park . He and the 130 of his cast and crew remained safely in a hotel during Iniki 's passage . According to Spielberg , " every single structure was in shambles ; roofs and walls were torn away ; telephone poles and trees were down as far as the eye could see . " Members of the film 's crew helped to clear some of the debris off of nearby roads .
The U.S. Coast Guard station at Nawiliwili Harbor was hard hit by the storm , which fatally damaged the service 's 82 @-@ foot ( 25 m ) cutter stationed there . The Coast Guard promptly established a humanitarian response detachment , commanded by Lt. Kenneth Armstrong , which helped to provide medical supplies , food , ice , water , and cash grants to island residents , as well as making temporary repairs to public buildings . Under Armstrong 's command , the port was recertified to receive gasoline and diesel fuel , which helped to relieve a major fuel shortage caused by the widespread use of personal electrical generators . A larger DoD contingent , nicknamed " Operation Garden Sweep , " provided large scale relief in the form of tent cities , utility repairs , road clearings , and major medical operations .
= = = Oʻahu = = =
Upon passing by Oʻahu , Iniki produced tides of 1 @.@ 7 – 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 9 m ) above normal . Prolonged periods of high waves severely eroded and damaged the southwestern coast of Oʻahu , with the areas most affected being Barbers Point through Kaʻena . The Waiʻanae coastline experienced the most damage , with waves and storm surge flooding the second floor of beachside apartments . In all , Hurricane Iniki caused several million dollars in property damage , and two deaths on Oʻahu .
= = = Big Island = = =
Damage on the big island was minor . Seas of 10 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) were reported , along with 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) winds . In Kona Harbor , three or four sailboats were tossed onto the rocks and one trimaran at another harbor was sunk . The Napoʻopoʻo Beach , in the Kealakekua Bay lost some sand and to this day has never been the same .
= = Aftermath = =
Immediately after the storm , many were relieved to have survived the worst of the Category 4 hurricane ; their complacency turned to apprehensiveness due to lack of information , as every radio station was out and there was no news available for several days . Because Iniki knocked out electrical power for most of the island , communities held parties to necessarily consume perishable food from unpowered refrigerators and freezers . Though food markets allowed those affected to take what they needed , many Kauaʻi citizens insisted on paying . In addition , entertainers from all of Hawaiʻi , including Graham Nash ( who owns a home on the north shore of Kauaʻi ) and the Honolulu Symphony , provided free concerts to the victims .
Looting occurred in the aftermath of Iniki , though it was very minor . A group of Army Corps of Engineers , who experienced the looting of Hurricane Andrew just weeks before , were surprised at the overall calmness and lack of violence on the island . Although electrical power was restored to most of the island approximately six weeks following the hurricane , students returned to Kauaʻi public schools two weeks after the disaster . Kauaʻi citizens remained hopeful for monetary aid from the government or insurance companies , though after six months they felt annoyed with the lack of help . The military effectively provided aid for their immediate needs , though , and help arrived before local officials requested aid .
Amateur radio proved to be extremely helpful during the three weeks after the storm , with volunteers coming from the neighboring islands as well as from around the Pacific to assist in the recovery . There was support of local government communications in Lihue in the first week of recovery as well as a hastily organized effort by local operators to assist with the American Red Cross and their efforts to provide shelters and disaster relief centers across Kauaʻi .
In the months after the storm , many insurance companies left Hawaiʻi . To combat this , State Governor John D. Waihee III enacted the Hurricane Relief Fund in 1993 to help unprotected Hawaiʻi residents . The fund was never needed for another Hawaiʻi hurricane , and it was stopped in 2000 when insurance companies returned to the island .
It is thought that Hurricane Iniki blew apart many chicken coops , some possibly used to house fighting chickens ; this caused a dramatic increase in the numbers of wild chickens roaming Kauaʻi .
The name Iniki was retired due to this storm , and was replaced with Iolana within the Central North Pacific tropical storm list . Less than three days after Iniki struck , Hurricane Orlene struck the Big Island as a depression .
= Fightin ' Texas Aggie Band =
The Fightin ' Texas Aggie Band ( also known as the Noble Men of Kyle or just the Aggie Band ) is the official marching band of Texas A & M University . Composed of over 400 men and women from the school 's Corps of Cadets , it is the largest military marching band in the world . The band 's complex straight @-@ line marching maneuvers are performed exclusively to traditional marches .
Since its inception in 1894 , its members eat together , sleep in the same dormitories , and practice up to forty hours per week on top of a full academic schedule . The Aggie Band performs at all home football games , some away games , and university and Corps functions throughout the year . The band has also participated in inauguration parades for many United States Presidents and Texas Governors , major annual parades across the country , and the dedication ceremony for the George H. W. Bush Presidential Library .
= = History = =
= = = Early years = = =
The Aggie Band owes its existence to Joseph Holick . In 1885 , Holick and his brother Louis boarded an empty boxcar bound for Orange , Texas so that they could gain employment in a lumber mill . En route , the two stopped in Bryan , Texas , near the campus of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas . The 22 @-@ year @-@ old Holick began to doubt his choice , stating , " I was a small boy and couldn 't do lumbering work " , and chose to remain in Bryan working under Raymond Blatherwick , owner of a prominent boot shop . Lawrence Sullivan Ross , the president of the nearby college and a former Governor of Texas , stopped into Blatherwick 's boot shop and noted how inconvenient it was for cadets to go to Bryan for their boots . Ross requested Holick be stationed at the new military college to perform cobbler duties .
Holick accepted the proposal and moved to work at Texas A & M. Shortly after his arrival , the Commandant 's staff discovered his musical talents . They requested him to play the bugle for Corps functions and for US $ 65 a month , he was assigned to play Reveille and Taps . Because the new job paid much more than his previous one , Holick wanted to give the school " more than just two tunes for its money and he asked the commandant for permission to start a cadet band " . The commandant agreed and named Holick its first bandmaster . Under his tutelage and the leadership of subsequent bandmasters , the band grew from 13 members at its inception in 1894 to 75 bandsmen in 1924 .
Early drum majors are credited with inspiring the band 's name . The first student drum major , H.A. " California " Morse , was asked to leave the college due to fighting . In addition , the early drum majors were chosen in physical combat ; insomuch that the candidates were placed in a locked room , with the best fighter / the one emerging victorious , being named to the coveted position . This tradition of aggressiveness and physical combat was noted by band members , who then took to calling themselves the Fightin ' Texas Aggie Band .
= = = Dunn years = = =
In 1924 , Lieutenant Colonel Richard J. Dunn was appointed as bandmaster . As a former member of John Philip Sousa 's Marine Band and with 26 years of military band leadership experience , Dunn quickly instituted changes within the band . The first was to the position of bugler , whose duties had fallen to the bandmaster since 1894 . When informed that he was expected to fill the role , Dunn told college officials , " I have blown enough bugles . I am the Bandmaster . Someone else can blow the bugle calls . " From then on , the Corps Bugler was chosen from the ranks of the Aggie Band .
Dunn also instituted uniform changes which added white canvas to the band uniform , resulting in a " flash effect " every other step . Dunn tried , to no avail , to rid the band of the Senior Boots , but this tradition was too well @-@ established . Other additions included crossed white belts , later discarded in favor of a white Sam Browne belt , silver buckles , and the addition of a bugle rank to lead the band in its maneuvers . Changes in the drills included the " Block T " , the band 's signature , and such intricate designs which led to talk amongst fans about the band " always winning halftime " .
Under Dunn 's experience , the band instituted some traditions that the university uses to the present . In 1925 , Marvin H. Mimms wrote the lyrics for an alma mater for the school . Dunn , who found the Aggie War Hymn " inappropriate " for social functions and solemn occasions , wrote its accompanying music and presented it to the student body titled Spirit of Aggieland . In 1926 , the tradition of Elephant Walk began when two seniors in the band led a procession of seniors throughout the school grounds visiting all the important places on campus . All the seniors in one single file was " quite a site to behold " , and one junior commented that they looked like a bunch of old elephants wandering around trying to find some place to die . The name stuck and the tradition continues to the present .
Beginning in 1939 , the U.S. Army required all cadets to be in either infantry or field artillery units . Therefore , the band was split into two separate units at opposite ends of the campus dormitories and named Infantry and Artillery Bands . When the two units performed together , they formed the Combined Band . 1942 saw the band expand to 250 members , but the need for manpower for the war effort caused membership to plummet . By the end of the 1942 – 1943 school year , it dropped it to only 90 bandsmen . As " a crusty old army man " , Dunn understood the nation 's urgent need for troops , and he accepted the fact that the Aggie Band could only return after the war was over .
Along with conducting the Aggie Band , Dunn started his own orchestra with the newly built A & M Consolidated High School on the Texas A & M Campus , called the " Little Symphony Orchestra " . Dunn was also the founder of the famous A & M Consolidated High School Tiger Band in 1947 .
= = = Adams era = = =
Dunn once told then @-@ cadet Edward Vergne Adams , " One day I want you to direct this band . " Adams thought the Colonel was joking , but " went to music school after graduation just in case he wasn 't " . After music school , he joined the Army and put his musical skills to rest for the duration of the war , with one exception : while on regimental staff during the retreat ceremony at the end of the day , the assigned bugler had no experience and couldn 't play a single note , so Adams stepped out of formation , took the bugle from the bugler 's hands , blew the appropriate calls , handed the bugle back , and marched back into his spot in the formation .
This intolerance for incompetence served him well when he accepted the invitation of Dunn to be his replacement as director of the Aggie Band . Adams began his tenure with an undisciplined band devoid of experience and ravaged by years of war , but in his first year of leadership , the ranks of the band quickly swelled to 225 members . Infantry and field artillery associations were no longer required by the Army and Adams changed the units ' names to the Maroon and White Bands .
Adams began to make the drills far more intricate and precise than they had been in the past by adding a countermarch , maneuvers from the Army Drill Manual , and established a 30 inch ( 76 cm ) step , or six steps for every five yards ( 4.57m ) , as the band standard . Adams also added the criss @-@ cross maneuver . First performed November 27 , 1947 at the annual Thanksgiving Day game with the University of Texas , the criss @-@ cross maneuver and its later variations became the band 's most anticipated maneuver . Other band directors said it was impossible to do because it required two people to be in the same place at the same time ( indeed , to this day computer programs that chart band formations say that this maneuver cannot be performed ) . To accomplish this , band members step between each other 's feet . In later years , people who did not know that the maneuver was first done in 1947 claimed that the drill was designed by a computer . Adams explained , " It 's all a matter of mathematics . One man can take up only a certain amount of space at one time and moves in one direction at a predictable rate of speed . "
The band 's reputation spread and other bands had begun to have some apprehension about performing in the same halftime as the Aggie Band . One Southwest Conference band director stated , " I dread going against the Aggie Band .... What is so humiliating is to see the Aggie Band do things band directors talk about as being impossible , and do them perfectly . It takes two weeks to recover from the trauma
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-@ born airman in history when he joined the RFC in April 1916 . He was severely wounded while bombing enemy positions in March 1918 , but recovered and remained in the unit until April 1919 . The first flying ace born in Rhodesia was Major George Lloyd , nicknamed " Zulu " , who joined No. 60 Squadron in April 1917 , and won four aerial victories before transferring to No. 40 Squadron in July 1917 , where he won four more . He received the Military Cross in March 1918 for " conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty " , and also won the Air Force Cross later that year . Second Lieutenant David " Tommy " Greswolde @-@ Lewis , a born and bred Bulawayan , was the 80th and final pilot defeated by Manfred von Richthofen , the German ace widely known as the Red Baron . Richthofen downed Lewis just north @-@ east of Villers @-@ Bretonneux on 20 April 1918 ; the Rhodesian 's aircraft caught fire in mid @-@ air , and when it crashed he was thrown from the wreckage . The Baron 's bullets had hit Lewis ' compass , goggles , coat and trouser leg , but he was practically unhurt , having suffered only minor burns . He spent the rest of the war a German prisoner .
The Great War airman associated with Southern Rhodesia who ultimately earned the most distinction was Arthur Harris , originally from England , who joined the Royal Flying Corps in late 1915 after serving as a bugler with the 1st Rhodesia Regiment in South @-@ West Africa . Harris alternated between Britain and France during the latter part of the war . He led No. 45 Squadron over the Western Front in 1917 , destroying five German aircraft and winning the Air Force Cross , and afterwards commanded No. 44 Squadron in Britain . Intending to return to Southern Rhodesia after the war , he wore a " rhodesia " flash on his uniform during the hostilities , but ended up staying with the RAF as a career officer . He finished the war a major , rose through the ranks during the interwar period and became famous during World War II as " Bomber Harris " , the head of RAF Bomber Command .
= = Southern Africa = =
= = = Maritz Rebellion ; formation of 1st Rhodesia Regiment = = =
Apart from the capture of Schuckmannsburg in the Caprivi Strip by a combined force of BSAP and Northern Rhodesia Police on 21 September 1914 , the British South Africa Company 's own armed forces and police remained almost totally uninvolved in the war until the following month . The South African Prime Minister , the former Boer general Louis Botha , had told Britain that the Union could both handle its own security during the hostilities and defeat German South @-@ West Africa without help , so the Imperial garrison had been sent to the Western Front . Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Manie Maritz — an ex @-@ Boer commander who now headed a column of Afrikaans @-@ speaking Union troops — defected to the Germans in mid @-@ September , hoping to spark an uprising that would overthrow British supremacy in South Africa and restore the old Boer Republics . Botha requested the 500 @-@ man column that the Chartered Company had raised , hoping to reduce the possibility of further defections by interspersing his own forces with firmly pro @-@ British Rhodesians . The expeditionary force was promptly formalised in Salisbury , and named the 1st Rhodesia Regiment after the unit of Southern Rhodesian volunteers that had fought in the Anglo @-@ Boer War . Apart from a small contingent of Matabele ( or Ndebele ) scouts , the unit was all white .
After six weeks ' training in the capital , the 1st Rhodesia Regiment travelled south by railway in late October 1914 . During its stopover in Bulawayo , it paraded in front of about 90 % of the town 's population ; Plumtree , the last stop before crossing the border , provided the soldiers with a lavish parting banquet . Notwithstanding these grand farewells , the Maritz Rebellion was all but over by the time the Southern Rhodesian contingent reached its destination at Bloemfontein . The vast majority of South African troops , including most of Boer origin , had remained loyal to the Union government , and the uprising had been quashed . The Rhodesians garrisoned Bloemfontein for about a month , then redeployed to Cape Town , where they underwent further training for the South @-@ West Africa Campaign as part of South Africa 's Northern Force , which Botha personally commanded .
= = = 1st Rhodesia Regiment in South @-@ West Africa = = =
During late December 1914 , Northern Force travelled to the South African exclave of Walvis Bay , about halfway up the coast of German South @-@ West Africa . The 1st Rhodesia Regiment disembarked on 26 December 1914 .
Northern Force made up the northern prong of a pincer movement designed by Botha to encircle the German forces in South @-@ West Africa . Two smaller South African columns came from the Cape and the Orange Free State ( the latter coming over the deserts of Bechuanaland ) . The principal target was Windhoek , the capital of South @-@ West Africa . The field of operations was arid and barren in the extreme ; water was a precious commodity , so the South Africans and Southern Rhodesians brought thousands of tons of it with them . In the 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of desert between Walvis Bay and Windhoek , temperatures could rise to above 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) in the daytime , then drop below freezing at night , all while desert winds blew sand and dust into every bodily and mechanical orifice . Germany based much of its defensive strategy in South @-@ West Africa around the assumption that no enemy commander could feasibly attempt to advance across the desert from Walvis Bay to Windhoek , but Botha resolved to do exactly that .
The South African offensive from Walvis Bay began in February 1915 , when Northern Force took Swakopmund — the nearest German coastal settlement , about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) north — without facing major resistance . The Germans almost immediately retreated , leaving behind explosive booby traps and other improvised weapons . The 1st Rhodesia Regiment first engaged the Germans while Northern Force moved east across the desert , taking part in a number of minor skirmishes and suffering its first two fatalities in a German ambush . To overcome the natural difficulties of the desert terrain , Botha used fast @-@ moving mounted or mechanised troops rather than regular infantry , so the Southern Rhodesian contingent played little part in the main advance on Windhoek . The Rhodesians guarded the construction of a railway inland for much of the campaign , but participated in Northern Force 's victory over the Germans at Trekkopjes , losing Lieutenant Hollingsworth ( killed in action ) and five enlisted men ( wounded ) . Windhoek surrendered to Botha in July 1915 , effectively ending the South @-@ West African front of the war . The local German population did not embark on a guerrilla campaign after Windhoek 's fall .
The 1st Rhodesia Regiment was soon posted back to Cape Town , where many of the troopers voiced their dissatisfaction at the lack of fighting in South @-@ West Africa , and requested discharge so they could join the war in Europe . Superiors assured the men that they would see action in East Africa if they stayed , but failed to convince most of them ; the 1st Rhodesia Regiment promptly disbanded due to a lack of personnel . The majority of the South @-@ West Africa veterans boarded ship for England to enlist in the British Army , while others mustered into South African units already billed for European service .
= = East Africa = =
German East Africa , acquired by Germany during the 1880s , covered roughly 900 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 350 @,@ 000 sq mi ) , and by 1914 was home to about 5 @,@ 000 white settlers , most of whom were of German origin . German East African soldiery at the outbreak of war comprised 216 German officers and enlisted men , and 2 @,@ 450 askaris ( native soldiers ) ; police numbered 45 whites and 2 @,@ 154 askaris . Because of the British Royal Navy 's domination of the Indian Ocean , German East Africa was largely isolated from outside help . It therefore fought a war of improvisation , judicious resource management and unorthodox strategy . During the conflict , its military strength grew to a peak of 3 @,@ 300 whites and anywhere between 15 @,@ 000 and 30 @,@ 000 askaris , all commanded by Generalmajor Paul von Lettow @-@ Vorbeck .
= = = 2nd Rhodesia Regiment = = =
Based around the overflow of volunteers for the 1st Rhodesia Regiment , a core of personnel for a second Southern Rhodesian expeditionary unit was in place by November 1914 . This was made into the 2nd Rhodesia Regiment ( 2RR ) during December 1914 and January 1915 . The 1st Rhodesia Regiment 's lack of combat experience thus far influenced those men in Southern Rhodesia who were yet to enlist ; many Rhodesian colonials were keen to fight on the front lines , and some resolved that they might have to travel to Europe to be sure of doing so . Aware of this competition with the Western Front for the colony 's manpower , recruiters for the 2nd Rhodesia Regiment took great care to assure potential inductees that they would definitely see combat , in Africa , if they signed up for the new unit . The 2nd Rhodesia Regiment ultimately had a paper strength of 500 men , the same as the 1st . Thirty black scouts , recruited in Southern Rhodesia , were also attached to the regiment .
Because it was raised with less urgency , the 2nd Rhodesia Regiment received better training than the 1st . The course lasted eight weeks , a fortnight longer than the original regiment 's training period , and focused heavily on route marching , parade drill , and , in particular , marksmanship — recruits were trained to shoot accurately at ranges of up to 600 metres ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) . The 2nd Rhodesia Regiment left Salisbury on 8 March 1915 , moving east to the port of Beira in Portuguese Mozambique , from where they sailed to Mombasa in British Kenya , on German East Africa 's north @-@ eastern flank . Travelling aboard the SS Umzumbi , the battalion disembarked in Kenya less than a week after leaving Salisbury . It was immediately sent inland to the operational area around Mount Kilimanjaro , within sight of which it set up camp . On 20 March , the regiment was inspected by General J M Stewart of the Indian Army . " I had expected to see a regiment that would require some training , " Stewart said ; " I will pay you the highest compliment by sending you to the front today . " So began the 2nd Rhodesia Regiment 's contribution to the East African Campaign .
The 2nd Rhodesia Regiment operated with some success during its first year on the front . It usually defeated German units that it encountered , but the Germans , using proto @-@ guerrilla tactics , tended to retreat before they could be overrun . Though generally outnumbered and outgunned throughout the campaign , the Germans had the advantage early on of longer @-@ range artillery than the British ; from July to August 1916 , 2RR was prevented from moving out of the Kenyan town of Makindu for nearly a month by German bombardment . The huge marching distances , difficult terrain and uncertainty of surroundings meant that the regiment 's men were forced to develop enormous stamina and resilience if they were not to be invalided home .
Tropical disease killed or rendered ineffective far more 2RR men than the Germans did ; at times the regiment was reduced to an effective strength of under 100 by the vast myriad of potential ailments , including trench fever , blackwater fever , dysentery , pneumonia , sleeping sickness and many others . The 1 @,@ 038 personnel who served with 2RR in East Africa collectively went into hospital 2 @,@ 272 times , and there were 10 @,@ 626 incidences of illness — in other words , the average 2RR soldier was hospitalised twice and reported sick 10 times . In January 1917 , only 91 of the regiment 's men were considered fit for duty ; it was no longer an effective fighting force , and the white Southern Rhodesian manpower did not exist to continue reinforcing it . It was therefore withdrawn from East Africa that month . Those men who were healthy enough to return home arrived back in Salisbury on 14 April 1917 , receiving a tumultuous welcome , but the majority of 2RR remained in medical care overseas for some time afterwards .
The Company briefly considered sending a revived 2nd Rhodesia Regiment to the Western Front , but the British Army promptly rejected this idea , saying that the unit would be impractical for trench warfare because of its small size . The battalion was thereupon dissolved , but most of its remaining men went to war in Europe anyway , generally with South African units .
= = = Rhodesia Native Regiment = = =
By late 1915 , British forces in the border areas of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland , on German East Africa 's south @-@ western flank , were severely stretched . Disease was a constant curse , decimating the ranks . Francis Drummond Chaplin , the British South Africa Company administrator in Southern Rhodesia , offered to provide the British with a column of between 500 and 1 @,@ 000 askaris , and Whitehall accepted this in March 1916 ; however , there was then disagreement regarding who would foot the bill for the organisation of this enterprise . After this was resolved in April 1916 — the Company agreed to pay , conditional on reimbursement by the British Colonial Office — recruitment began in May .
Initial recruitment efforts principally targeted the Matabele , who made up about 20 % of the colony 's black population , because they enjoyed a popular reputation among whites for being great warriors ; the unit was therefore originally called the " Matabele Regiment " . This was changed to the more inclusive " Rhodesia Native Regiment " ( RNR ) on 15 May 1916 , as the ranks proved to be more diverse than expected , and included large numbers of Mashonas and other ethnicities . In particular , a disproportionately high number of volunteers came from the Kalanga tribe , a numerically diminutive community in the colony 's south @-@ west . The RNR was organised largely along linguistic and cultural lines , with companies and platoons of Matabele , Mashona , Wayao and others . White officers attached to the unit were often recruited because they knew an African language , or could give orders in Chilapalapa , a pidgin of English and several African tongues often referred to by whites of the time as " kitchen kaffir " . The ranks ' diversity sometimes led to confusion when messages or directives were not properly understood . It became common for black troopers accused of disobeying or ignoring commands to claim ignorance of the language in which they had been ordered .
Commanded by Lieutenant @-@ Colonel A J Tomlinson , the RNR , comprising 426 askaris and about 30 white officers , left Salisbury in July 1916 for Beira . They continued on to Zomba , in Nyasaland , where they were to receive further training closer to the field of operations . When they arrived , the local situation had shifted significantly , so the RNR instead went to New Langenberg , in German East Africa , just north of Lake Nyasa . At New Langenberg the regiment went through a short training course , and was issued with six machine guns . When the unit 's training period ended in October 1916 it was divided ; one company of RNR men went to Buhora , about 250 kilometres ( 160 mi ) north @-@ east , while the rest went 250 kilometres ( 160 mi ) south to Weidhaven , on the north banks of Lake Nyasa , from where they moved 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) east to Songea , which they were ordered to " hold ... until reinforced " . Apart from a company of men sent to patrol the road back to Weidhaven , the RNR proceeded to garrison Songea .
The Germans , who had left Songea only a few weeks before , sent two columns to retake it during early November 1916 — 250 askaris marched from Likuyu , and 180 more ( with two machine guns ) set off from Kitanda . The latter German column spotted the RNR company that was patrolling the road , and at Mabogoro attacked the advance guard , which was commanded by Sergeant ( later Lieutenant ) Frederick Charles Booth . The Rhodesians were caught by surprise , and many panicked , running about and firing randomly . Booth restored discipline and led the defence until reinforcements arrived . The Germans then retreated and continued towards Songea . During this contact , Booth advanced towards enemy fire to rescue a wounded scout who was lying in the open , and brought him back alive ; for this and subsequent actions , Booth received the Victoria Cross in June 1917 .
The German column from Kitanda reached Songea early in the morning on 12 November 1916 , and unsuccessfully attempted a frontal assault on the well @-@ entrenched Rhodesian positions . After the German column from Likuyu arrived in the afternoon , the Germans laid siege to Songea for 12 days before retreating towards Likuyu on the 24th . The Rhodesians were relieved the following day by a South African unit . The RNR then moved back to Litruchi , on the other side of Lake Nyasa , from where they sailed to the German East African town of Mwaya , where they were reunited with the RNR contingent that had gone to Buhora . This second column had ambushed a group of Germans , who were moving towards Northern Rhodesia with a naval gun salvaged from SMS Königsberg ( which had been sunk at Rufiji Delta about a year before ) ; after pocketing the Germans , the Rhodesians captured both them and the naval gun .
In Southern Rhodesia , Company officials judged the RNR to have been a success so far , and so decided in January 1917 to raise a second battalion . The unit already in the field was at this time designated 1st Battalion , abbreviated to " 1RNR " , while the new formation was called 2nd Battalion , or " 2RNR " . Recruitment was soon under way . Conscious of the difficulty that had been found in persuading rural Mashonas and Matabele to join the 1st Battalion in 1916 , organisers for 2RNR principally targeted black men from other countries , in particular migrant workers from Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia ; Nyasalanders eventually made up nearly half of the regiment . By the start of March , about 1 @,@ 000 recruits were training in Salisbury . Meanwhile , 1RNR was instructed to guard the Igali Pass , near the border with Northern Rhodesia , to prevent a column of Germans from threatening the settlements of Abercorn and Fife . When the Germans slipped through , the Rhodesians were pulled back to a position between the two towns and instructed to defend either one as circumstances dictated . The Germans did not launch an attack , however , instead setting up camp in their own territory at Galula .
The Southern Rhodesian commanders planned to destroy the German column by taking advantage of the regional geography ; the Germans had Lake Rukwa to their back , and the rivers Songwe and Saisi on their respective left ( eastern ) and right flanks , effectively hemming them in if they were attacked . The plan was that elements of 1RNR would hold the Saisi while a battalion of the King 's African Rifles ( KAR ) manned the Songwe ; the rest of 1RNR would then push the Germans back towards the lake . But Tomlinson interpreted his orders as requiring immediate action , and attacked before the two flanking lines were in place on the rivers . The offensive had some successes at first , even though Tomlinson was outnumbered , but the 450 Germans , armed with three Königsberg field guns and 14 machine guns , soon withdrew to the higher ground at St Moritz Mission . The Germans counterattacked over the following week . Colonel R E Murray , who commanded a column of BSAP men about 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) away , did not assist Tomlinson , and 1RNR took great losses while repulsing the attack : 58 RNR men were killed , and the Germans captured three Rhodesian machine guns . Tomlinson was blamed by most for the debacle , but he insisted for years afterwards that he had only been following orders from Murray to hold his ground . He expressed incredulity at Murray 's failure to reinforce him . An enquiry into the matter was avoided when Tomlinson was wounded and invalided home soon after the battle .
On 5 April 1917 , 1RNR crossed the Songwe River into German East Africa and advanced south @-@ east towards Kitanda . It moved up the winding Lupa River , crossing it at each turn , for 53 days , and by mid @-@ June was 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) north of its target . When it was then ordered to backtrack north to Rungwe , it covered the 420 kilometres ( 260 mi ) in 16 days . Several scholars highlight the distances marched by the RNR , and comment that their physical endurance must have been remarkable , particularly given the speed at which they moved . " One can only marvel at the hardiness and fortitude of these men who matter @-@ of @-@ factly marched distances unthinkable to modern Western soldiers , " the historian Alexandre Binda writes . McLaughlin contrasts the RNR 's black troopers with the white soldiers of the 2nd Rhodesia Regiment , commenting that the former proved far more resilient to tropical diseases ( though not immune ) , and amazed white observers by not just adapting to the difficult East African conditions , but often marching 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) in a day . In June 1917 , Sergeant Rita ( or Lita ) , a black non @-@ commissioned officer later described by Tomlinson as " a splendid soldier " , received the highest award ever given to an RNR askari , the Distinguished Conduct Medal , " for conspicuous gallantry in action on many occasions . His example and influence with his men is incalculable " .
The 1st Battalion harassed the constantly moving German flying column during August and September 1917 . Two Military Medals were won by RNR soldiers during this time : Sergeant Northcote rescued a wounded askari under German fire in late August , and a few days later Corporal Suga , himself lightly injured , dragged his wounded commanding officer Lieutenant Booth out of the open and into cover . The 2nd Battalion , comprising Major Jackson at the head of 585 askaris and 75 whites , left Salisbury on 16 September 1917 , and joined the front on 16 October , when it arrived at Mbewa on the north @-@ eastern shore of Lake Nyasa , intending to ultimately merge with 1RNR . After 1RNR spent two months garrisoning Wiedhaven and 2RNR underwent further training , the two forces joined on 28 January 1918 ( becoming known as the 2nd Rhodesia Native Regiment ) , and immediately made their way south in pursuit of Lettow @-@ Vorbeck 's Germans , who were by now down to an effective strength of less than 2 @,@ 000 , and moving through Portuguese Mozambique .
In late May 1918 , the two @-@ year service contracts signed by the original 500 RNR volunteers expired , and the majority of those who had not already been discharged — just under 400 men — went home . While passing through Umtali on their way to Salisbury , the soldiers encountered the RNR 's original commanding officer , Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Tomlinson , whom they promptly mobbed , excitedly chanting nkosi , nkosi ( which roughly means " chief " in Sindebele ) . In the capital , the RNR men were met at the railway station by thousands of people , including a number of prominent government , military and religious figures . Chaplin , the territorial administrator , gave a speech in which he applauded the troops for " upholding the good name of Rhodesia " and for having played " no insignificant part in depriving the Germans of their power in Africa " .
In Mozambique , the RNR encountered Lettow @-@ Vorbeck 's supply column near Mtarika on 22 May 1918 . It wiped it out ( capturing two German officers , two German askaris , 34 Portuguese askaris and 252 carriers ) , but as the supply column had been marching between the main German column and its rearguard , Lettow @-@ Vorbeck was then able to attack the RNR from both sides . The contact lasted until darkness fell , and the RNR held its position . Lettow @-@ Vorbeck then moved further south , with the RNR following . This pursuit continued for the rest of the war , with Lettow @-@ Vorbeck avoiding contacts so far as was possible and constantly resupplying his men by briefly occupying isolated towns . The RNR chased the German column for over 3 @,@ 600 kilometres ( 2 @,@ 200 mi ) around Mozambique and the eastern districts of Northern Rhodesia , but never caught up with him . After Lettow @-@ Vorbeck formally surrendered at Abercorn on 25 November 1918 , the RNR returned to Salisbury , where the men were discharged during 1919 . The regiment existed on paper for two more years before it was formally disbanded in February 1921 .
= = Home front = =
= = = Home service and conscription debate = = =
Southern Rhodesian troops during World War I were all volunteers . Particularly during the war 's early stages , not all male settlers of fighting age were expected to abandon their civilian lives for service abroad . Many of them were in vital industries like mining , and the Company administration did not grant financial allowances to support the families of married soldiers , so at least at first , only bachelors in non @-@ essential positions were generally considered to have any moral obligation to sign up . The 2nd Rhodesia Regiment , raised in early 1915 , explicitly barred married men from its ranks to preempt the tribulations that might befall their families while they were gone . Men of service age who remained at home were pressured by the national and local press to contribute to local security by joining the Southern Rhodesia Volunteers or the Rhodesian Reserves ; editorials told readers that men who failed to do so were not fulfilling their patriotic duty , and warned that conscription might be required if not enough joined up .
The idea of conscription ran contrary to British political tradition , but the sheer scale of the Western Front led to its institution in Britain in January 1916 . The Rhodesia Herald and Bulawayo Chronicle newspapers broadcast the news in special editions . While some settlers supported the extension of the same system to white Southern Rhodesians , it was also opposed in many quarters . The British South Africa Company feared that the loss of skilled white workers might jeopardise its mining operations , crucial to the colonial economy , while the Rhodesian Agricultural Union contended that white farmers had to stay on the land for similar reasons . Some , mindful of John Chilembwe 's anticolonial uprising in Nyasaland in early 1915 , felt that it was necessary to keep a core of male settlers in the colony to guard against a repeat of the Mashona and Matabele rebellions of the 1890s .
By late 1916 , most settlers in the colony who were inclined to volunteer had already done so . To free up white manpower , some suggested the recruitment of older men for local service so more of the younger volunteers could go overseas . In 19
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17 , the Chartered Company set up a committee to consider the question of national defence both during the war and thereafter ; its report , released in February 1918 , described reliance on volunteers as inefficient , and recommended the institution of compulsory service for whites , even after the war ( no mention was made of using black troops in the future ) . The Company published proposals the following month to register all white males aged between 18 and 65 with a view to some form of conscription , but this provoked widespread and vocal dissent , particularly from farmers . In the face of this opposition the administration vacillated until it quietly dropped the idea after the armistice .
= = = Economic impact = = =
The British South Africa Company had reservations about devoting all of Southern Rhodesia 's resources to the war effort , in part because of its desire to keep the colonial economy operating . There was indeed tightening of belts in the Rhodesias during the war , but not on the same scale as in Britain . The retail sector suffered , prices for many basic day @-@ to @-@ day items rose sharply , and exports plummeted as much of the white male citizenry went overseas to war , but mining , the industry on which Rhodesia 's economic viability hinged , continued to operate successfully , despite occasional difficulties in obtaining manpower . The Company administration posted record outputs of gold and coal during 1916 , and began to supply the Empire with the strategic metal ferrochrome . A flurry of new prospecting ventures led to the discovery of another strategic metal , tungsten , near Essexvale in southern Matabeleland in May 1917 .
Southern Rhodesia 's other main economic arm , farming , performed less strongly during the war , partly because the Chartered Company prioritised the strategically important mines at the behest of British officials . Southern Rhodesian farmers were optimistic at the outbreak of war , surmising that the Empire would become desperate for food and that they would be essentially immune to inflation because they grew their own crops . While these conclusions were on the whole accurate , logistical complications made it difficult for Rhodesian food to be exported , and as in mining there was often a shortage of labour . There were a number of drives to increase agricultural yield with the hope of feeding more people in Britain , but because Southern Rhodesia was so far away it was difficult for the colony to make much of an impact . One of the main culinary contributions the territory made to the British wartime marketplace was Rhodesian butter , which first reached England in February 1917 .
The war began to adversely affect the economy in late 1917 . The Company threatened petrol rationing in November 1917 , and in early 1918 it raised the colonial income tax to help balance the books . By the end of the hostilities the Company had spent £ 2 million on the war effort , most of which was covered by the Rhodesian taxpayers ; the Company covered some of the expenditure itself , and also received a small amount of financial aid from the UK government .
= = = Propaganda and public opinion = = =
Mass media on both sides in the conflict tried to motivate their respective populations and justify the war 's continuation by creating an image of the enemy so grotesque and savage that surrender became unthinkable . Like the major newspapers in Britain , the Rhodesia Herald and the Bulawayo Chronicle became key propaganda tools , regularly printing stories of German atrocities , massacres and other war crimes alongside articles simply entitled " War Stories " that told of British Army soldiers carrying out deeds of Herculean bravery . Anti @-@ German sentiment abounded in the territory throughout the conflict , and periodically intensified , often concurrently with the reporting of particularly unsavoury incidents .
During the initial peak of Germanophobia , which lasted the first few months of the conflict , many German and Austrian men of military age who lived in Rhodesia were arrested ( officially as " prisoners of war " ) and sent to internment camps in South Africa . Gertrude Page , one of the colony 's most famous novelists , wrote an open letter in response , vouching for the loyalty of a young German in her employ , and received a number of replies accusing her of being unpatriotic . The second period of intensification began following the sinking of the British passenger liner RMS Lusitania by a German U @-@ boat on 7 May 1915 . The Rhodesia Herald ran an editorial soon after calling on the Company administration to intern all remaining German and Austrian residents and to close their businesses . A town assembly in Umtali sent the administrator a resolution asking him to confiscate all property in the colony owned by subjects of Germany and Austria within 48 hours " in view of German barbarity " . Most of Southern Rhodesia 's remaining German and Austrian residents were soon sent to the camps in South Africa .
Further periods of intensified anti @-@ German feeling in the Rhodesias followed the execution by the Germans of the British nurse Edith Cavell in Belgium in October 1915 ( " the Crowning Crime " , the Bulawayo Chronicle called it ) , the escalation of bombing raids by German Zeppelins on British cities during 1917 , and the British reportage the same year of the Kadaververwertungsanstalt atrocity story — that the Germans supposedly rendered down battlefield corpses from both sides to make products such as nitroglycerine and lubricants .
A small elite of black urbanites , mostly raised and educated at Christian missions , existed in Southern Rhodesia by the time of the war , and these generally identified themselves strongly with settler society and , by extension , the war effort . But the vast majority of black people in the colony retained their traditional tribal lifestyles of rural subsistence farming , and for most of them , as McLaughlin comments , the war " could have been fought between aliens from different planets for all their connection with events in Europe " . Some felt obliged to " fight for their country " , seeing the travails of Rhodesia and the Empire as their own also , but the great bulk of tribal public opinion was detached , seeing the conflict as a " white man 's war " that did not concern them . Those who favoured the latter line of thinking cared not so much about the conflict itself but more about how its course might affect them specifically . For example , widespread interest was aroused soon after the outbreak of war when rumours began to fly between the rural black communities that the Company planned to conscript them . News of the Maritz Rebellion prompted a fresh rumour among the Matabele that Company officials might confiscate tribal livestock to feed the white troops going south . None of this actually occurred .
The Chartered Company 's native commissioners began to fear a possible tribal rebellion during early 1915 . Herbert Taylor , the chief native commissioner , believed that foreign missionaries were secretly encouraging rural black people to emulate the Chilembwe revolt in Nyasaland , and telling them ( falsely ) that the British were exterminating the natives there . There were few actual attempts to topple the administration in Southern Rhodesia , but the Company still took precautions . Aware that Mashona svikiro ( spirit mediums ) had been instrumental in inciting and leading insurgencies against Company rule during the late 1890s , the native commissioners enacted new legislation designed to imprison any svikiro who gained significant popularity .
The only real threat of a black rebellion in Southern Rhodesia during the war occurred in May 1916 , immediately after the Company instructed native commissioners in Matabeleland to start recruiting for the Rhodesia Native Regiment . Company officials attempted to make clear that the RNR comprised volunteers only , and most Matabele chiefs were not unreceptive to the idea — some , including Chief Ndiweni , attempted to encourage enlistment by sending their own sons off to war — but rumours spread in some quarters that black men were going to be involuntarily conscripted wholesale into the unit . Chief Maduna , in Insiza district , briefly threatened insurrection , issuing rifles to 100 men , but he backed down after a few weeks after it became self @-@ evident that conscription was not happening . Some attempted to dissuade potential RNR recruits from signing up , including a black man in Bulawayo who was fined £ 4 in July 1915 for spreading a false rumour around the city that the British East Africa Transport Corps ' black Southern Rhodesian drivers had had their throats cut by the Germans . Matthew Zwimba , founder of the syncretist Church of the White Bird in Mashonaland , received six months ' hard labour the following year for advising black men not to join the RNR on the grounds that the British had , he said , committed crimes against God in 1913 .
The colony 's small Afrikaner community was split on the issue of war . Some supported the United Kingdom out of loyalty to Rhodesia , but others were still bitter about the Anglo @-@ Boer War and showed little interest in fighting the Germans . In the rural areas , where Afrikaner nationalism was strongest , the Germans were perceived by some Boer farmers as potential liberators from British domination . Southern Rhodesian Afrikaners were often accused of undermining the British war effort . While some leaders of the community publicly came out in support of the war and offered to provide troops , others put pressure on Afrikaans @-@ speakers not to volunteer . When recruitment for the Rhodesia Native Regiment began in 1916 , there were reports of potential black recruits being urged not to join up by their Afrikaans @-@ speaking employers .
= = = Women = = =
As is common in frontier societies , the Southern Rhodesian settler community was mostly male : at the time of the First World War , white females were outnumbered by males almost two to one . Because white women were so marriageable and cheap black labour was easily available to handle domestic duties , most female settlers did not work and spent most of their days supervising the household and family . The average white woman in the colony continued to live this kind of life during the war , in marked contrast to her British counterpart , who in many cases went to replace the male factory workers and farm labourers who went to war . In Rhodesia little of this sort occurred : there were no munitions factories , and the idea of women working down the country 's mines was not considered practical . Some white farmers ' wives took over management of the land in their husbands ' absence , but this was quite unusual .
The contribution to the war made by Southern Rhodesia 's white female population generally comprised organising and running donation drives , comforts committees and other similar enterprises . They sent the troops " comforts parcels " , which contained balaclavas , mittens and scarves that they had knitted , as well as newspapers , soap , food ( including cakes and sweets ) , and minor luxuries . These packages did much to raise the morale of the men , particularly those who were in German captivity . Women were also largely responsible for handling mail between Rhodesian soldiers and their relatives and friends back home . After the armistice , they organised financial assistance for those discharged Southern Rhodesian men in England who could not afford to come home , and arranged visits for those convalescing in English hospitals .
As in Britain , some Southern Rhodesian women during the war presented men not wearing military uniform with white feathers ( symbolising cowardice ) . This campaign often went awry , as many of the men presented with the feathers were not in fact shirking from service . In 1916 , hoping to save them further harassment , the Rhodesia Herald and other newspapers began publishing lists of men who had volunteered only to be deemed medically unfit by the army doctors .
Black women played a minor role in units such as the Rhodesia Native Regiment , accompanying the black soldiers into the operational area and performing domestic tasks like washing and cooking . Many of these were local East African women who had formed attachments with RNR soldiers . Officers tolerated the presence of these women in the interest of morale , aware that attempting to take them away from the men would probably lead to mutiny .
= = = Donations and funds = = =
Southern Rhodesian settlers set up a number of wartime funds , including funds to aid war victims , funds to provide the troops with tobacco and other supplies , funds to assist orphans and widows , funds to buy aeroplanes , and others . These raised about £ 200 @,@ 000 in all . Much of this went to the Prince of Wales National Relief Fund in Britain , which was founded when the war started ; Southern Rhodesian branches of the fund were promptly organised in several towns and ultimately consolidated into the Rhodesian War Relief Fund . This body donated 25 % of its receipts to the Prince of Wales Fund and 75 % to local concerns .
The Tobacco Fund , set up in September 1914 , was particularly successful . Public donors bought Southern Rhodesian tobacco , cigarettes and pipe tobacco to send to the British forces . This was intended not only to comfort the troops , but also to advertise the prospect of post @-@ war emigration to Rhodesia . The labels on the tobacco tins depicted a map of Africa with the sun shining on Rhodesia , accompanied by the slogan " The World 's Great Sunspot " . In a similar vein , " Sunspot " was the name given to the Rhodesian cigarettes that British soldiers received . During the war , British and colonial soldiery collectively chewed and smoked 59 @,@ 955 two @-@ ounce ( 57 g ) tins of donated Southern Rhodesian tobacco , 80 @,@ 584 two @-@ ounce tins of equivalent pipe tobacco , and 4 @,@ 004 @,@ 000 Sunspot cigarettes ( in packs of 10 ) . Another similar undertaking saw six tons ( roughly 6 @,@ 100 kg ) of local citrus fruits sent to wounded British Army personnel in South Africa and England .
Starting in July 1915 , Southern Rhodesians raised funds to buy aeroplanes for the Royal Flying Corps . The colony ultimately bought three aircraft , each of which cost £ 1 @,@ 500 — they were named Rhodesia Nos. 1 , 2 and 3 . Residents of the town of Gatooma also set up their own drive , which funded the purchase of two more planes , Gatooma Nos. 1 and 2 .
The black elite in the towns donated to the settlers ' patriotic funds and organisations , and also set up their own . A war fundraising tea organised by black Salisburians in early March 1915 boasted entertainment in the form of a black choir , as well as the presence of Taylor and a junior native commissioner , each of whom gave speeches in English , Sindebele and Shona . Rural black people , by contrast , did not generally understand the concept of donating money to war funds , and misinterpreted encouragement to do so as being threatened with a new tax . When the Matabele chief Gambo began collecting war donations from his people in early 1915 , also urging other chiefs to do the same , he took care to thoroughly explain the war fund 's purpose and the voluntary nature of contributing , but some villagers still misunderstood and came to believe they would have livestock confiscated if they did not give money . The Company ultimately sent officials around the countryside to clarify the matter .
The Kalanga , a small community in the south @-@ west that provided a disproportionately large number of volunteers for the Rhodesia Native Regiment , also proved conspicuous for their extremely generous financial donations ; in June 1915 , they collectively donated £ 183 , " a staggering sum " , the historian Timothy Stapleton comments , to the Prince of Wales Fund .
= = = Flu pandemic = = =
The 1918 flu pandemic , often referred to at the time as " Spanish flu " , spread quickly into Southern Rhodesia from South Africa in October 1918 . A week after the first case was reported in Salisbury , over 1 @,@ 000 people were infected . Public buildings in the towns were converted into makeshift hospital wards , appeals were put out for trained nurses to attend the sick , and soup kitchens were set up to feed children whose parents were too ill to look after them . Newspapers in the colony published basic instructions on how to deal with the disease . The mine compounds , where hundreds of black labourers lived and worked together in close proximity , were worst affected . The whole country was ultimately infected , with even the most remote villages reporting deaths . Many members of the Rhodesia Native Regiment were infected , and 76 of them died from the disease having survived the war . By the time the pandemic had ended in Southern Rhodesia around mid @-@ November 191
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anean subsystems . The shoots consist of stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves and reproductive structures . The underground vascularised roots bear root hairs at their tips and generally lack chlorophyll . Non @-@ vascular plants , the liverworts , hornworts and mosses do not produce ground @-@ penetrating vascular roots and most of the plant participates in photosynthesis . The sporophyte generation is nonphotosynthetic in liverworts but may be able to contribute part of its energy needs by photosynthesis in mosses and hornworts .
The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food , and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system . Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventitious shoots or roots . Stolons and tubers are examples of shoots that can grow roots . Roots that spread out close to the surface , such as those of willows , can produce shoots and ultimately new plants . In the event that one of the systems is lost , the other can often regrow it . In fact it is possible to grow an entire plant from a single leaf , as is the case with Saintpaulia , or even a single cell – which can dedifferentiate into a callus ( a mass of unspecialised cells ) that can grow into a new plant . In vascular plants , the xylem and phloem are the conductive tissues that transport resources between shoots and roots . Roots are often adapted to store food such as sugars or starch , as in sugar beets and carrots .
Stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures , but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti , food as in potato tubers , or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering . Leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis . Large , flat , flexible , green leaves are called foliage leaves . Gymnosperms , such as conifers , cycads , Ginkgo , and gnetophytes are seed @-@ producing plants with open seeds . Angiosperms are seed @-@ producing plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds . Woody plants , such as azaleas and oaks , undergo a secondary growth phase resulting in two additional types of tissues : wood ( secondary xylem ) and bark ( secondary phloem and cork ) . All gymnosperms and many angiosperms are woody plants . Some plants reproduce sexually , some asexually , and some via both means .
Although reference to major morphological categories such as root , stem , leaf , and trichome are useful , one has to keep in mind that these categories are linked through intermediate forms so that a continuum between the categories results . Furthermore , structures can be seen as processes , that is , process combinations .
= = Systematic botany = =
Systematic botany is part of systematic biology , which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships , particularly as determined by their evolutionary history . It involves , or is related to , biological classification , scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics . Biological classification is the method by which botanists group organisms into categories such as genera or species . Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy . Modern taxonomy is rooted in the work of Carl Linnaeus , who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics . These groupings have since been revised to align better with the Darwinian principle of common descent – grouping organisms by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics . While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms , molecular phylogenetics , which uses DNA sequences as data , has driven many recent revisions along evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so . The dominant classification system is called Linnaean taxonomy . It includes ranks and binomial nomenclature . The nomenclature of botanical organisms is codified in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) and administered by the International Botanical Congress .
Kingdom Plantae belongs to Domain Eukarya and is broken down recursively until each species is separately classified . The order is : Kingdom ; Phylum ( or Division ) ; Class ; Order ; Family ; Genus ( plural genera ) ; Species . The scientific name of a plant represents its genus and its species within the genus , resulting in a single world @-@ wide name for each organism . For example , the tiger lily is Lilium columbianum . Lilium is the genus , and columbianum the specific epithet . The combination is the name of the species . When writing the scientific name of an organism , it is proper to capitalise the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase . Additionally , the entire term is ordinarily italicised ( or underlined when italics are not available ) .
The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its phylogeny . Phylogenetic studies attempt to discover phylogenies . The basic approach is to use similarities based on shared inheritance to determine relationships . As an example , species of Pereskia are trees or bushes with prominent leaves . They do not obviously resemble a typical leafless cactus such as an Echinocactus . However , both Pereskia and Echinocactus have spines produced from areoles ( highly specialised pad @-@ like structures ) suggesting that the two genera are indeed related .
Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care , since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently . Some euphorbias have leafless , rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti , but characters such as the structure of their flowers make it clear that the two groups are not closely related . The cladistic method takes a systematic approach to characters , distinguishing between those that carry no information about shared evolutionary history – such as those evolved separately in different groups ( homoplasies ) or those left over from ancestors ( plesiomorphies ) – and derived characters , which have been passed down from innovations in a shared ancestor ( apomorphies ) . Only derived characters , such as the spine @-@ producing areoles of cacti , provide evidence for descent from a common ancestor . The results of cladistic analyses are expressed as cladograms : tree @-@ like diagrams showing the pattern of evolutionary branching and descent .
From the 1990s onwards , the predominant approach to constructing phylogenies for living plants has been molecular phylogenetics , which uses molecular characters , particularly DNA sequences , rather than morphological characters like the presence or absence of spines and areoles . The difference is that the genetic code itself is used to decide evolutionary relationships , instead of being used indirectly via the characters it gives rise to . Clive Stace describes this as having " direct access to the genetic basis of evolution . " As a simple example , prior to the use of genetic evidence , fungi were thought either to be plants or to be more closely related to plants than animals . Genetic evidence suggests that the true evolutionary relationship of multicelled organisms is as shown in the cladogram below – fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants .
In 1998 the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group published a phylogeny for flowering plants based on an analysis of DNA sequences from most families of flowering plants . As a result of this work , many questions , such as which families represent the earliest branches of angiosperms , have now been answered . Investigating how plant species are related to each other allows botanists to better understand the process of evolution in plants . Despite the study of model plants and increasing use of DNA evidence , there is ongoing work and discussion among taxonomists about how best to classify plants into various taxa . Technological developments such as computers and electron microscopes have greatly increased the level of detail studied and speed at which data can be analysed .
= Odin @-@ class coastal defense ship =
The Odin class was a pair of coastal defense ships built for the German Kaiserliche Marine in the late 19th century . The class comprised two ships : Odin , named after the Norse god Odin , and Ägir , named after the Norse god of the same name . The ships were very similar to the preceding Siegfried @-@ class coastal defense ships , and are sometimes considered to be one class of ships .
Like the preceding Siegfried @-@ class ships , Odin and Ägir were obsolete by the time World War I had started . Regardless , they were still used in their primary role until 1915 , at which point they were withdrawn from active service . The ships performed a variety of secondary duties until the end of the war . On 17 June 1919 , both ships were struck from the naval register and sold to the A. Bernstein Company in Hamburg . The shipping company had the ships rebuilt as freighters ; Odin served in this capacity until she was scrapped in 1935 , however Ägir accidentally grounded near the Karlsö lighthouse on the island of Gotland in 1929 and proved to be a total loss .
= = Design = =
= = = General characteristics = = =
The Odin @-@ class ships were 76 @.@ 40 meters ( 250 @.@ 7 ft ) long at the waterline and 79 m ( 259 ft ) long overall . They had a beam of 15 @.@ 20 m ( 49 @.@ 9 ft ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 61 m ( 18 @.@ 4 ft ) forward and 5 @.@ 47 m ( 17 @.@ 9 ft ) aft . Like the preceding Siegfried class , Odin and Ägir were substantially rebuilt between 1901 – 03 and 1903 – 04 , respectively . The hulls were lengthened somewhat , to 84 @.@ 80 m ( 278 @.@ 2 ft ) at the waterline and 86 @.@ 15 m ( 282 @.@ 6 ft ) overall . The beam was also slightly increased , to 15 @.@ 40 m ( 50 @.@ 5 ft ) . Forward draft decreased slightly , to 5 @.@ 59 m ( 18 @.@ 3 ft ) , while the aft draft increased slightly , to 5 @.@ 49 m ( 18 @.@ 0 ft ) . The two ships had a designed displacement of 3 @,@ 550 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 490 long tons ; 3 @,@ 910 short tons ) and a maximum weight of 2 @,@ 754 t ( 2 @,@ 711 long tons ; 3 @,@ 036 short tons ) . After the reconstruction , displacement was increased to 4 @,@ 100 t ( 4 @,@ 000 long tons ; 4 @,@ 500 short tons ) designed , and a maximum of 4 @,@ 376 t ( 4 @,@ 307 long tons ; 4 @,@ 824 short tons ) for Odin and 4 @,@ 292 t ( 4 @,@ 224 long tons ; 4 @,@ 731 short tons ) for Ägir .
Odin and Ägir used the same transverse and longitudinal steel frame construction as the Siegfried @-@ class ships . The ships had eight watertight compartments and a double bottom for about 60 % of the length of the hull . As in the Siegfrieds , a ninth watertight compartment was added when the ships were lengthened . The ships were described as good sea boats ; they had gentle motion and were very responsive to commands from the helm . The ships lost significant speed in heavy seas , however . The ships had a crew of 20 officers and 256 enlisted men , with an additional 6 officers and 22 men when serving as a flagship . The refit increased crew requirements , to an additional 31 sailors normally , and the extra flagship crew increased to 9 officers and 34 men . The ships carried a number of smaller boats , including one picket boat , one pinnace , two cutters , one yawl , and one dinghy .
= = = Propulsion = = =
Odin and Ägir were equipped with the same propulsion system that was in Siegfried : two sets of 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines , each in its own engine room . These engines drove a pair of three @-@ bladed screws that were 3 @.@ 50 m ( 11 @.@ 5 ft ) in diameter . Odin had eight marine type boilers , while Ägir 's engines were powered by eight Thornycroft boilers . The ships had similar maximum speeds , with Odin , at 14 @.@ 4 knots ( 26 @.@ 7 km / h ; 16 @.@ 6 mph ) , somewhat slower than her design speed of 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) and Ägir slightly faster at 15 @.@ 1 knots ( 28 @.@ 0 km / h ; 17 @.@ 4 mph ) . Their engines were rated at 4 @,@ 800 indicated horsepower ( 3 @,@ 600 kW ) , though on trials Odin managed only 4 @,@ 650 ihp ( 3 @,@ 470 kW ) while Ägir reached 5 @,@ 129 ihp ( 3 @,@ 825 kW ) .
Odin had three electric generators that provided between 29 – 26 kilowatts at 67 volts , while Ägir was equipped with six generators that provided between 243 – 250 kW at 120 V. Because of her increased number of electrical generators , Ägir was nicknamed " Electrische Anna " ( " Electric Anna " ) . The ships stored up to 270 t ( 270 long tons ; 300 short tons ) of coal which enabled a range of 2 @,@ 200 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 100 km ; 2 @,@ 500 mi ) at a cruising speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . After the refit , fuel bunkerage was increased , to 370 t ( 360 long tons ; 410 short tons ) of coal . This increased the sailing range to 3 @,@ 000 nmi ( 5 @,@ 600 km ; 3 @,@ 500 mi ) at 10 knots . After 1909 , capacity to store 100 t ( 98 long tons ; 110 short tons ) of fuel oil was added .
= = = Armament = = =
The ships ' primary armament consisted of three 24 @-@ centimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) SK L / 35 guns . In an arrangement that was very unusual for such large guns , two of the guns were mounted in a pair of MPL C / 88 turrets forward side @-@ by @-@ side , while the third was mounted in a single turret aft . The guns could train 150 degrees to either side of the centerline , and depress to -4 degrees and elevate to 25 degrees . This enabled a maximum range of 13 @,@ 000 m ( 43 @,@ 000 ft ) . The guns had an ammunition storage of 174 rounds , or 58 shells per gun . The guns had a rate of fire of around 2 shells per minute . The 1895 design for the armor @-@ piercing shell weighed 140 kg ( 310 lb ) .
The ships also had a secondary battery of ten 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) SK L / 30 guns with 2 @,@ 500 rounds of ammunition . The 8 @.@ 8 cm gun fired a 10 kg ( 22 lb ) projectile at a muzzle velocity of 590 m / s ( 1 @,@ 900 ft / s ) . The guns could sustain a rate of fire of approximately 15 rounds per minute . The ships were also equipped with three 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes . Two were placed laterally in above water swivel mounts and the third was submerged in the bow . The torpedo tubes were supplied with a total of 8 torpedoes .
= = = Armor = = =
The ships used a similar Krupp compound steel and teak armor protection scheme as in the preceding Siegfried class . The upper section of the main armored belt was 220 millimeters ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) thick in the central portion of the ships , where the ships ' vitals were located . Behind this was 180 mm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) of teak , which gave a total thickness of 400 mm ( 16 in ) . The bow and stern were unprotected . The lower section followed a similar pattern of steel armor distribution , although the thickness of the central portion of the belt was decreased to 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) . The main armored deck was between 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) and 70 mm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) thick ; more important areas of the ships were covered by the thicker armor . The conning tower roof was 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick and the sides were 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) . The barbettes for the main battery and cupolas for the secondary guns ranged in thickness between 30 to 200 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 7 @.@ 9 in ) , backed by 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) of teak .
= = Service history = =
Odin and Ägir saw only limited service in their intended roles . The revolutions in capital ship building in the first decade of the 20th century rapidly made these ships obsolete . The Second Naval Law , passed on 27 March 1908 , reduced the service life of all capital ships from 25 years to 20 years . This meant that the Odin @-@ class ships , along with a number of other vessels , were to be replaced as soon as possible . Odin and Ägir were replaced by the Kaiser @-@ class battleships König Albert and Prinzregent Luitpold respectively .
As the new battleships were intended for offensive operations , the Odin class was still retained for coast defense duties . The ships served in this capacity through the start of World War I , until they were withdrawn from active service in 1915 , along with their half @-@ sisters of the Siegfried class . After she was pulled from combat duties , Odin served as a tender in Wilhelmshaven . She was struck from the naval register on 6 December 1919 and sold to A. Bernstein Co . , a shipping company based in Hamburg . By 1922 , the ship had been rebuilt as a freighter , and she served in this capacity until she was scrapped in 1935 .
Ägir was also stationed in Wilhelmshaven after she was withdrawn from her coast defense duties , though she served as a barracks ship there . She was stricken from the navy list on 17 June 1919 , and also sold to A. Bernstein Co. for use as a freighter . On 8 December 1929 , the ship grounded off the Karlsö lighthouse on the Swedish island of Gotland . The situation proved to be unsalvageable . Her bow ornament is now on display at the Laboe Naval Memorial .
= Siege of Damascus ( 1148 ) =
The Siege of Damascus took place between 24 July and 29 July 1148 , during the Second Crusade . It ended in a decisive crusader defeat and led to the disintegration of the crusade . The two main Christian forces that marched to the Holy Land in response to Pope Eugene III and Bernard of Clairvaux 's call for the Second Crusade were led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany . Both faced disastrous marches across Anatolia in the months that followed , with most of their armies being destroyed . The original focus of the crusade was Edessa ( Urfa ) , but in Jerusalem , the preferred target of King Baldwin III and the Knights Templar was Damascus . At the Council of Acre , magnates from France , Germany , and the Kingdom of Jerusalem decided to divert the crusade to Damascus .
The crusaders decided to attack Damascus from the west , where orchards would provide them with a constant food supply . Having arrived outside the walls of the city , they immediately put it to siege , using wood from the orchards . On 27 July , the crusaders decided to move to the plain on the eastern side of the city , which was less heavily fortified but had much less food and water . Nur ad @-@ Din Zangi arrived with Muslim reinforcements and cut off the crusader 's route to their previous position . The local crusader lords refused to carry on with the siege , and the three kings had no choice but to abandon the city . The entire crusader army retreated back to Jerusalem by 28 July .
= = Second Crusade = =
The two main Christian forces that marched to the Holy Land in response to Pope Eugene III and Bernard of Clairvaux 's call for the Second Crusade were led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany . Conrad 's force included Bolesław IV the Curly and Vladislaus II of Bohemia , as well as Frederick of Swabia , his nephew who would become Emperor Frederick I. The crusade had been called after the fall of the County of Edessa on 24 December 1144 . The crusaders marched across Europe and arrived at Constantinople in September and October 1147 .
Both faced disastrous marches across Anatolia in the months that followed , and most of their armies were destroyed . Louis abandoned his troops and travelled by ship to the Principality of Antioch , where his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine 's uncle , Raymond , was prince . Raymond expected him to offer military assistance against the Seljuk Turks threatening the principality , but Louis refused and went to Jerusalem to fulfil his crusader vow . Conrad , stricken by illness , had earlier returned to Constantinople , but arrived in Jerusalem a few weeks later in early April 1148 . The original focus of the crusade was Edessa , but in Jerusalem , the preferred target of King Baldwin III and the Knights Templar was Damascus .
= = = Council of Acre = = =
The Council of Acre was called with the Haute Cour of Jerusalem at Acre on 24 June . This was the most spectacular meeting of the Cour in its existence : Conrad , Otto , Henry II , Duke of Austria , future emperor Frederick , and William V , Marquess of Montferrat represented the Holy Roman Empire . Louis , Thierry of Alsace , and various other ecclesiastical and secular lords represented the French . From Jerusalem King Baldwin , Queen Melisende , Patriarch Fulk , Robert de Craon ( master of the Knights Templar ) , Raymond du Puy de Provence ( master of the Knights Hospitaller ) , Manasses of Hierges ( constable of Jerusalem ) , Humphrey II of Toron , Philip of Milly , Walter I Grenier , and Barisan of Ibelin were among those present . Notably , no one from Antioch , Tripoli , or the former County of Edessa attended . Both Louis and Conrad were persuaded to attack Damascus .
Some of the barons native to Jerusalem pointed out that it would be unwise to attack Damascus , as the Burid dynasty , though Muslim , were their allies against the Zengid dynasty . Imad ad @-@ Din Zengi had besieged the city in 1
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140 , and Mu 'in ad @-@ Din Unur , a Mamluk acting as vizier for the young Mujir ad @-@ Din Abaq , negotiated an alliance with Jerusalem through the chronicler Usama ibn Munqidh . Conrad , Louis , and Baldwin insisted , Damascus was a holy city for Christianity . Like Jerusalem and Antioch , it would be a noteworthy prize in the eyes of European Christians . In July their armies assembled at Tiberias and marched to Damascus , around the Sea of Galilee by way of Baniyas . There were perhaps 50 @,@ 000 troops in total .
The general view now appears to be that the decision to attack Damascus was somewhat inevitable . Historians , such as Martin Hoch , regard the decision as the logical outcome of Damascene foreign policy shifting into alignment with the Zengid dynasty . King Baldwin III had previously launched a campaign with the sole objective of capturing the city . This damaged the Burid dynasty 's relations with the Kingdom of Jerusalem .
= = = Fiasco at Damascus = = =
The crusaders decided to attack Damascus from the west , where orchards would provide them with a constant food supply . They arrived at Daraiya on 23 July , with the army of Jerusalem in the vanguard , followed by Louis and then Conrad in the rearguard . The densely cultivated gardens and orchards would prove to be a serious obstacle for the Crusaders . According to William of Tyre , the crusader army was prepared itself for battle :
At Daria [ Darayya ] , since the city was now so near , the sovereigns drew up their forces in battle formation and assigned the legions to their proper places in the order of march ... Because of its supposed familiarity with the country , the division led by the King of Jerusalem was , by common decision of the princes , directed to lead the way and open a path for the legions following . To the King of the Franks [ Louis VII ] and his army was assigned the second place or centre that they might aid those ahead if the need arose . By the same authority , the Emperor [ Konrad III ] was to hold the third or rear position , in readiness to resist the enemy if , perchance an attack should be made from behind .
The Muslims were well prepared and constantly attacked the army advancing through the orchards outside Damascus on 24 July . These orchards were defended by towers and walls and the crusaders were constantly pelted with arrows and lances along the narrow paths .
On Saturday 24 July the Crusaders began with an attack in the morning along the banks of the Barada river . There was ferocious combat in the orchards and narrow roads between the Christian force and a mixture of professional troops of Damascus , the ahdath militia and Turkoman mercenaries . William of Tyre reported :
The cavalry forces of the townsmen and those who had come to their assistance realized that our army was coming through the orchards in order to besiege the city and they accordingly approached the stream which flowed into the town . This they did with their bows and their balistas [ crossbows ] so that they could fight off the Latin army ... The emperor [ Konrad ] , in command of the forces following , demanded to know why the army did not advance . He was told the enemy was in possession of the river and would not allow our forces to pass . Enraged at this news , Konrad and his knights galloped swiftly forward through the king 's lines and reached the fighters who were tying to win the river . Here all leaped down from their horses and become foot soldiers , as is the custom of the Teutons when a desperate crisis occurs .
The historian David Nicolle wrote that William of Tyre did not explain how Conrad was able to bring his forces up from the rear to the front without totally disorganizing the Christian army " . According to Syrian chronicler Abu Shama :
Despite the multitude of ahdath [ militia ] , Turks , and common people of the town , volunteers and soldiers who had come from the provinces and had joined with them , the Muslims were overwhelmed by the enemy 's numbers and were defeated by the infidels . The latter crossed the river , found themselves in the gardens and made camp there ... The Franks ... cut down trees to make palisades . They destroyed the orchards and passed the night in these tasks .
Thanks to a charge by Conrad , the crusaders managed to fight their way through and chase the defenders back across the Barada river and into Damascus .
Having arrived outside the walls of the city , they immediately put it to siege , using wood from the orchards . The Crusaders began to build their siege position opposite the Bab al @-@ Jabiya gate where the Barada did not run past Damascus . Inside the city the inhabitants barricaded the major streets , preparing for what they believed to be an inevitable assault . Unur had sought help from Saif ad @-@ Din Ghazi I of Mosul and Nur ad @-@ Din Zangi of Aleppo , and personally led an attack on the crusader camp ; the crusaders were pushed back from the walls into the orchards , where they were prone to ambushes and guerrilla attacks . During the counter @-@ attack on Sunday , July 25 the Damascus forces took heavy losses which included the 71 @-@ year @-@ old lawyer and well known scholar named Yusuf al @-@ Findalawi , the Sufi mystic Al @-@ Halhli and the soldier Nur al @-@ Dawlah Shahinshah . According to William of Tyre , on 27 July the crusaders decided to move to the plain on the eastern side of the city , which was less heavily fortified but had much less food and water . During a raid on the Crusader camp on 26 July , according to Abu Shama :
A large group of inhabitants and villagers ... put to flight all the sentries , killed them , without fear of danger , taking the heads of all the enemy they killed and wanting to touch these trophies . The numbers of heads they gathered was considerable .
There were conflicts in both camps : Unur could not trust Saif ad @-@ Din or Nur ad @-@ Din from conquering the city entirely if they offered help ; and the crusaders could not agree about who would receive the city if they captured it . Guy Brisebarre , lord of Beirut , was the suggestion of the local barons , but Thierry of Alsace , Count of Flanders , wanted it for himself and was supported by Baldwin , Louis , and Conrad . It was recorded by some that Unur had bribed the leaders to move to a less defensible position , and that Unur had promised to break off his alliance with Nur ad @-@ Din if the crusaders went home . Meanwhile Nur ad @-@ Din and Saif ad @-@ Din had by now arrived at Homs and were negotiating with Unur for possession of Damascus , something that neither Unur nor the crusaders wanted . Saif ad @-@ Din apparently also wrote to the crusaders , urging them to return home . With Nur ad @-@ Din in the field it was impossible to return to their better position . The local crusader lords refused to carry on with the siege , and the three kings had no choice but to abandon the city . First Conrad , then the rest of the army , decided to retreat back to Jerusalem on 28 July , though for their entire retreat they were followed by Turkish archers who constantly harassed them .
= = Aftermath = =
Each of the Christian forces felt betrayed by the other . A new plan was made to attack Ascalon but this was abandoned due to the lack of trust that had resulted from the failed siege . This mutual distrust would linger for a generation due to the defeat , to the ruin of the Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land . Following the battle , Conrad returned to Constantinople to further his alliance with Manuel . As a result of the attack , Damascus no longer trusted the crusaders , and the city was formally handed over to Nur ad @-@ Din in 1154 . Bernard of Clairvaux was also humiliated , and when his attempt to call a new crusade failed , he tried to disassociate himself from the fiasco of the Second Crusade altogether .
= Tropical Storm Josephine ( 1996 ) =
Tropical Storm Josephine was an unusual Atlantic tropical storm that moved from west to east across the Gulf of Mexico in October 1996 . It formed on October 4 as a tropical depression from the remnants of a cold front . Early in its duration , the system interacted with a ridge over the central United States , which produced strong winds and high tides along the Texas coast . The outer rainbands caused flooding rainfall in southern Texas , and in Louisiana , high tides flooded roads and stranded residents on Grand Isle . Moving generally to the east due to a trough , the depression intensified into a tropical storm on October 6 , and the next day reached peak winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) while approaching the west coast of Florida . Josephine made landfall in Taylor County near peak intensity early on October 8 , and soon after became extratropical . While moving ashore , the storm produced a high storm surge reaching 9 @.@ 3 ft ( 2 @.@ 8 m ) in Suwannee . High tides flooded about 3 @,@ 600 houses along the west coast . Josephine also produced heavy rainfall , which flooded hundreds of winds , and high winds , which left 400 @,@ 000 people without power . The storm also spawned at least 16 tornadoes , one of which damaged 130 homes .
The extratropical remnants of Josephine moved along the eastern coast of the United States , producing wind gusts as strong as 77 mph ( 124 km / h ) in St. Mary 's County and in Ocean City , Maryland . The winds caused widespread power outages , including 26 @,@ 000 in Virginia and 31 @,@ 000 in New Jersey . Heavy rainfall flooded low @-@ lying areas and rivers along the storm 's path , including in North Carolina which had previously been affected by hurricanes Bertha and Fran earlier in the year . In the southeastern United States , the storm contributed to dozens of traffic accidents , which killed a person each in Georgia , North Carolina , and Virginia . Damage throughout the United States totaled about $ 130 million ( 1996 USD ) . Josephine later moved offshore , and after passing southeast of Cape Cod , moved through Atlantic Canada with moderate rainfall and gusty winds . The storm later restrengthened in the northern Atlantic Ocean before merging with another extratropical storm near Iceland on October 16 .
= = Meteorological history = =
In late September 1996 , a cold front stalled over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico , producing an area of convection . The thunderstorms were possibly related to the same tropical wave that spawned Hurricane Hernan in the eastern Pacific Ocean . A low pressure area formed in the Bay of Campeche by October 2 , although initially upper @-@ level conditions did not favor tropical cyclogenesis . The convection became more persistent on October 3 and gradually became better organized . On October 4 , classifications based on the Dvorak technique began , and later that day the Hurricane Hunters flew into the system . Based on the data from the flight , it is estimated that Tropical Depression Ten formed at 1800 UTC that day off the northeast coast of Mexico . During its formative stages , the depression interacted with a ridge near the Great Lakes to produce strong winds across the Gulf Coast of the United States . With weak steering currents , the depression moved slowly to the northeast , and initially , wind shear prevented further organization . On October 6 , a strong trough caused the system to accelerate to the east @-@ northeast . The storm 's west to east motion across the Gulf of Mexico was unusual although not unprecedented .
On October 6 , the banding features became better defined , and the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Josephine . Further intensification followed , and Josephine attained peak winds of about 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) on October 7 . This was based on flight @-@ level winds of 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) , and while near peak intensity , the storm developed a partial eyewall . Josephine accelerated to the northeast while maintaining peak winds , and it made landfall in Taylor County , Florida at 0330 UTC on October 8 . By that time , Josephine was losing tropical characteristics , and shortly thereafter the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as it moved over Georgia . The remnants continued to accelerate to the northeast , having weakened quickly to winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . It moved along the East Coast of the United States , emerging from North Carolina into the western Atlantic , and later crossed Atlantic Canada . On October 12 , the remnants of Josephine turned to the north and later to the northwest within the general flow of the north Atlantic Ocean . The next day , the storm strengthened to again reach its peak winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . On October 16 , the storm merged with another extratropical storm near Iceland .
= = Preparations and impact = =
About 19 hours before landfall , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) issued a tropical storm warning from Apalachicola to Venice , Florida , which was preceded by a tropical storm watch six hours prior . As the storm intensified further , the NHC issued a hurricane warning from Apalachicola to Anclote Key , and extended the tropical storm warning westward to Fort Walton Beach . The agency later issued a tropical storm warning for the Atlantic coast from Cape Canaveral to Little River Inlet in South Carolina . Officials ordered evacuations for barrier islands in nine Florida counties along the gulf coast , and about 3 @,@ 000 people stayed in shelters . Government offices closed along the storm 's projected path in the state . Later , the storm forced the cancellation of part of Bob Dole 's bus tour through New York , and postponed a search for the wreck of TWA Flight 800 . Game one of the 1996 World Series was postponed by one day due to the storm .
While Josephine was forming , it produced high tides of 3 to 4 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 to 1 @.@ 22 m ) above normal that flooded coastal regions and eroded beaches along the Texas coast . Coastal flooding covered portions of Texas State Highway 316 and John F. Kennedy Memorial Causeway . The storm 's outer periphery dropped locally heavy rainfall that reached 10 @.@ 81 in ( 275 mm ) at Brownsville International Airport , which flooded homes in Brownsville and streets near San Benito . Light rainfall also occurred elsewhere along the gulf coast . In Louisiana , tides were 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) above normal , which flooded portions of Louisiana Highway 1 and several houses . The floods damaged two houses in Mandeville , and damage statewide was estimated at $ 5 @.@ 5 million . After residents refused to evacuate Grand Isle , over 200 people were stranded when floodwaters rose .
Josephine made landfall in northwestern Florida along Apalachee Bay and produced a high storm surge of around 9 @.@ 3 ft ( 2 @.@ 8 m ) in Suwannee , causing minor to moderate beach erosion . The storm produced widespread tropical storm force wind gusts in the state , and the highest sustained winds were 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) along the Sunshine Skyway Bridge ; the same location reported a peak gust of 72 mph ( 115 km / h ) . Josephine dropped heavy rainfall in the state , peaking at 11 @.@ 39 in ( 289 mm ) in Fernandina Beach . The storm also spawned at least 16 tornadoes in northern Florida , most of which caused minor tree damage . One 400 yd ( 370 m ) wide tornado , rated an F2 , remained on the ground for 7 mi ( 11 km ) in Edgewater , which damaged 130 houses , 30 of them severely . The tornado caused a woman to have a heart attack in Edgewater , and its damage was estimated at $ 2 @.@ 4 million . In western Florida , the high tides flooded roads and buildings along the coast . Between Levy to Lee county along the gulf coast , Josephine flooded about 3 @,@ 600 homes , mostly west of U.S. Route 19 . The heaviest storm surge damage was in Pinellas County , where about 1 @,@ 400 homes were affected , causing $ 25 million in damage . One person was injured in the county when a man was surfing in rough seas . The high tides damaged three fishing piers along the west coast . In Clay County , flooding rains forced about a dozen families to seek shelter elsewhere , and a few roads were washed out . In Jacksonville , high rains flooded hundreds of roads and caused schools countywide to close . Street flooding occurred as far south as the Florida Keys . High winds caused sporadic wind damage across northern Florida , and about 400 @,@ 000 people lost power statewide . Following the storm , President Bill Clinton declared 16 counties as disaster areas , which made them eligible for federal assistance in reconstructing .
When the remnants of Josephine moved into Georgia , rainfall of over 7 in ( 180 mm ) flooded portions of Georgia State Route 40 and destroyed six houses along the St. Marys River . A woman died after driving into a downed tree in the state . In South Carolina , the storm caused flash flooding that covered roads and cars , after 6 in ( 150 mm ) of precipitation fell . Wind gusts in the state reached 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) along the coast , while high tides caused minor beach erosion . The remnants of Josephine spawned a weak tornado in Horry County that downed trees and power lines . Heavy rainfall , including reports of 4 in ( 100 mm ) in three and a half hours , also affected North Carolina , which flooded low @-@ lying areas , rivers , and portions of several roads including U.S. Route 70 . A woman and her child required rescue from a flooded road in Chadbourn . In some areas of eastern North Carolina , the storm raised river levels only weeks after they receded following Hurricane Fran . High winds of up to 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) downed trees and power lines , causing power outages and dozens of traffic accidents ; one man died while driving amid heavy rainfall . High tides flooded barrier islands and caused erosion in beaches , previously affected by hurricanes Bertha and Fran earlier in the year . In conjunction with a cold front , Josephine spawned three tornadoes in the state along the state 's central coastline . The tornadoes destroyed several mobile homes , uprooted trees , and brought down power lines .
After having tracked across the southeastern United States , Josephine emerged into the western Atlantic Ocean as a strong extratropical cyclone and remained near the coast . It continued to bring strong winds and heavy rainfall . In southeastern Virginia , where wind gusts reached 63 mph ( 101 km / h ) at the Chesapeake Bay Bridge – Tunnel , the storm left about 26 @,@ 000 people without power , while flooding contributed to over 70 traffic accidents . A three car accident killed a man in the state . In neighboring Maryland , the storm produced a peak wind gust of 77 mph ( 124 km / h ) in St. Mary 's County and in Ocean City , which knocked down trees onto houses and left about 7 @,@ 000 people without power . In the Chesapeake Bay , waves of 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) in height caused minor coastal damage and flooded portions of the coastline , including along Maryland Route 238 . In Ocean City , a 160 ft ( 49 m ) barge broke from its moorings during the storm , which later washed ashore . About 4 @,@ 000 people lost power in Delaware , where winds reached 58 mph ( 93 km / h ) and high tides , peaking at 7 @.@ 6 ft ( 2 @.@ 3 m ) at Lewes , flooded oceanfront homes and portion of Delaware Route 1 . High rainfall caused the Christina River to crest at 10 @.@ 6 ft ( 3 @.@ 2 m ) , causing some people to require rescue from their cars . About 1 @,@ 500 people lost power in southeastern Pennsylvania , when high winds knocked down some tree limbs onto power lines . In neighboring New Jersey , high winds of around 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) left about 31 @,@ 000 homes without power , and 12 houses lost their roofs during the storm . In both New Jersey and New York , rainfall was around 1 to 3 in ( 25 to 76 mm ) , causing minor street flooding . While passing offshore New England , the remnants of Josephine produced gusts as high as 68 mph ( 109 km / h ) at Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory in Massachusetts . Minor street flooding occurred in the state after the storm dropped up to 4 @.@ 50 in ( 114 mm ) of rainfall on Cape Cod . Throughout New England , the high winds downed trees and branches , causing scattered power outages in Rhode Island , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , and Maine . Nationwide , damage was estimated at $ 130 million ( 1996 USD ) .
Later , the remnants of Josephine moved across Atlantic Canada , where rainfall peaked at 2 @.@ 76 in ( 70 mm ) in northern Newfoundland . The strongest winds in the region were 52 mph ( 83 km / h ) , strong enough to cause ferry service to be canceled or delayed . In Amherst and Fort Lawrence , the storm caused power outages and school closings .
= Marry You =
" Marry You " is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Bruno Mars for his debut studio album , Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans ( 2010 ) . Written and produced by The Smeezingtons , the track serves as the record 's sixth track and was released as Mars 's fourth single outside of the United States . " Marry You " is a pop song featuring strong influences of doo @-@ wop . The recording focuses on spontaneous marriage and therefore , since its release , has frequently been used as a proposal song .
" Marry You " received generally positive reviews from music critics , with some complimenting its production and its reminiscence of 60 's pop style . Some criticized a perceived lack of creativity . Despite not being released as a single in the US , the song charted at number 85 on the Billboard Hot 100 and has since sold 2 @.@ 2 million copies there . It charted on most international markets within the top fifteen , reaching number 10 on the Canadian Hot 100 , number 8 in Australia , the top five in New Zealand , and charting at number 11 in the United Kingdom . The single was certified three times platinum by Music Canada and two times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association . Mars performed " Marry You " on both of his worldwide tours , The Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans Tour ( 2010 – 12 ) and the Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 – 14 ) . The song has been covered a number of times , most notably by the cast of Glee ; their cover outperformed the original song by reaching number 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 .
= = Development and conception = =
" Marry You " is one of the eleven songs composed and produced by The Smeezingtons , the collaboration of Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , and Ari Levine , for Mars 's debut studio album , Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans . Lawrence explained the inspiration behind the song in an interview with American Songwriter stating , " [ w ] e had this image of a slow @-@ mo video in Vegas of a couple running , and she ’ s in her gown and he ’ s in his tux , the wedding party is behind them and everyone ’ s raging . This sort of crazy , daring , wedding feeling " . Lawrence was surprised at the impact of the song after watching some YouTube videos . He stated that " [ w ] e always thought it was a good song and catchy , but we didn ’ t think it would affect pop culture the way that it has . The first time we saw one of those YouTube videos , it changed everything for us . We were almost in tears , just the power of music ... the power of what it is we can create . These ideas , words , and lyrics and how they can get into the fabric of society and affect people ’ s lives in such an amazing way . "
" Marry You " was recorded at Larrabee Recording Studios in Hollywood and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles . The song was mixed by Manny Marroquin and assistants Christian Plata and Erik Madrid . Levine and Mars played and recorded all of the instruments on the track . Levine was also responsible for engineering the song at Levcon Studios . Stephen Marcussen mastered the song at Marcussen Mastering in Los Angeles .
= = Composition = =
" Marry You " was written by The Smeezingtons ( Mars , Lawrence , and Levine ) . It combines elements of pop and doo @-@ wop and lasts three minutes and fifty seconds . According to the digital sheet music published by Alfred Music Publishing , it was composed in time signature of common time and in the key of F major with a tempo of 145 beats per minute . The track includes drums , double hand @-@ claps , piano , echoing church wedding bells and a sing @-@ songy chorus . Mars 's vocal range spans from C4 to D5 . His vocals in the song have been described as " plaintive " and " ach [ ing ] so gently " , while wooing throughout the track .
The song has been characterized as possessing " forceful velocity " and an " instantly hummable melody " with it being " buoyant " , " bubbly " and " Motown marriage track " . A love song , it lyrically tells about a couple that go to Las Vegas , give up their " capricious impulses " and spontaneously decide to get married . Although the song has since become a " classic marriage tune " , Lawrence has stated that the writers instead meant to imply a " racy kind of idea " . Critics have compared the song to 60 's girl groups and to the " surf pop of The Beach Boys " , and Coldplay .
= = Critical reception = =
" Marry You " received generally positive reviews from music critics . Digital Spy 's Lewis Corner gave it a strong review , rating it four out of five stars , with him labeling it as a song that " would not only impress the Elvis impersonator in any Vegas chapel , but is enough to make him a shoo @-@ in for ultimate seducer of 2011 " and a " 60s @-@ inspired jive @-@ starter " . NPR 's Ken Tucker and Emily Yang of The Signal said that the recording 's sound was reminiscent of 60 's pop . Nina Baniamer of Contactmusic.com found the track 's production " epic and ambitious " and called the " anthemic " song " sure fire hit " . The Boston Globe critic Ken Capobianco praised the song for its " artfully arranged throwback " and exalted Mars 's vocals on his love songs , such as " Marry You " . Leah Greenblatt , writing for Entertainment Weekly , stated that " Marry You " has " a malt @-@ shop heart " beating beneath its " digital skin " , which shows innovation and creativity . The Independent music critic , Andy Gill , flattered the single by calling it " overly ingratiating " . In a mixed review , Tim Sendra of Allmusic praised the song 's " dynamic and nuanced production " , yet founding the track " pleasantly silly " . In a negative review , Mike Diver of BBC Music thought confessed that the recording was a " too @-@ clingy and very creepy love song " and noted its lack of inspiration . Similarly , Slant Magazine 's Eric Henderson suggested that the song was spun off of Cee Lo Green 's " Fuck You " , where the word " fuck " was changed to " marry " . He further added that the single was a " bizarrely syncopated piledriver " .
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " Marry You " debuted at number 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 on December 11 , 2010 . It reached a peak of number 85 on January 15 , 2011 and remained on the chart for a total of 5 weeks . The song was never released as a single in the United States , despite its strong airplay on mainstream and adult top 40 radio stations . As of January 2015 , the track has sold 2 @.@ 2 million copies there and has yet to be certified by the Recording Industry Association of America .
The song 's reception was stronger outside of the United States , thus debuting at number 89 in Canada on December 11 , 2010 , after the Glee performance of the track . It reached its peak position of number 10 on the Canadian Hot 100 in early November 2011 . It was certified three times platinum by Music Canada . In the United Kingdom , " Marry You " debuted and peaked at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart and remained on the chart for 39 weeks . The single performed well across the rest of Europe , reaching the top 10 in Austria , Czech Republic , Ireland , Luxembourg , and Slovakia and the top 20 in Belgium , Germany , Netherlands , and Switzerland . In 2014 , the song re @-@ entered the Spanish Charts two years after its first appearance and reached a new peak of 26 . It also made its debut on the Danish Charts at number 34 .
In Australia , " Marry You " debuted at number 50 on the ARIA Singles Chart on December 12 , 2010 and remained on the chart for three weeks . It reappeared on the chart on June 19 , 2011 , reaching a peak position at number 8 for two non @-@ consecutive weeks ; it dropped off the chart after 19 weeks . The single was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association in 2011 . The single reached number 5 on New Zealand 's RIANZ Singles Chart and spent five months on the chart . In Asia , the song peaked at number 3 on the Japan Hot 100 , and the track was awarded Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan . The single reached number 12 in South Korea and sold 2 @,@ 152 @,@ 783 copies there as of 2015 .
= = Live performances and covers = =
Mars has performed the song at several shows , first at the Bowery Ballroom in New York City on August 25 , 2010 . On November 6 , 2011 , Mars and his band performed it live at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards . He also sang it on December 8 , 2012 for the 2012 edition of Jingle Bell Ball , an event annually held and promoted by Capital FM at the O2 Arena in London . It was the eight song of his debut worldwide tour , The Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans Tour ( 2010 ) , and was eight ( 2013 set list ) or sixth ( 2014 set list ) on his second worldwide tour , The Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 ) .
The song has been covered several times , first on the " Furt " episode of the television show Glee , which aired on November 23 , 2010 . The show 's cover version achieved moderate success by peaking at number 27 in Australia , number 19 in Canada , number 31 in Ireland and number 32 in the United States . On January 1 , 2013 , the song was covered by Sunny , Sooyoung , and Yoona of South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation for their comeback special , Girls ' Generation 's Romantic Fantasy . Rapper and actor Donald Glover sang a cover of the song in the film Magic Mike XXL . The cover appeared on the movie 's soundtrack album , which was released on June 30 , 2015 .
= = Track listing = =
Promo CD Single
" Marry You " - 3 : 50
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording and mixing
Recorded at Larrabee Recording Studios and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California ;
Mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood , California .
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans , Elektra Records :
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release = =
= = = Process = = =
On August 15 , 2011 , a promo CD single containing the album version of " Marry You " became available for purchase through Elektra Records and Warner Music Group . A week later , the song was released in the United Kingdom . It was announced on September 13 , 2011 that " Marry You " would be released in Germany .
= = = History = = =
= Erie , Pennsylvania =
Erie / ˈɪəri / is a city located in northwestern Pennsylvania , United States . Named for the lake and the Native American tribe that resided along its southern shore , Erie is the state 's fourth @-@ largest city ( after Philadelphia , Pittsburgh and Allentown ) , with a population of 101 @,@ 786 at the 2010 census , and an estimated population of 99 @,@ 452 in 2014 . It was the third @-@ largest city in the state until 1999 . It is the second largest city in Western Pennsylvania ( after Pittsburgh ) . Erie 's metropolitan area , equivalent to all of Erie County , consists of approximately 280 @,@ 000 residents . The city is the seat of government for Erie County and the principal city of the Erie , PA Metropolitan Statistical Area .
Erie is between Buffalo , New York , Cleveland , Ohio , and Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Once teeming with heavy industry , Erie 's manufacturing sector remains prominent in the local economy , though service industries , healthcare , higher education , and tourism are emerging as greater economic drivers . Millions visit Erie for recreation at Presque Isle State Park , as well as attractions like the casino and horse racetrack named for the state park .
Erie is known as the " Flagship City " because of its status as the home port of Oliver Hazard Perry 's flagship Niagara . The city has also been called the " Gem City " because of the sparkling lake . Erie won the All @-@ America City Award in 1972 .
= = History = =
Cultures of indigenous peoples occupied the shoreline and bluffs in this area for thousands of years , taking advantage of the rich resources . The Sommerheim Park Archaeological District located in Millcreek Township , Pennsylvania west of the city , includes artifacts from the Archaic period in the Americas , as well as from the Early and Middle Woodland Period , roughly a span from 8,000BCE to 500CE .
The historic Iroquoian @-@ speaking Erie Nation occupied this area before being defeated by the five nations of the Iroquois Confederacy in the 17th century during
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evski , the JNA artillery bombardment intensified , averaging 1 @,@ 100 artillery shells per day . Despite the intense bombardment , the second week of the battle was a stalemate , without any changes in lines of control .
The ZNG and Croatian police planned to cut power , water and communications to all JNA facilities in the government @-@ controlled part of Croatia on 14 September . In Gospić , this action was brought forward to 13 September , the same day that the ZNG captured a JNA storage facility . This provided the Croatian troops with 14 @,@ 000 rifles and a substantial quantity of antitank weapons , more than sufficient for the Croatian forces to match the JNA in the town . The JNA barracks in Perušić and Kaniža Barracks in Gospić were captured the following day . The bulk of the JNA garrison in Gospić surrendered on 18 September , following three days of fighting for the Stanko Opsenica Barracks . An infantry attack aiming to support the JNA garrison was successfully repelled by Croatian forces on 16 September in the Divoselo area , where Božović was killed . After the city centre became relatively secure , the Croatian forces extended their offensive , capturing the Jasikovac Barracks and relieving two Croatian @-@ held pockets in villages of Ribnik and Bilaj by 20 September . As the JNA surrendered , the Serb forces retreated from the eastern parts of Gospić to a line 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 miles ) in front of Medak , as the Croatian forces completed mopping up in Gospić by 22 September .
= = Aftermath = =
Croatia captured approximately 300 JNA officers and soldiers , who were taken to Rijeka after their capture . They were later exchanged for Croatian POWs captured by the JNA in the Battle of Vukovar and elsewhere in Croatia . A large quantity of small arms and ammunition was captured as well as seven tanks and twelve 120 @-@ millimetre ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) mortars . After the battle , the artillery bombardment of Gospić continued from positions around Divoselo and Lički Čitluk , approximately 5 to 8 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 to 5 @.@ 0 miles ) south of Gospić . Skirmishes in Lika continued until January 1992 as each side sought to improve their positions on the ground , especially around Gospić and Otočac . On 23 September , a Croatian advance to the south was stopped by JNA and SAO Krajina forces , consisting of an infantry battalion and the Krajina Express armored train , which were defending a JNA storage depot in Sveti Rok . The JNA secured the depot and captured Lovinac on 26 September . By the end of September , Croatian defensive positions around Otočac were sufficiently reinforced that only minor attacks were launched and primarily near the village of Drenov Klanac . In late October and early December , fighting intensified around Divoselo near Gospić , but no territory changed hands . The intensity of artillery bombardment of Gospić peaked on 1 November 1991 , when 3 @,@ 500 artillery shells struck the town . In December , the JNA Knin Corps proposed to the JNA General Staff to advance from Gračac in an attempt to capture Gospić and Otočac , but the signing of the Sarajevo Agreement and ceasefire of 2 January 1992 largely halted further fighting , until the commencement of Operation Medak Pocket in September 1993 .
The continuing military confrontation in the region was accompanied by an escalation of ethnic violence , culminating in war crimes against civilians committed by military authorities in Gospić and the SAO Krajina military in the area around Lički Osik in October 1991 . In Gospić , approximately 50 Serb civilians were taken from the town and killed in the surrounding fields . The individuals responsible for the event , later known as the Gospić massacre , were prosecuted by the Croatian judiciary . This resulted in the conviction , in 2003 , of Norac and two other defendants to 12 years in prison . The killings in the Lički Osik area , known as the Široka Kula massacre , resulted in the deaths of 40 civilians , mostly Croats but also some Serbs suspected of supporting Croatia . In 2011 , a court in Belgrade , Serbia , convicted four former SAO Krajina militiamen of killing four Serbs and a Croat in Široka Kula .
In 1993 , Croatian authorities charged Marcel Dusper , Tomo Čačić , Jovo Kuprešanin , Bogdan Odanović , Relja Tomić , Duško Bajić , Dane Drakula , Mićo Vasić , Goce Koneski , Slobodan Dotlić , Dragoljub Lazarević , Radovan Radenković , Bratislav Milojković , Stevo Milošević and Miloš Bogdanović , 15 former JNA officers , posted in Gospić garrison in 1991 with war crimes against a civilian population . All of the defendants , except Drakula were tried in absentia . Drakula was acquitted , while Dusper , Tomić and Bajić were convicted and sentenced to 20 years in prison each while the remaining defendants were sentenced to 15 years . The rulings were upheld by the Supreme Court of Croatia in 1994 . Dotlić was arrested on 18 October 2013 after he visited his parents living in Croatia . Prior to his arrest , Dotlić had requested a new trial , but after his arrest the charges against him were changed to armed insurrection but this was later dropped following the General Amnesty Act .
= Sidney Mashbir =
Sidney Forrester Mashbir ( 12 September 1891 – 13 June 1973 ) was a senior officer in the United States Army who was primarily involved in military intelligence . Born in New York , he served in the Arizona Army National Guard during the Mexican @-@ American Border War . Mashbir then held several posts in intelligence positions , taking credit for catching the first German spy in the United States , before departing for on a four @-@ year assignment as a language officer to Japan in 1920 . He resigned from the army in 1923 in an attempt to execute his own master plan devised to extract intelligence from Japan in event of a war . His plan failed as a result of the Great Kantō earthquake in September 1923 and he was left bankrupt ; he consequently returned to the US as an engineering businessman .
In 1937 , Mashbir returned to Japan in a second attempt to activate his plan on behalf of the Office of Naval Intelligence ; it again failed , and Mashbir was dis @-@ enrolled from the reserves in 1939 . However , following the attack on Pearl Harbor , Mashbir was re @-@ enrolled in January 1940 to lead the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section of Southwest Pacific Area , where he quickly rose to the rank of Colonel . He later served as the Executive Officer for the Army Adjutant General 's Office before retiring in 1951 .
= = Early life = =
Sidney Mashbir was born in Manhattan , New York , on 12 September 1891 , but moved to Safford , Arizona in 1899 . Sidney 's father was Professor Eliazar S. Mashbir , a Russian immigrant who was well @-@ educated and became the first Russian @-@ speaking attorney to practice Law in New York City . Sidney 's mother , Frieda Freudenthal was also well @-@ educated , and in 1906 became the postmistress of Safford , which included the area of Solomonville .
Mashbir attended public schools in Safford and Tucson , later studying engineering at the University of Arizona for six months each year until 1911 , whilst simultaneously maintaining a career as an engineering draughtsman , primarily for the engineering department of Tucson , and railroad companies . He married his first wife Blanche Beckwith on 12 September 1913 , with whom he had his first son , Forrester Mashbir ; the couple separated during the mid / late @-@ 1920s .
= = Military career = =
= = = Early service = = =
Mashbir joined the Arizona National Guard at a young age , and served as the bugler of Company B in 1904 . He later became the First Lieutenant and adjutant of the University Battalion whilst studying at the University of Arizona . In 1912 , he served as a Lieutenant in Company K of the National Guard encampment , which based at Fort Huachuca . The senior instructor at the time was Captain Louis Joseph Van Schaick .
In early 1916 , Mashbir received his first official intelligence assignment , when he was assigned as the Assistant Intelligence Officer of the Ajo @-@ Yuma district of Arizona as a part of the first Arizona Infantry under General Frederick Funston . The unit was at the time was involved in the Mexican @-@ American Border War . Mashbir 's duties included mapping roads , trails and waterholes in northern Sonora . Additionally he would scout Mexican towns with Papago Indian scouts , reporting on the strength and equipment of Mexican garrisons and installing primitive wiretaps on Mexican communication lines . Mashbir was also responsible for investigating Japan 's physical presence in Mexico at the time .
In late 1916 , Mashbir applied for a commission in the Regular Army and was accepted with General Funston 's support despite the Army ’ s policy that married men not be accepted . After attending the Army Service Schools at Fort Leavenworth , he joined the 22nd Infantry Regiment , which was stationed at Governors Island , New York , but was soon detailed for counter @-@ espionage duty and was recommended to join a new Counter Intelligence service that was being formed .
On 10 September 1917 Mashbir was detailed as assistant to the Department Intelligence Officer at Governors Island . He enrolled in the Military Intelligence Division G @-@ 2 Reserves , where he was promoted to temporary Lieutenant Colonel . During this time he wrote the Provisional Rules for Counter Espionage , Eastern Department , which would become a model for future counterintelligence manuals until World War II , as well as a 52 @-@ page book titled Ten Lessons in Bayonet Fighting published by George Banta Publishing Company at the end of 1917 . Mashbir is also credited with investigations as a Coast Defense Intelligence Officer at Fort Hamilton , which uncovered the first German spy to be apprehended in the United States , Paul Otto Kuhn .
= = = Between the wars = = =
Following World War I , Mashbir held a position teaching military science and tactics at Syracuse University , where he first considered studying the Japanese language and culture . In August 1919 , he asked the War Department if he could embark on this course of study , stating that it was his intention to apply for a posting to Japan for the purpose of learning the language if the War Department saw fit . Ranked Captain , Mashbir was assigned as one of four US Army Language Officers in Japan on 7 July 1920 . He relocated to Tokyo the following month to begin his four @-@ year tour . When he arrived he reported for duty to Lieutenant Colonel Charles Burnett , the military attaché . Having few Army colleagues , while in Tokyo Mashbir sought the company of other intelligence professionals in the Navy , one of whom was an assistant naval attaché , Lieutenant @-@ Commander Ellis M. Zacharias , with whom Mashbir began a lifelong friendship and collaboration . In July 1922 , at Zacharias ' request , Mashbir secretly worked day and night to produce a secret plan to gather intelligence and get information out of Japan in case of war ; it become known as M @-@ Plan , named after Mashbir . His undisclosed activities working for the naval attaché did not sit well with his superiors , however .
In order to establish a network of foreign businessmen in Japan who could be turned into an intelligence network in time of war , it was suggested by his commander , Colonel Burnett , that Mashbir resign his commission and become a businessman in Tokyo himself , in order to put the M @-@ Plan in effect . Consequently , Mashbir resigned in 1923 to pursue business interests and undercover secret intelligence operations , under the impression that he could be reinstated in the Army when his work was done . However the Great Kantō earthquake of September 1923 bankrupted him and , when he sought reinstatement in the military , discovered that it was not possible , because the reinstatement clause of the law under which he had resigned was no longer valid . Neither Mashbir nor Colonel Burnett , who had urged Mashbir to resign , was aware of this , and it become a sticking point for Mashbir in later life , noting that even in 1926 the law was still being reprinted without the correct clause . Consequently , the M @-@ Plan to establish an intelligence network in Japan was scrapped . Mashbir returned to the United States in 1926 under the impression that his military career was over , and sought employment selling refrigerators . He managed to rejoin the Military Intelligence Division G @-@ 2 Reserves , but only spent one year in active duty beginning in the summer of 1927 during which time he updated the Order of Battle documentation on Japan . For the next ten years he returned to his original profession of engineering , including some government work on technical standards .
In 1937 , Mashbir returned to Japan after an 11 @-@ year absence in a second attempt to launch the M @-@ Plan on behalf of the Office of Naval Intelligence and his friend , naval attaché Zacharias . This mission aroused suspicions among ill @-@ informed military attachés in Tokyo and an investigation was started into Mashbir . In a misunderstanding that would come close to damaging his career irreparably once more , Mashbir was investigated in Hawaii and , influenced by the military attaché suspicions , a prejudicial report based upon erroneous assumptions was delivered on 24 June 1937 . Colonel Mashbir was advised on 25 February 1939 that he was disenrolled from the Military Intelligence Division G2 Reserves for failure to report on the specified day for physical examination . However , it appeared that the actual cause of the disenrollment was due to suspicions aroused by failure to communicate to uninformed individuals the nature and the extent of the work on which he was actually engaged . Mashbir ’ s dismissal and the failure to implement an intelligence network such as that suggested in Mashbir 's M @-@ Plan has been described as a key factor in the United States ' failure to have more information on Japan before the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 .
= = = World War II and after = = =
Despite Mashbir 's dismissal , the outbreak of hostilities in World War II between Japan and the US , led to him being immediately sought after by the Signal Corps due to his military experience , wide technical skill and knowledge of the Japanese language . He was sworn in for active duty on 24 January 1942 and sent to Brisbane , Australia , and later Manila , Philippines to co @-@ ordinate the inter @-@ service joint Australian / American Allied Translator and Interpreter Section ( ATIS ) , within the Southwest Pacific Area ( SWPA ) . It was at this time that the suspicions which lingered about Mashbir ’ s 1937 mission to Japan on behalf of Naval Intelligence were cleared up with the assistance of Admiral Zacharias , now Assistant Director of Naval Intelligence , interceding with the Assistant Chief of Staff of G2 .
The prompt accomplishments of the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section and Mashbir ’ s executive ability resulted in Mashbir being promoted to full Colonel by General Douglas MacArthur after only one month . Mashbir then joined the forefront of MacArthur ’ s intelligence activities and Japanese surrender negotiations , remaining the Commandant of ATIS until December 1945 . He was made famous at the time in the motion picture and still photograph of the preliminary surrender negotiations at Manila , as the man who pushed the ink @-@ well , indicating that General Richard K. Sutherland should correct the Japanese Instrument of Surrender ; and also as the man who thumbed the Japanese Lieutenant General Torashirō Kawabe along as he attempted to shake hands . The second incident provoked some mixed feelings , including sentiment that it could have damaged surrender talks . Mashbir also played a critical role retrieving and translating the Z Plan and in organizing the final surrender of Japan . In his autobiography , Mashbir explained that he was not permitted to shake hands , and that it would have been rude to point , which ultimately lead to the awkward thumbing motion that was photographed .
Colonel Mashbir left Japan on 8 December 1945 to serve on the management staff of the Adjutant General ’ s office in Washington , later becoming the executive officer . He retired in October 1951 , having reached the statutory age of 60 . As a result of his military service , Mashbir received several medals including the Army Distinguished Service Medal , Army Commendation Medal ( Silver Oak Leaf Cluster ) , Army of Occupation Medal , World War II Victory Medal , American Defense Service Medal and American Campaign Medal . He was also recommended to become an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( Honorary ) in 1946 by the Australian Governor @-@ General , as was presented OBE insignia in 1948 .
= = Later life = =
Two years after retiring , Mashbir published a 374 @-@ page memoir describing his military and intelligence career in I Was an American Spy ( New York : Vantage , 1953 ) . In Chapter 13 , " The Nisei " ( whom Mashbir used as translators in ATIS ) he pays tribute to Military Intelligence Service ( MIS ) soldiers in these words : " The United States of America owes a debt to these men and to their families which it can never fully repay . "
Because of the highly classified and secret nature of ATIS missions , and the work of many MIS soldiers , knowledge of Mashbir and his colleagues was largely missing during the war and even decades afterwards . The role and activities of the MIS was kept in secrecy for more than 30 years ; the few records about its activities were finally made available to the public in 1972 under the Freedom of Information Act , however much still remains unknown today . Consequently , many MIS soldiers did not receive recognition or decorations for their efforts . They became " unsung heroes " , unacknowledged for their contributions in wartime as well as postwar activities . An exception to this was the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame , of which Mashbir was inducted in 1988 .
Sidney Mashbir died on 13 June 1973 and was buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery , Point Loma , California . His second wife , Mary Irene ( Donahue ) Mashbir ( born 10 April 1896 ) , with whom he had his second son , Don , and with whom he was buried , died earlier on 3 May 1964 . He was survived by his third wife , Alice Moore Mashbir ( 1928 – 2003 ) , and his two sons , Forrester Mashbir ( 1921 – 2003 ) and Don Stuart Mashbir ( 1931 – 2008 ) .
= Black Coffee ( All Saints song ) =
" Black Coffee " is a song recorded by English @-@ Canadian girl group All Saints for their second studio album , Saints & Sinners ( 2000 ) . It was released by London Records on 2 October 2000 as the second single from the album . The track was initially written and recorded under the working title , " I Wouldn 't Wanna Be " , by Swiss model and singer Kirsty Bertarelli , after she met Swiss entrepreneur Ernesto Bertarelli in 1997 . All Saints ' later recording was produced by William Orbit who , together with group members Shaznay Lewis and Melanie Blatt , gave it a new arrangement and renamed it " Black Coffee " . A moderately fast ambient , electropop and R & B song , " Black Coffee " has a distinctly production @-@ laden and hazy sound , with obscure and breathy keyboard instruments , guitar , synths , and glitching electronics throughout . It is a sad love song about Kirsty 's love at first sight feelings for Ernesto .
The track has received universal acclaim from critics who have cited it as among the group 's best releases , commending Orbit 's obscure electronic production , and the group 's wistful harmonies . " Black Coffee " marked All Saints ' fifth number @-@ one single on the UK Singles Chart and , at the time , made them the girl group with the second most number @-@ one singles in the UK after the Spice Girls , surpassing B * Witched . It was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) and is the group 's fourth best @-@ selling single in the UK . " Black Coffee " also achieved success internationally , reaching the top 10 in Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , New Zealand and Sweden , and the top 20 in Australia , Finland and Norway .
The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Bo Johan Renck . It made use of bullet time @-@ like effects and featured the group at a high rise apartment block , serenading an arguing couple . All Saints promoted " Black Coffee " with live performances on Top of the Pops , Children in Need , Later ... with Jools Holland and at the Smash Hits Poll Winners Party . Despite the single 's success , its release happened during a bitter rift within the group . This became visible publicly during tense live renditions of the song . As well , each member purposefully avoided the others filming their scenes separately during the making of the music video .
= = Background = =
Swiss model and singer Kirsty Bertarelli ( then Roper , stage name : Kirsty Elizabeth ) based " I Wouldn 't Wanna Be " on her first experiences and feelings for Swiss entrepreneur Ernesto Bertarelli . The pair had met at a dinner on his yacht off the coast of Sardinia in 1997 , and fell in love . The track was later produced by Kirsty 's recording partner , and BBC Radio 1 DJ , Gary Davies who passed it on to songwriter Tom Nichols for input , in an attempt to establish " I Wouldn 't Wanna Be " as a single for Kirsty . Nichols and Alexander Von Soos further modified the song and Kirsty later recorded the demo . Nichols developed it as a quirky pop song , something " slightly left of centre , not completely mainstream " and " slightly out of the ordinary " . While searching for a major label deal for Kirsty , Davies played the " I Wouldn 't Wanna Be " demo to London Records executive Tracy Bennett who wanted the group All Saints to record it instead .
= = New arrangement and recording = =
Davies accepted Bennett 's offer , though much time had passed since their meeting leaving him and Nichols unsure if the song was going to be recorded at all . However , after the success of All Saints ' single " Pure Shores " in February 2000 , Bennett handed " I Wouldn 't Wanna Be " over to musician William Orbit who was approached for the production of the group 's 2000 album Saints & Sinners . Orbit and All Saints members Shaznay Lewis and Melanie Blatt did a new arrangement for the song and renamed it " Black Coffee " .
" Black Coffee " was recorded at Guerilla Beach and Larrabee West studios in Los Angeles , and at Sarm West and Olympic Studios in London . The recording sessions took place during a complex period for All Saints ; they had been developing Saints & Sinners for three years , having written over 40 songs for the album , and had to work around Orbit 's busy schedule for studio time with him . The " Black Coffee " sessions with Orbit were viewed by Blatt as beneficial for the group as he helped them to explore more experimental genres than those on their previous releases . Nichols found Orbit 's production " fantastic " and vastly different from that of the demo .
For group member Natalie Appleton , the " Black Coffee " sessions were more frustrating . She was optimistic that the song could feature her own lead vocals as well as those of her sister and fellow group member Nicole Appleton as it was the group 's first original single not written by Lewis . According to Natalie , before the Appletons arrived at the session , Lewis was already present and " staking her claim " to sing lead vocals on " Black Coffee " because Blatt had the lead vocals on " Pure Shores " . Natalie then suggested that each member should have a chance at the song as they were all fond of it . Eventually , the group 's management let Natalie cut a lead vocal , but she was nervous during the session and believed they were placating her . In the Appletons ' autobiography Together , she recalled : " Without support , it is hard to do your best . " Lewis was ultimately chosen as the track 's lead vocalist ; Natalie found this unsurprising , but felt " used and slacked off " .
= = Composition and lyrical interpretation = =
" Black Coffee " is composed in 4 / 4 simple time with a moderately fast tempo of 120 beats per minute . It is an ambient , electropop , R & B song . The track has an unconventional sound ; it is complemented by being more production @-@ laden in comparison to other pop songs . The production is indebted to the genres of electronic and techno music with welding , clipped dance rhythms . It includes obscure and breathy keyboard instruments as well as guitar , synths , and glitching electronics throughout . The verses have a mellow , hazy , and sinister sound and are dislocated from one another with All Saints using eerie harmonies in the build @-@ up to the chorus . These segments generally follow a chord progression of Bm7 – E – Bm7 – E. In the chorus , the song becomes more wistful and changes to a sequence of E – Bm – D – A.
" Black Coffee " is a sad love song about Kirsty 's love at first sight feelings for Ernesto . It recalls how they met , during a time where they were frequently sailing and did not want to be elsewhere . The hook , " I wouldn 't want to be anywhere else but here , anywhere at all " , explains how Ernesto made Kirsty feel . The song 's first verse and outro narrates their romance : " Night swimming / Beach walking / Always silent / Never talking / Then you call my name / And I know inside I love you ... " The second verse details more domestic scenarios during their relationship : " Brush your teeth / Pour yourself a cup of black coffee . " Mary Ann A. Bautista of the Philippine Daily Inquirer opined that the lyrics manifested a role reversal in a romantic relationship : " Not only does the girl make the first move , but she also reveals her true emotions by saying ' I love you ' first ; along the way , she hopes to be loved and nurtured . "
= = Release and reception = =
" Black Coffee " was released on 2 October 2000 as the second single from Saints & Sinners . London Records commissioned the single in CD , cassette , 7 " and 12 " formats . It was accompanied by a B @-@ side , " I Don 't Wanna Be Alone " , written by Lewis , Ali Tennant , Wayne Hector and Karl Gordon , and produced by Gordon . Remixes by ATFC , the Shadow Snipers and Wideboys were also made available , as well as a remix by The Neptunes which featured a rap by American duo Clipse . The single 's cover art was photographed by Ellen von Unwerth . A second version of the song accompanied the release of the group 's 2001 single " All Hooked Up " .
= = = Critical response = = =
" Black Coffee " has received universal acclaim from critics . Sean O 'Brien of The Sunday People gave the song a rating of eight out of ten , opining that it was poised for great commercial success . David Brinn of The Jerusalem Post called the track " wistful " and " radio @-@ friendly " . Tim de Lisle of The Mail on Sunday considered it a " wispy but beguiling piece " and wrote that Orbit 's " floaty atmospheres proved to be perfectly suited to the girls ' slender voices " . Simon Evans writing in the Birmingham Post described the song as a " beautiful slice of haunting , hypnotic pop " . John Mulvey of The Scotsman praised its " sleek , scrupulously mature sound " . Siobhan Grogan of the NME found the track " almost perfect " and complimented its " mellow , glossy haziness " , adding that it was if the group recorded the track lying down . Grog
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an concluded : " It 's wistful in all the right places and makes sadness sound rather alluring like only the bitterest love songs can . " John Walshe of the Hot Press deemed the group 's harmonies " so saccharine they could have been copyrighted by NutraSweet " .
A Sunday Herald critic opined that the song was " impressively @-@ lacquered " and " undoubtedly [ helped ] tentpole the album proper " . Samuel McGuire of the same publication viewed the track as a " gem of a truly wondrous lustre " . Nigel Packer of the BBC News considered it to be a highlight of Saints & Sinners , complimenting its " pure pop " and " liquid techno sound " . Lindsay Baker of The Guardian cited " Black Coffee " as the album 's " particularly infectious " track . R.S. Murthi writing in the New Straits Times described it as " the most endearing " song on Saints & Sinners , deeming it " tasty " and " redolent of the Cocteau Twins " . Eva Simpson of the Daily Mirror regarded the track as " sassy " and a " curtain raiser " for Saints & Sinners , noting that Orbit 's production " brought the same high @-@ gloss sheen " as " Pure Shores " . Adrian Thrills of the Daily Mail named " Black Coffee " , together with " Pure Shores " , as the two best tracks on the album , deeming them " brilliantly produced " . Russell Baillie of The New Zealand Herald considered " Black Coffee " , along with " Pure Shores " and " Surrender " , to " put most [ of the album ] in the shade " . A Western Mail critic said " Black Coffee " was as " equally tremendous " as " Pure Shores " .
Julie MacCaskill of the Daily Record believed that the song was a testament to the group 's " pop power " . Jon O 'Brien from AllMusic felt that " Black Coffee " was among All Saints ' most accomplished and mature work , praising its " lush electronic landscapes " . " Black Coffee " placed among 2000 year @-@ end lists compiled by Dotmusic ( number three ) , and the NME ( number 26 ) . In 2016 , Lewis Corner from Digital Spy placed the song at number three in his ranking of All Saints ' singles , commending its " euphoric " chorus and concluding : " It quite literally is pop @-@ form caffeine . "
= = = Chart performance = = =
" Black Coffee " debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart for the week @-@ ending 14 October 2000 with first @-@ week sales of 60 @,@ 000 copies . At the time , this was the second lowest first @-@ week sales tally for a number @-@ one single in 2000 , beating only Westlife 's " I Have a Dream " / " Seasons in the Sun " . In spite of low sales , " Black Coffee " sold nearly 25 % more copies than the number @-@ two single that week - Mariah Carey and Westlife 's " Against All Odds " . It marked All Saints ' fifth number @-@ one single and , at the time , made them the girl group with the second @-@ most number one singles after the Spice Girls , surpassing B * Witched . The song was also Orbit 's third UK number @-@ one single as a producer in 2000 , following " Pure Shores " and Madonna 's " American Pie " . " Black Coffee " dropped to number three in its second week and went on to spend a total of 21 weeks on the chart . On 20 October 2000 , the single was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , denoting UK shipments in excess of 200 @,@ 000 copies . By 2008 , " Black Coffee " had sold 230 @,@ 000 copies . It is the group 's fourth best @-@ selling single in the UK according to the Official Charts Company .
The song also had success across Europe , peaking at number five on the European Hot 100 Singles chart for two consecutive weeks . It reached the top 10 in Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands and Sweden , and the top 20 in Finland and Norway . In Australia , the track entered the ARIA Singles Chart issued for 15 October 2000 at number 29 and went on to peak at number 20 for two consecutive weeks . " Black Coffee " debuted at number 40 on the New Zealand Singles Chart dated 29 October 2000 and reached number seven in its seventh week , becoming All Saints ' fifth top 10 single there . The success of " Black Coffee " launched both Nichols and Kirsty 's musical careers . In an interview for HitQuarters , Nichols explained : " I owe a lot to the All Saints and to Tracy Bennett at London [ ... ] they are a large further reason why I have a career because suddenly when that song was released , the opportunities that [ I got ] certainly in the UK , but also Europe @-@ wide , [ were ] absolutely huge . " Kirsty received royalties of over £ 12 @,@ 000 .
= = Music video = =
The accompanying music video for " Black Coffee " was directed by Bo Johan Renck . It was filmed at Ealing Studios in London on 17 August 2000 . Special effects , similar to the bullet time from the 1999 film The Matrix , were used as they were considered state of the art at the time . The video was specially edited as each All Saints member filmed their scenes separately . The members requested that they not be put in the same room as each other because they were not on speaking terms during this period . The Daily Mirror reported : " The girls have formed camps with sisters Nicole and Natalie sticking together while Mel and Shaznay are the other duo . There are definitely tensions . " The video aired on 4 September 2000 .
The video opens with a view of a high rise apartment block at night and All Saints , in individual scenes , dancing and singing from its rooftop . An interracial couple is shown arguing in various rooms in their apartment as different members of the group appear invisible beside them at various points . Each time the pair engages in aggressive behaviour , their actions are frozen while All Saints serenade them . These actions include : throwing pillows , leaves , a suitcase full of clothes , splashing bathwater , and breaking a mirror . The girlfriend later sits in a corner and cries during her boyfriend 's rage . The video ends with frozen , individual visuals of each group member throughout the now empty apartment .
The music video received heavy rotation from MTV Europe . Corner noted that it signified when " cracks were initially starting to show " within All Saints , explaining : " There 's a reason they don 't appear alongside each other in the music video : by then , they couldn 't physically stand each other . " CBC Television placed " Black Coffee " at number five in its ranking of the group 's music videos , praising its special effects and the combination of " an angelic serenade during an argument " . Jon Stewart , author of Oh Blessed Holy Caffeine Tree : Coffee in Popular Music , felt that the music video 's " opulent location " identified " strongly with the culture industry 's image of coffee as a luxurious beverage whose consumption signifies prominent social status " . Stewart further opined that the visual put emphasis on the " romantic disharmony " of the song 's lyrics .
= = Live performances = =
To promote " Black Coffee " , All Saints first performed it at BBC 's People 's Awards on 6 October 2000 . The group also performed the song on Top of the Pops on 13 October 2000 , the Pepsi Chart Show on 15 October 2000 , and at G @-@ A @-@ Y on 11 November 2000 . The group also performed the song for BBC 's Children in Need telethon on 17 November 2000 . Prior to this performance , there was much backstage tension between the group 's members because Nicole had revealed her pregnancy to the other members the previous day . Spice Girls singer Melanie C described the atmosphere as " icy " , while Nicole 's then @-@ boyfriend Liam Gallagher recalled : " Nic and Nat are working really hard , but it doesn 't matter what they do – the other two have got it in for them . You don 't treat people like that , trying to control their lives . " All Saints performed " Black Coffee " along with " Pure Shores " and " Whoopin ' Over You " on Later ... with Jools Holland on 18 November 2000 .
The group next performed the song at the Smash Hits Poll Winners Party on 10 December 2000 . By this time , tensions within the group had become visible on stage ; and the Appletons , along with their make @-@ up artists and hairdressers , were ignored by Lewis and Blatt . Natalie recalled : " It was as if Nic and I were not there . " The performance received a negative review from Betty Clarke of The Guardian who wrote : " Only All Saints let the side down , going through the motions ... " All Saints performed " Black Coffee " and " Pure Shores " at Capital Radio 's Christmas Party later that month . However , a rift between the members was now palpable on stage with Lewis and Blatt on one side of the stage and the Appletons on the other . The tension was prompted by a row which erupted backstage between Lewis and Natalie over who would wear a particular jacket for the performance and nearly led to the two coming to blows . The rift ultimately caused All Saints to split up the following year .
In 2000 , Kirsty sang " Black Coffee " at her wedding to Ernesto . In an interview for The Daily Telegraph , she said : " Hearing my song on the radio brought mixed emotions , I have to be thankful to All Saints , they were so popular at the time they could make the song number one , but I knew the emotions behind that song . I wanted to sing it myself because there 'd have been real meaning behind it , which was my love for Ernesto . " In 2014 , All Saints reunited and performed " Black Coffee " as part of their set list for five dates as special guests on the Backstreet Boys ' In a World Like This Tour in Ireland and the UK ( 26 March – 5 April 2014 ) . The group dressed in tracksuit jackets , and casual leggings and trousers for their renditions . They also reprised the song at G @-@ A @-@ Y on 12 April 2014 , and performed it at the V Festival ( 16 @-@ 17 August 2014 ) . The group then performed " Black Coffee " at Manchester Pride on 25 August 2014 , dressed in matching military shirts , bomber jackets , leggings and trainers .
= = Legacy = =
According to Clem Bastow of The Sydney Morning Herald , " Black Coffee " , in particular , won All Saints " major critical points " over the Spice Girls and complemented the group 's " impeccable back catalogue " . Graeme Virtue of the Sunday Herald hailed it as one of " the best pop singles ever " . Kathy McCabe of the Herald Sun deemed the song " the benchmark of sassy , harmony @-@ laden pop " . Christie Leo of the New Straits Times wrote : " The aromatic shimmer of ' Black Coffee ' alone is all the evidence you 'll need to know that All Saints were truly heavenly . " Ian Sturgess of the Daily Mirror said the track : " boasts one of the most infectious pop choruses of all time " . Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian found " Black Coffee " superior to " Pure Shores " , praising its " beguiling treatment of a domestic scenario " and citing its lyrics as " easily the most alluring depiction of a bleary @-@ eyed morning routine ever recorded . " Q magazine placed " Black Coffee " in their list of 1010 Songs You Must Own .
In 2007 , " Black Coffee " was included in the competitive music video game series SingStar . According to Fiona Shepherd of The Scotsman , the " smart @-@ pop attack " of the song " paved the way " for later girl groups Girls Aloud and the Sugababes . Neil Hannon of the Irish band The Divine Comedy expressed admiration for " Black Coffee " , commending its production @-@ heavy sound which " adds to the sound of it , rather than taking anything away " , and noted that its sound later became apparent in singles by Girls Aloud : " Girls Aloud do pop like that now : songs like ' Biology ' are a bit weird , and they flout the general rules , and I admire that . But ' Black Coffee ' is better . " Writing for Metro in 2013 , Seamus Duff stated that " Black Coffee " still sounded as " fresh and relevant " .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Saints & Sinners .
= = Charts = =
= = Certification = =
= Juniata County , Pennsylvania =
Juniata County is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . At the 2010 census , the population was 24 @,@ 636 . Its county seat is Mifflintown . The county was created on March 2 , 1831 , from part of Mifflin County and named for the Juniata River .
Mountains in Juniata County include Tuscarora Mountain and Shade Mountain . Agricultural land and forested land make up most of the county 's area . Major rivers and creeks in the county include the Susquehanna River , the Juniata River , Tuscarora Creek , and West Branch Mahantango Creek . It borders six other counties . The county lies over 16 different rock formations ( which are from the Ordovician , Silurian , and Devonian ) and 51 different soils .
Juniata County has a relatively low population density . The most population @-@ dense parts of the county are the boroughs of Mifflintown and Mifflin . The most common races in the county are white ( 96 @.@ 8 % of all residents ) and black ( 0 @.@ 6 % of all residents ) . Between 1940 and 2005 , Juniata County 's population grew faster than all but two other counties in Pennsylvania . Susquehanna Township had the fastest @-@ growing population of any borough or township in the county during this time period . Livestock farming is the largest industry in the county , although there are other industries as well , including crop farming and tourism . Manufacturing jobs are the most common jobs in the county . The county 's median household income is $ 34 @,@ 698 per year and its median family income is $ 39 @,@ 757 per year . The poverty rate is 9 @.@ 5 % and the unemployment rate is 5 @.@ 4 % . The median house value in the county was $ 87 @,@ 000 in 2000 . The main roads in Juniata County are Pennsylvania Route 235 , Pennsylvania Route 35 , Pennsylvania Route 104 , U.S. Route 11 / U.S. Route 15 , U.S. Route 22 / U.S. Route 322 , Pennsylvania Route 74 , Pennsylvania Route 850 , and Pennsylvania Route 333 .
There are four boroughs and thirteen townships in Juniata County . The county is served by two school districts : the Juniata County School District and the Greenwood School District . There are five areas in Juniata County that are protected by the Central Pennsylvania Conservancy and 59 natural heritage sites in the county .
The first European settlers arrived in Juniata County in the 1750s . The county has historically been part of Mifflin County and before that , part of Cumberland County .
= = History = =
Juniata County was historically a part of Cumberland County and later Mifflin County . Juniata County was formed on March 2 , 1831 , from parts of Mifflin County . It is named after the Juniata River . The word " juniata " itself is a Seneca word that means either " people of the standing stone " or " blue waters " . The first boroughs in the county to be settled were Mifflintown and Thompsontown , which were settled in 1790 . Port Royal and Mifflin were settled in 1812 and 1848 , respectively . The first of these borough to be incorporated was Mifflintown , on March 6 , 1833 . The last one to be incorporated was Thompsontown , on February 7 , 1868 . However , squatters arrived in the county and were removed from it considerably earlier , by 1750 and one of the first warrants for land in the county was issued in 1755 . Many of the earliest landowners in Delaware Township were speculators as opposed to settlers . There was an Indian raid in the county in 1755 and 1756 , although Fort Bingham and Fort Peterson had been constructed . The Beale family was one of the earliest families to inhabit the county . More settlers arrived in the 1750s and 1760s and the first gristmill on the western side of the Juniata River was built in the county in 1767 . A public road was built in the county between Tuscarora Creek and a location near Shade Mountain in 1768 . John Hamilton constructed a sawmill and gristmill on Cocalamus Creek in Delaware Township in 1776 . The first known physician in the county , Dr. Ezra Doty , settled in Mifflintown in 1791 .
The first four townships in what would become Juniata County were formed on October 23 , 1754 . They were Lack Township , Aire Township , Fannett Township , and Tyrone Township . These early townships had no formal boundaries . By 1913 , the original townships had been divided into a total of 13 townships .
The Pennsylvania Canal began serving Juniata County in 1826 and closed in 1900 . The Pennsylvania Railroad reached the county in the late 1840s . The Tuscarora Valley Railroad was also in the county until it closed in 1934 .
During Hurricane Agnes in 1972 , a total of 6374 acres of Juniata County were flooded . 57 families were displaced during this flooding .
Juniata County was the last county in Pennsylvania to develop a modern comprehensive plan . It did , however , construct a comprehensive plan in 1974 .
In a 1997 survey , 66 @.@ 8 % of respondents found Juniata County a " very desirable " living place . In a similar survey in 2007 , however , only 56 @.@ 9 % of respondents found the county a " very desirable " living place .
= = = Historic places = = =
Eight locations in Juniata County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . They were listed between 1972 and 1986 . They include the Academia Pomeroy Covered Bridge , the Tuscarora Academy , and the Book Site in Beale Township ; the Dimmsville Covered Bridge in Greenwood Township ; the Lehmans @-@ Port Royal Bridge in Milford Township ; and the East Oriental and North Oriental covered bridges . Eight additional places are eligible for a listing on the National Register of Historic Places . There are five Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission historical markers in Juniata County . They commemorate the Tuscarora Path , the Tuscarora Academy , Patterson 's Fort , Fort Bingham , and Juniata County itself .
The Academia Pomeroy Covered Bridge ( also known as the Pomeroy Academia Covered Bridge ) was built in 1901 . It is 18 feet ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) wide and 278 feet ( 85 m ) long , making it one of the longest remaining covered bridges in Pennsylvania .
= = Geography = =
According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 394 square miles ( 1 @,@
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Medium
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wikitext-103-excerpt
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: N / A = Round not applicable for the event
= = Table tennis = =
Six Egyptian table tennis players , three men and three women , qualified for the Olympics , four for the singles and an additional two for the team events . The four singles competitors , Omar Assar , El @-@ sayed Lashin , Nadeen El @-@ Dawlatly , and Dina Meshref , all qualified based on their achievements at the 2011 All @-@ Africa Games . At this tournament , Assar won the singles event , was part of the victorious Egyptian team , finished second in the doubles with Emad Moselhy , and placed third in the mixed doubles alongside Meshref . He also won silver in the singles and gold in the team event at the 2011 Pan Arab Games . In London he defeated Yaroslav Zhmudenko of Ukraine in the opening round , but lost to Greece 's Panagiotis Gionis in round two . Lashin was the runner @-@ up in the singles at the 2011 All @-@ Africa Games , as well as the winner of the doubles ( with Ahmed Saleh ) , a bronze medalist in the mixed doubles ( alongside El @-@ Dawlatly ) , and a member of the gold medal @-@ earning Egyptian team . His list of international medals stretched back to the 1996 African Championships , where he won a gold medal in the team event , and he had previously appeared in the Olympic Games in 2000 and 2008 . In London he defeated Pär Gerell of Sweden and Zoran Primorac of Croatia before losing to Japan 's Jun Mizutani in the third round . For the team event , Assar and Lashin were joined by Saleh , a 2008 Olympic veteran whose victories went as far back at the doubles event at the 1996 Arab Championships , but they were eliminated in the opening round .
El @-@ Dawlatly had been fourth in the singles at the 2011 All @-@ Africa Games , as well as third in the doubles and mixed doubles ( with Meshref and Lashin respectively ) , and was a member of the gold medal @-@ winning Egyptian team . She had also earned gold in the team event and the doubles and silver in the singles at the 2011 Pan Arab Games . In London she was defeated in the opening round by Denmark 's Mie Skov . Meshref had the same results as El @-@ Dawlatly at the 2011 All @-@ African Games , except for being fifth in the singles , and took gold in the singles , doubles , and team events at the 2011 Pan Arab Games . In London she defeated Offiong Edem of Nigeria and Yana Noskova of Russia before being overcome by Romania 's Elizabeta Samara . For the team event , El @-@ Dawlatly and Meshref were joined by Raghd Magdy , who had been third in the doubles and mixed doubles , as well as runner @-@ up in the team competition , at the 2003 All @-@ Africa Games . The Egyptian women were defeated by the Dutch in the first round .
Men
Women
Key : BM
= Bronze medal match ; N / A =
Round not applicable for the event ; Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
= = Taekwondo = =
Four Egyptian taekwondo practitioners , two men and two women , qualified for the Olympics , all of whom finished first at the African Qualification tournament , except for Abdelrahman Ossama in the men 's 80 kg class , who was second behind Morocco 's Issam Chernoubi . Tamer Bayoumi , a bronze medalist from the 2004 Olympics , was the most successful of the quartet . In the 58 kg class he defeated Nursultan Mamayev of Kazakhstan in the round of 16 before losing in sudden death to Lee Dae @-@ Hoon of South Korea , the eventual silver medalist , in the quarterfinals . In the repechage he was defeated by Thailand 's Pen @-@ Ek Karaket . The only other Egyptian to win a match was Hedaya Malak , in the women 's 57 kg , who overcame Robin Cheong of New Zealand before being defeated by Marlène Harnois of France , an eventual bronze medalist . In his first bout , Ossama lost to Tommy Mollet of the Netherlands in sudden death , while Seham El @-@ Sawalhy , the 2010 and 2012 African champion , was eliminated by Sweden 's Elin Johansson in the round of 16 of the women 's 67 kg class .
Key : Bye
= Athlete not required to compete in round ; SDP =
Decision by sudden death point
= = Weightlifting = =
Five Egyptian men , Ahmed Saad , Mohamed Abdelbaki , Ibrahim Ramadan , Ragab Abdelhay , and Tarek Yehia , qualified for the Olympic weightlifting tournament by ranking seventh overall after the 2010 and 2011 World Weightlifting Championships , and three women , Esmat Mansour , Abeer Abdelrahman , and Nahla Ramadan , by ranking fourteenth . For the women , Ramadan , a gold medalist at the 2003 World Weightlifting Championships and the 2011 Pan Arab Games , bronze medalist at the 2002 World Championships , and veteran of the 75 kg class at the 2004 Summer Olympics , finished fifth in the + 75 kg class . Abdelrahman , another gold medalist from the 2011 Pan Arab Games and veteran of the 69 kg class at the 2008 Summer Olympics , was fifth in the 75 kg division . Mansour , contesting the 69 kg class , was ninth in her event .
For the men , Yehia , a silver medalist at the 2011 Pan Arab Games , bronze medalist at the 2010 World Championships , and veteran of the 69 kg class at the 2008 Summer Olympics , had the nation 's best result , with a fourth @-@ place finish in the 85 kg division . His countryman Abdelhay , the gold medalist from the 2011 Pan Arab Games , was sixth in the same event . Saad , a silver medalist at the 2011 Pan Arab Games who had taken part in the 56 kg class at the 2004 Summer Olympics , was ninth in the 62 kg event . Abdelbaki , another gold medalist from the 2011 Pan Arab Games and a veteran of the 62 kg event at the 2008 Summer Olympics , was tenth in the 69 kg class , while Ramadan , also a gold medalist at the 2011 Pan Arab Games , was fifth in the 77kg event .
Men
Women
Key : WR
= World record ; OR =
Olympic record ; NR = National record
= = Wrestling = =
Thirteen Egyptian wrestlers , twelve men and one woman , qualified for the Olympics . In the men 's freestyle tournament , only Hassan Madany in the 60 kg class defeated an opponent , winning his bout against Didier Pais of France in the round of 16 before losing to North Korea 's Ri Jong @-@ Myong in the quarterfinals . Madany was a veteran of the 2008 tournament , where he lost his first bout against eventual bronze medalist Morad Mohammadi of Iran , and qualified for the 2012 Games by winning the African and Oceania qualification tournament . Among numerous honors , he was a seven @-@ time African champion ( 2002 , 2005 – 2009 , and 2012 ) and also won gold medals at the 2005 and 2009 Mediterranean Games and the 2011 Pan Arab Games . The only other Egyptian freestyle wrestler to take part in more than one bout was Ibrahim Farag in the 55 kg class , who lost against eventual silver medalist Vladimer Khinchegashvili of Georgia in the qualification round and Bulgaria 's Radoslav Velikov in the repechage . He was African senior champion in 2010 and junior champion in 2009 .
Farag , along with Abdou Omar in the 66 kg class , Saleh Emara in the 96 kg class , and El @-@ Desoky Ismail in the 120 kg class , qualified by winning the African and Oceania qualification tournament . Omar , the 2009 and 2010 African champion and a gold medalist at the 2011 Pan American Games , and Emara , who won gold medals at the 2007 All @-@ Africa Games , the 2009 Mediterranean Games , and the 2011 Pan Arab Games , were disqualified after arriving late for their events , while Ismail , a four @-@ time African Champion and bronze medalist at the 2011 Pan Arab Games , was eliminated in the opening round by Tervel Dlagnev of the United States . In women 's freestyle wrestling , Rabab Eid qualified for the 55 kg class by coming in second at the African and Oceania qualification tournament , behind Marwa Amri of Tunisia . At the Games , she was defeated by Ukraine 's Tetyana Lazareva in the round of 16 .
In Greco @-@ Roman wrestling , Karam Gaber , the gold medal winner in the 96 kg class at the 2004 Summer Olympics , won a silver medal in the 84 kg class after losing the final to Russia 's Alan Khugayev . Along the way he defeated Nenad Žugaj of Croatia , Mélonin Noumonvi of France , and Damian Janikowski of Poland . He qualified for the Gamea after winning the African and Oceania qualification tournament . The only other Egyptian wrestler to win a bout was Ashraf El @-@ Gharably in the 66 kg class . Gharably , who qualified for the Games after coming in second in the African and Oceania qualification tournament , behind Mohamed Serir of Tunisia , had held numerous international titles since 1997 , when he first won the African championships , and had participated in the 60 kg class at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics . In 2012 he defeated Ecuador 's Orlando Huacón in the round of 16 before losing to eventual bronze medalist Manuchar Tskhadaia of Georgia in the quarterfinals .
Sayed Abdelmoneim , competing in the 60 kg class , and Abdelrahman El @-@ Trabely , competing in the 120 kg class , both lost in the first round against one of the eventual finalists and were defeated a second time in the repechage . Abdelmoneim had been the 2010 African champion and had qualified for the Olympics by winning the African and Oceania qualification tournament . In London he lost to Georgia 's Revaz Lashkhi and Russia 's Zaur Kuramagomedov , eventual silver and bronze medalists respectively . El @-@ Trabely was the 2011 African runner @-@ up and was second in the African and Oceania qualification tournament behind Tunisia 's Radhouane Chebbi . At the Games he lost against 2008 and 2012 Olympic champion Mijaín López of Cuba and Guram Pherselidze of Georgia . Mohamed Abouhalima , Islam Tolba , and Mohamed Abdelfatah all lost their opening bouts and were eliminated without appearing in the repechage . Abouhalima , competing in the 55kg class , was the 2011 junior and 2012 senior African champion and won the African and Oceania qualifying tournament . Tolba , competing in the 74 kg class , was the runner up at the 2011 African Championships , 2011 Pan Arab Games , and the African and Oceania qualifying tournament , behind Tunisia 's Zied Ayet Ikram of Tunisia all three times . Abdelfatah had accrued numerous international honors since winning the 83 kg class at the 1997 Pan Arab Games and was a veteran of the 85 kg class at the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 84 kg class at the 2004 edition . In London he competed in the 96 kg class and qualified by coming in fifth at the 2011 World Championships .
Men 's freestyle
Men 's Greco @-@ Roman
Women 's freestyle
Key : BM
= Bronze medal match ; VT =
Victory by Fall ; PP
= Decision by Points – the loser with technical points ; PO =
Decision by Points – the loser without technical points ; Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
= Siege of Sidney Street =
The Siege of Sidney Street of January 1911 , also known as the Battle of Stepney , was a gunfight in the East End of London between a combined police and army force and two Latvian revolutionaries . The siege was the culmination of a series of events that began in December 1910 , with an attempted jewellery robbery at Houndsditch in the City of London by a gang of immigrant Latvians which resulted in the murder of three policemen , the wounding of two others , and the death of George Gardstein , the leader of the Latvian gang .
An investigation by the Metropolitan and City of London Police forces identified Gardstein 's accomplices , most of whom were arrested within two weeks . The police were informed that the final two members of the gang were hiding at 100 Sidney Street in Stepney . The police evacuated local residents from the environs , and on the morning of 3 January a firefight broke out . Armed with inferior weapons , the police sought assistance from the army . The siege lasted for about six hours . Towards the end of the stand @-@ off , the building caught fire ; no single cause has been identified . One of the agitators in the building was shot before the fire took control . While the London Fire Brigade were damping down the ruins — in which they found the two bodies — the building collapsed , killing one of the firemen , Superintendent Charles Pearson .
The siege marked the first time that the police had requested army assistance in London to deal with an armed stand @-@ off . It was also the first siege in Britain to be caught on camera , as the events were filmed by Pathé News . Some of the footage included images of the then Home Secretary , Winston Churchill . His presence caused a political row over the level of his operational involvement . At the subsequent trial in May 1911 of those arrested for the Houndsditch jewellery robbery , all but one of the accused were acquitted ; the sole conviction was subsequently overturned on appeal . The events were fictionalised in film — in The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1934 ) and The Siege of Sidney Street ( 1960 ) — and novels . On the centenary of the events two tower blocks in Sidney Street were named after Peter the Painter , one of the minor members of the gang who was probably not present at either Houndsditch or Sidney Street . The murdered policemen and the fireman who died are commemorated by memorial plaques .
= = Background = =
= = = Immigration and demographics in London = = =
In the 19th century Tsarist Russia was home to about five million Jews , the largest Jewish community at the time . Subjected to religious persecution and violent pogroms , many emigrated and between 1875 and 1914 around 150 @,@ 000 arrived in the United Kingdom , mostly in England . The influx reached its peak in the late 1890s when large numbers of Jewish immigrants — mostly poor and semi @-@ skilled or unskilled — settled in the East End of London . The concentration of Jewish immigrants into some areas was almost 100 per cent of the population , and a study undertaken in 1900 showed that Houndsditch and Whitechapel were both identified as a " well @-@ defined intensely Jewish district " .
Some of the expatriates were revolutionaries , many of whom were unable to adapt to life in the politically less oppressive London . The social historian William J. Fishman writes that " the meschuggena ( crazy ) Anarchists were almost accepted as part of the East End landscape " , although the terms " socialist " and " anarchist " had been conflated in the minds of the British press , who used the terms interchangeably to refer to those with revolutionary beliefs . A leading article in The Times described the Whitechapel area as one that " harbours some of the worst alien anarchists and criminals who seek our too hospitable shore . And these are the men who use the pistol and the knife . "
From the turn of the century , gang warfare persisted in the Whitechapel and Aldgate areas of London between groups of Bessarabians and refugees from Odessa , and various revolutionary factions were active in the area . One event , the Tottenham Outrage of January 1909 , by two revolutionary Russians in London — Paul Helfeld and Jacob Lepidus — was an attempt to rob a payroll van , which left two dead and twenty injured . The event used a tactic often employed by revolutionary groups in Russia : the expropriation or theft of private property to fund radical activities .
The influx of émigrés , and the rising rates of violent crime associated with it , led to popular concerns and comments in the press . The government passed the Aliens Act 1905 in an attempt to reduce immigration . The popular press reflected the opinions of many at the time ; a leading article in the Manchester Evening Chronicle supported the bill to bar " the dirty , destitute , diseased , verminous and criminal foreigner who dumps himself on our soil . " The journalist Robert Winder , in his examination of immigration into Britain , opines that the Act " gave official sanction to xenophobic reflexes which might ... have remained dormant " .
= = = Latvian émigré gang = = =
By 1910 Russian émigrés met regularly at the Anarchist Club in Jubilee Street , Stepney . Many of its members were not anarchists , and the club became a meeting and social venue for the Russian émigré diaspora , most of whom were Jewish . The small group of Latvians who became involved in the events at Houndsditch and Sidney Street were not anarchists — although anarchist literature was later found among their possessions . Members of the group were probably revolutionaries who had been radicalised by their experiences in Russia . All had extreme left @-@ wing political views and believed the expropriation of private property was a valid practice .
The probable leader of the group was George Gardstein , whose real name was likely to have been Poloski or Poolka , although he used the aliases Garstin , Poloski , Poolka , Morountzeff , Mourimitz , Maurivitz , Milowitz , Morintz , Morin and Levi . Gardstein , who probably was an anarchist , had been accused of murder and acts of terrorism in Warsaw in 1905 before his arrival in London . Another member of the group , Jacob ( or Yakov ) Peters , had been an agitator in Russia while in the army and later as a dockyard worker . He had served a term in prison for his activities and had been tortured by the removal of his fingernails . Yourka Dubof was another Russian agitator who had fled to England after being flogged by Cossacks . Fritz Svaars was a Latvian who had been arrested by the Russian authorities three times for terrorist offences , but escaped each time . He had travelled through the United States , where he undertook a series of robberies , before arriving in London in June 1910 .
Another member was " Peter the Painter " , a nickname for an unknown figure , possibly named Peter Piaktow ( or Piatkov , Pjatkov or Piaktoff ) , or Janis Zhaklis . Bernard Porter , in a brief sketch in the Dictionary of National Biography , writes that no firm details are known of the anarchist 's background and that " None of the ... biographical ' facts ' about him ... is altogether reliable . " William ( or Joseph ) Sokoloff ( or Sokolow ) was a Latvian who had been arrested in Riga in 1905 for murder and robbery before travelling to London . Another of the group 's members was Karl Hoffman — whose real name was Alfred Dzircol — who had been involved in revolutionary and criminal activities for several years , including gun @-@ running . In London he had practiced as a decorator . John Rosen — real name John Zelin or Tzelin — came to London in 1909 from Riga and worked as a barber , while another member of the gang was Max Smoller , also known as Joe Levi and " Josepf the Jew " . He was wanted in his native Crimea for several jewel robberies .
= = = Policing in the capital = = =
Following the Metropolitan Police Act 1829 and the City of London Police Act 1839 , the capital was policed by two forces , the Metropolitan Police , who held sway over most of the capital , and the City of London Police , who were responsible for law enforcement within the historic City boundaries . The events in Houndsditch in December 1910 fell into the purview of the City of London service , and the subsequent actions at Sidney Street in January 1911 were in the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan force . Both services came under the political control of the Home Secretary , who in 1911 was the 36 @-@ year @-@ old rising politician Winston Churchill .
While on the beat , or in the course of their normal duties , the officers of both the City of London and Metropolitan forces were provided with only with a short wooden truncheon for protection . When they faced armed opponents — as was the case in Sidney Street — the police were issued with Webley and Bull Dog revolvers , shotguns and small @-@ bore rifles fitted with .22 Morris @-@ tube barrels , the last of which were more commonly used on small indoor shooting galleries .
= = Houndsditch murders , December 1910 = =
At the beginning of December 1910 Smoller , using the name Joe Levi , visited Exchange Buildings , a small cul @-@ de @-@ sac that backed onto the properties of Houndsditch . He rented No. 11 Exchange Buildings ; a week later Svaars rented number 9 for a month , saying he needed it for storage . The gang were unable to rent number 10 , which was directly behind their target , 119 Houndsditch , the jeweller 's shop owned by Mr H S Harris . The safe in the jeweller 's was reputed to contain between £ 20 @,@ 000 and £ 30 @,@ 000 worth of jewellery , although Harris 's son later stated the total was only around £ 7 @,@ 000 . Over the next two weeks the gang brought in various pieces of necessary equipment , including a 60 foot ( 18 @.@ 25 m ) length of India rubber gas hose , a cylinder of compressed gas and a selection of tools , including diamond @-@ tipped drills .
With the exception of Gardstein , the identities of the gang members present in Houndsditch on the night of 16 December 1910 have never been confirmed . Bernard Porter , writing in the Dictionary of National Biography , considers that Sokoloff and Peters were present and , in all likelihood , were two of those that shot the policemen who interrupted their burglary . Porter opines that Peter the Painter was probably not at the property that night , while the journalist J P Eddy suggests that Svaars was among those present . Donald Rumbelow , a former policeman who wrote a history of the events , considers that those present consisted of Gardstein , Smoller , Peters and Dubof , with a second group in case the work needed to continue into the following day , which included among their number Sokolow and Svaars . Rumbelow considers a third group on standby , staying at Hoffman 's lodgings , to have comprised Hoffman , Rosen and Osip Federoff , an unemployed locksmith . Rumbelow also considers that present at the events — either as lookouts or in unknown capacities — were Peter the Painter and Nina Vassilleva .
On 16 December , working from the small yard behind 11 Exchange Buildings , the gang began to break through the back wall of the shop ; number 10 had been unoccupied since 12 December . At around 10 : 00 that evening , returning to his home at 120 Houndsditch , Max Weil heard curious noises coming from his neighbour 's property . Outside his house Weil found Police Constable Piper on his beat and informed him of the noises . Piper checked at 118 and 121 Houndsditch , where he could hear the noise , which he thought was unusual enough to investigate further . At 11 : 00 he knocked at the door of 11 Exchange Buildings — the only property with a light on in the back . The door was opened in a furtive manner and Piper became suspicious immediately . So as not to rouse the man 's concerns , Piper asked him " is the missus in ? " The man answered in broken English that she was out , and the policeman said he would return later .
Piper reported that as he was leaving Exchange Buildings to return to Houndsditch he saw a man acting suspiciously in the shadows of the cul @-@ de @-@ sac . As the policeman approached him , the man walked away ; Piper later described him as being approximately 5 feet 7 inches ( 1 @.@ 70 m ) , pale and fair @-@ haired . When Piper reached Houndsditch he saw two policemen from the adjoining beats — constables Woodhams and Choate — who watched 120 Houndsditch and 11 Exchange Buildings while Piper went to the nearby Bishopsgate Police Station to report . By 11 : 30 seven uniformed and two plain clothes policemen had gathered in the locality , each armed with his wooden truncheon . Sergeant Bentley from Bishopsgate police station knocked at number 11 , unaware that Piper had already done so , which alerted the gang . The door was answered by Gardstein , who made no response when Bentley asked if anyone was working there . Bentley asked him to fetch someone who spoke English ; Gardstein left the door half @-@ closed and disappeared inside . Bentley entered the hall with Sergeant Bryant and Constable Woodhams ; as they could see the bottom of his trouser legs , they soon realised that someone was watching them from the stairs . The police asked the man if they could step into the back of the property , and he agreed . As Bentley moved forward , the back door opened and one of the gang exited , firing from a pistol as he did so ; the man on the stairs also began firing . Bentley was shot in the shoulder and the neck — the second round severing his spine . Bryant was shot in the arm and chest and Woodhams was wounded in the leg , which broke his femur ; both collapsed . Although they survived , neither Bryant or Woodhams fully recovered from their injuries .
As the gang exited the property and made to escape up the cul @-@ de @-@ sac , other police intervened . Sergeant Charles Tucker from Bishopsgate police station was hit twice , once in the hip and once in the heart by Peters : he died instantly . Choate grabbed Gardstein and wrestled for his gun , but the Russian managed to shoot him in the leg . Other members of the gang ran to Gardstein 's assistance , shooting Choate twelve times in the process , but Gardstein was also wounded ; as the policeman collapsed , Gardstein was carried away by his accomplices , who included Peters . As these men , aided by an unknown woman , made their escape with Gardstein they were accosted by Isaac Levy , a passer @-@ by , whom they threatened at pistol @-@ point . He was the only witness to the escape who was able to provide firm details ; other witnesses confirmed they saw a group of three men and a woman , and thought one of the men was drunk as he was being helped by his friends . The group , which included Peters , went to Svaars ' and Peter the Painter 's lodgings at 59 Grove Street ( now Goldring Street ) , off Commercial Road , where Gardstein was tended by two of the gang 's associates , Luba Milstein ( Svaars ' mistress ) and Sara Trassjonsky . As they left Gardstein on the bed , Peters left his Dreyse pistol under the mattress , either to make it seem the wounded man was the one who had killed Tucker , or to enable him to defend himself against a possible arrest .
Other policemen arrived in Houndsditch , and began to attend to the wounded . Tucker 's body was put into a taxi and he was taken to the London Hospital ( now the Royal London Hospital ) in Whitechapel Road . Choate was also taken there , where he was operated on , but he died at 5 : 30 am on 17 December . Bentley was taken to St Bartholomew 's Hospital . He was half @-@ conscious on arrival , but recovered enough to be able to have a conversation with his pregnant wife and answer questions about the events . At 6 : 45 pm on 17 December his condition worsened , and he died at 7 : 30 . The killings of Tucker , Bentley and Choate remain one of the largest multiple murders of police officers carried out in Britain in peacetime .
= = Investigation , 17 December 1910 – 2 January 1911 = =
The City of London police informed the Metropolitan force , as their protocol demanded , and both services issued revolvers to the detectives involved in the search . The subsequent investigation was challenging for the police because of the cultural differences between the British police and the largely foreign residents of the area covered by the search . There was a lack of foreign language skills in the police , who did not have any Russian , Latvian or Yiddish speakers on the force .
In the early hours of the morning of 17 December Milstein and Trassjonsky became increasingly concerned as Gardstein 's condition worsened , and they sent for a local doctor , explaining that their patient had been wounded accidentally by a friend . The doctor thought the bullet was still in the chest — it was later found to be touching the right ventricle of the heart . The doctor wanted to take Gardstein to the London Hospital , but he refused ; with no other course open to him , the doctor sold them pain medication and left . The Russian was dead by 9 : 00am that morning . The doctor returned at 11 : 00 am and found the body . He had not heard of the events at Exchange Buildings the night before , and so reported the death to the coroner , not the police . At mid @-@ day the coroner reported the death to the local police who , led by Divisional Detective Inspector Frederick Wensley , went to Grove Street and discovered the corpse . Trassjonsky was in the next room when they entered , and she was soon found by the police , hastily burning papers ; she was arrested and taken to the police headquarters at Old Jewry . Many of the papers recovered linked the suspects to the East End , particularly to the anarchist groups active in the area . Wensley , who had extensive knowledge of the Whitechapel area , subsequently acted as a liaison officer to the City of London force throughout the investigation .
Gardstein 's body was removed to a local mortuary where his face was cleaned , his hair brushed , his eyes opened and his photograph taken . The picture , and descriptions of those who had helped Gardstein escape from Exchange Buildings , were distributed on posters in English and Russian , asking locals for information . About 90 detectives vigorously searched the East End , spreading details of those they were looking for . A local landlord , Isaac Gordon , reported one of his lodgers , Nina Vassilleva , after she had told him she had been one of the people living at Exchange Buildings . Wensley questioned the woman , finding anarchist publications in her rooms , along with a photograph of Gardstein . Information began to come in from the public and the group 's associates : on 18 December Federoff was arrested at home , and on 22 December Dubof and Peters were both captured .
On 22 December a public memorial service took place for Tucker , Bentley and Choate at St Paul 's Cathedral . King George V was represented by Edward Wallington , his Groom in Waiting ; also present were Churchill and the Lord Mayor of London . The crime had shocked Londoners and the service showed evidence of their feelings . An estimated
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ten thousand people waited in St Paul 's environs , and many local businesses closed as a mark of respect ; the nearby London Stock Exchange ceased trading for half an hour to allow traders and staff to watch the procession along Threadneedle Street . After the service , when the coffins were being transported on an eight @-@ mile ( 13 km ) journey to the cemeteries , it was estimated that 750 @,@ 000 people lined the route , many throwing flowers onto the hearses as they passed .
Identity parades were held at Bishopsgate police station on 23 December . Isaac Levy , who had seen the group leaving Exchange Buildings , identified Peters and Dubof as the two he had seen carrying Gardstein . It was also ascertained that Federoff had been witnessed at the events . The following day Federoff , Peters and Dubof all appeared at the Guildhall police court where they were charged with being connected to the murder of the three policemen , and with conspiracy to burgle the jewellery shop . All three pleaded not guilty .
On 27 December the poster bearing Gardstein 's picture was seen by his landlord , who alerted police . Wensley and his colleagues visited the lodgings on Gold Street , Stepney and found knives , a gun , ammunition , false passports and revolutionary publications . Two days later there was another hearing at the Guildhall police court . In addition to Federoff , Peters and Dubof , present in the dock were Milstein and Trassjonsky . With some of the defendants having a low standard of English , interpreters were used throughout the proceedings . At the end of the day the case was adjourned until 6 January 1911 .
On New Year 's Day 1911 the body of Léon Beron , a Russian Jewish immigrant , was found on Clapham Common in South London . He had been badly beaten and two S @-@ shaped cuts , both two inches long , were on his cheeks . The case became connected in the press with the Houndsditch murders and the subsequent events at Sidney Street , although the evidence at the time for the link was scant . The historian F G Clarke , in his history of the events , located information from another Latvian who stated that Beron had been killed not because he was one of the informers who had passed on information , but because he was planning to pass the information on , and the act was a pre @-@ emptive one , designed to scare the locals into not informing on the anarchists .
The posters of Gardstein proved effective , and late on New Year 's Day a member of the public came forward to provide information about Svaars and Sokoloff . The informant told police that the men were hiding at 100 Sidney Street , along with a lodger , Betty Gershon , who was Sokoloff 's mistress . The informant was persuaded to visit the property the following day to confirm the two men were still present . A meeting took place on the afternoon of 2 January to decide the next steps . Wensley , high @-@ ranking members of the Metropolitan force and Sir William Nott @-@ Bower , the Commissioner of the City Police , were present .
= = Events of 3 January = =
Just after midnight on 3 January , 200 police officers from the City of London and Metropolitan forces cordoned off the area around 100 Sidney Street . Armed officers were placed at number 111 , directly opposite number 100 , and throughout the night the residents of the houses on the block were roused and evacuated . Wensley woke the ground floor tenants at number 100 and asked them to fetch Gershon , claiming that she was needed by her sick husband . When Gershon appeared she was grabbed by the police and taken to the City of London police headquarters ; the ground floor lodgers also evacuated . Number 100 was now empty of all residents , apart from Svaars and Sokoloff , neither of whom seemed to be aware of the evacuation .
The police 's operating procedure — and the law which governed their actions — meant they were unable to open fire without being fired upon first . This , along with the structure of the building , with a narrow , winding stairwell up which police would have to pass , meant any approach to the gang members was too perilous to attempt . It was decided to wait until dawn before taking any action . At about 7 : 30 am a policeman knocked on the door of number 100 , which elicited no response ; stones were then thrown at the window to wake the men . Svaars and Sokoloff appeared at the window and opened fire at the police . A police sergeant was wounded in the chest : he was evacuated under fire across the rooftops , and taken to the London Hospital . Some members of the police returned fire , but their guns were only effective over shorter ranges , and proved ineffective against the comparatively advanced automatic weapons of Svaars and Sokoloff .
By 9 : 00 am it was apparent that the two gunmen possessed superior weapons and ample ammunition . The police officers in charge on the scene , Superintendent Mulvaney and Chief Superintendent Stark , contacted Assistant Commissioner Major Frederick Wodehouse at Scotland Yard . He telephoned the Home Office and obtained permission from Churchill to bring in a detachment of Scots Guards , who were stationed at the Tower of London . It was the first time that the police had requested military assistance in London to deal with an armed siege . Twenty @-@ one volunteer marksmen from the Guards arrived at about 10 : 00 am and took firing positions at each end of the street and in the houses opposite . The shooting continued without either side gaining any advantage .
Churchill arrived on the scene at 11 : 50 am to observe the incident at first hand ; he later reported that he thought the crowd were unwelcoming to him , as he heard people asking " Oo let ' em in ? " , in reference to the Liberal Party 's immigration policy that had allowed the influx from Russia . Churchill 's role during the siege is unclear . His biographers , Paul Addison and Roy Jenkins , both consider that he gave no operational commands to the police , although a Metropolitan police history of the event states that the events of Sidney Street were " a very rare case of a Home Secretary taking police operational command decisions " . In a subsequent letter to The Times , Churchill clarified his role while he was present :
I did not interfere in any way with the dispositions made by the police authorities on the spot . I never overruled those authorities nor overrode them . From beginning to end the police had an absolutely free hand . ... I did not send for the Artillery or the Engineers . I was not consulted as to whether they should be sent for .
Shooting between the two sides reached a peak between 12 : 00 and 12 : 30 pm , but at 12 : 50 smoke was seen coming from the building 's chimneys and from the second floor windows ; it has not been established how the fire was started , whether by accident or design . The fire slowly spread , and by 1 : 30 it had taken a firm hold and had spread to the other floors . A second detachment of Scots Guards arrived , bringing with them a Maxim machine gun , which was never used . Shortly afterwards Sokoloff put his head out of the window ; he was shot by one of the soldiers and he fell back inside . The senior officer of the London Fire Brigade present on the scene sought permission to extinguish the blaze , but was refused . He approached Churchill in order to have the decision overturned , but the Home Secretary approved the police decision . Churchill later wrote :
I now intervened to settle this dispute , at one moment quite heated . I told the fire brigade officer on my authority as Home Secretary that the house was to be allowed to burn down and that he was to stand by in readiness to prevent the conflagration from spreading .
By 2 : 30 pm the shooting from the house had ceased . One of the detectives present walked close to the wall and pushed the door open , before retreating . Others police officers , and some of the soldiers , came out and waited for the men to exit . None did , and as part of the roof collapsed , it was clear to onlookers that the men were both dead ; the fire brigade was allowed to start extinguishing the fire . At 2 : 40 Churchill left the scene , at about the time the Royal Horse Artillery arrived with two 13 @-@ pounder field artillery pieces . When the firemen entered the property to douse the flames , they soon located Sokoloff 's body , which was extracted . A wall collapsed on a group of five firemen , who were all taken to the London Hospital . One of the men , Superintendent Charles Pearson , had a fractured spine ; he died six months after the siege as a result of his injuries . After shoring up the building , the firemen resumed their search of the premises . At around 6 : 30 pm the second body — that of Svaars — was found ; it was taken to the mortuary .
= = Aftermath = =
The siege was captured by Pathé News cameras — one of their earliest stories and the first siege to be captured on film — and it included footage of Churchill in attendance . When the newsreels were screened in cinemas , Churchill was booed with shouts of " shoot him " from audiences . His presence was controversial to many and the Leader of the Opposition , Arthur Balfour , remarked , " He [ Churchill ] was , I understand , in military phrase , in what is known as the zone of fire — he and a photographer were both risking valuable lives . I understand what the photographer was doing , but what was the right hon . Gentleman doing ? That I neither understood at the time , nor do I understand now . " Jenkins suggests that he went simply because " he could not resist going to see the fun himself " .
An inquest was held in January into the deaths at Houndsditch and Sidney Street . The jury took fifteen minutes to reach the conclusion that the two bodies located were those of Svaars and Sokoloff , and that Tucker , Bentley and Choate had been murdered by Gardstein and others in the course of the burglary attempt . Rosen was arrested on 2 February at work in Well Street , Hackney , and Hoffman was taken into custody on 15 February . The committal proceedings spread from December 1910 — with Milstein and Trassjonsky appearing — to March 1911 , and included Hoffman from 15 February . The proceedings consisted of 24 individual hearings . In February Milstein was discharged on the basis there was insufficient evidence against her ; Hoffman , Trassjonsky and Federoff were released in March on the same basis . The case against the four remaining arrested gang members was heard at the Old Bailey by Mr Justice Grantham in May . Dubof and Peters were accused with Tucker 's murder , Dubof , Peters , Rosen and Vassilleva were charged with " feloniously harbouring a felon guilty of murder " , and for " conspiring and agreeing together and with others unknown to break and enter the shop of Henry Samuel Harris with intent to steal his goods . " The case lasted for eleven days ; there were problems with the proceedings because of the language difficulties and the chaotic personal lives of the accused . The case resulted in acquittals for all except Vassilleva , who was convicted of conspiracy in the burglary . She was sentenced to two years ' imprisonment , although her conviction was later overturned on appeal .
After the high levels of criticism aimed at the Aliens Act , Churchill decided to strengthen the legislation , and proposed the Aliens ( Prevention of Crime ) Bill under the Ten Minute Rule . The MP Josiah C Wedgwood objected , and wrote to Churchill to ask him not to introduce the hard @-@ line measures " You know as well as I do that human life does not matter a rap in comparison with the death of ideas and the betrayal of English traditions . " The bill did not become law .
= = Legacy = =
The inadequacy of the police 's firepower led to criticism in the press , and on 12 January 1911 several alternative weapons were tested . The trials resulted in the decision by the Metropolitan Police to replace the Webley revolver with the Webley & Scott .32 calibre MP semi @-@ automatic pistol later that year ; the City of London Police followed suit with the same choice in 1912 .
The members of the group dispersed after the events . Peter the Painter was never seen or heard from again . It was assumed he left the country , and there were several possible sightings in the years afterwards , although none were confirmed . Jacob Peters returned to Russia , rose to be deputy head of the Cheka , the Soviet secret police , and was executed in Joseph Stalin 's 1938 purge . Trassjonsky had a mental breakdown and was confined for a time at Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum . Her eventual fate and date of death are not known . Dubof , Federoff and Hoffmann disappeared from the records , although Vassilleva remained living in the East End for the remainder of her life and died at Brick Lane in 1963 . Smoller left the country in 1911 and travelled to Paris , after which he disappeared ; Milstein later emigrated to live in
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difficult than anticipated , as she struggles with duties such as taking out the trash . Her already frazzled condition worsens when she finds lice on her daughter Cece , leaving her no choice but to wash all the clothing in the house . At work the next day , she notices Meredith Palmer ( Kate Flannery ) frantically scratching her head , and realizes she may have transferred the lice from Cece to the office . She initiates an investigation and Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) finds that all of the employees except Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) , Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) , Phyllis Vance ( Phyllis Smith ) , and Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) have lice . Given her disregard for cleanliness , the employees assume Meredith is responsible ; Pam defends her but neglects to admit her guilt . To eliminate the lice , Meredith shaves her head . Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) also overreacts , donning a hazmat suit and accidentally exposing himself to a hallucinogenic bug bomb that causes him to faint . On Erin 's advice , the other infected employees pair up to put mayonnaise on each other 's hair to suffocate the lice , which allows Pete ( Jake Lacy ) and Erin to spend time together and Angela Martin to prank Oscar Martinez in retaliation for his affair with her husband . Pam 's mother calls to inform her that Cece still has lice ; the other staff overhear and realize Pam is responsible for the lice infestation , much to Meredith 's delight .
Meanwhile , Jim goes to Philadelphia to meet with a potential investor in his sports marketing company ; the investor is none other than Julius " Dr. J " Erving , a personal hero of Jim 's . Being sensitive to how difficult it must be to manage the house and kids by herself , Jim doesn 't tell her who the investor is during their phone conversations and pretends to be stressed over the meeting ; Pam , in turn , affects to be having no problems so that she won 't add to Jim 's supposed stress . Back at the office , Pam apologizes to Meredith , and the two go out for a beer . While at the bar , Pam tells Meredith — who is a single parent — she now realizes how hard it is to handle children without a husband .
The uninfected workers are sent down to the warehouse to avoid contracting lice . Darryl had recently manipulated the warehouse foreman Val ( Ameenah Kaplan ) into breaking up with him because he wanted to have a new start when he moves to Philadelphia for his job at Jim 's new sports marketing company . Darryl tells the others about this so that they will be careful what they say to Val . Nellie , Phyllis , and Kevin confront Val and try to convince her to take Darryl back , to no avail . However , when Kevin then tries to get a date with Val , she is so mortified at her apparent dating prospects that she decides to get back together with Darryl , much to his annoyance .
= = Production = =
" Lice " was written by story editor Niki Schwartz @-@ Wright , marking her debut writing credit for the series . It was directed by Rodman Flender . This marked his second directorial effort for the series , after the earlier ninth season entry " The Whale " . As mentioned before , the episode guest starred Erving as himself . In addition , " Lice " featured performances by Ameenah Kaplan , who reprised her role as Val ; and Linda Purl as Pam 's mother , whose voice was heard on the phone . Kate Flannery did not actually shave her head for the episode . According to her Twitter account , make @-@ up artist Ed French was responsible for the bald cap and Kim M. Ferry designed the shaved hair effect . According to the actress , the prosthetics took three hours to apply . Afterwards , she joked that she has " newfound respect for the actors in Planet of the Apes ! " This is the third episode to not feature Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) or Clark ( Clark Duke ) . Helms left the show temporarily in the season 's sixth episode " The Boat " in order to film The Hangover Part III , whereas Duke left for a few episodes to film Kick @-@ Ass 2 .
The scenes at the end of the episode take place at The Bog ; this is an actual bar in Scranton . In addition , the exterior shots were all actually filmed in Scranton . In order to secure permission , the series ' production staff phoned the bar 's co @-@ owner , Brian Craig , and requested that the bar be featured on the show . Reportedly , parts of the scenes were filmed with an iPhone .
= = Cultural references = =
Jim compares spending a day with Julius Erving to a hypothetical situation wherein Pam would spend the day with John Stamos . Pam and Meredith bond over karaoke , and the two sing the song " Girls Just Want to Have Fun " , which was made famous by Cyndi Lauper in 1983 .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Lice " originally aired on NBC on January 10 , 2013 . In its original American broadcast , the episode was viewed by 4 @.@ 54 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 2 rating / 6 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 2 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 6 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The Office ranked third in its timeslot , being beaten by an episode of the CBS series Person of Interest which received a 2 @.@ 9 / 8 percent rating , and an entry of the ABC series Grey 's Anatomy which received a 3 @.@ 2 / 8 percent rating . In addition , The Office was the highest @-@ rated NBC television program on the night it aired . The episode was the twenty @-@ fourth most @-@ watched episode of television for the week it aired in the 18 – 49 demographic , with 2 @.@ 772 million viewers in the age group .
= = = Reviews = = =
USA Today writer Whitney Matheson called the episode " the funniest ep this season " and that " it also ranks as one of the best since Steve Carell 's departure in 2011 " . She lauded Flannery 's performance , writing that " the actress has never made me laugh harder than on last night 's episode " . Mark Trammell of TV Equals called the episode " excellent " ; he was particularly pleased with the episode 's humor . Michael Tedder of Vulture awarded the episode four out of five stars and said that it allowed Meredith , who until the episode had been " a mostly one @-@ dimensional source of promiscuity jokes " to have " two dimensions for once " . He also applauded Fischer 's performance , writing that it " would make for a terrific Emmy submission episode " .
Farihah Zaman of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a " B " and criticized its excessive narrative threads . She felt that Pam and Jim 's separation brought " out the worst in them " , but that " the same situations that force Jim and Pam to confront their flaws reveal the overlooked strengths of a couple of less prominent characters " . She also wrote that the ending was " touching " because it humanized Meredith and made her out as a " badass " . Cindy White of IGN awarded the episode a score of 7 @.@ 8 out of 10 , denoting a " good " episode . She felt that the final scenes with Pam and Meredith singing were " a nice callback to the show 's glory days " and made the ending feel " layered and grounded " . White also applauded the short sequence that showed many of the office staff mundanely going about their day with mayonnaise on their heads , noting that the pacing was reminiscent of the first season when the episodes " had room to breathe " . White , however , did feel that Jim 's storyline was too reminiscent of the story arc in the fifth season when Pam went to art school .
Nick Campbell of TV.com wrote an extremely negative review of the episode and called it " terrible " . He felt that Pam 's behavior due to Jim being gone was uncalled for . Furthermore , he felt that Dwight " swung too far into the territory that is known as ' annoying caricature ' " . Campbell did , however , write highly of Ellie Kemper , saying that " she 's played [ her character ] funnily and warmly as anyone else " . Several reviewers argued that the episode functioned as a filler episode . Brett Davinger of The California Literary Review called it the " epitome of filler " . ScreenCrush reviewer Damon Houx wrote that " if everyone were in the same location this would be a bottle episode " . Furthermore , Darryl 's subplot was mostly criticized . Tedder wrote that while " it 's fine to have a story line where someone pursues something and then realizes it wasn 't what it was cracked up to be " he wished that the show had actually developed Val as a character . White wrote that she did not enjoy seeing " this manipulative version of Darryl " because it contrasted with his earlier characterization in episodes like " The Deposition " . Zaman called the subplot " surprising " .
= Christina Milian ( album ) =
Christina Milian is the self @-@ titled debut studio album by American singer Christina Milian released by Def Soul on October 9 , 2001 . Its release was postponed because of the September 11 attacks , which occurred just two weeks before its release date . Her label opted to release it later that year in Europe , but due to changing music trends , Milian decided not to release the album domestically .
Milian made her first professional musical appearance on Ja Rule 's single " Between Me and You " , which led to a record deal with Def Soul and The Inc . Records in 2000 . Milian traveled to Sweden where she collaborated with several producers , most notably Bloodshy & Avant , who helmed five tracks . Milian co @-@ wrote eleven of the twelve songs on the album , taking inspiration from personal experiences . The album 's musical style is mostly dance and R & B , and critics noted similarities to her contemporaries Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera . Milian was displeased by Def Soul 's portrayal of her image , which she felt was constantly changing and confusing the audience .
The critical response to Christina Milian was mixed ; critics who gave a positive review enjoyed the catchy tracks and lead single " AM to PM " , while others found that it lacked original ideas . The album peaked at number 23 in the UK , selling a total of 101 @,@ 986 copies , and achieved Silver certification . Internationally , the album also charted in the Netherlands , Sweden and France . The album spawned two singles , " AM to PM " and When You Look at Me " , which charted worldwide .
= = Background = =
When Milian moved to Los Angeles at the age of 13 , she wanted to be in the record business , but did not know how to obtain a recording contract . After living in Los Angeles for six months , Milian moved into the same apartment complex as songwriter and producer Rodney " Darkchild " Jerkins . Jerkins heard about Milian from a boy band he was working with and once he heard her sing , they began working together . For a year and a half , Milian went into a studio everyday and worked with Jerkins , which is where she started meeting people in the record business .
Milian began writing songs at the age of seventeen because she needed a demo to help her obtain a recording contract . According to Milian , every time she recorded a song , the producer would refuse to give her the demo , or would write lyrics that she did not agree with . She felt that she had to write a song , record a demo , and send it out on her own .
Milian made her first professional musical appearance on Ja Rule 's second studio album Rule 3 : 36 , performing vocals on the song " Between Me and You " . The song was released as the album 's lead single in 2000 , peaking at number eleven on the Billboard Hot 100 , and in the top thirty of the UK Singles Chart . Milian then co @-@ wrote and performed backing vocals for the track " Play " for Jennifer Lopez 's album J.Lo ( 2001 ) . " Play " was released as the second single from the album and was a commercial success , peaking at number 3 in the UK and number 18 on the US Billboard Hot 100 .
= = Production and composition = =
Following her collaboration with Ja Rule , Milian signed a deal with Island Def Jam Music Group in 2000 . Milian traveled to Sweden and recorded her self @-@ titled debut album , working with the popular producers of that time . Milian collaborated with Bloodshy & Avant , Jermaine Dupri , Focus , Irv Gotti , Mark Hill , Montell Jordan and Evan Rogers . Soren Baker of the Los Angeles Times later suggested that instead of launching her career off the success of " Between Me and You " , and by recording in Sweden without the " platinum production touch " of Irv Gotti , the owner of The Inc . Records , the momentum created by the song had evaporated . Milian received writing credit for eleven of the twelve songs on the album . It was during the production of the album that Milian had first started to write songs , and wrote about things that she could relate to at the time .
Milian described the sound of the album as " hip hop under @-@ toned with nice , pop melodies " , and later said the genre of the album was " bubble @-@ gum pop " . She described lead single " AM to PM " as a " very pop " and " fun , party / club song " . The genre of the album was described by one critic as " light @-@ hearted , energetic R & B pop tunes " . Critics compared Milian to Janet Jackson and Aaliyah . Sonically , the album was said to stick " rigidly to the sherbert @-@ snorting pop formula of Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera " . One reviewer compared Milian to other singers of her generation , and found that " while Spears has gone raunchy with ' I Love Rock ' n ' Roll ' , Christina Aguilera down and dirty on Stripped , and even clean @-@ cut Mandy Moore has brashly cut her hair Felicity @-@ style , Milian still seems young and real . " The critic also compared Milian to Beyoncé Knowles , " while Beyonce is shaking her bootylicious body like crazy on ' Crazy In Love ' , Milian is simply enjoying becoming a young star . "
Many live instruments were used during the album 's production , especially violin . Milian named " You Make Me Laugh " one of her favorite songs on the album . It was the first song written by Milian for the album , and she worked with Bloodshy for the song 's production . The album 's second and final single , " When You Look at Me " , was written by Milian . Using her school days as the inspiration for the song , Milian said that " when I was growing up , I found people were always trying to label me . The first day of school it would be like ' Here comes this girl all dressed up . She thinks she 's all that ' and they didn 't even know me . The message behind ' When You Look At Me ' is never judge a book by its cover . " Milian asked Ja Rule to appear on her album , however she did not want to put him " on just any song " , and wanted to make sure it was the right song for him . Milian hoped Ja Rule would appear on the track " A Girl Like Me " , but he ended up rapping on " Get Away " . Milian co @-@ wrote the track " Twitch " with R & B singer Montell Jordan , which explains that men have a certain twitch of their shoulders whenever they tell lies .
= = Critical reception = =
The critical response to the album was mixed to generally positive . Imran Ahmed of the New Musical Express enjoyed " genius single ' AM to PM ' " , and praised the tracks " Got to Have You " and " When You Look at Me " . Ahmed guessed that " beneath the froth , there 's a certain depth of soul " in Milian , and thought " Get Away " had similar excellent results to her previous collaboration with Ja Rule , " Between Me and You " . The reviewer also commended the lyrics of " Twitch " , which he thought was " remarkable for being what may be the first ever song about someone with a facial tic " . Ahmed was impressed that alongside the impressive production credit list , it was " still Milian 's name that tops the list of executive producers " , and predicted , " genius can 't be more than a few albums away " . Contrastingly , Andrew Lynch of entertainment.ie described the album as " relentlessly ordinary " , and suggested that Milian needed original ideas . The reviewer felt that apart from " AM to PM " and " You Make Me Laugh " there was nothing above the average . Lynch said that if Milian " really wants to compete with the big girls , she badly needs to spice up her tired formula . "
A reviewer for Dawn commended the album for being " full of danceable , likeable tracks , and even the occasional , successful ballad like ' Until I Get Over You ' " . The reviewer called the album to be " a refreshing change with its charming lyrics and teen outlook " . " AM to PM " was said to hint at " quite a lot of talent " , and was praised for its " slick lyrics , a fast pace , and a phat vibe " . The reviewer also praised " When You Look at Me " , " Get Away " , and " Got to Have You " . Carmen Meyer of iafrica.com found the " smooth , groovy and refreshing " album to be filled " with light @-@ hearted and catchy tracks , which can be enjoyed either in a club , your car or even when chilling at home . " She commented on the album 's tracks , which ranged from " melodic and heart @-@ rending ballads to funky dance beats that are bound to keep you moving " . Meyer praised the " infectious " " AM to PM " , the " exciting " " A Girl Like Me " , and " Till I Get Over You " , which is " guaranteed to pull at your heartstrings and make you want to pull your loved ones closer " .
= = Release and commercial performance = =
The album was released on October 21 , 2001 in the United Kingdom . It peaked at number 23 in the UK , selling a total of 101 @,@ 986 copies , and achieved Silver certification . Internationally , the album peaked at number 36 in the Netherlands , 98 in Sweden , and 138 in France . Two weeks before the album 's release in the U.S. , the September 11 attacks occurred and the release date was postponed , eventually released three years later . The album 's lead single , " AM to PM " , peaked at number three in the UK , the top five in Denmark , the top 10 in the Netherlands , and the top 30 in Australia and the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . The album 's second and final single , " When You Look at Me " , reached number three in the UK and in the Netherlands , the top 10 in Australia , and the top 20 in Denmark and France . A music video for the track " Get Away " was filmed in Paris , although it was not officially released as a single . To promote the album , Milian toured with NSYNC , serving as the opening act . Band member JC Chasez said , " she was like the cute , spunky kid sister . Not everyone could take Justin 's practical jokes or my teasing . "
Milian believed that the public expected " a certain thing " from her when she first appeared with Ja Rule , however she wanted to record the type of music she was signed to do . She said that " AM to PM " was a " cool record " , but it was not what the public expected . Milian felt that her record label was confused as to how they wanted her image to be portrayed ; one second she was young and singing " AM to PM " , and next she was a grown woman singing " Get Away " . She realized that the change confused the audience , and that " nobody was buying it " . To explain that she was serious about her musical career , Milian approached the executives at Island Def Jam , and " cussed them all out " , telling them that they were not listening to her .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
= = Charts = =
= The Old Man and the " C " Student =
" The Old Man and the " C " Student " is the twentieth episode of The Simpsons ' tenth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 25 , 1999 . In the episode , after offending the Olympic committee during their visit to Springfield Elementary , the school 's students are committed to 20 hours of community service . Bart , along with his sister Lisa , is put in charge of Springfield 's retirement home , where Bart notices the doldrums that the old people go through every day . Meanwhile , Bart and Lisa 's father Homer tries to sell springs .
" The Old Man and the " C " Student " was directed by Mark Kirkland and was the first episode Julie Thacker wrote for The Simpsons . While Bart 's storyline was pitched by Thacker , the B @-@ story , involving Homer , was conceived by Thacker 's husband Mike Scully , who also was an executive producer and the showrunner for the episode . Jack Lalanne guest @-@ starred as himself in the episode .
On its original broadcast , " The Old Man and the " C " Student " was seen by approximately 6 @.@ 9 million viewers . Following the release of The Simpsons : The Complete Tenth Season , the episode received mostly positive reviews from critics .
= = Plot = =
When Lisa writes a letter to the International Olympic Committee , they decide that Springfield will be home to the next Olympics . To honor the Olympics , there is a contest for the games ' mascot . Homer creates a mascot for the Olympic Games named Springy , the Springfield Spring , which becomes the mascot ( much to Patty and Selma 's dismay , who created a mascot named Ciggy the Cigarette ) and everyone in Springfield prepares for the games . When the IOC inspects the town , things go well until Bart does a stand @-@ up comedy routine that insults foreign nations , which only Principal Skinner , Homer , and the children find funny . In response , the IOC decides not to let Springfield have the Olympics anymore ( they award it to Shelbyville , who presumably and chronologically lost it to Sydney ) , and Superintendent Chalmers blames Skinner for putting Bart on stage with his racy jokes . Skinner initially keeps his case strong by telling Chalmers that the comedy worked well during rehearsal , but to prevent losing his job , he makes every one of the school 's students do 20 hours of community service . After sending Milhouse to collect medical waste on the beach and leaving Martin to start a basketball program between inter @-@ city gangs , Skinner has Bart assigned to work at the Springfield Retirement Castle , where Lisa also works voluntarily . Bart is dismayed at how little the seniors are allowed to do .
Meanwhile , Homer gets 1 @,@ 000 springs he intended to sell as Olympic mascots . He uses various get @-@ rich @-@ quick schemes to sell off the mascots , but fails miserably due to Springfield 's hatred of Bart 's comedy routine . Ultimately , he is forced to flush the mascots down the toilet . At the time Lisa leads the seniors in " imagination time " , but when she departs , Bart makes the seniors escape to get a taste of freedom . Bart takes the seniors on a trip on the town and on a boat ride , and Lisa is initially shocked to see these things happen , but nevertheless , she is quite impressed by what Bart does for the seniors . The seniors have fun until their boat crashes into Mr. Burns 's schooner . The boat begins to sink and the seniors turn on Bart , but Grampa defends him , saying Bart gave them the best fun they have had in years . However , the springs that Homer flushed down the toilet save them , causing the boat to bob up at the surface long enough for the Coast Guard to rescue everyone . Bart finishes his community service time , but decides to help the seniors still enjoy themselves .
= = Production = =
" The Old Man and the " C " Student " was directed by Mark Kirkland and was the first episode Julie Thacker wrote for The Simpsons . It was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on April 25 , 1999 . The episode 's plot was based on a " disastrous " school program , in which students had to participate in community service in order to be allowed to advance to the next grade . Thacker , whose oldest daughter was a student at the school , was signed up to do community service at an old folks home in the town they lived in . It became the inspiration for the episode 's A @-@ story , while the B @-@ story , which involved Homer selling springs , was conceived by Thacker 's husband Mike Scully , an executive producer and the showrunner for the episode .
In a scene in the episode , Lenny gets one of Homer 's springs stuck in his eye . Lenny 's eye injuries have since become a running gag , and " The Old Man and the " C " Student " " started the trend " , according to Thacker . The " clunky , Up With People @-@ type " dance that the students perform for the Olympic jury was partly demonstrated during the animatic by Simpsons writer George Meyer . When Meyer later watched the episode , he found out , to his " horror " , that he had been given a choreographer credit at the end of the episode . The episode features American fitness expert Jack Lalanne as himself . In the DVD commentary for the episode , Scully stated that Lalanne was " very funny " and that he " gave a great performance " . Lalanne 's lines were recorded separately from the series main cast members .
= = Cultural references = =
The episode title is a reference to the novel and film " The Old Man and the Sea " . In the beginning of the episode , a sign reading " International Olympic Committee " can be seen . The logo below the text parodies the logo of the real International Olympic Committee . Because they did not want to " upset " the committee , the Simpsons staff slightly altered the logo by changing the colors and not making the rings interlock . In a scene in the episode , the old people can be seen watching an edited and over @-@ dubbed version of the 1939 film Gone With the Wind . The nurse that works in the old folks home is based on Nurse Ratched from the American drama film One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest . The film is referenced again in a scene where Bart takes the old folks on a boat trip and a scene where a Native American chief in the old folk 's home throws a dishwasher through a window , and jumps out , mirroring the last scene in the film . The character then returns , and hands Lisa a pamphlet that reads " Prop 217 " . The pamphlet is a reference to Proposition 217 , a proposition that allowed Native Americans to operate casinos in certain states . It is also a reference to the day Scully and Thacker met , which was on February 17 . The scene in which Smithers is drawing a portrait of Mr Burns is a reference to the 1997 drama film Titanic . The scene where the old people celebrate their escape from the home is a reference to a sequence from The Beatles ' 1964 film A Hard Day 's Night . Both are set to the group 's song " Can 't Buy Me Love " , although in the episode the song is a cover performed by NRBQ . During the end credits , an album cover reading " A Bart Day 's Night " , a reference to The Beatles ' album A Hard Day 's Night , the film 's soundtrack , is shown . " Can 't Buy Me Love " also plays over the end credits .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast on April 25 , 1999 , " The Old Man and the " C " Student " received a 6 @.@ 9 rating , according to Nielsen Media Research , translating to approximately 6 @.@ 9 million viewers . The episode finished in 41st place in the ratings for the week of April 19 – 25 , 1999 . On August 7 , 2007 , the episode was released as part of The Simpsons - The Complete Tenth Season DVD box set . Matt Groening , Mike Scully , George Meyer , Julie Thacker , Ron Hauge , Nancy Cartwright and Mark Kirkland participated in the DVD 's audio commentary of the episode .
Following its home video release , " The Old Man and the " C " Student " received mostly positive reviews from critics . Aaron Roxby of Collider gave it a positive review , calling it one the season 's best episodes . He wrote " The Simpsons has always been great about addressing / mocking the way that out culture treats the elderly . " He added that Lenny 's eye injury gave the episode " Extra points " . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood of I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide described the episode as " A marvellous feel @-@ good story " and " Very sweet , very endearing . " They added that the " stereotyped Olympic Committee debate " at the beginning of the episode is " marvellous " , and concluded by describing the episode as " terrific " . Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide was positive as well , writing " I gotta admit I like Springy , the Olympic mascot , and the spring @-@ related aspects of the show entertain . " He added that the story involving Bart " offer more than a few good moments , " and concluded by writing " Though the episode never quite excels , it ’ s pretty solid . " James Plath of DVD Town called it an " okay " episode . Jake McNeill of Digital Entertainment News described the episode as " not @-@ so @-@ good , " adding that " by this point , this show has expended just about every old folks joke there is . " However , he also wrote that " ' I want some taquitos ' never grows old . "
= Lynching of Jesse Washington =
Jesse Washington , a teenage black farmhand , was lynched in Waco , Texas , on May 15 , 1916 , in what became a well @-@ known example of racially motivated lynching . Washington was convicted of raping and murdering Lucy Fryer , the wife of his white employer in rural Robinson , Texas . There were no eyewitnesses to the crime , but during his interrogation by the McLennan County sheriff he signed a confession and described the location of the murder weapon .
Washington was tried for murder in Waco , in a courtroom filled with furious locals . He entered a guilty plea and was quickly sentenced to death . After his sentence was pronounced , he was dragged out of the court by observers and lynched in front of Waco 's city hall . Over 10 @,@ 000 spectators , including city officials
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ible trace because it was the first of its kind . " The film which Méliès was proudest of was Humanity Through the Ages , a serious historical drama now presumed lost .
= = Rediscovery = =
= = = Black @-@ and @-@ white print = = =
After Méliès 's financial difficulties and decline , most copies of his prints were lost . In 1917 , his offices were occupied by the French military , who melted down many of Méliès 's films to gather the traces of silver from the film stock and make boot heels from the celluloid . When the Théâtre Robert @-@ Houdin was demolished in 1923 , the prints kept there were sold by weight to a vendor of second @-@ hand film . Finally , in that same year , Méliès had a moment of anger and burned all his remaining negatives in his garden in Montreuil . In 1925 , he began selling toys and candy from a stand in the Gare Montparnasse in Paris . A Trip to the Moon was largely forgotten to history and went unseen for years .
Thanks to the efforts of film history devotées , especially René Clair , Jean @-@ George Auriol , and Paul Gilson , Méliès and his work were rediscovered in the late 1920s . A " Gala Méliès " was held at the Salle Pleyel in Paris on 16 December 1929 in celebration of the filmmaker , and he was awarded the Legion of Honor in 1931 . During this renaissance of interest in Méliès , the cinema manager Jean Mauclaire and the early film experimenter Jean Acme LeRoy both set out independently to locate a surviving print of A Trip to the Moon . Mauclaire obtained a copy from Paris in October 1929 , and LeRoy one from London in 1930 , though both prints were incomplete ; Mauclaire 's lacked the first and last scenes , and LeRoy 's was missing the entire final sequence featuring the parade and commemorative statue . These prints were occasionally screened at retrospectives ( including the Gala Méliès ) , avant @-@ garde cinema showings , and other special occasions , sometimes in presentations by Méliès himself .
Following LeRoy 's death in 1932 , his film collection was bought by the Museum of Modern Art in 1936 . The museum 's acquisition and subsequent screenings of A Trip to the Moon , under the direction of MoMA 's film curator Iris Barry , opened the film up once again to a wide audience of Americans and Canadians and established it definitively as a landmark in the history of cinema . LeRoy 's incomplete print became the most commonly seen version of the film and the source print for most other copies , including the Cinémathèque française 's print . A complete version of the film , including the entire celebration sequence , was finally reconstructed in 1997 from various sources by the Cinémathèque Méliès , a foundation set up by the Méliès family .
= = = Hand @-@ colored print = = =
No hand @-@ colored prints of A Trip to the Moon were known to survive until 1993 , when one was given to the Filmoteca de Catalunya by an anonymous donor as part of a collection of two hundred silent films . It is unknown whether this version , a hand @-@ colored print struck from a second @-@ generation negative , was colored by Elisabeth Thuillier 's lab , but the perforations used imply that the copy was made before 1906 . The flag waved during the launching scene in this copy is colored to resemble the flag of Spain , indicating that the hand @-@ colored copy was made for a Spanish exhibitor .
In 1999 , Anton Gimenez of the Filmoteca de Catalunya mentioned the existence of this print , which he believed to be in a state of total decomposition , to Serge Bromberg and Eric Lange of the French film company Lobster Films . Bromberg and Lange offered to trade a recently rediscovered film by Segundo de Chomón for the hand @-@ colored print , and Gimenez accepted . Bromberg and Lange consulted various specialist laboratories in an attempt to restore the film , but because the reel of film had apparently decomposed into a rigid mass , none believed restoration to be possible . Consequently , Bromberg and Lange themselves set to work separating the film frames , discovering that only the edges of the film stock had decomposed and congealed together , and thus that many of the frames themselves were still salvageable . Between 2002 and 2005 , various digitization efforts allowed 13 @,@ 375 fragments of images from the print to be saved . In 2010 , a complete restoration of the hand @-@ colored print was launched by Lobster Films , the Groupama Gan Foundation for Cinema , and the Technicolor Foundation for Cinema Heritage . The digitized fragments of the hand @-@ colored print were reassembled and restored , with missing frames recreated with the help of a black @-@ and @-@ white print in the possession of the Méliès family , and time @-@ converted to run at an authentic silent @-@ film speed , 14 frames per second . The restoration was completed in 2011 at Technicolor 's laboratories in Los Angeles .
The restored version premiered on 11 May 2011 , eighteen years after its discovery and 109 years after its original release , at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival , with a new soundtrack by the French band Air . The restoration was released by Flicker Alley in a 2 @-@ disc Blu @-@ Ray and DVD edition also including The Extraordinary Voyage , a feature @-@ length documentary by Bromberg and Lange about the film 's restoration , in 2012 . In The New York Times , A. O. Scott called the restoration " surely a cinematic highlight of the year , maybe the century . "
= = Legacy = =
As A Short History of Film notes , A Trip to the Moon combined " spectacle , sensation , and technical wizardry to create a cosmic fantasy that was an international sensation . " It was profoundly influential on later filmmakers , bringing creativity to the cinematic medium and offering fantasy for pure entertainment , a rare goal in film at the time . In addition , Méliès 's innovative editing and special effects techniques were widely imitated and became important elements of the medium . The film also spurred on the development of cinematic science fiction and fantasy by demonstrating that scientific themes worked on the screen and that reality could be transformed by the camera . In a 1940 interview , Edwin S. Porter said that it was by seeing A Trip to the Moon and other Méliès films that he " came to the conclusion that a picture telling a story might draw the customers back to the theatres , and set to work in this direction . " Similarly , D. W. Griffith said simply of Méliès : " I owe him everything . " Since these American directors are widely credited with developing modern film narrative technique , the literary and film scholar Edward Wagenknecht once summed up Méliès 's importance to film history by commenting that Méliès " profoundly influenced both Porter and Griffith and through them the whole course of American film @-@ making . "
It remains Méliès 's most famous film as well as a classic example of early cinema , with the image of the capsule stuck in the Man in the Moon 's eye particularly well @-@ known . The film has been evoked in other creative works many times , ranging from Segundo de Chomón 's 1908 unauthorized remake Excursion to the Moon through the extensive tribute to Méliès and the film in the Brian Selznick novel The Invention of Hugo Cabret and its 2011 Martin Scorsese film adaptation Hugo . Film scholar Andrew J. Rausch includes A Trip to the Moon among the " 32 most pivotal moments in the history of [ film ] , " saying it " changed the way movies were produced . " Chiara Ferrari 's essay on the film in 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die , which places A Trip to the Moon as the first entry , argues that the film " directly reflects the histrionic personality of its director " , and that the film " deserves a legitimate place among the milestones in world cinema history . "
= Rivadavia @-@ class battleship =
The Rivadavia class consisted of two battleships designed by the American Fore River Shipbuilding Company for the Argentine Navy . Named Rivadavia and Moreno after important figures in Argentine history , they were Argentina 's entry in the South American dreadnought race and a counter to Brazil 's two Minas Geraes @-@ class battleships .
In 1904 , Brazil scrapped a previous naval building program in favor of an order that included three warships of the new " dreadnought " type , despite signs that such an action would spark a South American naval arms race . To counter this acquisition by a major rival , Argentina began seeking bids for at least two dreadnoughts in 1908 . Over the next two years , shipbuilders from five countries vied for the contracts , complemented by efforts from their respective governments . Argentina was able to play this hyper @-@ competitive environment to its own advantage by rejecting all of the initial proposals and calling for new ones that required the best aspects of each . They then repeated this process , despite complaints from shipbuilders that their trade secrets were being given away . The contracts were awarded to the lowest bidder , Fore River , in early 1910 . This move shocked the European bidders , but could partly be explained by the American steel trust 's ability to produce steel at a lower cost than any other country .
With increasing tensions in Europe that would eventually lead to the First World War , newspapers speculated that the Argentine dreadnoughts would be sold to another country . Under diplomatic pressure , Argentina kept the ships . Throughout their careers , Rivadavia and Moreno were based in Puerto Belgrano and served principally as training ships and diplomatic envoys . They were modernized in the United States in 1924 and 1925 and were inactive for much of the Second World War due to Argentina 's neutrality . Struck from the navy lists on 1 February 1957 , Rivadavia was scrapped in Italy beginning in 1959 . Moreno was struck on 1 October 1956 and was towed to Japan in 1957 for scrapping in what was then the world 's longest tow ( 96 days ) .
= = Background = =
The raison d 'être for the Rivadavia class can be traced back to Argentine – Chilean territorial disputes over the boundary of Patagonia and control of the Beagle Channel going back to the 1840s . It nearly led to war in 1878 and kindled a naval arms race from 1887 to 1902 which was only settled via British mediation . As part of the three pacts which ended the dispute , restrictions were placed on the navies of both countries . The British Royal Navy bought two Swiftsure @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleships that were being built for Chile , and Argentina sold its two Rivadavia @-@ class armored cruisers under construction in Italy to Japan . Meanwhile , beginning in the late 1880s , Brazil 's navy fell into obsolescence after an 1889 revolution , which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II , and a 1893 civil war . By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage , despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile .
By 1904 , however , Brazil began to seriously consider upgrading its navy to compete with Argentina and Chile . Soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought the Brazilian economy an influx of revenue , which paid for a US $ 31 @.@ 25 million naval repair scheme , a substantial amount for the time period . The bill authorized 28 ships , including three battleships and three armored cruisers . It was not possible to lay down the battleships until 1906 , the same year the trend @-@ setting HMS Dreadnought was constructed . This ship prompted the Brazilians to cancel their battleship plans in favor of two Minas Geraes @-@ class dreadnoughts . The ordering of these powerful ships — designed to carry the heaviest armament in the world at the time — shocked Argentina and Chile . Historian Robert Scheina comments that the dreadnoughts alone " outclassed the entire [ elderly ] Argentinian fleet . "
Debates raged in Argentina over the wisdom of acquiring dreadnoughts to counter Brazil 's . The National Autonomist Party cabinet was in favor , despite a probable cost of nearly $ 10 million , but a specific plan for two 14 @,@ 000 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 14 @,@ 225 t ) battleships and ten destroyers was not popular with the public . Alarmed , the American ambassador to Brazil sent a cablegram to his Department of State , warning them of the destabilizing effects that would occur if the situation devolved into a full naval arms race .
Despite American entreaties to preclude the naval arms race , Brazil continued development on the ships . This , combined with renewed border disputes , particularly in the River Plate ( Río de la Plata , literally " Silver River " ) area , spurred Argentina to move forward with plans for their own battleships . Inflamed by newspaper editors , the public was now fully supportive of a naval building program . While an early plan called for $ 35 million to be invested — $ 7 million from foreign loans — a $ 55 million plan was adopted in August 1908 . Hoping to end the arms race , Argentina made an offer to purchase one of the two Brazilian ships , but the refusal prompted the dispatch of an Argentine naval commission to Europe to acquire dreadnoughts .
= = Bidding = =
Proposals from shipbuilders for two dreadnoughts ( along with a possible third , to match Brazil should a third ship be ordered ) and twelve destroyers were solicited in 1908 by open tender . In order to ensure that the designs reflected the most modern practices , the requirements were intentionally vague .
Fifteen shipyards from the United States , Great Britain , Germany , France , and Italy began bidding on the battleships . Diplomatic pressure to give the contracts was brought to bear from all these countries , especially the first three . Even with this assistance , industry leaders in the United States believed that they had no chance in the bidding without active cooperation from their government , as Europe was the traditional arms supplier to Argentina ( and to all of South America ) . Even when this was given , including the removal of import tariffs on hides from Argentina , promises for additional concessions if American shipbuilders were selected , and an offer to include the most technologically advanced fire @-@ control system and torpedo tubes available on the Argentine battleships , the United States was widely viewed as a non @-@ contender . Historian Seward W. Livermore remarked that " opposition to the United States was formidable . The naval commission was pro @-@ British ; the vice @-@ president of the republic , Roque Sáenz Peña , favored Italy , where he had been the Argentine envoy for many years ; and the minister of war wanted the contracts to go to Germany , so as to standardize the military and naval equipment of the country . "
The president of the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company believed that the United States would not receive contracts due to what he saw as a large amount of European meddling in Argentina :
The political influence of foreign powers is being exerted in a very forceful manner to turn the business to English and Continental firms ; the King of Italy , the German Emperor , and the force of English diplomacy are being made use of ; and American firms will have very little consideration , I fear , unless our government will exert some very powerful influence in favor of this country .
The United States , however , found an ally in Buenos Aires ' main daily newspaper , La Prensa . The owner , editor , and naval editor were all in favor of acquiring American @-@ designed dreadnoughts . In addition , the paper found evidence of British wrongdoing in a related naval contract . Under public pressure , the naval commission was forced to reconsider its original list , which had placed Italy first and Britain second . It now featured the United States first , Britain second , and Italy last .
In a surprise move , the Argentine naval commission then threw out all of the opening tenders and called for another round of bidding ; they simultaneously updated the specifications to include what were judged to be the best aspects of all the plans . The competitors were given three weeks to come up with new designs and cost estimates . After diplomatic protests , this was modified slightly ; the original bids were kept , but alterations to attempt to conform to the new desired characteristics were allowed .
The commission found that the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company bid was lowest on one battleship , and the Fore River Shipbuilding Company was lowest on the other . Despite a British attempt to allow the Armstrong Whitworth @-@ Vickers team to lower their price by $ 570 @,@ 000 , prompt American diplomacy granting various assurances regarding recent events between the United States and Brazil , the upcoming 1910 Pan @-@ American Conference , and a guarantee of American participation in the Argentine centennial celebrations secured the battleship contracts for Fore River on 21 January 1910 . The maximum price Fore River tendered , $ 10 @.@ 7 million , underbid the British by more than $ 973 @,@ 000 , but their ship 's displacement was 2 @,@ 000 long tons ( 2 @,@ 000 t ) smaller , the belt armor was 2 inches ( 51 mm ) thinner , and the top speed was slightly lower . Orders for the twelve destroyers were divided among Britain , France , and Germany .
Rivadavia was built by Fore River at its shipyard in Massachusetts , but they were contractually obligated to subcontract the second ship to a different shipyard in the hope that both would be completed faster , so Moreno was constructed by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation of Camden , New Jersey . The steel for the ships was largely supplied by the Bethlehem Steel Company of Pennsylvania , which , due to their ability to produce steel at a lower price than other nations , was an integral cost @-@ saving measure . The Secretary of the Argentine Naval Commission , the body which chose the final design , said the reason the American tender was lower than that of the English was that " steel for construction work and armor @-@ plating is a great deal cheaper in the United States than in England . Wages are higher there , but the contractors ... are able to obtain it more cheaply owing to the manipulations of the Steel Trust . "
A third dreadnought , provided for in the contract , was strongly supported by Argentina and by U.S. diplomats during 1910 , while the Minas Geraes class was still under construction . La Prensa and one of its rivals , La Argentina , heavily advocated a third ship ; the latter even started a petition to raise money for a new battleship . An American diplomat wrote back to the United States that " this newspaper rivalry promises the early conclusion of a movement which means a third battleship whether by public subscription or by Government funds . " However , Brazil 's 21 – 26 November Revolt of the Lash — in which the three most powerful ships in the fleet ( the battleships Minas Geraes , São Paulo , and the cruiser Bahia ) and several smaller warships violently rebelled — crushed the previous sentiment for a new battleship . About two years later in October 1912 , a third dreadnought was authorized by Argentina in case Brazil 's Rio de Janeiro was completed and delivered . The ship was never named or built , as Rio de Janeiro was sold to the Ottoman Empire due to monetary issues , and a later planned Brazilian ship ( Riachuelo ) was canceled due to the beginning of the First World War .
= = International reaction = =
The choice of Fore River came as a complete surprise to the European bidders . Britain 's reaction in particular was scathing : Sir John H. Biles , a professor and well @-@ known naval architect , decried the bidding process as " unethical " :
... it may be presumed that everything ... good in the first proposals [ was ] seized upon by the Argentine authorities and asked for in the new design . This second request went not only to British builders but to all the builders of the world , and in this way it is exceedingly probable that a serious leakage of ideas and practice of our ships was disseminated through the world by the Argentine government .... The third inquiry that was issued showed to all the builders of the world what has been eliminated or modified in the second inquiry ; and so the process of leakage went merrily on , and with it that of the education of foreign builders and the Argentine government .
Various British newspapers also cried foul . The Evening Standard believed that as " Argentina 's greatest creditor and greatest client " , Britain ought to have been awarded the two ships . The Times took a different track , accusing American shipbuilders of slashing prices to an obscene degree , and accusing the government of exerting undue diplomatic pressure to obtain the contracts .
New Zealand 's Evening Post noted that the United States had previously built major warships for other countries , including Russia , and Britain 's ally Japan , and commented , " The severity of the blow to England rests in ... the amount of English capital in [ Argentina ] " , possibly echoing the Evening Standard 's argument . They referred to a " startling " fact printed by the Daily Mail : the steel used for the armor of the American design was obtained for a much lower price . With Bethlehem 's ability to produce it at £ 8 less per ton than British foundries , a cost savings of more than 10 % in steel over the British ship could be realized .
Germany asserted that the United States was given the opportunity to view the other nations ' tenders and lower their price accordingly . Germany also alleged that the United States had secured the deal by pledging to come to Argentina 's defense should they become embroiled in a military conflict .
The New York Times noted that with Argentina 's and Brazil 's dreadnought orders , countries in North and South America were building the five biggest capital ships in the world ( Brazil 's Rio de Janeiro , Argentina 's Rivadavia and Moreno , and the United States ' New York and Texas ) in addition to seven of the ten largest ( including the United States ' Wyoming and Arkansas ) . Shortly after Rivadavia had completed its trials , the U.S. Navy 's Board of Inspection and Survey remarked that the ship " handle [ d ] remarkably well ... with comparatively minor modifications the vessel would practically meet the requirements of our own vessels . " The Board of Inspection was less pleased with the wing turrets , stating that " while theoretically the Rivadavia has an ahead and astern fire of six guns , this is not so in reality , as it is almost certain that the blast from the waist turrets would dish in the smokepipes and damage the uptakes . "
= = Possible sale = =
After Brazil sold Rio de Janeiro to the Ottoman Empire , Argentina began to actively seek a buyer for their two ships so the profits could be invested in education . In the tension that preceded the First World War , there were many suitors . The United States , however , abhorred the idea of their latest technological advances falling into the hands of a possible future combat opponent . While the contract allowed the United States Navy an option to acquire the ships if a deal was reached with a third nation , the Navy did not want the ships ; with the rapid advances in dreadnought technology , such as the " all or nothing " armor arrangement , even new ships like Rivadavia and Moreno were seen as outmoded .
Three bills directing that the battleships be sold were introduced into the Argentine National Congress in the summer of 1914 , but all were defeated . Still , soon after the beginning of the First World War , the German ambassador to Argentina alleged to the U.S. State Department that Britain 's Royal Navy was going to take over the ships as soon as the ships reached the River Plate , and the British put diplomatic pressure on the United States to try to ensure the ships were not sold to any other country ( as this new country could in turn sell them to Germany ) . Italy , the Ottomans , and Greece were all reportedly interested in buying both ships , the latter as a counter to the Ottoman purchase of Rio de Janeiro . The United States , worried that its neutrality would not be respected and its technology would be released for study to a foreign competitor , put diplomatic pressure on Argentina to keep the ships , which it eventually did .
= = Design influences = =
The Rivadavia design was very similar to a 1906 proposal from Fore River for an American dreadnought class . This ship would have mounted a main battery of fourteen 12 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) guns in dual turrets ( two superfiring fore , two wing , and three non @-@ superfiring aft ) , a secondary battery of twenty 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) guns and four torpedo tubes on a hull of 22 @,@ 000 long tons ( 22 @,@ 000 t ) that would be capable of 21 knots ( 24 mph ; 39 km / h ) . Foreign practices also bore a large influence on the design ; most were acquired through the unique design process of rejecting multiple bids and calling for the best aspects of each . For example , the superfiring arrangement of the main battery was an American innovation , while the wing turrets were similar to British designs of the time . The secondary battery of 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns and the three @-@ shaft system were influenced by German design practices , while the engine and boiler layout was reminiscent of the Italian battleship Dante Alighieri .
= = Service histories = =
Rivadavia was named after Bernardino Rivadavia , the first president of Argentina , and was built by Fore River Shipyard . The ship was laid down on 25 May 1910 , launched on 26 August 1911 , and completed in December 1914 . Moreno was named after Mariano Moreno , a member of the first Argentine government ; laid down on 10 July 1910 by New York Shipbuilding Corporation , it was launched on 23 September 1911 and completed in February 1915 . Both ships had engine trouble soon after completion : Rivadavia 's completion was delayed due to a damaged turbine , while Moreno had an entire turbine fail while on its trials .
The ships finally arrived in Argentina in February and May 1915 , respectively . In the early 1920s , both ships spent time in the reserve fleet due to an economic depression , but enough money was available by 1924 to have the dreadnoughts modernized in the United States . Both refits included a conversion from coal to fuel oil , a new fire @-@ control system , and other minor improvements . In the 1930s they participated in training cruises and diplomatic trips , including :
Moreno 's 1933 visit to Brazil with Argentine president Agustín Pedro Justo aboard ;
A second visit in 1934 to mark the centennial of Brazilian independence ;
Rivadavia 's and Moreno 's 1937 voyage to Europe , where they visited Brest ( France ) , Wilhelmshaven , Bremen , and Hamburg ( Germany ) ;
Moreno 's additional participation on the same voyage in the British Spithead Naval Review , where the New York Times ' Hanson Baldwin described it as a " a strange vestigial sea monster in this company of more modern fighting ships " ;
Rivadavia 's and Moreno 's 1939 training cruise to Brazil with naval cadets embarked ; with the beginning of the Second World War in September , destroyers had to be sent from Argentina to escort them home .
During the war , both ships were mainly inactive due to Argentine neutrality . Rivadavia undertook a last diplomatic cruise to Trinidad , Venezuela , and Colombia in 1946 , but both ships were immobile by 1948 . Moreno was stricken from the naval register on 1 October 1956 and was brought to Japan in 1957 for scrapping in a then @-@ world @-@ record 96 @-@ day tow . Rivadavia was stricken on 1 February 1957 and scrapped in Italy beginning in 1959 . The money gained from selling the two dreadnoughts along with an older armored cruiser , Pueyrredón , was used to buy an aircraft carrier from the United Kingdom , Independencia ( ex @-@ Warrior ) .
= = Specifications = =
The two ships of the Rivadavia class were 594 feet 9 inches ( 181 @.@ 28 m ) overall and 585 feet ( 178 m ) between perpendiculars . They had a beam of 98 feet 4 @.@ 5 inches ( 29 @.@ 985 m ) , a normal draft of 27 feet 8 @.@ 5 inches ( 8 @.@ 446 m ) , and displaced 27 @,@ 500 long tons ( 27 @,@ 900 t ) normally and 30 @,@ 100 long tons ( 30 @,@ 600 t ) at full load . The ships were staffed by 130 officers and about 1000 enlisted men .
For armament , the Rivadavia class was equipped with a main battery of twelve 12 @-@ inch / 50 caliber guns , a secondary battery of twelve 6 @-@ inch ( 155 mm ) / 50 and twelve 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) / 50 QF , and two 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes .
The 12 " / 50 was a Bethlehem development . It was most likely based on the weapon used in the United States ' Wyoming @-@ class battleship , the 12 " / 50 caliber Mark 7 gun . The twelve guns were mounted in six dual turrets . Four turrets were superfiring fore and aft , while the other two were located en echelon in wing turrets . The latter weapons could , in theory , fire on a 180 ° range on their respective sides of the hull and 100 ° on the other , but in reality this was not possible , as the blast damage from the weapons would damage the ship . A more reasonable estimate would be 90 ° on their sides . The 6 @-@ inch secondary armament was placed in casemates , with six on either side of the ship . For protection , they were provided with 6 inches of armor . The 4 @-@ inch weaponry , intended for use against marauding destroyers , was mounted unarmored in various places around the ship , including the main deck , superstructure , and far up near the bow . As originally built , there were sixteen 4 @-@ inch guns , but four of those were replaced with four 3 @-@ inch AA guns and four 3 @-@ pounders during the 1924 @-@ 1926 modernization . The torpedo tubes were located underneath the waterline and were loaded in a dedicated compartment .
Full ammunition loads were
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the match , but were being thwarted by Plymouth Argyle captain Michael Heathcote and his defensive colleagues which left strikers Robbie Blake and Robbie Painter , who both scored in the semi @-@ finals , with little to work on . As Darlington committed more players forward in search of an equaliser they left themselves exposed in defence which gave the leading side more space to launch counter @-@ attacks . Evans and Littlejohn threatened to score the decisive second goal , but in the end Mauge 's headed finish mid @-@ way through the second half proved to be enough to claim the final promotion place for the team from Devon . The match was by no means a classic , with serious goalscoring chances at a premium , but to the winners it didn 't matter .
= = = Post @-@ match = = =
After the final whistle Plymouth Argyle 's captain Michael Heathcote received the winners ' trophy before parading it in front of the club 's supporters on the pitch . For the club 's manager , Neil Warnock , it was his fourth play @-@ off success at Wembley Stadium . He commented on his past experiences that " It can 't be a hindrance , having done it before , but it doesn 't make it any less tense . It makes it a very long season . I had booked a holiday starting today - I suppose I should have known better " .
Warnock was also full of praise for his counterpart , Jim Platt , commenting that " He should be made manager of the year for what he 's done at that club " . Citing Darlington 's financial worries " Everyone thought they would blow up , but they didn 't - they got within an ace . Unfortunately , someone has to lose " . Platt , a former Northern Ireland international , was equally optimistic . He said " My side is very young - nearly all of them in their early 20s . I think we will be here again next season or go up automatically - if we can keep the side together " .
As a result of their victory , Plymouth Argyle returned to the third tier of English football just one year after being relegated to the fourth tier for the first time in its history . They returned to the Third Division two years later before being promoted as champions in 2002 , and the club followed that up by winning the Second Division in 2004 , to reclaim their place in the second tier of English football after a twelve @-@ year hiatus . For Darlington , there was to be more disappointment in the play @-@ offs four years later under David Hodgson , Platt 's successor . They reached the Third Division final in 2000 , the last to be played at the original Wembley Stadium , and were defeated 1 – 0 again ; on this occasion to Peterborough United .
= = Match details = =
= East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars =
The East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars was a series of campaigns related to the major European conflict known as the French Revolutionary Wars , fought between 1793 and 1801 between the new French Republic and its allies and a shifting alliance of rival powers . Although the Indian Ocean was separated by vast distance from the principal theatre of the conflict in Western Europe , it played a significant role due to the economic importance of the region to Great Britain , France 's most constant opponent , of its colonies in India and the Far Eastern trade .
Protection of British interests in the region fell primarily to the Royal Navy , supported by the military forces of the East India Company . Naval strategy sought to eliminate enemy forces in the region and provide convoy protection to the large East Indiamen merchant ships and smaller company ships which transported goods and wealth between Britain and its Asian colonies and trade partners . The French Navy maintained commerce raiding operations in the region throughout the war ; particularly light frigate squadrons and privateers deployed in an effort to disrupt British trade , supported as the conflict developed by the allies the French accrued in the course of the war , particularly the Batavian Republic and Spain .
At the declaration of war on Britain by the newly formed French Republic on 1 February 1793 , British forces in the Indian Ocean held a considerably stronger military position , which was immediately utilised to seize the French territories in India . The remaining French forces continued operating from their base on the remote island of Île de France , privateers in particular conducting a highly disruptive campaign against British commerce . Attempts by the Royal Navy , commanded by Rear @-@ Admiral Peter Rainier , to limit their effectiveness resulted in a number of inconsequential clashes and a partial blockade of the French islands . In 1795 the declaration of war on Britain by the newly formed Batavian Republic led to successful invasions of the Batavian colonies of Dutch Ceylon , the Dutch Cape Colony and operations against the Dutch East Indies .
In 1796 British control of the region was challenged by a large and powerful French frigate squadron sent to the Indian Ocean under Contre @-@ amiral Pierre César Charles de Sercey . Sercey 's squadron operated against British trade for two years with little success ; attempts to raid the China trade and coordinate with a Spanish Navy squadron at Manila in the Philippines all ending in failure . Growing resentment on Île de France at the cost of maintaining the squadron eventually required most of the ships to return to France . The survivors , forced to operate independently , were subsequently defeated and captured by the Royal Navy in a series of individual engagements in 1799 . By 1800 British control of the Indian Ocean was again assured , Rainier deploying his ships in trade protection duties and in the Red Sea to support the invasion of Egypt in 1801 . At the end of the war in 1802 the Peace of Amiens reverted the situation in the region to its pre @-@ war state , Britain returning all seized colonies except for Ceylon .
= = Background = =
On 1 February 1793 , amid mounting tensions following the French Revolution of 1789 , the recently formed French Republic , already at war with the Austrian Empire and Prussia , declared war on Great Britain and the Dutch Republic . This act spread the French Revolutionary Wars beyond Europe to encompass the British , French and Dutch colonies in the Americas and the East Indies . Britain and France were already rivals in the East Indies , having fought campaigns in the Indian Ocean during both the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 – 1763 ) and the American War of Independence ( 1775 – 1783 ) . More recently British and French naval forces had fought the Battle of Tellicherry in 1791 as part of the Third Anglo @-@ Mysore War , a conflict between the East India Company ( EIC ) , which controlled British mercantile interests in the East Indies , and the French @-@ supported Kingdom of Mysore in Southern India . The battle was a French defeat , but it had little impact on either the war itself , which saw the EIC extract significant concessions from Tipu Sultan , the ruler of Mysore , or the worsening political climate in Europe .
Britain , through the EIC , controlled large stretches of the Indian coast , including the three significant ports of Calcutta , Bombay and Madras , when the war began . On the northern coast of the Bay of Bengal , Calcutta was a highly lucrative port but remote and lacking in naval facilities ; Madras on the Coromandel Coast was an open harbour with little in the way of defences ; while Bombay , on the western coast , was the point of communication with Europe and the strongest naval base in the region . To the east , British merchants operated from the small harbours of Penang and Bencoolen , which linked directly to the great mercantile centre at Canton in Qing Dynasty China . This linkage was the principal cause of British interest in the East Indies : the connection to and dominance of a lucrative network of intercontinental trade and exploration .
France controlled a number of trading harbours along the Indian coast including Mahé and Chandernagore , all governed from the larger port of Pondicherry . However , the strongest French position in the region was the isolated island of Île de France , later known as Mauritius , with its subordinate bases of Réunion and small settlements on Madagascar in the Seychelles and on Rodrigues . Île de France , centred on the capital Port Louis , had important commercial agricultural features and an economy dominated by African slave labour . The islands were only commercially viable when left ungarrisoned , and if any troops had to be supported or the islands came under blockade there were corresponding economic difficulties and food shortages . The island was most valuable as a naval base , situated in an ideal position for raiders to intercept British trade between Europe and the East Indies . The upheavals of the French Revolution had reached Île de France , with accusations against senior officials leading to arrests in 1792 . The arrival of news that the French Convention had abolished slavery in August 1794 almost plunged the island into civil war , and only the intervention of Governor Malartic prevented conflict .
The Dutch Empire held the Dutch Cape Colony , Dutch Ceylon and the Dutch East Indies . The latter , now Indonesia , was governed by the Dutch East India Company from the highly lucrative port of Batavia . Batavia was the centre of East Asian trade , reaching as far as Nagasaki in Edo period Japan , supported by other towns and ports including Sourabaya and Griessie . The Cape Colony at the Southern tip of Africa was far less significant , acting principally as a resupply harbour with little commercial activity or penetration into the surrounding countryside . The commercially significant harbours of Trincomalee and Colombo on the island of Ceylon were of strategic importance , but weakly garrisoned against attack . These colonies were defended by a Dutch naval squadron , sent to the region in 1782 in the aftermath of the American War of Independence .
The Spanish Philippines , somewhat distant to the other European colonies in the region , was a commercial backwater which survived through large subsidies from New Spain . The only significant towns were Manila and Cavite , the latter hosting a powerful Spanish naval squadron . A Portuguese mercantile presence existed in the Indian port of Goa , which was a source of concern to the British as it represented a weak point in the defenses of British India . Portugal also controlled the Chinese port of Macau and a number of trading posts on the East African coast in Portuguese Mozambique . Other European nations , including Denmark and Sweden traded in the East Indies , as increasingly did American merchant ships .
The East Indies were very important to the British war effort due to their pivotal position in maintaining British revenue through trade . The EIC controlled the shipment of large quantities of valuable commodities from India , China and other Asian markets to Europe with their fleet of large and well @-@ armed merchant ships , known as East Indiamen , supplemented by smaller local trading vessels known as " country ships " . The EIC maintained a standing army in India and their own small fleet , designed for the protection of commerce . The EIC navy was supplemented by Royal Navy forces , which had been depleted of forces shortly before the outbreak of war ; Rear @-@ Admiral William Cornwallis had only the ship of the line HMS Crown at Madras , and the frigate HMS Minerva at Calcutta . French forces in the region also comprised two frigates , Cybèle and Prudente under Commodore Saint @-@ Félix , supported by a squadron of smaller vessels and a large but disorganised force of privateers , with orders to operate against British commerce .
= = Outbreak of war = =
News of the French declaration of war arrived by ship in Calcutta , having traveled from George Baldwin , British ambassador in Alexandria , on 1 June 1793 . Cornwallis immediately sailed to Pondicherry , instituting a blockade and seizing an ammunition supply ship entering the port . Plans to eliminate the French presence in India had already been drawn up . The British and EIC forces , commanded on land by Colonel John Braithwaite , moved rapidly , seizing Chandernagore , Karaikal , Yanam and Mahé without resistance . Pondicherry proved stronger , and Braithwaite was forced to besiege the city for 22 days until the French commander , Colonel Prosper de Clermont , agreed to surrender . Cornwallis 's blockade was augmented by several large East Indiamen , proving sufficient as a deterrent to drive off the French frigate Cybèle and accompanying storeships which sought to resupply the garrison on 14 August .
With the French firmly driven from India , Cornwallis returned to European waters with Minerva . Protection of EIC shipping from French forces was left to a small number of light EIC warships . The trade route through the Sunda Strait proved particularly vulnerable ; on 27 September 1793 the East Indiaman Princess Royal was captured by a squadron of large privateers . In January 1794 a well armed squadron of East Indiamen under Commodore Charles Mitchell were sent to patrol the Sunda Strait by the EIC . During the ensuing Sunda Strait campaign , privateers attacked the East Indiaman Pigot on 17 January before Mitchell defeated the largest privateers , Vengeur and Résolu , on 22 January and fought an inconclusive engagement with Prudente and Cybèle under Captain Jean @-@ Marie Renaud on 24 January . Renaud subsequently captured the Pigot , while she was under repairs at Fort Marlborough . In late February both French and EIC squadrons returned to the Indian Ocean . The Dutch frigate Amazone subsequently captured two French corvettes at Sourabaya .
In the early spring of 1794 , during a major campaign in the Atlantic , a British force led by Captain Peter Rainier in the 74 @-@ gun ship of the line HMS Suffolk , also including HMS Swift , HMS Orpheus , HMS Centurion and HMS Resistance , was sent to the Indian Ocean . This force diverged en route , with Orpheus , Resistance and Centurion cruising off Île de France in May . On 5 May this force encountered the captured Princess Royal , now armed as a warship and renamed Duguay @-@ Trouin , and the brig Vulcain . Duguay @-@ Trouin sailed poorly and was intercepted and captured by Orpheus after a short battle . The blockade of Île de France was maintained during the year and on 22 October Renaud attempted to eliminate it , attacking Centurion and Diomede off Île Ronde . The ensuing battle was hard @-@ fought , with a particularly ferocious duel between Centurion and Cybèle , but ultimately the British squadron was forced to withdraw to India .
= = Batavian campaigns = =
" What was a feather in the hands of the Dutch will become a sword in the hands of France . "
Rainier decided not to renew the blockade of Île de France in 1794 , concerned by false rumours that a French battle squadron was sailing to the East Indies . In July 1795 news arrived in India which significantly changed the strategic situation : during the winter of 1794 – 1795 the French Army had overrun the Dutch Republic , reforming the country into an allied client state named the Batavian Republic . Control of the Dutch colonies , whose loyalty was uncertain , became Rainier 's main priority due principally to their strategic positions along intercontinental trade routes , and he immediately organised operations to seize them . The largest force , with Rainier in personal command , descended on Trincomalee , while a smaller force under Captain Edward Pakenham in Resistance sailed for Malacca .
Rainier hoped that the Dutch commanders would peacefully transfer control of their colonies to the British after provision of the Kew Letters from Stadtholder William of Orange . However at Trincomalee the governor resisted and an invasion of Ceylon went ahead . After a short bombardment , Trincomalee capitulated on 26 August , although Diomede was wrecked during the landing operation . With the principal fort taken , the remaining Batavian towns on Ceylon surrendered peaceably over the following month , as did the Batavian trading port of Cochin in India . Pakenham 's force was able to seize Malacca without resistance on 17 August 1795 .
Batavian control of the Dutch Cape Colony was a serious risk to British shipping rounding the Cape of Good Hope , and a substantial force under Sir George Keith Elphinstone was sent from Britain to eliminate it . Arriving in early August , Elphinstone initially attempted to intimidate the governor into surrender , but eventually authorised a landing at Simon 's Town . On 7 August the expeditionary force fought a skirmish at Muizenberg and clashes continued throughout August . A major Dutch attack on 3 September was forestalled by the arrival of a large fleet of Indiamen carrying British reinforcements , and as these troops came ashore the outnumbered Dutch surrendered . A much @-@ delayed Batavian expeditionary force , sent to retake control of the Cape , arrived in August 1796 , but was out @-@ manoeuvered and forced to surrender by Elphinstone at the Capitulation of Saldanha Bay .
= = British consolidation = =
Elphinstone 's arrival at the Cape officially placed him in overall command of the East Indies squadron , but the great distances involved meant that immediate operational control remained with Rainier . In July 1795 Prudente and Cybèle sailed from Île de France and attacked shipping in the Sunda Strait , seizing a number of merchant ships . When reports of this attack reached Rainier he took most of his squadron eastwards to the Dutch East Indies , leaving only Gardner 's squadron to watch Colombo . Elphinstone assumed command of the Western Indian Ocean , sending HMS Stately and HMS Victorious to restore the blockade of Île de France and taking HMS Monarch , HMS Arrogant and sloops HMS Echo and HMS Rattlesnake to Madras , where he arrived on 15 January 1796 . In France , an operation to reinforce the Indian Ocean with a squadron of razee frigates or ships of the line under Contre @-@ amiral Kerguelen had been planned in 1794 but repeatedly delayed due to lack of suitable ships and commitments elsewhere . In the summer of 1795 these plans were abandoned completely following losses at the Battle of Groix and French intervention in the East Indies was not attempted until the spring of 1796 .
The renewed blockade of Île de France was lifted in December 1795 , and Elphinstone deployed most of his forces in the continued blockade of Colombo . In February a small squadron under Captain Alan Hyde Gardner attacked city and secured the total surrender of the remaining Batavian garrison on the island . In March word arrived at Madras of the Batavian attempt to recapture the Cape Colony and Elphinstone returned westwards with Monarch , followed by Stately , Echo and Rattlesnake . In the east , Rainier 's force had some success , seizing the considerable clove stores at Amboyna on 16 February 1796 and the nutmeg and mace supplies of Banda Neira on 8 March . The value of these captures was significant : the captains involved each received £ 15 @,@ 000 . However , these successes were offset by the complicated political position Rainier discovered in the Dutch East Indies ; he spent the entirety of the remainder of the year diffusing or defeating a series of uprisings by local rajahs and did not return to India until February 1797 .
Alarmed at the distance Elphinstone had been forced to travel to defend the Cape , the Admiralty separated command of the Cape and the East Indies in Spring 1796 . In October 1796 , Elphinstone was recalled to Britain , sending a squadron comprising HMS Jupiter , HMS Braave , HMS Sceptre , HMS Sybille and HMS Sphynx to again renew the blockade of Île de France and HMS Trident and HMS Fox sent to augment Rainier 's squadron , which had been damaged by a storm in the Bay of Bengal . On 2 December a detachment from the blockade squadron , led by Captain John William Spranger in HMS Crescent with Braave and Sphynx attacked and destroyed the French port at Foul Point on Madagascar , seizing five French merchant ships .
= = Sercey 's squadron = =
Until 1796 there had been no reaction from the French Convention to the operations in the East Indies , and they were eventually inspired to reinforce the region not by British actions but by French ones . In 1795 orders had arrived at Île de France formally abolishing slavery . The Colonial Assembly on the island , whose wealth relied on slave labour , simply ignored the order . The matter was taken up by the Committee of Public Safety , who ordered two agents , Baco and Burnel , to enforce the ruling . These agents were escorted by a squadron of frigates sailing from Rochefort on 4 March under the command of Île de France @-@ born Contre @-@ amiral Pierre César Charles de Sercey , comprising Régénérée , Cocarde , Forte and Seine with corvettes Bonne Citoyenne and Mutine . On board were 800 soldiers and two companies of artillery under General François @-@ Louis Magallon .
Sercey 's voyage started badly , losing Cocarde to an accident on the French coast and Bonne Citoyenne and Mutine to British frigate patrols in the Bay of Biscay . Once out of European waters , however , his passage was unchallenged , watering at La Palma , where Vertu joined the squadron , and capturing the whaler Lord Hawkesbury in the South Atlantic . Baco and Burnel proved a bigger problem : at one stage the squabbling pair attempted to kill one another and had to be pulled apart by Sercey . The squadron took a Portuguese Indiaman off Cape Agulhas on 24 May and the following day encountered and unsuccessfully pursued HMS Sphynx . On 3 June Sercey seized a British Indiaman and his squadron arrived at Île de France unopposed on 18 June , the blockade squadron having departed the coast a few days earlier . The Colonial Assembly had been forewarned of the arrival of the government agents , possibly by Sercey , and they were met with armed troops . The agents demanded Magallon attack the colonial troops , but he refused to do so , and Baco and Burnel were forced onto the corvette Moineau . Moineau was instructed to take the agents to Manila , but once at sea they overruled the captain and ordered him to take them back to France .
Sercey refitted his squadron at Île de France , dividing it into two forces . The largest , comprising Forte , Prudente , Seine , Régénérée , Vertu and Cybèle was to sail eastwards under his command . The second , comprising the recently arrived Preneuse and the corvette Brûle @-@ Gueule was ordered westwards to operate in the Mozambique Channel . Sercey sailed on 14 July 1796 , reaching Ceylon by 14 August . He was unaware at this stage that the ports of eastern India were undefended , Rainier 's prolonged stay in the East Indies leaving no warships to protect Madras and Calcutta , and Sercey consequently sent the privateer Alerte to scout the Bay of Bengal . Alerte was subsequently captured by the British frigate HMS Carysfort , and documents detailing Sercey 's strength found aboard . This information was used to surreptitiously supply Sercey with false information that a British battle squadron was at anchor in Madras . Dissuaded from further operations in the region , Sercey raided Tranquebar and then sailed for the East Indies .
After attacking Banda Aceh , Sercey sought to raid the British trading post of George Town at Penang , but on 9 September his squadron was intercepted off northwest Sumatra by two British ships of the line , HMS Arrogant and HMS Victorious , which had been hastily detached from commerce protection duties at Penang . The forces fought an inconclusive action after which both retired with damage , the British to Madras and Sercey to Batavia , where he remained until January 1797 . On emerging from Batavia , Sercey cruised in the Java Sea in search of the annual EIC convoy from Macau . Rainier had escorted half of the convoy safely through the Straits of Malacca during his return to India , but the other half sailed unescorted through the Bali Strait , where Sercey ambushed it on 28 January . Captain Charles Lennox saved his convoy by disguising his ships as a Royal Navy squadron and making aggressive moves towards Sercey 's ships , intimidating the French admiral into withdrawing without combat . Sercey subsequently returned to Île de France , where he learned of his error .
= = French dispersal = =
Sercey 's campaign had ended in failure , with little disruption to British trade or naval operations in the East Indies . The East India Company had however taken more serious losses from the depredations of privateers . Most active was Robert Surcouf , whose small ship Emilie captured the timber ship Penguin off Pegu in October 1795 and country ships Russell , Sambolasse and Diana off the mouth of the Hooghly River in January 1796 . More seriously , he also captured the pilot boat Cartier , which he used to seize the large East Indiaman Triton .
No French reinforcements reached the East Indies in 1797 . A complex strategy had been developed to land an army in Ireland and then use the invasion fleet to attack India as a secondary objective . This ambitious plan collapsed completely during the failed Expédition d 'Irlande in December 1796 in which thousands of French troops were drowned . The strategic situation in Europe had however shifted once more during 1796 when France and Spain signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso , transferring Spain from an ally of Britain to an ally of France . British attention in the East Indies therefore shifted from the French island territories to the Spanish Philippines , where the defence squadron had been badly damaged in a hurricane in April 1797 and was in dock for extensive repairs . British forces were once again in the ascendant , Rainier commanding five ships of the line , one fourth rate ship and six frigates . Extensive plans were developed by Rainier in conjunction with Sir John Shore , Governor @-@ General of India , and Colonel Arthur Wellesley for a major attack on Manila , to be led by Sir James Craig . The Treaty of Campo Formio and the consequent end of the War of the First Coalition in Europe caused the cancellation of these plans ; Britain now fought France and its allies alone and fears were raised that the Tipu Sultan of Mysore might once again attack British colonies in India . To ensure the safety of the 1798 China Fleet from Spanish attack , in July 1797 Rainier deployed Centurion , HMS Sybille and HMS Fox to escort a convoy of East Indiamen to Macau . After seeing his charges into harbour in December , Captain Edward Cooke investigated Manila himself in Sybille , accompanied by Fox . There he discovered the weak state of the Spanish squadron .
Other British ships were operating in the East Indies : in July 1797 , Resistance and a force of EIC troops captured Kupang on Timor but were subsequently driven off by an armed uprising by the Malay citizens of the town . In the street fighting 13 British troops and 300 Malays were killed . Resistance was subsequently lost on 24 July 1798 , accidentally destroyed with more than 300 of its crew in an unexplained ammunition explosion in the Banca Strait . There were originally twelve survivors , but eight died of their injuries and the remaining sailors were captured by Sumatran pirates and sold into slavery . Mahmud Shah III , Sultan of Johor later released them , although only one , named Thomas Scott , was confirmed to have survived .
Maintenance of the blockade of Île de France was the responsibility of the substantial British squadron at the Cape Colony , which had suffered severely from unrest inspired by the Spithead and Nore mutinies in Britain . The crews of HMS Tremendous and HMS Sceptre rose up and deposed their officers , but found the guns of Cape Town trained on their ships , Governor Lord Macartney threatening them with destruction . Intimidated the seamen surrendered , the incident followed by floggings and executions . Despite this paralysis , Sercey 's squadron was in no position to contest control of the Indian Ocean : supplies and manpower were severely limited and the Colonial Committee , still resentful following the incident with the agents in 1796 , was reluctant to offer support . Sercey 's only operations were limited cruises in the Seychelles and the supply of 300 reinforcements to Batavia during the summer of 1797 , while Cybèle was sent back to France in the spring of 1797 and Vertu , Régénerée and Seine followed in early 1798 . Vertu and Régénerée passed undetected into the Atlantic until they halted at the Îles de Los on 24 April . There they were discovered by the 32 @-@ gun frigate HMS Pearl under Captain Samuel James Ballard . Sailing to investigate Ballard came under fire from the French ships and was forced to pass between them , firing broadsides in each direction as he did so . Chased by Régénerée , Pearl withdrew to Sierra Leone with damaged rigging and one man killed . Seine was also intercepted , by a squadron of frigates from the Brest blockade near the Penmarks . Fleeing south , the ship battled its pursuers in the Action of 30 June 1798 , which ended with Seine and the British frigates HMS Jason and HMS Pique all ashore near La Rochelle . Jason and the captured Seine were refloated , but Pique was destroyed .
= = Red Sea and Mysore = =
In July 1798 Napoleon Bonaparte led a French expeditionary force across the Mediterranean to invade Egypt , then part of the Ottoman Empire . Initial landings were successful and the Battle of the Pyramids confirmed Bonaparte 's control of the country . On 1 August however his fleet was destroyed by a British force under Sir Horatio Nelson at the Battle of the Nile on 1 August , isolating the French army in Egypt . The Admiralty initiated a major response , including dispatching a squadron under Commodore John Blankett to blockade the Egyptian Red Sea coast : there was concern in London that Bonaparte might proceed to attack India from Egypt , in conjunction with the Tipu Sultan and the armies of Mysore . Blankett 's force arrived in December 1798 , joined by a squadron sent by Rainier . Bonaparte had visited Suez early in the month , and plans had been drawn up for a small French Red Sea squadron , but Blankett 's force and the regional supremacy it brought rendered these plans obsolete . Attacks were made on commercial shipping at Suez in April , and the entrance to the Red Sea was effectively blockaded by British occupation of Perim and Mocha , and in July 1799 Blankett ordered the frigates HMS Daedalus and Fox to destroy the French @-@ held castle at Qusayr . The town was heavily bombarded , although attempts to make amphibious landings were driven off .
British attention elsewhere in the theatre was focused on Southern India . In January 1798 , a French privateer brought envoys from Mysore to Île de France with a request for support . Malartic supplied 86 volunteers , which were sent to India on Preneuse under Captain Jean @-@ Matthieu @-@ Adrien Lhermitte . Lhermitte 's mission was meant to be covert , but in April 1798 he attacked and captured two East Indiamen , Woodcot and Raymond , at Tellicherry , and landed the volunteers at Mangalore on 24 April . This action caused a crisis in relations between the EIC and Mysore , which Tipu Sultan 's obvious enthusiasm for French intervention in India inflamed . The Fourth Anglo @-@ Mysore War began in February 1799 when two British armies crossed into Mysorean territory . Forced back to his capital Seringapatam , the Tipu Sultan held out against a siege for several weeks until the city was taken by storm , with Tipu Sultan being killed during the ensuing street @-@ fighting .
= = British dominance = =
During the summer of 1798 , Forte and Prudente conducted a commerce raiding operation under Captain Ravanel in the Bay of Bengal and the Bali Strait which achieved moderate success but also saw the first of a number of mutinies among Sercey 's crews . The French admiral then planned a joint operation with the Spanish squadron at Manila , sailing to Batavia in Brûle @-@ Gueule , to be joined by Preneuse . He had ordered Ravanel to join his force there , but the French captain instead returned to Port Louis where Prudente was seized by the Malartic and sold as a privateer and Forte sent on a commerce raid in the Bay of Bengal in defiance of Sercey 's orders . Prudente was captured by Daedalus at the Action of 9 February 1799 off the coast of Natal , while Forte was captured by Sybille off the mouth of the Hooghly River at the Action of 28 February 1799 .
Sercey 's fury at the seizure of his strongest frigates was compounded by the condition of Preneuse , which arrived at Batavia in a state of mutiny . Lhermitte had executed five crew on the journey and Sercey immediately sent the ship out again on a cruise off Borneo in an effort to contain the disaffection . With his forces unexpectedly reduced , Sercey then sent his remaining ships to Manila for operations with the Spanish , but the condition of the Spanish ships was so poor that no operations could be undertaken in 1798 . An attack on the China Fleet was eventually attempted in January 1799 , but on arrival at Macau the combined Spanish squadron refused to engage the powerful British escort and the entire force withdrew , pursued by Captain William Hargood in HMS Intrepid .
Disappointed by the failure off Macau and weakened by losses to his squadron , Sercey withdrew to Île de France in the spring of 1799 . There he sent Preneuse on a raiding cruise in the Mozambique Channel . On 20 September , Lhermitte fought a brief and inconclusive night engagement with a small squadron of Royal Navy ships in Algoa Bay , which led three weeks later to an inconclusive clash on 9 October with the 50 @-@ gun HMS Jupiter . Returning to Île de France with little to show for his three @-@ month cruise , Lhermitte was intercepted off Port Louis by the blockade squadron of Adamant and HMS Tremendous at the Action of 11 December 1799 and Preneuse was driven onshore and destroyed . Sercey had already sent Brûle @-@ Gueule back to France at the end of September with political prisoners from Île de France and more than a million in specie , the corvette eventually being wrecked with the loss of 132 lives on the Pointe du Raz on the Breton coast . Sercey , an admiral without a command , returned to France and retired from the Navy . He subsequently settled on Île de France .
As the French naval presence in the Indian Ocean declined , the commerce raiding role was taken up by privateers . These fast vessels operated with considerable success against British merchant shipping , and protecting convoys from their depredations consumed a considerable proportion of Rainier 's naval strength : gradually however they were intercepted and captured , including Adele in May 1800 and L 'Uni in August 1800 . Among the more notorious privateers was Iphigenie , which seized a packet ship , Pearl , in the Persian Gulf in October 1799 . Pursued by the sloop HMS Trincomalee , the two fought a fierce engagement on 12 October at which both ships were destroyed and more than 200 men killed .
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assumed to have died shortly after restoring some estates to Westminster Abbey but he appears to have had no legitimate male children , as his heir was his brother Urse . He may have had a daughter , as some of his lands were inherited by the Marmion family , but it is also possible that a daughter of Urse married into the Marmion family . Robert 's office as the king 's steward may also have gone to Urse , as it was later held by Urse 's heirs . A later steward , Thurstin , might have been an illegitimate son of Robert .
= = = Robert 's brother Urse d 'Abbetot = = =
Robert Despenser 's brother , Urse d 'Abbetot ( c . 1040 – 1108 ) , became a medieval Sheriff of Worcester and royal official . He did not take up the name Despenser . In Normandy the brothers lived in the town of Saint Jean d 'Abbetot as tenants on lands of feudal lords in the Tancarville family in the Pays de Caux region on the lower Seine .
Ralph Fitz Gerald ( Chamberlain of Tankerville ) was the elder brother of Aumary d 'Abetot . Their father was Gerold ( husband of Helisendis ) Sire de Tankerville with the hereditary office of chamberlain to the Dukes of Normandy . His younger son , Aumary , inherited the fiefs of Abetot and had two sons , Urso and Robert " Despencer " who gave the name to the noble families of Le Despencer and Spenser that trace their descent from his niece . In 1073 Urse was one of the king 's council . He rendered great service in the suppression of the rebellion of the Earls of Hereford and Norfolk and had a reputation as a spoiler and devastator of the Church . Urse 's son Roger d 'Abetot , having killed a servant of Henry I , was banished and his confiscated estates given by the king — together with the hand of his sister Emmeline d 'Abetot — to Walter de Beauchamp of Bedford .
However , within 2 – 3 years of 1066 both brothers were established in England — Urse as Sheriff of Worcestershire , supervising the construction of Worcester Castle . The Domesday survey showed Urse 's lands mostly in the West Midlands while Robert 's extended to the North Sea . Robert remained a benefactor to the Priory of St. Barbe @-@ en @-@ Auge in Normandy , which had been founded by the Tancarville lords .
Lands held by the d 'Abbetots in Worcester are recorded in Hemming 's Cartulary . The d 'Abbetot family settled mostly in Worcester where they were lords of Hindlip ( Hind Leap ) , 20 miles ( 32 km ) from Worcester , for 200 years holding the manor for a knight 's fee , that is , the service of an armed knight in the event of war . A church has stood on the site since the 11th century . Two villages have taken the D 'Abbetot family name . Redmarley D 'Abitot lies on the extreme south @-@ west border of Worcestershire in Gloucestershire . Here the D 'Abitots owned property in the parish in the 16th century , and lived at Down House although the last member of the family is believed to have died in the 18th century . The other village is Croome D 'Abitot , which lies 7 – 8 miles south @-@ east of Worcester . Many of the descendants of Robert Despenser and Urse achieved notoriety of various kinds and the Dispenser line has been traced for at least 10 generations .
= = = Associated families = = =
The Norman family of de Ferrers , through Henry de Ferrers , had received the largest grants of land and manors in Derbyshire and were closely related to the d 'Abbetots by marriage . Similarly , Urse 's son Roger had a sister , Emmeline , who married Walter de Beauchamp from another influential family of the time . Walter succeeded to Urse 's lands after the exiling of Roger around 1110 . Tradition has it that the Derbyshire D 'Abitots sprang either from Robert d 'Abitot or a junior branch of the Worcester d 'Abitots , although it is more likely to trace directly from Urse .
= = Heraldry = =
Heraldry , the practice of designing , displaying , describing , and recording coats of arms and badges , arose from the need to distinguish participants in combat when their faces were hidden by iron and steel helmets . The process of creating coats of arms ( these are often called " family crests " but in the heraldic traditions of England and Scotland an individual , rather than a family , had a coat of arms ) began in the eight and 9th centuries . Eventually a formal system of rules developed into increasingly complex forms of heraldry that allowed the use of coats of arms by countries , states , provinces , towns and villages in a form of civic heraldry . In more recent times coats of arms have evolved from their military origins to denote educational institutes , and other establishments , apparently leading to the modern logo and corporate livery .
The secretum or private seal of Henry le Despenser , Bishop of Norwich ( A.D. 1370 – 1406 ) is shown here . Arms of Hugh le Despencer .
= = Hereditary names and genetic lineages = =
The possession of the surname Spencer does not necessarily indicate a hereditary relationship to Robert Despenser . Irregularities can occur with non @-@ paternity and it is possible that consecutive but unrelated people in the same occupation may well have adopted the same name resulting in the foundation of many different Spencer genetic lineages . It is known , for example , that in London in the 13th and 14th centuries trade apprentices would take on the names of their masters . Nevertheless , also in London , surnames of all kinds had become hereditary in the patrician class by the 12th century .
Nevertheless , the genetic similarity of people with identical surnames has been shown to be quite high , especially those with rarer surnames . It might seem an almost insurmountable task to determine the true lineage of contemporary Spencers when such an " occupational " name probably has many founders . Nevertheless , modern genetics now has the capacity to discriminate relationships at an increasingly detailed resolution both in terms of close recent ancestry and distant ancestry . Many people are now using gene testing laboratories as part of a surname DNA project to resolve not only who their close relations are around the world , but also the migration patterns of their ancestors over the 50 @,@ 000 years since modern man left Africa .
In America many Spencers have been traced back genetically to four Spencer brothers : William Spencer 1601 – 1640 , Thomas Spencer 1607 – 1687 , Michael Spencer 1611 – 1653 , and Gerard Spencer 1614 – 1685 .
= = The Spencer aristocracy = =
The English aristocratic Spencer family has resided at their ancestral home at Althorp , Northamptonshire , since the early 16th century . The Estate now covers 14 @,@ 000 acres ( 57 km2 ) in Northamptonshire , Warwickshire and Norfolk . From pre @-@ Tudor times the Spencers had been farmers , coming to prominence in Warwickshire in the 15th century when John Spencer became feoffee of Wormleighton in 1469 , and a tenant at Althorp in 1486 . His nephew , another John , used the gains from trade in livestock and commodities to buy both properties . He was knighted in 1504 and died in 1522 . John 's descendants expanded the family holdings through business dealings and marriage into the peerage . The family is related through marriage to the Churchills of Blenheim Palace , a line that included the Dukes of Marlborough and Winston Churchill . From the Althorp line came the Earls of Sunderland , the later Dukes of Marlborough , and the Earls Spencer . The family captured international attention when Lady Diana Frances Spencer married Prince Charles on 29 July 1981 , and her death in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997 .
= = Notable Spencers = =
The following is a small selection of notable Spencers .
= = = 13th Century = = =
Hugh le Despenser I ( died 1238 ) was a wealthy land owner in the East Midlands of England , as well as High Sheriff of Berkshire .
Sir Hugh le Despencer , 1st Baron le Despencer ( 1223 – 1265 ) son of Hugh le Despenser I was an important ally of Simon de Montfort during the reign of Henry III . He served briefly as Justiciar of England ( Chief Justice ) in 1260 and as Constable of the Tower of London and the castles of Shrewsbury , Bruges , and Balsover .
Hugh le Despenser , 1st Earl of Winchester ( 1262 – 1326 ) the elder Despenser , was for a time the chief adviser to King Edward II of England .
Hugh Despenser the Younger ( 1286 – 1326 ) became Royal Chamberlain in 1318 and the favourite of Edward II of England but developed a reputation for greed and , after falling out with the Barons , was accused of treason . He was forced into exile in 1321 with his father , who later fled to Bordeaux . Hugh was captured and sentenced to public execution by hanging ( for thievery ) , and drawing and quartering ( for treason ) .
= = = 14th Century = = =
Edward le Despenser ( 1310 – 1342 ) was the third eldest son of Hugh le Despenser the Younger by his wife Eleanor de Clare .
Edward le Despencer , 1st Baron le Despencer , KG ( also called Despenser ) ( c . 24 March 1335 or 1336 – 11 November 1375 ) was the son of Edward le Despenser ( 1310 – 1342 ) and Anne , the sister of Henry , Lord Ferrers of Groby . He succeeded as Lord of Glamorgan in 1349 .
Thomas le Despenser , 1st Earl of Gloucester ( 22 September 1373 – 13 January 1400 , Bristol ) was the son of Edward le Despenser , 1st Baron le Despencer , whom he succeeded in 1375 .
Richard le Despenser , 4th Baron Burghersh ( 1396 – 1414 ) was the son and heir of Thomas le Despenser , 1st Earl of Gloucester ( 1373 – 1400 )
= = = 16th Century = = =
John Spencer ( 1524 – 1586 ) , owner of Althorp and MP
Edmund Spenser ( c . 1552 – 13 January 1599 ) was an English poet best known for The Faerie Queene , an epic poem celebrating — through fantastical allegory — the Tudor dynasty and Elizabeth I. He is recognized as one of the premier craftsmen of Modern English verse in its infancy .
= = = 17th Century = = =
Col. Nicholas Spencer ( 1633 – 1689 ) was an English merchant born at Cople , Bedfordshire , who emigrated to the Colony of Virginia , where he served as land agent for his cousin Thomas Colepeper , 2nd Baron Colepeper . A planter with extensive landholdings , Spencer later served in the Virginia House of Burgesses , as Secretary and President of the Council of the Virginia Colony , and as Acting Governor . With his friend John Washington , Col. Spencer patented the Mount Vernon estate land grant .
= = = 19th Century = = =
Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer KCMG ( 23 June 1860 – 14 July 1929 ) was a British @-@ Australian biologist and anthropologist .
Herbert Spencer ( 27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903 ) was an English philosopher , prominent classical liberal political theorist , and sociological theorist of the Victorian era .
= = = 20th Century = = =
Elizabeth Spencer ( soprano ) was a recording artist for Thomas Alva Edison .
Percy Spencer ( 9 July 1894 – 8 September 1970 ) American inventor of the microwave oven .
Diana , Princess of Wales , ( Diana Frances ; née Spencer ; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997 ) was the first wife of Charles , Prince of Wales .
Prince William , Duke of Cambridge eldest son of Diana , Princess of Wales second in line to the thrones of the United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth realms .
Prince Harry second son of Diana , Princess of Wales .
Cliff Spencer , co @-@ author of the original implementation of the Unix utility sudo
= = Popularity , numbers and distribution = =
There is strong evidence that despite population movement in the 19th Century most people stayed relatively near to their place of birth . The greatest density of Spencers in present @-@ day England is in Nottinghamshire , followed by Derbyshire ( see below ) . Derby and Notts were closely connected at the time of Domesday , and up until the time of Elizabeth I had the same Sheriff . The d 'Abbetot family had holdings in Croome , Hindlip and Redmarley as well as Clopton and Acton Beauchamp .
In North America early settlement of Spencers date to Thomas Spencer in Virginia in 1623 ; William Spencer , Cambridge , Massachusetts in 1630 ; Thomas Spencer , Maine 1630 . Col. Nicholas Spencer arrived in Virginia in the 1650s and subsequently served as Acting Governor . An account of Spencers in America has been published by Ancestry.com.
Spencers arriving in Australia with the convicts of the First Fleet in 1788 were Daniel Spencer from Dorchester , John Spencer , and Mary Spence from Wigan . With the Third Fleet in 1791 came John Spencer from Lancaster and Thomas Spencer from London .
Statistics for popularity , numbers and distribution of Spencers are presented in the tables below :
FPM = frequency per million
= Main sequence =
In astronomy , the main sequence is a continuous and distinctive band of stars that appears on plots of stellar color versus brightness . These color @-@ magnitude plots are known as Hertzsprung – Russell diagrams after their co @-@ developers , Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell . Stars on this band are known as main @-@ sequence stars or " dwarf " stars .
After a star has formed , it generates thermal energy in the dense core region through nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium . During this stage of the star 's lifetime , it is located along the main sequence at a position determined primarily by its mass , but also based upon its chemical composition and other factors . All main @-@ sequence stars are in hydrostatic equilibrium , where outward thermal pressure from the hot core is balanced by the inward pressure of gravitational collapse from the overlying layers . The strong dependence of the rate of energy generation in the core on the temperature and pressure helps to sustain this balance . Energy generated at the core makes its way to the surface and is radiated away at the photosphere . The energy is carried by either radiation or convection , with the latter occurring in regions with steeper temperature gradients , higher opacity or both .
The main sequence is sometimes divided into upper and lower parts , based on the dominant process that a star uses to generate energy . Stars below about 1 @.@
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percentage . Nike came back with an offer of $ 500 @,@ 000 and a smaller cut . Falk agreed .
" David Falk elected to take more guaranteed money and less revenue percentage " , said ( Nike Scout ) Sonny Vaccaro . " So out of the chute he lost himself a lot of money . But in retrospect , it really amounted to nothing . It wasn 't a big @-@ time bidding war . Probably the most determining thing was Adidas wasn 't going to offer him a lot of money . It was the first time that the athlete was going to share in the royalties of the shoe . That was the gamble . "
The deal was all the more significant because it was considered difficult to market African @-@ American players in 1984 , especially in a team sport like basketball . In fact , Nike insisted on several " outs " in its initial contract with Jordan : the shoe line could be dropped if certain sales figures were not met , or if Jordan failed to make the NBA All @-@ Star Game in his first three years . The shoe line was expected to earn $ 3 million for Nike in about three to four years . As it turned out , the Air Jordan sneaker earned Nike $ 130 million in 1985 alone , making their $ 500 @,@ 000 contract with Jordan one of the great bargains of all time , a precursor to Jordan 's more lucrative deals with Nike , including a 1997 deal for $ 30 million . Jordan 's relationship with Nike is often considered the most successful sports endorsement relationship in history .
= = = Marketing Michael Jordan = = =
Falk soon proved himself to be a capable agent with many innovative marketing ideas . He allowed Nike to establish Jordan 's primary image , then began splitting it up among other advertisers , including Coca @-@ Cola , Chevrolet , Gatorade , McDonald 's , Ball Park Franks , Wilson Sporting Goods , Rayovac , Wheaties , Hanes , and MCI . Falk 's ideas stretched to all areas of the marketplace , including a fragrance ( called simply " Michael Jordan " ) made by the Beverly Hills designer Bijan , which was cited as the best @-@ marketed product of 1996 by the American Marketing Association . Falk even came up with the idea of teaming Bugs Bunny and Jordan together in a feature film , and then sold the concept to Warner Bros. in 1993 . The ensuing film , Space Jam , was executive produced by Falk and released in 1996 . Perhaps most importantly , Falk " set a precedent by ' opting out ' Jordan from the league 's licensing program , in effect reclaiming Jordan 's image for his own use . " Jordan himself was very grateful for his agent 's remarkable negotiating and marketing abilities , even with Falk 's penchant for making powerful enemies along the way .
" A lot of people don 't like David , but he 's the best at what he does " , Jordan told USA Today last year . " What he does is get underneath your skin , whoever he 's negotiating with , because he figures out what your objectives are , your angles . He understands the market ; he understands the players . He 's a brash , arrogant , egotistical , aggressive negotiator , which is good , because when you have someone represent you , you want him to do that . Marketing @-@ wise , he 's great . He 's the one who came up with the concept of ' Air Jordan . ' "
Due partly to Falk 's tenacity and partly to Michael Jordan 's own professional success and personal magnetism , Jordan became " indisputably the most powerful and effective endorser of products in American history , ... ( making ) the business of hawking products more lucrative than playing the game . " Jordan 's success was such that he turned down $ 300 million worth of endorsement deals in the space of 4 months in 1998 .
= = = ProServ split , establishment and sale of FAME = = =
In 1992 , after great early success , Falk considered himself underpaid and underappreciated . He split with ProServ and Donald Dell to establish his own company , Falk Associates Management Enterprises ( FAME ) .
" I paid more in taxes this year ( 1996 ) than I earned in 17 years working for Donald Dell " , Falk said with some lingering bitterness . " I 'm all for loyalty , but that has to be a two @-@ way street . "
In the split , a messy professional divorce , Falk brought all of his considerable client list with him , but agreed to provide Dell with 50 % of fees for Dell 's former clients and 17 @.@ 5 % of Falk 's income for new contracts . Dell " sought arbitration to enforce the agreement , claiming that Falk ' unilaterally ' had rewritten clients ' third @-@ party contracts to reduce fees to Dell . "
Falk and partners Curtis Polk and Mike Higgins soon propelled FAME to the top of the NBA player representation business . At its peak , the company consisted of about 25 people and represented 45 players . During FAME 's 7 @-@ year existence , it represented " an unprecedented 6 first @-@ round draft picks in the NBA , negotiated over $ 400 million in contracts for its free @-@ agent clients , and negotiated four of the five largest contracts in team sports history . " Just prior to the company 's sale in 1998 , the contracts of Falk 's players totaled almost $ 800 million .
In 1998 , Falk sold FAME to the entertainment group SFX for $ 100 million , while remaining the group 's president . In the space of a year , SFX bought 14 private sports representation companies for a combined $ 1 @.@ 5 billion and consolidated them into SFX Sports Group in 1999 , naming Falk as Chairman . Ironically , one of the companies SFX acquired was ProServ , and Falk found himself in charge of the company that he had left on such bitter terms .
During his Chairmanship at SFX Sports Group from 1999 to 2001 , " Falk oversaw the acquisition of a dozen sports agencies that enabled SFX to represent approximately 20 percent of MLB and NBA players . " Largely due to the work of Falk and fellow agent Arn Tellem , the umbrella SFX Sports Group represented 78 NBA players in contract negotiations in 2000 , and came to represent approximately one @-@ third of NBA players in 2002 .
= = 1995 and 1998 NBA lockouts = =
= = = 1995 NBA lockout = = =
Falk was one of the key figures in the 1995 NBA lockout . The lockout originally occurred when the players wanted a soft salary cap , while the owners wanted a hard salary cap . Falk led a rebellion on the National Basketball Players Association ( NBPA ) by establishing a dissident faction of 16 players and a number of agents ( including players Michael Jordan , Patrick Ewing , Alonzo Mourning , Reggie Miller , and fellow agents Marc Fleisher and Arn Tellem ) that began advocating for NBPA decertification . The goal was to strip NBA management of antitrust protection , making the salary cap and other forms of collective bargaining violations of antitrust laws , win a settlement in court , and then immediately re @-@ form the Players ' Union . NBA Commissioner David Stern criticized Falk 's involvement in the negotiations , saying that he was " trashing his own clients . " Kenny Gattison , the Charlotte Hornets ' player representative , went so far as to blame the entire lockout on Falk .
" I think this whole thing has been manufactured by David Falk " , Gattison told The Charlotte Observer Friday night . " The guys he used to initiate the decertification drive aren 't concerned with the union and the everyday little guy . These guys have been in the league 10 or 11 years and have yet to voice an opinion about what 's going on . Then all of a sudden David Falk doesn 't like what 's going on . "
Despite considerable support , decertification was defeated by a vote of the Players ' Union , 226 – 134 . But even though Falk did not manage to decertify the NBPA , his influence helped to lead to the abandonement of a luxury tax on salaries , and ultimately led to a deal that increased the players ' portion of NBA revenues from 52 % to 57 % , as well as the salary structure that saw Michael Jordan make $ 33 million for the 1998 season alone . Some argued that the concessions Falk gained from the owners through his role in the 1995 lockout were the primary cause of another lockout that occurred just three seasons later .
= = = 1998 – 99 NBA lockout = = =
During the 1998 – 99 lockout , Falk was often described as the " invisible hand " that guided union negotiations . The NBPA President during the lockout , Patrick Ewing , was a client of Falk 's . Falk was also the agent of " nearly half " of the union 's 19 @-@ member negotiating committee , including Alonzo Mourning , Juwan Howard , and Dikembe Mutombo . Though his presence in negotiations was already assumed , Falk publicly stated in an October 31 , 1998 New York Times article that he would " roll up his sleeves and exert as much influence as he ( could ) behind the scenes , ... ( planning ) to take a more proactive role in ending the lockout . "
Shortly after his statements in the Times article , Falk and Arn Tellem , who together represented more than 70 of the NBA 's 400 players , organized a charity exhibition game , with part of the proceeds going to financially pinched NBA players . The rosters had a number of Falk clients , and some saw the game as a threat by Falk " to create a new league through a partnership with the entertainment giant SFX , which [ had ] recently purchased Falk 's company for $ 150 million . " The game was played on December 19 , 1998 in the Atlantic City Convention Center , featuring 16 All @-@ Stars and drawing a crowd of about 6 @,@ 000 people . Falk and the other organizers had originally planned to give 90 % of the proceeds to NBA players , but public criticism caused them to instead give almost all of the $ 1 million to national and local charities .
Meanwhile , Falk was being criticized on multiple fronts for his role in lockout negotiations . NBA Commissioner David Stern accused Falk and Arn Tellem specifically of " holding the deal hostage " to reap benefits for their high @-@ end clients . Fellow player agent Harold MacDonald disparaged what he saw as Falk 's excessive influence on the union 's president , Patrick Ewing :
" Every time I see Patrick say something , it 's almost like watching the Energizer bunny " , said the agent Harold MacDonald , who represents Derrick Coleman and Terry Mills . " I 'm just waiting for Falk to put in another battery , and off Patrick goes again . Hardly any influence ? Give me a break . "
Isiah Thomas , who was President of the Players ' Union from 1988 to 1994 , blasted Falk by saying that " he 's been trying to take over the union for years , " and many saw Falk as the controlling influence in the union 's negotiations . Falk 's involvement in the 1998 lockout also led to Mike Lupica famously dubbing Falk " Rasputin off the bench " in a New York Daily News article , " the rare person who could make a writer root for a sports owner . " The lockout finally ended just 29 hours before the cancellation of the entire NBA season after the players overwhelmingly ratified the latest deal put forward , 179 @-@ 5 .
= = Influence and inspiration = =
= = = Facilitating NBA trades = = =
Falk 's client list , with Michael Jordan its centerpiece , made him one of the primary movers and shakers in the NBA , able to leverage teams into agreeing to his terms on contracts and trades . Some speculated that Falk engineered as many as one of every five NBA trades during the height of his power , and he was often considered the second @-@ most powerful man in basketball behind NBA Commissioner David Stern . In The Sporting News ' list of the " 100 Most Powerful People in Sports " , Falk was listed no lower than # 32 for 10 straight years from 1991 to 2000 , peaking at # 14 from 1998 to 1999 .
" Falk has massive leverage " , says the general manager of one N.B.A. team who didn 't want his name used for fear of angering Falk . " If he just had Michael , he would be considered a marketing genius , which he is . But David represents so many players that he is a major force . He pretty much gets what he asks for . "
A 1999 deal in which Falk forced the Minnesota Timberwolves to trade Stephon Marbury gives a good indication of how Falk used his power . Falk threatened the Timberwolves by telling them that Marbury would walk away in free agency at the end of the season if he was not traded , as well as suggesting that he would dump his stable of free agents into the lap of Chicago Bulls GM Jerry Krause if Marbury was not moved . As the Minnesota Timberwolves started looking around for possible trade scenarios , Falk even went so far as to veto a trade that would have brought Kerry Kittles ( another Falk client ) to Minnesota for Marbury , claiming that Kittles had no interest in playing for Minnesota . The Timberwolves were eventually forced to send Marbury to New Jersey in a three @-@ team trade . Minnesota 's General Manager , Kevin McHale , was greatly embittered about the trade , and has been quoted as saying that " If a nuclear bomb dropped on earth , two things would survive : roaches and David Falk . "
A second trade which resulted from Falk 's influence was the 2000 mega @-@ deal which moved Knicks All @-@ Star center Patrick Ewing to the Seattle SuperSonics in a four @-@ team trade involving 12 players and 5 draft picks . Falk apparently made threats to the Knicks that he would move Glen Rice to the Miami Heat if they did not consent to trade Ewing , who supposedly wanted out of New York .
Falk was frequently blasted for making use of threats and side @-@ deals to move his clients around and maximize their earnings , but he remained unapologetic , arguing that he was simply looking after the best interests of his clients .
" That 's called leverage " , he said . " Every company in the world uses leverage whenever they engage in any negotiation . It 's bad for the teams and good for the players . I work for the players . "
= = = Building wealth for clients and himself = = =
As early as 1992 , even before his departure from ProServ , other NBA agents had begun acknowledging that Falk generally negotiated the contracts that defined the market for the year , and set the standard by which other agents were judged . By the end of the 1995 NBA lockout , Falk controlled enough top players that he was seen as " dictat ( ing ) the structure and the economics of the entire league , " so much so that during one six @-@ day period in the summer of 1996 , he negotiated six contracts — for Jordan , Alonzo Mourning , Juwan Howard , Kenny Anderson , Dikembe Mutombo and Lee Mayberry — worth more than $ 335 million . Since Falk usually earned 4 % of player contracts , which is the maximum amount allowed by the Players ' Union , he made roughly $ 13 million for these 6 deals alone . He was so successful at negotiating contracts that in 1998 , just before he sold FAME to SFX Entertainment , the contracts of Falk 's players totaled just under $ 800 million .
Falk also earned as much as 20 % of player endorsement deals and off @-@ court income , and with Michael Jordan 's endorsement deals alone soaring to over $ 40 million annually in the mid @-@ 90s , Falk counted his yearly income in the tens of millions . He also negotiated notable shoe endorsements for James Worthy , Boomer Esiason ( the first NFL player to endorse the Reebok Pump ) and Allen Iverson . Falk was not well @-@ liked around the league , with even NBA executives acknowledging that they felt he held a disproportionate amount of power . As the negotiator behind four of the five largest contracts in team sports history and the pre @-@ eminent agent in the NBA , Falk was a contributor to the spike in player salaries that saw the average NBA contract rise from $ 330 @,@ 000 in 1984 , the year Jordan was signed , to $ 4 @.@ 5 million in 2001 , when he stepped down as Chairman of SFX Sports Group . Falk himself scoffed at the venom that was frequently directed his way :
" There 's always something to criticize -- I have too much power or too many clients . I scoff at that . Think about it : If you lived on a block with $ 300 @,@ 000 houses and you sold yours for $ 2 @.@ 5 million , your neighbors would thank you . But in my business they don 't . That used to make me angry . Now I 'm just amused . "
= = = Professional legacy = = =
Falk 's enduring legacy can best be described as the NBA 's new star @-@ centered focus . Falk 's idea was that since most people bought Chicago Bulls tickets to see Michael Jordan , Jordan himself should get a large proportion of the benefit .
" Basketball is a hybrid between an individual and team sport " , Falk is saying . " Very gifted players almost make a team by themselves . In that environment , a Michael Jordan , Alonzo Mourning , Juwan Howard , Shaquille O 'Neal and Patrick Ewing bring in the fans . Fans come to watch them play primarily . They create marketing opportunities , new stadiums , luxury boxes , and they should be paid a disproportionate amount of money . The salary structure should be close to what it is in Hollywood , where Jim Carrey makes $ 16 million a film and the second star makes $ 2 million . That 's what I believe as an economics major and as a neo @-@ capitalist . "
As David Halberstam put it in his book Playing for Keeps : Michael Jordan and the World He Made ,
Michael Jordan and David Falk helped make each other , and each profited to a remarkable degree from their special collaboration . It is true that Michael Jordan was the person who in the end actually did the deeds , went on the court and hit the final jump shot again and again , but it is also true that David Falk helped revolutionize the process of representing a basketball player , going into a team sport and creating the idea of the individual player as a commercial superstar .
= = = Personal legacy and philanthropy = = =
On April 23 , 2008 , Syracuse University established The David B. Falk Center for Sport Management , an annex to the Carrier Dome , to better prepare graduates to enter the sports industry , and student @-@ athletes to manage realities of professional sports through life @-@ skills training , in its College of Human Ecology . It was supported by a $ 5 million gift from Falk and his wife Rhonda . The Falk Center 's inaugural event was a panel discussion on issues in contemporary sports at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Falk is chair of the university 's Sport Management Advisory Board .
On June 22 , 2009 , it was announced that Rick Burton was named the David B. Falk Distinguished Professor of Sport Management and will begin his position on August 20 , teaching courses in international sport , sport communications and sport marketing while pursuing scholarly work , research and other academic initiatives in the Department of Sport Management . Burton was the first executive director of the Warsaw Sports Marketing Center at the University of Oregon 's Lundquist College of Business , chief marketing officer for the U.S. Olympic Committee and commissioner of the National Basketball League in Sydney , Australia .
On March 24 , 2011 it was announced that Falk had made a pledge of an additional $ 15 million to Syracuse University and " The David B. Falk Center for Sports Management " .
In 2014 , Falk and Patrick Ewing announced a $ 3 @.@ 3 million donation to the John R. Thompson , Jr . Intercollegiate Athletics Center under construction at Georgetown University . The amount is a reference to Ewing 's number , 33 .
On Oct. 23 , 2015 , the Dean of the David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics , Diane Lyden Murphy , will lead a dedication ceremony to commemorate the opening of the new home of the college . For the first time in the college ’ s history — which dates back to 1917 when the School of Home Economics began as a course in the College of Agriculture and the first nutrition course was taught — Falk College ’ s academic disciplines and administrative offices are housed in a central location .
= = Other ventures = =
Falk is also on the board of directors of Sapphire Brands ; a founding investor in private aviation company , Marquis Jet and Golf GCX Partners ; and a founder and principal in Relevad Media Group , a digital alternative advertising company . Falk is a frequent guest lecturer at universities across the country , including Harvard , Yale , and Duke , and serves on the George Washington University National Law Center 's advisory board .
" My mother was a teacher , and I think that 's one
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to construct a dojo at his home and inviting his new teacher to be a permanent house guest . He received a kyoju dairi certificate , or teaching license , for the system from Takeda in 1922 , when Takeda visited him in Ayabe . He also received a Yagyū Shinkage @-@ ryū sword transmission scroll from Takeda . Ueshiba then became a representative of Daitō @-@ ryū , toured with Takeda as a teaching assistant and taught the system to others .
= = Onisaburo Deguchi and Ōmoto @-@ kyō = =
In November 1919 , Ueshiba learned that his father Yoroku was ill , and was not expected to survive . Leaving most of his possessions to Sokaku , Ueshiba left Shirataki with the apparent intention returning to Tanabe to visit his ailing parent . En route , however , he made a detour to Ayabe , near Kyoto , intending to visit Onisaburo Deguchi , the spiritual leader of the Ōmoto @-@ kyō religion in Ayabe . Having met Deguchi , Ueshiba stayed at the Ōmoto @-@ kyō headquarters for several days . On his return to Tanabe , he found that his father had died . Within a few months , he was back in Ayabe , having decided to become a full @-@ time student of Ōmoto @-@ kyō . In 1920 Deguchi asked Ueshiba to become the group 's martial arts instructor , and a dojo — the first of several that Ueshiba was to lead — was constructed on the centre 's grounds . Ueshiba also taught Takeda 's Daitō @-@ ryū in neighbouring Hyōgo Prefecture during this period . His second son , Kuniharu , was born in 1920 in Ayabe , but died from illness the same year , along with three @-@ year @-@ old Takemori .
In 1921 , in an event known as the First Ōmoto @-@ kyō Incident ( Ōmoto jiken ) , the Japanese authorities raided the compound , destroying the main buildings on the site and arresting Deguchi on charges of lèse @-@ majesté . Ueshiba 's dojo was undamaged , however , and over the following two years he worked closely with Deguchi to reconstruct the group 's centre , becoming heavily involved in farming work . His son Kisshomaru Ueshiba was born in the summer of 1921 .
Three years later , in 1924 , Onisaburo Deguchi led a small group of Ōmoto @-@ kyō disciples , including Ueshiba , on a journey to Mongolia at the invitation of retired naval captain Yutaro Yano and his associates within the ultra @-@ nationalist Black Dragon Society . Deguchi 's intent was to establish a new religious kingdom in Mongolia , and to this end he had distributed propaganda suggesting that he was the reincarnation of Genghis Khan . Allied with the Mongolian bandit Lu Zhankui , Deguchi 's group were arrested in Tongliao by the Chinese authorities — fortunately for Ueshiba , whilst Lu and his men were executed by firing squad , the Japanese group were released into the custody of the Japanese consul . They were returned under guard to Japan , where Deguchi was imprisoned for breaking the terms of his bail .
After returning to Ayabe , Ueshiba began a regimen of spiritual training , regularly retreating by himself to the mountains or performing misogi in the Nachi Falls . As his prowess as a martial artist increased , his fame began to spread . He was challenged by many established martial artists , some of whom subsequently became his students after being defeated by him . In the autumn of 1925 he was asked to give a demonstration of his art in Tokyo , at the behest of Admiral Isamu Takeshita ; one of the spectators was Yamamoto Gonnohyōe , who requested that Ueshiba stay in the capital to instruct the Imperial Guard in his martial art . After a couple of weeks , however , Ueshiba took issue with several government officials who voiced concerns about his connections to Deguchi ; he cancelled the training and returned to Ayabe .
Ōmoto @-@ kyō priests still oversee the Aiki @-@ jinja Taisai ceremony in Ueshiba 's honor every April 29 at the Aiki Shrine in Iwama .
= = Tokyo = =
In 1926 Takeshita invited Ueshiba to visit Tokyo again . Ueshiba relented and returned to the capital , but while residing there was stricken with a serious illness . Deguchi visited his ailing student and , concerned for his health , commanded Ueshiba to return to Ayabe . The appeal of returning increased after Ueshiba was questioned by the police following his meeting with Deguchi ; the authorities were keeping the Ōmoto @-@ kyō leader under close surveillance . Angered at the treatment he had received , Ueshiba went back to Ayabe again . Six months later , however , and this time with Deguchi 's blessing , he and his family moved permanently to Tokyo . Arriving in October 1927 , they set up home in the Shirokane district . The building , however , was too small to house the growing number of aikido students , and so the Ueshibas moved to larger premises , first in Mita district , then in Takanawa , and finally to a purpose @-@ built hall in Shinjuku . This last location , originally named the Kobukan 皇武館 , would eventually become the Aikikai Hombu Dojo . During its construction , Ueshiba rented a property nearby , where he was visited by Jigoro Kano , the founder of judo .
In 1932 , Ueshiba 's daughter Matsuko was married to the swordsman Kiyoshi Nakakura , who was adopted as Ueshiba 's heir under the name Morihiro Ueshiba . The marriage ended after a few years , and Nakakura left the family in 1937 .
Between 1940 and 1942 he made several visits to Manchukuo ( Japanese occupied Manchuria ) where he was the principal martial arts instructor at Kenkoku University .
= = Iwama = =
From 1935 onwards , Ueshiba had been purchasing land in Iwama in Ibaraki Prefecture . In 1942 , having acquired around 17 acres ( 6 @.@ 9 ha ; 0 @.@ 027 sq mi ) of farmland there , he left Tokyo and moved to Iwama permanently , settling in a small farmer 's cottage . Here he founded the Aiki Shuren Dojo , also known as the Iwama dojo . During all this time he traveled extensively in Japan , particularly in the Kansai region teaching his aikido . Despite the prohibition on the teaching of martial arts after World War II , Ueshiba and his students continued to practice in secret at the Iwama dojo ; the Hombu dojo in Tokyo was in any case being used as a refugee centre for citizens displaced by the severe firebombing .
The prohibition ( on aikido , at least ) was lifted in 1948 with the creation of the Aiki Foundation , established by the Japanese Ministry of Education with permission from the Occupation forces . The Hombu dojo re @-@ opened the following year . After the war , however , Ueshiba delegated most of the work of running the Hombu dojo and the Aiki Federation to his son Kisshomaru , choosing to spend much of his time in prayer , meditation , calligraphy and farming . He still travelled extensively to promote aikido , however , even visiting Hawaii in 1961 . He also appeared in a television documentary on aikido : NTV 's The Master of Aikido , broadcast in January 1960 .
In his later years , he was regarded as very kind and gentle as a rule , but there are also stories of terrifying scoldings delivered to his students . For instance , he once thoroughly chastised students for practicing jō ( staff ) strikes on trees without first covering them in protective padding .
= = Death = =
In 1969 , Ueshiba became ill . He led his last training session on March 10 , and was subsequently taken to hospital where he was diagnosed with cancer of the liver . He died suddenly on April 26 , 1969 . Two months later , his wife Hatsu also died . ( 植芝 はつ ; Ueshiba Hatsu , née Itokawa Hatsu ; 1881 – 1969 )
= = Development of aikido = =
Aikido — usually translated as the Way of Unifying Spirit or the Way of Spiritual Harmony — is a fighting system that focuses on throws , pins and joint locks together with some striking techniques . It is unusual among the martial arts for its heavy emphasis on protecting the opponent and on spiritual and social development .
Ueshiba developed aikido after experiencing three instances of spiritual awakening . The first happened in 1925 , after Ueshiba had defeated a naval officer 's bokken ( wooden katana ) attacks unarmed and without hurting the officer . Ueshiba then walked to his garden and had a spiritual awakening .
I felt the universe suddenly quake , and that a golden spirit sprang up from the ground , veiled my body , and changed my body into a golden one . At the same time my body became light . I was able to understand the whispering of the birds , and was clearly aware of the mind of God , the creator of the universe .
At that moment I was enlightened : the source of budō [ the martial way ] is God 's love – the spirit of loving protection for all beings ...
Budō is not the felling of an opponent by force ; nor is it a tool to lead the world to destruction with arms . True Budō is to accept the spirit of the universe , keep the peace of the world , correctly produce , protect and cultivate all beings in nature .
His second experience occurred in 1940 when engaged in the ritual purification process of misogi .
Around 2am as I was performing misogi , I suddenly forgot all the martial techniques I had ever learned . The techniques of my teachers appeared completely new . Now they were vehicles for the cultivation of life , knowledge , and virtue , not devices to throw people with .
His third experience was in 1942 during the worst fighting of World War II , Ueshiba had a vision of the " Great Spirit of Peace " .
The Way of the Warrior has been misunderstood . It is not a means to kill and destroy others . Those who seek to compete and better one another are making a terrible mistake . To smash , injure , or destroy is the worst thing a human being can do . The real Way of a Warrior is to prevent such slaughter – it is the Art of Peace , the power of love .
The technical curriculum of aikido was undoubtedly most greatly influenced by the teachings of Takeda Sokaku . The basic techniques of aikido seem to have their basis in teachings from various points in the Daitō @-@ ryū curriculum . In the earlier years of his teaching , from the 1920s to the mid @-@ 1930s , Ueshiba taught the Daitō @-@ ryū aiki @-@ jūjutsu system ; his early students ' documents bear the term aiki @-@ jūjutsu . Indeed , Ueshiba trained one of the future highest grade earners in Daitō @-@ ryū , Takuma Hisa , in the art before Takeda took charge of Hisa 's training .
The early form of training under Ueshiba was noticeably different from later forms of aikido . It had a larger curriculum , increased use of strikes to vital points ( atemi ) and a greater use of weapons . The schools of aikido developed by Ueshiba 's students from the pre @-@ war period tend to reflect the harder style of the early training . These students included Kenji Tomiki ( who founded the Shodokan Aikido sometimes called Tomiki @-@ ryū ) , Noriaki Inoue ( who founded Shin 'ei Taidō ) , Minoru Mochizuki ( who founded Yoseikan Budo ) , Gozo Shioda ( who founded Yoshinkan Aikido ) . Many of these styles are therefore considered " pre @-@ war styles " , although some of these teachers continued to train with Ueshiba in the years after World War II .
Later , as Ueshiba seemed to slowly grow away from Takeda , he began to change his art . These changes are reflected in the differing names with which he referred to his system , first as aiki @-@ jūjutsu , then Ueshiba @-@ ryū , Asahi @-@ ryū , and aiki budō . In 1942 , the martial art that Ueshiba developed finally came to be known as aikido .
As Ueshiba grew older , more skilled , and more spiritual in his outlook , his art also changed and became softer and more circular . Striking techniques became less important and the formal curriculum became simpler . In his own expression of the art there was a greater emphasis on what is referred to as kokyū @-@ nage , or " breath throws " which are soft and blending , utilizing the opponent 's movement in order to throw them . Ueshiba regularly practiced cold water misogi , as well as other spiritual and religious rites , and viewed his studies of aikido as part of this spiritual training .
= = Students = =
Over the years , Ueshiba trained a large number of students , many of whom have grown into great teachers in their own right . Some of them were uchideshi , or live @-@ in students . There are roughly four generations of students . A partial list follows :
= = Honors = =
Medal of Honor ( Japan ) , 1960 .
Order of the Rising Sun , Gold Rays with Rosette , 1964 .
Order of the Sacred Treasure ( Japan ) , 1968 .
= = Works = =
Morihei Ueshiba , The Secret Teachings of Aikido ( 2008 ) , Kodansha International , ISBN 978 @-@ 4 @-@ 7700 @-@ 3030 @-@ 6 [ 1 ]
Morihei Ueshiba , Budo : Teachings of the Founder of Aikido ( 1996 ) , Kodansha International , ISBN 978 @-@ 4 @-@ 7700 @-@ 2070 @-@ 3 [ 2 ]
Morihei Ueshiba , The Essence of Aikido : Spiritual Teachings of Morihei Ueshiba ( 1998 ) , Kodansha International , ISBN 978 @-@ 4 @-@ 7700 @-@ 2357 @-@ 5 [ 3 ]
= Deuce ' n Domino =
Deuce ' n Domino was the name of a professional wrestling tag team consisting of Deuce Shade and Dice Domino , who were managed for the majority of their run by Cherry Pie and briefly by Maryse . The pair teamed together in World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) from 2006 through 2008 . Deuce and Domino first began teaming together alongside Domino 's storyline sister Cherry , in OVW , WWE 's developmental territory in Louisville , Kentucky . While working in OVW , Deuce ' n Domino , who at the time were known as " The Throwbacks " and later " The Untouchables " , won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship on three occasions . In addition , they captured the Deep South Wrestling Tag Team Championship .
The team were called up to the SmackDown ! roster in January 2007 , where the team underwent a name change to " Deuce ' n Domino . " Three months after their debut , Deuce ' n Domino went on to win the WWE Tag Team Championship . After losing the title in August 2007 , the group parted ways with Cherry , but replaced her with Maryse in May 2008 . The following month , Deuce ' n Domino disbanded after a series of losses . After the split , Deuce was drafted to the Raw brand as part of the 2008 WWE Supplemental Draft . Domino , meanwhile , played an enhancement talent on SmackDown ! . Cherry and Domino were released from WWE in late 2008 , while Deuce was released in June 2009 .
= = History = =
= = = Ohio Valley Wrestling = = =
Before forming a team , both Deuce Shade and Dice Domino competed in singles competition , occasionally against each other , in World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) ' s developmental territory , Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) . In January 2006 , Deuce and Domino formed a partnership with Domino 's storyline sister , Cherry Pie , as their manager . The trio adopted a 1950s greaser in @-@ ring persona , to become known as " The Throwbacks " .
During their time together they underwent an image change , including changing their name to " The Untouchables " and dropping Shade , Dice , and Pie from their respective names . The team would become OVW Southern Tag Team Champions after Deuce defeated The Miz on March 19 , 2006 in a singles match after Miz 's partner , Chris Cage , left the organization and forced The Miz to defend the title on his own . The team , however , lost the title the following month to Roadkill and Kasey James in a three @-@ way match , which also involved Kenny and Mikey of The Spirit Squad .
The group soon began a scripted rivalry with the team of CM Punk and Seth Skyfire , which saw The Untouchables winning the Southern Tag Team Title from them on August 2 , 2006 . The Untouchables later engaged in another rivalry with Shawn Spears and Cody Runnels . They also won the Deep South Wrestling ( DSW ) Tag Team Championship after making a surprise appearance at a DSW show on October 5 , 2006 . They lost the South Tag Team Championship on October 12 to The Major Brothers . In addition , the team lost the OVW Southern Tag Team Title to Spears and Runnels , prompting Cherry to leave The Untouchables to side with Spears and Runnels briefly before betraying them . The team won the Southern Tag Team Championship on another occasion , before losing them to Spears and Rhodes in a street fight , thus ending their feud .
= = = SmackDown ! = = =
The team was called up to WWE 's SmackDown ! roster in January 2007 , with the team undergoing a name change to " Deuce ' n Domino " . Despite the name change , they retained their greaser personas , adding to their ring entrance an arrival in a 1950s era car . Deuce ' n Domino won their debut tag team match .
On the February 2 episode of SmackDown ! , the team defeated the then @-@ WWE Tag Team Champions Paul London and Brian Kendrick in a non @-@ title match . Deuce ' n Domino faced London and Kendrick in a WWE Tag Team Championship match at February 's pay @-@ per @-@ view event , No Way Out , but lost when Kendrick pinned Deuce via roll @-@ up . On the April 20 episode of SmackDown ! , they defeated London and Kendrick for the WWE Tag Team Championship when London was , in storyline , injured after missing a moonsault to the outside . Kendrick was left to defend the title by himself , and was pinned after being hit with Deuce ' n Domino 's West Side Stomp finishing move . Three weeks later , London and Kendrick competed against William Regal and Dave Taylor . Deuce ' n Domino interfered , causing Regal and Taylor to be disqualified . This made both teams number one contenders leading to a triple threat tag team match the following week where Deuce ' n Domino retained the tag title .
At the July event , Vengeance : Night of Champions , after insulting former Tag Team Champions Tony Garea and Rick Martel , Deuce ' n Domino defeated Sgt. Slaughter and " Superfly " Jimmy Snuka to retain their title . During a tag team match with Cryme Tyme ( Shad Gaspard and JTG ) in late June , Domino suffered an injury , which was diagnosed as a broken nose and a possible broken orbital bone socket in his eye . The injury would keep him out of the ring for a month .
Deuce n ' Domino later engaged in a rivalry with Batista and Ric Flair . On the August 31 episode of SmackDown ! , the team lost their tag team championship to Matt Hardy and the reigning WWE United States Champion Montel Vontavious Porter . During the last few months of 2007 , Deuce ' n Domino engaged in a short scripted rivalry with
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Hardy and MVP , Jimmy Wang Yang and Shannon Moore , Jesse and Festus , and Finlay and Hornswoggle . At the beginning of 2008 , the team suffered a series of losses . At WrestleMania XXIV in March , the team participated in a 24 @-@ man Interpromotional Battle Royal , in which the winner would face then ECW Champion Chavo Guerrero later that night . Deuce ' n Domino , however , did not win the match .
= = = Split = = =
On the May 23 episode of SmackDown , Deuce ' n Domino parted ways with Cherry and replaced her with Maryse . On the June 20 , 2008 episode of SmackDown , following a loss to Jesse and Festus , their second straight loss in two weeks , Deuce and Domino engaged in a fight with each other , and Deuce performed the Crack ' em in da Mouth finishing move on Domino . Deuce then threw his jacket over Domino , dissolving their partnership . The split was then further cemented when Deuce was drafted to the Raw brand as part of the 2008 WWE Supplemental Draft . Following the draft , Domino was predominantly featured as an enhancement talent — a wrestler who consistently loses to make his opponents look stronger — on SmackDown weekly . In August 2008 , Domino and Cherry were released from their WWE contracts . The following year , Deuce was released from the WWE as well .
= = In wrestling = =
Finishing tag team moves
Crack ' em in da Mouth ( Running big boot to a seated opponent 's face ( Deuce ) , usually preceded by a snapmare ( Domino ) )
Simultaneous cutter ( Deuce ) / diving double axe handle ( Domino ) combination – early 2007
West Side Stomp ( Bearhug ( Domino ) / Jumping hook kick ( Deuce ) combination )
Managers
Cherry
Maryse
Entrance themes
" All About Cool " by Jim Johnston
= = Championships and accomplishments = =
Deep South Wrestling
Deep South Tag Team Championship ( 1 time )
Ohio Valley Wrestling
OVW Southern Tag Team Championship ( 3 times )
World Wrestling Entertainment
WWE Tag Team Championship ( 1 time )
= My Love Is Pink =
" My Love Is Pink " is a song by English girl group Sugababes from their fifth studio album , Change ( 2007 ) . It was written by band members Keisha Buchanan and Heidi Range in collaboration with the songwriting and production team Xenomania , who produced the song . " My Love Is Pink " is an uptempo dance , electro and pop song , reminiscent of those performed by British girl group , Girls Aloud . The song was released on 10 December 2007 in the United Kingdom and Ireland as the second single from Change . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the composition and sound , but criticised its lyrical content . The song peaked at number five on the UK Commercial Pop Club chart and number 51 on the Slovakian Singles Chart . The Sugababes performed " My Love Is Pink " at the Oxegen 2008 festival .
= = Background and composition = =
" My Love Is Pink " was written by Sugababes members Keisha Buchanan and Heidi Range in collaboration with the British songwriting and production team Xenomania , consisting of Miranda Cooper , Brian Higgins , Tim Powell , Lisa Cowling and Nick Coler . Higgins and Xenomania produced the song . It was mixed by Powell and Higgins ; programmed it with Cooper and Gray . " My Love Is Pink " was sent to digital retailers in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 10 December 2007 as the second single from Change .
The song is an uptempo pop and electro record with a high @-@ energy dance beat . The instrumentation is provided by keyboards and a guitar . Nick Levine of Digital Spy described it as a " slightly unhinged handbag anthem operating at the point where nineties dance and noughties electro collide " . Several critics noted similarities between the song and those performed by British girl group , Girls Aloud . " My Love Is Pink " was also considered by critics to be a gay anthem .
= = Reception = =
The song received mixed reviews from critics , who were ambivalent towards its composition . Thomas H Green of The Daily Telegraph described it as " belligerently fizzing pop " . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian labelled the track as " propulsive " and regarded it as a classy example of the group 's " trademark clever , referential pop " . Victoria Segal of The Times described " My Love Is Pink " as indestructible , and wrote that it confirms the group 's status as " the bionic band " . Lauren Murphy of Entertainment Ireland characterised it as one of the album 's " sense @-@ stirring tracks " , while BBC 's Tom Young praised the track as " sassy and Girls Aloud @-@ like " . According to Leon McDermott of The Sunday Herald , the song " jumps and squelches with its sassy brio " . A critic from The Liverpool Daily Post & Echo considered it one of the album 's highlights .
However , the song 's lyrics were a focal point for criticism . Andy Gill of The Independent dismissed it as a " euphemism too far " , while Keith Bruce of The Sunday Herald called the song " lyrically awful " . Gavin Martin of the Daily Mirror described it a " frisky but a pale reflection of past G.A.Y. disco glories " . Hot Press magazine 's Pete Murphy felt that the song was a let @-@ down and called it " standard dancefloor fodder veneered with a patina of urban and / or Afro @-@ Caribbean sophistication " . A writer for The Scotsman stated that regarded the song as " another of those anonymous , mass @-@ produced party hits sung by a faceless rent @-@ a @-@ vocalist " . Upon its release as a single , " My Love Is Pink " peaked at number five on the UK Commercial Pop Club chart , and number 51 on the Slovakian Singles Chart .
= = Live performances = =
" My Love Is Pink " was included in the set list for the Sugababes ' 2008 Change Tour , in which they wore silver , plastic dresses . The trio performed the song at the Oxegen 2008 festival as part of a set list , which included their number one singles " Freak like Me " , " Round Round " , " Hole in the Head " , " Push the Button " and " About You Now " .
= = Track listings and formats = =
Digital single
My Love Is Pink ( Radio Version ) – 3 : 44
= = Credits and personnel = =
Songwriting – Keisha Buchanan , Heidi Range , Miranda Cooper , Brian Higgins , Tim Powell , Lisa Cowling , Nick Coler
Production – Brian Higgins , Xenomania
Mixing – Tim Powell , Brian Higgins
Keyboards – Tim Powell , Brian Higgins , Miranda Cooper , Matt Gray
Guitar – Nick Coler , Owen Parker
Programming – Tim Powell , Brian Higgins , Miranda Cooper , Matt Gray
Vocals – Sugababes
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Change , Island Records .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
= Moses Gill =
Moses Gill ( January 18 , 1734 – May 20 , 1800 ) was a Massachusetts politician who briefly served as the state 's Acting Governor . He is the state 's only acting governor to die in office . A successful businessman , he became one of the leading settlers of Princeton , Massachusetts , entering politics shortly before the American Revolutionary War . He served on the Massachusetts Provincial Congress 's executive committee until the state adopted its constitution in 1780 , after which he continued to serve on the state 's Governor 's Council .
Elected lieutenant governor in 1794 , he served in that office under Governors Samuel Adams and Increase Sumner until the latter died shortly after winning reelection in 1799 . Gill served an apparently undistinguished term as acting governor until his own death in 1800 , ten days before his successor , Caleb Strong , assumed office . Gill was a significant benefactor and founder of Leicester Academy , and supported the congregational church in Princeton , where the family had a large estate .
= = Early life and family = =
Moses Gill was born January 18 , 1734 to John and Elizabeth ( Abbot ) Gill in Charlestown , Massachusetts . He was one the younger sons in a long line of children which included John Gill , who would become well known in the colonies as printer of the Boston Gazette . Gill entered business as a local merchant in Boston . In 1759 he married Sarah Prince , daughter to pastor Thomas Prince of Boston 's Old South Church . Upon her father 's death the couple inherited Prince 's lands in western Worcester County , one of the largest tracts in what became the town of Princeton . In 1767 he retired from his business activities , and the couple divided their time between Boston and Princeton . Sarah died childless in 1771 . Gill remarried in 1772 to Rebecca Boylston , a scion of the influential Boylston family and sister of Harvard College benefactor Nicholas Boylston . They were also childless ; when his brother John died , Gill adopted one of his sons . The Gills were known to own several slaves .
= = Political career = =
In 1774 Gill entered politics , winning election to the provincial assembly . The assembly was dissolved by Governor Thomas Gage under the terms of the Massachusetts Government Act ( a punishment of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party ) , but its members met shortly afterwards and reconstituted themselves as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress . Gill served on this body 's executive council , which functioned as the de facto executive of the state until its constitution was adopted in 1780 . When the American Revolutionary War broke in April 1775 , Gill became involved in the early military organization of the Siege of Boston , heading the provincial congress ' supply committee . He was also delegated , along with General Artemas Ward , to meet George Washington in Springfield and escort him to the army camps outside Boston .
Because of his prominence in Worcester County Gill was appointed to the county 's district court when it was reorganized after the revolution began . In this role he sat on the panel that heard the preliminary cases in 1781 involving Quock Walker , an African American seeking a declaration of his freedom . Gill 's panel decided in Walker 's favor , and the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court eventually confirmed the judgments on appeal , declaring that slavery was incompatible with the state constitution .
He continued to serve in the General Court ( state legislature ) , winning election to the state senate annually from 1780 , and being chosen by that body to serve on the Governor 's Council . He stood for election to the United States House of Representatives in the 1789 election ( the first after the adoption of the United States Constitution ) but was defeated by Jonathan Grout . After the death of the immensely popular Governor John Hancock in 1793 , the state 's gubernatorial election of 1794 was a wide open race . Gill was one of several nominees for lieutenant governor , and received more votes than all nominees except the winning gubernatorial candidate , Samuel Adams . With no candidates for lieutenant governor receiving a majority , the General Court decided the election , choosing Gill . He thereafter won annual reelection to that post . In 1796 the aging Adams announced he would not run for reelection the following spring , and again the election was a wide open affair . The party system was still taking shape in the state , and the Federalists nominated Increase Sumner , while more populist factions that had previously supported Hancock and Adams nominated Gill and James Sullivan . Although Gill polled well in Boston and the eastern counties ( present @-@ day Maine ) , the Federalists won a decisive victory over the divided opposition . Since he was also nominated by one faction as lieutenant governor , Gill was again returned to that post . The principal issues in this and subsequent elections were over federal policy : specifically the national response to threats of war with Revolutionary France , and the consequent need for increased taxes to arm the nation . Gill 's politics are unclear : historian Anson Morse is of the opinion that his popularity was not sufficient to head the ticket of either the Federalists or the Democratic @-@ Republicans . Historian John Barry observes that Gill 's term as acting governor , even though it was for essentially a full year , was " too short to be particularly distinguished " .
Sumner easily won reelection in 1798 and 1799 , but was ill during the 1799 race , which he won by a landslide . Constitutional issues were raised because he was on his deathbed and it was uncertain that he could even take the oath of office . Sumner finally took the oath of office in early June , but died a few days later , at which point Gill became acting governor . Gill served out Sumner 's term , and was considered a candidate for the governorship as the 1800 election approached . The election primarily pitted Federalist Caleb Strong against Democratic @-@ Republican Elbridge Gerry , and was won by Strong . Gill was derided by his opponents as the preferred candidate of the wealthy , and Federalists were accused of promoting him as a candidate in order to divide the opposition . Gill died on May 20 , before Strong was informed of the victory , resulting in the only time in the state 's history when the offices of governor and lieutenant governor were both formally vacant . As a result , the Governor 's Council ruled the state for ten days . ( The council had governed several times during the colonial period under similar circumstances ; the state constitution was amended in 1918 to remove the council from the gubernatorial succession . )
= = Charitable concerns and legacy = =
Gill was a member and major supporter of the Congregational Church in Princeton , and a founding trustee and benefactor of Leicester Academy . He was also for many years president of the Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Indians . Gill , Massachusetts is named in his honor .
Gill also made civic contributions to the town of Princeton . Land he donated became the town 's original center ( located about one @-@ half mile from the current town center ) . This land includes one the town 's earliest cemeteries , which is where Gill and other members of his family are interred . His estate , located near the town center , was reputed to be one of the largest and most magnificent of its time in Worcester County . His second wife 's nephew , Ward Nicholas Boylston , inherited the estate ; in addition to many other charitable works , Boylston was a major contributor to the establishment of Princeton 's present town center .
= Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina =
The meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina , an extremely destructive Category 5 hurricane , began on August 23 , 2005 when it originated as Tropical Depression Twelve near the Bahamas . The next day , the tropical depression strengthened to a tropical storm , and was named Katrina ; it proceeded to make landfall on the southern tip of the U.S. state of Florida as a minimal hurricane .
In passing across Florida , Katrina did not attain any more strength but did manage to maintain hurricane status . After passing over Florida , the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico allowed it to rapidly intensify to the sixth strongest Atlantic hurricane in recorded history . Afterward , Katrina made landfall as a Category 3 storm near Buras @-@ Triumph , Louisiana , and once more near the Mississippi / Louisiana border . Katrina progressed northward through the central United States and finally dissipated near the Great Lakes on August 31 , when it was absorbed by a cold front .
= = Formation = =
Tropical Depression Twelve formed over the southeastern Bahamas at 5 : 00 p.m. EDT ( 2100 UTC ) on August 23 , 2005 , partially from the remains of Tropical Depression Ten , which had dissipated due to the effects of a nearby upper tropospheric trough . While the normal standards for numbering tropical depressions in the Atlantic indicate that the old name / number is retained when a depression dissipates and regenerates , satellite data indicated that a second tropical wave combined with Tropical Depression Ten north of Puerto Rico to form a new , much more advanced system , which was then designated as Tropical Depression Twelve . Simultaneously , the trough in the upper troposphere weakened , causing the wind shear in the area to relax , thereby allowing the new tropical depression to develop . In a later re @-@ analysis , it was determined that the low @-@ level circulation of Ten had completely detached and dissipated , with only the remnant mid @-@ level circulation moving on and merging with the aforementioned second tropical wave . As a result , the criteria for keeping the same name and identity were not met .
= = First landfall = =
As the atmospheric conditions surrounding Tropical Depression Twelve were favorable for tropical development , the system began to intensify and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Katrina on the morning of August 24 . A burst of convection allowed Katrina to become the fifth hurricane of the 2005 season on August 25 , only two hours before it made landfall around 6 : 30 p.m. EST ( 2230 UTC ) between Hallandale Beach and Aventura , Florida . Katrina struck the peninsula with 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) winds , and had a well @-@ defined eye on NEXRAD weather radar , which remained intact throughout its passage over Florida . Parts of the Florida Keys experienced tropical storm winds throughout August 26 , with the Dry Tortugas briefly experiencing hurricane @-@ force winds .
= = Gulf of Mexico = =
The initial National Hurricane Center forecasts predicted that Katrina would begin turning northward after landfall , eventually to hit the Florida Panhandle approximately three to four days later . Katrina , however , continued a westerly and west @-@ southwesterly track , which eventually shifted the forecast track westward to New Orleans .
Immediately after the storm entered the Gulf of Mexico , the low wind shear , good upper @-@ level outflow , and the warm sea surface temperatures of the Gulf Loop Current caused Katrina to intensify rapidly . On August 27 , the storm was upgraded to Category 3 intensity , becoming the third major hurricane of the season . An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification of maximum winds for about 18 hours , but almost doubled the radius of the storm . A second period of rapid intensification started by 7 : 00 p.m. CDT on August 27 , and by 12 : 40 a.m. CDT on August 28 , Katrina was upgraded to a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) . It became a Category 5 ( the first in the Gulf of Mexico since Hurricane Allen 25 years prior ) storm by 7 : 00 a.m. CDT , twelve hours after the beginning of the second round of rapid intensification , and reached its peak intensity at 1 : 00 p.m. CDT with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) , gusts of 215 mph ( 344 km / h ) and a central pressure of 902 mbar ( 26 @.@ 64 inHg ) . The minimum pressure made Katrina , at the time , the fourth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record ( Hurricanes Rita and Wilma would later surpass Katrina that same year ) . As the hurricane approached New Orleans , the Weather Forecast Office in Slidell , Louisiana issued two strongly worded warnings of the storm 's danger .
By the afternoon of August 28 , the storm was large enough that some areas of the Gulf Coast were already experiencing tropical storm @-@ force winds . The center of Katrina was about 180 statute miles ( 290 km ) from the mouth of the Mississippi River , but tropical storm @-@ force winds extended 230 mi ( 370 km ) from the center of the storm , and hurricane @-@ force winds extended about 105 miles ( 170 km ) away . Overnight on August 29 , and into the morning of the next day , Katrina quickly weakened ( in terms of maximum sustained winds ) as it began to enter another eyewall replacement cycle . The inner eyewall deteriorated before an outer eyewall had fully formed , playing an important role in the weakening . In 18 hours , the hurricane 's maximum sustained winds decreased from 170 mph ( 280 km / h ) to 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) . However , storm surge remained high at landfall because large waves greater than 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) in height were generated beforehand ( with a buoy recording a 55 ft / 16 @.@ 7 m wave at sea ) , when Katrina was at Categories 4 and 5 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . The waves then combined with the storm surge of the large Category 3 hurricane .
= = Second and third landfalls = =
Katrina made its second landfall at 6 : 10 a.m. CDT on August 29 as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) near Buras @-@ Triumph , Louisiana . Because Katrina had just weakened from Category 4 and due to the shape of the coastline , sustained Category 4 winds likely existed on land while the eye was over water . At landfall , hurricane @-@ force winds extended 120 miles ( 190 km ) from the center , the storm 's pressure was 920 mbar ( 27 @.@ 17 inHg ) , and its forward speed was 15 mph ( 24 km / h ) . As it made its way up the eastern Louisiana coastline , most communities in Plaquemines , St. Bernard Parish , and Slidell in St. Tammany Parish were severely damaged by storm surge and the strong winds of the eyewall , which also grazed eastern New Orleans , causing in excess of $ 1 billion worth of damage to the city ( see Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans ) .
Original estimates indicated that Katrina had made this landfall as a Category 4 hurricane , with 135 mph ( 220 km / h ) winds ; however , as indicated above , the storm weakened just before landfall to Category 3 intensity . The reasons for this weakening are not completely known yet ; while the eye @-@ wall replacement cycle played a part , slightly increasing shear , dropping sea @-@ surface temperatures , dry air on the western semicircle of the storm and interaction with the continental landmass also may have played a role in weakening the cyclone . This follows the trend of previous strong cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico : all cyclones with minimum central pressures of 973 mbar ( 28 @.@ 73 inHg ) or less have weakened over the 12 hours before making landfall in the Gulf Coast of the United States .
A few hours later , after weakening slightly , Katrina made its third landfall near the Louisiana – Mississippi border with 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) sustained winds and 928 mbar ( 27 @.@ 37 inHg ) pressure , still at Category 3 intensity . Its minimum pressure at its second landfall was 920 mbar ( 27 @.@ 17 inHg ) , making Katrina the third strongest hurricane on record to make landfall on the United States , behind Hurricane Camille 's 909 mbar ( 26 @.@ 85 inHg ) reading in 1969 , and the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane 's 892 mbar ( 26 @.@ 35 inHg ) record .
Because the storm was so large , highly destructive eye @-@ wall winds and the strong northeastern quadrant of the storm pushed record storm surges onshore , smashing the entire Mississippi Gulf Coast , including towns in Mississippi such as Waveland , Bay St. Louis , Pass Christian , Long Beach , Gulfport , Biloxi , Ocean Springs , Gautier and Pascagoula , and , in Alabama , Bayou La Batre . The surges peaked at 28 feet ( 8 @.@ 5 m ) in Bay St. Louis , Mississippi , and at 13 feet ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) as far away as Mobile , Alabama , which saw its highest storm surge since 1917 . Storm surge was particularly high due to the hydrology of the region , the hurricane 's extreme size , and the fact that it weakened only shortly before landfall . As Katrina moved inland diagonally over Mississippi , high winds cut a swath of damage that affected almost the entire state .
= = Demise = =
Katrina maintained hurricane strength well into Mississippi , but weakened thereafter , losing hurricane strength more than 150 miles ( 240 km ) inland , near Meridian , Mississippi . It was downgraded to a tropical depression near Clarksville , Tennessee and broke in half . One half continued to race northward , affecting the Central United States along its path , and was last distinguishable in the eastern Great Lakes region on August 31 . On August 31 , Katrina was absorbed by a frontal boundary and became a powerful extratropical low , causing 1 @.@ 97 – 6 @.@ 69 inches ( 50 – 170 mm ) of rain in 12 hours , as well as gale @-@ force wind gusts from 31 to 61 mph ( 50 to 98 km / h ) in southeastern Quebec and northern New Brunswick . In the region of Saguenay and Côte @-@ Nord , rain caused breakdowns and failure in roads . The Côte @-@ Nord region was isolated from the rest of Quebec for at least 1 week . The other half of Katrina broke off in the eastern part of the Appalachians , primarily leading to a significant tornado outbreak in the area from central Georgia to central Pennsylvania , killing two people and causing millions of dollars in additional damage .
At 11 : 00 p.m. EDT on August 31 , the center of the remnant low of what was Katrina had been completely absorbed by a frontal boundary in southeastern Canada , with no discernible circulation .
= Washington State Route 168 =
State Route 168 ( SR 168 ) is a legislated , but not constructed , state highway located in Washington , United States . The highway is meant to serve as an alternate crossing through the Cascade Range , supplementing the seasonal Chinook Pass on SR 410 . Proposals were first drawn in the 1930s , and the highway has been codified in law under its current designation since 1970 , however no construction has occurred .
= = Route description = =
The highway is legislated to begin in Greenwater , in Pierce County , at a junction with SR 410 . The road would continue east through Mount Baker @-@ Snoqualmie National Forest , Naches Pass , and Wenatchee National Forest to its eastern terminus with SR 410 north of Cliffdell , in Yakima County . The highway would pass near Pyramid Peak , which has a maximum altitude of 5 @,@ 718 ft ( 1 @,@ 743 m ) . Currently , a crossing similar to the legislated highway is covered by a variety of Forest Routes , including Road 19 and Road 70 .
Two main reasons for creating the highway exist . First , SR 168 would be an all @-@ season route through Naches Pass ( elevation 4 @,@ 923 feet ( 1 @,@ 501 m ) ) . SR 410 closes annually due to avalanche dangers near Chinook Pass ( elevation 5 @,@ 430 feet ( 1 @,@ 655 m ) ) . Second , SR 168 would allow commercial vehicles to bypass Mount Rainier National Park , where they are prohibited on SR 410 . The current restriction detours commercial traffic south to U.S. Route 12 over White Pass or north to Interstate 90 over Snoqualmie Pass .
= = History = =
Plans for a Naches Tunnel or highway date back to the early 1930s , designated as the Naches Pass Link of Primary State Highway 5 . The state legislature appropriated $ 50 thousand ( equivalent to $ 3 @.@ 58 million in 2015 ) for a study on the feasibility of a new highway . In the early 1960s , Governor Albert Rosellini established a committee to study the feasibility of a toll road . The route was considered feasible by the committee , and they estimated tolls of $ 1 @.@ 50 per vehicle ( equivalent to $ 28 @.@ 00 in 2015 ) would need to be levied to pay for the highway . Proponents of the new highway were pushing to have U.S. Route 10 routed over the pass , away from the routing over Snoqualmie Pass ; however this never occurred . Ultimately , the highway was not built as the state considered the highway unfeasible . The highway has been codified in Washington law since 1970 , while the tunnel through Naches Pass has been codified in state law since 1959 .
= Bernard Stone =
Bernard " Berny " L. Stone ( November 24 , 1927 – December 22 , 2014 ) was alderman of the 50th Ward of the City of Chicago , Illinois from 1973 to 2011 . The 50th Ward encompasses part of Chicago 's far North Side and includes the West Ridge , West Rogers Park and Peterson Park neighborhoods . First elected to the Council in 1973 , Stone was the second longest @-@ serving alderman ( after Edward M. Burke ) . His tenure spanned the terms of seven Mayors , from Richard J. Daley to Richard M. Daley . Stone was also Vice Mayor of the City of Chicago from 1998 to 2011 .
Stone was a member of the " Vrdolyak 29 " , which opposed Mayor Harold Washington 's agenda . For most of his life a Democrat , Stone followed Alderman Edward Vrdolyak to the Republican Party , and unsuccessfully challenged Carol Moseley Braun for Cook County Recorder of Deeds . Stone was a protagonist in a protracted legal conflict with the neighboring suburb of Evanston in 1993 – 1994 . Employees of Stone 's 2007 re @-@ election campaign were convicted of vote fraud in 2010 . Stone was " outspoken " and " relished the rough and tumble of politics " .
= = Early life and education = =
Stone was born on November 24 , 1927 in Chicago to Jewish immigrant parents . He was educated in the Chicago Public Schools system at Von Humboldt Elementary and Tuley High School , which is now Roberto Clemente Community Academy . Stone enlisted in the United States Army in 1945 . Stone attended Wright Junior College , now known as Wilbur Wright College , and John Marshall Law School .
= = Early attempts at elected office = =
In 1956 , Stone ran in the Democratic primary for the Illinois House of Representatives , but was defeated by Esther Saperstein , who went on to serve in the Illinois House for ten years and became Illinois ' first female state senator .
In 1963 , Stone was one of a record 233 candidates filing to run for Chicago alderman , and one of ten challengers to the incumbent in the 50th Ward , Republican Alderman Jack I. Sperling , who sought a third four @-@ year term . Stone filed without the endorsement of a political party . By February , 1963 , Stone was not on the ballot for the February 26 , 1963 election .
= = 1973 campaign for alderman = =
On January 29 , 1973 , the Supreme Court of Illinois appointed Alderman Sperling to fill a vacancy as Cook County Circuit Court judge . The Chicago City Council called a special election for June 5 , 1973 to fill vacant City Council seats , including the 50th Ward alderman seat . Stone was an employee in the office of Cook County Sheriff Richard Elrod and the vice president of the 50th Ward Regular Democratic Organization , which endorsed him for alderman . Stone was one of five candidates who filed to finish Sperling 's term . Another candidate , independent Theodore Berland , was a medical writer and nationally recognized anti @-@ noise activist who was chiefly responsible for Chicago 's anti @-@ noise ordinance . Stone organized the " Concerned Citizens of the 50th Ward " to counter neighboring Lincolnwood 's opposition to a bridge over the North Shore Channel at Pratt Avenue , which Stone called a " necessity " for the 50th Ward . In the first round of voting , Stone led with 47 % of the vote and Berland finished second , with 27 % . In the run @-@ off election on July 3 , 1973 , Stone defeated Berland 12 @,@ 882 to 10 @,@ 958 , with a turnout of about 53 % , winning the 50th Ward for Democrats for the first time since 1955 .
= = The Republican years ( 1987 –
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Former Alderman and former Cook County Democratic Party chairman Edward R. Vrdolyak converted to the Republican Party and encouraged Stone to follow suit and run for Cook County Recorder of Deeds . By threatening Republican Party of Cook County leadership that he would run for county Chairman and Cook County State 's Attorney , Vrdolyak brokered a deal to slate himself for Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County and Stone for Cook County Recorder of Deeds . On October 29 , 1987 , Stone announced he had joined the Republican Party and expressed his intention to run for Recorder . " I can no longer be part of a party that punishes law @-@ abiding , tax @-@ paying citizens and communities " , Stone said , adding that he also felt " the Democratic Party is drifting away from America 's historically strong commitment to Israel " .
On November 25 , 1987 , Chicago Mayor Harold Washington died . Stone announced his candidacy for mayor to fellow aldermen on November 29 and to the public on December 1 . Many saw Stone 's mayoral candidacy as an attempt to publicize his Recorder race . Two days later the City Council elected Alderman Eugene Sawyer as mayor .
In 1988 , Stone ran as a Republican against African @-@ American Democratic Illinois State Representative Carol Moseley Braun for Cook County Recorder of Deeds . Stone told reporters that although he did not expect their newspapers ' endorsements , " Just run a picture of Braun . That 's all I ask " . Stone included Braun 's photograph in his campaign flyers . Stone was defeated by Braun and contributed to a sweep of Cook County offices by Democrats .
In 1989 , Stone unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for Mayor of Chicago , to unseat Mayor Sawyer . Richard M. Daley defeated Sawyer in the Democratic primary and Republican nominee Edward Vrdolyak in the general election to become mayor . In 1990 , Stone returned to the Democratic Party .
= = " Berny 's Wall " = =
Although resident and corporate relations between Chicago and neighboring suburb Evanston are generally cordial and co @-@ operative , Stone was a protagonist in perhaps the most significant altercation in recent decades . The Evanston City Council adopted the Southwest II Tax Increment Financing ( TIF ) District , also called the Howard @-@ Hartrey TIF , on April 27 , 1992 , in order to incent the development of a disused 23 @-@ acre Bell and Howell distribution center . A city contractor installed a $ 150 @,@ 000 , 2 @.@ 5 feet ( 0 @.@ 76 m ) high , three @-@ block @-@ long , continuous steel guardrail down the middle of Howard Street , from Kedzie Avenue to California Avenue , blocking vehicles from crossing between Evanston and Chicago , to protect residents from the vehicular traffic expected at a proposed shopping center on the Evanston side of Howard Street that was projected to open in 1995 . A Cook County Circuit Court judge denied Evanston 's request for a restraining order to halt the erection of the barrier , which became known in the media as " Berny 's Wall " . The Chicago Tribune editorialized calling Stone " silly " and the guardrail a " senseless idea ... just an insipid ploy by a useless alderman who has too much time on his hands and too much of the taxpayers ' money at his disposal " .
On May 28 , 1993 , Evanston Mayor Lorraine H. Morton , Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley , Stone , and city officials met at Chicago City Hall , and hours later , Morton announced that Evanston would drop legal action against Chicago . The next day , after consultation with Evanston 's corporation counsel and others , Evanston announced they would continue legal recourse in conjunction with negotiations . Stone demanded that Evanston pick up the cost of the installation and removal of the guardrail . On June 1 , 1993 , the Evanston City Council voted to refuse to contribute funds , to continue their lawsuit , and to defer modifications to the site plan until the barrier was dismantled .
Testimony began July 25 , 1994 . Chicago Transportation Commissioner Joseph Boyle Jr. and Planning Commissioner Valerie Jarrett testified that the guardrail had been installed at Stone 's request without the benefit of traffic or planning studies . A partner of the shopping center 's construction firm testified that Stone had discussed with him in 1992 the idea of siting the project on vacant land near the Lincoln Village Shopping Center , a site that was scheduled to be redistricted into the 50th Ward in 1995 . Evanston officials said Stone was jealous of the project going to Evanston . On September 21 , 1994 , the judge ruled that the March 25 , 1993 resolution which Stone ushered through the Chicago City Council authorized Chicago 's Department of Transportation commissioner to consider a barrier , declared that the Department had no authority to install the guardrail , ordered Chicago to remove it and pay all costs including Evanston 's legal fees , and dismissed Chicago 's countersuit to block the shopping center . Chicago 's request for a stay pending appeal was denied , Bell and Howell agreed to pay the estimated $ 35 @,@ 000 to remove the barrier , and removal began on October 4 , 1994 . " The party isn 't over until the fat man sings , and I 'm the fat man " , said Stone . The Chicago Tribune editorialized calling the barrier " a petty , indulgent waste of money at the people 's expense " .
Stone passed legislation through the Chicago City Council to change to one @-@ way , northbound only , portions of Kedzie and Sacramento Avenues , two Chicago streets south of the shopping center . After the changes were implemented November 10 , 1994 , Stone 's office received numerous complaints , and by November 16 Kedzie was again a two @-@ way street .
On November 3 , 1999 , the City of Chicago established the Lincoln Avenue TIF district , including the Lincoln Village Shopping Center area .
= = Sleeping in Council Chambers = =
A photograph of Stone asleep in Council Chambers , during a hearing on an ordinance restricting the use of a cell phone while operating an automobile , ran on the front page of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times in January , 2004 . " Some aldermen have a tendency while they 're thinking to close their eyes and that may register with their constituency as not paying attention or , perhaps , even sleeping during the session " , Stone later explained . Stone fell asleep at his desk in Council Chambers in City Hall during the City Council 's Finance Committee debate on the controversial parking meter lease in December , 2008 and was photographed by the press . Stone was videotaped sleeping during a Finance Committee hearing on the transparency of the City 's tax increment financing program in March , 2009 .
= = Campaign employees convicted of vote fraud = =
On September 4 , 2007 , speaking from the floor of Council Chambers during a meeting of the Buildings Committee , Stone warned fellow aldermen of an ongoing investigation into absentee balloting . On January 28 , 2008 , two employees of Stone 's 2007 re @-@ election campaign were arrested and charged with improperly influencing voters , primarily from the ward 's Indian and Pakistani communities , to vote absentee for Stone . Anish Eapen , a precinct captain and a ward superintendent with the city 's Streets and Sanitation Department , was charged with " official misconduct , absentee ballot fraud , and mutilation of election materials " . Eapen allegedly partnered with Armando Ramos , an unemployed student , who was also charged with absentee ballot fraud and mutilation of election materials . Stone accused the state attorney 's office of acting at the behest of the area 's U.S. Representative , Jan Schakowsky . " We know where this all started . We know it 's politically based . ... Her [ Schakowsky 's ] aide was soliciting the state 's attorney to investigate . It 's absolutely a devious political trick " , he said . Schakowsky denied involvement . Bond was set at $ 50 @,@ 000 and $ 40 @,@ 000 for Eapen and Ramos , respectively .
City Inspector General David H. Hoffman called for Eapen to be fired . For nearly two years , Eapen was on paid administrative leave from his $ 83 @,@ 940 @-@ a @-@ year job with the city . On October 8 , 2009 , Streets and Sanitation Department Commissioner Tom Byrne found Eapen a job tracking equipment . Stone blamed Byrne 's predecessor for Eapen 's paid leave , saying " Mike Picardi has no cojones " .
On October 24 , 2008 , during the annual budget hearing process , Inspector General Hoffman testified before the Committee on the Budget of the Chicago City Council . " It is my intent , Mr. Inspector General , to wipe your entire office out of the budget " , Stone told Hoffman . " It is my intent to submit a budget amendment which will destroy your department " . " He 's come after me , so I 'm going after him . That 's the way the game is played " , Stone said . Stone 's amendment came before the Budget Committee on November 17 , 2008 and was tabled 14 @-@ 2 .
Eapen and Ramos waived their right to trial by jury . In a bench trial , four members of a family who lived in the ward testified that Eapen came to their homes , watched as they completed the absentee ballot applications and absentee ballots , collected their ballots , and mailed them . One family member , who was not registered to vote , testified that Eapen filled out her ballot and she signed it . Another witness testified that when she told Stone in his office that Ramos filled out her ballot , Stone was dismissive , saying , " This meeting is over " . Stone commented on the testimony , " I have no recollection of what she is talking about " .
On June 24 , 2010 , Cook County Judge Marcus Salone found Eapen and Ramos each guilty on one count of attempted mutilation of voting materials and additional counts of attempted absentee ballot violations . On August 4 , 2010 , Salone sentenced Eapen and Ramos to prison terms of 364 days and 270 days , respectively . " This is a kiss " , Salone said of the sentences . " I think the evidence is overwhelming . The reality is that Mr. Eapen and Mr. Ramos attempted to steal democracy and they did it in a vicious way " . Stone called the case " a witch hunt " , said that Ramos and Eapen were " political prisoners " , and compared their crimes to " spitting on the sidewalk " . Stone said Inspector General Hoffman targeted his staff while failing to investigate other aldermen 's staffs . " They are not the ones who attempted to steal democracy . The one who attempted to steal democracy was David Hoffman " , Stone said . " This is a miscarriage of justice " .
= = Committees = =
Stone was the Chairman of the City Council Committee on Buildings , and also served on the following City Council committees : Budget and Government Operations , Finance , Historical Landmark Preservation , Housing and Landmark Preservation , Traffic Control and Safety , and the Committee on Committees .
= = Loss in 2011 run @-@ off = =
In 2008 , Illinois State Senator Ira Silverstein defeated Stone in the voting for the 50th Ward Democratic committeeman , an unpaid party post . In February 2011 , in a five @-@ way race for alderman including Silverstein 's wife , Certified Public Accountant Debra Silverstein , no candidate garnered 50 % plus one of the vote , forcing a run @-@ off . In the April 2011 run @-@ off , Debra Silverstein prevailed with 62 % of the vote to 38 % for Stone . On election night , Stone said Silverstein would be " a disaster for this ward . There ’ s no way I 'll help her . She knows nothing " . Stone 's tenure as alderman spanned seven Chicago Mayors , including two Mayors Daley .
= = Political philosophy = =
Stone stated his political philosophy as " You take care of the people who take care of you – you know , the people who voted for you . That 's not Chicago politics , that 's Politics 101 " .
= = Personal life = =
Stone married his wife , Lois ( d . 1995 ) , in 1949 . They had three daughters and a son .
Stone worshipped at Congregation Ezras Israel and served on their Board of Directors . Stone also served on the Board of Directors for the Bernard Horwich Jewish Community Center , the Associated Talmud Torahs , and the Jewish National Fund .
In 2003 , Stone 's son , Jay , unsuccessfully challenged incumbent 32nd Ward Alderman Theodore Matlak . Stone supported Matlak , calling his son " an embarrassment " who " doesn 't know what he 's doing " . Father and son remained on good terms .
Stone died on December 22 , 2014 at age 87 from complications from a fall . Stone was remembered by the Chicago Tribune and Chicago Sun @-@ Times as " outspoken " ; by Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel as " fiercely loyal to his constituents " ; and in a City Council resolution as " a vigorous advocate for the people of the 50th Ward " .
= History of the board game Monopoly =
The history of the board game Monopoly can be traced back to the early 20th century . The earliest known version of Monopoly , known as The Landlord 's Game , was designed by an American , Elizabeth Magie , and first patented in 1904 but existed as early as 1902 . Magie , a follower of Henry George , originally intended The Landlord 's Game to illustrate the economic consequences of Ricardo 's Law of Economic rent and the Georgist concepts of economic privilege and land value taxation . A series of board games were developed from 1906 through the 1930s that involved the buying and selling of land and the development of that land . By 1933 , a board game had been created much like the version of Monopoly sold by Parker Brothers and its related companies through the rest of the 20th century , and into the 21st . Several people , mostly in the Midwestern United States and near the East Coast , contributed to the game 's design and evolution .
By the 1970s , the idea that the game had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore ; it was printed in the game 's instructions for many years , in a 1974 book devoted to Monopoly , and was cited in a general book about toys even as recently as 2007 . Even a guide to family games published for Reader 's Digest in 2003 only gave credit to Darrow and Elizabeth Magie , erroneously stating that Magie 's original game was created in the 19th century , and not acknowledging any of the game 's development between Magie 's creation of the game , and the eventual publication by Parker Brothers .
Also in the 1970s , Professor Ralph Anspach , who had himself published a board game intended to illustrate the principles of both monopolies and trust busting , fought Parker Brothers and its then parent company , General Mills , over the copyright and trademarks of the Monopoly board game . Through the research of Anspach and others , much of the early history of the game was " rediscovered " and entered into official United States court records . Because of the lengthy court process , including appeals , the legal status of Parker Brothers ' copyright and trademarks on the game was not settled until 1985 . The game 's name remains a registered trademark of Parker Brothers , as do its specific design elements ; other elements of the game are still protected under copyright law . At the conclusion of the court case , the game 's logo and graphic design elements became part of a larger Monopoly brand , licensed by Parker Brothers ' parent companies onto a variety of items through the present day . Despite the " rediscovery " of the board game 's early history in the 1970s and 1980s , and several books and journal articles on the subject , Hasbro ( Parker Brothers ' current parent company ) did not acknowledge any of the game 's history before Charles Darrow on its official Monopoly website as recently as June 2012 . Nor did Hasbro acknowledge anyone other than Darrow in materials published or sponsored by them , at least as recently as 2009 .
International tournaments , first held in the early 1970s , continue to the present , although the last national tournaments and world championship were held in 2009 . Starting in 1985 , a new generation of spin @-@ off board games and card games appeared on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean . In 1989 , the first of many video game and computer game editions was published . Since 1994 , many official variants of the game , based on locations other than Atlantic City , New Jersey ( the official U.S. setting ) or London ( the official Commonwealth setting , excepting Canada ) , have been published by Hasbro or its licensees . In 2008 , Hasbro permanently changed the color scheme and some of the gameplay of the standard U.S. Edition of the game to match the UK Edition , although the U.S. standard edition maintains the Atlantic City property names . Hasbro also modified the official logo to give the " Mr. Monopoly " character a 3 @-@ D computer @-@ generated look , which has since been adopted by licensees USAopoly , Winning Moves and Winning Solutions . And Hasbro has also been including the Speed Die , introduced in 2006 's Monopoly : The Mega Edition by Winning Moves Games , in versions produced directly by Hasbro ( such as the 2009 Championship Edition ) .
= = Game development 1903 – 1934 = =
In 1903 , the Georgist Lizzie Magie applied for a patent on a game called The Landlord 's Game with the object of showing that rents enriched property owners and impoverished tenants . She knew that some people would find it hard to understand the logic behind the idea , and she thought that if the rent problem and the Georgist solution to it were put into the concrete form of a game , it might be easier to demonstrate . She was granted the patent for the game in January 1904 . The Landlord 's Game became one of the first board games to use a " continuous path " , without clearly defined start and end spaces on its board . Another innovation in gameplay attributed to Magie is the concept of " ownership " of a place on a game board , such that something would happen to the second ( or later ) player to land on the same space , without the first player 's piece still being present . A copy of Magie 's game that she had left at the Georgist community of Arden , Delaware and dating from 1903 – 1904 , was presented for the PBS series History Detectives . This copy featured property groups , organized by letters , later a major feature of Monopoly as published by Parker Brothers .
Although The Landlord 's Game was patented , and some hand @-@ made boards were made , it was not actually manufactured and published until 1906 . Magie and two other Georgists established the Economic Game Company of New York , which began publishing her game . Magie submitted an edition published by the Economic Game Company to Parker Brothers around 1910 , which George Parker declined to publish . In the UK , it was published in 1913 by the Newbie Game Company under the title Brer Fox an ' Brer Rabbit . Shortly after the game 's formal publication , Scott Nearing , a professor in what was then known as the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce at the University of Pennsylvania , began using the game as a teaching tool in his classes . His students made their own boards , and taught the game to others . After Nearing was dismissed from the Wharton School , he began teaching at the University of Toledo . A former student of Nearing , Rexford Guy Tugwell , also taught The Landlord 's Game at Wharton , and took it with him to Columbia University . Apart from commercial distribution , it spread by word of mouth and was played in slightly variant homemade versions over the years by Quakers , Georgists , university students ( including students at Smith College , Princeton , and MIT ) , and others who became aware of it .
A shortened version of Magie 's game , which eliminated the second round of play that used a Georgist concept of a single land value tax , had become common during the 1910s , and this variation on the game became known as Auction Monopoly . The auctioning part of the game came through a rule that auctioned any unowned property to all game players when it was first landed on . This rule was later dropped by the Quakers , and in the current game of Monopoly an auction takes place only when an unowned property is not purchased outright by the player that first lands on it . That same decade , the game became popular around the community of Reading , Pennsylvania . Another former student of Scott Nearing , Thomas Wilson , taught the game to his cousin , Charles Muhlenberg around 1915 – 1916 . The original patent on The Landlord 's Game expired in 1921 . By this time , the hand made games became known simply as Monopoly . Charles Muhlenberg and his wife , Wilma , taught the game to Wilma 's brothers , Louis and Ferdinand " Fred " Thun , in the early 1920s .
Simultaneous to these events , Magie moved back to Illinois , and married Andrew Phillips . She moved to the Washington , D.C. area with her husband by 1923 , and re @-@ patented a revised version of The Landlord 's Game in 1924 ( under her married name , Elizabeth Magie Phillips ) . This version , unlike her first patent drawing , included named streets ( though the versions published in 1910 based on her first patent also had named streets ) . Magie sought to regain control over the plethora of hand @-@ made games . For her 1924 edition , a couple of streets on the board were named after Chicago streets and locations , notably " The Loop " and " Lake Shore Drive . " This revision also included a special " monopoly " rule and card that allowed higher rents to be charged when all three railroads and utilities were owned , and included " chips " to indicate improvements on properties . Magie again approached Parker Brothers about her game , and George Parker again declined , calling the game " too political " . Parker is , however , credited with urging Magie to take out her 1924 patent .
After the Thuns learned the game , they began teaching its rules to their fraternity brothers at Williams College around 1926 . Daniel W. Layman , in turn , learned the game from the Thun brothers ( who later tried to sell copies of the game commercially , but were advised by an attorney that the game could not be patented , as they were not its inventors ) . Layman later returned to his hometown of Indianapolis , Indiana , and began playing the game with friends there , ultimately producing hand @-@ made versions of the board based on streets of that city . Layman then commercially produced and sold the game , starting in 1932 , with a friend in Indianapolis , who owned a company called Electronic Laboratories . This game was sold under the name The Fascinating Game of Finance ( later shortened to Finance ) . Layman soon sold his rights to the game , which was then licensed , produced and marketed by Knapp Electric . The published board featured four railroads ( one per side ) , Chance and Community Chest cards and spaces , and properties grouped by symbol , rather than color . Also in 1932 , one edition of The Landlord 's Game was published by the Adgame Company with a new set of rules called Prosperity , also by Magie .
It was in Indianapolis that Ruth Hoskins learned the game , and took it back to Atlantic City . After she arrived , Hoskins made a new board with Atlantic City street names , and taught it to a group of local Quakers . It has been argued that their greatest contribution to the game was to reinstate the original Lizzie Magie rule of " buying properties at their listed price " rather than auctioning them , as the Quakers did not believe in auctions . Another source states that the Quakers simply " didn 't like the noise of the auctioneering . " Among the group taught the game by Hoskins were Eugene Raiford and his wife , who took a copy of the game with Atlantic City street names to Philadelphia . Due to the Raifords ' unfamiliarity with streets and properties in Philadelphia , the Atlantic City @-@ themed version was the one taught to Charles Todd , who in turn taught Esther Darrow , wife of Charles Darrow . After learning the game , Darrow then began to distribute the game himself as Monopoly . Darrow initially made the sets of the Monopoly game by hand with the help of his first son , William Darrow , and his wife . Their new sets retained Charles Todd 's misspelling of " Marvin Gardens " . Charles Darrow drew the designs with a drafting pen on round pieces of oilcloth , and then his son and his wife helped fill in the spaces with colors and make the title deed cards and the Chance cards and Community Chest cards . After the demand for the game increased , Darrow contacted a printing company , Patterson and White , which printed the designs of the property spaces on square carton boards . Darrow
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years BP .
Historical activity of Irruputuncu is unclear . An unconfirmed eruption was reported in Bolivia in December 1989 and fumarolic activity in the crater was reported on 25 March 1990 . Eruption plumes on Irruputuncu , which reached an altitude of 1 @,@ 000 m ( 3 @,@ 300 ft ) and dispersed to the east , probably triggered by phreatomagmatic activity , were seen on 26 November 1995 . The plume 's colour changed between black and white repeatedly . Another plume was observed on 1 September 2003 ; neither of these incidents were accompnied with noticeable ground deformation . Like some other volcanoes in the area , activity at Irruputuncu has not been preceded by ground inflation during historical times . Several theories , including aliasing of the imagery , have been proposed to explain the lack of ground inflation .
Ongoing seismic activity at a rate of about 5 – 6 earthquakes per 10 days recorded in two separate phases , November 2005 @-@ March 2006 and April 2010 @-@ February 2011 respectively and including one seismic swarm during the first measurement period , has been recorded at Irruputuncu . Some of this activity may be caused by mine blasts from nearby mining projects . Geothermal anomalies of about 9 K ( − 264 @.@ 15 ° C ; − 443 @.@ 47 ° F ) have been noted , including hot springs west and northwest of the volcano .
= = Threats and geothermal prospecting = =
With the exception of Peruvian volcanoes such as Misti , most of the volcanoes of the CVZ are in remote areas and are not closely watched . Irruputuncu is a remote volcano ; a road between Iquique and the Collahuasi mine is the main infrastructure that could be affected by future activity . In Chile , Irruputuncu is surveilled by SERNAGEOMIN , which produces regular status reports .
Irruputuncu has been examined as a potential location for a geothermal energy project involving a company named Minera Doña Inés de Collahuasi . A geothermal prospect made at the base of Irruputuncu indicated the presence of water at temperatures of up to 220 ° C ( 428 ° F ) in a deep reservoir .
= Broken Sword : The Shadow of the Templars =
Broken Sword : The Shadow of the Templars ( also known as Circle of Blood in the United States ) is a 1996 point @-@ and @-@ click adventure game developed by Revolution Software . The player assumes the role of George Stobbart , an American tourist in Paris , as he attempts to unravel a conspiracy . The game takes place in both real and fictional locations in Europe and the Middle East .
In 1992 , Charles Cecil began researching the Knights Templar for the game after he , Noirin Carmody and Sean Brennan conceived Broken Sword . It was built with Revolution 's Virtual Theatre engine . This was also used for the company 's previous two games . Cecil co @-@ wrote and directed the game , while Eoghan Cahill and Neil Breen drew the backgrounds in pencil and digitally colored them in Photoshop . The game has a serious tone , but features humor and graphics in the style of classic animated films .
Critics lauded Broken Sword 's story , puzzles , voice acting , writing , gameplay , and music . The game received numerous award nominations and wins . It achieved commercial success as well , with one million copies sold in the mid @-@ 1990s . Topping several lists , it is known as one of the greatest examples of adventure gaming . Many developers of later games have cited Broken Sword as an influence .
After its initial release on Microsoft Windows , Mac OS , and PlayStation , it was ported to the Game Boy Advance , Palm OS , and Windows Mobile . The game spawned a number of sequels collectively known as the Broken Sword series . From 2009 to 2012 , a director 's cut version was released on Wii , Nintendo DS , Microsoft Windows , OS X , iOS , Android and Linux .
= = Gameplay = =
Broken Sword is a 2D adventure game played from a third @-@ person perspective . The player uses a point @-@ and @-@ click interface to interact with the environment and to guide protagonist George Stobbart through the game 's world . To solve puzzles and progress in the game , the player collects items that may be combined with one another , used on the environment , or given to non @-@ player characters ( NPCs ) . The protagonist converses with NPCs via dialogue trees presented through " conversation icons " to learn about the game 's puzzles and plot . Clues and other information are obtained by clicking on items in the inventory and on objects in the environment . The player navigates with a map , to which new locations are added as the story unfolds . Unlike in most adventure games at the time , the protagonist 's death is possible , after which the player starts from the last save point .
= = Plot = =
As the game begins , American tourist George Stobbart witnesses a terrorist attack at a café in Paris , during which a clown steals an old man 's briefcase and detonates a bomb . Soon after , George meets Nicole Collard , a journalist who is photographing the scene . George investigates the area to help Nicole gather information about the attack . He finds the clown 's discarded nose and learns that a man was seen escaping with a briefcase . After Nicole discovers the address of a costume shop inside the clown nose , George learns from that shop 's owner that the nose had been purchased by a man named Khan .
George travels to the hotel where Khan is staying , where he obtains an ancient manuscript from Khan 's hotel safe . After evading two hired thugs , Flap and Guido , George takes the manuscript to Nicole , who deduces that it is related to the Knights Templar . In a nearby museum , George finds a tripod that is illustrated in the manuscript . He soon travels to the excavation site in Lochmarne , Ireland where the tripod had been discovered ; and , there , he obtains a gem identical to one on the manuscript . After facing a goat , George finds an entrance to a Templar chapel beneath the local castle ruins , where he discovers a mural of a hanged man with " Montfauçon " written underneath .
George returns to Paris and learns from Andre Lobineau , a colleague of Nicole 's , that Montfauçon is a location in Paris . Flap and Guido attempt to steal the tripod from the museum ; but they are beaten to the theft by Nicole , who gives the artifact to George . In the sewers of Montfauçon , George spies on a secret meeting of people who claim to be the Templars , and he learns of their plan to find the Sword of Baphomet . After the group leaves , George uses the tripod and gem in the underground chamber to reveal the name of a village in Syria : Marib . He travels to the village and discovers that Khan has been looking for him . At a nearby rock formation called the Bull 's Head , George finds a lens and deduces that it is represented on the manuscript as a crystal ball . He also discovers an idol with three bearded faces , Baphomet ; and a Latin inscription that describes Britain . Khan arrives and holds George at gunpoint , but George manages to escape .
Back in Paris , George learns from Andre that the manuscript mentions the Spanish De Vasconcellos family , who were once connected with the Templars . At the family 's villa , George speaks to the family 's sole surviving member , a Countess , who leads him to the De Vasconcellos mausoleum . There , George discovers the family 's chalice , which the Countess entrusts to George . She asks him to find her missing ancestor , Don Carlos . In Paris , George uses the lens in the church at Montfauçon and discovers a hidden image of a burning man . In the church , George find Don Carlos ' tomb , which is inscribed with a series of biblical references .
Andre reveals that an idol of Baphomet has been discovered in Paris , and George gains access to the excavation . Using the chalice , he discovers an image of a church with a square tower . George returns to the Countess , and he discovers that the biblical references show a secret area inside a well containing a chessboard mural with a river running through it . Compiling their clues , George , Nicole , and Andre decide that the Templars are going to Bannockburn , Scotland . George and Nicole board a train , but she and an old woman in their compartment soon go missing . He reaches the conductor 's carriage , where the old woman , Khan in disguise , throws Flap out of the carriage . However , Khan is shot and killed during the confrontation .. George and Nicole reach the church in time to see the Grand Master of the Templars acquire a power from two huge Baphomet idols — the Sword of Baphomet , or the Broken Sword . After trying to tempt George to join their ranks , the Grand Master orders the couple to be killed , but they escape with the aid of explosives Khan had given Nicole before his death . The church explodes , killing Guido , the Templars , and — presumably — the Grand Master . The game ends with George and Nicole 's first kiss .
= = Development = =
In 1992 , Cecil and Noirin Carmody met with Sean Brennan , then @-@ head of publishing at Virgin Interactive , and spoke about how the Knights Templar would make an ideal subject to base a game on . Later , Virgin agreed to issue the game . In a September 1992 interview for French magazine Génération 4 , Charles Cecil stated that he had begun working on a scenario for Revolution 's third game , after 1992 's Lure of the Temptress and 1994 's then @-@ upcoming Beneath a Steel Sky . The game would be set in Paris with a Templar story line . The following month , Cecil visited Paris to research the Templars ; after reading The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail , he was certain there was enough known about the Templars to make them a good subject for a game . Cecil , Dave Cummins , and Jonathan Howard began work on the story and design . Cecil and Cummins attended a film @-@ writing course and their script was read by Alan Drury , a senior BBC scriptwriter and dramatist . Revolution artist Steve Ince created initial location sketches for the game before working on Beneath a Steel Sky . He was promoted to producer halfway through the project .
Despite releasing the PC version , Virgin was not interested in publishing the game on the PlayStation , feeling that only 3D games would sell for the console . As a result , Cecil contacted Sony Computer Entertainment , who agreed to release the game for the console . In North America , Broken Sword was renamed to Circle of Blood . Cecil was uneasy about the name change , feeling that it gave a wrong impression of what type of game it was . In 1998 however , THQ published the game on the PlayStation platform under its original Broken Sword : The Shadow of the Templars title .
One of Cecil 's goals was to depart from the humorous adventure games more popular at the time , such as LucasArts ' Monkey Island series , by creating a game with good pacing and a complex storyline , a reason he thought the Knights Templar would be an ideal subject . Unlike LucasArts games , which used a question @-@ and @-@ answer conversation system , Broken Sword offered " conversation icons " that would not reveal to the player what the protagonist was about to say ; Cecil 's intention was to make the game more cinematic , but not resemble interactive movies of that time ; he felt that they were " mimicking movies . " He wanted to create two protagonists who would exchange ideas , helping drive the game along . He made George American and Nico French to appeal to US and European markets .
The team at Revolution had high expectations for Broken Sword , but there was significant competition . Revolution had a team that had created successful adventure games , but believed they needed to utilise the best of other creative industries . Eoghan Cahill and Neil Breen of Dublin 's Don Bluth studios drew the backgrounds in pencil and digitally colored them in Photoshop . The introductory sequence and the main characters were done by animator Mike Burgess , who worked for the Red Rover animation studio . The game 's graphics were animated in a style resembling classic animated films .
Cecil contacted composer Barrington Pheloung , who agreed to create the game 's score . Revolution had already cast Hazel Ellerby as Nicole Collard , but had trouble finding a voice actor for George Stobbart . Hazel , who went to the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London , suggested her former schoolmate from Guildhall , Rolf Saxon , as George . Charles offered him the job , and Saxon accepted . The remaining credited voice actors in the original are Rachel Atkins , David Bannerman , Rosy Clayton , Jack Elliott , Steve Hodson , David Holt , Peter Kenny , Richard Mapletoft , Matthew Marsh , Colin McFarlane , Don McCorkindale , Gavin Muir , Paul Panting , and Andrew Wincott .
Cecil was the game 's director and writer , Tony Warriner and David Sykes the designer @-@ programmers , and Noirin Carmody the executive producer . The game uses the Virtual Theatre engine , as do Lure of the Temptress and Beneath a Steel Sky . The game 's final cost was one million pounds . It was ported to the Game Boy Advance in 2002 , and to the Palm OS and Windows Mobile in 2006 .
In March 2009 , Ubisoft released a director 's cut of The Shadow of the Templars entitled Broken Sword : The Shadow of the Templars – Director 's Cut for the Wii and Nintendo DS . Dave Gibbons , with whom Revolution worked on Beneath a Steel Sky , created additional artwork for the game . Due to the platform 's size limits , the DS version contains no spoken dialogue , only subtitles . A version of the Director 's Cut for iPhone and iPod Touch was released on January 20 , 2010 . In May 2010 , a version in high definition was released for the iPad . Versions for Windows and Mac OS X were released in September 2 , 2010 , on digital @-@ distribution services . An Android version was released on Google Play in June 2012 . The original version of the game is only available from Sold @-@ Out Software and GOG.com with Director 's Cut purchases .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception and commercial performance = = =
Broken Sword was acclaimed by critics , who praised the game 's story , art direction , musical score , voice acting , and writing . Edge stated that Broken Sword was superior to LucasArts ' adventure games , such as Monkey Island and The Dig , and believed it to be an " adventure gaming milestone " and the " best graphic adventure to date . " The game was a commercial success , with roughly one million copies sold in the mid @-@ 1990s . Broken Sword : The Shadow of the Templars – Director 's Cut also received
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praise — particularly the iOS versions , which , along with The Smoking Mirror 's remastered edition , was downloaded by over four million people in 2011 . According to Cecil , the remake 's sales were higher than those of The Sleeping Dragon and The Angel of Death .
Adventure Gamers ' Angella Mooney commented that the game 's " deep and mysterious plot is designed to be thought @-@ provoking and highly entertaining at the same time . " GameSpot 's Rebecca B. Anderson found that the game 's combination of real history and " highly @-@ creative " storytelling " add [ s ] spice to an already @-@ entertaining adventure . " Joe Antol of Adventure Classic Gaming wrote that the involvement of the Knights Templar generated a " unique experience of creative storytelling . " A writer for Next Generation magazine stated that the story is " rich in mystery and intrigue , with plenty of puzzles and locations to explore . " Edge 's reviewer praised the game 's use of " legend and modern @-@ day intrigue " , and believed that " Revolution Software finally escaped the shadow of Monkey Island et al. and [ have ] taken the graphic adventure to new levels in terms of both story and spectacle . " The writer commented that , by weaving its " trans @-@ European plot around the legends of the Knights Templar " , the game " succeeds in appearing weighty and complex without ever losing its sense of place " .
Mark Wolf of PC Gamer US called the game " visually stunning " , praising the animated graphics as " crisp and clear " and the artwork as " simply beautiful " . He also wrote , " At the highest setting , the background and foreground scroll separately , delivering a sense of depth you don 't see in many graphic adventures . Even the atmosphere of each of the areas you explore fit the locale . " Mooney called the animation " extremely colorful and well @-@ executed " and noted that the art team " have taken this style of animation and really made an elegant , mature game with it . " The writer also noted that the environments are " detailed and inviting " . Anderson called the game a " visual treat " and a " work of art , " noting that " every scene is filled with rich , lush , illustrative detail that rivals any animated feature film . " Next Generation 's writer called the character movements " fantastic " and the cutscenes " a joy to watch . " The writer for Edge praised its art direction , in which " every visual element is polished to the ' nth ' degree " . The reviewer believed that " the SVGA artwork by far exceeds the competition in this genre . "
Edge complimented its musical score for " play [ ing ] a large part in mood enhancement " , noting that " it 's beautifully orchestrated and adds immeasurable atmosphere . " Mooney also praised the score , calling it " ambitious and beautiful " and saying it adds a very " cinematic feel " to the experience . Mooney said that the game 's voice acting is " of supreme quality " with " delightful dialogue " , but noted that long conversations might " turn some players off " . Wolf was more critical of the voice acting , calling it " not too professional " and " the worst thing in the game " .
Mooney stated that the game 's puzzles are well integrated into the plot and are moderately challenging . Wolf called the puzzles inventive and challenging , but believed that some require " too much pixel @-@ hunting " . Next Generation 's writer said that the puzzles can be " disappointing . " Despite acclaiming the Windows version , GameSpot deemed the PlayStation version mediocre , criticizing technical deficiencies , such as lengthy load times and muddy graphics . Cecil later cited the PlayStation version as his " one big regret " regarding the game . He believed that the team should have introduced direct control over the player character in this version , instead of mouse @-@ driven point @-@ and @-@ click interaction .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
Génération 4 awarded it " Best Adventure 1997 " , and it received the award for " Best Quest " from the magazine Quest . The BBC magazine program Live & Kicking awarded it " Best PC Game of 1996 " . In 2005 , the Game Boy Advance port was awarded the " Pocket Gamer Silver Award " by Pocket Gamer .
The Director 's Cut was nominated for the " Best Story " award at the 2009 British Academy Video Games Awards , and Pocket Gamer awarded the DS version the " Pocket Gamer Silver " award in 2009 and the iPhone version the " Pocket Gamer Gold Award " in 2010 . The Wii and DS versions were nominated for the " Best Port / Updated Re @-@ release " award at Adventure Gamers ' 2010 Aggie Awards . The iPhone version was nominated for the " Best Adventure / RPG Game " award at the 2011 Pocket Gamer Awards . The Wii version won the award for " Best European Adventure " at the 2011 European Games Awards .
= = Legacy = =
= = = Listings = = =
Adventure Gamers ranked Broken Sword fourth on its lists of " Top 20 Adventure Games of All @-@ Time " in 2004 and " Top 100 All @-@ Time Adventures " in 2011 . In 2006 , Adventure Classic Gaming put the game in third place on its list of the " Top 10 retro graphic adventure games of all time from PC to consoles " . It was listed on Bright Hub 's " Best Windows Mobile Games Software " in 2008 . In 2010 , Retro Gamer placed it in second on its list of the " Top 20 Adventure Games of All @-@ Time ... not by LucasArts " , and was included in Universe Publishing 's 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die , a book by video game designer and programmer Peter Molyneux and longtime Edge editor Tony Mott published in 2010 . NowGamer listed it on its 2011 feature , " Greatest Point @-@ And @-@ Click Games ( Not By LucasArts ) " . In 2012 , it ranked eighth on GamesRadar 's " Best point @-@ and @-@ click adventure games " . Broken Sword and its remake are listed on Adventure Gamers ' " Top Adventure Games " recommendations list . It is currently the third best @-@ reviewed adventure game on GameSpot .
The game 's Goat Puzzle appeared on Computer and Video Games ' 2011 feature , " Gaming 's hardest puzzles " . In 2012 , it was listed on GameFront 's " 5 Crazy Difficult and Intricate Video Game Puzzles " . Computer and Video Games also ranked Barrington 's original intro theme 21st on its 2012 " Video game soundtracks : The 100 best themes of all time " list . The Telegraph listed Khan as one of " The 10 best video game assassins " , while in 2013 , Kotaku listed him as one of " The Scariest Clowns And Jesters In Video Games " . The Director 's Cut has been placed on top lists as well , particularly the iOS versions .
= = = Influence = = =
In his book Game Plan : Great Designs that Changed the Face of Computer Gaming , British video game journalist Ste Curran wrote that Broken Sword influenced the adventure games Toonstruck , in which Cecil has a " Special Thanks " credit , and Escape from Monkey Island , which features a puzzle that involves a broken sword . Kevin Bruner , co @-@ founder of Telltale Games , has said that he is a Broken Sword fan . Ashton Raze , a writer for The Telegraph and the co @-@ creator of the 2013 adventure game Richard & Alice , said that Broken Sword is his biggest influence . In his review of the 2010 adventure game Deponia , Declan Skews of Video Games Interactive said that the game drew inspiration from Broken Sword .
= = = = The Da Vinci Code = = = =
Cecil has said that the game 's fanbase believes Dan Brown to have been influenced by Broken Sword when writing his novel , The Da Vinci Code , because of the parallels between the two works . Cecil stated that he is flattered by this sentiment , but that he would never claim so himself due to the threat of Brown 's " very serious " lawyers . Joao Diniz Sanches of Pocket Gamer said Broken Sword 's story is a " tale , some would argue , that effortlessly outclasses Dan Brown 's similarly themed and tricksy novel . " In an article about Broken Sword , Computer and Video Games described the Knights Templar legend as a " great mythology to base a game on " , and noted that Broken Sword " came out years before the Da Vinci Code made that sort of thing popular . "
= = = Sequels and re @-@ releases = = =
Broken Sword spawned four sequels . The first , Broken Sword II : The Smoking Mirror , was released in 1997 . It uses the same engine as the first Broken Sword game . Six years later , Revolution released Broken Sword : The Sleeping Dragon , which features 3D graphics and a direct @-@ control mechanism . It uses the RenderWare engine . In 2006 the company released Broken Sword : The Angel of Death ( Secrets of the Ark : A Broken Sword Game in North America ) , which returns to the point @-@ and @-@ click system used in the first two games . It is the only game in the series not released for a console , and it uses Sumo Digital 's engine . The fifth installment , Broken Sword 5 : The Serpent 's Curse , was announced through a Kickstarter project in August 2012 . The game features 2D graphics , and it was released in September 2013 .
After releasing the Director 's Cut version of Broken Sword , Revolution released a remastered edition of the second game , entitled Broken Sword : The Smoking Mirror – Remastered , in 2010 .
= = = Film = = =
In May 2007 , ComingSoon.net reported that Cecil , encouraged by the success of The Angel of Death , had begun work on a Broken Sword theatrical film adaptation . According to the website , producers Jay Douglas and Nav Guptatheir and their CastleBright Studios production company were involved . Justin Kaplan introduced Cecil to the company and was set to be one of the producers . Conversations had begun with directors and screenwriters from films such as Harry Potter , Casino Royale and X @-@ Men .
In July 2008 , Cecil said he was conversing with small studios from Los Angeles . Although he was interested in making a film , he believed that it was not necessary , since the series was already successful and a bad film could only " damage " its reputation . Cecil said that he was not prepared to " give somebody [ he doesn ] ' t know the editorial control " , and that , should the film be created , he would write it himself . He wanted any adaptation to be true to the source material , a film that " enhances [ the game ] rather than cashes in on it " . In May 2009 , Cecil stated that he was in discussion with the production company Radar Pictures , known for films such as The Last Samurai and The Chronicles of Riddick , and that he was re @-@ writing the game into a film .
In August 2012 , Cecil said that he and Revolution were trying to " find the right partner " to create the film . Cecil believed that " a lot of film makers now in their early 30s played Broken Sword the first time around , so they have a lot of affection , and a number of them know a lot about the brand as well . " However , he restated his opinion that it " would be much better not to have a movie at all , than to have a bad movie . " While Cecil said that Revolution 's main focus was the upcoming Broken Sword : The Serpent 's Curse , he added that he was " sure there [ would ] be a film at some point " . He also said that he was " sure it will be really good , because [ they ] ' ll do [ their ] utmost to make sure that it is . "
= Don Tallon with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948 =
Don Tallon was a key member of Donald Bradman 's famous Australian cricket team tour of England in 1948 , in which Australia was undefeated in their 34 matches . This unprecedented feat by a Test side touring England earned them the sobriquet The Invincibles .
The team 's first @-@ choice wicket @-@ keeper ahead of Ron Saggers , Tallon played in four of the five Tests , missing the Fourth Test due to injury . Despite being the preferred gloveman , Tallon conceded byes at a higher rate than Saggers during the tour .
Bradman rotated the two glovemen during the tour , and Tallon played in 14 of the 31 first @-@ class matches , taking 29 catches and 14 stumpings . Tallon 's catch of Len Hutton in the Fifth Test at The Oval was described as Wisden as the best of the year . He also took a difficult catch to remove George Emmett in the Third Test at Old Trafford , catching a ball that flew to his feet at yorker length . However , Tallon also had some mishaps , with finger injuries inflicted by failing to catch the ball correctly . Tallon had few opportunities with the bat , scoring 283 runs at a batting average of 25 @.@ 72 in 13 first @-@ class innings , including two fifties . During the Test , Tallon scored 112 runs at 28 @.@ 00 , including a 53 in the Second Test that saw Australia recover to a first innings of 350 after a middle @-@ order slump had seen England take the upper hand . He took 12 catches in the Tests .
In recognition of his performances , Tallon was named as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1949 .
= = Background = =
Tallon 's form as Australia 's wicket @-@ keeper since World War II saw him selected for the 1948 Ashes tour as part of the side that would become known to cricket history as the Invincibles . Tallon was the first @-@ choice wicket @-@ keeper , with Saggers as his deputy . Having spent the majority of his life in sunny Queensland and growing up in tropical Bundaberg , the cold English climate initially caught Tallon off guard . He did not wet his inner gloves as was his custom due to the temperature . As England agreed to make a new ball available every 55 overs , this meant that the ball would more frequently be in a favourable state for fast bowling , since it would swing more . As a result , Australia adopted a pace @-@ oriented strategy and Ian Johnson was the only spinner regularly used in the Test matches . Colin McCool was not to play a Test on the tour , depriving Tallon of an opportunity to show his stumping abilities standing up at the stumps to his Queensland team @-@ mate in the Tests .
= = Early tour = =
Australia traditionally fielded its first @-@ choice team in the tour opener , which was customarily against Worcestershire . Accordingly , Tallon was selected as the wicket @-@ keeper for the match . The home side batted first and Tallon made his first dismissal on English soil by catching Worcestershire captain Allan White from the bowling of Keith Miller . He then stumped former England captain Bob Wyatt from McCool . In reply to the hosts ' 233 , Tallon was promoted to No. 6 , but managed only six in a collapse of 4 / 38 before Australia recovered to declare at 8 / 462 . He took a further three dismissals in the second innings , two of them stumpings from McCool 's bowling , as Australia crushed the hosts by an innings and 17 runs . Tallon conceded 11 byes in the match .
Tallon was rested for the second tour match against Leicestershire , which Australia won by an innings with Saggers behind the stumps .
Tallon played a key role in Australia 's victory in the next match against Yorkshire , on a damp pitch that suited slower bowling . He came in at 7 / 86 and made ten in the first innings to push Australia to 101 in reply to Yorkshire 's 71 , in which Tallon did not concede a bye . However , Tallon was not so tidy in the second innings , conceding 11 byes as the hosts were bowled out for 89 in their second innings . He did not make a dismissal in the match . Australia then collapsed to 6 / 31 in pursuit of 60 for victory when Tallon strode in . To make matters worse , Sam Loxton was injured and could not bat , so Australia only had three wickets in hand . Australia faced its first loss to an English county since 1912 . He survived an immediate leg before wicket appeal and then hit a shot that fell just short of a fielder . He then compiled 17 unbeaten runs as Australia scraped home by four wickets .
The Australians travelled to London to play Surrey at The Oval . Tallon came in with the score at 6 / 553 , and held up his end , scoring an unbeaten 50 as his partners steadily fell and Australia were bowled out at 632 . Tallon had some difficulty in English conditions as he sustained a bruised right finger when he lost sight of a Ray Lindwall bouncer on a misty morning during the match and was hit as he put hand over his face for protection , with the ball running away for four byes . Tallon took two catches in the second innings as Australia won the match by an innings , but he also conceded 24 byes in Surrey 's match total of 336 .
After sustaining the bruised finger , Tallon was rested for the following three matches , which were against Cambridge University , Essex and Oxford . Australia won each of the matches by an innings . Saggers filled in and scored 110 runs including a 104 not out against Essex and took five dismissals . Saggers conceded only 34 byes in his four tour matches , while Tallon had conceded 46 in three.N-
The next match was against the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) at Lord 's . The MCC fielded seven players who would represent England in the Tests , N- and were basically a full strength Test team , as were Australia , who fielded their first @-@ choice team . It was a chance to gain a psychological advantage , and Tallon was selected despite conceding byes at a higher rate in the preceding tour matches . He made 11 batting at No. 9 , including a six from Jim Laker as Australia made 552 . He took three catches in the first innings , having a hand in the first three wickets to fall , Jack Robertson , Bill Edrich and Denis Compton . He then took two stumpings in the second innings as the follow on was enforced , but also conceded 26 byes as Australia won by an innings . Tallon had conceded 72 byes to Saggers ' 34 with both having played four matches.N-
Following the match against the MCC , there were four more county fixtures before the First Test , against Lancashire , Nottinghamshire , Hampshire and Sussex . Australia drew the first two before winning the latter two by eight wickets and an innings and 325 runs respectively . Tallon played in only the Nottinghamshire match , taking two catches in the first innings and two stumpings in each of the innings . The catches were all from Lindwall and the stumpings from Doug Ring . Tallon conceded 18 byes for the match and scored 27 , being last man out at 400 after coming to the crease at 6 / 355 . In Saggers 's three matches , 36 byes were conceded and six dismissals were made .
= = First Test = =
Despite averaging more byes per innings than Saggers during the warm @-@ up matches , N- Tallon was retained in the Test team . During the First Test at Trent Bridge , Tallon took four catches . In the first innings , Tallon caught Jim Laker from the bowling of Keith Miller to end England 's innings of 165 after he and Alec Bedser had joined forces at 8 / 74 .
When Australia batted , Tallon came in at 6 / 338 to accompany Lindsay Hassett and took 39 minutes to compile 10 before hitting a return catch to the left arm orthodox spin of Jack Young . The scoring was slow during this passage of play — Young delivered 11 consecutive maiden overs and his 26 @-@ over spell conceded only 14 runs with Australia using leg theory .
After Australia ended with 509 and took a 334 @-@ run lead , Tallon took two difficult catches to dismiss key batsmen at the start of England 's second innings . Miller removed Cyril Washbrook for one from a top @-@ edged hook shot to Tallon . Bill Edrich was then caught behind attempting a cut from the off spin of Johnson . He did not read the arm ball that went straight on and the ball took the outside edge , leaving England at 2 / 39 . He thus helped Australia to seize the initiative by denying England a good start , but they recovered . Later , he caught Godfrey Evans for 50 from Johnson as England ended at 441 . Australia reached their target of 98 with two wickets down , completing an eight @-@ wicket victory . Tallon conceded five and 12 byes in the two innings respectively .
Between Tests , Australia played Northamptonshire and Yorkshire , and Tallon was rested for both matches . The first was won by an innings and second was drawn . Saggers made four and 22 and conceded 24 byes in four innings .
= = Second Test = =
The teams moved on to Lord 's for the Second Test and Australia compiled 350 in its first innings . Tallon came to the crease with Australia at 6 / 225 after Hassett and Bill Brown had gone in quick succession , joining Johnson in the middle . Johnson struggled to score , while Tallon did so freely in the last hour . After Johnson fell for four at 7 / 246 , Lindwall then joined Tallon and the pair survived to the close of play . England were well placed when Australia ended at stumps on 7 / 258 with Tallon on 25 . Tallon had dominated the scoring late in day , making 25 of the 33 runs added . The crowd was optimistic about England 's position and some immediately camped outside the turnstiles upon leaving the ground .
Australia 's lower order batted the tourists into control on the second morning . Despite the loss of Lindwall for 15 at 8 / 275 , Tallon kept on batting in a conventional manner , supported by Johnston and Ernie Toshack , who scored their highest Test scores . Both tail @-@ enders threw the bat at the ball , which often went in vastly different directions to where they had aimed their shots . Tallon put on 45 with Johnston — who scored 29 — before holing out for 53 . Ending at 350 , the Australians had regained the momentum , taking 92 runs from 66 minutes of hitting in the morning .
Tallon did not concede a bye in England 's first innings of 215 and his diving was estimated to have saved around 40 runs . He caught Washbrook from Lindwall to leave England at 1 / 17 , and later caught Laker from Johnson . Tallon was not needed in the second innings ; Lindwall was promoted above Tallon because Australia needed quick runs and Lindwall was a big @-@ hitter . Australia declared at 7 / 460 , leaving England a target of 509 .
With the score at 2 / 65 , Washbrook inside edged a Toshack full toss directly downwards at Tallon 's ankle . Bradman described the catch as " miraculous " because Tallon had to reach so low , so quickly , in order to take the catch . Another dive to stop a leg glance resulted in a severely bruised left little finger . Tallon conceded 16 byes in the second innings , more than 8 % of England 's score . Australia won the Test by 409 runs , and nursing his finger , Tallon was rested for both tour matches between the Tests , which were against Surrey and Gloucestershire , which were won by ten wickets and an innings respectively . In his place , Saggers scored 12 , took nine dismissals and conceded 31 byes in four innings .
= = Third Test = =
The teams then played out a rain @-@ affected draw in the Third Test match at Manchester , where England elected to bat first . On the first day , Edrich gloved a rising Lindwall delivery and was caught by Tallon for 32 , leaving England at 5 / 119 . Compton returned at the fall of Edrich 's wicket after previously leaving the ground after being bloodied in the head by a Lindwall bouncer . He batted to stumps , after being dropped one @-@ handed on 50 by Tallon , before again being dropped on 64 late in the day by the gloveman from the bowling of Johnston . England closed at 7 / 231 with Compton on 64 .
On the second morning , Tallon again dropped Compton from Johnston when the batsman was on 73 . England eventually finished on 363 , with Compton not out on 145 . Thus Tallon 's drops cost 95 runs as well as allowing Compton to hold up one end so his partners could score . Tallon also conceded seven byes .
Australia reached 3 / 135 when Miller and Arthur Morris departed in quick succession . With Sid Barnes retiring hurt because of a blow to the ribs , Tallon came in at 5 / 139 , effectively six wickets down and made 18 in half an hour before falling at 6 / 172 . Australia managed to reach 221 and avoid the follow on .
England batted again and Tallon dismissed George Emmett from Lindwall with a diving one @-@ handed catch . Lindwall pitched an outswinger on the off stump and Emmett edged it to wicket @-@ keeper Tallon , who took it in his right hand with a dive , leaving England at 1 / 1 . England then declared at 3 / 174 ; Tallon conceded nine byes and with more than a day was lost to rain , Tallon was not required as Australia batted out the last session for a draw .
Tallon 's little left finger swelled up after the Third Test and he exacerbated the injury during a tour match against Middlesex . In this match , he scored 17 , took two catches and a stumping in the first innings and conceded only seven byes for the entire match as Australia won by ten wickets .
= = Fourth Test = =
The left finger injury ruled him out of the Fourth Test at Headingley , and he was replaced by Saggers . Australia set a world record in successfully chasing a target of 404 to win the match by seven wickets and secure the series . Saggers leaked only six byes in 299 @.@ 1 overs of glovework during the match as Australia conceded a total of 861 runs for the match . It was the lowest percentage of byes conceded in a match total by an Australian wicket @-@ keeper for the tour ( 0 @.@ 697 % ) .N-
Tallon missed the innings victory over Derbyshire , before returning against Glamorgan . In his first match back from injury , Tallon took a catch and two stumpings as the hosts were dismissed for 197 , but he also conceded 19 byes . Byes made 9 @.@ 64 % of the match total conceded by Australia , the highest proportion by the tourists during the summer.N- He did not bat as rain ended the match with Australia at 3 / 215 . He was rested for the nine @-@ wicket win over Warwickshire , before returning for Australia 's second match and second draw against Lancashire . Tallon came in at 7 / 232 and scored 33 , adding 63 with Ian Johnson to help Australia reach 321 . He took two catches and two stumpings but also conceded 23 byes . In the non @-@ first @-@ class match against Durham , Tallon played purely as a batsman , while Saggers kept wicket . He opened the batting , but was dismissed for one as Australia made 273 and the hosts reached 5 / 73 before rain ended the match .
= = Fifth Test = =
Tallon returned for the Fifth Test at The Oval , where England elected to bat first on a rain @-@ affected pitch . Tallon caught Jack Crapp from an outside edge for a duck from the bowling of Miller , leaving England at 4 / 23 as play was adjourned for lunch . England continued to struggle against the moving ball and were all out for 52 in the middle session . The innings ended when Tallon took an acrobatic catch to dismiss Len Hutton down the leg side , catching it with his left hand . It was considered the catch of the season by Wisden . Tallon conceded six byes in the innings .
Australia batted and passed England 's total on the first afternoon . Tallon came in to bat on the second day with the score at 7 / 332 , joining opener Morris , who had already passed 150 . It took a run out to remove Morris ; he attempted a quick run to third man after being called through by Tallon but was not quick enough for the substitute fielder 's arm , leaving Australia at 8 / 359 . Tallon , who scored 31 , put on another 30 runs with Doug Ring , before both were out on 389 , ending Australia 's innings . In the second innings , Tallon caught Hutton from Miller and conceded nine byes as England were dismissed for 188 and lost by an innings , sealing a 4 – 0 series victory for Australia .
= = Later tour matches = =
Seven matches remained on Bradman 's quest to go through a tour of England without defeat . Tallon was rested for three consecutive matches against Kent , the Gentlemen of England , and Somerset , all of which Australia won by an innings . Saggers stood in and made seven dismissals and conceded 29 byes in the six innings of the three matches .
He returned for the following match against the South of England . He did not bat as Australia declared at 7 / 522 . He then took three catches and conceded 13 byes as the match was washed out when the hosts were dismissed for 298 .
Australia 's biggest challenge in the post @-@ Test tour matches was against the Leveson @
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kit signed with Mojo , a subsidiary of MCA Records . While heading to California to record their first album , the band wrecked their van . As a result of the near death experience , Durst made amends with Borland , who rejoined the band . After a dispute with Mojo , Limp Bizkit signed with Flip , a subsidiary of Interscope Records . Arvizu persuaded Ross Robinson to listen to the demo . Robinson neglected to listen to it until it was appraised by his girlfriend . Impressed by the band 's motivation and sound , Robinson produced Limp Bizkit 's debut , which was recorded at Indigo Ranch . Durst 's problems with his girlfriend inspired him to write the song " Sour " . The mood and tone set by Robinson in the studio allowed the band to improvise ; a recording of the band improvising appeared as the last track on the album , " Everything " .
Despite the success of live performances of the band 's cover of the song " Faith " , Robinson was opposed to recording it , and tried to persuade the band not to play it on the album . However , the final recording , which incorporated heavier guitar playing and drumming , as well as DJ scratching , impressed him . Robinson also bonded with Borland , who he perceived as not taking the band seriously . The progressive metal band Tool provided a strong influence in shaping the album 's sound , particularly in the song " Nobody Loves Me " , which contains a breakdown in which Durst imitated the singing style of Maynard James Keenan .
Continuing the band 's policy of using names that would repulse potential listeners , the band named the album by using part of the phrase " queer as a three dollar bill " and adding the word " Y 'all " for Florida flavor , naming the album , Three Dollar Bill , Yall . The completed album featured an abrasive , angry sound which Limp Bizkit used to attract listeners to their music . After the band completed recording , they toured with Korn and Helmet . Critics reacted unfavorably to performances of Korn and Limp Bizkit ; Milwaukee Journal @-@ Sentinel music critic Jon M. Gilbertson criticized Durst 's performance , stating " The one attention @-@ grabbing moment of Limp Bizkit 's rap / thrash show was when the lead singer expressed a desire for gay men to be ' stomped ' . Which isn 't remotely rebellious . It 's just puerile . "
Interscope proposed to the band that the label pay $ 5 @,@ 000 to guarantee that a Portland , Oregon radio station play the song " Counterfeit " fifty times , preceded and concluded with an announcement that the air time was paid for by Interscope . The paid air time was criticized by the media , who saw it as " payola " . The band 's manager Jeff Kwatinetz later termed the plan as a " brilliant marketing move " . Durst stated , " It worked , but it 's not that cool of a thing . " Following the release of " Counterfeit " as a single , Three Dollar Bill , Yall was released on July 1 , 1997 , and was met with minimal response . AllMusic writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote , " They might not have many original ideas [ ... ] but they do the sound well . They have a powerful rhythm section and memorable hooks , most of which make up for the uneven songwriting . " However , Robert Christgau panned the album . Despite the minimal response to his band 's album , Durst was appointed Senior Vice President of A & R at Interscope .
Limp Bizkit joined the Warped Tour , performing alongside the bands Pennywise , Mighty Mighty Bosstones , Sick of It All , Lagwagon and Blink @-@ 182 . Preceding their first tour with DJ Lethal , Otto became familiar with Lethal 's contributions to collaborate with him better on stage . In addition to touring with Primus and Deftones , Limp Bizkit headlined the Ladies Night in Cambodia club tour , which was intended to diversify the band 's fanbase , which was largely male , by offering free tickets to female attendees . This plan successfully increased the band 's female fanbase .
In 1998 , Limp Bizkit toured with Soulfly and Cold on Soulfly 's first European tour . Touring consistently increased Limp Bizkit 's success , and the second single from Three Dollar Bill , Yall , a cover of George Michael 's " Faith " , became a successful radio hit , leading to a slot on Ozzfest , a tour organized by Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne . In July , Snot singer Lynn Strait was arrested after he emerged nude from Limp Bizkit 's prop toilet , and was charged with indecent exposure . Because Limp Bizkit 's fans would often break through the barricades , the band was almost kicked off the tour after two days . In August , John Otto spent the night in jail in Auburn Hills , Michigan , on a misdemeanor charge of carrying a concealed weapon , after allegedly firing a BB gun and being arrested for carrying a switchblade .
After completing Ozzfest , Limp Bizkit took a break from performing , and later performed on Korn 's Family Values Tour . Durst also directed a music video for the band 's single " Faith " in promotion for its appearance in the film Very Bad Things , but was unsatisfied with it , and directed a second video which paid tribute to tourmates like Primus , Deftones and Korn , who appeared in the video . Borland stated in an interview that George Michael , the writer of the song , hated the cover and " hates us for doing it " .
= = = Significant Other ( 1999 – 2000 ) = = =
Following the radio success of " Faith " , the band was determined to record the follow @-@ up to their first album in order to show that they weren 't a Korn soundalike or a cover band ; the band began writing an album which dealt with issues deriving from their newfound fame . Terry Date , who had produced albums for Pantera , White Zombie and Deftones , was chosen to produce the album . The band allowed Durst and Lethal to explore their hip hop origins by recording a song with Method Man . The song was originally titled " Shut the Fuck Up " , but was retitled " N 2 Gether Now " for marketing purposes . Durst also recorded with Eminem , but the collaboration , " Turn Me Loose " , was left off the album . The album also featured guest appearances by Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland , Korn 's Jonathan Davis and Staind singer Aaron Lewis , and interludes by Les Claypool and Matt Pinfield .
Significant Other saw Limp Bizkit reaching a new level of commercial success ; the band was featured on the covers of popular music magazines , including Spin , and now found themselves repeatedly mobbed for autographs ; the band was allowed to interact directly with their fans on a website established by Dike 99 . Durst also moved from Jacksonville to Los Angeles . Significant Other was seen as an improvement over their debut , and was generally well received by critics with mixed to positive reviews . However , the band also continued to be criticized by the media ; an article profiling the band in Spin and discussing Significant Other claimed that " Limp Bizkit had yet to write a good song " , and musicians Marilyn Manson and Trent Reznor criticized the band .
The band promoted the album by playing unannounced concerts in Detroit and Chicago , as radio stations received a strong amount of requests for the album 's first single , " Nookie " . Significant Other climbed to No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , selling 643 @,@ 874 copies in its first week of release . In its second week of release , the album sold an additional 335 @,@ 000 copies . On the opening night of the band 's Limptropolis tour with Kid Rock , Sam Rivers smashed his bass in frustration over the venue 's poor sound , cutting his hand . After his hand was stitched up at a hospital , Rivers returned to finish the set . On July 12 , Durst allegedly kicked a security guard in the head during a performance in St. Paul , Minnesota , and was later arrested on assault charges . Further criticisms of the band appeared in Rolling Stone and The New York Times . New York Times writer Ann Powers wrote , " DJ Lethal used his turntables as a metal guitar , riffing expansively and going for effects instead of rhythm . John Otto on drums and Sam Rivers on bass never even tried to get funky , instead steering hip @-@ hop 's break @-@ beat @-@ based structure into a backbone for power chords . This makes for a hybrid that would be more interesting if the band did not constantly mire itself in boring tempos , and if Mr. Durst had any talent as a singer " .
In the summer of 1999 , Limp Bizkit played at the highly anticipated Woodstock ' 99 show in front of approximately 200 @,@ 000 people . Violent action sprang up during and after their performance , including fans tearing plywood from the walls during a performance of the song " Break Stuff " . Several sexual assaults were reported in the aftermath of the concert . Durst stated during the concert , " People are getting hurt . Don 't let anybody get hurt . But I don 't think you should mellow out . That 's what Alanis Morissette had you motherfuckers do . If someone falls , pick ' em up . We already let the negative energy out . Now we wanna let out the positive energy " . Durst later stated in an interview , " I didn 't see anybody getting hurt . You don 't see that . When you 're looking out on a sea of people and the stage is twenty feet in the air and you 're performing , and you 're feeling your music , how do they expect us to see something bad going on ? " Les Claypool told The San Francisco Examiner , " Woodstock was just Durst being Durst . His attitude is ' no press is bad press ' , so he brings it on himself . He wallows in it . Still , he 's a great guy . "
Durst saw the band as being scapegoated for the event 's controversy , and reflected on the criticisms surrounding the band in his music video for the single " Re @-@ Arranged " , which depicted the band members receiving death sentences for their participation in the concerts . The video ended with angry witnesses watching as the band drowned in milk while performing the song . Durst later stated that the promoters of Woodstock ' 99 were at fault for booking his band , due to their reputation for raucous performances . Despite this controversy , Significant Other remained at No. 1 on the Billboard charts , and the band headlined the year 's Family Values Tour . Durst directed a music video for " N 2 Gether Now " which featured Method Man and Pauly Shore , and was inspired by Inspector Clouseau 's fights with his butler , Cato Fong , in the Pink Panther film series .
= = = Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water ( 2000 – 01 ) = = =
In 2000 , Durst announced that the band 's third studio album would be titled Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water . The press thought he was joking about this title . The album title is intended to sound like a fictional band ; the phrase " Chocolate Starfish " refers to the human anus , and Durst himself , who has frequently been called an " asshole " . Borland contributed the other half of the album 's title when the band was standing around at a truck stop , looking at bottles of flavored water , and Borland joked that the truck stop didn 't have hot dog or meat @-@ flavored water .
In June 2000 , Limp Bizkit performed at the WXRK Dysfunctional Family Picnic , but showed up an hour late for their set . An Interscope spokesman stated that there was confusion over the band 's set time . During the band 's performance , Durst criticized Creed singer Scott Stapp , calling him " an egomaniac " . Creed 's representatives later presented Durst with an autographed anger management manual during an appearance on Total Request Live . In the summer , Limp Bizkit 's tour was sponsored by the controversial file sharing service Napster , doing free shows with a metal cage as the only thing separating them from the audience . Durst was an outspoken advocate of file sharing . They also did a " Guerrilla Tour " which involved the band setting up illegally and impromptu public gigs on rooftops and alleyways , some being shut down by the police .
During the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards , Durst performed " Livin ' It Up " , a song from the upcoming album , as a duet with Christina Aguilera . In response to the performance , Filter frontman Richard Patrick was quoted as saying " Fred getting onstage with Christina Aguilera embarrassed us all . " In response to the negative reactions to the performance , Durst remarked , " I already told you guys before , I did it all for the nookie , man . " In response to Durst 's remark , Aguilera commented , " He got no nookie . "
Released on October 17 , Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water set a record for highest first @-@ week sales for a rock album with over one million copies sold in the US in its first week of release . 400 @,@ 000 of those sales happened during the first day , making it the fastest @-@ selling rock album ever , breaking the record held for 7 years by Pearl Jam 's Vs . Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water was certified Gold , Platinum and six times Multi @-@ Platinum . The album received mixed reviews , with Allmusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine writing , " Durst 's self @-@ pitying and the monotonous music give away that the band bashed Chocolate Starfish out very quickly – it 's the sound of a band determined to deliver a sequel in a finite amount of time . " Entertainment Weekly writer David Browne named it as the worst album title of 2000 .
During a 2001 tour of Australia at the Big Day Out festival in Sydney , fans rushed the stage in the mosh pit , and teenager Jessica Michalik died of asphyxiation . In court , Durst , represented by long @-@ time attorney , Ed McPherson , testified he had warned the concert 's organizers Aaron Jackson , Will Pearce and Amar Tailor , and also the promoter Vivian Lees , of the potential dangers of such minimal security . After viewing videotapes and hearing witness testimony , however , the coroner said it was evident that the density of the crowd was dangerous at the time Limp Bizkit took the stage , stating that Fred Durst should have acted more responsibly when the problem became apparent . Durst stated that he was " emotionally scarred " because of the teenager 's death .
Later in 2001 , numerous hip @-@ hop artists including P. Diddy , Timbaland , Bubba Sparxxx and Everlast remixed famous songs from the band into hip @-@ hop versions adding their own styles and modifications . The album was called New Old Songs .
= = = Departure of Borland , Mike Smith and Results May Vary ( 2001 – 03 ) = = =
In October 2001 , Durst released a statement on their website stating that " Limp Bizkit and Wes Borland have amicably decided to part ways . Both Limp Bizkit and Borland will continue to pursue their respective musical careers . Both wish each other the best of luck in all future endeavors . " Durst also stated that the band would " comb the world for the illest guitar player known to man " to replace Borland .
After holding a nationwide audition for a new guitarist , called " Put Your Guitar Where Your Mouth Is " , the band recorded with Snot guitarist Mike Smith , but later scrapped their recording sessions with Smith . Durst told a fan site that he had a falling out with Smith , saying " We are the type of people that stay true to our family and our instincts and at any moment will act on intuition as a whole . Mike wasn 't the guy . We had fun playing with him but always knew , in the back of our minds , that he wasn 't where we needed him to be mentally . "
After recording another album without Smith , the band scrapped the new sessions and assembled a new album combining songs from different sessions . During the album 's production , the working title changed from Bipolar to Panty Sniffer , and was completed under the title Results May Vary . Under Durst 's sole leadership , the album encompassed a variety of styles , and featured a cover of The Who 's " Behind Blue Eyes " , which differed from the original 's arrangement in its inclusion of a Speak & Spell during the song 's bridge .
In the Summer of 2003 , Limp Bizkit participated on the Summer Sanitarium Tour , headlined by Metallica . At the tour 's stop in Chicago , attendees of the concert threw items and heckled Durst from the moment he walked on stage . With the crowd chanting " Fuck Fred Durst " and continuing their assault on him , Durst threw the mic down after six songs and walked off stage , but not before heckling the crowd back . He repeatedly said , " Limp Bizkit are the best band in the world ! " until a roadie took his microphone away . An article in the Sun @-@ Times stated that the hostility was started by radio personality Mancow .
Results May Vary was released on September 23 , 2003 , and received largely unfavorable reviews . Allmusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine panned the album , writing , " the music has no melody , hooks , or energy , [ and ] all attention is focused on the clown jumping up and down and screaming in front , and long before the record is over , you 're left wondering , how the hell did he ever get to put this mess out ? " The Guardian reviewer Caroline Sullivan wrote , " At least Limp Bizkit can 't be accused of festering in the rap @-@ rock ghetto [ ... ] But Durst 's problems are ever @-@ present – and does anybody still care ? " Despite criticisms of the album , it was a commercial success , peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 .
= = = Borland 's return , The Unquestionable Truth ( Part 1 ) and hiatus ( 2004 – 08 ) = = =
In August 2004 , Borland rejoined Limp Bizkit , which began recording another album , The Unquestionable Truth ( Part 1 ) .
In May , The Unquestionable Truth ( Part 1 ) was released . Sammy Siegler took over drumming duties for the band for much of the album , which featured a more experimental sound , described by Allmusic writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine as " neo @-@ prog alt @-@ metal " . At Durst 's insistence , the album was released as an underground album , without any advertising or promotion . Borland disagreed with the decision , suggesting that it was " self @-@ sabotage " : " Maybe he was already unhappy with the music , and he didn 't really want to put it out there . "
The album received mixed reviews . Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the music , calling it " a step in the right direction – it 's more ambitious , dramatic , and aggressive , built on pummeling verses and stop @-@ start choruses . " However , he felt that the band was being " held back " by Durst , who he called " the most singularly unpleasant , absurd frontman in rock . " IGN writer Spence D. similarly gave it a mixed review , as he felt that the album lacked direction , but that showed potential for the band 's musical growth .
The Unquestionable Truth ( Part 1 ) sold over 37 @,@ 000 copies worldwide , peaking at No. 24 on the Billboard 200 . Following the release of the band 's Greatest Hitz album , the band went on hiatus . Borland stated that it was unlikely that a sequel to The Unquestionable Truth would be produced and that " As of right now , none of my future plans include Limp Bizkit . "
= = = Reunion , Gold Cobra and departure from Interscope ( 2009 – 11 ) = = =
In 2009 , Limp Bizkit reunited with Borland playing guitar and launched the Unicorns N ' Rainbows Tour . Durst announced that they had begun to record a new album , which Borland titled Gold Cobra . Borland said that the title does not have any meaning , and that it was chosen because it fit the style of music the band was writing for the album . The band recorded a spoken intro written by Durst and performed by Kiss member Gene Simmons for the album , but it was left off the completed album . The band also recorded additional " non @-@ album " tracks , including " Combat Jazz " , which featured rapper Raekwon and " Middle Finger " , featuring Paul Wall . " Shotgun " was released as a single on May 17 , 2011 . The song is noted for featuring a guitar solo by Borland , something that the band is not known for . " Shotgun " received favorable reviews , with Artistdirect writing , " [ ' Shotgun ' ] feels like Bizkit approached the signature style on Three Dollar Bill Y 'All and Significant Other with another decade @-@ plus of instrumental experience and virtuosity , carving out a banger that could get asses moving in the club or fists flying in the mosh pit . "
Gold Cobra was released on June 28 and received mixed to positive reviews . AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine called it " a return to the full @-@ throttled attack of Three Dollar Bill Y 'All . IGN writer Chad Grischow wrote , " Though far from their best work , Limp Bizkit 's latest at least proves that their 2005 Greatest Hitz album may have been premature . " Metal Hammer writer Terry Bezer appraised the album , writing " Aside from the odd duff moment , Gold Cobra throws out the hot shit that 'll make you bounce in the mosh pit over and over again . " The band launched the Gold Cobra Tour in support of the album . A music video for the title track was released . Gold Cobra has sold nearly 80 @,@ 000 copies in the United States alone and peaked at No. 16 on the Billboard 200 ; however , the band left Interscope after the album 's release .
= = = Cash Money Records , Stampede of the Disco Elephants and DJ Lethal 's departure ( 2012 – present ) = = =
In February 2012 , the band returned to Australia for the first time in 11 years , to perform at the Soundwave festival . Durst dedicated the shows to Jessica Michalik , who died during the Limp Bizkit performance at Big Day Out 2001 . On February 24 , Limp Bizkit signed with Cash Money Records , and revealed plans to release a new single , " Ready to Go " , a full @-@ length album , Stampede of the Disco Elephants , and an EP , The Unquestionable Truth ( Part 2 ) . Due to mounting tensions and following a dispute between Durst and bandmates Lethal and Otto about the latter two 's alleged chronic drug and alcohol use , DJ Lethal resigned from the band with strong animosity .
Fred Durst was featured in the song " Champions " by Kevin Rudolf , used as theme for WWE 's Night of Champions . The song debuted on WWE Raw televised event on 3 September 2012 . This is the first time Limp Bizkit has worked with WWE since 2001 . On October 11 , 2012 , DJ Lethal posted an apology to the band on Twitter , and despite being accepted back into the band , he was fired shortly after .
It was announced on October 26 , 2012 on Fred Durst 's official Twitter account that a video for the first Cash Money single with Lil Wayne , " Ready to Go " was currently being filmed . Limp Bizkit also " leaked " a new song on the web called " Lightz ( City of Angels ) " via YouTube . The band is currently recording their seventh studio album , Stampede of the Disco Elephants with producer Ross Robinson , who also produced the band 's debut album , Three Dollar Bill , Yall , and their 2005 album The Unquestionable Truth ( Part 1 ) . The album was scheduled for a July 2014 release .
On March 24 , 2013 , the first single from the album , " Ready to Go " ( Featuring Lil Wayne ) was released on limpbizkit.com and the accompanying music video was released on 22 July .
In April 2013 , the band announced 34 tour dates , 25 being in the U.S. Their touring schedule included Welcome to Rockville , the Carolina Rebellion , Rock Am Ring in Germany , and Rome .
On November 1 , 2013 , a new track from the album , a cover of the Ministry song " Thieves " was released by the band via their official Facebook and Twitter accounts . On the 11th of December , the band released a new single , the previously leaked song , " Lightz " along with an accompanying music video .
The next single off the album , " Endless Slaughter " was originally set to be released only on cassette and during concerts , beginning from June 2014 in Europe and culminating at Knotfest in Makuhari Messe , Tokyo , where Limp Bizkit will perform along with festival founders Slipknot , and Korn , Lamb of God , Five Finger Death Punch , Trivium and In Flames , however the single currently can be streamed and downloaded at the band 's official website .
In October 2014 , Fred Durst revealed that the band had left Cash Money , and became independent again . The split was carried out amicably , and Fred says that " We really love the jam we did with Lil Wayne , though . We love that song . " ( the song " Ready to Go " ) .
The band started its 2015 activities with news : Stampede of the Disco Elephants is in the final stages of production , however as of 2016 no news has come of release of the album . A few days later , the band announced their major 2015 tour called " Money Sucks " , a Russian 20 @-@ date tour to take place during October and November , celebrating the 20th anniversary of Limp Bizkit . The tour name is a nod to the difficult economic situation that Russia was facing at the time .
Limp Bizkit was leading ShipRocked 2015 cruise from February 2 to 6 . Other bands present were Chevelle , Black Label Society , P.O.D. , Sevendust among others . But some days before the event , Borland took to Instagram to express his discontent , posting a photo of his luggage with a caption reading : " Can 't wait to see me some roided out tribal tattooed spray tanned Jell @-@ O shot filled bohunks do their best drunk MMA impressions in the top deck mosh pit . " Speaking to NME , Borland moved to clarify the comments , saying " When I first read the description of the cruise I realised it is what it is and I thought I 'd have some fun with it " he says . " I 'll retract everything if I don 't see a big muscly frat boy moshing in the pit . I think that is going to happen though so I feel safe . I 'm turning 40 next week and I think it 's funny that I 'm spending the last week of my 40s on ShipRocked . It 's funny to me . It 's a joke with truth in it . I just don 't want our fans to get all butthurt and thinking I 'm criticising them , because I 'm not . "
Before the band travel to Europe to attend some shows and the " Money Sucks " Tour through Russia , Sam Rivers was diagnosed with a degenerative disease of the discs of the spine and that was complicated due to a pinched nerve , causing a lot of pain in such area
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shale @-@ fired power stations was 32 @.@ 5 MW . Only the Tallinn and Püssi power stations were connected to the grid .
On 9 May 1922 the first international discussion of Estonian kukersite took place at the 64th meeting of the Institution of Petroleum Technologists . Systematic research into oil shale and its products began at Tartu University 's Oil Shale Research Laboratory in 1925 , initiated by professor Paul Kogerman . In 1937 , the Geological Committee under the Ministry of Economic Affairs , and the Institute of Natural Resources , an independent academic institution , were established . A department of mining was established at Tallinn Technical University in 1938 . Estonian oil shale industries conducted tests of oil shale samples from Australia , Bulgaria , Germany and South Africa .
= = = Developments in German @-@ occupied Estonia = = =
Soon after the Soviet occupation in 1940 , the entire oil shale industry was nationalised and subordinated to the Mining Office and later to the General Directorate of Mining and Fuel Industry of the Peoples ' Commissariat for Light Industry . Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 and the industry 's infrastructure was largely destroyed by retreating Soviet forces . During the subsequent German occupation , the industry was merged into a company named Baltische Öl GmbH . Baltische Öl became the largest industry in the Estonian territory . This entity was subordinated to Kontinentale Öl , a company that had exclusive rights to oil production in German @-@ occupied territories .
The primary purpose of the industry was production of oil for the German Army . In 1943 , after the German troops retreated from the Caspian oil region , Estonian oil shale became increasingly important . On 16 March 1943 , Hermann Göring issued a secret order stating that " development and utilisation of Estonian oil shale industry is the most important military @-@ economic task in the territories of the former Baltic states " . On 21 June 1943 , Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler issued an order to send as many male Jews as possible to the oil shale mining .
Baltische Öl consisted of five units ( Kiviõli , Küttejõu , Kohtla @-@ Järve , Sillamäe , and Kohtla ) , all of which were partially restored , previously existing industries . In addition , Baltische Öl started construction of a new mining and shale oil extraction complex in Ahtme , but it never became operational . Prisoners of war and forced labour made up about two @-@ thirds of the work force in these units .
While Soviet troops were advancing into Estonia during 1944 , about 200 Estonian oil shale specialists were evacuated to Schömberg , Germany , to work at an oil shale industry there , codenamed Operation Desert ( Unternehmen Wüste ) . Shale oil extraction plants in Estonia were destroyed and mines were ignited or inundated by the retreating Germans . Existing oil shale @-@ fired power stations were also destroyed .
= = = Developments in Soviet Estonia = = =
In 1945 – 1946 the mining industry was merged into Eesti Põlevkivi ( Russian : Эстонсланец , English : Estonian Oil Shale , now Eesti Energia Kaevandused ) under the General Directorate of Oil Shale Industry of the USSR ( Glavslanets ) . Shale oil extraction , except the Kiviõli and Kohtla @-@ Nõmme plants , was merged into the Kohtla @-@ Järve shale oil combinate ( Russian : Сланцехим , now Viru Keemia Grupp ) under the General Directorate of Synthetic Liquid Fuel and Gas of the USSR ( Glavgaztopprom ) . Both organisations were directed from Moscow .
New mines were opened in Ahtme ( 1948 ) , Jõhvi ( No. 2 , 1949 ) , Sompa ( 1949 ) , Tammiku ( 1951 ) , and in the area between Käva and Sompa ( No. 4 , 1953 ) . The Küttejõu open @-@ pit mine was closed in 1947 and the Küttejõu underground mine was merged with the Kiviõli mine in 1951 . The Ubja mine was closed in 1959 . After construction of large oil shale @-@ fired power stations , demand for oil shale increased and consequently new larger mines were constructed : the underground mines Viru ( 1965 ) and Estonia ( 1972 ) along with the open @-@ pit mines Sirgala ( 1963 ) , Narva ( 1970 ) and Oktoobri ( 1974 ; later named Aidu ) . Correspondingly , several exhausted smaller mines like Kukruse ( 1967 ) , Käva ( 1972 ) , No. 2 ( 1973 ) , No. 4 ( 1975 ) , and Kiviõli ( 1987 ) were closed . The Estonia Mine became the largest oil shale mine in the world . Because of the success of oil shale @-@ based power generation , Estonian oil shale mining peaked in 1980 at 31 @.@ 35 million tonnes , and in the same year power generation peaked at 18 @.@ 9 TWh . The industry declined during the subsequent two decades . Demand for electric power generated from oil shale decreased following construction of nuclear power stations in the Russian SFSR , particularly the Leningrad Nuclear Power Station . At the end of 1988 , a fire broke out in the Estonia Mine . The largest underground fire in Estonia , it continued for 81 days and caused serious pollution of ground and surface waters .
The shale oil industry at Kohtla @-@ Järve and Kiviõli was redeveloped . In 1945 , the first tunnel kiln was restored , and by the end of the 1940s four tunnel kilns located in Kiviõli and Kohtla @-@ Nõmme had been restored . German prisoners of war contributed most of the labour . Between 1946 and 1963 , 13 Kiviter @-@ type retorts were built in Kohtla @-@ Järve and eight in Kiviõli . In 1947 , a pilot Galoter retort was built at the Ilmarine engineering plant in Tallinn . This unit , in operation until 1956 , was capable of processing 2 @.@ 5 tonnes of oil shale per day and was used for modelling the next generation of commercial @-@ scale retorts . The first Galoter @-@ type commercial @-@ scale pilot retorts were built at Kiviõli in 1953 and 1963 with capacities of 200 and 500 tonnes of oil shale per day , respectively . The first of these retorts closed in 1963 and the second in 1981 . The Narva Oil Plant , annexed to the Eesti Power Station and operating two Galoter @-@ type 3 @,@ 000 @-@ tonnes @-@ per day retorts , was commissioned in 1980 . Started as a pilot plant , the process of converting it to a commercial @-@ scale plant took about 20 years .
In 1948 an oil shale gas plant in Kohtla @-@ Järve became operational , and for several decades the oil shale gas was used as a substitute for natural gas in Saint Petersburg ( then known as Leningrad ) and in northern Estonian cities . It was the first time in history that synthetic gas from oil shale was used in households . To enable delivery of the gas , a 200 @-@ kilometre ( 120 mi ) pipeline from Kohtla @-@ Järve to Saint Peterburg was built , followed by a 150 @-@ kilometre ( 93 mi ) pipeline from Kohtla @-@ Järve to Tallinn . During the 1950s , unsuccessful tests of oil shale underground gasification were conducted at Kiviõli . In 1962 and 1963 , the conversion of oil shale gas into ammonium was tested ; however , for industrial production , oil shale gas was replaced with natural gas . Although this gas had become uneconomical by 1958 , production continued and was even expanded . After peaking in 1976 at 597 @.@ 4 million cubic metres ( 21 @.@ 10 × 10 ^ 9 cu ft ) , ceased in 1987 . In total , 276 generators were operated for the gas production .
In 1949 , the 48 MW Kohtla @-@ Järve Power Station – the first power station in the world to use pulverised oil shale at an industrial scale – was commissioned , followed by the 72 @.@ 5 MW Ahtme Power Station in 1951 . To ensure sufficient electricity supply in Estonia , Latvia and north @-@ west Russia , the Balti Power Station ( 1 @,@ 430 MW ) and the Eesti Power Station ( 1 @,@ 610 MW ) were built , the former between 1959 and 1971 and the latter between 1969 and 1973 . The stations , collectively known as the Narva Power Stations , are the world 's two largest oil shale @-@ fired power stations . In 1988 Moscow @-@ based authorities planned a third oil shale @-@ fired power station in Narva with a capacity of 2 @,@ 500 MW , together with a new mine at Kuremäe . The plan , disclosed at the time of the Phosphorite War and the Singing Revolution , met with strong local opposition and was never implemented .
Between 1946 and 1952 , uranium compounds were extracted from locally mined graptolitic argillite at the Sillamäe Processing Plant ( now : Silmet ) . More than 60 tonnes of uranium compounds ( corresponding to 22 @.@ 5 tonnes of elemental uranium ) were produced . Some sources note that uranium produced in Sillamäe was used for construction of the first Soviet atomic bomb ; however , this information is not confirmed by the archive materials .
An oil shale research institute ( now a department within Tallinn University of Technology ) was founded at Kohtla @-@ Järve in 1958 . Preliminary research into oil shale @-@ based chemical production began the same year , exploring the potential for the use of oil shale in bitumen , synthetic construction materials , detergents , synthetic leathers , synthetic fibres , plastics , paints , soaps , glues , and pesticides . Between 1959 and 1985 , 5 @.@ 275 billion cubic metres ( 186 @.@ 3 × 10 ^ 9 cu ft ) of mineral wool were produced from oil shale coke , a solid residue of oil shale . In 1968 , a branch of the Skochinsky Institute of Mining was established in Kohtla @-@ Järve , and in 1984 the scientific @-@ technical journal Oil Shale was founded in Estonia .
= = = Developments in independent Estonia = = =
In the 1990s , after Estonia regained independence , the country underwent a restructuring of the economy , causing the collapse of a large part of the heavy industry sector . This collapse led to a decrease in the consumption of electricity and thus a decrease in the need for the oil shale that was mined to produce it . Electricity and shale oil export to former Soviet markets largely ceased . Due to a decrease in demand , the Tammiku and Sompa mines closed in 1999 and those at Kohtla and Ahtme closed in 2001 .
In 1995 , state @-@ owned shale oil producers in Kohtla @-@ Järve and Kiviõli were merged into the single company named RAS Kiviter . In 1997 , Kiviter was privatized and a year later it declared insolvency . Its factories in Kohtla @-@ Järve and Kiviõli were sold separately and new oil producers – Viru Keemia Grupp and Kiviõli Keemiatööstus – emerged .
In 1995 , the Government of Estonia started negotiations with American company NRG Energy to create a joint venture on the basis of the Narva Power Stations , the largest consumer of oil shale in Estonia . As a part of the deal , 51 % of the government @-@ owned shares in the oil shale mining company Eesti Põlevkivi was transferred to the Narva Power Stations . The proposed deal with NRG Energy met a strong public and political opposition and was cancelled after NRG Energy failed the deadline to secure financing for the project . Consequently , the Government transferred its remained shares in Eesti Põlevkivi to a state @-@ owned company Eesti Energia , a parent company of the Narva Power Stations , and Eesti Põlevkivi became a fully owned subsidiary of Eesti Energia .
Oil shale production started to increase again in the beginning of the 21st century . In 2000 , the open @-@ pit mines at Viivikonna , Sirgala and Narva were merged into the single Narva open @-@ pit mine . Since 2003 , several new mines were opened : the Põhja @-@ Kiviõli open @-@ pit mine in 2003 , the Ubja open @-@ pit mine in 2005 , and the Ojamaa underground mine in 2010 . By 2006 , after 90 years of major mining in Estonia , the total amount of mined oil shale reached one billion tonnes . The exhausted Aidu open @-@ pit mine was closed in 2012 , followed a year later by the Viru underground mine .
In 2004 , two power units with circulating fluidised bed combustion boilers were put into operation at the Narva Power Stations . Construction of the Auvere Power Station , located next to the existing Eesti Power Station , began in 2012 . In the end of 2012 , the Ahtme Power Station was closed .
In 2008 , Eesti Energia established a joint venture , Enefit Outotec Technology , with the Finnish technology company Outotec . The venture sought to develop and commercialise a modified Galoter process – the Enefit process – that would enhance the existing technology by using circulating fluidised beds . In 2013 , Enefit Outotec Technology opened an Enefit testing plant in Frankfurt .
Kiviõli Keemiatööstus began to test two Galoter @-@ type retorts in 2006 . Eesti Energia opened a new generation Galoter @-@ type plant using Enefit 280 technology in 2012 . VKG Oil opened three new Galoter @-@ type oil plants called Petroter correspondingly in December 2009 , in October 2014 , and in November 2015 . In January 2016 , the company announced that due to low oil price , it will close the old oil plants using Kiviter technology and lay off 500 workers .
= = Economic impact = =
The National Development Plan for the Utilisation of Oil Shale 2008 – 2015 describes oil shale as a strategic energy resource . Other mineral resources in Estonia that are mined currently are peat , dolostone , clays , limestone , sand and gravel . Potentially mineable resources include granite , iron ore and phosophorite .
The oil shale industry in Estonia is one of the most developed in the world . Estonia is the only country in the world that uses oil shale as its primary energy source . In 2012 , oil shale supplied 70 % of Estonia 's total primary energy and accounted for 4 % of Estonia 's gross domestic product . About 6 @,@ 500 people ( 1 @.@ 1 % of the workforce in Estonia ) were directly employed in the oil shale industry . In 2012 , the state revenue from oil shale production was about € 90 million , including € 34 million of excise duty and labour taxes , and € 56 million of environmental charges . There are no royalties . The operating profit of shale oil producers was about € 91 million .
In 2011 , about one @-@ third of Estonian public research , development and demonstration expenditures ( € 3 @.@ 1 million ) went to the oil shale sector . A new development plan for 2016 – 2030 is at a preparatory stage .
= = = Mining = = =
Estonia has adopted a national development plan that limits the annual mining of oil shale to 20 million tonnes . At this rate , mineable reserves will last for 25 – 30 years . In 2012 , 15 @.@ 86 million tonnes of oil shale were mined . Mining losses were about four million tonnes . As of 2014 , five oil shale mines are in operation ; three are open @-@ pit mines and two are underground mines . The mines are owned by four companies . Plans for opening several new mines are in the preparatory phase . Historically , the ratio of underground mining to open @-@ pit mining has been approximately even , but as usable deposits close to the surface become scarcer , underground mining will probably increase .
The Estonia underground mine at Väike @-@ Pungerja , operated by state owned Eesti Energia Kaevandused , is the largest oil shale mine in the world . The other underground mine , operated by privately owned Viru Keemia Grupp , is located at Ojamaa . Both mines use the room and pillar mining method . Oil shale mined at Ojamaa is transported to the processing plant by a unique 13 @-@ kilometre ( 8 @.@ 1 mi ) conveyor belt . Although there are similar conveyors in operation in other countries , the one at Ojamaa is an unusually challenging installation since its path contains many curves and sharp turns .
The Narva open @-@ pit mine is operated by Eesti Energia Kaevandused , and the Põhja @-@ Kiviõli open @-@ pit mine is operated by privately owned Kiviõli Keemiatööstus . Both mines use highly selective extraction in three layers of seams . The Narva mine uses a technology that involves breaking up both the overburden and the targeted deposits by blasting and then stripping the rock with relatively large @-@ bucket ( 10 – 35 cubic metres or 350 – 1 @,@ 240 cubic feet ) excavators . The third open @-@ pit mine , operated by Kunda Nordic Tsement which belongs to German HeidelbergCement group , is located at Ubja .
In 2012 , 70 % of mined oil shale was used for electricity production , 27 % for shale oil production , and 3 % for thermal energy , cement and chemical products .
= = = Electricity and heat generation = = =
The National Development Plan for the Utilisation of Oil Shale 2008 – 2015 prioritises oil shale as a resource for ensuring Estonia 's electricity supply and energy security . However , the share of oil shale in Estonia 's electricity and heat production is set to decrease due to the European Union 's climate policy as well as the country 's recognition of the environmental impact of oil shale @-@ fired power stations and need to diversify the national energy balance . Although Estonia has the right to allocate a gradually decreasing limited number of emission allowances free of charge , this will be phased out by 2020 . According to the International Energy Agency , Estonia should adopt the energy strategy in order to reduce the share of oil shale in the primary energy supply by improving the efficiency of shale @-@ fired power stations and increasing the use of other energy sources such as renewable energy and natural gas .
In 2012 , 70 % of oil shale mined in Estonia was used for power generation , and about 85 % of Estonia 's electricity was generated from oil shale . About 29 % of produced electricity was exported to Finland , Latvia , and Lithuania .
Eesti Energia owns the largest oil shale @-@ fuelled power stations ( Narva Power Stations ) in the world . In addition , a new 300 MW station , which will use circulating fluidised bed boiler technology , is under construction in Auvere .
In 2010 , 11 @.@ 4 % of the heat supply in Estonia was generated by direct combustion of oil shale and 5 @.@ 88 % by combustion of shale oil . Shale oil was used as a fuel by 9 @.@ 36 % of all boiler houses in Estonia . Heat produced by co @-@ generation at the Balti Power Station is used for district heating of Narva , the third largest city in Estonia with 58 @,@ 700 inhabitants ( 2013 ) . The co @-@ generation plants in Kohtla @-@ Järve , Sillamäe , and Kiviõli burn oil shale to produce electrical power and supply district heating to nearby towns . In addition to raw oil shale , the Kohtla @-@ Järve Power Station uses oil shale gas , a by @-@ product of shale oil production , for the same purposes .
= = = Shale oil extraction = = =
In 2008 , Estonia was the second largest shale oil producer in the world after China . Production was 651 @,@ 000 tonnes of shale oil in 2012 . Up to 78 % of produced shale oil was exported , mainly to European countries , as bunker fuel and refinery feedstocks ; the remainder is used mainly for district heating .
There are three shale @-@ oil producers in Estonia . In 2012 , VKG Oil ( a subsidiary of Viru Keemia Grupp ) produced 370 @,@ 000 tonnes of shale oil , Eesti Energia Õlitööstus ( a subsidiary of Eesti Energia ) produced 211 @,@ 000 tonnes , and Kiviõli Keemiatööstus ( a subsidiary of Alexela Energia ) produced 70 @,@ 000 tonnes . Two processes – the Kiviter process and the Galoter process – are in use for shale oil extraction . Eesti Energia Õlitööstus uses the Galoter process while VKG Oil and Kiviõli Keemiatööstus use both – Kiviter and Galoter processes .
= = = Cement production = = =
Spent shale , a solid residue of oil shale , is used for Portland cement production at the Kunda Nordic Tsement factory . In 2002 , 10 @,@ 013 tonnes of spent shale were used for cement production . VKG Plokk , a subsidiary of Viru Keemia Grupp , produces building blocks by using oil shale ash and spent shale , and plans to construct a cement factory . The mined waste rock is used for road construction .
= = Environmental impact = =
= = = Wastes and land usage = = =
The mining and processing of about one billion tonnes of oil shale in Estonia has created about 360 @-@ 370 million tonnes of solid waste . Combustion ashes are the largest component ( 200 million tonnes ) , followed by mining waste ( 90 million tonnes ) and spent shale ( mainly semi @-@ coke , 70 – 80 million tonnes ) . According to the European Union waste list , oil shale ash and spent shale are classified as hazardous waste . In addition , approximately 73 million tonnes of graptolitic argillite as overlying deposit were mined and piled in waste heaps in the process of phosphorite – ore mining near Maardu in 1964 – 1991 .
In 2012 , the oil shale industry produced 70 % of Estonia 's ordinary waste and 82 % of its hazardous waste . Nine million tonnes of mining waste , eight million tonnes of oil shale ash , and one million tonnes of semi @-@ coke were generated . Due to the oil shale industry , Estonia ranks first among the European Union countries by generated waste per capita . About four million tonnes of oil shale are lost per year during mining ; combined with losses incurred during the enrichment process , more than 30 % of the resource is lost . Although the oil shale development plan sets the more efficient use of oil shale as a goal , mining losses have not decreased in 2007 – 2011 .
The oil shale waste heaps pose a spontaneous ignition risk due to their remaining organic content . The waste material , particularly semi @-@ coke , contains pollutants including sulphates , heavy metals , and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) , some of which are toxic and carcinogenic .
As a result of decades of mining activity , the topography of the oil shale region has changed ; this includes a greater range of altitudes within the mined area . Former and current oil shale mines occupy about 1 % of Estonia 's territory . About 500 square kilometres ( 190 sq mi ) or 15 % of Ida @-@ Viru County 's territory is out of use due to open @-@ pit mines and waste landfills ; an additional 150 square kilometres ( 58 sq mi ) has sunk or become unstable due to underground mining . As of 2006 , semi @-@ coke heaps near Kohtla @-@ Järve and Kiviõli covered 180 – 200 hectares ( 440 – 490 acres ) and ash heaps near Narva covered 210 hectares ( 520 acres ) . These heaps protruding from the flat landscape are regarded as landmarks and as monuments to the area 's industrial heritage .
There is less biodiversity within the mined area ; in particular , the reclaimed and reforested areas have less biodiversity than the areas which have undergone a natural succession .
= = = Water usage and pollution = = =
Surface water flows into mines and accumulates along with groundwater . This water must be pumped out in order for mining to proceed . The water that is pumped from the mines and the coolant water used by oil shale @-@ fired power stations combined exceeds 90 % of all water used in Estonia . For each cubic meter of oil shale mined in Estonia , 14 – 18 cubic metres ( 490 – 640 cu ft ) of water must be pumped from the mines , amounting to about 227 million cubic metres ( 184 @,@ 000 acre · ft ) that are pumped from mines annually . Groundwater comprises 64 % of the water pumped from underground mines annually and 24 % of that pumped from open @-@ pit mines . This alters both the circulation and quality of the groundwater , lowers groundwater levels , and releases mine water into surface water bodies such as rivers and lakes . Mining activities have contributed to lower water levels in 24 out of the 39 lakes in the Kurtna Lake District . The release of mine water into the environment has changed the natural movement of surface water . As a result of mining activities , groundwater moves towards the excavation cavities . A 220 @-@ kilometre ( 85 @-@ square @-@ mile ) underground water body that holds over 170 million cubic metres ( 140 @,@ 000 acre · ft ) of water has formed in eight abandoned underground mines : Ahtme , Kohtla , Kukruse , Käva , Sompa , Tammiku , No.2 and No.4.
The process of pumping water from the mines introduces oxygen via aeration , thereby oxidising the rock 's pyrite . Pyrite contains sulfur , and one consequence of its oxidation is the introduction of significant amounts of sulphates into mine water . This has had a negative impact on water quality in five lakes in the Kurtna Lake District . In some lakes , sulphate levels have increased tens of times compared to the pre @-@ mining period . Suspended mineral matter in the mine water pumped into these lakes has changed the composition of the lakes ' sediments . However , it has been found that this disturbance diminishes over time ; studies show that sulphates and iron in mining water decrease to levels that meet drinking water quality standards about five years after mine closure .
The process and waste waters used in shale oil extraction contain phenols , tar , and several other environmentally toxic products . Power stations use water as a coolant and for hydraulic transportation of oil shale ash to the ash heaps . Narva power stations use 1 @,@ 306 million cubic metres ( 1 @,@ 059 @,@ 000 acre · ft ) of water from the Narva River annually for cooling . For ash transportation , generated oil shale ash is mixed with water at a ratio of 1 : 20 and the resulted mixture , known as " ash pulp " , is pumped to the heaps . Consequently , the transportation water becomes highly alkaline . The total volume of formed alkaline water is 19 million cubic metres ( 15 @,@ 000 acre · ft ) .
Another source of water pollution is aqueous leachates from oil shale ash and spent shale . About 800 @,@ 000 to 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 650 to 970 acre · ft ) of toxic leachate from the Narva ash heaps inflows annually to the Narva River and further to the Gulf of Finland . Before the closure of old semi @-@ coke heaps in Kohtla @-@ Järve and Kiviõli , an additional 500 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 410 acre · ft ) of leachates reached via the Kohtla and Purtse rivers to the Baltic Sea annually . The toxicity of leachate is mainly caused by the alkalinity and sulphides ; leachate also includes chlorides , oil products , heavy metals , and PAHs which are carcenogenic .
= = = Air emissions = = =
Oil shale @-@ fired power stations pollute air with the fly ash and flue gases like carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) , sulfur dioxide ( SO
2 ) , and hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) . In addition to Estonia , this pollution
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to ensure that victims of crimes received redress . Further , she expressed concerns over the leniency of community @-@ based sentencing . The bill eventually incorporated several of her suggestions .
In 2011 , Lim noted that the Compulsory Education Act ensures that all children have the opportunity to receive an education . However , she expressed concern that processes for entry to schools for children with special needs were cumbersome . Furthermore , education for children with special needs was not subject to the same subsidies that students in mainstream schools had . She thus brought to the House 's attention the fact that special needs children might have been unintentionally marginalized . These concerns were supported by Penny Low , MP for Pasir Ris – Punggol GRC .
= = = Articles = = =
Tan , Eugene ; Chan , Gary ( 13 April 2009 ) , " The Legislature " , The Singapore Legal System , SingaporeLaw.sg , Singapore Academy of Law , archived from the original on 1 December 2010 , retrieved 1 December 2010 .
Tan , Kevin Yew Lee ( 1992 ) , " Constitutional Implications of the 1991 Singapore General Election " , Singapore Law Review 13 : 26 – 59 .
Thio , Li @-@ ann ( 2002 ) , " The Right to Political Participation in Singapore : Tailor @-@ making a Westminster @-@ modelled Constitution to Fit the Imperatives of Asian Democracy " , Singapore Journal of International and Comparative Law 6 : 181 – 243 .
Winslow , Valentine S. ( 1984 ) , " Creating a Utopian Parliament : The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore ( Amendment ) Act 1984 ; the Parliamentary Elections ( Amendment ) Act 1984 " , Malaya Law Review 28 : 268 – 274 .
= = = Books = = =
Chan , Helena H [ ui- ] M [ eng ] ( 1995 ) , " The Legislature " , The Legal System of Singapore , Singapore : Butterworths Asia , pp. 30 – 40 , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 409 @-@ 99789 @-@ 7 .
The Parliament of the Republic of Singapore , Singapore : Parliament of the Republic of Singapore , 1997 , ISBN 978 @-@ 9971 @-@ 88 @-@ 567 @-@ 0 .
Tan , Kevin Y [ ew ] L [ ee ] ( 2011 ) , " Making Law : Parliament " , An Introduction to Singapore 's Constitution ( rev. ed . ) , Singapore : Talisman Publishing , pp. 33 – 60 , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 08 @-@ 6456 @-@ 9 .
Tan , Kevin Y [ ew ] L [ ee ] ; Thio , Li @-@ ann ( 2010 ) , " The Legislature " , Constitutional Law in Malaysia and Singapore ( 3rd ed . ) , Singapore : LexisNexis , pp. 299 – 360 , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 236 @-@ 795 @-@ 2 .
Thio , Li @-@ ann ( 1995 ) , " Government and the State " , ASEAN Legal Systems , Singapore : Butterworths Asia for the ASEAN Law Association , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 409 @-@ 99802 @-@ 3 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 December 2009 .
Thio , Li @-@ ann ( 2012 ) , " The Legislature and the Electoral System " , A Treatise on Singapore Constitutional Law , Singapore : Academy Publishing , pp. 285 – 359 at 304 – 308 , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 07 @-@ 1515 @-@ 1 .
= Eliel Saarinen 's Tribune Tower design =
Eliel Saarinen 's Tribune Tower design or the Saarinen tower are terms used to describe the unnamed and unbuilt design for a modernist skyscraper , created by Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen and submitted in 1922 for the Chicago Tribune 's architectural competition for a new headquarters . The winning entry , the neo @-@ Gothic Tribune Tower , was built in 1925 . Saarinen 's entry came in second place yet became influential in the design of a number of future buildings .
= = Background = =
In 1921 – 22 , the prominent Tribune Tower competition was held to design a new headquarters for the Chicago Tribune , a major US metropolitan newspaper . It attracted 260 entries . First place was awarded to a design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood , a neo @-@ Gothic building completed in 1925 . Saarinen was awarded $ 20 @,@ 000 for second place ; his design was never constructed . Many observers felt that Saarinen 's simplified yet soaring setback tower was the most appropriate entry , and his novel modernist design influenced many subsequent architectural projects .
Saarinen was a veteran architect but had never before designed a skyscraper . To arrive at his noteworthy design , he took as a starting place the upward sweep of Gothic architecture , but then advanced this sense of verticality as his primary design principle . He said that through " logical construction " each portion of the design was made to reflect the larger goal of verticality . He was 49 years old when he submitted the design ; the next year he moved from Finland to the Chicago area . In the U.S. , he contributed to an overall design for the Chicago lakefront , and he lectured at the University of Michigan , but none of his skyscraper designs were ever built . Instead , others found success by incorporating his vision . Tribune Tower competition co @-@ winner Raymond Hood adopted Saarinen 's skyscraper style for several of his subsequent projects , and Saarinen 's design was emulated by other contemporary architects such as Timothy L. Pflueger , George W. Kelham , Hubbell and Benes , Holabird & Roche , Alfred C. Finn , and James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter , Jr . , as well as later architect César Pelli .
= = Reception = =
Respected Chicago architect Louis Sullivan offered high praise to Saarinen 's design , and said that his building indicated the future direction for the old Chicago School . Sullivan named Saarinen his stylistic successor . Chicago architects Thomas Tallmadge and Irving Kane Pond were also very vocal in their praise for Saarinen . Pond said Saarinen 's design was by far the best contest entry , that it was devoid of the superficial adornments featured on the winning entry , and free of the " stranglehold of conventional forms . " Tallmadge projected that Saarinen 's design would be transformative for American skyscrapers . He said that under Saarinen 's hand , the spirit of the skyscraper , " rid of its inhibitions and suppressed desires ... leaps in joyous freedom to the sky . "
Skyscraper Museum director Carol Willis , and art consultant Franck Mercurio , curator at the Field Museum in Chicago , offer moderating modern views about the influence of Saarinen 's design . Willis notes that setback architecture was being implemented in New York City highrises because of 1916 zoning ordinances related to building height and sunlight , and that Saarinen 's design was understood to be an embodiment of this trend . Mercurio points to the Tribune Tower competition entry from American architect Bertram Goodhue as having the same modernist features as Saarinen 's , with dramatic setbacks but a more pronounced simplification of the exterior . Mercurio argues that Goodhue 's design is a better example of modernism because it has less ornamentation . Goodhue 's entry gained him honorable mention but no cash award .
= = Buildings influenced = =
The following buildings have been observed to be influenced by Saarinen 's 1922 design .
= Evolution ( advertisement ) =
Evolution is an advertising campaign launched by Unilever in 2006 as part of its Dove Campaign for Real Beauty , to promote the newly created Dove Self @-@ Esteem Fund . The centre of the Unilever campaign is a 75 @-@ second spot produced by Ogilvy & Mather in Toronto , Canada . The piece was first displayed online on 6 October 2006 , and was later broadcast as a television and cinema spot in the Netherlands and the Middle East . The ad was created from the budget left over from the earlier Daughters campaign , and was intended to be the first in a series of such online @-@ focused spots by the company . Later pieces include Onslaught and Amy . Evolution was directed by Canadian director Yael Staav and Tim Piper , with sound design handled by the Vapor Music Group , and post @-@ production by SoHo .
The advert was a critical , popular , and financial success . It won a number of awards in the advertising industry , including two Cannes Lions Grand Prix awards and an Epica D 'Or . It has been discussed in many mainstream television programmes and print publications , and the exposure generated by the spot has been estimated to be worth over $ 150M . Evolution has also spawned numerous unofficial alternate versions , including a title sequence to a BBC sketch show and the short parody Slob Evolution , which has gone on to itself be nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award .
= = Sequence = =
The film opens with a " pretty , but ordinary girl " ( Canadian cartoonist and television producer Stephanie Betts , whom joint director Tim Piper later married ) entering and sitting down in a studio . Two harsh lights are switched on and the first bars of The Flashbulb 's " Passage D " , a breakcore @-@ piece with piano accompaniment , are heard . The short credits sequence provides the title of the film and credit to Dove . The camera then switches to a time lapse sequence , showing makeup and hair artist Diana Carreiro making Betts up and adjusting her hair , transforming her into a " strikingly beautiful billboard model . " When the final physical adjustments of Betts 's appearance have been made , the team members all move off @-@ camera and a series of camera flashes begins as the photographer takes shots of Betts in various poses .
One shot is selected from the batch and moved into a generic image editing software interface , where a series of " Photoshopping " adjustments are made to alter Betts 's appearance even further , including , but not limited to : lengthening her neck , adjusting the curve of her shoulders , altering her hair and skin , and enlarging her eyes and mouth . The final image of Betts , now rendered almost unrecognizable , is then transferred to
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a billboard advertisement for the fictional " Easel " ( or " Fasel " ) brand of foundation makeup , and the video fades to the statement , " No wonder our perception of beauty is distorted . " The film ends with an invitation to take part in the " Dove Real Beauty Workshops , " the logo for the Dove Self @-@ Esteem Fund , and , in some versions , the website address of Unilever @-@ Dove 's Campaign For Real Beauty , for which the film was originally produced .
= = Background = =
The Dove Campaign For Real Beauty was launched by Unilever in 2003 , to coincide with the expansion of the Dove brand from soaps and other cleansing solutions to health and beauty products in general , including deodorants , shower gels , hair @-@ care and skin @-@ care products . The first stage of the campaign centred around a series of billboard advertisements , initially put up in the United Kingdom , and later worldwide . The spots showcased photographs of regular women ( in place of professional models ) , taken by portrait photographer Annie Leibovitz . The ads invited passers @-@ by to vote on whether a particular model was , for example , " Fat or Fab " or " Wrinkled or Wonderful " , and the results of the votes dynamically updated and displayed on the billboard itself . Accompanying the billboard advertisements was the publication of the " Dove Report " , a corporate study which Unilever intended to " [ create ] a new definition of beauty [ which ] will free women from self @-@ doubt and encourage them to embrace their real beauty . "
The series received significant media coverage from talk shows , women 's magazines , and mainstream news broadcasts and publications , generating media exposure which Unilever has estimated to be worth more than 30 times the paid @-@ for media space . Following this success , the campaign expanded into other media , including a series of television spots ( Flip Your Wigs and the Pro @-@ Age series , among others ) and print advertisements ( " Tested on Real Curves " ) . This culminated in the 2006 Little Girls global campaign , which featured regional versions of the same advertisement in both print and screen , for which Unilever purchased a 30 @-@ second spot in the commercial break during Super Bowl XL at an estimated cost of US $ 2.5M.
In 2006 , Ogilvy & Mather were seeking to extend the campaign further , by creating one or more viral videos to host on the Campaign for Real Beauty website . The first of these , Daughters , was an interview @-@ style piece intended to show how mothers and daughters related to issues surrounding the modern perception of beauty and the beauty industry . It was during the production of Daughters that a series of short films titled " Beauty Crackdown " , one of which was Evolution , was promoted to Unilever as an " activation idea " . The concept was one that art director Tim Piper pushed ; he proposed to have Evolution produced using the money left over from the budget for Daughters . This ended up amounting to a total of C $ 135 @,@ 000 . It was originally intended to get people to the Campaign for Real Beauty website to see Daughters , and to participate in the workshops featured on the site .
= = Production = =
The team brought together for the ad included director Yael Staav , the first female director to win a Cannes Lion ( for Hugging , a campaign for the ALS Society of Canada ) , fashion photographers Tiko Poulakakis and Gabor Jurina , makeup artist Diana Carreiro , art director Tim Piper , and Piper 's then @-@ girlfriend Stephanie Betts as the model . Betts , a cartoonist and producer of Canadian animated television programming such as Producing Parker , was chosen as the model for Evolution in part because Piper was first inspired to write the piece after seeing the amount of time his girlfriend spent applying make @-@ up , and he felt that she would be an ideal " representation of the norm " , highlighting the extreme changes that models undergo in the fashion industry . She was originally dubious about taking on the role but later stated that she was proud that she joined the campaign .
The actual production itself took place over the course of a single day , and over two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half hours of footage was taken for the make @-@ up portion of the film . This was eventually condensed to 23 seconds in the final version . The stage was dressed in a manner identical to that of modern fashion shoots , with the lighting and camera being positioned to remove any shadows from Betts 's face to aid in the post @-@ production retouching . Sound design took three weeks , and was divided into two sections . Fifteen hours were spent creating several mixes of " Passage D " with each mix tested and discarded before the version used in the final film was settled upon . A further nine hours were spent adding in the various background noises to the piece , including sped @-@ up human voices , a starter pistol and galloping racehorses .
Post @-@ production at SoHo was originally planned to take approximately three days , but it was extended to two weeks . Gabor Jurina , the photographer responsible for the digital retouching of the actual photographs taken of Betts during the shoot , supplied the post @-@ production team with 118 digital stills of the intermediate stages of the transformation from the " real " photograph of the made @-@ up Betts to the final image shown on the billboard . These were re @-@ cut and assembled to create the functions shown in the " Photoshopping " sequence , such as stretching Betts 's neck and adjusting the size of certain of her facial features . Other post @-@ production work included stabilising Betts 's head in the center of the shot during the make @-@ up sequence , covering certain continuity errors , creating and compositing the billboard advertisement , and constructing a false image @-@ editing interface .
= = Release and reception = =
Evolution was incorporated into the Canadian Campaign for Real Beauty website on 6 October 2006 in order to coincide with the start of the Los Angeles Fashion Week , and was uploaded by art director Tim Piper to video sharing website YouTube shortly after . While it has remained a largely internet @-@ based campaign , Evolution has appeared as a television commercial in the Netherlands and the Middle East , and in the U.S. inside commercial breaks in The Hills .
Once uploaded , the advert was viewed over 40 @,@ 000 times in its first day , 1 @.@ 7 million times within a month of its upload , and 12 million times within its first year . Even without having appeared offline , the advert was discussed by a number of mainstream television programmes , including Good Morning America , The Ellen DeGeneres Show , and The View , and news networks such as CNN , NBC , and ABC News ; the overwhelming majority came out in support of the campaign 's message . Spaces at the mother and daughter workshops sold out almost immediately , and the total exposure generated through the $ 50 @,@ 000 piece was estimated by Ogilvy & Mather in October 2006 as being worth around $ 150M . Comparisons have often been drawn up between the campaign and Dove 's earlier purchase of a 30 @-@ second spot for Little Girls during the Super Bowl XL . The Super Bowl spot cost an estimated $ 2.5M , reached an audience of 500 million , and generated only one third of the boost in traffic to the Campaign for Real Beauty website of Evolution . The spot was also credited for its part in producing double @-@ figure growth in sales of Dove product , and Unilever reported that its overall sales in the period following the release of Evolution rose by 5 @.@ 8 % , up from 3 @.@ 9 % the previous year .
Evolution was particularly popular with critics within the advertising industry , and has garnered a number of awards since its debut in October 2006 . It was the favourite in the run up to the Cannes Lions to win the festival 's Grand Prix in the Cyber category , generally considered one of the most prestigious awards in the industry . Ultimately , the prize went to three entries : Nike + , advertising the Nike brand , Heidies 15 MB of Fame , promoting fashion company Diesel S.p.A. ' s website and products , and Evolution . Evolution also went on to win the Grand Prix in the Film category , beating Pretty from Nike , Inc . , Paint for Sony 's BRAVIA line of high @-@ definition television sets , and The Power of Wind for the Wind Energy Initiative . The victory attracted a certain amount of controversy , as the jury switched Evolution from the " Fundraising & Appeals " category , whose entries are ineligible to win the Grand Prix , to the " Corporate Image " category at the last minute . Chairman of the jury Bob Scarpelli said of the decision , " We moved it into another category because we felt that strongly about it . We were not trying to break rules or set precedents , we just went with our hearts and minds , and asked the festival if we could move it . " As a result of the win , Evolution became the first entry in the festival 's history to take home Grand Prix awards from two categories and the first web @-@ based advertisement to win in the Film category ( followed in 2009 by Philips ' Carousel )
The piece went on to win a number of other awards , including a silver Clio Award ( in the Toiletries / Pharmaceuticals category ) , the Film Grand Prix and two Gold prizes at the London International Awards , an Epica D 'Or and Gold Prize in the Interactive category of the Epica Awards , among others .
= = Legacy = =
= = = Slob Evolution = = =
The popularity of Evolution and its presence on many video @-@ sharing websites led inevitably to a large number of alternate versions and parodies being uploaded by the public . In under six months , parodies on YouTube alone received over 5 million hits between them , Of these , by far the most successful was a professionally made piece entitled Slob Evolution .
Slob Evolution is an Emmy Award @-@ nominated short film created as a parody of the original Evolution spot in late 2006 . The piece was directed by Simon Willows , known for his work on the Volvic mineral water television and cinema commercials , and was produced by Claire Jones with the production company Blink Productions . Post @-@ production work was done by Framestore CFC .
In Slob Evolution , the role of the model is taken by a teenage boy who , instead of having make @-@ up applied in the time @-@ lapse sequence , is given fast food , alcoholic beverages , and cigarettes , transforming over the course of thirty seconds into an overweight middle @-@ aged slob . Further adjustments are made in a similar image @-@ editing interface to that used in Evolution , . The subject 's neck is shortened , his features made more asymmetric , and a tattoo is added . The image is transferred to a billboard advertisement for the fictional " Lardo " brand of " man cream " , and the piece ends with a fade to the statement , " Thank God our perception of reality is distorted . No one wants to look at ugly people . "
The parody was uploaded to video @-@ sharing website YouTube on December 4 , 2006 and was promoted only through a seeding of 30 e @-@ mails . Within its first month , Slob Evolution received over 278 @,@ 000 hits . It went on to be nominated for a number of prestigious awards , including the " Comedy : Short Form " and " Viral " categories of the 2007 Webby Awards , and in the " Outstanding Broadband Comedy " category of the 2007 Daytime Emmy Awards . The popular and critical attention that Blink Productions received for Slob Evolution led to Tiger Aspect , the production company behind the 2007 BBC comedy sketch show Ruddy Hell ! It 's Harry and Paul , contacting the production company to produce an introduction to the show in a similar vein .
The title sequence to Ruddy Hell ! It 's Harry and Paul begins with a shot of Morwenna Banks and Laura Solon . The familiar time @-@ lapse sequence shows the pair being given several pints of lager , cigarettes , and fast food . Their hair is cut and their make @-@ up removed as they slowly morph into Harry Enfield and Paul Whitehouse , the joint hosts of Ruddy Hell ! It 's Harry And Paul . After bras are removed from the pair 's shirts , the camera zooms out to show a billboard advertisement similar to that in Slob Evolution , with the show 's title displayed underneath .
= = = Other works = = =
Shortly after releasing Evolution online , post @-@ production company SoHo uploaded a five @-@ minute making @-@ of documentary , which includes interviews with creative directors Janet Kestin and Tim Piper , photographer Gabor Jurina , post @-@ production director Paul Gowan , digital artists Kevin Gibson and Terry Rose , and sound designer Andrew Harris , who discuss the various stages of the post @-@ production process behind the creation of the spot . The making @-@ of also includes a shot of Evolution 's storyboard and a short segment of behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage from the shoot itself , showing Stephanie Betts before and after the make @-@ up process .
After the debut of Evolution , Dove quickly ordered several follow @-@ up online advertisements , the first two of which ( Onslaught and Amy ) appeared online in October 2007 . These were also written and directed by Tim Piper . The pair are predicted to prove at least as popular as Evolution . Other companies have attempted to use the same formula , with mixed results . Among the more @-@ commented on campaigns is Beauty is ... , launched by Nivea in 2007 and comprising television , print , and online segments which push the same message as the Dove campaign .
= 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan =
The 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan ( also known as the Salala incident , Salala attack or 26 / 11 attacks ) , was a border skirmish that occurred when US @-@ led NATO forces engaged Pakistani security forces at two Pakistani military checkposts along the Afghanistan – Pakistan border on Saturday , 26 November 2011 . Two NATO Apache helicopters an AC @-@ 130 gunship and two F @-@ 15E Eagle fighter jets entered by varying estimates as little as 200 meters ( 660 ft ) to up to 2 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 6 miles ) , into the Pakistani border area of Salala in the Baizai subdivision of Mohmand Agency , FATA at 2 a.m. local time , from across the border in Afghanistan and opened fire at two border patrol check @-@ posts , killing 28 Pakistani soldiers and wounding the 12 others . The two Pakistan Army check @-@ posts were codenamed " Boulder " and " Volcano " respectively . This attack resulted in a deterioration of relations between Pakistan and the United States . The Pakistani public reacted with protests all over the country and the government took measures adversely affecting the US exit strategy from Afghanistan including the evacuation of Shamsi Airfield and closure of the NATO supply line .
On 3 July 2012 , US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton officially , however briefly , apologized for the losses suffered by the Pakistani military . Subsequently , Pakistan restored the NATO supply routes .
= = Background and timeline = =
= = = The incident = = =
On 26 November 2011 , US @-@ led NATO forces opened fire on two Pakistani border check @-@ posts stationed near the Pakistan @-@ Afghanistan border . The attack occurred at approximately 02 : 00 local time ( 01 : 30 in Afghanistan and 21 : 00 GMT ) . According to the Director General of Military Operations ( DGMO ) , Major General Ashfaq Nadeem , the attack was a coordinated NATO strike and used two AH @-@ 64D Apache Longbow helicopters , an AC @-@ 130H Spectre gunship and two F @-@ 15E Eagle fighter jets . A MC @-@ 12W Liberty turbo @-@ propeller aircraft was used in an Intelligence , Surveillance , and Reconnaissance role . The check @-@ posts were located 200 metres ( 660 ft ) to 2 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) inside Pakistan from the border with Afghanistan in the Salala area of the Baizai subdivision of the Mohmand tribal region in FATA , Pakistan . The two check @-@ posts were separated themselves by a distance of one kilometre on the Salala mountain top .
The attacks caused the deaths of up to twenty @-@ four Pakistani soldiers , which included two officers – Major Mujahid Mirani and Captain Usman Ali . Thirteen other soldiers were injured as a result of the attack . Both sides reported they were attacked first . The poorly defined border , as well as a history of Taliban fighters moving around the Afghan border regions , were cited as possible contributing factors to the incident .
= = = = US @-@ Afghan claims = = = =
According to Afghan and US officials , the incident started after US @-@ Afghan coalition forces , which were conducting an operation against the Afghan Taliban in Afghanistan 's eastern Kunar Province , were fired upon from border positions within Pakistan . " There was firing coming from the position against Afghan army soldiers who requested support " , said one Afghan official in Kabul . The Afghan official further stated they were being fired upon directly from a Pakistani military outpost itself . A Western official backed up that view by stating , " They were fired on from a Pakistani army base . " And , " It was a defensive action . " According to Afghan and US accounts helicopters were then called in for support against the incoming fire .
A Pakistani defence official reportedly admitted that soldiers in the Pakistani border post sitting there for the express purpose of stopping infiltration fired a few flares , a couple of mortar rounds and one or two bursts of machine @-@ gun fire in that direction .
Another US official in Kabul pointed to an incident in September 2010 , when a NATO helicopter fired on a Pakistan outpost , killing two soldiers . " It was a situation where insurgent forces butted right up against a Pakistani border post and used that as a firing position . When we fired back , we hit Pakistani security forces . Military officials in Kabul claimed insurgents in Pakistan have also used empty Pakistan border bases to stage attacks , which they say may have been the working assumption of the coalition forces who called in the airstrike when they drew fire .
One US official said NATO forces had informed the Pakistani army 's 11th Corps command near the western border that operations against Taliban insurgents would take place on that day . Pakistani General Abbas admitted in a press conference that coalition forces had " informed our military earlier , much earlier , that they will be conducting an operation there . "
According to the US military , information about the proposed strike was passed on at one of the centres on the border where both sides station officers and exchange information in an effort to avoid firing on each other , after which Pakistani officers cleared the strike , saying that there were no Pakistani forces in the area .
= = = = Pakistani claims = = = =
The incident sparked outrage and controversy in Pakistan , which termed the attack an " unprovoked and indiscriminate firing , " an " irresponsible act , " and a " stark violation " of its sovereignty . Leaders of the Pakistani military establishment viewed NATO 's attacks on the army checkposts as intentional , pre @-@ planned and premeditated . Slamming NATO 's version of events as " lame excuses " , Pakistan rejected claims of any firing having emanated from its side as a prelude to the encounter , saying that the soldiers who were manning the post were asleep and resting when NATO launched the assault at night . The director general of the ISPR , Major General Athar Abbas challenged NATO to " present proof if they claim that firing was started from Pakistani side . No fire was opened from our side . " He asserted that " At this point , NATO and Afghanistan are trying to wriggle out of the situation by offering excuses . Where are their casualties ? " Meanwhile , the claim that the airstrike was cleared by Pakistani authorities was categorically denied by Pakistan which claimed that the attack continued for two hours , even after Pakistani officials alerted coalition forces to stop .
Preliminary reports from the Pakistan Army told of about 40 soldiers being present at the two check posts , most of whom were sleeping or resting when the raid took place . The helicopters first attacked the border post , named " Volcano " , atop the mountain peak . This initial attack cut all the communications to and from the post , and a Pakistan Air Force air support could not be called in time to counter the attack . Instead , Pakistani troops stationed at the nearby post named " Boulder " engaged the NATO helicopters with anti @-@ aircraft guns . The helicopters soon withdrew .
Pakistani authorities tried to contact their NATO counterparts in an effort to inform them of the situation but the Pakistani request reportedly failed to reach the attacking force . The helicopters returned a second time engaging Boulder border post again . A short while later communication with the NATO commanders was established and the attack was called off . All casualties were from the initial attack on the Volcano border post . Later , Major General Abbas expressed that it was beyond comprehension why the NATO forces returned to attack the second time .
According to local officials , there was no militant activity along the Afghan border region when NATO conducted the attack . Abbas , spokesperson ISPR , said that the coordinates of the two border posts had been given to ISAF . He added that the attack lasted for almost two hours and claimed that the personnel on the posts alerted the GHQ which in turn immediately informed the ISAF regional base in Afghanistan to stop the attack at roughly 12 : 30 AM but they did not . GHQ in return gave permission to the personnel on the outposts to retaliate . NATO communicated at roughly 1 : 15 AM that they had realised that they were attacking Pakistan Army and that their forces had been ordered to stop . Yet NATO 's aerial bombardment continued with another salvo aiming at the Pakistani rescue force that rushed to the aid of the two posts . Pakistan termed the event an " unprovoked and indiscriminate firing " , an " irresponsible act " , and a " stark violation " of its sovereignty . The attack was the deadliest NATO strike on Pakistani soil since the start of the war in Afghanistan . In a media conference with the Director General of Military Operations ( DGMO ) Major General Ashfaq , Chief of General Staff Lieutenant General Waheed Arshad , claimed that this was not an " unintended " incident . On accounts of series of events he commented that NATO was informed at the time of attack but their helicopters remained on course of aggression . Pakistani military also said that the NATO forces returned a second time to attack the post again . When he was asked whether Pakistan was satisfied with the investigating team headed under US Air force Brigadier General Stephon , he responded sharply by commenting that all incidents in past in relation to violation of Pakistan 's sovereignty did not come to an agreeable conclusion . Pakistan was invited to jointly investigate the incident , but Pakistan refused to participate .
On 9 December , Major General Ashfaq claimed that NATO had been monitoring radio transmissions that night and knew they had hit Volcano post . The Pakistani military called the strike " unprovoked and indiscriminate . " Government of Pakistan launched a strong protest with U.S and also immediately discontinued the supply to NATO troops located in Afghanistan . Notably , the strike on Saturday came one day after Gen. John Allen , the commander of the US @-@ led coalition in Afghanistan , visited Pakistani army chief Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani . In that meeting , both the commanders discussed border co @-@ ordination and other measures " aimed at enhancing border control on both sides . " NATO attack shows that either Gen. John Allen lacks control over his troops based in Afghanistan or did negotiations while putting on the mask .
= = Repercussions of the incident = =
= = = Closure of NATO supply lines = = =
Pakistan immediately closed all NATO supplies to Afghanistan in the aftermath of the attack , leaving the blockaded supply trucks vulnerable to attacks . NATO trucks had been using the supply routes , in Khyber Agency ( through the Khyber Pass at Torkham ) and Balochistan ( near Chaman ) , to supply US and international forces fighting in Afghanistan .
US policy makers tried to find alternative routes through Russia , Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , and Tajikistan ( termed as the " Northern Distribution Network " ) but these are longer and less effective
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announcement to reopen the supply lines , stating saying it highlighted the important role Pakistan has in supporting a stable future for Afghanistan .
Pakistani reactions to the US apology were different . " We appreciate Secretary Clinton 's statement , and hope that bilateral ties can move to a better place from here . I am confident that both countries can agree on many critical issues , especially on bringing peace to the region , " Pakistan 's ambassador to the US Sherry Rehman said in a statement . In general the decision to reopen the supply routes was met in Pakistan with a general sense of befuddlement and muted criticism that the Pakistani government had given up a much @-@ trumpeted increase in transit fees for NATO trucks . Opposition politicians criticised the move and demanded more of an explanation from the Pakistani government and military . " Now government should let the people know about the terms and conditions for reopening the NATO supply lines . What were the demands ? " said former foreign minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi . And Enver Baig , an opposition politician belonging to the Pakistan Muslim League @-@ Nawaz complained about Americans : " They did not apologize . They said ‘ sorry . ’ " Some Pakistani vowed civil disobedience to stop the convoys . " The decision to reopen NATO supplies is a big crime against the country , and we will not sit silently over this , " retired Lt. Gen. Hamid Gul , a leader of the Defense Council of Pakistan ( a coalition of Islamic parties that includes pro @-@ Taliban clerics and other foes of the NATO routes ) and a former chief of the Inter @-@ Services Intelligence agency , told the Pakistani cable channel Express News . " We will come to roads and streets and protest against the decision and will also try to stop the supplies . " Pakistani Taliban announced that they will attack any NATO supply trucks travelling along the routes . Transporters who resume supplies will be " considered a friend of the U.S. " and will face the consequences , a spokesman for the militant group said . Al Jazeera 's Kamal Hyder said that both NATO and Pakistani forces had taken into account losses in the past . " The losses , despite the fact that they have become a problem are nowhere near the levels that would cause alarm bells to ring " the correspondent said . According to his analysis it would cause a problem if " the Pakistani Taliban attack bridges or decide to take these people head on in the tribal areas " connecting Pakistan to the southern Afghan province of Kandahar .
American officials said according to the New York Times that Hillary Clinton 's increasingly cordial relationship with the young Pakistani foreign minister Hina Rabbani Khar paid dividends in resolving the dispute between both countries over the Salala incident . A final agreement on the wording of Clinton 's statement of her conversation with Khar came after a week of marathon talks that included two trips to Islamabad by General John R. Allen , the US commander in Afghanistan , and a quickly arranged weekend trip by Thomas R. Nides , the deputy secretary of state for management and resources . In recent weeks Nides and Pakistani Finance Minister Abdul Hafeez Shaikh had spearheaded the negotiations to reopen the supply lines . After weeks of behind @-@ the @-@ scenes phone calls , e @-@ mails and meetings between Nides and Abdul Hafeez Shaikh reached an agreement on the terms for the reopening of the NATO supply lines . Besides the US apology both sides agreed to the following : After initially demanding as much as $ 5 @,@ 000 for each truck Pakistan dropped its insistence on a higher transit fee for each truck carrying NATO ’ s nonlethal supplies from Pakistan into Afghanistan and agreed to keep the fee at the current rate of $ 250 . The Obama Administration will ask Congress to reimburse Pakistan about $ 1 @.@ 2 billion for costs incurred by 150 @,@ 000 Pakistani troops carrying out counterinsurgency operations along the border with Afghanistan . " With the GLOCs open , we will look to pay past coalition support fund claims , " Pentagon spokesman Captain John Kirby said , using a Pentagon acronym for the supply routes . The United States military reimburses by " coalition support funds " Pakistan for logistical , military and other support provided to American military operations against militants , but these payments have been suspended since Pakistan shut off the routes . More precisely the US halted paying the bills from Pakistan as tension rose between the two countries . The Pentagon will now consult with Congress about paying the bills prior to paying Pakistan in full .
During their telephone call Pakistani Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar made it clear to Secretary of State Clinton that no lethal equipment would transit into Afghanistan through the Ground Lines of Communication i.e. the ground supply lines except those meant for equipping the Afghan National Security Forces . Pakistan 's Defense Committee of the Cabinet , which approved the deal , said the agreement was in the country 's best interest and a boon to the Afghanistan peace process . Allowing NATO convoys to enter and exit Pakistani territory would speed the withdrawal of Western forces , the Pakistani government said in a statement , and " enable a smooth transition in Afghanistan . " According to the New York Times the agreement reflected a growing realisation by Pakistani officials that they had overplayed their hand , misjudged NATO 's resolve and ability to adapt to the closing by using an alternative route through Central Asia , and a recognition on both sides that the impasse risked transforming an often rocky relationship into a permanently toxic one at a critically inopportune time . Despite the resolving of the Salala incident there are frictions in both countries relations such as Pakistan 's opposition to US drone strikes on Pakistan soil , and Washington 's allegations that Islamabad condones , or even assists , anti @-@ American militants .
The deal ended a diplomatic deadlock that brought US relations with the nuclear @-@ armed South Asian nation to a near standstill and hindered counter @-@ terrorism operations against Pakistan @-@ based militants . Because of the supply lines closure the United States has spent at least an additional $ 100 million a month because it was instead forced to move supplies by air , rail or truck through Russia and other countries north of Afghanistan at much longer and more expensive routes . The closure of the supply lines complicated the American troop withdrawal from Afghanistan , cost the United States more than $ 1 billion in extra shipping fees as a result of having to use the alternative routes through Central Asia and also held up delivery of thousands of armoured vehicles and other equipment meant for the fledgling Afghan army and police , slowing US efforts to build Afghan forces that can stand up to the Taliban insurgency as foreign troops withdraw . The reopening of the supply lines means that the US will save hundreds of millions of dollars in the run @-@ up to the withdrawal of NATO forces from the Afghanistan and also that it would help the US and NATO to complete its withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan " at a much lower cost " according to Clinton . Despite the reopening of critical supply routes from Pakistan , the US military confronts a giant logistical challenge to wind down the war in Afghanistan because it must withdraw till the end of 2014 nearly 90 @,@ 000 troops and enormous depots of military equipment accumulated over a decade of war which includes 100 @,@ 000 shipping containers stuffed with materiel and 50 @,@ 000 wheeled vehicles .
The above @-@ mentioned agreement between Pakistan and the United States was never an issue of money alone . " It was a matter of honor for the army , " said Laiq ur @-@ Rehman , a Pakistani defence correspondent for ARY News , a cable channel . " The only word they were looking for was ' sorry . ' It was a matter of pride , a matter of honor , a matter of ego . " " If it had been about the money , it would have been done months ago , " said an US enior administration official knowledgeable about the negotiations . " Just like for us , it was not just about the supply routes . " According to the BBC the reason for the long US refusal to apologise for the Salala incident was deep anger among Americans about the death of US soldiers in Afghanistan from attacks by militant groups with alleged connections to Pakistan 's ISI intelligence agency . Another reason for the United States refusal to apologise was the determination by American military investigators that Pakistan was equally culpable in the Salala incident because Pakistani soldiers , stationed on a ridge overlooking the border , had fired first on US troops on the Afghan side of the border . Pakistan has disputed that conclusion , saying its forces did not fire first .
After the first NATO supply trucks crossed the Afghan border on 5 June 2012 , Pakistanis questioned the NATO supply line deal . " The US has not apologized formally , " said Nawaz Sharif , the leader of the main opposition party Pakistan Muslim League @-@ Nawaz . Imran Khan , another major opposition figure , went further , saying that " the decision isn 't only against national interest but can also stir unrest within the ranks of the armed forces . " He also criticised the incumbent government as being a pawn of the United States . Political and religious parties in Pakaistan undertook " long march " to Islamabad to protest reopening of supply routes to Afghanistan . Pakistan declared it will scan all NATO containers passing through the country to ensure they do not contain weapons and unapproved items will be seized . 560 @,@ 000 rupees ( $ 6 @,@ 000 ) compensation per vehicle would be paid to the truck owners by NATO subcontractors for being out of work for seven months because of the blockade according to Rana Mohammad Aslam , vice @-@ president of the All Pakistan Goods Carrier Association .
= = = Shamsi airfield vacated = = =
On 26 November , the same day the incident occurred , Pakistan ordered the US to shut down and vacate the Shamsi Airfield in the southwestern Balochistan province within a deadline of 15 days . US forces and the Central Intelligence Agency had reportedly leased this airbase in 2001 for joint surveillance and launching drone attacks against militants in Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan . The Shamsi airbase was the only military base in Pakistan being used by the United States , and orders of its evacuation by US personnel symbolised an increasing rift and deterioration in relations between Pakistan and the United States .
In early December , the US military personnel occupying the base , along with all military equipment , were shifted to the Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan via US military aircraft . On 10 December , Pakistani troops from the Frontier Corps took full control of the airfield as scheduled , and by 11 December all remaining American staff were evacuated . Upon establishing control of the airfield , the United States flag was removed from the base and replaced with the flag of Pakistan .
The impact of the closure has been questioned , as the United States still has the ability to conduct drone attacks from nearby bases in Afghanistan , and according to the Pakistani military , the base was used mainly for refuelling and maintenance of drones , as well as for emergency landings and logistical support , and not for conducting actual drone operations which had in fact ceased in April 2011 . Following the incident , Pakistan stated its intention to shoot down any future US drones intruding on its airspace , and the US suspended drone operations to avoid antagonising Pakistan . One report said that American drone attacks in Pakistan dropped by as much as 50 % due to the Salala attack , as well as legal cases .
= = = United States exit strategy = = =
Among the immediate repercussions of the incident is that the United States ' attempts to end the war in Afghanistan peacefully may now be in jeopardy . Some Pakistani officials warned that the attack could have " huge implications " for the Afghan endgame . Pakistan , which is designated as a major non @-@ NATO ally by the United States and is seen as a key facilitator in bringing the United States to the negotiations table with the Afghan Taliban and the Haqqani Network , had already halted those efforts according to an unnamed Pakistani official close to the military establishment .
While addressing a Senate committee , the Minister of Foreign Affairs Hina Rabbani Khar warned that a repeat incident could end Pakistan '
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Sea King for search and rescue missions in the Barents Sea . The air station is regularly visited by the General Dynamics F @-@ 16 Fighting Falcon for use in the shooting range at Halkavarre . The Garrison of Porsanger is located close to Lakselv .
= = Accidents and incidents = =
On 12 June 1985 an F @-@ 16B with two people on board experienced control problems north of Banak . The pilot ejected and survived while an officer died .
On 23 March 1992 an F @-@ 16A lost power at 5 @,@ 500 meters altitude ( 18 @,@ 000 ft ) . The pilot survived after aiming the aircraft at an unpopulated area and ejecting at an altitude of 1 @,@ 400 meters ( 4 @,@ 500 ft ) .
On 29 June 2005 an ICP Savannah micro aircraft crashed only a few minutes after its departure from Banak , with two flight instructors on board . Both instructors were killed in the accident .
= Warning ( Green Day album ) =
Warning ( stylized as Warning : ) is the sixth studio album by the American punk rock band Green Day , released on October 3 , 2000 , by Reprise Records . Building upon its predecessor , Nimrod ( 1997 ) , the album eschewed the band 's trademark punk rock sound and incorporated acoustic elements and pop and folk styles . Lyrically , the record contains more optimistic and inspirational themes in comparison with the band 's earlier releases . Warning was also Green Day 's first album since Kerplunk ( 1992 ) that was not produced by Rob Cavallo , although he did have a hand in its production and was credited as executive producer .
Despite mixed criticism towards the band 's stylistic change , the album received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who praised vocalist / guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong 's songwriting . Although it peaked at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart , Warning represented the lowest commercial slump in Green Day 's career , being the band 's first album since signing to a major record label not to achieve multi @-@ platinum status . The album has nonetheless been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and , as of December 2012 , has sold 1 @.@ 2 million copies . Warning was reissued on vinyl on July 14 , 2009 .
= = Background = =
After taking a break from touring in promotion of the band 's fourth album Insomniac ( 1995 ) , Green Day recorded the more experimental Nimrod ( 1997 ) . The record , which delved into a more wide variety of genres including folk , ska , and surf rock , featured the unprecedented acoustic hit " Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) " . Vocalist / guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong recalled that the song 's stylistic departure from the group 's earlier work made him anxious about the song 's release : " I was scared for that song to come out ... because it was such a vulnerable song , to put that song out and it was like which way will it end up going ? It was really exciting and it kind of sparked more in us as songwriters to expand on that . "
The band embarked on the Nimrod promotional tour , which largely featured more intimate shows with audiences of 1 @,@ 500 to 3 @,@ 000 people . By the end of the tour , the band noted that its audience had evolved . 924 Gilman Street , the punk club in the band 's hometown that had once banned Green Day after the group signed with a major label , booked bassist Mike Dirnt 's side project The Frustrators for a show . Dirnt described the experience as " a wonderful piece of closure " . Punk rock music was no longer popular in the mainstream as rap metal acts such as Korn , Limp Bizkit , and Kid Rock were experiencing success . According to Studio 880 owner John Lucasey , the band was " definitely at a very big crossroads . "
= = Recording = =
For Warning , Green Day initially opted to work with a producer other than Rob Cavallo , who had handled production of the band 's last three albums . The group selected Scott Litt , who had previously worked with Nirvana and R.E.M .. However , the band had disagreements with Litt over the album 's musical direction ; vocalist / guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong recalled that " It just didn 't work out . He was really cool , but for that particular project , it just wasn 't the right chemistry . " The group subsequently brought Cavallo back in , but this time the band handled most of the production duties , with Cavallo instead serving as " executive producer " . During the album 's writing and early recording sessions , Armstrong repeatedly listened to Bob Dylan 's 1965 record Bringing It All Back Home , which had a major influence over both Warning 's musical experimentation and socially conscious lyrics .
The band began work on the album two years before entering the studio to record on April 1 , 2000 . During this period , the group members met five days a week to write new songs and rehearse old ones , with Tre Cool observing , " We 've been practicing and writing songs and playing them and playing them and writing new songs and playing them and playing them ... People think we 're off in Hawaii kicking back and shit , but we 're in Oakland playing our jams . " The album was recorded at Studio 880 in Oakland . Cool noted of the band 's work ethic in the studio , " We 're not really sprinting . We 're working at the same pace , but it 's a pretty fast pace for recording . We 're faster than every other band , pretty much . That 's what I 've been told . " With the record , the band aimed to construct a solid list of tracks where " each song could be its own album " . The group also made sure to make each song " well thought out and well placed " with regard to the album 's track listing .
= = Music and lyrics = =
With Warning , the band experimented with more acoustic guitars , and strove for a " not sappy acoustic ... more aggressive , percussive acoustic " sound . Cool and bassist Mike Dirnt also emphasized " deeper " grooves on the record . The title track , a " densely produced blast of layered vocals [ and ] strummed acoustic guitars " , features a " circling bass riff " similar to that of " Picture Book " by The Kinks . " Waiting " , which has been categorized as a " retro @-@ pop lament " , is based on the riff from Petula Clark 's 1964 song " Downtown " . Its melody has also been compared to The Mamas & the Papas and the hook to Kiss . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly felt that " Misery " is " probably Billie Joe 's idea of a Brecht @-@ Weill pop operetta . " It features " mariachi brass " instrumentation , as well as strings , accordions , and acoustic guitar . The song 's five @-@ minute length has been called " an epic by Green Day standards " . The use of a harmonica on " Hold On " has been compared to The Beatles ' " Love Me Do " and " I Should Have Known Better . " " Macy 's Day Parade " contains elements of folk and pop .
The album features more positive and uplifting lyrics in comparison with Green Day 's earlier work . Cool noted that , " It 's got the sarcasm , it 's got the snottiness , but it 's got a little light at the end of the tunnel . " Warning also contains more explicitly political themes , as exemplified by tracks such as " Minority " . This was inspired by Armstrong 's fear that presidential nominee Al Gore was going to lose the 2000 U.S. presidential election and that " someone really conservative " would take office . He recalled , " We 've always tried to keep an ear to the ground and keep our eyes open to what 's going on ... that 's one reason why I was really taking my time writing songs to really [ make an impact ] . Instead of just writing an overly knee @-@ jerk reaction . " According to Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine , the lyrics of " Minority " serve as " a reminder of the youthful mentality of Green Day 's early work " . " Misery " tells various stories in its verses , all of which end unhappily . The first verse centers on a girl named Virginia who was a " lot lizard " , a term for a prostitute who exchanges sex for money with truck drivers at interstate highway truck stops . " Blood , Sex and Booze " explores the subject of sadomasochism .
= = Reception = =
= = = Commercial performance = = =
Warning peaked at number four on the Billboard 200 , remaining on the chart for 25 weeks and it sold 156 @,@ 000 copies on its first week according to Billboard . On December 1 , 2000 , the record was certified gold by Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , for shipments of over 500 @,@ 000 copies . In Canada , the record reached the number two position and stayed on the chart for five weeks . On August 1 , 2001 , the album was certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association for shipments of over 100 @,@ 000 units . Warning also reached the top ten in multiple countries outside of North America , including Australia , Italy , and the United Kingdom . The album was later certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of over 70 @,@ 000 copies . As of December 20 , 2012 , Warning has sold 1 @.@ 2 million copies , according to Nielsen SoundScan .
= = = Critical response = = =
Warning received generally positive reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 72 based on 19 reviews , which indicates " generally favorable reviews " . Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker perceived a maturity in the album 's lyrical content and called its music " as peppy as any Green Day have recorded " . Charlotte Robinson of PopMatters commended Billie Joe Armstrong 's lyrics and noted the band for embracing " the pop bent that has always been a part of their sound " . The A.V. Club 's Stephen Thompson stated " Green Day has never made a record so slick and musically mature " . Los Angeles Times writer Natalie Nichols wrote that the album " reveal [ s ] them shaking off the transitional aspects of 1997 's ' Nimrod ' to craft a more coherent , less aggressive but still rebellious collection that also draws on the even older pop traditions of Bob Dylan , the Beatles and the Who " . " Metal " Mike Saunders of The Village Voice viewed Warning as the band 's best work and compared its music to that of The Beatles ' Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) . In his consumer guide for The Village Voice , critic Robert Christgau gave the album an A- rating , indicating " the kind of garden @-@ variety good record that is the great luxury of musical micromarketing and overproduction . Anyone open to its aesthetic will enjoy more than half its tracks " . Christgau noted " professionalism , craft , artistic growth " rather than maturity in Armstrong 's songwriting and elaborated on his change in musical direction , stating :
He 's abandoning the first person . He 's assuming fictional personas . And he 's creating for himself the voice of a thinking left @-@ liberal who ' want [ s ] to be the minority ' and cautions against caution itself--a voice that scolds rather than whines , a nice age @-@ appropriate shift . Crucially , his knack for simple punk tunes remains unchanged ; also crucially , these do fine at moderate tempos , and one even gives off a whiff of Brecht @-@ Weill .
By contrast , NME 's Andy Capper was ambivalent towards the band 's " less electric , more organic sound " and stated " Older . More Mature . ' Warning ' is the sound of a band losing its way " . Greg Kot of Rolling Stone wrote that Armstrong " can 't muster the same excitement for his more mature themes " and stated " Who wants to listen to songs of faith , hope and social commentary from what used to be snot @-@ core 's biggest @-@ selling band ? " . Adam Downer of Sputnikmusic gave it three out of five stars and commented that it " consists of instant classics like Minority and Macy 's Day Parade , but it also is filled with garbage songs as well " . Spin writer Jesse Berrett stated " these maturity moves buoy muzzy be @-@ yourselfism ... Nor does everything in the stylistic grab bag fit " , but concluded by complimenting Armstrong 's " earnestly good @-@ hearted " lyrics and wrote that " this album is after ... evidence that even the snottiest deserve grace and the chance to age into warmth " . Q gave the album three out of five stars and described it as " Hugely likeable , terribly noisy and cute , as well as being jammed with proper pop songs " . Neal Weiss of Yahoo ! Music called the album " crafty pop @-@ rock " and stated " Some might wish Green Day never decided to grow up like this , but others might consider it a starting point to take the band seriously " . Slant Magazine editor Sal Cinquemani perceived elements of folk and " pop sensibilities " , writing that the album " displays just how well Green Day can construct pop songs " .
= = = Retrospect = = =
Writing in 2009 with regard to Warning 's lackluster commercial performance , James Montgomery of MTV News called the record " unjustly overlooked " and applauded Armstrong 's " super strong " songwriting on the album . In The New Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) , Rolling Stone journalist Michaelangelo Matos gave the album four out of five stars and wrote that the band " fully focus on the textures that have always differentiated their sturdy grooves and simple melodies " . Matos called the songs " speedy , neatly packaged reinterpretations of pop @-@ rock history , from the Beatles to Creedence Clearwater Revival to the Ramones themselves " . AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine called it " gleeful , unabashed fun " and complimented Green Day for " embracing their fondness for pop and making the best damn album they 'd ever made " . Erlewine expressed that the band displays " melodic ingenuity and imaginative arrangements " and elaborated on its musical significance , stating " Warning may not be an innovative record per se , but it 's tremendously satisfying ; it finds the band at a peak of songcraft and performance , doing it all without a trace of self @-@ consciousness . It 's the first great pure pop album of the new millennium " . Dom Passantino of Stylus Magazine cited it as " the most influential album on the British pop landscape since 1996 ( Spice , naturally ) " , noting it as a significant influence on " the two biggest bands in the UK at the moment , and indeed for the past few years , Busted and McFly " . Passantino called Warning " a great album " and viewed that Green Day " seemed to be bored with their genre @-@ medium , but simultaneously knowledgeable that any attempt to boundary @-@ hop will end with them falling on their face " .
= = Promotion and impact = =
While Green Day was nearing completion of Warning , the band announced it would be performing on the 2000 Vans Warped Tour during the summer before the album 's October release . Although the group had been invited to perform on the tour before , the band was unable to do so due to scheduling conflicts . Because of Green Day 's new stylistic change displayed on Warning , the band was considered an unconventional choice for the tour . Jason White , guitarist for Armstrong 's side project Pinhead Gunpowder , was recruited to perform with the band to add " more power " to the group 's sound ; White observed that " Even I was like , ' Why are Green Day on the Warped Tour ? ' " . Fat Mike of NOFX recalled , " They were the biggest band on the tour but it wasn 't by far . Green Day weren 't super popular at that time . I think they did the Warped tour because they wanted to get popular again . " He also went on to call Warning " probably their worst album , I think . It 's what happens , the ups and downs . " However , Joel Madden of Good Charlotte , whose 2002 release The Young and the Hopeless outsold Warning , opined that " I was definitely aware that our record at the time sold more maybe than their record but I think we idolized them so much that it didn 't matter . We thought Warning was one of their best records . "
In January 2001 , Colin Merry of the English rock band Other Garden filed a breach of copyright lawsuit against Green Day , claiming that the album 's title track is a " reworked " version of his band 's 1992 song " Never Got the Chance " . Merry noted that despite both songs ' similarity to the riff of " Picture Book " by The Kinks , the similarity between " Warning " and " Never Got the Chance " was more " striking " . Green Day denied the accusations , and although Merry requested to halt all royalties from " Warning " , the lawsuit was later dropped .
Green Day also co @-@ headlined a " shared bill " with fellow Californian pop @-@ punk band Blink @-@ 182 on the Pop Disaster Tour from April to June 2002 . The two bands traded off headlining positions throughout the tour , as Blink @-@ 182 was experiencing higher record sales at the time , while Green Day had experienced mainstream success for a longer period of time . Armstrong explained Green Day 's desire to perform on the tour by stating , " We really wanted to be part of an event . We figured putting the two biggest pop punk bands on the planet together was definitely going to be an event . " In his book Nobody Likes You : Inside the Turbulent Life , Times and Music of Green Day , author Marc Spitz likened Blink @-@ 182 headlining a tour with Green Day to " Frank Sinatra , Jr. headlining over Frank Sinatra . "
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Billie Joe Armstrong , except where noted , all music composed by Green Day .
= = Personnel = =
Credits for Warning adapted from liner notes .
= = Chart positions = =
= Welcome to the Hellmouth =
" Welcome to the Hellmouth " is the series premiere of the supernatural drama television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer . This episode and " The Harvest " were originally aired as a two @-@ part series premiere on The WB on March 10 , 1997 . The episode was written by the series creator and executive producer Joss Whedon , and directed by Charles Martin Smith . " Welcome to the Hellmouth " received a Nielsen rating of 3 @.@ 4 upon its original airing and received largely positive reviews from critics .
The narrative follows Buffy Summers ( Sarah Michelle Gellar ) on her first day at a new school in a new town . She hopes to live as a normal teenager , but the duties and fate of the Slayer – to fight vampires , demons , witches and other supernatural beings – will not leave her alone ; the ancient vampire the Master ( Mark Metcalf ) threatens to break free , and Buffy must turn for help to her school librarian and Watcher Rupert Giles ( Anthony Stewart Head ) , her new classmates , Willow and Xander ( Alyson Hannigan and Nicholas Brendon ) , and a benevolent stranger named Angel ( David Boreanaz ) .
Joss Whedon developed Buffy the Vampire Slayer to invert the Hollywood formula of " the little blonde girl who goes into a dark alley and gets killed in every horror movie . " The series was created after the 1992 movie , Buffy the Vampire Slayer , in an attempt by Whedon to stay truer to his original ideas . Many scenes were filmed on location in Los Angeles , California . The high school used for external and some internal scenes in the series is Torrance High School , the same school used for the series Beverly Hills , 90210 .
= = Plot = =
The series premiere begins at Sunnydale High School , where a boy ( played by Carmine Giovinazzo ) breaks into the school during the night with a seemingly reluctant girl ( Julie Benz ) , promising her mischief and therefore fun . Nervous and on edge , the girl says she thinks she heard something and fears someone is in the school , other than the two of them . The boy calls out but gets no response , leading him to say " it 's nothing " to the girl and assure her that they " are alone " . The girl says " ok , that 's good " , after which she turns to face the boy , revealing her facial morph into her true identity ; a vampire . She then bites the boy 's neck . She is later revealed to be Darla .
Buffy Summers ( Sarah Michelle Gellar ) has a nightmare the morning of her first day at school . Her mother , Joyce ( Kristine Sutherland ) , drives her to the school and encourages her to think positive . Inside the building , Principal Bob Flutie ( Ken Lerner ) tells her she will start with a clean slate . He reconsiders that after realizing that Buffy burned down her previous school 's gym . Buffy starts to explain that she did so because " it was full of vampi ... " but she rapidly changes the end of her statement to " asbestos . "
Buffy exits the office and bumps into a female student , spilling the contents of her handbag on the floor . Xander Harris ( Nicholas Brendon ) sees this and helps Buffy repack , mainly to introduce himself to her , as it was earlier suggested that he is attracted to her . She leaves without her stake , which Xander pockets because he called out to her , but she had already walked away . In history class , Buffy is helped by popular girl Cordelia Chase ( Charisma Carpenter ) , who afterwards tests her " coolness factor , " skipping the written as Buffy had just moved to Sunnydale , California from Los Angeles . To Buffy 's horror , Cordelia humiliates an awkward Willow Rosenberg ( Alyson Hannigan ) at the water fountain . Inside the library , Rupert Giles ( Anthony Stewart Head ) places a book titled Vampyr in front of Buffy after recognizing who she is . A stunned Buffy makes a hasty exit .
Buffy , Willow , Jesse McNally ( Eric Balfour ) , and Xander meet during a break , and Xander returns the stake . Buffy claims it is standard self @-@ defense in Los Angeles . Cordelia appears and tells Buffy that gym is cancelled due to the " extreme dead guy " in one student 's gym locker . Buffy asks whether there were marks on the body , freaking out Cordelia . Buffy forces her way into the locker room , examines the body , and finds the characteristic puncture wounds of a vampire on the neck . Buffy returns to the library and confronts Giles , who informs her that he is her Watcher . Buffy refuses to accept her calling as a Slayer , since it had gotten her kicked out of her previous school and robbed her of a social life . After they leave the library , Xander emerges from behind the shelves , having overheard the strange conversation .
That night , en route to her first visit to The Bronze , the cool hangout in Sunnydale , Buffy meets a mysterious , handsome stranger ( David Boreanaz ) , who warns her that she is living on a Hellmouth that is about to open , and that " The Harvest " is coming . He also gives her a large silver cross pendant . In The Bronze , Buffy meets Willow and encourages her to seize the moment : " Because tomorrow you might be dead . " She finds Giles and tells him about the stranger . Giles tells her to learn to hone her skills to sense vampires anywhere . Buffy uses her fashion sense to pick out a vampire ( J. Patrick Lawlor ) in the club and is alarmed to see Willow leave with him . She loses them and is surprised by Cordelia , nearly staking her . Cordelia immediately calls her friends to tell them about it . While Buffy looks for Willow , Jesse chats up Darla at The Bronze . Buffy is stopped by Xander , whom she convinces to help search for Willow .
Meanwhile , under the streets of Sunnydale , The Master ( Mark Metcalf ) , an ancient and powerful vampire king , is woken by lesser vampires from a long sleep to prepare for the Harvest . He sends Luke ( Brian Thompson ) to fetch young blood . Willow 's new acquaintance takes her to a crypt in a cemetery , where they are joined by Darla and Jesse , whom she has bitten . Buffy and Xander arrive . Buffy kills Willow 's vampire . Xander and Willow help the weakened Jesse to flee . Luke takes Darla 's place in the fight so she can help catch the kids . Luke throws Buffy in a stone coffin and is about to move in for the kill .
= = Continuity = =
Angel speaks to Buffy as though he had never met her , but in the two @-@ part episode , " Becoming " reveals that he has fallen in love with Buffy from afar when her first Watcher reveals her destiny as a vampire slayer . Later , in the episode " Helpless , " Angel confessed that he has been in love with her before they are acquainted in this episode and followed her from Los Angeles since .
= = Production = =
= = = Background and writing = = =
Writer Joss Whedon says that " Rhonda the Immortal Waitress " was really the first incarnation of the Buffy concept , " just the idea of some woman who seems to be completely insignificant who turns out to be extraordinary " . This early , unproduced idea evolved into Buffy , an inversion of the Hollywood formula of " the little blonde girl who goes into a dark alley and gets killed in every horror movie " . Whedon wanted " to subvert that idea and create someone who was a hero " . He explained , " The very first mission statement of the show was the joy of female power : having it , using it , sharing it " .
The idea was first visited through Whedon 's script for the 1992 movie Buffy the Vampire Slayer , which featured Kristy Swanson in the title role . The director , Fran Rubel Kuzui , saw it as a " pop culture comedy about what people think about vampires " . Whedon disagreed : " I had written this scary film about an empowered woman , and they turned it into a broad comedy . It was crushing . "
Several years later , Gail Berman , a Fox executive , approached Whedon to develop his Buffy concept into a television series . Whedon explained that " They said , ' Do you want to do a show ? ' And I thought , ' High school as a horror movie ' . And so the metaphor became the central concept behind Buffy , and that 's how I sold it . " The supernatural elements in the series stood as metaphors for personal anxieties associated with adolescence and young adulthood . Early in its development , the series was going to be simply titled Slayer . Whedon went on to write and partly fund a 25 @-@ minute non @-@ broadcast pilot that was shown to networks and eventually sold to the WB Network . Buffy the Vampire Slayer first aired on March 10 , 1997 , as a mid season replacement for the show Savannah on The WB network , and played a key role in the growth of the Warner Bros. television network in its early years .
= = = Music = = =
The episode , being the series premiere , features the first usage of the theme song by pop punk band Nerf Herder . Parry Gripp , the band 's songwriter , guitarist , and admitted fan of the show explained that the band created the theme song after " fancy pants Hollywood " failed to write a theme song that the producers approved up . Eventually , " they [ the producers ] asked a bunch of local , small time bands who they could pay very little money to come up with some ideas and they liked our idea and they used it . And the rest is history ! " Several songs by the band Sprung Monkey play during the episode . When Buffy is deciding what to wear , the song " Saturated " is playing faintly in the background . At The Bronze , the band plays their songs " Believe " , " Swirl " , and " Things are Changing " . All of the songs featured in the episode can be found on their 1995 album Swirl . The score for the episode , as well as all first season entries , was created by Walter Murphy .
= = = Casting and filming = = =
Joss Whedon explained that several of the characters that appeared in the series were based on real life individuals . Cordelia , for instance , was modeled after a girl whom Whedon 's wife attended high school with . Xander was based on Whedon himself . Whedon hoped to include actor Eric Balfour in the title credits to shock viewers when his character dies . Unfortunately , the show could not afford the extra set of title credits at the time . However , Whedon 's wish was granted in the season six episode " Seeing Red " , with the character Tara Maclay . Brian Thompson , who plays the vampire Luke , returns to the series in season two as a different character , the Judge , in " Surprise " and " Innocence " .
In the original , non @-@ broadcast pilot , Willow was portrayed by Riff Regan . However , network executives requested that Regan be replaced . Willow 's character demanded that she be shy and unsure of herself , and the casting department encountered some difficulty finding actresses who could portray this effectively and still be likable . After seven auditions , Alyson Hannigan was eventually chosen for the role . She was chosen for being able to spin the character 's lines with a self @-@ effacing optimism ; she stated , " I didn 't want to do Willow as someone who 's feeling sorry for herself . Especially in the first season , she couldn 't talk to guys , and nobody liked her . I was like , ' I don 't want to play somebody who 's down on herself . " Whedon conceived the character as introverted , saying " I wanted Willow to have that kind of insanely colorful interior life that truly shy people have . And Alyson has that . She definitely has a loopiness I found creeping into the way Willow talked , which was great . To an extent , all the actors conform to the way I write the character , but it really stands out in Willow 's case . "
Nicholas Brendon , who had recently been fired from his job as a waiter and was struggling financially , was attracted to the pilot script for Buffy because of how much he had hated high school . Brendon recognized that Xander was based on Joss Whedon when he had attended high school , accounting for why Xander " gets all the good lines " .
Charisma Carpenter had originally planned to read for the role of Buffy , but was late for her audition and instead tried out for Cordelia . Although she had only fifteen minutes to prepare for the character , the producers were " really responsive " to Carpenter 's audition , and she left feeling confident she had got the part . After Carpenter 's audition , Gellar , who had been offered the role of Cordelia before Carpenter , was asked to come back and audition for the part of Buffy . Bianca Lawson originally won the role of Cordelia Chase , but turned it down due to other contractual obligations . Lawson would later be cast as vampire slayer Kendra in the show 's second season . Cordelia was originally intended to serve as a dramatic foil to Buffy , and to represent the characteristics of the less mature and shallower Buffy portrayed in the original film .
Julie Benz , who portrayed Darla , originally auditioned for the role of Buffy . However , Benz was later offered the minor role of Darla in the pilot episode . Although the character ( originally an unnamed minor vampire ) was supposed to die in the pilot , Whedon liked her performance so well that he named her and her character appeared in a few more episodes . Benz went on to portray Darla in several episodes of Buffy 's spin @-@ off television series , Angel . She later went on to say :
For me , I was a new actor to Los Angeles , didn ’ t know the TV business very well so I was just excited to work and play a vampire . I had no clue what I was going to do or how I was going to be scary . Until that is , they put the vampire makeup on me and I went into the trailer and smiled , which I thought was creepy . Joss always said he was intrigued that someone who looked like me and talked like me was like the scariest vampire ever . That ’ s what he wanted , my sweet voice and demeanour until all of a sudden I ’ m just this vicious vampire . "
Veteran character actor Mark Metcalf appeared in heavy prosthetic make @-@ up for the role of the Master , belying his iconic performance in the film National Lampoon 's Animal House ( 1978 ) as Douglas C. Neidermeyer . In 2011 , Metcalf recognized his role on Buffy as one of his favorites . Many actors auditioned for the part , but Whedon felt Metcalf played it with more complexity , bringing a " sly and kind of urbane " sensitivity and a charm to the villainy of the character . Kristine Sutherland was cast as Buffy 's mother Joyce . Sutherland , who disliked the horror genre , was not looking for acting jobs when her agent called her with the opportunity to play Joyce . Sutherland auditioned the same day as David Boreanaz , and was impressed with how naturally she felt at ease with the material in the scripts . Bob Flutie , Sunnydale High School 's principal , was originally played by Stephen Tobolowsky in the unaired pilot . Ken Lerner was cast as Flutie in the broadcast version .
Certain scenes , such as the argument between Giles and Buffy in the library , and Buffy 's first meeting with Angel , were re @-@ shot eight months after the first episode was recorded with both Whedon and Gellar feeling that Buffy was too angry in the original takes . Whedon subsequently teased Gellar that they were going to reshoot the scenes a third time . The high school used for external and some internal scenes in the series is Torrance High , the same school used for the series Beverly Hills , 90210 .
= = = Vampire effects = = =
Joss Whedon created the idea of " vamp faces , " which was to have vampires ' human features distort to become more demonic . Whedon wanted normal high school students that the other characters could interact with normally , only to have them turn out be vampires , therefore creating a sense of paranoia . He also wanted the vampires to be " clearly monsters , " as to not make it seem like a high school girl was killing normal ( looking ) people . The vampires originally appeared " very white @-@ faced , very creepy , very ghoulish " . This was toned down in later episodes as the makeup was too time @-@ consuming . Whedon claims that people thought the white faces to be " funny looking " but personally found it creepier , comparing it to the monsters in zombie movies such as Day of the Dead and The Evil Dead . The character of the Master was designed to be in vamp face permanently to highlight his age and make him appear more animalistic ; make @-@ up artist John Vulich based the Master 's appearance on a bat , reasoning that the character has devolved to a more primal , demonic state over the years . It was decided that vampires and their clothes would turn to dust after they died . This was done for practical storytelling reasons , so the characters would not have to spend time cleaning up bodies . This episode introduced with the idea that vampires ' clothes would resemble the era in which they died , with Buffy identifying one by his dated outfit . Joss Whedon felt this concept was a " charming notion " but ultimately rejected it for the most part because he believed that , if every vampire in the show was dressed in old
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enemy was devised from the mechanic : " Mutants " , captured humans that had turned hostile . The Mutants added a rescue element to the game that Jarvis believed made it more interesting to players and encouraged them to continue playing . The element of making a " comeback " from a dire situation was applied to the planet as well . Jarvis felt it mimicked the ups and downs of real life . " Bombers " , enemies which release floating bombs on the screen , were added next . More enemies were added to create different gameplay elements . " Swarmers " and " Pods " were designed to attack the spaceship as opposed to the astronauts . " Baiters " were included to add pressure to the player by preventing them from lingering . The enemies quickly follow the spaceship to collide with it , and were based on a similar enemy in Asteroids .
By September , the game was still unfinished , and almost every Williams programmer assisted in meeting the deadline for the AMOA trade show . The evening before the trade show , the arcade cabinets were delivered for display . The developers , however , forgot to create an attract mode — an automated sequence designed to entice an audience to play — for the game , and began working on it that night . Early the next morning , the team created the final EPROM chips for the mode and installed them in cabinets . The chips , however , did not work and the designers made additional attempts to correct the problem . Once the attract mode was operational , Jarvis and the team returned to their homes to prepare for the show . After the show , the developers expanded the game to allow users to play indefinitely . The display model featured five levels , which the team felt was more than enough because of the game 's difficulty . Most Williams employees could not progress past the third level and Jarvis 's score of 60 @,@ 000 points seemed unbeatable to them . The developers decided it was best to be prepared for players that might exceed their expectations and added more levels that repeated .
= = = Hardware = = =
The game features amplified monaural sound and pixel graphics on a CRT monitor . A Motorola 6809 central processing unit handles the graphics and gameplay , while a Motorola 6800 microprocessor handles the audio . A pack of three AA batteries provide power to save the game 's settings and high scores when the machine is unplugged from an electrical outlet . The cabinet artwork is stenciled on the wooden frame .
Development started by focusing on the game 's hardware . The staff first debated what type of monitor to use : black and white or color . They reasoned that using advanced technology would better establish them as good designers and chose a color monitor . The developers estimated that the game would require 4 colors , but instead chose hardware that could display each pixel in 16 colors . At the time , the designers believed that was more than they would ever need for a game . The monitor 's resolution is 320 × 256 , an expansion from the then industry standard of 256 × 256 . The staff believed that the wider screen provided a better aspect ratio and would improve the game 's presentation . Video games at the time relied on hardware to animate graphics , but the developers decided to use software to handle animation and programmed the game in assembly language . The switch allowed them to display more on @-@ screen objects at a lower cost .
The game 's control scheme uses a two @-@ way joystick and five buttons . Jarvis designed the controls to emulate both Space Invaders and Asteroids simultaneously . The player 's left hand manipulates the joystick similar to Space Invaders and the right hand pushes buttons similar to Asteroids . The button functions also use a similar layout to Asteroids , with the button to shoot projectiles and accelerate on the far right and left , respectively . Jarvis reasoned that players were accustomed to the control schemes of past games , and felt altering past designs would prove difficult for them .
= = Reception = =
Initially , the game was slow to gain popularity . Defender did not attract much attention at the 1980 AMOA show . In retrospect , Jarvis believed many passersby were intimidated by its complexity . The game , however , was well received in arcades , and crowds gathered around the cabinet during its first nights of play testing . The success spurred Williams to release a cocktail version as well . Defender eventually became Williams ' best selling arcade game , with over 55 @,@ 000 units sold worldwide . By 2004 , the game was a popular collector 's item ; the upright cabinets were common , while the cocktail models were more rare . Since its release , it has become one of the highest grossing arcade games ever , earning over US $ 1 billion . Williams employee Larry Demar was surprised at the game 's popularity , stating that it was the only game he 'd seen able to earn that quantity of quarters . Six months after its release , the game was one of the top earners in the United States video game industry . Mark Stearny of JoyStik magazine called Defender the most successful game in 1981 , commenting that it outperformed Pac @-@ Man .
The game garnered praise for its graphics , audio , and gameplay features . Gamespy 's David Cuciz lauded Defender 's challenging gameplay , commenting that it is representative of what other games should be . He described the graphics as " beautiful " , citing the varied sprites and flashing explosions . Matt Barton and Bill Loguidice of Gamasutra stated the audio @-@ visuals and gameplay 's depth balanced the excessive difficulty . They praised the game 's " catch and rescue " feature , as well as the minimap . Cuciz also praised the minimap , stating that the game is impossible without it and that it allows players to plan strategies . Author John Sellers praised the audio @-@ visuals and the connection between the game 's plot and gameplay . At the time of its release , Stan Jarocki , director of marketing at then competitor Midway Manufacturing , described the game as " amazing " . In 2008 , Guinness World Records listed it as the number six arcade game in technical , creative , and cultural impact . That same year , Retro Gamer rated the game number ten on their list of " Top 25 Arcade Games " , citing it as a technical achievement and a difficult title with addictive gameplay . Also in 2008 , Edge ranked Defender the sixth best game from the 1980s . The editors described its design as very " elegant " despite a lack of narrative and characters .
Defender is often described as one of the most difficult games in the industry . Softline in 1983 wrote that it " remains one of the hardest arcade games ever developed . Initial attempts lasting less than ten seconds are not uncommon for novices " . GameDaily in 2009 rated Defender the ninth most difficult game , citing the attack and rescue gameplay . Author Steven L. Kent called it " one of the toughest games in arcade history " . He also stated that novice players typically are able to play only a few seconds , and that enthusiasts saw proficiency at the game as a " badge of honor " . David Cuciz echoed similar comments . Sellers described Defender 's difficulty as " humbling " , saying that few could play it with proficiency . He further stated , however , that players would continue to play despite the difficulty . Author David Ellis attributes the game 's success to its challenging design . Its difficulty is often attributed to its complex control scheme . Edge magazine called Defender " one of the most difficult @-@ to @-@ master " games , describing its controls as " daunting " . Retro Gamer writer Craig Grannell called the game and controls " ruthless " and " complex " respectively .
In 1983 Softline readers named the Atari 8 @-@ bit version fifth on the magazine 's Top Thirty list of Atari programs by popularity . The magazine was more critical , however , stating that " The game 's appeal does not justify its unreasonable cost " of being shipped on cartridge .
= = Impact and legacy = =
Players have competed to obtain the highest score at the game and the longest play time on a single credit . Competitive playing for the longest play time was popularized by Mario Suarez from Atlantic City , who played Defender for over 21 and half hours in 1982 at the Claridge Casino Hotel in Atlantic City . It was authenticated by the Casino / hotel and the many witnesses that watched along with the Press of Atlantic City ; the media attention spurred other players to attempt the same feat . Expert players exploited software bugs to extend the length of their play time . Defender was the focus of the first Twin Galaxies video game contest . Players in 32 cities simultaneously competed the weekend of April 3 – 4 , 1982 . Rick Smith was the victor with a score of 33 @,@ 013 @,@ 200 which took 38 hours . One bug , related to how the game keeps track of scoring , allows players to earn a large number of " extra lives " . Players can then use the extra lives to leave the game unattended while they rest . Other bugs allow the ship to avoid damage from the enemies , also prolonging the length of play .
Professor Jim Whitehead listed Defender as the first horizontally scrolling shooting game , and describes it as a breakthrough title for its use of full 2D motion , multiple goals , and complex gameplay that provides players with several methods to play . James Hague of Dadgum Games called Defender a landmark title from the 1980s . Stearny said that the game 's use of scrolling helped remove design limitations associated with the screen . Cuciz stated that Defender 's use of scrolling introduce the " first true ' gaming environment ' " . He further said that though the game 's minimap feature had been introduced before , Defender integrated it into the gameplay in a more essential manner . Stearny described it as the most important space game in the early 1980s . He commented that its realism and technological advances pushed developers to create more popular games , citing Gorf and Phoenix as examples . Vince listed the game as a classic title that introduced new technology , specifically scrolling . Ellis stated that prior to Defender , companies designed video games to have a balanced challenge . They believed games should be easy enough to attract players , but difficult enough to limit play time to a few minutes ; anything too challenging would dissuade players . Loguidice and Barton commented that Defender 's success , along with Robotron : 2084 , illustrated that video game enthusiasts were ready for more difficult games , which spurred developers to create more complex game designs .
Jarvis 's contributions to the game 's development are often cited among his accolades . Author John Vince considered him as one of the originators of " high @-@ action " and " reflex @-@ based " arcade games , citing Defender 's gameplay among other games designed by Jarvis . Ellis stated that Jarvis established himself as an early " hard @-@ core " designer with Defender . In 2007 , IGN listed Eugene Jarvis as a top game designer whose titles ( Defender , Robotron : 2084 and Smash TV ) have influenced the video game industry . Barton and Loguidice stated that the game helped establish Williams and Jarvis as key figures in the arcade game industry . Sellers echoed similar comments . After the success of Defender , Williams expanded their business by building a new facility and hired more employees . Before the expansion , Jarvis could work in isolation . But the influx of people created an environment he was unhappy with . He left Williams along with DeMar to found their own development company , Vid Kidz . The company served as a consulting firm to Williams and developed two games for them .
= = = Remakes and sequels = = =
The success of Defender prompted Williams to approach Vid Kidz , who originally wanted to create a new game . DeMar , however , suggested creating an enhanced version of Defender to meet Williams ' four @-@ month deadline . Vid Kidz titled the game Stargate , and developed it as a sequel to Defender . It features new elements and improved the original 's performance . Some home ports of Stargate were released under the title Defender II for trademark purposes .
Williams released a Defender @-@ themed pinball machine in 1982 . It has many elements from the original game : sound effects , enemies , waves , and weapons . Williams produced less than 400 units , which have become rare machines .
Midway 's 1991 Strike Force is an arcade update to Defender in the same way that Smash TV is an update to Robotron : 2084 . Jarvis and DeMar assisted with the game , which was programmed by Todd Allen and Eric Pribyl . The game was not widely distributed .
Atari released Defender 2000 in 1995 for the Atari Jaguar console . It written by Jeff Minter who had previously updated Tempest as Tempest 2000 .
A 2002 remake , published simply as Defender , features 3D graphics and a third @-@ person viewpoint . It was released for the Xbox , Game Cube , and PlayStation 2 .
Emulated versions of Defender have been included in various home compilations , such as Williams Arcade 's Greatest Hits .
= = = Influenced games and clones = = =
Home games that copied Defender 's design include Gorgon for the Apple II ( 1981 ) , Repton for the Apple II ( 1983 ) , Defender 64 for the Commodore 64 ( 1983 ) , Dropzone for the Atari 8 @-@ bit family ( 1984 ) , Guardian for the Commodore 64 ( 1984 ) , and Planetoid for the BBC Micro ( 1984 ) .
Video game designer Jeff Minter based several of his games on Defender 's design .
Other games built upon the design elements of Defender , especially protecting people or vehicles along the ground in a horizontally scrolling world , such as Protector II for the Atari 8 @-@ bit family ( 1982 ) , Chopper Command for the Atari 2600 ( 1982 ) , and Choplifter for the Apple II ( 1982 ) .
= = = Cultural references = = =
The game has been referenced in music : Lou Reed 's song " Down At The Arcade " on his 1984 album New Sensations , Manilla Road 's song " Defender " on their 1982 album Metal , Buckner & Garcia 's song " The Defender " on their 1982 album Pac @-@ Man Fever , and the Beastie Boys ' song " Body Movin ' " on their 1998 album Hello Nasty . Nerdcore rapper mc chris mentions Defender in the chorus of his anthemic song " Never Give Up " from his 2008 album , MC Chris is Dead . Other artists to have used sound effects from Defender include Aphex Twin ( on " Mt Saint Michel + Saint Michaels Mount " and " Bucephalus Bouncing Ball " ) , and Limp Bizkit ( used to censor swearing on the clean version of " My Generation " ) . The game figured prominently and somewhat incongruously in the music video for the Sheena Easton song " Almost Over You " .
In 2004 , Tim Waggoner authored a novel called " Hyperswarm " based on the video game .
Defender and other Midway properties appear in the Toy @-@ to @-@ Game title Lego Dimensions . The ship from Defender plays a role in the final battle against the game 's villain Lord Vortech .
= New York State Route 474 =
New York State Route 474 ( NY 474 ) is a state highway located entirely within Chautauqua County in the westernmost corner of New York in the United States . It begins at the section of the Pennsylvania state line that runs north – south and runs eastward , initially paralleling the state line before taking a more northeasterly alignment toward Chautauqua Lake . The route ends adjacent to the lake at a junction with NY 394 in the town of Busti . NY 474 was originally designated as New York State Route 74 in 1930 before being renumbered to NY 474 c . 1973 . The route continues westward into Pennsylvania as Pennsylvania Route 474 ( PA 474 ) , which was assigned in the 1980s .
= = Route description = =
NY 474 begins at the Pennsylvania state line in the town of French Creek as a continuation of PA 474 , which in turn begins a short distance west of the state line in Wattsburg , Pennsylvania . NY 474 heads east through rural southwest Chautauqua County , briefly paralleling French Creek to the hamlet of Marvin before intersecting and briefly overlapping with NY 426 through the small hamlet of Cutting . NY 474 exits Cutting and continues on an easterly track into the town of Clymer and the hamlet of the same name , where it meets County Route 15 ( CR 15 ) , a local road leading from the Pennsylvania state line ( where the road continues south to Corry ) north to Sherman in the center of the community .
East of the hamlet of Clymer , NY 474 turns to the northeast , paralleling an old railroad bed to the community of North Clymer , where NY 474 intersects the southern terminus of NY 76 . Outside of North Clymer , the route returns to an east – west alignment prior to entering the town of Harmony and the village of Panama ( intersecting CR 33 in the latter ) in quick succession . NY 474 continues on , passing through the Harmony hamlet of Blockville and the North Harmony community of Ashville before terminating at NY 394 just west of the Lakewood village limits in the town of Busti .
= = History = =
All of what is now NY 474 was originally designated as part of NY 74 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 74 also initially continued east from Lakewood to Jamestown by way of modern NY 394 . The remainder of what is now NY 394 from Mayville south to Lakewood was designated as NY 17J . In the mid @-@ 1930s , NY 17J was extended eastward along NY 74 to rejoin NY 17 at Washington Street in Jamestown . The overlap was eliminated in the mid @-@ 1940s when NY 74 was truncated to Ashville . NY 74 remained unchanged until c . 1973 when it was renumbered to NY 474 . The change in number allowed for the NY 74 designation to be used for the westward continuation of Vermont Route 74 in Essex County . The short continuation of NY 474 west to Wattsburg , Pennsylvania , was designated as PA 474 in the 1980s .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Chautauqua County .
= Hurricane Florence ( 2000 ) =
Hurricane Florence attained Category 1 intensity on three separate occasions in mid @-@ September 2000 . The tenth tropical cyclone and sixth named storm of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season , Florence developed on September 20 from a cold front to the southwest of Bermuda . Initially a subtropical cyclone , it quickly organized , attaining hurricane status twice in a two @-@ day period before weakening while remaining nearly stationary . Florence accelerated northeastward , reaching peak winds as a hurricane after passing near Bermuda . On September 17 , the storm was absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone . Hurricane Florence threatened Bermuda during its third time at hurricane intensity , bringing tropical storm force winds to the island but causing no reported damage . However , three deaths in North Carolina were blamed on rip currents triggered by the hurricane on September 12 .
= = Meteorological history = =
During the first week of September , a cold front moved off the East Coast of the United States and stalled over the Atlantic Ocean . By September 8 , a weak frontal wave began developing along the cold front . Late on September 9 , convection increased over the broad low pressure area , and the overall system intensified beneath an upper @-@ level low . Subsequently , the system abandoned its frontal features as its appearance became more circular . With persistent but limited convection near and to the west of the center , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) estimated the system developed into a subtropical depression late on September 10 about 375 mi ( 604 km ) west @-@ southwest of Bermuda ; it was considered subtropical because the upper @-@ circulation was believed to have been cold @-@ core . Operationally , advisories on the system were not initiated until 21 hours later .
Subsequent to developing , deep convection began developing and increasing around the center . On September 11 , an Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit temperature cross @-@ section analysis indicated the system developed a warm thermal core ; as a result , it was re @-@ classified as Tropical Depression Ten . Convection continued increasing , and it intensified to tropical storm status by 1200 UTC . Operationally , it was considered a tropical depression , and significant strengthening was not expected . However , reports from Hurricane Hunters confirmed the presence of tropical storm force winds , and as a result the National Hurricane Center named the cyclone Florence . The storm continued quickly intensifying , and with the Hurricane Hunters reporting flight @-@ level winds of over 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) , it was estimated Florence attained hurricane status late on September 11 , or just six hours after the National Hurricane Center began issuing advisories on
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to sell them on the idea that a fresh face would bring believability to the part , but they were aware that she was Roddenberry 's girlfriend . Despite this they agreed to her casting , not wanting to upset Roddenberry at this point in the production . After the pilot was rejected , a second pilot was produced . While it was generally explained that the network disliked a female character as the second @-@ in @-@ command of the Enterprise , Solow had a different opinion of events . He explained that " No one liked her acting ... she was a nice woman , but the reality was , she couldn 't act . " " Where No Man Has Gone Before " successfully took Star Trek to a series order . Barrett had been given the role of voicing the computer on the USS Enterprise , but was demanding that Roddenberry write her into the main cast .
After seeing the initial proposal for " What Are Little Girls Made Of ? " , Barrett felt that she could play the woman who went into space to find her fiancé . She dyed her hair blonde in an attempt to fit the role . Barrett sought to surprise Roddenberry at his office , but he walked right past her , not recognizing who she was . It was only when he came back out give his secretary some papers that he realized it was Barrett . They had the idea that it might get her past the NBC executives and back onto the show . The character of Christine Ducheaux was subsequently changed to Christine Chapel by Roddenberry , as a play on the Sistine Chapel . No other actresses were considered for the role .
At the same time , story editor John D.F. Black wrote the initial script for " The Naked Time " , also early in the first season . The story featured a virus being transmitted amongst the ship 's crew , which removed their inhibitions . One element of Black 's story featured the addition of a nurse in sickbay , working to Doctor Leonard McCoy . Chapel was written into both these episodes by Roddenberry . The deception didn 't work , with NBC executive Jerry Stanley commenting simply " Well , well – look who 's back " to Solow . Roddenberry saw to it that the character of Christine Chapel would become a recurring one throughout the series , on @-@ par with Uhura . She remained unsatisfied with the role , but appreciated that since NBC had already fired her once , Roddenberry couldn 't expand the role .
For Star Trek : The Animated Series , Barrett was initially set to reprise the role of Chapel as well as voicing Uhura . Likewise James Doohan was to voice both his own Scotty as well as Hikaru Sulu . However , following the intervention of Leonard Nimoy , Nichelle Nichols and George Takei were both brought back to voice their own characters . Barrett returned in Star Trek : The Motion Picture as Chapel , which she described as a " very minimal role " , saying that " If no one had called me Commander Chapel , the audience wouldn 't really know that I was there . " Barrett said in the film franchise Chapel got lost along the way , not appearing in the second or third films despite her view that she was a main character in The Original Series . Nimoy brought back the character for Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home , and Barrett was grateful for his decision . The character was subsequently mentioned in the 2009 film Star Trek , which saw the characters from The Original Series re @-@ cast . Chapel was one of the suggested possibilities for Alice Eve to play in the sequel , Star Trek Into Darkness . It was later revealed that she was portraying Carol Marcus .
= = Appearances = =
In " What Are Little Girls Made Of ? " , it is explained that Chapel abandoned a career in bio @-@ research for a position in Starfleet . She had hoped that this would reunite her with her fiancé Dr. Roger Korby ( Michael Strong ) , incommunicado following his expedition to the planet Exo III . Five years after Korby 's disappearance , Chapel was assigned to the USS Enterprise , under the command of Captain James T. Kirk . She served as head nurse , working under Dr. McCoy ( DeForest Kelley ) .
While on @-@ board the ship , she began to develop feelings for Spock ( Leonard Nimoy ) , admitting as such in " The Naked Time " . Her actions in that episode resulted in the Psi 2000 intoxication unwittingly being further spread among the crew . The ship reached Exo III in " What Are Little Girls Made Of ? " . Captain Kirk ( William Shatner ) and Chapel beam down and discover Korby had been exploiting a sophisticated android manufacturing technology on the planet . After Chapel is horrified to find out that Korby had transplanting his personality into an android replica , he kills himself in despair . Roddenberry later co @-@ wrote in The Making of Star Trek that the actions of that episode resulted in Chapel breaking her ties to Earth devotes herself to Starfleet service .
After Korby 's death , Chapel doubted if she should stay aboard , but elected to remain with the Enterprise throughout the five @-@ year mission . Chapel 's feelings for Spock were revisited and alluded to only a few times in the series , most notably in " Plato 's Stepchildren " . In the episode , the Platonians telekinetically force Chapel and Spock to kiss passionately . This humiliates Chapel despite her long @-@ standing feelings for him . In the episode " Amok Time " , she brings Spock some soup to help him through a sacred Vulcan ritual , the Pon farr . He angrily refuses the soup and throws it at the wall , but later thanks Chapel for her thoughtfulness .
Chapel appeared in two of the Star Trek films featuring The Original Series cast . In Star Trek : The Motion Picture , Chapel had become a doctor on @-@ board the Enterprise . Her second appearance was in Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home , where she and Janice Rand ( Grace Lee Whitney ) were stationed in Starfleet Headquarters in San Francisco . In the 2009 film Star Trek , a Nurse Chapel is mentioned by McCoy ( Karl Urban ) . In the 2013 film Star Trek Into Darkness , Carol Marcus ( Alice Eve ) tells Kirk ( Chris Pine ) that after being with him , Chapel left to become a nurse .
= = Reception = =
= = = Cast and crew = = =
Executive producer Robert H. Justman didn 't care for Chapel ; he described her as a " wimpy , badly written , and ill @-@ conceived character . " He added that the additional camera lenses used by director Jerry Finnerman in that episode for close @-@ ups of her quivering lip only " served to emphasise the lack of character written into the character . " He had complained to Roddenberry of Barrett 's acting skills , but stopped when he became aware of their relationship . It was only after Barrett 's first appearance as Lwaxana Troi in the Star Trek : The Next Generation episode " Haven " , that he came to realise that it was the Chapel character he disliked , not Barrett herself and told her that his opinion had changed . Barrett also didn 't care for the character of Chapel , saying " I 've never been a real aficionado of Nurse Chapel , I figured she was kind of weak and namdy @-@ pamdy . "
Writer David Gerrold , who worked with the staff of The Original Series following his work on the episode " The Trouble with Tribbles " , described Chapel as being one of a second @-@ tier set of characters including Uhura , Scotty and Sulu , who were not given as much explosure during the series as the main characters of Kirk , Spock and McCoy . He explained that she was the only one of the second level of characters whose motivations were explored , however , her primary focus on @-@ board the ship was simply to be in love with Spock . Gerrold explained that there was a need to demonstrate the " aloofness " of the Vulcan character , and so this resulted in a character whose love of him needed to be rebuffed , thus giving Chapel her purpose . He suggested that this caused Chapel to be disliked the fandom because " Female fans saw her as a threat to their own fantasies and male fans saw her as a threat to Spock 's Vulcan stoicism . " But added that those fans were surprised when they met Barrett at science fiction conventions , as they found her likeable in person . By the time of the 2009 film Star Trek , the character had become more popular among fans , who were asking if she would appear in the new films .
= = = Critical reception = = =
In her essay " The Audience as Auteur . Women , Star Trek and ' Vidding ' " in the book Gene Roddenberry 's Star Trek : The Original Cast Adventures , Francesca Coppa said that she saw the switch from Number One to Chapel for Barrett as " degradation on every level : role , status and image " . The role was described as " consolation " in Cary O 'Dell 's book June Cleaver Was a Feminist ! : Reconsidering the Female Characters of Early Television , but it was felt that Barrett " made the most of it " . The position of a nurse was described by O 'Dell as a traditional female role , but that Chapel would stand up to McCoy 's orders when required . Her promotion to Doctor in The Motion Picture was praised by author Gladys L. Knight in her book Female Action Heroes : A Guide to Women in Comics , Video Games , Film , and Television .
Reviewer were critical of her relationship with Spock , with Jan Johnson @-@ Smith describing Chapel in American Science Fiction TV as " a woman condemned to forever lust after the elusive Vulcan " , and that she was one of several female characters in the series who were " depicted as recognisable stereotypes " . Coppa also discussed this , calling the character as being a typical damsel in distress , existing " merely to pine " . But the relationship was also seen positively , with Torie Atkinson , at Tor.com , said of Chapel in " Amok Time " that " her affection is so transparent and sweet . " In The Making of Star Trek by Roddenberry and Stephen E. Whitfield , her feelings towards Spock are said to not be unique as they are shared by many of the female crew on @-@ board the Enterprise . It is also further explained that McCoy is aware of her feelings , but displays " fatherly affection " towards her and never " childes " her for this .
Her appearances in episodes were commented on , with Wei Ming Dariotis critical that the single @-@ mindedness of the plot for " Amok Time " in not allowing Spock to have sex with Chapel , or any other woman , and thus solve the problem of his Pon farr . But Eugene Myers at Tor.com praised Chapel , saying that the most interesting part of " What Are Little Girls Made Of ? " was that it was based primarily on her , while Keith DeCandido said that this resulted in the episode being the " Kirk @-@ and @-@ Chapel show " to the detriment of the other characters .
= Bound 2 =
" Bound 2 " is a song by American rapper Kanye West , featured as the final track from his sixth studio album , Yeezus ( 2013 ) . It was produced by West and Che Pope , with additional production being handled by Eric Danchick , Noah Goldstein , No ID and Mike Dean . The song features vocals from American soul singer Charlie Wilson and serves as the album 's second single . " Bound 2 " incorporates samples from " Bound " by Ponderosa Twins Plus One and the line " Uh @-@ huh , honey " from Brenda Lee 's " Sweet Nothin 's " .
The controversial music video features his wife Kim Kardashian West , topless , riding on a motorbike with West through various landscapes . " Bound 2 " received general acclaim from music critics , who referred to the song as one of the highlights of the album , comparing its soul influenced , sample @-@ based production to West 's debut studio album , The College Dropout ( 2004 ) . The song peaked at number 55 on the UK Singles Chart and 12 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart .
= = Background and composition = =
On June 1 , 2013 , West revealed the cover of his sixth studio album Yeezus and premiered a 13 @-@ second preview of " Bound 2 " . It was only one of three songs that were previewed prior to the album 's release , the others being " New Slaves " and " Black Skinhead " .
" Bound 2 " features substantial soul music samples , which critics noted as reminiscent of West 's production style in his earlier work . The song is predominantly built around a sample taken from " Bound " , a song by soul @-@ group Ponderosa Twins Plus One from their 1971 album , 2 + 2 + 1 = Ponderosa Twins Plus One . Interpolations from " Aeroplane ( Reprise ) " , written by Norman Whiteside and performed by Wee and the line " Uh @-@ huh , honey " from the song " Sweet Nothin 's " , written by Ronnie Self and performed by country singer Brenda Lee were also utilized in the song . Lee reacted to the sampling of her song on the track , saying :
As I 've said , it 's always nice to be recognized . It says a wonderful thing about Ronnie Self , who wrote the song . That 50 years after it was written , somebody in Kanye 's camp knew the song and said , ' Let 's use it . ' That 's a compliment to Ronnie .
On February 15 , 2014 , Hudson Mohawke played an original version of " Bound 2 " during a DJ set in Leeds . The earlier version features piano @-@ driven production and a much more stripped down ending compared to the album version . Rapper / Producer Tyler , The Creator revealed over Twitter that he helped produce the original version along with Hudson Mohawke .
= = Release and promotion = =
" Bound 2 " was revealed to be the second single released from Yeezus in August 2013 , following " Black Skinhead " . On September 9 , 2013 , West appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon for the first time , to promote his upcoming Yeezus Tour . During his appearance , he performed " Bound 2 " with Charlie Wilson , The Roots and a male children 's choir . It was his first national television performance of the song . The song was also performed on the season premiere of Later ... with Jools Holland by West and Wilson on September 17 , 2013 . To take a more minimal approach , they were accompanied by just the song 's signature Ponderosa Twins sample and a brief piano intro for the Later ... with Jools Holland performance .
= = Critical reception = =
" Bound 2 " received universal acclaim from music critics . Rolling Stone described " Bound 2 " as " maybe the most audacious song he 's ever written , not to mention the most beautiful . " Julian Kimble of Complex called the song " a brilliant way to end the album " and wrote that it " stands out as a love song — a dark , twisted fantasy of a love song , perhaps , but one that 's beautiful in its own way . " David Jeffries of AllMusic described " Bound 2 " as a " new wave beauty of a closer . " Writing for The A.V. Club , Evan Rytlewski referred to the song as " an overt homage to West 's bright early production , reimagining The College Dropout 's cheerful chipmunk soul . " Dan Buyanovsky of XXL called it the album 's " emotional and musical highlight ... a perfect sendoff that reminds you of Kanye 's roots while pointing you in the direction of his future . " A writer for the Kitsap Sun cited " Bound 2 " as a " classic Yeezy effort " and " arguably the album 's best track . "
XXL positioned it at number 17 on their list of the best songs of 2013 . They said , " ' Bound 2 ' showed the doubters that he could still give them the soul @-@ soaked laments that everyone wanted , he just decided not to . But that doesn 't mean this song is a throwaway — the video might be more of one than the song itself — this is Kanye 's introspection colliding with his self @-@ doubt in a way that is eminently relatable to anyone with a pulse . " NME ranked " Bound 2 " at number 22 on their list of the 50 best songs of 2013 ; " in Kanye 's mind this is what constituted a pop song : sped up ' 70s soul samples , a totally unconventional structure and lyrical gems . " Pitchfork Media positioned " Bound 2 " at number 40 on their list of the top 100 tracks of 2013 . They commented , " On an album that takes itself awful seriously throughout , " Bound 2 " is something that recontextualizes the entire affair , leaving more questions than answers . "
The song was nominated for Best Rap / Sung Collaboration and Best Rap Song at the 2015 Grammy Awards .
= = Music video = =
On November 16 , 2013 , it was revealed that West would be premiering the music video for " Bound 2 " on The Ellen DeGeneres Show the following week . The Nick Knight @-@ directed music video was released on November 19 , 2013 . The video features his then @-@ fiancée Kim Kardashian , topless , riding atop West 's motorbike through Monument Valley and other landscapes . Eric Diep of XXL described it as , " a confident display of love and passion with little to no narrative . " Spin felt that " a pretty bad idea seen through so completely that it stops being a bad idea " . Tom Breihan from Stereogum found the video confusing , saying " it 'll take a little bit to figure out what all 's going on there " . Lanre Bakare of The Guardian described it as " self @-@ indulgent , idiosyncratic and a bit weird " .
On November 25 , 2013 , " Bound 3 " , a parody of the music video was released , starring actors James Franco and Seth Rogen . The parody is a shot @-@ for @-@ shot remake , filmed while they were shooting their upcoming movie The Interview . Afterwards , Kim Kardashian revealed through Twitter that she and West found the video to be very funny . On December 11 , 2013 , the music video was parodied in the South Park episode " The Hobbit " , where West is shown trying to convince the world that Kardashian is not a hobbit . On December 21 , 2013 , the video was parodied on Saturday Night Live , with cast members portraying the couple having sex while riding a red @-@ nosed reindeer .
= = Lawsuit = =
On December 23 , 2013 , Ricky Spicer of the Ponderosa Twins Plus One filed a lawsuit against West over the sample of the group 's song , " Bound , " alleging that he used Spicer 's voice without permission . Spicer asked that West pay him or cease and desist using his vocals . Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella Records , Universal Music Group , Island Def Jam , and Rhino Entertainment were all named in the lawsuit along with West .
= = Remixes = =
British drum and bass duo Sigma created a remix of the song entitled " Nobody to Love " featuring vocals from Daniel Pearce which was officially released on April 6 , 2014 . It topped the UK Singles Chart upon release , with sales of over 121 @,@ 000 copies in the first week .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Yeezus .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Unforgiven ( 2005 ) =
Unforgiven ( 2005 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It was the seventh annual Unforgiven event and took place on September 18 , 2005 , at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . The event featured wrestlers and other talent that performed on the Raw program . To date , it is the only WWE pay @-@ per @-@ view event ever to be held in the state of Oklahoma .
The main event was a standard wrestling match , in which Kurt Angle defeated WWE Champion John Cena , after Cena used the Championship belt on Angle , leading to a disqualification . In WWE , a championship cannot change hands via countout or disqualification , as a result , Cena retained the title . Two featured bouts on the undercard was another standard match , in which Shawn Michaels defeated Chris Masters . The other primary match was a steel cage match , where the ring is enclosed by a steel cage , in which Matt Hardy defeated Edge .
Unforgiven grossed over $ 485 @,@ 000 in ticket sales from an attendance of approximately 8 @,@ 000 , and received about 243 @,@ 000 pay @-@ per @-@ view buys . This amount was higher than the following year 's event . When the event was released on DVD , it reached a peak position of third on Billboard 's DVD Sales Chart .
= = Background = =
Eight professional wrestling matches were scheduled on the event 's card beforehand , which were planned with predetermined outcomes by WWE 's script writers . The buildup to these matches and scenarios that took place before , during and after the event were also planned by the script writers . The event featured wrestlers and other talent from Raw 's brand – a storyline expansion in which WWE assigned its employees . Wrestlers portrayed either a villainous or fan favorite gimmick , as they followed a series of events which generally built tension , leading to a wrestling match .
The main rivalry written into Unforgiven was between John Cena and Kurt Angle , who were competing for Cena 's WWE Championship . At SummerSlam , Cena defeated Chris Jericho to retain the WWE Championship . A rematch was held on the August 22 episode of Raw , one of WWE 's primary television programs , when authority figure Eric Bischoff , a portrayed match maker and rules enforcer , announced a match between Cena and Jericho in a " You 're Fired " match , in which the loser would be fired . The match saw Cena win , and Bischoff was scripted to fire a pleading Jericho , who was carried out of the arena by security . This angle was written after WWE 's official website confirmed that Jericho signed a short @-@ term contract extension to stay with the company after his long @-@ term contract expired , which presumably ended after his loss to Cena . Kurt Angle came down to the ring and attacked Cena by lifting Cena on his shoulders and spinning 90 ° to slam him down to the mat , a move Angle calls the Angle Slam . As Cena was down , Bischoff announced that Angle was the new contender for the WWE Championship , claiming that Jericho " couldn 't get the job done " . Angle continued his attacks on Cena before their scheduled match at Unforgiven . On the August 29 episode of Raw , Cena was scheduled in a Handicap match , a match where one wrestler or team of wrestlers face off against a team of wrestlers with numerical superiority such as two against one , or three against two . He faced Tyson Tomko and Angle . Cena won the match by pinning Tomko after lifting Tomko onto his shoulders and slamming him down to the mat . Afterwards , Angle assaulted Cena , which led to Angle being scripted to smash Cena 's ankle across the ring post , thus giving Angle the advantage heading into Unforgiven .
Another major rivalry heading into the event was between Shawn Michaels and Chris Masters . This feud began the night after SummerSlam , where Michaels lost a match to Hulk Hogan . Michaels admitted he fell victim to Hogan 's leg drop , a move where Hogan drops his legs across the opponent 's head or chest . He concluded that Hogan was the better man and it was time to get " back to reality " . Mid @-@ way through Michaels ' speech , Masters interrupted him and informed Michaels that individuals like Hogan and Michaels did not know how to pass the torch to new wrestlers . Michaels went along with Masters ' comments and warned Masters to not group him with Hogan . Masters concluded by stating that he was not " trying " to steal the spotlight from Michaels , but that he was going to " take it " . Michaels responded by saying that he knew where Masters was coming from , which led to Michaels slapping Masters . The two then brawled , thus turning Michaels into an on @-@ screen hero , as he had been a villain in rivalry between Hogan . On the September 5 episode of Raw , Michaels was involved in the Masterlock Challenge , a challenge where the wrestler must break free from Master 's full Nelson submission hold , which he calls the Master Lock . Despite Michaels ' best efforts , he could not break free . Upset at the vigorous resistance of Michaels , Masters released the hold and hit Michaels with a steel chair before re @-@ applying the hold . The following week , Michaels issued a challenge to Masters at Unforgiven , in which he vowed to get revenge on Masters for his actions the previous week .
The other predominant rivalry heading into the event was between Matt Hardy and Edge , a real life issue transformed into a storyline . At SummerSlam , Edge defeated Hardy after dropping him onto the top of a ring post . This was scripted to caused Hardy to bleed heavily , which forced the referee to end the match and declare Edge the winner because Hardy could not continue . The next night on Raw , Hardy had a match with Rob Conway , in which Conway pinned Hardy for the win . After the match , Edge attacked Hardy . On the August 29 episode of Raw , Edge and Hardy were scheduled to compete in a Street Fight , a match where there are no disqualifications , no countouts , and scoring conditions can occur anywhere in the arena . The match ended in a no @-@ contest after Hardy and Edge brawled at the stage ramp . Hardy grabbed Edge by the side and threw both himself and Edge off the stage and into electrical equipment . Both Hardy and Edge laid motionless on the floor as sparks flew everywhere . Trainers and emergency medical technicians rushed to the scene and took both men away in ambulances for medical attention . The following week , Bischoff booked Hardy and Edge in a steel cage match at Unforgiven , where the ring would be enclosed by a steel cage . Following the announcement , Bischoff scheduled a match between Hardy and Snitsky , which Hardy lost . After the match , Snitsky threatened to hit Hardy with a ring bell but The Big Show came down . He was unable to stop Snitsky , and as a result , Snitsky succeeded in hitting Hardy with the bell .
The Divas rivalry heading into the event was between Ashley Massaro and the stable known as Vince 's Devils . A week after winning the Diva Search , Massaro was attacked by Torrie Wilson and Candice Michelle , who were traded to Raw , after they pretended to congratulate her , turning both Torrie and Candice into heels . After their villainous turns , Torrie and Candice aligned with Victoria to form Vince 's Devils , and the trio spent weeks tormenting her , which included Massaro suffering a pair of losses to Victoria and Torrie . On the September 12 edition of Raw , Trish Stratus returned from injury and helped Massaro fight off the Devils , leading to the announcement that Torrie and Victoria would face Massaro and Stratus at Unforgiven .
= = Event = =
Before the event went live on pay @-@ per @-@ view , Rob Conway defeated Tajiri in a match taped for Heat , one of WWE 's secondary television programs .
= = = Preliminary matches = = =
The first televised match was a standard wrestling match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship , which involved the champion Carlito and challenger Ric Flair . The match began with Flair taking down Carlito with a series of headlock takeovers . Carlito was able to hit Flair with his forearm , but Flair brought Carlito down with an Inverted atomic drop . Flair later went for the figure four leglock , but Carlito reversed it . After back and forth action between the two , Flair took the advantage and applied the figure four leglock on Carlito . By making him tap out , Flair became the new Intercontinental Champion , the oldest in WWE history at 56 .
The next match was a tag team match featuring the team of Trish Stratus and Ashley against the team of Victoria and Torrie Wilson ( with Candice Michelle as Victoria and Wilson 's manager ) . The match started off with Wilson and Stratus in the ring . Wilson tagged in Victoria , who applied a full @-@ body choke on Stratus , but Stratus started to work on Victoria 's arm . Victoria countered Stratus ' arm takedown . Stratus then performed a takedown by scissoring Victoria 's head with her legs and forcefully dragging her down to the mat . Back and forth action continued ; the match , however , came to an end when Stratus was able to perform a roundhouse kick on Victoria , giving the pinfall victory to Stratus and Ashley .
The third match was a standard match between The Big Show and Snitsky . The match began with Big Show and Snitsky brawling as the bell rang . Big Show was able to perform a big slap to the chest and headbutt . Snitsky then took the upper hand over Big Show , as he applied an armbar hold , after countering a chokeslam , a move where The Big Show lifts the opponent by the throat and slams them down to the mat . Big Show then made a comeback when he lifted Snitsky by the waist and slammed him down to the mat . Big Show then got the victory after a successful chokeslam .
The next match was another standard match involving Shelton Benjamin and Kerwin White . White tried to get in the ring , but Benjamin slid out and tripped him . Benjamin threw White into the ring barricade , which led him to throw him back in the ring as the bell rang to officially start the match . In the ring , Benjamin lifted and slammed White to the mat , which followed by a running forearm . White retaliated with a dropkick to Benjamin 's knee . The match concluded after White grabbed a golf club that he hid in the steel steps and tried to assault Benjamin with it . Benjamin , however , countered by throwing White up in the air and catching him by slamming him down to the mat . Benjamin covered White and got the pinfall victory .
The fifth match was a Steel Cage match contested between Matt Hardy and Edge , who was accompanied by Lita . As the bell rang , Hardy tried to throw Edge face @-@ first into the cage wall but did not succeed . Back and forth action took place until Hardy got the advantage over Edge . Lita began to climb up the outside of the cage , but Hardy hit the cage , making Lita fall off . As Lita distracted Hardy , Edge started to crawl out . Hardy noticed this , grabbed Edge , and threw him into a corner . Lita interfered , which led to Hardy grabbing Lita 's head in a forward position and forcefully pulling it down over his shoulders . Hardy turned around and was hit with a spear but he kicked out . Hardy knocked Edge off the turnbuckle Hardy got to the top of the cage and delivered a leg drop before covering Edge for the victory .
= = = Main event matches = = =
The next match was Rosey and The Hurricane taking on Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch for the World Tag Team Championship . The match started with Hurricane and Cade locked up ( that is , grappling ) . Cade managed to gain the advantage over Hurricane with some fists . During the match , Murdoch drove Hurricane 's head into the floor on the outside of the ring . WWE Medical trainers came to ringside to check on Hurricane . The match concluded when Cade pinned the legitimately injured Hurricane , to win the World Tag Team Championship .
The seventh match was a standard match between Shawn Michaels and Chris Masters . The match started with Masters applying the Masterlock on Michaels . After breaking the hold , Michaels hit Masters with his forearm and slapped his chest several times . Masters , however , dominated Michaels , focusing on his back by lifting and sitting Michaels onto his shoulders and slamming him down to the mat several times . He also lifted Michaels vertically in the air and stalled him there before slamming him down . Michaels fought back , as he drove his cocked elbow onto Masters ' chest . Masters was able to
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umble and 8 @-@ yard loss , and the next two plays followed by a penalty forced a fourth down and goal 10 yards from the end zone , and Leaf 's fourth down pass was incomplete . On the final game of the season on December 24 , Leaf made a 71 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Jeff Graham on the first play from scrimmage , but San Diego lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 34 – 21 . In the game , Leaf completed 15 of 29 passes for 171 yards , 1 touchdown , and 1 interception and fumbled his final snap . After finishing the season 1 – 15 , the Chargers released Leaf on February 28 , 2001 . In three years with San Diego , Leaf had only four wins as a starter . For the 2000 season , Leaf completed 50 % ( 161 of 322 ) of his passes for 1 @,@ 883 yards , 11 touchdowns , and 18 interceptions .
= = = Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2001 ) = = =
On March 2 , 2001 , two days after the Chargers released him , Leaf was claimed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , who were intrigued by his physical talent and planned to develop him more slowly , giving him time to watch and learn . Leaf 's wrist had still not healed , and doctors recommended surgery . After mediocre preseason performances , he was asked to accept demotion to fourth quarterback status on the team and accept a lower salary . He refused , and was released on September 3 , five days before the start of the 2001 season .
= = = Dallas Cowboys ( 2001 ) = = =
His next attempt at a comeback was with the Dallas Cowboys , who signed him after the Buccaneers released him , but he failed his first physical and was let go on September 5 . After regular starter Quincy Carter suffered an injury , the Cowboys signed Leaf again on October 12 . The Cowboys released him in May 2002 after he had appeared in only four games — all losses — throwing for a four @-@ game total of 494 yards with only one touchdown and three interceptions .
= = = Retirement and legacy = = =
Days later , he got still another chance when the Seattle Seahawks signed him to a one @-@ year contract , planning to let him develop slowly ( as the Buccaneers had done ) to allow his still @-@ injured wrist time to heal . He attended the team 's spring minicamps and seemed upbeat about his new team , but then abruptly retired at the age of 26 just before the start of the Seahawks ' 2002 training camp , offering no explanation at first . Seahawk coach and general manager Mike Holmgren told the media Leaf 's wrist didn 't bother him with either the Cowboys or the Seahawks .
During his brief career in the NFL , Leaf appeared in 25 games and made 21 starts . He completed 317 of 655 ( 48 @.@ 4 % ) passes for 3 @,@ 666 yards , with 14 touchdowns and 36 interceptions and a career quarterback rating of only 50 @.@ 0 . After hearing of Leaf 's retirement , Rodney Harrison , one of his most outspoken critics on the Chargers , said , " He took the money and ran . Personally , I could never rest good at night knowing my career ended like that . Normally in this game , you get back what you put into it , and he pretty much got back what he put into it . "
The ESPN sports network put Leaf first on its list of 25 biggest sports flops between 1979 and 2004 . NBC Sports commentator Michael Ventre called him " the biggest bust in the history of professional sports " . Since Leaf 's retirement , sportswriters and commentators have characterized subsequent drafted potential NFL quarterback flops as " the next Ryan Leaf " . In 2010 , the NFL Network listed Leaf as the number one NFL quarterback bust of all time , adding that the only good that came out of drafting Leaf for the Chargers is that it put the team in position to draft LaDainian Tomlinson , Drew Brees , and eventually ( after it initially appeared Brees himself would be a draft bust ) Philip Rivers . In lists of " Worst NFL Draft Picks Ever " compiled since 2010 , Leaf is always listed in either 1st or 2nd place , directly ahead of or only trailing JaMarcus Russell as the worst NFL draft pick of all time .
Deadspin ranked Leaf as the 6th worst NFL player of all time in 2011 , opining " To call Leaf a bust is unfair to the Blair Thomases and David Carrs of the world . "
More recently , Dish Network included Leaf in their " Biggest NFL Bust Bracket " where he was a " 1 Seed " along with fellow busts Jamarcus Russell , Tony Mandarich , and David Carr .
On February 4 , 2016 in an interview with Yahoo ! Sports , Leaf himself compared the problems of Cleveland Browns quarterback Johnny Manziel to his own , saying it was like " looking in the mirror " and that the only difference was that Leaf 's substance abuse problems happened after he retired . Leaf went on to state that Manziel is able to get the help he needs .
= = Life after football = =
After retiring from professional football , Leaf returned to San Diego and became a financial consultant . In 2004 , Leaf resumed his education at Washington State University and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in humanities in May 2005 . The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune reported that among his classes in the spring 2005 was a sports management course titled Media Relations .
He then joined Don Carthel 's West Texas A & M University staff as a volunteer quarterbacks coach in 2006 , commenting , " About a year after I retired from playing , I decided that I wanted to get back to college , where I had the greatest time of my life , and to get involved with college football . " He also admitted that he was unprepared for the NFL when he was drafted back in 1998 . In April 2008 , ESPN described Leaf as having come to terms with his past . He said at the time , " When playing football became a job , it lost its luster for me . I kind of got out of the spotlight , and life 's never been this good . "
But in November 2008 he was put on indefinite leave , and resigned the next day , from his coaching position at West Texas A & M for allegedly asking one of his players for a pill to help him deal with pain in his wrist from past injuries .
In October 2009 , he went to work in Vancouver , British Columbia as business @-@ development manager for a travel company .
In September 2010 , he began writing a regular column about Washington State University football for the website Cougfan.com. He wrote nine columns that football season and his work attracted a strong following among Washington State fans . In December 2010 , he signed a contract with Pullman , Washington @-@ based Crimson Oak Publishing to write no fewer than three memoirs . Crimson Oak describes its mission as publishing books with themes of " hope , possibility , and determination . " Crimson Oak released Leaf 's first book 596 Switch : The Improbable Journey from The Palouse to Pasadena in October 2011 . The book focuses on the 1997 Washington State football team that made the 1998 Rose Bowl .
= = Personal life = =
In 2001 , Leaf married Nicole Lucia , a Charger cheerleader and daughter of financial radio host Ray Lucia . They separated in November 2003 and eventually divorced .
His younger brother Brady was a backup quarterback and cornerback for the Oregon Ducks football team from 2003 to 2006 .
In September 2010 , the Associated Press reported that Leaf was spending time with his family in Montana .
In June 2011 , he had a benign tumor from his brainstem surgically removed .
= = = Legal troubles = = =
In May 2009 , Leaf was indicted on burglary and controlled @-@ substance charges in Texas . He was in a drug @-@ rehabilitation program in British Columbia at the time of the indictment , and was arrested by customs agents at the border on his return to the U.S as he was intending to fly to Texas to surrender on the indictment . However , his attorney Jeffrey A. Lustick successfully blocked the fugitive warrant extradition process , therefore legally allowing Leaf to go to Texas on his own . Lustick later successfully got the Washington fugitive action against Leaf dismissed with prejudice . On June 17 , he posted a $ 45 @,@ 000 bond in Washington state for the criminal charges in Texas . In April 2010 , he pleaded guilty in Amarillo , Texas to seven counts of obtaining a controlled substance by fraud and one count of delivery of a simulated controlled substance , all felonies . State District Judge John B. Board sentenced him to ten years of probation and fined him $ 20 @,@ 000 .
On March 30 , 2012 , he was arrested on burglary , theft and drug charges in his home town of Great Falls , Montana . Four days later he was arrested again on burglary , theft , and two counts of criminal possession of dangerous drugs . As part of a plea bargain on May 8 , 2012 , he pleaded guilty to one count of felony burglary and one count of criminal possession of a dangerous drug .
In late April 2012 , Texas authorities issued two arrest warrants for him and set his bond at $ 126 @,@ 000 .
On June 19 , 2012 , Leaf was sentenced to seven years in custody of the Montana Department of Corrections , with two years suspended if he abided by the conditions imposed by District Judge Kenneth Neil in Montana . He was to spend the first nine months of his sentence in a lockdown addiction treatment facility , Nexus Treatment Center in Lewistown , Montana . But on January 17 , 2013 , Leaf was remanded to Montana State Prison in Deer Lodge after being found guilty of " behavior that violated conditions of his drug treatment placement . " He was also accused of threatening a program staff member .
In May 2014 , Leaf was incarcerated at Crossroads Correctional Facility in Shelby , Montana .
On September 9 , 2014 , a Texas judge sentenced Leaf to five years ' imprisonment , giving credit for time spent in prison in Montana . According to ESPN , Leaf would not see further time in jail , but would also not be released from Montana prison . On December 3 , 2014 , Leaf was released from prison and placed under the supervision of Great Falls Probation and Parole .
= = Writing = =
Leaf , Ryan D. ( 2011 ) . 596 Switch : The Improbable Journey from The Palouse to Pasadena . Pullman , Washington : Crimson Oak Publishing . ISBN 0982950535 .
= 1903 Jamaica hurricane =
The 1903 Jamaica hurricane devastated Martinique , Jamaica , and the Cayman Islands in August 1903 . The second tropical cyclone of the season , the storm was first observed well east of the Windward Islands on August 6 . The system moved generally west @-@ northwestward and strengthened into a hurricane on August 7 . It struck Martinique early on August 9 , shortly before reaching the Caribbean Sea . Later that day , the storm became a major hurricane . Early on August 11 , it made landfall near Morant Point , Jamaica , with winds of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) , with would be the hurricane 's maximum sustained wind speed . Early on the following day , the storm brushed Grand Cayman at the same intensity . The system weakened before landfall near Playa del Carmen , Quintana Roo , early on August 13 , with winds of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) . The system emerging into the Gulf of Mexico early on August 14 after weakening while crossing the Yucatán Peninsula , but failed to re @-@ strengthen . Around 00 : 00 UTC on August 16 , the cyclone made landfall north of Tampico , Tamaulipas , with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . The hurricane soon weakened to a tropical storm and dissipated over San Luis Potosí late on August 16 .
In Martinique , hundreds of homes were deroofed in Fort @-@ de @-@ France , while about 5 @,@ 000 people were left homeless in the villages of Fond , Fourniols , La Haye , Recluce , and Tivoli , all of which were established after the eruption of Mount Pelée in 1902 . The hurricane also left extensive damage to crops and eight fatalities . In Jamaica , several communities were completely or nearly destroyed , including Manchioneal , Port Antonio , and Port Maria . Thousands of homes also suffered damage in the capital city of Kingston . Banana crops were devastated so severely that many growers were forced into bankruptcy . Numerous ships were wrecked , particularly on the north coast of the island . There were at least 65 deaths and about $ 10 million ( 1903 USD ) in damage . In the Cayman Islands , more than 200 houses and seven of eight churches on Grand Cayman were destroyed or heavily damaged . Of the 23 ships in the harbor , only the Governor Blake survived . Most of the crews on board those ships were reported killed , but loss of life on shore was minimal . The storm also caused heavy damage on the Yucatán Peninsula . Many ships were wrecked and communications were cutoff in several places . In the Tampico area , there was considerable damage to the port and many ships being sunk or driven ashore . Much of the land between Tampico and Cárdenas in San Luis Potosí was submerged due to flooding . In all , the storm is believed to have killed at least 149 people .
= = Meteorological history = =
A tropical storm was first observed by a ship about 835 mi ( 1 @,@ 345 km ) northeast of Cayenne , French Guiana , early on August 6 , according to historic weather maps . However , due to scarce observations , its genesis likely occurred earlier than this time but was undetected operationally . With initial winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) , the system moved generally west @-@ northwestward and strengthened into Category 1 hurricane on the modern day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale about 24 hours later . The first indication of the storm to the east of Barbados was on August 8 via telegraph reports . Early on August 9 , the cyclone struck Martinique as either a strong Category 1 or a weak Category 2 hurricane . The storm entered the Caribbean Sea shortly thereafter . Around 12 : 00 UTC , the cyclone intensified into a Category 3 hurricane , becoming the first major hurricane in the Atlantic basin since the second storm of 1900 and the first in the Caribbean Sea since the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane .
After 06 : 00 UTC on August 11 , the cyclone struck Jamaica near Morant Point with winds of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) . At 06 : 00 UTC on August 12 , while brushing Grand Cayman , the hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of the same intensity and a minimum barometric pressure of 958 mbar ( 28 @.@ 3 inHg ) , observed by the Governor Blake . The system weakened to a Category 2 around the time of landfall near Playa del Carmen , Quintana Roo , early on August 13 , with winds of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) . By 12 : 00 UTC , the storm further weakened to a Category 1 , based on the Empirical Inland Wind Decay Model . After crossing the Yucatán Peninsula and emerging into the Gulf of Mexico early on August 14 , the hurricane failed to re @-@ strengthen . Around 00 : 00 UTC on August 16 , it made landfall north of Tampico , Tamaulipas , with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . The hurricane soon weakened to a tropical storm and dissipated over San Luis Potosí late on August 16 .
= = Impact = =
Telegraph reports of " a disturbance probably of dangerous strength " approaching Barbados from the east were sent to stations throughout the Lesser Antilles on August 8 . Shipping interests in the Gulf of Mexico and in parts of the western Atlantic were alerted daily of the progress of the hurricane until August 14 . Additionally , hurricane warnings were issued by the Weather Bureau for Florida and the Gulf Coast of the United States as the storm approached the western Caribbean , due to the possibility of the storm curving northward .
In the Windward Islands , Martinique suffered the worst damage . At Fort @-@ de @-@ France , hundreds of homes were unroofed . Streets were covered in roof tiles and impassible due to uprooted trees , which tore up the roads . Several vessels were severely damaged . Additionally , the towns of La Trinité , Le Carbet , Le François , Saint @-@ Joseph , and Sainte @-@ Marie " suffered considerably " . About 5 @,@ 000 people were left homeless in the destroyed villages of Fond , Fourniols , La Haye , Recluce , and Tivoli , all established after the eruption of Mount Pelée in 1902 . Throughout the island , there was extensive damage to crops . Eight deaths were reported , with one in Fort @-@ de @-@ France and seven in La Trinité .
The storms severely damaged crops on Dominica , particularly cocoa . After several years of increasing amounts of exported cocoa , there was a decrease of approximately 1 @.@ 86 % in pounds between 1902 – 03 and 1903 @-@ 04 . In Puerto Rico , there was high winds and heavy rainfall along the north coast of the island .
The northern shore of Jamaica was devastated , with many ships being washed ashore . There was a storm surge about 20 ft ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) in height at Falmouth . This implies that the storm surge along Jamaica 's northern coast may have reached that height . Numerous ships were also wrecked along the coast . Only six homes remained standing at Port Antonio . The hotel , offices , plantations , and wharves owned by the United Fruit Company were nearly destroyed . Additionally , the company 's five vessels were beached , including the Alfred Dumois , Brighton , and Simon Dumois . In Port Maria , which was almost obliterated , " it was impossible to find where streets had been after the storm . " Homes were destroyed in such a way that " how anyone escaped alive is a mystery . " At Manchioneal , all but a few dwellings suffered destruction from the wind or were swept out to sea . The Norwegian steamship Salvatore di Giorgio was swept ashore at Annotto Bay . In the eastern portions of the island , entire villages were demolished , leaving thousands of peasants without shelter or food .
Thousands of homes were damaged in Kingston , while the electrical works building was deroofed , disabling the machinery . Local railroad traffic and streets cars stopped . Waves damaged wharves and capsized several vessels in the harbor . Some areas on the south side of the island were left completely devoid of crops . Although the western areas of Jamaica were not as devastated as other portions of the island , some banana plantations there were partially destroyed and there was a loss to orange and coffee crops . Throughout Jamaica , devastation to the banana crop was " complete " , forcing many growers into bankruptcy . It was estimated that the fruit trade would be paralyzed for as much as a year . Damage reached $ 10 million and there were at least 65 deaths , while other reports indicate as many as 90 fatalities .
At the Cayman Islands , wind gusts reached as high as 110 – 120 mph ( 180 – 190 km / h ) . More than 200 houses and seven of eight churches on Grand Cayman were destroyed or heavily damaged . In George Town , a number of dwellings were destroyed . Of the 23 ships in the harbor , only the Governor Blake survived . Most of the crews on board those ships were reported killed but loss of life on shore was minimal . Throughout the islands , all trees and crops were destroyed . In Cuba , the hurricane knocked out telegraphic communications in the eastern portions of the island , but the connection to Santiago de Cuba was quickly restored . A number of dwellings were damaged there , some were deroofed , while other homes were reduced to fragments . Pieces of sheet iron also became airborne . East of the city , all small ports received impact from the storm . Cienfuegos was " ravaged by the storm " , while extensive damage occurred in Cárdenas and Matanzas . In the outskirts of Havana , thatch houses were blown away . Farther west in Pinar del Río Province , some crops and small buildings were demolished .
In the Gulf of Mexico , the British steamship Rosina encountered the hurricane . The storm damaged the pipes and smokestacks , ripped out the ventilator , and washed 30 @,@ 000 oranges into the sea . Additionally , a Greek sailor was swept overboard and presumably drowned . The storm sunk or drove many ships ashore along the Yucatán Peninsula . Communications were disrupted in many areas after telegraph lines fell , while a number of roads were left impassible after trees toppled . In the Tampico area , there was considerable damage to the port and many ships being sunk or driven ashore . All of the bridges along Monterey and Mexican Gulf Railroad were destroyed . The roof at the general market was almost completely torn off . Many of the businesses suffered serious losses after rain subsequently poured in the building , with damage reaching at least $ 4 @,@ 200 ( 10 @,@ 000 pesos ) . The chamber of commerce building collapsed with people inside , though no injuries or deaths occurred . Much of the land between Tampico and Cárdenas in San Luis Potosí was submerged due to flooding . In Barra , a city in Tamaulipas , the hospital was nearly destroyed , as was the marketplace . In San Luis Potosí , the casino and restaurant in Tamasopo were demolished . Twenty bridges were destroyed in San Luis Potosí . Railroad traffic between San Luis Potosí and Monterrey , the capital of Nuevo León , was completely disrupted .
Overall , the storm is believed to have killed between 149 and 188 people .
= = Aftermath = =
After the storm , thousands in Jamaica were left destitute , without food or shelter . Committees were formed in each parish affected to assess the damage , with Governor Augustus Hemming later visiting the areas of destruction . On September 17 , the Parliament of Jamaica passed the Hurricane Loans Law , which provided low interest loans to planters impacted by the storm . The Secretary of State of Jamaica authorized just over $ 241 @,@ 000 ( 50 @,@ 000 £ ) to be used for the loans . A total of 2 @,@ 983 people applied for a loan , 1 @,@ 477 of whom were granted . During a meeting in Port Antonio , the citizens issued an appeal to Americans for aid , after receiving approval from Governor Hemming . Relief efforts originated both locally and from other British possessions via the West India Committee . The Daily Gleaner newspaper was credited for its efforts in obtaining considerable amounts of food and building materials . Trinidad , then a colony of the United Kingdom , donated almost $ 5 @,@ 000 ( £ 1 @,@ 000 ) .
= Banksia grossa =
Banksia grossa , commonly known as the coarse banksia , is a species of shrub in the plant family Proteaceae endemic to Southwest Australia . It is one of fourteen species of banksia of the series Abietinae , all of which bear predominantly cylindrical or oval inflorescences . Collected in 1965 , it was described in 1981 by Alex George . Its thick leaves and large seeds distinguish it from other members of the Abietinae , and are the basis of its species name .
Found in sand or sand over laterite among heath between Eneabba and Badgingarra in Western Australia , it grows as a many @-@ stemmed shrub to 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) high with narrow leaves and oval brownish flower spikes up to 10 cm ( 4 in ) high , composed of hundreds of individual flowers . Flowering occurs throughout the cooler months of March to September . Flower spikes develop woody follicles which bear the seeds . After bushfire , Banksia grossa regenerates from its woody lignotuber ; bushfires also stimulate the release of seeds , which germinate after disturbance . Visitors to ( and likely pollinators of ) inflorescences include insects and a nocturnal mammal , the white @-@ tailed dunnart .
= = Description = =
Banksia grossa grows as a bushy shrub , generally 70 to 1 m ( 2 @,@ 756 to 39 in ) high , or occasionally up to 1 @.@ 5 m ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) high . Its
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Ikebukuro . The episodes use four pieces of theme musics : an opening theme " Ho @-@ n @-@ to @-@ u @-@ so " ( ホ ・ ン ・ ト ・ ウ ・ ソ ? , lit . " Truth and Lies " ) by Misono and three ending themes , " Ta ga Tame no Sekai " ( 誰ガ為ノ世界 ? , lit . " A World for Someone Else " ) , " Ibitsu " ( 歪 ? , lit . " Distortion " ) , and " Hikari furu basho de ~ Promesse ~ " ( 光降る場所で ～ Promesse ～ ? , lit . " At the Place Where the Light Falls ~ Promise ~ " ) , all by Akiko Shikata .
A Blu @-@ ray box set containing all three series was announced on June 1 , 2013 and released on November 6 , 2013 .
= = Reception = =
Tales of Symphonia garnered generally positive reception from critics . Over 100 @,@ 000 copies were sold in the United States during the first two weeks after its release . In December 2007 , Namco announced that the GameCube version had sold 953 @,@ 000 copies worldwide , and the PlayStation 2 port had sold 486 @,@ 000 copies in Japan . The bargain reissue for the PlayStation 2 in 2005 sold almost 50 @,@ 000 copies in Japan by the end of 2006 . Its total worldwide sales across its original platforms have reached 1 @.@ 6 million as of 2008 , making it the best @-@ selling Tales title to date . The game has appeared on many top game rankings and received a Japan Game Awards in 2003 for excellence . The January 2009 issue of Game Informer listed it at # 24 in its " Top 25 GameCube Games " . Nintendo Power ranked Tales of Symphonia 107th in a list of " Top 200 Nintendo Games Ever " . IGN users placed it 75th in a Top 100 Games list , while GameFAQs users put it at 81st in a similar list .
Critics have praised the game for its cel @-@ shaded art style and real @-@ time battle system . 1UP , GameSpot , GameSpy , IGN , and X @-@ Play , applauded the amount of details in the scenes with GameSpy noting the steady 60 fps . GameSpy described the battle system as " wonderfully fast and to the point " while X @-@ Play noted its accessibility and potential to attract non @-@ RPG gamers . Meanwhile , the story and audio have received negative criticism . Eurogamer , GameSpot , GameSpy , IGN , and X @-@ Play criticized the plot for being cliché and un @-@ engaging . The reviewers agreed that the music and English voices met standards . GameSpy and X @-@ Play additionally praised the character interactions for being likeable .
= CAC / PAC JF @-@ 17 Thunder =
The PAC JF @-@ 17 Thunder ( Urdu : جے ایف @-@ ١٧ گرج ) , or CAC FC @-@ 1 Xiaolong ( Fierce Dragon ; Chinese : 枭龙 ; pinyin : Xiāo Lóng ) , is a lightweight , single @-@ engine , multi @-@ role combat aircraft developed jointly by the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex ( PAC ) and the Chengdu Aircraft Corporation ( CAC ) of China . The JF @-@ 17 can be used for aerial reconnaissance , ground attack and aircraft interception . Its designation " JF @-@ 17 " by Pakistan is short for " Joint Fighter @-@ 17 " , while the designation and name " FC @-@ 1 Xiaolong " by China means " Fighter China @-@ 1 Fierce Dragon " .
The JF @-@ 17 can deploy diverse ordnance , including air @-@ to @-@ air and air @-@ to @-@ surface missiles , and a 23 mm GSh @-@ 23 @-@ 2 twin @-@ barrel autocannon . Powered by a Guizhou WS @-@ 13 or Klimov RD @-@ 93 afterburning turbofan it has a top speed of Mach 1 @.@ 6 . The JF @-@ 17 is to become the backbone of the Pakistan Air Force ( PAF ) , complementing the General Dynamics F @-@ 16 Fighting Falcon whose performance it roughly matches , at half the cost . The PAF inducted its first JF @-@ 17 squadron in February 2010 and as of December 2015 , 49 JF @-@ 17 Thunder Aircraft were in service with 50 additional airframes ordered , of which 17 have been delivered . The Pakistan Air Force plans to induct a twin @-@ seater version for training and enhanced operational capability , known as the JF @-@ 17B by 2017 .
= = Development = =
= = = Background = = =
The JF @-@ 17 was primarily developed to meet the PAF 's requirement for an affordable , modern , multi @-@ role combat aircraft as a replacement for its large fleet of Dassault Mirage III / 5 fighters , Nanchang A @-@ 5 bombers , and Chengdu F @-@ 7 interceptors , with a cost of US $ 500 million , divided equally between China and Pakistan . The aircraft was also intended to have export potential as a cost @-@ effective and competitive alternative to more expensive Western fighters . The development of this aircraft was headed by Yang Wei ( aircraft designer ) , who is considered China 's " ace designer " . Wei also designed the Chengdu J @-@ 20 .
By 1989 , because of economic sanctions by the US , Pakistan had abandoned Project Sabre II , a design study involving US aircraft manufacturer Grumman and China , and had decided to redesign and upgrade the Chengdu F @-@ 7 . In the same year , China and Grumman started a new design study to develop the Super 7 , another redesigned Chengdu F @-@ 7 . Grumman left the project when sanctions were placed on China following the political fallout from the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests . After Grumman left the Chengdu Super 7 project , the Fighter China project was launched in 1991 . In 1995 , Pakistan and China signed a memorandum of understanding ( MoU ) for joint design and development of a new fighter , and over the next few years worked out the project details . In June 1995 , Mikoyan had joined the project to provide " design support " , this also involved the secondment of several engineers by CAC .
= = = Launch of FC @-@ 1 project = = =
In October 1995 , Pakistan was reportedly to select a Western company by the end of the year to provide and integrate the FC @-@ 1 's avionics , which was expected to go into production by 1999 . The avionics were said to include radar , Inertial navigation system , Head @-@ up display , and Multi @-@ function displays . Competing bids came from Thomson @-@ CSF with a variant of the Radar Doppler Multitarget ( RDY ) , SAGEM with a similar avionics package to those used in the ROSE upgrade project , and Marconi Electronic Systems with its Blue Hawk radar . FIAR 's ( now SELEX Galileo ) Grifo S7 radar was expected to be selected due to the company 's ties with the PAF . In February 1998 , Pakistan and China signed a letter of intent covering airframe development . Russia 's Klimov offered a variant of the RD @-@ 33 turbofan engine to power the fighter . In April 1999 , South Africa 's Denel offered to arm the Super 7 with the T @-@ darter beyond @-@ visual @-@ range ( BVR ) air @-@ to @-@ air missile ( AAM ) , rather than the previously reported R @-@ Darter . Previously in 1987 , Pratt & Whitney offered the Super @-@ 7 project three engine options ; PW1212 , F404 , and PW1216 , with local manufacturing in either China or Pakistan . Rolls Royce offered its RB199 @-@ 127 / 128 turbofan engine ; this plan was scrapped in 1989 .
In June 1999 , the contract to jointly develop and produce the Chengdu FC @-@ 1 / Super 7 was signed . The project was to be a 50 : 50 partnership ; the air forces of both countries would be committed to ordering the fighter . After GEC @-@ Marconi had abandoned the bidding to supply an integrated avionics suite , FIAR and Thomson @-@ CSF proposed a number of avionics suites based on the Grifo S7 and RC400 radars respectively , despite previously hoping to use the PAF 's Super 7 to launch its new Blue Hawk radar . Because of sanctions placed on Pakistan after the country 's 1998 nuclear weapons tests , design work progressed very slowly over the next 18 months , preventing delivery of the Western avionics to the PAF . In early 2001 , the PAF decided to decouple the airframe from the avionics , enabling design work on the aircraft to continue . As the airframe was developed , any new avionics requirements by the PAF could be more easily integrated into the airframe .
Prototype production began in September 2002 ; a full @-@ size mock @-@ up of the FC @-@ 1 / Super 7 was displayed at Airshow China in November 2002 . The first batch of Klimov RD @-@ 93 turbofan engines that would power the prototypes was also delivered in 2002 . According to a China National Aero @-@ Technology Import & Export Corporation ( CATIC ) official , the JF @-@ 17 's low cost is due to some of the on @-@ board systems having been adapted from those of the Chengdu J @-@ 10 . The official said , " This transfer of technology — transposing the aircraft systems from the J @-@ 10 to the JF @-@ 17 — is what makes the JF @-@ 17 so cost @-@ effective " . The use of computer @-@ aided design software shortened the design phase of the JF @-@ 17 .
= = = Flight testing and redesigning = = =
The first prototype , PT @-@ 01 , was rolled out on 31 May 2003 and transferred to the Chengdu Flight Test Centre to be prepared for its maiden flight . This was initially planned to take place in June , but was delayed due to concerns about the SARS outbreak . The designation Super @-@ 7 was replaced by " JF @-@ 17 " ( Joint Fighter @-@ 17 ) around this point . Low speed taxiing trials began at Wenjiang Airport , Chengdu , on 27 June 2003 . The maiden flight was made in late August 2003 ; an official maiden flight of the prototype took place in early September . The prototype was marked with the new PAF designation JF @-@ 17 . By March 2004 , CAC had made around 20 test flights of the first prototype . On 7 April 2004 , PAF test pilots Rashid Habib and Mohammad Ehsan ul @-@ Haq flew PT @-@ 01 for the first time . The maiden flight of the third prototype , PT @-@ 03 , took place on 9 April 2004 . In March 2004 , Pakistan was planning to induct around 200 aircraft .
Following the third prototype , several design improvements were developed and incorporated into further aircraft . Because of excessive smoke emissions by the RD @-@ 93 engine , the air intakes were widened . Reported control problems found in testing resulted in alterations to the wing leading edge root extensions ( LERX ) . The vertical tail fin was enlarged to house an expanded electronic warfare equipment bay in the tip . The redesigned aircraft had a slightly increased maximum take @-@ off weight and incorporated an increased quantity of Chinese @-@ sourced avionics ; however PAF had selected Western avionics for their aircraft , postponing PAF deliveries from late 2005 until 2007 . Pakistan evaluated British , French , and Italian avionics suites , the winner of which was expected to be finalised in 2006 . PT @-@ 04 , the fourth prototype and the first to incorporate the design changes , was rolled out in April 2006 and made its first flight on 28 April 2006 .
The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps — whose function is to divert turbulent boundary layer airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine — with a diverterless supersonic inlet ( DSI ) design . The DSI uses a combination of forward @-@ swept inlet cowls and a three @-@ dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub @-@ sonic and supersonic speeds . According to Lockheed Martin , the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the speed of sound , reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms , and is stealthier than a conventional intake . In 1999 , developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced . The JF @-@ 17 design was finalised in 2001 . Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests ; it was found that the DSI reduced weight , cost , and complexity while improving performance .
For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing , PT @-@ 04 was fitted with a fourth @-@ generation avionics suite that incorporates sensor fusion , an electronic warfare suite , enhanced man @-@ machine interface , Digital Electronic Engine Control ( DEEC ) for the RD @-@ 93 turbofan engine , FBW flight controls , day / night precision surface attack capability , and multi @-@ mode , pulse @-@ Doppler radar for BVR air @-@ to @-@ air attack capability . The sixth prototype , PT @-@ 06 , made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006 . Following a competition in 2008 , Martin @-@ Baker was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats .
= = = Production = = =
On 2 March 2007 , the first consignment of two small @-@ batch @-@ production ( SBP ) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan . They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a Pakistan Day parade on 23 March 2007 . The PAF intended to induct 200 JF @-@ 17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F @-@ 7 , Nanchang A @-@ 5 , and Dassault Mirage III / 5 aircraft . In preparation for the in @-@ flight refuelling of JF @-@ 17s , the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes . A dual @-@ seat , combat @-@ capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006 ; in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant .
In November 2007 , the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ @-@ 10 radar developed by China 's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology ( NRIET ) , and the LETRI SD @-@ 10 active radar homing AAM . In 2005 , PAC began manufacturing JF @-@ 17 components ; production of sub @-@ assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008 . The PAF was to receive a further six pre @-@ production aircraft in 2005 , for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft . Initial operating capability was to be achieved by the end of 2008 . Final assembly of the JF @-@ 17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009 ; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year . They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011 ; this could increase to twenty @-@ five aircraft per year . On December 29 , 2015 , Pakistan Aeronautical Complex ( PAC ) announced the rollout of 16th JF @-@ 17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015 , taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66 . Later
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aki chose American football as a central subject of Eyeshield 21 after realizing that it fit perfectly with his idea for the series .
The manga was originally serialized in Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2002 to June 2009 . The series consists of 333 chapters collected in 37 tankōbon volumes . An anime adaptation consisting of 145 television episodes was co @-@ produced by TV Tokyo , NAS , and Gallop . The television series first aired on Japan 's TV Tokyo network from April 6 , 2005 to March 19 , 2008 . The Eyeshield 21 franchise has spawned two original video animations ( OVAs ) , audio albums , video games , and other merchandise .
In North America , the manga was released by Viz Media from April 2005 to October 2011 . The anime series was later licensed in North America by Toonami Jetstream as a joint effort with Viz Media , and aired on December 17 , 2007 on its site , but before its completion , the streaming service was shut down . The whole series was streamed in English by Crunchyroll , while Sentai Filmworks licensed the series , with distribution from Section23 Films on DVDs .
In Japan , the Eyeshield 21 manga has sold over 20 million volumes . The manga and anime have been featured at various times in weekly top ten lists of best @-@ selling in their respective media . The anime has been watched by a large number of television viewers in Japan , helping to raise American football 's popularity in the country . Publications for manga , anime and others have commented on Eyeshield 21 , which received positive comments for its artwork and characters , and negative responses to its non @-@ football scenes .
= = Plot = =
In Tokyo , a weak , unassertive boy named Sena Kobayakawa enters the high school of his choice — Deimon Private Senior High School . Sena 's only remarkable physical abilities are his running speed and agility , which are noted by the school 's American football team captain Yoichi Hiruma . Hiruma forces Sena to join the Deimon Devil Bats football team as its running back . To protect his identity from other teams who want to recruit him , Sena is forced to publicly assume the role of team secretary and enter the field under the pseudonym of " Eyeshield 21 " wearing a helmet with an eyeshield to hide his features . The makeshift team initially takes part in the spring football tournament hoping to win through the strength of their new " secret weapon " . However , the extremely weak team is eliminated early by the Ojo White Knights , one of the best football teams in Japan .
After Deimon 's defeat , the spring tournament is revealed as secondary in importance to the fall tournament , where the teams compete for the chance to play in the Christmas Bowl — the high school football league championship . Hiruma , Ryokan Kurita , and Sena regroup and slowly build a real team from misfits and students looking to define themselves , such as Tarō " Monta " Raimon — a baseball player who can only catch — and the Ha @-@ Ha Brothers . Other characters slowly join the team , and the series follows the building and growth of the Deimon Devil Bats and its members , and rival teams as they all strive to achieve their goal of playing in the Christmas Bowl .
Following the Christmas Bowl , Japan begins to gather the best football players to form a team to represent it at the American Football Youth World Championship , where a Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) will be awarded an NFL contract and $ 3 million . Team Japan reaches the final against Team America , in which the game ends as a tie , and both teams are declared winners . Both teams are unsatisfied with this and return to the field for their own , improvised " overtime " , causing chaos with officials . It is unclear which team wins the unofficial extra period , but Panther of Team America holds the MVP trophy aloft , winning the professional contract with the San Antonio Armadillos . The series concludes with Sena becoming the captain of the Devil Bats after Hiruma and Kurita leave school to attend college . In his final year of high school , Clifford invites Sena to Notre Dame High School . In the final chapter , the main characters are in college or playing amateur @-@ league football while employed .
= = Production = =
Before the series was published regularly , Inagaki and Murata published two one @-@ shots called Eyeshield Part 1 ( 前編 , Zenpen ) and Part 2 ( 後編 , Kōhen ) on March 5 and 12 , 2002 in Weekly Shōnen Jump . During Eyeshield 21 's original run in the magazine , Inagaki went several times to the United States to see college football matches , and visit a space center to collect reference materials to use as a basis for creating the NASA Aliens . He also visited a military base as he needed to draw one when Hiruma 's background is revealed , and watched an NFL game where he noted that the " players transmitted an intimidating and powerful feeling " , saying that they " were facing dinosaurs " . With this in mind he created Rikiya Gaoh , an American player of monstrous size .
Despite having never played American football , Inagaki chose this theme after deciding that he wanted to create " a protagonist that was wimpy at the beginning , yet could perform outstandingly in a sports game " , and with this premise in mind he decided that American football would be " a very suitable material . " When originally creating Eyeshield 21 Inagaki said he was wary because he did not want his manga becoming " a simulator of football " . The fact that football is not a popular sport in Japan also worried Inagaki . As last resort , he thought to turn the series into a " Kamen Rider @-@ style masked hero story " if it could not met the popularity required for the magazine .
Before being asked to work on Eyeshield 21 , Yusuke Murata had read some of Inagaki 's manga and noted that they " had many cool design concepts of uniforms and equipment " . He said , " it could be turned into a great manga story " and he would " be happy to take the challenge " ; eventually he was chosen . While illustrating chapters , Murata made many mistakes , and his pollen allergy hurt him because whenever he made a mistake he inhaled dust from his eraser . To draw the characters ' sketches , he used a mechanical pencil that he considered special because it was given to him by Masanori Morita .
= = Publication = =
The Eyeshield 21 manga series was written by Riichiro Inagaki , illustrated by Yusuke Murata , and originally serialized by Shueisha in the Japanese magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 23 , 2002 to June 15 , 2009 . The manga consists of 333 chapters spanning 37 tankōbon ( collected volumes ) , the first of which was released on December 20 , 2002 and the last on October 2 , 2010 . Eyeshield 21 has also been published as part of the Shueisha Jump Remix series of magazine @-@ style books . Fourteen volumes were released between June 28 , 2010 and February 14 , 2011 . An English translation of the manga was published in North America by Viz Media under the Shonen Jump Advanced label between April 5 , 2005 and October 4 , 2011 . The manga has also been licensed in some countries such as in France by Glénat , in Hong Kong by Culturecom , in Indonesia by Elex Media Komputindo , in Italy by Panini Comics , in South Korea by Daewon Media , and in Taiwan by Tong Li Publishing .
= = Anime adaptations = =
= = = Original video animations = = =
Two original video animations ( OVA ) based on the Eyeshield 21 manga series were developed . The first one , named The Phantom Golden Bowl , was developed by Production I.G and shown as part of the Jump Festa Anime Tour on September 2003 and in Jump Festa 2004 . The second OVA , titled Eyeshield 21 : Christmas Bowl e no Michi – Minami no Shima de Tokkun da ! YA @-@ HA ! ! – , was shown at Jump Festa 2005 . The two OVAs were later released on DVD ; the first was released with the second OVA of Naruto in a compilation called Jump Festa 2004 Super DVD . The other was released by Bandai Visual as an extra track on the sixth DVD of the Eyeshield 21 anime series .
= = = Television series = = =
The Eyeshield 21 anime adaptation was co @-@ produced by TV Tokyo , NAS , and Gallop , and was directed by Masayoshi Nishida until episode 103 , and by Shin Katagai from 104 to 145 . The series of 145 television episodes aired in Japan from April 6 , 2005 to March 19 , 2008 on TV Tokyo . In Japan , Bandai Visual distributed the anime in DVD format ; thirty @-@ six volumes were released between July 26 , 2006 and June 26 , 2007 .
Initially , Viz Media and Cartoon Network planned to air a dubbed version of Eyeshield 21 on the internet video streaming service Toonami Jetstream , and on NFL Rush site as a joint effort with National Football League ( NFL ) , but the anime was eventually posted only on Toonami Jetstream , with the first episode being available on December 17 , 2007 . However , it was not completed due to Toonami Jetstream 's cancellation and shutdown . In December 2008 , the video streaming service Crunchyroll announced that it would begin to stream Eyeshield 21 subtitled on its site on January 2 , 2009 . The last episode was available on November 1 , 2009 for premium users , and on March 7 , 2010 for free users . On February 26 , 2010 , Section23 Films announced that Sentai Filmworks received the license to the anime . The first fifty @-@ two episodes were released on four subtitled @-@ only DVDs between May 18 , 2010 and February 8 , 2011 .
= = = = Audio = = = =
The music for the Eyeshield 21 anime adaptation was composed by Kō Ōtani . The series use twelve pieces of theme music , five opening and seven ending themes . The opening themes are " Breakthrough " and " Innocence " by V6 , " Dang Dang " by ZZ , " Blaze Line " by Back @-@ On , and " Honō no Running Back " by Short Leg Summer . The ending themes are " Be Free " by Ricken 's , " Blaze Away " by The Trax , " Goal " by Beni Arashiro , " Run to Win " by Aya Hirano , Miyu Irino , Koichi Nagano and Kappei Yamaguchi , " A day dreaming ... " by Back @-@ On , " Flower " by Back @-@ On , and " Song of Power " by Short Leg Summer .
A number of audio CDs linked to the anime series have been released in Japan . The original soundtrack was released on two discs by Avex Mode on March 5 , 2008 under the title Eyeshield 21 Complete Best Album . Three compilation albums , Eyeshield 21 Original Soundtrack Sound Field 1 , Eyeshield 21 Sound Field Especial , and Eyeshield 21 Song Best , featuring opening and ending themes , insertion songs , and character and team songs were released on August 31 , 2005 , December 21 , 2005 , and March 23 , 2006 respectively . Six maxi singles containing character songs have also been published . The first three , for Sena Kobayakawa , Mamori Anezaki , and Monta , were released on October 26 , 2005 . The other three , with the songs of Haruto Sakuraba , Seijurou Shin , and Suzuna Taki , were released on January 25 , 2006 . In addition to the musical CDs , Eyeshield 21 Drama Field 1 , an audio drama CD , was released by Avex on September 21 , 2005 .
= = Related media = =
Two art books based on Eyeshield 21 were released . The first , Eyeshield 21 Illustration Collection : Field of Colors , was published on November 2 , 2006 . The second , entitled Paint Jump : Art of Eyeshield 21 , was released on December 19 , 2008 . Eyeshield 21 Official Databook : Chou Senshu Retsuden Ballers High , a databook , was published on October 4 , 2005 . A pair of light novels were launched ; the first , written by Katsumi Hasegawa , based on and named for the first OVA , was published on March 24 , 2004 . The second , Eyeshield 21 : Netto no Hundred Game ! , written by Eijima Jun , was published on May 26 , 2006 . The only original creator of the series who worked on these light novels was Murata , who illustrated them . In Japan , jigsaw puzzles , action figures , plush dolls , calendars , key chains , and a medal game machine were sold as merchandise for the series . Konami also released a collectable card game series .
= = = Video games = = =
Konami produced Eyeshield 21 games for Sony video game systems ; it released Eyeshield 21 : Let 's Play American Football ! Ya ! Ha ! ! for the PlayStation 2 on December 22 , 2005 and Eyeshield 21 : Portable Edition for the PlayStation Portable on March 2 , 2006 . Nintendo secured the rights to the Eyeshield 21 video game license for its systems in December 2004 , releasing Eyeshield 21 : Max Devil Power for the Nintendo DS on February 2 , 2006 and Eyeshield 21 : Devilbats Devildays for the Game Boy Advance on April 6 , 2006 . Another game was scheduled for release on the Nintendo GameCube , but it was later canceled . Nintendo published an Eyeshield 21 game for the Wii , entitled Eyeshield 21 : The Field 's Greatest Warriors , which was released in Japan on March 8 , 2007 . Two non @-@ football games , Jump Super Stars and Jump Ultimate Stars , released for the Nintendo DS , have featured characters from the series . Various Devil Bats , Shin and Sakuraba from the White Knights appear in support cameos .
= = Reception = =
The manga had sold more than 20 million copies in Japan ; individual volumes frequently appeared on top ten lists of best @-@ selling manga there . Individual volumes have appeared in Diamond Comic Distributors 's lists of 300 best @-@ selling graphic novels in North America several times . In 2011 , the Japanese website Ameba conducted a " Top 10 " online web poll of the " Best Shōnen Jump Manga of the 21st Century " and Eyeshield 21 was placed seventh , although in another poll of the best Shōnen Jump titles that the readers nonetheless did not want to continue reading , Eyeshield 21 ranked twentieth . The anime adaptation was also featured several times in Japanese television rankings , with the first episode having a 7 @.@ 5 percent television viewership rating . In 2006 , Japanese television network TV Asahi conducted a poll for the top hundred anime , and Eyeshield 21 was placed 47th . Moreover , Eyeshield 21 's series is credited with increasing the number of Japanese teenagers playing American football .
Critics have generally given the Eyeshield 21 manga positive reviews . Deb Aoki from About.com wrote that tying with Bleach , Eyeshield 21 was the best continuing shōnen manga of 2007 , because it " has well @-@ written characters , dynamic artwork , nail @-@ biting cliffhangers , plus a winning mix of comedy , action and drama " . On the 2008 list , Aoki listed Eyeshield 21 as the best continuing shōnen , as it was able to " [ come ] into its own " from other shōnen series . In that same year , Pop Culture Shock 's Sam Kusek elected it the best continuing manga series . Jarred Pine from Mania Entertainment praised the humor and how the creators " bring out the energy and excitement of the game for the readers " . June Shimonishi reviewing for School Library Journal , wrote that it " delivers a fresh and entertaining take on all the standard sports clichés " . She also said that its art is " superb ... with every inch filled with details and no gag left unseen " . Zac Bertschy from Anime News Network ( ANN ) declared Eyeshield 21 " defies convention " by turning what most might consider " a really ridiculously bad idea " into " something most everyone would be able to enjoy " . Carlo Santos from ANN called it a " typical sports story " , writing that what make it an above average series are its characters and artwork . He also wrote that people who think American football is boring " may change their minds after seeing the action sequences in Eyeshield 21 . " Later , however , Santos said , " [ a ] lot of familiar clichés show themselves " in Eyeshield 21 , and that " [ t ] he storyline also does a sloppy job of keeping track of the game ... making it even less believable than it already is " .
The anime adaptation of Eyeshield 21 received positive and mixed responses . Bobby Cooper from DVD Talk praised how the rules of American football is " explained to a foreign audience that has no clue what it 's all about " , adding that instructions at the commercial breaks " were informative and similar to the Go lessons of Hikaru No Go . " He also said the explanations was " hilarious " , but that " Eyeshield 21 is an excellent introduction to football " . The on @-@ field action was also praised , with he saying the sports action is " where Eyeshield 21 truly shines " , although he criticized the scenes away from the football field , " the pacing slows to a crawl and the storyline gets a little boring " . In her review , Erin Finnegan from Anime News Network stated , " [ t ] he pace of Eyeshield 21 is its saving grace . It 's way less boring than all the time outs and commercial breaks in a regular NFL game . Football is hard to understand , but Eyeshield 21 explains the Byzantine rules ... in an entertaining way . We 're never left waiting for the ref 's decision for long minutes like in real life . A lot of dramatic tension carries the action between plays . " Finnegan also criticized the artwork , saying , " any episode [ of the show ] without a game is clearly farmed out to an inferior animation studio " . Chris Beveridge from Mania Entertainment wrote that Eyeshield 21 " has a good solid story idea , showing a young man finding his way through sports by finding friends and realizing he has potential , but it is so sidelined so often that it 's frustrating to see it deal with situations as it does . "
= Silvia ( song ) =
" Silvia " is a song performed by Swedish indie pop band Miike Snow . Written and produced by the band , it is a six @-@ minute electronic piano ballad with drum , piano and synthesizer instrumentation and electro house beats . Lyrically , it speaks of longing and lead singer Andrew Wyatt 's vocals are edited with Auto @-@ Tune . " Silvia " served as the third and final single from the band 's 2009 self @-@ titled debut album . Columbia Records first digitally released it as a remix extended play ( EP ) on 22 January 2010 . Band members Christian Karlsson and Pontus Winnberg contributed their own remix to the release , using the alias Robotberget .
Critical reception of " Silvia " was generally positive ; many critics deemed it the album 's centerpiece and criticized its early placement as the third track on Miike Snow . The single achieved minor chart success in the United Kingdom ; it became the band 's second entry on the UK Dance Chart , peaking at number 16 . However , it missed the top 100 of the UK Singles Chart as it only reached number 154 . The accompanying music video was directed by Marcus Söderlund and plays out in a post @-@ apocalyptic setting .
= = Background = =
" Silvia " was written and produced by Miike Snow 's three members , Christian Karlsson , Pontus Winnberg and Andrew Wyatt . It was recorded at Robotberget , the band 's own studio in Stockholm , Sweden . The band mixed it with Anders Hvenare and mastering was handled by Ted Jensen . Wyatt explained during an interview for The Aquarian Weekly that " Silvia " is likely " the most autobiographical song " on the band 's 2009 self @-@ titled debut album as it was inspired by a real event of a stripper who " straightened out " and quit . According to Wyatt , the band especially liked the song because it shares names with Queen Silvia of Sweden . Music magazine Clash announced on 10 December 2009 that " Silvia " had been selected as the third single from the album . The announcement revealed it would coincide with a United Kingdom concert tour from January through February 2010 . Columbia Records released the single on 22 January 2010 , as a digital extended play ( EP ) containing remixes made by Emalkay , Felix da Housecat , Hugg & Pepp and Sinden . Karlsson and Winnberg also contributed their own remix to the release , using the alias Robotberget . Columbia issued a 12 " vinyl , featuring the aforementioned remixes , in the United Kingdom on 8 February 2010 .
= = Composition = =
" Silvia " is a six @-@ minute electronic piano ballad with electro house beats . Instrumentation is provided by drums , a piano and synthesizers . John Fortunato of The Aquarian Weekly likened it to works by German electronic band Kraftwerk , and Martin Turenne of The Georgia Straight felt it held a " blissful groove of ' 90s @-@ era piano @-@ led house " . According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing , the song is written in the time signature of common time with a moderate beat rate of 125 beats per minute . It is written in the key of G minor and Wyatt 's vocal range spans the notes of E ♭ 4 to E ♭ 6 . It follows a sequence of Gm – B ♭ – E ♭ as its chord progression . " Silvia " begins as a ballad and transforms into a " psychedelic , danceable " piece as the synth pads accelerate . Wyatt 's vocals are echoed and edited with Auto @-@ Tune . Elliott Townsend of URB deemed the singer 's vocals " emotionally transparent " . The piece lyrically speaks of longing , and Alex Young of Consequence of Sound described it as a " boy @-@ done @-@ wrong ode to the titular woman " .
= = Reception = =
" Silvia " received positive reviews from music critics ; a writer for Complex considered it a " standout " on Miike Snow . Staff reviewer Rudy Klapper of Sputnikmusic deemed it the " undeniable centerpiece " of Miike Snow , " It 's the kind of climactic tune that makes everything after it seem lesser . " He regarded its placement as the third track on the album as " odd " . Similarly , PopMatters critic John Bergstrom also described " Silvia " as the album 's centerpiece , referring it to as " stunning " . Naming it a " lost Duran Duran classic " , Bergstrom wrote , " It 's so thrilling , you 'll forgive the overzealous Auto @-@ Tune . " The single achieved minor commercial success on charts in the United Kingdom . It entered the UK Dance Chart at number 39 in the issue dated 23 January 2010 . The following week , it rose to number 32 , before acquiring its peak position of number 16 in its third week . " Silvia " spent four weeks on the chart ; its last appearance was in the issue dated 13 February 2010 at number 23 . The single missed the top 100 of the UK Singles Chart , peaking at number 154 in the issue dated 6 February 2010 .
= = Music video = =
Marcus Söderlund directed the accompanying music video for " Silvia " . It premiered exclusively on NME 's website in December 2009 . A writer for Complex commented , " The vid is kind of dramatic and hard to make sense of , but what do you expect from a band like this ? " The video plays out in a post @-@ apocalyptic world . It begins with the band 's three members waking up from sleeping in the middle of a street , appearing to be homeless . The men then walk way in the woods while shots of homeless people are interspersed . Several people are seen carrying torches in the woods and are soon joined by the band . They then set fire to a large wooden version of a jackalope and the video ends as it bursts into flames .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Songwriting – Christian Karlsson , Pontus Winnberg , Andrew Wyatt
Production – Miike Snow
Mixing – Anders Hvenare , Miike Snow
Mastering – Ted Jensen
Credits are adapted from the Miike Snow liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
= Upsilon Andromedae d =
Upsilon Andromedae d ( abbreviated υ Andromedae d , υ And d ) , also named Majriti , is an extrasolar planet orbiting the Sun @-@ like star Upsilon Andromedae A every 1276 @.@ 46 days . Its discovery in April 1999 by Geoffrey Marcy and R. Paul Butler made this the first multiple @-@ planet system to be discovered around a main @-@ sequence star , and the first multiple @-@ planet system known in a multiple star system . Upsilon Andromedae d is the third known planet in order of distance from its star .
In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars . The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names . In December 2015 , the IAU announced the winning name was Majriti for this planet . The winning name was submitted by the Vega Astronomy Club of Morocco and honours the 10th and early 11th Century astronomer Maslama al @-@ Majriti of Muslim Spain .
= = Discovery = =
Like the majority of known extrasolar planets , Upsilon Andromedae d was detected by measuring variations in its star 's radial velocity as a result of the planet 's gravity . This was done by making precise measurements of the Doppler shift of the spectrum of Upsilon Andromedae A. At the time of discovery , Upsilon Andromedae A was already known to host one extrasolar planet , the hot Jupiter Upsilon Andromedae b ; however , by 1999 , it was clear that the inner planet could not explain the velocity curve .
In 1999 , astronomers at both San Francisco State University and the Harvard @-@ Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics independently concluded that a three @-@ planet model best fit the data . The two new planets were designated Upsilon Andromedae c and Upsilon Andromedae d .
= = Orbit and mass = =
Upsilon Andromedae d orbits its star in an eccentric orbit , more eccentric than that of any of the major planets in the Solar System ( including Pluto ) . The orbit 's semimajor axis puts the planet in the habitable zone of Upsilon Andromedae A.
To explain the planet 's orbital eccentricity , some have proposed a close encounter with a ( now lost ) outer planet of Upsilon Andromedae A. The encounter would have moved Upsilon Andromedae d into an eccentric orbit closer to the star and ejected the outer planet from the system . Subsequently , gravitational perturbations from Upsilon Andromedae d moved the inner planet Upsilon Andromedae c into its present eccentric orbit . If so , the rogue planet would have had to be ejected immediately ; it is unclear how likely this situation might be . Other models are possible .
A limitation of the radial velocity method used to detect Upsilon Andromedae d is that the orbital inclination is unknown , and only a lower limit on the planet 's mass can be obtained . However , by combining radial velocity measurements from ground @-@ based telescopes with astrometric data from the Hubble Space Telescope , astronomers have determined the orbital inclination as well as the actual mass of Upsilon Andromedae d , which is about 10 @.@ 25 times the mass of Jupiter .
Preliminary astrometric measurements suggest the orbit of Upsilon Andromedae d may be inclined at 155 @.@ 5 ° to the plane of the sky . However , these measurements were later proved useful only for upper limits ; worthless for HD 192263 b and probably 55 Cancri c , and contradict even the inner planet u And b 's inclination of > 30 ° . The mutual inclination between c and d meanwhile is 29 @.@ 9 degrees .
= = Characteristics = =
Given the planet 's high mass , it is likely that it is a gas giant with no solid surface and surface gravity of over 25 times that of Earth . Since the planet has only been detected indirectly through observations of its star , properties such as its radius , composition , and temperature are unknown .
Upsilon Andromedae d lies in the habitable zone of Upsilon Andromedae A as defined both by the ability for an Earthlike world to retain liquid water at its surface and based on the amount of ultraviolet radiation received from the star .
= Bomber Mafia =
The Bomber Mafia were a close @-@ knit group of American military men who believed that long @-@ range heavy bomber aircraft in large numbers were able to win a war . The derogatory term ' Bomber Mafia ' was used before and after World War II by those in the military who did not share their belief , and who were frustrated by the insistence of the men that the heavy bomber should take a primary position in planning and funding .
After World War II , the 20 years of foundational work by the bomber mafia resulted in the separation of the United States Air Force from the Army to become an independent military arm . The bomber mafia 's strategic doctrine , changed by war and experience , helped shape the mission of the new Air Force and its Strategic Air Command .
Many years later a related term " Fighter Mafia " described those within the Air Force that favoured light weight fighters good at dog @-@ fighting instead of heavy missile @-@ firing fighters .
= = Origins = =
Developed over the years 1926 – 1929 at Air Corps Tactical School ( ACTS ) at Langley Field in Virginia , a forward @-@ looking doctrine of daylight precision bombing was promulgated by four instructors who argued that an enemy 's army and navy could be defeated intact due to the destruction of industrial and military targets deep within enemy @-@ held territory . This theory was first espoused by Italian General Giulio Douhet , though his ideas included the terror bombing of population centers that the American theorists eschewed . In contrast , American theorists devised a strategy of pin @-@ point bombing that targeted the enemy economy and the production of weapons . Though unproven , the major attraction of this sort of strategic bombing doctrine was that a war was expected to be won relatively quickly , with minimal casualties , and that grinding , static trench warfare as seen in World War I could be avoided . In November 1932 when British Lord President of the Council Stanley Baldwin said " the bomber will always get through " , he was talking about the terror bombing of cities . The US Bomber Mafia agreed with Baldwin only in that the bomber would prevail in its mission . They intended the mission to be against military and industrial targets , not populations .
To effect this doctrine , the United States Army Air Corps would be required to expend the majority of its resources in amassing a fleet of self @-@ defending heavy bombers , and in the training and maintenance of a great number of airmen to fill aircrew and ground crew positions . The ACTS officers who believed in the heavy bomber doctrine realized that any other Air Corps expenditures such as for tactical bombers and fighter aircraft would take away from the proposed large fleet of heavy bombers . Moreover , the men realized that the United States government would have to reduce funding to naval and ground forces in order to establish a great air fleet . To implement these changes , the ACTS instructors began to instill a sense in their students that a separate and independent air arm of the type described earlier by Brigadier General William " Billy " Mitchell , to be called the United States Air Force , was the way forward . As a compromise first step , the General Headquarters ( GHQ ) Air Force was established within the Army Air Corps in 1935 , commanded by General Frank M. Andrews , a strategic bombing advocate . Andrews staffed the command with like @-@ minded officers such as Henry H. " Hap " Arnold .
Although flawed and tested only under optimal conditions , the doctrine ( originally known as the " industrial web theory " ) became the primary airpower strategy of the United States in the planning for World War II . Four former instructors of the school , the core of the " Bomber Mafia " , produced the two airpower war plans ( AWPD @-@ 1 and AWPD @-@ 42 ) that guided the wartime expansion and deployment of the Army Air Forces .
= = Opposition = =
The term ' bomber mafia ' came from the sometimes bitter debates between United States Army staff and Air Corps men who observed , and argued with , the insistence by instructors and students of the ACTS that heavy bombers were the new primary weapon of war , and that a separate air arm was required to command them . For the first few years , the strongest voice at ACTS against the bomber doctrine was Captain ( later General ) George C. Kenney who called for the use of air power to attack enemy fighting units on the ground . He advocated the close coordination of air and ground forces , with an emphasis on medium bombers and fighter bombers . Kenney left ACTS in 1929 , and heavy bomber doctrinarians filled the vacancy . The doctrine also ran counter to the theories of Billy Mitchell himself , who espoused that pursuit support was essential for daylight bombing operations .
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to 34 ft ) .
The peninsula features thin and acidic soil , and hosts plants like witherod , Indian pear , Labrador tea , wintergreen , and blueberry shrubs . It is a woodland area , with birch , tamarack , maple , oak , beech , and white pine trees . Given the development of the land by the Armdale Yacht Club , plant growth is now largely limited to the hill on which the main clubhouse sits ; most of the peninsula was paved in 1971 . Fish caught from Melville Island include cod and mackerel . Local birds include grebes , loons , and alcids .
There is no weather monitoring station on Melville Island ( the closest is the Halifax dockyards ) ; however , as with most of the surrounding area , Melville has a humid continental climate heavily influenced by the water temperature in Halifax Harbour . Average air temperatures range from − 4 @.@ 4 ° C ( 24 @.@ 1 ° F ) in January to 18 @.@ 9 ° C ( 66 @.@ 0 ° F ) in August . It receives about 1 @,@ 500 mm ( 59 in ) of precipitation per year , and may receive snow from October through April . Though the area is fairly sheltered , it is subject to damage from hurricanes and other storms , notably Hurricane Juan in 2003 .
= = Early use = =
Though the Halifax area was settled by aboriginals , particularly the Mi 'kmaq people , as early as 7000 BC , there is no archaeological evidence of native habitation on Melville Island prior to the arrival of the Europeans . The first Europeans to reach the land were likely French traders and missionaries in the 17th century . Halifax was founded by the British in 1749 . The first documented use of Melville Island was by Robert Cowie and John Aubony , who obtained a Crown grant in 1752 to allow them to build a storehouse . After Cowie 's death in 1781 , John Butler Kelly purchased what was then known as Cowie 's Island and quickly resold it in 1784 to James Kavanagh , the head of a prosperous family fishery , for £ 65 . Kavanagh used the land , known as Kavanagh 's Island according to the then @-@ prevalent tradition of place naming , to dry and store fish that he would then sell from his Halifax store .
= = French Revolutionary Wars = =
After the 1793 beheading of Louis XVI sparked a war between Britain and France ( see the French Revolutionary Wars ) , Nova Scotia Governor John Wentworth rented Kavanagh 's Island to house 600 French prisoners that had been captured on St. Pierre and Miquelon . The commander of the Halifax garrison , Brigadier General James Ogilvie , objected to the plan , and instead housed the prisoners at Cornwallis Barracks in Halifax . Several prisoners were able to escape from the makeshift prison , and the rest were sent to Guernsey in June 1794 .
In August 1794 , a French ship captured in St. Domingo arrived in Halifax . A plan to house these prisoners in Halifax met with opposition from the citizenry because of a fear of " fever " ; indeed , surgeon John Halliburton suggested that if the plan was carried out , " the popular would burn down [ the housing ] with the sick prisoners inside " . Halliburton rented Kavanagh 's Island , likely on the suggestion of Governor John Wentworth , and by June 1795 had sent 70 sick and wounded prisoners to its makeshift prison hospital . The other prisoners were kept on the La Felix prison ship . Sixteen soldiers of the Royal Nova Scotia Regiment acted as guards for the hospital beginning in 1796 . Because of overcrowding aboard La Felix , some of its prisoners were allowed to live in Halifax , where some created such a disturbance that they were sent to Kavanagh 's Island to be imprisoned . In 1801 , the Treaty of Amiens resulted in most of the prisoners being returned to France , and the site was abandoned .
= = Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 – 1811 ) = =
The site was formally leased for prisoner housing in 1803 after fifteen French fishermen , three surgeons , and 188 seamen were brought to Halifax as prisoners during the Napoleonic Wars . Though many of these prisoners were later sent to England or Bermuda , one of the surgeons ( Antoine Noel ) was hired to care for the prisoners , while at least sixteen other prisoners were able to escape . Melville was purchased for £ 1000 in 1804 ( £ 68 @,@ 634 as of 2010 ) by Robert Murray , appointed by the British Admiralty as prison agent ; he was replaced shortly thereafter by John MacKellar . At the time , the facility had a maximum capacity of 200 prisoners . The makeshift prison was noted for discipline problems .
The land was officially renamed Melville Island in late 1804 or early 1805 in honour of Henry Dundas , Viscount Melville ( who at the time had just been appointed First Lord of the Admiralty ) . A wooden barracks @-@ style military prison was constructed to house common prisoners , the cornerstone of which was laid in 1808 and is today preserved as a monument , while a multi @-@ storey building was designed to hold officers . As no exchange system was established with the French , the prison quickly became overcrowded . Some Spanish prisoners were also housed in the prison at this time .
Upon their arrival on Melville , prisoners had their name and other details recorded in an entry book . Inmates were given yellow clothing that clearly identified them as prisoners of war , and were supplied with provisions of beef , bread , potatoes and salt from a local contractor " reputed to own most of the livestock in the region " . Some officers were allowed to send trade goods to Halifax , or even work in the city as domestic servants or handymen . There were also prisoner @-@ run shops and a " small town fair " on Melville Island , frequented by British officers and residents of Halifax . Other prisoner pursuits included prison lotteries , model shipbuilding , beer @-@ brewing , fishing , and making molasses candy . Some prisoners were known to have pets or keep chickens .
In late 1805 , a group of officers broke parole and escaped ; this led the garrison captain to restrict the purchase of prisoner @-@ made goods as a means of punishment and enforcing discipline . More serious punishments included flogging or being confined to a barred hole in the prison cellar , known as the " Black Hole " , with only bread and water . One of the prisoners , Pierre Poulin , stabbed another to death in April 1805 , and was tried and hanged for murder in Halifax . The prisoners also maintained their own Grand Council ( Grand Conseil ) with which to impose discipline , though with a different focus than the British : anyone who disclosed a planned escape attempt to the guards was subject to being stoned to death ( though historian Brian Cuthbertson disputes the likelihood of this claim ) . Escapes and attempts were frequent , and attempted escapees were regarded " with high esteem " by the other prisoners . Before 1812 , approximately 130 prisoners , including 25 officers , escaped , of whom only 11 were recaptured despite advertised rewards in local newspapers . Many others were either sent to prisons in England or the West Indies , or were released after pledging allegiance to the British Crown . Approximately 1535 French prisoners were incarcerated at Melville between 1803 and 1813 , and an unknown number were held during Napoleon 's Hundred Days . Sixty @-@ six Frenchmen are known to have died in the prison , ten of whom were prisoners from the Hundred Days . Nine Spanish prisoners also died during this period .
= = War of 1812 = =
The War of 1812 brought an influx of American prisoners to Melville Island ; up to 1800 at a time were housed in its barracks or on a nearby 350 @-@ person prison ship , the Magnet . Most of the French prisoners were released or paroled to make room for the Americans , who were seen as more of a risk . David Stickney was the first recorded American prisoner , arriving on 4 July 1812 . Early in the war , many Americans were exchanged for British prisoners in Boston or Salem , Massachusetts , in an arrangement known as a " cartel " ; 1981 of the captives taken before October 1812 were thus exchanged , while another seventeen , accused of killing a Canadian farmer and raping his wife , were sent to England and imprisoned . African @-@ American captives were never considered for exchange , and were instead commonly released under the 1807 Abolition Act .
By the end of 1812 , maps of the peninsula showed a marked increase in buildings : a two @-@ story common prison , a small hospital , officers ' quarters , a gunner 's house , a turnkey store , fuel sheds , the agent 's office and guard house , a bell house , nine sentry boxes , and four oceanside outhouses . Despite this , the facility was severely overcrowded , a problem compounded by attempts at segregating the remaining French prisoners and the few African @-@ Americans from the majority white American population . 2078 prisoners were recorded by the end of 1812 , including 1412 privateers and 572 merchant seamen . More than 3000 arrived over the next two years , including nearly 1000 soldiers captured in the Niagara area .
Accounts of prison life vary : Cuthbertson says that the prisoners were " reportedly well treated " , but prisoner complaints suggested they were " wretched indeed " . Because of the crowded conditions , " the authorities did everything they could to keep the prisoners quiet , " including lying to them . Captured privateers were sent to England in large numbers " to harass and distress that description of prisoners " . All letters sent to and by prisoners were read . Residents of the Melville prison barracks were lice @-@ infested and slept in tier @-@ hung hammocks ( first three , and later four tiers ) , and their activities were more restricted than those of earlier French prisoners . A strict cleaning regimen was observed in an attempt to promote sanitary conditions , and prisoners could be sent to solitary confinement for uncleanliness . Rations were considered " robust " : prisoners were given 0 @.@ 45 kilograms ( 1 lb ) each of bread and beef and a gill ( 0 @.@ 1421 litres ) of peas daily .
In October 1812 , John Mitchell was appointed as an " American agent " to oversee the treatment of the American prisoners at Melville and to arrange prisoner exchanges . He gave the Americans coffee , sugar , potatoes , tobacco , newspapers , and soap , and also provided money for other purchases . Mitchell was responsible for buying clothing , but lacked the funds to meet demand : in late 1813 , almost 1000 of the prisoners were shoeless , and many more had no jackets . Staff at the prison hospital attributed a tuberculosis outbreak to " want of comfortable clothing " . Though Mitchell visited Melville Island regularly , he was primarily concerned with speaking to the officers , not the common prisoners . Mitchell was removed in October 1814 in retaliation for the treatment of the British prisoner agent , Thomas Barclay , by the United States government .
Despite the conditions in the prison , the Americans continued the French tradition of establishing shops within the prison . Goods sold included cigars and smuggled rum . Gambling was a popular pastime , particularly backgammon and other dice games , as well as dancing , singing , and storytelling . One prisoner was able to counterfeit Spanish coins , which found their way into the Halifax economy . On Sundays , church services were conducted and visitors were allowed , though many visiting Haligonians were United Empire Loyalists who came " to gratify their eyes ... with sight of what they called ' rebels ' " .
The 320 American survivors of the Battle of Boston Harbor were interned on Melville Island in 1813 , and their ship , renamed the HMS Chesapeake , was used to ferry prisoners from Melville to England 's Dartmoor Prison . Many officers were paroled to Halifax , but some began a riot at a performance of a patriotic song about the Chesapeake 's defeat . Parole restrictions were tightened : beginning in 1814 , paroled officers were required to attend a monthly muster on Melville Island , and those who violated their parole were confined to the prison . After foiled escape plots in 1813 and 1814 , fears of a mass escape led to increased security and a 600 @-@ prisoner transport to England . Around this time , Lieutenant William Miller , who had been in charge of the prisoners , was replaced by Captain J. Crochet ; Miller had been noted for his rudeness , including one occasion when he told the prisoners to " die and be damned , as there is one hundred and fifty acres of land to bury you in , God damn you . " He had also been accused of cruelty by American newspapers , though some prisoners defended him and the veracity of the media claims is questionable .
The crowded and insanitary prison led to frequent outbreaks of infectious diseases , including smallpox , typhoid , pneumonia , and dysentery , and a corresponding increase in mortality rates . 195 American prisoners died on Melville Island of various causes , most of whom were buried on Deadman 's Island ; James Brooke suggests a death rate of one per week . The war ended in December 1814 , but news of this did not reach Melville until March 1815 , during which time about fifty prisoners died . The prisoners were released to " quit Halifax at their own expense " , though some were able to find berths on trade ships . All but 120 had left by mid @-@ April ; most of those remaining were hospital patients , who were sent to the Naval Hospital in Halifax in early May . Melville Island was decommissioned in May 1815 , and its goods , including 1170 hammocks , were sold at auction in Halifax .
By the decommissioning , over 10 @,@ 000 French , Spanish and American prisoners had been held at the prison . The vast majority had been Americans : there were 8148 recorded US prisoners , 3542 of whom were privateers from the 92 such ships brought to Halifax .
= = Receiving depot = =
After the decommissioning of the military prison , Melville Island was used as a receiving depot for some of the black refugees , the estimated 1600 – 2000 escaped slaves who arrived in Halifax between 1815 and 1818 . In April 1815 , seventy @-@ six refugees were moved to Melville from the Halifax Poor House , many ill with smallpox . The refugees were given blankets , " colourful " clothing ( often the uniforms of captured or demobilized soldiers ) , and children 's shoes . Rations included pork or beef , potatoes , rice , cornmeal , molasses , spruce beer ( to prevent scurvy ) , and sometimes coffee . To discourage men from leaving their families at the depot as they worked in Halifax , rations were only given to heads of families . Thomas Jeffery was granted a salary of £ 1500 ( £ 86 @,@ 655 as of 2010 ) for administering the depot . Eighty @-@ two refugees died during the smallpox outbreak , and 500 were vaccinated to prevent the further spread of the disease . An increasing number passed through Melville Island on their way to Canadian settlements : between 727 and 798 are recorded from April to July 1815 . Most of these found work in Halifax or moved to land grants , but some returned the following winter " when in distress " . At least 107 of these refugees died on Melville Island . The province 's lieutenant @-@ governor ordered that the refugees be moved to Preston or Halifax in May 1816 , and put the land up for lease to " a person of unexceptionable character " , but no lease is recorded during this period . The hospital was officially closed in June 1816 .
Beginning in 1818 , Melville Island was used as a quarantine hospital for ill immigrants arriving in Nova Scotia . The hospital was operational for short periods in 1818 , 1831 , and 1846 . By 1829 , ten buildings were left on Melville Island , all " in a state of neglect and decay " . In 1831 , three doctors ( Matthias Hoffman , Samuel Head and John Stirling ) were paid £ 30 each ( £ 2125 as of 2010 ) to care for patients at the quarantine hospital ; a nurse later arrived as Matron , bringing with her two teenaged children . In 1847 , over 1200 Irish immigrants fleeing the Irish Potato Famine were ordered quarantined on Melville Island by the Board of Health ; of these , 203 were held in the " fever hospital " , and 30 died . Typhus victims were also held at Melville , during which time the medical staff were not allowed to leave for fear of spreading the infection .
Diseases encountered among the immigrants included smallpox , typhus , and yellow fever . There were 37 recorded deaths .
= = British Army = =
In 1855 , Nova Scotia politician Joseph Howe developed a plan to use Melville Island as a recruitment and training centre for American soldiers to fight for the British in the Crimean War . US neutrality laws prevented Americans from participating in overseas wars , so recruiters sent to the US advertised for men to work on the Nova Scotia Railway , and faced arrest if their true purpose was discovered . Upon arrival in Halifax , the men were sent to Melville Island for enlistment and basic training . The first group of 66 men arrived on 6 April 1855 , but all refused to join the British Foreign Legion . However , by the end of May there were 71 newly recruited soldiers on the peninsula , and up to 158 total had enlisted . American discontent with the project forced its abandonment in June ; the Melville Island depot closed , and the recruits were sent first to Halifax and then to England . Overall the recruitment project enlisted between 500 and 700 men , mostly German and Irish nationals .
After the recruitment project ended , the
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first UK number one single in " Some Might Say " . This preceded their second album , ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? , released later that year . Though it suffered initial critical apathy , the album became the second fastest @-@ selling album ever in the UK , entering the UK album charts at number one and peaking at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart .
The success of Oasis and his newfound fame and fortune were not lost on Gallagher , and both he and his brother became famous for their " rock and roll lifestyle " . They drank heavily , abused drugs , fought fans , critics , peers , and each other , and made celebrity friends such as Ian Brown , Paul Weller , Mani , Mick Jagger , Craig Cash , Kate Moss and Johnny Depp . Gallagher spent extravagantly , buying various cars and a swimming pool , despite the fact he can neither drive , nor swim . He named his house in Belsize Park in London " Supernova Heights " ( after the song " Champagne Supernova " ) , and his two cats " Benson " and " Hedges " after his favourite brand of cigarettes .
Oasis went on to have greater success with their next two singles , " Wonderwall " and " Don 't Look Back in Anger " charting at number two and number one respectively ; the former becoming their sole top 10 hit in the US . Originally , Noel had wanted to take lead vocals on " Wonderwall " , but Liam insisted on singing it . As compensation , he decided he would sing lead vocals on " Don 't Look Back in Anger " . 1995 also saw Gallagher play two songs for the charity album Help ! : " Fade Away " , accompanied by friend and Oasis fan Johnny Depp and Depp 's then @-@ girlfriend Kate Moss ; and the Beatles ' 1969 hit " Come Together " , along with Paul Weller , Paul McCartney and others in a supergroup called Smokin ' Mojo Filters . He began collaborating with the Chemical Brothers , Ian Brown , the Stands , the Prodigy and Weller , amongst others . Gallagher became so influential that a June 1996 NME article argued that " If Noel Gallagher , the most successful songwriter of his generation , champions a group , then said group are guaranteed more mainstream kudos and , quite possibly , more sales . And since Noel has taken to championing only five or six groups , then it 's a powerful cabal he 's promoting . " The NME article grouped the bands Gallagher praised , including The Boo Radleys , Ocean Colour Scene , and Cast , under the banner of " Noelrock " . John Harris typified these bands , and Gallagher , of sharing " a dewy @-@ eyed love of the 1960s , a spurning of much beyond rock 's most basic ingredients , and a belief in the supremacy of ' real music ' " .
In March 1996 , Gallagher and his brother Liam met their father again when the News of the World paid him to go to their hotel during a tour . He left for his room , later commenting " as far as I 'm concerned , I haven 't got a father . He 's not a father to me , y 'know ? I don 't respect him in any way whatsoever " . In August 1996 , Oasis sold out two nights at Knebworth , playing to over 250 @,@ 000 fans . Following the worldwide success of Morning Glory ? , Be Here Now ( 1997 ) became Oasis ' most eagerly anticipated album to date . As with the previous two albums , all the tracks were written by Gallagher . After an initial blaze of publicity , positive critical reviews , and commercial success , the album failed to live up to long @-@ term expectations , and public goodwill towards Be Here Now was short @-@ lived . The album was ultimately regarded by many as a bloated , over @-@ indulgent version of Oasis , which Gallagher has since blamed on the drug @-@ addicted state and indifference of the band at the time .
Gallagher began to suffer drug @-@ induced panic attacks during this period . His depression and paranoid well @-@ being inspired the song " Gas Panic ! " , subsequently included on the 2000 album Standing on the Shoulder of Giants . He claimed to have quit using illicit drugs on 5 June 1998 . Gallagher stated in 2001 , " I liked drugs , I was good at them . But I 'd had panic attacks for about a year and I stopped because I wanted to . After you make the decision , it is quite easy . " Between 1993 and 1998 , Gallagher claims , " I can hardly remember a thing . "
= = = Post @-@ Britpop years = = =
After the hype surrounding the release of Be Here Now had started to wane , critical response to the band became calmer and more considered , leading to a media backlash . In 1997 , Gallagher was criticised for attending a high @-@ profile and well @-@ publicised media party at 10 Downing Street , hosted by the newly appointed Prime Minister , Tony Blair , along with other celebrities and industry figures who had supported New Labour in the run @-@ up to the general election . Both brother Liam and Blur 's Damon Albarn declined their invitations , with Albarn commenting " Enjoy the schmooze , comrade . " The perception of Gallagher as someone now mixing with politicians — or , in particular , a famous photograph of him sipping champagne with Blair — conflicted with the " working class hero " status championed through songs such as " Up in the Sky " .
In 1999 , rhythm guitarist Paul " Bonehead " Arthurs quit the band , with bassist Paul McGuigan following soon afterwards . As a result , the fourth studio album , Standing on the Shoulder of Giants , was recorded by just the Gallaghers and drummer Alan White , with Gallagher playing all guitar parts . He later commented on Bonehead 's departure , " It 's hardly Paul McCartney leaving the Beatles , is it ? " . After the recording sessions were completed , Gallagher selected Gem Archer to join in place of Bonehead .
Later that year Alan McGee decided to leave Creation and sold the rest of his 51 % stake in the label to Sony . Gallagher took this opportunity to set up Big Brother Recordings , which took over Oasis ' distribution in the UK , but Sony imprint Epic Records continued to handle the band 's international distribution . Around the time of the album 's release , Andy Bell , formerly of Ride , joined the band as bassist . In 2001 , Gallagher formed his own label , Sour Mash Records , which released records by the likes of Shack and Proud Mary . The incorporation of the label followed Gallagher 's debut as a producer , working with Proud Mary on their debut , The Same Old Blues .
In late 2006 , Gallagher toured the UK , Europe , Japan , America and Australia in a series of acclaimed intimate semi @-@ acoustic gigs accompanied by Gem Archer and Terry Kirkbride on percussion . The show proved successful and a further series of sets took place in 2007 . March 2007 saw Gallagher perform in Moscow — the first time an Oasis member has performed in Russia . Yet Gallagher dismissed claims that he was planning to embark on a solo career . In early 2007 , Gallagher joined the rest of Oasis to collect the " Outstanding Contribution to Music " Award at the Brit Awards 2007 .
Gallagher , along with the band recorded their seventh studio album between 2007 and the next year at Abbey Road Studios and in Los Angeles , and started at the end of the summer of 2008 a tour that will last at least 12 months .
In March 2009 , The Times in conjunction with iTunes released a selection of live recordings by Noel Gallagher taken from his semi @-@ acoustic performance at the Royal Albert Hall on 27 March 2007 in aid of Teenage Cancer Trust . The Dreams We Have as Children features classic and rare tracks from the Oasis canon along with several cover versions of some of Gallagher 's favourite artists .
= = = Departure from the band = = =
On 28 August 2009 , he quit Oasis after a fight with his brother , Liam . A little before midnight on Friday Gallagher posted a statement on his message board called " Tales from the Middle of Nowhere " on the band 's website announcing his departure .
= = Post @-@ Oasis = =
= = = Solo performances = = =
Gallagher 's first concerts without Oasis were announced on 1 February 2010 to be at London 's Royal Albert Hall on 25 and 26 March 2010 for Teenage Cancer Trust . He was supported by the Courteeners and Plan B respectively . Terry Kirkbride and Gem Archer joined him on @-@ stage , as did Jay Darlington , all of whom Gallagher had previously worked with while he was still a member of Oasis . He played a mostly acoustic set , and played a variety of Oasis album tracks and B @-@ sides . It was almost the same set he played at the Royal Albert Hall in 2007 . Gallagher also joined friend Paul Weller onstage in London on 21 April 2010 , and played the Oasis song " Mucky Fingers " and a song he co @-@ wrote with Weller , " Echoes Round the Sun " .
= = = Returning to the studio = = =
Gallagher confirmed that he would be returning to the studio in August 2010 to record drums for an unnamed artist , later confirmed to be Paul Weller . He also denied rumours that he would be the Best Man for Russell Brand 's marriage to Katy Perry . In August , it was mentioned on a UK Music blog , Sourmash Music , that Gallagher had been working with Liverpool group the Sand Band . Lead singer David McDonnell has been co @-@ writing with Gallagher and are looking to collaborate on future solo projects together .
On 24 November 2010 , Miles Kane revealed that Gallagher sang on a track from his debut solo album entitled My Fantasy . Kane also revealed that he will appear on Gallagher 's forthcoming album , playing guitar .
On 10 February 2011 , Gallagher stated he has " not even started " his first solo record , despite Liam rumouring that he ' swiped ' material from the Dig Out Your Soul sessions . " I am not recording new stuff , not just yet , " he said to Talksport . " It 'll be out when it 's finished I guess . Well I 've not even started it , so I don 't know . "
= = = Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds = = =
Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds released a self @-@ titled album on 17 October 2011 ; a collaboration album with Amorphous Androgynous was to be released in 2012 but has now been shelved indefinitely . He began touring in Dublin on 23 October 2011 . The touring band announced for Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds included David McDonnell ( guitar ) , Russell Pritchard ( bass ) , Mikey Rowe ( keyboards ) and Jeremy Stacey ( drums ) ; McDonnell left during rehearsals and was replaced before the tour with Tim Smith who had played with Rowe and Stacey previously . On 20 July 2011 , Gallagher released a 47 @-@ second trailer of his first single " The Death of You and Me " . The video for the debut single was released on 25 July at 8 : 21 am ( GMT ) .
Following the self @-@ titled debut , Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds released their second album Chasing Yesterday March 2 , 2015 .
Noel Gallagher has confirmed he is working on High Flying Birds ' third album .
= = = Future projects = = =
When promoting his debut album Everyday Robots , in an interview with NME , Damon Albarn hinted at a collaborative project with Gallagher . Despite the years of animosity during Blur and Oasis ' respective heyday , Albarn said : " We ’ re talking . It ’ s not anything to get excited about yet . I mean , he ’ s doing his thing . He ’ s finishing a new record . I ’ ve got my record coming out , but the principle of us making music together is something , you know . It would be fair to say , we have discussed it at least once . "
In March 2015 , Gallagher revealed that he was considering retirement from live shows within the following 10 years . He stated : " It 's not fun being on a bus for six weeks in America . It 's fine when you 're young , but I 'm almost 50 "
= = Personal life = =
= = = Relationships = = =
At the age of 18 , Gallagher became engaged to his then @-@ girlfriend Diane , but they never married and eventually separated . In 1988 , he moved out of his family home to live with Louise Jones , whom he described as his " soulmate " and for whom he wrote " Slide Away " . They had an on @-@ again , off @-@ again relationship before finally separating in June 1994 , with Gallagher stating , " I don 't think I 'll ever get over it . "
In June 1997 , Gallagher married Meg Mathews in Las Vegas , Nevada . He had met her in 1994 through her roommate , MTV presenter Rebecca de Ruvo , whom he was dating at the time and whom he left for Mathews . Mathews gave birth to a daughter , Anaïs Gallagher , on 27 January 2000 . Gallagher and Mathews divorced in January 2001 on grounds of his adultery with Scottish publicist Sara MacDonald . After the divorce was finalised , Gallagher admitted he had only claimed to have cheated in order to speed up the divorce process and that he had never actually been unfaithful .
Since his separation from Mathews , Gallagher has been in a relationship with MacDonald , whom he met at club Space on Ibiza in June 2000 . He wrote " Waiting for the Rapture " about their meeting . They have two sons , Donovan Rory MacDonald Gallagher ( born 22 September 2007 ) and Sonny Patrick MacDonald Gallagher ( born 1 October 2010 ) . Gallagher and MacDonald were married on 18 June 2011 in a private ceremony at the Lime Wood Hotel in the New Forest National Park . Gallagher 's best friend Russell Brand was best man at the wedding .
= = = Other = = =
He was a frequent guest on The Russell Brand Show on BBC Radio 2 , appearing on almost every show , leading Brand to dub him an unofficial " Co presenter " . He is also a regular on the digital radio sports show , " TalkSPORT " Other notable friends of his are , Mani of the Stone Roses , Richard Ashcroft of the Verve – for whom he dedicated a song , " Cast No Shadow " , the band members of the Chemical Brothers , - Sex Pistols members John Lydon and Steve Jones the members of the rock band Kasabian , Andy Nicholson , boxer Ricky Hatton , Paul McCartney , former Liverpool F.C. footballer Jamie Carragher , Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland of Coldplay , Johnny Marr , Morrissey , Bono , Paul Weller , Ian Brown , John Squire , Lee Mavers , Craig Cash , Kelly Jones and Johnny Depp ( who played slide guitar on the Oasis song Fade In @-@ Out ) . He was also good friends with Kate Moss who used to stay with him when she was visiting London . In 2001 he was reported to have an estimated personal fortune of £ 25 million . In 2009 , The Sunday Times Rich List estimated he and Liam 's combined personal fortune at £ 52 million .
Gallagher is a fan of football , being a lifelong Manchester City F.C. supporter ( Gallagher admitting he " cried like a baby " when City won the Premier League title ) . He is a friend of former City midfielder Joey Barton , as well as Italian striker Alessandro Del Piero , who described Gallagher as Italy 's " lucky mascot " during the 2006 FIFA World Cup , and appears in the Oasis video " Lord Don 't Slow Me Down " . Gallagher along with Kasabian lead guitarist Sergio Pizzorno took part in drawing teams for the FA Cup third round in 2011 . Coincidentally Pizzorno drew his hometown team Leicester City with Gallagher 's Manchester City for the Third round tie in which both teams drew 2 @-@ 2 and Manchester City preceded to win 4 @-@ 2 in the replay . He participated in the unveiling of Umbro sponsored football kits with captain Vincent Kompany . In the advertising campaign , the two men are pictured wearing the new Manchester City home and away shirts for the 2012 – 13 season . Formerly , the footballer introduced Gallagher to 80 @,@ 000 fans during Rock Werchter music festival in Belgium . Gallagher also supports the Republic of Ireland national football team and has said " I don ’ t consider myself to be English at all " . Nevertheless , he did serve as an official ambassador for England 's bid to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup .
Gallagher stated in a 2006 radio interview with Russell Brand that he does not believe in God or " an all @-@ guiding force " . Despite this assertion , throughout his career , many of his songs have mentioned God ( " Carry Us All " , " Gas Panic ! , " " The Hindu Times " and " Little by Little " ) , and all the tracks he had contributed to Dig Out Your Soul , as well as the other bandmates ' songs , have lyrics and references to God and other biblical terms . Dig Out Your Soul has been described by Gallagher as a " religious Armageddon " . But in recent interviews for Dig Out Your Soul regarding religion , he stated " See , I don 't know what I am . If I was an atheist I 'd just write songs about not believing in God – but I don 't know what I am . "
In 2008 , it was announced that Gallagher would sell his home in Ibiza located near fellow musician James Blunt 's , saying while in Los Angeles on the Russell Brand BBC Radio 2 show that he " can 't stand living there in the knowledge that Blunt is nearby making terrible music " .
He was reportedly asked by Simon Cowell to be a judge on The X Factor after Dannii Minogue , Cheryl Cole and Cowell himself declined to participate in series 8 , which Gallagher subsequently declined as well .
= = Songwriting and musicianship = =
Gallagher was the primary songwriter in Oasis , and on the group 's first few albums he was the sole songwriting contributor . He is often criticised for the praise he gives to his own songs . He points out " If you 'd written ' Live Forever ' , you 'd be walking to a different tune the next day too . " Gallagher has often been accused by critics of plagiarising the music of his heroes , but he has maintained outright homages in his music are his intention . In a 1996 Guitar World interview , he described himself as " a fan who writes songs " and stated , " I 'm not saying , ' I 'm the greatest songwriter in the world . Listen to me . ' Usually , I 'm saying , ' These are the greatest songwriters in the world . And I 'm gonna put them all in this song " ' . His response to critics about the topic of " blatantly pinching riffs " was , " No , I don 't feel guilty . But you feel pissed off because you didn 't do it first . "
Though naturally left @-@ handed , Gallagher plays guitar right @-@ handed , which he claims is the only thing he can do with his non @-@ dominant hand . Gallagher has said he sometimes does not understand his own lyrics , commenting in 2005 that " when I 'm halfway through ' Don 't Look Back in Anger ' I say to myself . ' I still don 't know what these words mean ! ' " Gallagher has declared to be dyslexic , which slows down the process of his songwriting , nor can he read or write music .
= = = Changing band dynamic = = =
Gallagher 's role as chief songwriter for Oasis changed over time as he allowed a greater level of lyrical input from the other band members . Standing on the Shoulder of Giants included Oasis ' first ever album track written by his brother Liam . Heathen Chemistry included a further three tracks by Liam ( including the single " Songbird " ) , one by Archer and one by Andy Bell . Don 't Believe the Truth featured another three tracks by Liam ( though one of them , " Love Like a Bomb " was co @-@ written with Archer ) , one from Archer , and two from Bell . The latter two albums have been greeted with increasing critical and commercial success in the UK , particularly Don 't Believe the Truth . Yet the second single from Don 't Believe the Truth , " The Importance of Being Idle " became the second Oasis track sung by Gallagher to top the UK charts and was named 2005 's finest track by Q magazine , as well as being nominated for the
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defeat at Alma . He formed a plan to cut the British army off from the harbour at Balaclava , with a secondary objective of capturing the harbour itself . The Russian forces assembled on 24 October , and attacked at around 7am on the 25th . General Gribbe covered the Russian left flank , with Semiakin , Levoutsky and Scudery on his right : General Ryzhov waited behind them , prepared to support any individual force that came under trouble . The Turkish forces in the first redoubts were quickly overwhelmed and forced to flee .
At 8am Raglan ordered the Heavy and Light cavalry brigades , under Lord Lucan , to move into line with the second set of Turkish @-@ occupied redoubts . The order confused and infuriated Lucan - there was only one set of redoubts that had been occupied by the Turks , and it was now abandoned . Doing so also meant leaving the Turks and 550 British infantry to meet the Russian charge alone , without any cavalry support . Despite Raglan 's " lackadaisical wording " , Lucan interpreted the order ( correctly ) to require him to place the Light Brigade at the mouth of the North Valley to Balaclava , a position that left the cavalry dangerously exposed : because of the terrain , they would not be able to see advancing Russian troops until they were less than 50 feet away . As Raglan watched the cavalry form up at the mouth of the North Valley , 30 minutes after giving the order , he changed his mind and had them returned to their original position .
At the same time , Raglan wished to reinforce the Turks and British infantry , and ordered Lucan to detach four of the five Heavy Brigade cavalry regiments and send them to the defensive line . This further angered Lucan , since splitting the force in half merely reduced the cavalry 's overall effectiveness , but he again complied . The result was that the first fork of the Russian cavalry attack encountered The Thin Red Line and were driven off , while the second fork , crossing the heights above the plain , encountered four regiments of the Heavy Brigade . The Russians - with between 1 @,@ 500 and 2 @,@ 000 men - were initially surprised to see the 800 British cavalry approaching , allowing Scarlett , the commander of the Heavy Brigades , to charge the Russians uphill . By this point Lucan had left Lord Cardigan in charge of the Light Brigade and raced over to the Heavies , later claiming that his duty trumpeter had ordered the British charge , which eventually forced the Russians to flee .
= = = Charge of the Light Brigade = = =
When Lucan left the Light Brigade idling on the plateau , he instructed Cardigan to defend the position against attack . Cardigan interpreted this to mean that he should not leave the plateau , and the Brigade remained mostly immobile while the Heavy Brigade engaged the Russian cavalry ( over the objection of some of the Light Brigade 's officers ) . This prevented the British cavalry from adequately pursuing the Russians , and no attacks were mounted down the North Valley through which they had retreated . Due to the failure of their attack , the Russians chose not to advance further , leading to Raglan deciding to attempt to retake the captured Turkish fortifications using the Light and Heavy brigades with two divisions of infantry . Although the 1st Division advanced swiftly , the 4th Division was deliberately tardy , making Raglan increasingly impatient . He dispatched an aide to Lucan ordering that " Cavalry to advance and take advantage of any opportunity to recover the heights . They will be supported by the infantry which have been ordered to advance on two fronts " . Lucan interpreted this to mean he should await the infantry support before attacking .
About 40 minutes later , with the infantry still having not arrived , Raglan 's staff officers spotted Russian artillery teams approaching the fortifications with equipment to remove captured guns . To avoid the guns being taken , Raglan dispatched Nolan to carry a message to Lucan that read :
Lord Raglan wishes the cavalry to advance rapidly to the front , and try to prevent the enemy carrying away the guns . Troop of horse @-@ artillery may accompany . French cavalry is on your left . Immediate .
As Nolan rode towards Lucan 's position , Raglan shouted that he should " Tell Lord Lucan the cavalry is to attack immediately " ; his fourth order . The Russian forces included the Don Cossack field artillery battery , containing between eight and twelve guns , drawn up at the bottom of the North Valley , with regiments of cavalry waiting behind it . Nolan carried the message to Lucan ; when Lucan asked what guns were referred to , Nolan is said to have indicated , by a wide sweep of his arm , not the Causeway redoubts but the Don Cossack battery in the North Valley , around a mile away . After a brief debate , Lucan ordered the Light Brigade forward . Cardigan claimed that Lucan had ordered him to attack without quarter given , despite him pointing out the Russian artillery ; Lucan , on the other hand , claimed he told Cardigan to retire from battle " if no opportunity to take his objective presented itself " . Regardless , the Brigade drew swords and was ordered by Cardigan to advance down the valley . Nolan had explicitly asked to join the Brigade for the fight , and was allowed to . As the Light Brigade advanced , the Russian guns opened fire , and a shell splinter hit Nolan in the chest . His horse carried him almost back to the Brigade 's starting point before Nolan fell from the saddle , dead .
Russian artillery continued to fire on the Light Brigade . As Lucan advanced after them with the Heavy Brigade , he saw the Light Brigade being overwhelmed by the Russian artillery and ordered the Heavies back , saying that " They have sacrificed the Light Brigade ; they shall not the Heavy , if I can help it " . The remainder of the Light Brigade eventually reached the Russian artillery , wreaking havoc on the fleeing gunners , before pursuing the Russian cavalry behind the artillery down the remainder of the valley . Despite being outnumbered five to one , the British cavalry who pursued the Russians managed to disrupt the enemy for some time before being killed or captured . Of the cavalry who had stayed with the abandoned artillery guns , 60 or 70 were collected by George Paget , who retired back to the British lines despite Russian cavalry harrying them . The result was 110 dead , 130 wounded , and 58 missing or captured - 40 percent losses in an action that lasted 20 minutes .
= = Legacy = =
At the time of his death , Nolan was the last male member of his family , and the line died with him . Some friends had a plaque erected in his memory at Holy Trinity Church in Maidstone , although his body remained in the Crimea . Most of his possessions were given to Colonel Key , including the copyright on Cavalry : Its History and Tactics , his house in London and his interests in the Adelphi Estate in Tobago .
The Charge itself and the tragedy that resulted was blamed on both Lucan and Nolan by William Howard Russell — Nolan , for misunderstanding the order and issuing a confusing message , and Lucan , for not properly keeping an eye on the terrain . Raglan himself primarily blamed Lucan , who was infuriated by this and wrote a letter to Horse Guards Parade disputing Raglan 's claim . This was too much for Viscount Hardinge , the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Forces , who had Lucan resign his command and return to Britain . With Hardinge unwilling to give him a court martial , Lucan wrote a pamphlet titled A Vindication of the Earl of Lucan from Lord Raglan 's Reflections and a series of letters to The Times that revealed Raglan 's order to have been highly ambiguous and " not the kind of dispatch required by an officer on the battlefield " . At the same time , Nolan 's method of delivery had been imperious , and he had insisted the urgency of the attack - something clear in Raglan 's verbal order to him , but not in the written order . Public opinion became divided ; people both attacked Nolan and rallied to his defence . The major newspapers , at least , maintained that with Nolan 's status as a mere messenger it was inconceivable that he alone could have destroyed the Light Brigade without failings by Lucan . Lord Cardigan defended Nolan by saying the Captain " did not have the least idea of the mistake which was about to be perpetrated . " Within the Crimea , however , the majority " roundly damned " Nolan . The Charge was soon overshadowed by other scandalous and bloody military failures such as the continued failure of the Siege of Sevastopol .
Terry Brighton writes in Hell Riders that " in the 150 years since the charge historians have generally agreed that the blunder was indeed Nolan 's . Most argue that he misunderstood the order , and when asked by Lord Lucan what Raglan intended by it pointed towards the wrong enemy guns and sent the Light Brigade to its destruction . In recent years it has even been suggested that he deliberately misled Lucan about which guns were to be attacked " . Brighton himself distributes the blame more widely , holding that Raglan , Lucan and Nolan were at fault , but that the vast majority of the blame lies with Lucan . David Buttery , in Messenger of Death , agrees that the blame was at least partially Lucan 's for failing to conduct adequate reconnaissance .
Nolan was played by David Hemmings in the 1968 film The Charge of the Light Brigade . In the film Nolan is portrayed as a haughty , glory @-@ hungry officer , but also a " symbol of youth , energy and professionalism ... desperate ... to reform the army " .
= 2010 New Year 's Eve tornado outbreak =
The 2010 New Year 's Eve tornado outbreak was a three @-@ day @-@ long tornado outbreak that impacted the central and lower Mississippi Valley from December 30 , 2010 to January 1 , 2011 . Associated with a low pressure system and a strong cold front , 37 tornadoes tracked across five states over the length of the severe event , killing nine and injuring several others . Activity was centered in the states of Missouri and later Mississippi on December 31 . Seven tornadoes were rated EF3 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale ; these were the strongest during the outbreak . Non @-@ tornadic winds were recorded to have reached as high as 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) at eight locations on December 31 , while hail as large as 2 @.@ 75 in ( 7 @.@ 0 cm ) was documented north @-@ northeast of Mansfield , Missouri . Overall , damage from the outbreak totaled US $ 123 @.@ 3 million , most of which was related to tornadoes .
The United States Storm Prediction Center first noted a possible New Year 's Eve severe weather event as early as December 25 , 2010 . These forecasts gained confidence as the event approached , with a focus on the Ozarks and adjacent areas . Supercells developed in this area during the night of December 30 and tracked across central Missouri , producing several tornadoes and large hail . However , the bulk of activity during the outbreak was a result of a long line of supercells that tracked from Oklahoma to Illinois , producing five EF3 tornadoes . One of these tracked through northwestern Arkansas , killing four . Another tore through eastern sections of Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri , destroying 159 homes and causing US $ 90 million in damage , making it the costliest tornado of the outbreak . A separate cluster of storms later developed in Louisiana before tracking into Mississippi , producing several tornadoes across southern and central regions of the state on January 1 .
= = Meteorological synopsis = =
The Storm Prediction Center ( SPC ) began to note the possibility that a severe weather event could develop on December 30 as early as December 25 , 2010 . Nonetheless , the predictability of the event was too low as the event was several days out . As the anticipated event grew closer , confidence in the forecast slowly increased , though uncertainties in the timing and extent of the tornado outbreak still existed . These uncertainties remained through December 29 with forecasts calling for only marginal hail and possibly damaging gusts . However , the SPC indicated that supercells and more severe weather could result from atmospheric conditions deviating slightly from the forecast . In contrast , forecasts were more confident in a widespread outbreak of severe weather for
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New Year 's Eve ; the SPC issued a slight risk outlook for much of the Lower Mississippi Valley and the Ozarks as a result .
Atmospheric conditions remained only marginally conducive for the development of thunderstorms on the morning of December 30 . Throughout the day , moisture was drawn from the Gulf of Mexico northward into the Ozarks region . However , the presence of a capping inversion prevented thunderstorms from developing . During the evening of December 30 , an area of strong wind shear developed near the Ark @-@ La @-@ Tex and southeastern Oklahoma area well ahead of a nearing cold front , providing a focal point for potential storm development . Late that day , scattered thunderstorms developed over eastern Oklahoma and northern Arkansas , producing significant hail . Over the next few hours and into December 31 , these storms would intensify as they moved into southwestern Missouri , producing four tornadoes . The first tornado watch issued in association with the severe event was issued at 07 : 06 UTC on December 31 as these storms tracked across the Ozarks . After a few hours , these supercell thunderstorms lessened in strength as they neared the Greater St. Louis metropolitan area .
While the cluster of thunderstorms was tracking through Missouri , a new line of thunderstorms with embedded supercells developed across eastern Oklahoma and Kansas , demarcating a dry line boundary . Although linear storm systems tend to indicate strong wind events and not tornadoes , these storms tracked eastward into southwestern Missouri . A long @-@ tracked EF3 developed from one of these supercells and struck Cincinnati , Arkansas . At 13 : 31 UTC on December 31 , a tornado watch was issued for much of Missouri and portions of Arkansas and Illinois . Most of the tornadoes during the outbreak stemmed from this line of storms as they moved through Missouri and Illinois throughout the day . At around noon , a new cluster of disorganized showers formed over eastern Louisiana and southern Mississippi . Although these storms were initially weak , they gradually intensified into supercells as the day went on . Additional supercells quickly developed over Louisiana and eventually spread in coverage over Mississippi , resulting in the development of several tornadoes . Reaching their peak strength over Mississippi , the storms gradually lost their intensity as they tracked eastward late on December 31 and into January 1 , 2011 . By the morning hours of January 1 , severe activity had become restricted to the Florida Panhandle and southern Alabama ; the last tornado watch issued in association with the 2010 New Year 's Eve tornado outbreak was issued for those regions at 15 : 56 UTC that day .
= = Tornadoes = =
= = = December 30 event = = =
= = = December 31 event = = =
= = = January 1 event = = =
= = Notable tornadoes = =
= = = Cincinnati , Arkansas = = =
The deadliest tornado of the 2010 New Year 's Eve tornado outbreak moved across extreme eastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas , tracking 21 @.@ 1 mi ( 34 @.@ 0 km ) and damaging the unincorporated community of Cincinnati , Arkansas . The first tornado warning associated was issued at 12 : 00 UTC for portions of Adair County in Oklahoma and Benton and Washington counties in Arkansas by the National Weather Service Tulsa , Oklahoma . At around the same time , damaging winds estimated at around 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) tore the roof off of a barn southwest of Westville , Oklahoma ; these winds were likely a result of inflow caused by the developing tornado . Post @-@ tornado survey teams concluded that the tornado touched down five minutes later northeast of Westville . Quickly tracking northeast , the tornado snapped 13 large wooden utility poles . Four cars were displaced by 20 – 50 yd ( 18 – 46 m ) and a nearby home sustained significant roof damage and broken windows ; this resulted in an EF2 rating for the tornado within Adair County . Damage in Adair County totaled $ 60 @,@ 000 . At 12 : 08 UTC , the tornado crossed the Oklahoma @-@ Arkansas border and moved into Benton County , Arkansas .
At 12 : 10 UTC , the tornado tracked into Cincinnati , Arkansas , where it reached its peak intensity . Winds were estimated as high as 142 mph ( 229 km / h ) and the tornado widened to a width of 300 yd ( 270 m ) , making the tornado an EF3 at this location . Several homes were destroyed or heavily damaged in the southwestern areas of the town . Numerous trees and power poles were knocked down or uprooted . Two people were killed when a mobile home was destroyed , while another person died as he was tending cattle when the barn he occupied collapsed . Seven others were injured in Cincinnati . The tornado continued to widen as it trekked northeastward , reaching a maximum width of 500 yd ( 460 m ) . Several permanent homes were heavily damaged northeast of Cincinnati , and a number of chicken houses , mobile homes , outbuildings , and power poles were destroyed . One woman was critically injured after her mobile home was destroyed ; she died of her injuries at a hospital four days later . Damage in Cincinnati and surrounding areas within Benton County reached $ 1 @.@ 5 million .
After 12 : 17 UTC , the tornado 's position fluctuated between Benton and Washington counties in northwestern Arkansas . Permanent houses were damaged and mobile homes were destroyed . Numerous trees were uprooted or snapped while many other power poles were snapped . Two people were injured following the destruction of a mobile home within the Ozark National Forest in Benton County , while another person was injured west of Tontitown , Arkansas in Washington County . The tornado finally dissipated northwest of Tontitown at 12 : 27 UTC after causing four deaths and ten injuries . Overall , the tornado caused $ 1 @.@ 835 million in damage , which was the sixth costliest total during the tornado outbreak .
= = = Fenton – Sunset Hills , Missouri tornado = = =
At 17 : 22 UTC on December 31 , the National Weather Service St. Louis , Missouri issued a tornado warning for a severe squall line capable of producing rain @-@ wrapped tornadoes and wind damage . The warning covered ten counties in Missouri and Illinois straddling the Mississippi River and included St. Louis . Shortly after the warning 's issuance , two EF1 tornadoes tracked across Jefferson and St. Louis counties , causing extensive tree damage and minor property damage . However , the most destructive tornado from the passing squall line touched down at 17 : 48 UTC east @-@ northeast of Murphy , Missouri in northern Jefferson County . Initially , the tornado was an EF0 with a path width of 40 yd ( 37 m ) and lifted before touching down again just north of Missouri Route 30 near the Jefferson @-@ St. Louis county line . Small trees and minor roof damage occurred at the point of this second touch down before the tornado moved northeastward into St. Louis County , where the tornado caused a bulk of its damage and was at its strongest .
A large subdivision near Route 30 sustained minor roof and tree damage , which was rated as EF0 intensity . However , as the tornado was intensifying through the neighborhood , three homes to the subdivision 's east suffered more considerable roof and siding damage and was assigned an EF1 damage intensity rating . The tornado then crossed Missouri Route 141 , where it blew a Honda CR @-@ V into a highway barrier ; the driver of the vehicle suffered critical injuries and died eleven days later from those injuries . After crossing the highway , a number of buildings were damaged including a church , elementary school , and parsonage . Damage in this area was rated as EF2 due to the partial debarking of a nearby tree . Minor tree damage occurred as the tornado moved through Fenton Park and tracked over the Meramec River .
After crossing the river , the tornado weakened to EF1 strength , damaging several homes while also leaving behind an interrupted damage path . The tornado crossed Interstate 270 before rapidly intensifying at around 17 : 56 UTC . Numerous trees were uprooted while many homes sustained considerable damage . Six homes were unroofed and one was destroyed and shifted from its foundation ; this damage was rated high @-@ end EF3 . At the time , the tornado was 0 @.@ 25 mi ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) wide . The tornado weakened to EF1 intensity afterwards , causing more minor damage to a strip mall and several homes . Six power poles were knocked down shortly before the tornado lifted at 18 : 00 UTC in western Crestwood , Missouri .
= = Non @-@ tornadic impacts = =
Beginning on December 29 and continuing for three days , the storm system associated with the tornado outbreak caused strong winds across the Texas Panhandle and eastern New Mexico . The winds were further enhanced by isolated showers , and gusts peaked at 79 mph ( 127 km / h ) in Tatum , New Mexico . Approximately 7 mi ( 11 km ) west of Levelland , Texas , the winds downed four power poles , sparking a fire that burned nearly 2 @,@ 000 acres ( 800 hectares ) of grassland before it was finally contained ; the fire caused US $ 20 @,@ 000 in damage . In Allen , Oklahoma , strong winds associated with one supercell caused an estimated US $ 20 @,@ 000 in damage after damaging the carport , chimney , and roof of a house . Hail and strong winds were also reported elsewhere in eastern Oklahoma and southeastern Kansas . Widespread and damaging wind gusts and hail later crossed into northwestern Arkansas , causing US $ 175 @,@ 000 in damage . Several buildings and homes were destroyed by the
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-@ based McKinsey , Wellington & Co. and splitting off the accounting practice into Chicago @-@ based Wellington & Company . A Wellington project that accounted for 55 percent of McKinsey , Wellington & Company 's billings was about to expire and Kearney and Bower had disagreements about how to run the firm . Bower wanted to expand nationally and hire young business school graduates , whereas Kearney wanted to stay in Chicago and hire experienced accountants . Additionally , in 1937 James O. McKinsey died after catching pneumonia .
This led to the division of McKinsey , Wellington & Company in 1939 . The accounting practice returned to Scovell , Wellington & Company , while the management engineering practice was split into McKinsey & Company and McKinsey , Kearney & Company . Bower had partnered with Guy Crockett from Scovell Wellington , who invested in the new McKinsey & Company and became managing partner , while Marvin Bower is credited with founding the firm 's principles and strategy as his deputy . The New York office purchased exclusive rights to the McKinsey name in 1946 .
= = = Establishment = = =
McKinsey & Company grew quickly in the 1940s and 50s , especially in Europe . It had 88 staff in 1951 and more than 200 by the 1960s , including 37 in London by 1966 . In the same year , McKinsey had six offices in major US cities like San Francisco , Los Angeles and Washington D.C. , as well as six abroad . These foreign offices were primarily in Europe , such as in London , Paris , Amsterdam , as well as in Melbourne . By this time , one third of the company 's revenues originated from its European offices . Guy Crockett stepped down as managing director in 1950 , and Marvin Bower was elected in his place . McKinsey 's profit @-@ sharing , executive and planning committees were formed in 1951 . The organization 's client base expanded especially among governments , defense contractors , bluechip companies and military organizations in the post @-@ World War II era . After seven years of consideration , McKinsey became a private corporation with shares owned exclusively by McKinsey employees in 1956 .
After Bower stepped down in 1967 , the firm 's revenues declined . New competitors like the Boston Consulting Group and Bain & Company created increased competition for McKinsey by marketing specific branded products , such as the Growth @-@ Share Matrix , and by selling their industry expertise . In 1971 , McKinsey created the Commission on Firm Aims and Goals , which found that McKinsey had become too focused on geographic expansion and lacked adequate industry knowledge . The commission advised that McKinsey slow its growth and develop industry specialties . In 1976 , Ron Daniel was elected managing director , serving until 1988 . Daniel and Fred Gluck helped shift the firm away from its generalist approach by developing 15 specialized working groups within McKinsey called Centers of Competence and by developing practice areas called Strategy , Operations and Organization . Daniel also began McKinsey 's knowledge management efforts in 1987 . This led to the creation of an IT system that tracked McKinsey engagements , a process to centralize knowledge from each practice area and a resource directory of internal experts . " By the end of his tenure in 1988 the firm was growing again and had opened new offices in Rome , Helsinki , São Paulo and Minneapolis .
Fred Gluck served as McKinsey ’ s managing director from 1988 to 1994 . The firm 's revenues doubled during his tenure . He organized McKinsey into 72 " islands of activity " that were organized under 7 sectors and 7 functional areas . By 1997 , McKinsey had grown eightfold over its size in 1977 . In 1989 the firm attempted to make a talent acquisition in IT services through a $ 10 million purchase of the Information Consulting Group ( ICG ) , but a culture clash caused 151 out of the 254 ICG staff members to leave by 1993 .
= = = Recent history = = =
= = = = Further expansion = = = =
In 1994 , Rajat Gupta became the first non @-@ American @-@ born partner to be elected as the firm ’ s managing director . By the end of his tenure , McKinsey had grown from 2 @,@ 900 to 7 @,@ 700 staff and 58 to 84 locations . He opened new international offices in cities such as Moscow , Beijing and Bangkok . Continuing the structure developed by prior directors , Gupta also created 16 industry groups charged with understanding specific markets and instituted a three @-@ term limit for the managing director . McKinsey created practice areas for manufacturing and business technology in the late 1990s .
McKinsey set up " accelerators " in the 1990s , where the firm accepted stock @-@ based reimbursement to help internet startups ; the company performed more than 1 @,@ 000 e @-@ commerce projects from 1998 @-@ 2000 alone . The burst of the dot @-@ com bubble led to a reduction in utilization rates of McKinsey 's consultants from 64 to 52 percent . Though McKinsey avoided dismissing any personnel following the decline , the decline in revenues and losses from equity @-@ based payments as stock interests lost their value , together with a recession in 2001 , meant the company had to reduce its prices , cut expenses and reduce hiring .
In 2001 , McKinsey launched several practices that focused on the public and social sector . It took on many public sector or non profit clients on a pro bono basis . By 2002 McKinsey had invested a $ 35 @.@ 8 million budget on knowledge management , up from $ 8 @.@ 3 million in 1999 . Its revenues were 50 , 20 and 30 percent from strategy , operations and technology consulting respectively .
In 2003 Ian Davis , the head of the London , UK office , was elected to the position of managing director . Davis promised a return to the company ’ s core values , after a period in which the firm had expanded rapidly , which some McKinsey consultants felt was a departure from the company 's heritage . Also in 2003 , the firm established a headquarters for the Asia @-@ Pacific region in Shanghai , China . By 2004 , more than 60 percent of McKinsey 's revenues were generated outside the U.S. The company started a Social Sector Office ( SSO ) in 2008 , which is divided into three practices : Global Public Health , Economic Development and Opportunity Creation ( EDHOC ) and Philanthropy . McKinsey does much of its pro @-@ bono work through the SSO , whereas a Business Technology Office ( BTO ) , founded in 1997 , provides consulting on technology strategy .
By 2009 , the firm consisted of 400 directors ( senior partners ) , up from 151 in 1993 . Dominic Barton was elected as Managing Director , a role he was re @-@ elected for in 2012 and 2015 .
= = = = Galleon insider trading scandal = = = =
Former McKinsey senior executives , Rajat Gupta and Anil Kumar , were among those convicted in a government investigation into insider trading for sharing inside information with Galleon Group hedge fund owner Raj Rajaratnam . Though McKinsey was not accused of any wrongdoing , the convictions were embarrassing for the firm , since it prides itself for integrity and client confidentiality . Following the initial allegations McKinsey no longer maintains a relationship with either senior partner , though the manner in which it severed ties attracted controversy .
Senior partner Anil Kumar , described as Gupta 's protégé , left the firm after the allegations in 2009 and pleaded guilty in January 2010 . While he and other partners had been pitching McKinsey 's consulting services to the Galleon Group , Kumar and Rajaratnam reached a private consulting agreement , violating McKinsey 's policies on confidentiality . Gupta was convicted in June 2012 of four counts of conspiracy and securities fraud , and acquitted on two counts . In October 2011 , he was arrested by the FBI on criminal charges of sharing insider information from these confidential board meetings with Rajaratnam . At least twice , Gupta used a McKinsey phone to call Rajaratnam and retained other perks — an office , assistant , and $ 6 million retirement salary that year — as a senior partner emeritus .
After the scandal McKinsey instituted new policies and procedures to discourage future indiscretions from consultants , including investigating other partners ' ties to Gupta .
= = Organization = =
= = = Structure = = =
McKinsey & Company was originally organized as a partnership before being legally restructured as a private corporation with shares owned by its Partners in 1956 . It mimics the structure of a partnership and employees are called " partners " . The company has a flat hierarchy and each member is assigned a mentor . Since the 1960s , McKinsey 's Managing Director has been elected by a vote of senior directors to serve up to three , three @-@ year terms or until reaching the mandatory retirement age of 60 . The firm is also managed by a series of committees that each has its own area of responsibility .
McKinsey has a de @-@ centralized structure , whereby different offices operate similarly , but independently . Each office is expected to put the overall organization 's best interest before the office 's , which McKinsey refers to as the " one firm " principle . Consultants and engagements are often shared across offices . Revenues from all offices are pooled and an individual office 's revenue does not directly affect it financially . The company 's budgeting is centralized , but individual consultants are given a large degree of autonomy .
McKinsey consultants are either industry experts , functional experts , or generalists that cover specific geographic regions . The firm has 23 Industry Practices focused on individual industries , nine Functional Practices that work in areas like finance , marketing or risk , and five Capabilities and Solutions areas related to technology consulting .
= = = Culture = = =
Marvin Bower is credited with creating McKinsey 's values and principles in 1937 . He established a set of rules : that consultants should put the interests of clients before McKinsey 's revenues , not discuss client affairs , tell the truth even if it means challenging the client 's opinion and , only perform work that is both necessary and that McKinsey can do well . Bower created the firm 's principle of only working with CEOs , which was later expanded to CEOs of subsidiaries and divisions . He also created McKinsey 's principle of only working with clients the firm felt would follow its advice .
Bower also established the firm 's language . McKinsey calls itself " The Firm " and its employees " members " . McKinsey says its consultants are not motivated by money . McKinsey & Company tries to keep a " very low profile public image . " The firm has a policy against discussing specific client situations . The firm says it does not advertise , though it did advertise allegedly for recruitment purposes in TIME Magazine in 1966 . Members are not supposed to " sell " their services . McKinsey 's consultants are expected to become a part of the community and recruit clients from church , charitable foundations , board positions and other community involvements .
A 1993 profile story in Fortune Magazine said McKinsey & Company was " the most well @-@ known , most secretive , most high @-@ priced , most prestigious , most consistently successful , most envied , most trusted , most disliked management consulting firm on earth . " According to BusinessWeek the firm is " ridiculed , reviled , or revered depending on one 's perspective . "
McKinsey 's culture has often been compared to religion , because of the influence , loyalty and zeal of its members . Fortune Magazine said partners talk to each other with " a sense of personal affection and admiration . " An article in The News Observer said McKinsey 's internal culture was " collegiate and ruthlessly competitive " and has been described as arrogant . The Wall Street Journal said McKinsey is seen as " elite , loyal and secretive " . According to Reuters , it has a " button @-@ down culture " focused on " playing by the rules " . According to BusinessWeek , some consultants say the firm has strayed from its original values as it increased in size . The Guardian said at McKinsey " hours are long , expectations high and failure not acceptable . "
= = = Influence = = =
Many of McKinsey 's alumni become CEOs of major corporations or hold important government positions . In doing so , they influence the other organization with McKinsey 's values and culture . McKinsey 's alumni have been appointed as CEOs or high @-@ level executives at Google , American Express , IBM , Westinghouse Electric , Sears , AT & T , PepsiCo , and Enron . McKinsey alumni have held positions with Tony Blair 's office . Citicorp and Merrill Lynch have also hired many McKinsey alumni . As of 2008 , McKinsey alumni held CEO positions with 16 corporations that have more than $ 2 billion in revenue . The firm was ranked by USA Today as the most likely company to work for and become a future CEO of a major corporation , with odds of 1 out of 690 . McKinsey 's consulting work has also been influential in establishing many of the norms of how governments and corporations are run . The company has been influential in the British Department of Health for many years and was heavily involved in the discussions around the Health and Social Care Act 2012 .
= = Consulting services = =
McKinsey & Company provides management consulting services , such as providing advice on an acquisition , developing a plan to restructure a sales force , creating a new business strategy or providing advice on downsizing . Its consultants design and implement studies to evaluate management decisions using data and interviews to test hypotheses . Conclusions of the study are presented to senior management , typically in a PowerPoint presentation and a booklet .
McKinsey is considered one of the most prestigious and most expensive management consulting firms . In Dangerous Company , journalists James O 'Shea and Charles Madigan said McKinsey is the most influential , most reputable management consulting firm in the industry and that it carries the most weight with corporate boards . The News Observer said McKinsey is the " creme de la creme " and the " Rolls Royce " of management consulting . Between 2002 and 2014 , McKinsey has been ranked in the number one position of the branche @-@ internal " The Best Consulting Firms : Prestige to work for " list by Vault.com.
McKinsey & Company has traditionally charged approximately 25 percent more than competing firms with an average project of one million dollars . Prices were reduced in the economic slump following the dot @-@ com bubble . According to The Globe and Mail , McKinsey clients estimate that the firm 's advice turns out to be poor in retrospect about 10 to 20 percent of the time .
A typical McKinsey engagement can last between two and twelve months and involves three to six McKinsey consultants . An engagement is usually managed by a generalist that covers the region the client 's headquarters are located in and specialists that have either an industry or functional expertise . Unlike some competing consulting firms , McKinsey does not hold a policy against working for multiple competing companies ( although individual consultants are barred from doing so ) . This has sometimes led to accusations of sharing confidential information or re @-@ packaging a competitor 's tactics as best practices .
= = = Environmental consulting = = =
Marginal abatement cost curves attempt to compare the financial costs of different options for reducing pollution in a region and are used in emissions trading , policy discussions and incentive programs . McKinsey & Company released its first marginal abatement cost ( MAC ) curve for greenhouse gas emissions in February 2007 , which was updated to version two in January 2009 . McKinsey & Company 's MAC curve has become the most widely used and is the basis for McKinsey ’ s consulting on climate change and sustainability .
McKinsey 's curve predicts negative cost abatement strategies , which has been controversial among economists . The International Association for Energy Economics said in The Energy Journal that McKinsey 's cost @-@ curve was popular among policymakers , because it suggests they can take " bold action towards improving energy efficiency without imposing costs on society . "
In a 2010 report , the Rainforest Foundation UK said McKinsey 's cost curve methodology was misleading for policy decisions regarding the Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation ( REDD ) program . The report argued that McKinsey 's calculations exclude certain implementation and governance costs , which makes it favor industrial uses of forests while discouraging subsistence projects . Greenpeace said the curve has allowed Indonesia and Guyana to win financial incentives from the United Nations by creating inflated estimates of current deforestation so they could demonstrate reductions in comparison . McKinsey said they had made it clear in the cost @-@ curve publications that cost curves do not translate " mechanically " into policy implications and that policymakers should consider " many other factors " before introducing new laws .
= = Recruiting and compensation = =
McKinsey & Company was the first management consultancy to hire recent graduates instead of experienced business managers , when it started doing so in 1953 . Many of its recruits are Baker Scholars , Rhodes scholars , Marshall Scholars , Gates @-@ Cambridge scholars , or White House Fellows . Less than half of the firm 's recruits are from business majors , while others have advanced degrees in science , medicine , engineering or law . Prestigious business colleges may have McKinsey consultants assigned to cultivating relationships with upcoming graduates .
According to The Observer , McKinsey recruits recent graduates and " imbues them with a religious conviction " in the firm , then culls through them with its " up @-@ or @-@ out " policy . The " up or out " policy , which was established in 1951 , means that consultants that are not being promoted within the firm are asked to leave . About one @-@ fifth of McKinsey 's consultants depart under the up or out policy each year . McKinsey 's practice of hiring recent graduates and the " up @-@ or @-@ out " philosophy , were originally based on Marvin Bower 's experiences at the law firm Jones Day in the 1930s , as well as the " Cravath system " used at the law firm Cravath , Swaine and Moore .
According to Financial Times journalist Duff McDonald , as of September 2013 , the firm receives 225 @,@ 000 employment applications annually and about one percent — or 2 @,@ 200 — of the applicants are hired . There is an ongoing debate within the firm on how fast it should grow . According to a report by WetFeet , McKinsey " offers some of the best experience , opportunity and professional development in the industry " and it is prestigious to have McKinsey on a resume . However , it said the work environment is demanding , involving extensive travel and long hours . Consulting Magazine 's 2007 list of " Best Consulting Firms to Work For " ranked McKinsey as number 3 .
New undergraduate McKinsey recruits are paid about $ 80 @,@ 000 a year , while senior partners are estimated to earn $ 1 – $ 3 million or more . According to Fortune Magazine , some McKinsey staff earn more than the CEOs they consult .
= = Research and publishing = =
McKinsey & Company consultants regularly publish books , research and articles about business and management . The firm spends $ 50 – $ 100 million a year on research . McKinsey was one of the first organizations to fund management research , when it founded the Foundation for Management Research in 1955 . The firm began publishing a business magazine , The McKinsey Quarterly , in 1964 . It funds the McKinsey Global Institute , which studies global economic trends and was founded in 1990 . Many consultants are contributors to the Harvard Business Review . McKinsey consultants published only two books from 1960 @-@ 1980 , then more than 50 from 1980 to 1996 . McKinsey 's publications and research give the firm a " quasi @-@ academic " image .
A McKinsey book , In Search of Excellence , was published in 1982 . It featured eight characteristics of successful businesses based on an analysis of 43 top performing companies . It became one of the most influential and highly read management books and marked the beginning of McKinsey 's shift from accounting to " softer " aspects of management , like skills and culture . In Search of Excellence 's distribution prompted others , including McKinsey consultants , to write more management books . According to David Guest from King 's College , In Search of Excellence became popular among business managers because it was easy to read , well @-@ marketed and some of its core messages were valid . However , it was disliked by academics because of flaws in its methodology . Additionally , a 1984 analysis by BusinessWeek found that many of those companies identified as " excellent " in the book no longer met the criteria only two years later .
A 1997 article and a book it published in 2001 on " The War for Talent " prompted academics and the business community to start focusing more on talent management . The authors found that the best @-@ performing companies were " obsessed " with acquiring and managing the best talent . They advocated that companies rank employees by their performance and promote " stars " , while targeting under @-@ performers for improvement or layoffs . After the book was published , Enron , a company which followed many of its principles , was involved in a scandal that led to its bankruptcy . In May 2001 , a Stanford professor wrote a paper critical of the " War on Talent " arguing that it prioritized individuals at the expense of the larger organization .
McKinsey consultants published Creative Destruction in 2001 . The book suggested that CEOs need to be willing to change or rebuild a company , rather than protect what they have created . It found that out of the first S & P 500 list from 1957 , only 74 were still in business by 1998 . The New York Times said it " makes a cogent argument that in times of rampant , uncertain change ... established companies are handcuffed by success . " In 2009 , McKinsey consultants published " The Alchemy of Growth " , which established three " horizons " for growth : core enhancements , new growth platforms and options . Its three horizons became adopted widely , because it gave executives a simple vocabulary about business growth .
In February 2011 , McKinsey surveyed 1 @,@ 300 US private @-@ sector employers on their expected response to the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) . 30 percent of respondents said they anticipated they would probably or definitely stop offering employer sponsored health coverage after the ACA went into effect in 2014 . These results , published in June 2011 in the McKinsey e @-@ Quarterly , became " a useful tool for critics of the ACA and a deep annoyance for defenders of the law " according to an article in TIME Magazine . Supporters of healthcare reform argued the survey far surpassed estimates by the Congressional Budget Office and insisted that McKinsey disclose the survey 's methodology . Two weeks after publishing the survey results , McKinsey released the contents of the survey including the questionnaire and 206 @-@ pages of survey data . In its accompanying statement , McKinsey said it was intended to capture the attitude of employers at a certain point in time , not make a prediction .
Since 1990 , McKinsey has been publishing Valuation : Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies , a popular textbook on valuation . The book is now available in its sixth edition .
= = Consulting projects = =
According to The Firm , McKinsey has been influential in establishing the norms of business , such as working in large @-@ scale office settings . According to a 1993 profile in Fortune magazine , " while McKinsey has consulted for many of the current era 's great successes ... it has also been a fixture at many of the big losers . " In The Firm , author Duff McDonald said McKinsey helped restructure the White House , guided corporations through large @-@ scale re @-@ organizations in post @-@ war Europe and facilitated turn @-@ arounds , but in other cases advised companies to adopt strategies that led to their collapse or was unable to prevent an impending bankruptcy . It said
McKinsey was a major player in the efficiency boom in the 1920s , the postwar gigantism of the 1940s , the rationalization of government and rise of marketing in the 1950s , the age of corporate influence in the 1960s , the restructuring of America and rise of strategy in the 1970s , the massive growth in information technology in the 1980s , the globalization of the 1990s , and the boom @-@ bust @-@ and @-@ cleanup of the 2000s .
= = = History = = =
McKinsey & Company 's founder , James O. McKinsey , introduced the concept of budget planning as a management framework in his fifth book Budgetary Control in 1922 . The firm 's first client was the treasurer of Armour & Company , who , along with other early McKinsey clients , had read Budgetary Control . In 1931 McKinsey created a methodology for analyzing a company called the General Survey Outline ( GSO ) , which was established based on ideas introduced in the 1924 book Business Administration . It was also known as the Banker 's Survey , because McKinsey 's clients who used it in the 1930s were predominantly banks . After the Wagner Act gave certain rights to employees to organize into unions in 1935 , McKinsey started consulting corporations on employee relations . Later in the 1950s , the work of a McKinsey consultant on compensation was influential in " skyrocketing executive pay " . It also helped many companies such as Heinz , IBM and Hoover expand into Europe .
In the 1940s , McKinsey helped many corporations convert into wartime production for World War II . It also helped organize NASA into an organization that relies heavily on contractors in 1958 . McKinsey created a report in 1953 for Dwight Eisenhower that was used to guide government appointments . In 1973 , McKinsey & Company led a project for a consortium of grocery chains represented by the U.S. Supermarket Ad Hoc Committee on a Uniform Grocery Product Code to create the barcode . According to the book " Business Research Methods " , the barcode became commonplace after a study by McKinsey persuaded Krogers to adopt it .
In the 1970s and 1980s , McKinsey helped European companies change their organizational structure to M @-@ form ( Multidivisional Form ) , which organizes
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Company locked out the miners from its mine near Taber . The same company was also facing a work stoppage at its mine in the Crow 's Nest Pass , where miners were refusing to sign a new contract . The problem spread , until by April 22 all 3 @,@ 400 miners working for member @-@ companies of the Western Coal Operators ' Association were off work . Miners ' demands included increased wages , a reduction in working hours to eight per day ( from ten ) , the posting of mine inspection reports , the isolated storage of explosives , the use of non @-@ freezing explosives , and semi @-@ monthly rather than monthly pay ; the mine operators objected to this last point on the basis that many miners did not report to work the day after payday , and it was thus desirable to keep paydays to a minimum .
Rutherford 's government appointed a commission in February , but it was not until May that it met . It consisted of Chief Justice Sifton , mining executive Lewis Stockett , and miners ' union executive William Haysom . It began taking evidence in July . In the meantime , a May agreement saw most miners return to work at increased rates of pay ; coal supply promptly increased , as did its price . In August , the commission released its recommendations , which included a prohibition on children under 16 working in mines , the posting of inspectors ' reports , mandatory bath houses at mine sites , and improved ventilation inspection . It also recommended that Albertans keep a supply of coal on hand during the summer for winter use . The commission was silent on wages , other than to say that these should not be fixed by legislation , the operation of company stores ( a sore point among the miners ) , and the incorporation of mine unions which was recommended by mines but opposed by the unions . It also made no recommendation about working hours , but Rutherford 's government legislated an eight @-@ hour day anyway .
Apart from coal mining issues , the government also passed workers ' compensation legislation designed to make such compensation automatic , rather than requiring the injured worker to sue his employer . Labour representatives criticized the bill for failing to impose fines on negligent employers and for limiting construction workers ' eligibility under the program to injuries sustained while working on buildings more than 40 feet ( 12 m ) in height , as well as for its exemption of casual labourers . It also viewed the maximum payout of $ 1 @,@ 500 as inadequate . In response to these concerns , the maximum was increased to $ 1 @,@ 800 and the minimum building height reduced to 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) . In response to farmers ' concerns , farm labourers were exempt from the bill entirely .
Rutherford 's relationship with organized labour was never easy . Historian L.G. Thomas argued that there was little indication that Rutherford had any interest in courting the labour vote . In 1908 , Labour candidate Donald McNabb was elected in a Lethbridge by @-@ election ; the riding had previously been held by a Liberal . McNabb was the first Labour MLA elected in Alberta , though he was defeated in his 1909 re @-@ election bid .
= = = Public works = = =
Rutherford 's Liberals self @-@ identified as the party of free enterprise , in contrast to the public ownership @-@ supporting Conservatives . Despite this , they made a limited number of large @-@ scale forays into government operation of utilities , the most notable of which was the creation of Alberta Government Telephones . In 1906 , Alberta 's municipalities legislation was passed and included a provision authorizing municipalities to operate telephone companies . Several , including Edmonton , did so , alongside private companies . The largest of this latter group was the Bell Telephone Company , which held a monopoly over service in Calgary . Such monopolies and the private firms ' refusal to extend their services into sparsely populated and unprofitable rural areas aroused demand for provincial entry into the market , which was effected in 1907 . The government constructed a number of lines , beginning with one between Calgary and Banff , and also purchased Bell 's lines for $ 675 @,@ 000 .
Alberta 's public telephone system was financed by debt , which was unusual for a government like Rutherford 's that was generally committed to the principle of " pay as you go " . Rutherford 's stated rationale was that the cost of such a large capital project shouldn 't be borne by a single generation and that incurring debt to finance a corresponding asset was , in contrast to operating deficits , acceptable . Though the move was popular at the time , it would prove not to be a financially astute one : by focusing on areas neglected by existing companies , the government was entering into the most expensive and least profitable fields of telecommunication . These problems would not come to fruition until Rutherford had left office , however ; in the short @-@ term , the government 's involvement in the telephone business helped it to a sweeping victory in the 1909 election , in which the Liberals won 37 of 41 seats in the newly expanded legislature .
Of equal profile was Rutherford 's government 's management of the province 's railways . Alberta 's early years were optimistic ones , which manifested itself in a pronounced enthusiasm for the construction of new railway lines . Every town wanted to be a railway centre , and the government had great confidence in the ability of the free market to provide low freight rates to the province 's farmers provided sufficient charters were issued to competing companies . The legislature passed government @-@ sponsored legislation setting out a framework for new railways in 1907 , but interest from private firms in actually building the lines was limited . In the face of public demand and support by legislators of all parties for as rapid as possible an expansion of the province 's lines , the government offered loan guarantees to several companies in exchange for commitments to build lines . Rutherford justified this in part by his conviction that railways needed to expand along with population , rather than having railway expansion follow population growth as would be the case without government intervention . The Conservatives argued that this strategy didn 't go far enough , and called for direct government ownership .
While most public works issues were handled by Public Works Minister Cushing , following the 1909 election Rutherford named himself as the province 's first Minister of Railways .
= = = Railway scandal = = =
When the legislature met for the first time after the 1909 election , things seemed to be going well for Rutherford and his government . He controlled a huge majority , albeit slightly reduced from the 1905 election , and enjoyed widespread popularity . His government had achieved significant success in setting up a new province , and this success looked poised to continue . Early in this new legislative session , however , two signs of trouble appeared : Liberal backbencher John R. Boyle began to ask questions about the agreement between the government and the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway Company , and Cushing resigned from cabinet over his views of this same agreement .
The Alberta and Great Waterways Railway was one of several companies that had been granted charters and assistance by the legislature to build new railways in the province . The government support that it received was more generous than that received by more established railways , such as the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and the Canadian Northern Railway . Boyle , Cushing , and Bennett alleged favouritism or ineptitude by Rutherford and his government , and pointed to the sale of government @-@ guaranteed bonds in support of the company as further evidence . Because of the high interest rate they paid , the bonds were sold at above par value , but the government only received par for them , leaving the company to pocket the difference .
Boyle sponsored a motion of non @-@ confidence against the government . Despite enjoying the support of twelve Liberals , including Cushing , the motion was defeated and the government upheld . Rutherford attempted to quell the controversy by calling a royal commission , but pressure from many Liberals , including Bulyea , led him to resign May 26 , 1910 ; he was replaced by Arthur Sifton , hitherto the province 's chief judge . In November , the royal commission issued its report . It found that the evidence did not show a conflict of interest on Rutherford 's part , but the majority report was nevertheless highly critical of the former Premier . A minority report was much kinder , avowing perfect satisfaction with Rutherford 's version of events .
= = Later life = =
= = = Later political career = = =
After resigning as Premier , Rutherford continued to sit as a Liberal MLA . He commanded the loyalty of many Liberals who had supported his government through the Alberta and Great Waterways issue , though this faction began increasingly to see Cross as its real leader . Rutherford opposed the Sifton government 's decision to confiscate the Alberta and Great Waterways bond money and revoke its charter , and in 1913 was one of only two Liberals to support a non @-@ confidence motion against the government ( Cross had by this time joined the Sifton cabinet , which placated most members of the Cross @-@ Rutherford faction ) . In the 1913 election , Rutherford was again nominated as the Liberal candidate in Edmonton South ( Strathcona had been amalgamated into Edmonton in 1912 ) , despite pledging opposition to the Sifton government and offering to campaign around the province for the Conservatives if they agreed not to run a candidate against him . At the nomination meeting , he stated that he was " not running as a Sifton candidate " and was " a good independent candidate ... and a good Liberal too " . Despite his opposition to the government , the Conservatives declined his offer of support and nominated Herbert Crawford to run against him . After a vigorous campaign , Crawford defeated Rutherford by fewer than 250 votes . Cross lobbied Prime Minister Laurier unsuccessfully for Rutherford to be appointed to the Senate , though he was made King 's Counsel shortly after his electoral defeat .
The 1913 election was not the first time Rutherford had dissented from his own party during an election , nor would it be the last . Before the 1911 federal election , several local Liberals opposed to Frank Oliver had asked Rutherford to run against him in Strathcona . Relations between Oliver and Rutherford had always been chilly — Oliver was implacably opposed to Cross , who he viewed as a rival for dominance of the Liberal party in Alberta , and his Edmonton Bulletin had taken the side of the dissidents during the railway scandal . A nominating meeting unanimously nominated Rutherford as Liberal candidate , though Oliver refused to accept its legitimacy and awaited a later meeting . Before this meeting came to pass , however , Rutherford abruptly withdrew . Historian Douglas Babcock has suggested that this was due to the Conservatives ' nomination of William Antrobus Griesbach , dashing Rutherford 's hopes that his popularity among Conservatives would preclude their opposing him . Rumours at the time alleged that Rutherford had been asked to make a personal contribution of $ 15 @,@ 000 to his campaign fund , and had balked . Rutherford himself cited a desire to avoid splitting the vote on reciprocity , which he and Oliver both favoured but Griesbach opposed . Whatever the reason , Oliver went on to be nominated as Liberal candidate and was re @-@ elected .
After his defeat in 1913 , Rutherford was not active in politics until 1921 . In that year 's provincial election , he campaigned actively for the Conservatives , including for Crawford , the man who had defeated him eight years earlier . Rutherford continued to call himself a Liberal , but criticized the incumbent administration for the growth of the provincial debt and for letting the party fall into disarray . Calling the Charles Stewart @-@ led government " rotten " , he offered voters the slogan " get rid of the barnacles and the Boyles " . The Liberals were defeated , but the landslide win by the United Farmers of Alberta left the Conservatives with only one seat .
= = = Professional career = = =
Once out of politics , Rutherford returned to his law practice . His partnership with Jamieson saw partners come and go . Rutherford divided his time between the original Strathcona office and the Edmonton office he opened in 1910 ; his practice focussed on contracts , real estate , wills and estates , and incorporations . In 1923 , Rutherford 's son Cecil joined the firm along with Stanley Harwood McCuaig , who in 1919 would marry Rutherford 's daughter Hazel . In 1925 , Jamieson left the partnership to establish his own firm . In 1939 , McCuaig did the same . Cecil 's partnership with his father continued until the latter 's death .
Besides his work as a lawyer , Alexander Rutherford was involved in a number of business enterprises . He was President of the Edmonton Mortgage Corporation , and Vice President and solicitor of the Great Western Garment Company . This latter enterprise , which Rutherford co @-@ founded , was a great success : established in 1911 with eight seamstresses , it had quadrupled in size within a year . During the Second World War , the Great Western Garment Company made military uniforms and was reputed to be the largest garment operation in the British Empire . It was acquired by Levi Strauss & Co. in 1961 , but continued to manufacture garments in Edmonton until 2004 .
Rutherford also acted as director of the Canada National Fire Insurance Company , the Imperial Canadian Trust Company , the Great West Permanent Loan Company , and the Monarch Life Assurance Company .
= = = University of Alberta = = =
Education was a personal priority of Rutherford 's , as evidenced by his retention of the office of Education Minister for his entire time as Premier and by his enthusiastic work in founding the University of Alberta . In 1911 he was elected by Alberta 's university graduates to the University of Alberta Senate , responsible for the institution 's academic affairs . In 1912 he established the Rutherford Gold Medal in English for the senior year honours English student with the highest standing ; the prize still exists today as the Rutherford Memorial Medal in English . In 1912 , with the University 's first graduating class , Rutherford instituted a tradition of inviting convocating students to his house for tea ; this tradition would last for twenty @-@ six years .
Convocation was not the only reason that students visited Rutherford 's home : he had a wealth of both knowledge and books on Canadian subjects , and welcomed students to consult his private library . This library eventually expanded beyond the room in his mansion devoted to it , to encompass the house 's den , maid 's sitting room , and garage as well . After his death , the collection was donated and sold to the University 's library system ; it was described in 1967 as " still the most important rare collection in the library " .
Rutherford remained on the university senate until 1927 , when he was elected Chancellor . The position was the titular head of the university , and its primary duty was presiding over convocations . According to Rutherford biographer Douglas Babcock , this was the honour that Rutherford prized most . He was acclaimed to the position every four years until his death . It has been estimated that he awarded degrees to more than five thousand students . His final convocation , however , was marred by controversy : in 1941 , a committee of the university senate recommended awarding an honorary degree to Premier William Aberhart . Aberhart was pleased , and happily accepted University President William Alexander Robb Kerr 's invitation to deliver the commencement address at convocation . However , a week prior to convocation the full senate — responsible for all university academic affairs — met , and voted against awarding Aberhart a degree . Aberhart rescinded his acceptance of Kerr 's invitation ( and later removed the senate 's authority — except , ironically , the authority to award honorary degrees ) and Kerr resigned in protest . Rutherford was mortified , but presided over convocation nonetheless .
= = = Community involvement and family life = = =
Rutherford remained active in a wide range of community organizations well after his departure from politics . He was a deacon in his church until well into his dotage , was a member of the Young Women 's Christian Association advisory board from 1913 until his death , was Edmonton 's first exalted ruler of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and spent three years as the grand exalted ruler of the Elk Order of Canada . During World War I he was Alberta director of the National Service Commission , which oversaw conscription from 1916 until 1918 , and in 1916 was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 194th Highland Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force . Rutherford served on the Loan Advisory Committee of the Soldier Settlement Board after the war , was President of the Alberta Historical Society ( which had been created by his government ) from 1919 until his death , was elected President of the McGill University Alumni Association of Alberta in 1922 , and spent the last years of his life as honorary president of the Canadian Authors Association . He was also a member of the Northern Alberta Pioneers and Old @-@ Timers Association , the British Association for the Advancement of Science , the Royal Colonial Institute of London , and the Masons . He continued to curl and played tennis into his late fifties , and took up golf at the age of sixty @-@ four , becoming a charter member of the Mayfair Golf and Country Club . He received honorary doctorates of laws from four universities : McGill , the University of Alberta , McMaster University , and the University of Toronto .
In 1911 , the Rutherfords built a new house adjacent to the University of Alberta campus . Rutherford named it " Archnacarry " , after his ancestral homeland . It is now known as Rutherford House , and serves as a museum . He made several trips to the United Kingdom , and was invited to attend the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth , but had to return to Canada before the event . On December 19 , 1938 , the Rutherfords celebrated their fiftieth wedding anniversary ; tributes and well @-@ wishes arrived from across Canada .
= = = Death and legacy = = =
Besides his bronchitis , Rutherford developed diabetes in later years . His wife monitored his sugar intake , though when they were apart Rutherford sometimes took less care than she would have liked him to . In 1938 , possibly as a result of diabetes , he suffered a stroke that left him paralyzed and mute . He learned to walk again and with the help of a grade one reader got his speech back . September 13 , 1940 , Mattie Rutherford died of cancer . Less than a year later , June 11 , 1941 , Rutherford suffered a fatal heart attack while in hospital for insulin treatment . He was 84 years old . Alexander Rutherford was buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Edmonton , alongside his family . His name was attached to many institutions both during his life and after : Rutherford Elementary School in Edmonton was established in 1911 and the University of Alberta 's Rutherford Library in 1951 . In 1954 , a mountain in Jasper National Park was named Mount Rutherford . In 1980 , the government of Alberta created the Alexander Rutherford Scholarship , which awards more than $ 20 million annually to high school students selected on the basis of a minimum of a 75 % average . The top ten students receiving Alexander Rutherford scholarships are recognized as ' Rutherford Scholars ' , and are presented with an additional scholarship and plaque .
Rutherford 's policy legacy is mixed . L. G. Thomas concludes that he was a weak leader , unable to dominate the ambitions of his lieutenants and with very little skill at debate . Despite this , he recognizes the Rutherford government 's legacy of province building . Douglas Babcock suggests that Rutherford , while himself honourable , left himself at the mercy of unscrupulous men who ultimately ruined his political career . Bennett , Rutherford 's rival and later Prime Minister , concurred with this assessment , calling Rutherford " a gentleman of the old school ... not equipped by experience or temperament for the rough and tumble of western politics " . There is general agreement that Rutherford 's greatest legacy , and the one in which he took the most pride , lies in his contributions to Alberta 's education . As Mount Royal College historian Patricia Roome concluded her chapter on Rutherford in a book about Alberta 's first twelve premiers , " Rutherford 's educational contribution remains his ultimate legacy to Albertans . "
= = Electoral record = =
= = = As party leader = = =
= = = As MLA = = =
= Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo =
" Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " is the ninth episode in the first season of the American animated television series South Park . It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on December 17 , 1997 . In the episode , the Jewish character Kyle feels excluded from the town 's celebrations during Christmas , and is comforted by Mr. Hankey , a talking and singing lump of feces wearing a red hat . Mr. Hankey does not come alive in the presence of other characters , so they think that Kyle is delusional . In another plot strand , the townspeople remove all religious aspects of Christmas from South Park to remain politically correct and inoffensive .
The episode was written and directed by the series ' co @-@ creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone . The Mr. Hankey character was based on an idea from Parker 's childhood ; when Parker and Stone conceived the South Park series , they wanted to make Mr. Hankey the lead character . Heavily influenced by the Peanuts Christmas special A Charlie Brown Christmas , " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " was the first Christmas @-@ themed South Park episode , the first musical episode , and the only episode in season one ( and therefore the first time in the series ) in which Kenny does not die . It was a satire of political correctness and religious sensitivity . Parker and Stone felt the episode elevated South Park to a new level of popularity and relevance .
The episode received generally positive reviews and has been described as one of the classic South Park episodes . It was viewed in about 4 @.@ 5 million households during its original broadcast , the highest Nielsen rating to that date for South Park and the fourth @-@ highest overall for a basic cable entertainment program of 1997 . In addition to Mr. Hankey himself , the episode introduced the popular South Park songs " A Lonely Jew on Christmas " and " Kyle 's Mom is a Big Fat Bitch " . John Kricfalusi , the creator of The Ren & Stimpy Show , accused Parker and Stone of stealing the idea for Mr. Hankey from him , which the duo vehemently denied .
= = Plot = =
Kyle is playing Saint Joseph in the South Park Elementary School 's Christmas nativity play , but he is forced to quit when his mother hears of the play and expresses outrage that her Jewish son is being forced to participate in a Christian production . She demands that the religious elements be taken out of the public school , and threatens to take her case to the mayor . Kyle suggests he could sing the " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " song as a non @-@ religious substitute , but his suggestion is rejected because nobody else believes in Mr. Hankey , a living and talking " Christmas poo " . Kyle leaves the school feeling lonely and excluded because he cannot celebrate Christmas with everyone else .
Mayor McDaniels decides that anything offensive to anyone will be removed from the Christmas celebrations , including Santa Claus , Christmas trees , wreaths , fairy lights , candy canes , mistletoe and the Star of Bethlehem . Kyle once again tries to suggest that they use Mr. Hankey as a non @-@ religious Christmas icon since he does not discriminate against anyone . At home , Kyle is scolded by his parents for believing in Mr. Hankey . While Kyle is brushing his teeth , Mr. Hankey comes out of the toilet , spreading feces stains everywhere he goes , prompting Kyle 's parents to blame Kyle for the mess . Kyle decides he will bring Mr. Hankey to school to prove he is real , but this only causes more problems as Mr. Hankey disguises himself as an unadorned , dried @-@ out piece of feces when he is around people who do not believe in him , leading Cartman to ask if carrying around boxes with feces in them is some kind of Jewish tradition . Mr. Hankey leaps at Cartman 's face as he sings " Kyle 's Mom is a Big Fat Bitch " in D Minor , and Kyle is blamed . He is sent to talk to guidance counselor , Mr. Mackey , but Kyle only gets into further trouble when Mr. Hankey takes a bath in Mr. Mackey 's coffee . Cartman , Stan and Kenny believe Kyle is insane and check him into a mental institution .
Like the whole town , the school Christmas pageant is stripped of all symbols of Christmas , and the children instead present a minimalist song and dance created by composer Philip Glass . The parents , astounded by how awful the pageant has turned out , begin blaming one another for destroying Christmas and a fight breaks out . When Chef finds out where Kyle is , he reveals to the children that Mr. Hankey does actually exist . When all the children start believing , Mr. Hankey finally reveals himself to everyone and scolds them for losing sight of the good things of Christmas and focusing on the bad . The townspeople release Kyle from the asylum and apologize , then they all sing Christmas songs and watch Mr. Hankey fly away with Santa Claus . Cartman , Stan , and Kyle feel that something is still missing . " THE END " then appears , and Kenny is excited and relieved that he has survived the entire episode without getting killed in spite of being involved in dangerous and life @-@ threatening situations throughout .
During the end credits , Jesus dejectedly sings , " Happy Birthday " to himself alone in his television studio .
= = Production = =
= = = Conception and early history = = =
The Mr. Hankey character was based on an idea Trey Parker 's father created when he was toilet @-@ training Trey as a child . Parker said he refused to flush the toilet as a child , so his father told him if he did not flush down his stool , which he called " Mr. Hankey " , it would come to life and kill him . The concept stayed with Parker throughout his childhood ; starting in elementary school and throughout his entire education , he would often draw the character in class , wearing a sailor 's hat instead of the Santa Claus hat he would later wear in South Park . Parker shared the concept with future South Park co @-@ creator Matt Stone when the two met at the University of Colorado at Boulder , and the duo immediately knew they wanted to create a film or production involving Mr. Hankey . The two discussed filming a three @-@ minute short film involving a boy who befriended the talking stool , but Mr. Hankey would not come alive for anybody else , prompting others to believe the boy was crazy . They planned for the boy 's parents to find him holding a stool in the bathroom and blame the child for smearing feces along the walls when it was actually Mr. Hankey 's fault ; they also planned to have him visit a school counselor , where Mr. Hankey would leap into the counselor 's coffee mug and the boy would be blamed . At the end , it would turn out that the boy was indeed crazy and Mr. Hankey was not real at all , but a figment of the boy 's imagination . Parker and Stone never made the short film , but practically all of its elements were included in the future South Park episode " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " , with the notable exception of the ending .
Although the Mr. Hankey short film was never made , Parker and Stone made two Christmas @-@ related animated short films called The Spirit of Christmas , which served as precursors to the South Park series . When the shorts began to generate interest for a possible television series , Parker and Stone originally conceived the idea of a South Park @-@ like show with four children characters , but with a talking stool named Mr. Hankey as the show 's main protagonist ; they planned to call it " The Mr. Hankey Show " . They pitched the idea to friend Brian Graden , then a television executive with the Fox Broadcasting Company , but he rejected it and said , according to Matt Stone , " I 'm not putting poo on my network " . Parker and Stone adapted their original idea into a show revolving around the South Park town and four children without Mr. Hankey as a protagonist , but they planned to revive the character as a minor supporting role in a future episode . Later , when Comedy Central expressed interest in the series , Parker and Stone brought up the idea of a Mr. Hankey episode during negotiations with the network executives . Parker claimed during a meeting , he said , " One thing we have to know before we really go any further : how do you feel about talking poo ? " The executives were receptive to the idea , which Parker said was one of the main reasons he and Stone decided to sign on with the channel .
The elements of the episode involving Kyle 's loneliness as a Jew during Christmas were inspired by Parker and Stone 's perceptions of Jews growing up in Colorado during their childhood . Although the two went to different schools , they both witnessed Jewish children get beat up and bullied because both of their schools had very few Jewish students to begin with ; although Stone himself is Jewish , he was not raised as a practicing Jew and so he did not experience much of the bullying himself firsthand . The unsuccessful efforts by the South Park Elementary School in the episode to include people of non @-@ Christian denomination were inspired by similarly failed attempts Parker and Stone witnessed growing up . Parker cited as an example a chorus concert in which the single Jewish student was asked to sing her own Hanukkah song while everybody else sang Christmas songs ; although the idea was to make the student feel special , Parker said it only made her feel more lonely and isolated .
= = = Episode production = = =
" Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " was written and directed by Parker and Stone , and first aired in the United States on Comedy Central on December 17 , 1997 . It was the first official South Park Christmas episode . Television journalists said the Spirit of Christmas shorts were precursors to Mr. Hankey and that they shared some common traits , but that the television episode was considered tamer and more tasteful . Parker and Stone originally conceived the episode " Damien " , which involves a boxing match between Jesus and Satan , as the first season 's Christmas episode . Although they had long planned to feature Mr. Hankey in the show , they did not decide to make him a Christmas character until halfway through the filming of " Damien " . Once they made the decision , they decided to make " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " the holiday episode instead ; although it would not air until after the " Mr. Hankey " episode , Parker and Stone finished production of " Damien " before working on " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " .
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