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house has also been described as the most complete example of a typical English country house ; the claim has even been made that Belton 's principal facade was the inspiration for the modern British motorway signs which give directions to stately homes . Only Brympton d 'Evercy has been similarly lauded as the perfect English country house .
For three hundred years , Belton House was the seat of the Brownlow and Cust family , who had first acquired land in the area in the late 16th century . Between 1685 and 1688 Sir John Brownlow and his wife had the present mansion built . Despite great wealth they chose to build a modest country house rather than a grand contemporary Baroque palace . The contemporary , if provincial , Carolean style was the selected choice of design . However , the new house was fitted with the latest innovations such as sash windows for the principal rooms , and more importantly completely separate areas for the staff . As the Brownlows rose from baronets to barons upward to earls and then once again became barons , successive generations made changes to the interior of the house which reflected their changing social position and tastes , yet the fabric and design of the house changed little .
Following World War I ( a period when the Machine Gun Corps was based in the park ) , the Brownlows , like many of their peers , were faced with mounting financial problems . In 1984 they gave the house away — complete with most of its contents . The recipients of their gift , the National Trust , today fully open Belton to the public . It is in a good state of repair and visited by many thousands of tourists each year .
= = Early history = =
The Brownlow family , a dynasty of lawyers , began accumulating land in the Belton area from approximately 1598 . In 1609 they acquired the reversion of the manor of Belton itself from the Pakenham family , who finally sold the manor house to Sir John Brownlow I in 1619 . The old house was situated near the church in the garden of the present house and remained largely unoccupied , since the family preferred their other houses elsewhere . John Brownlow had married an heiress but was childless . He became attached to two of his more distant blood relations : a great @-@ nephew , also called John Brownlow , and a great @-@ niece , Alice Sherard . The two cousins married each other in 1676 when both were aged 16 ; three years later , the couple inherited the Brownlow estates from their great @-@ uncle together with an income of £ 9 @,@ 000 per annum ( about £ 1 @.@ 24 million in present @-@ day terms ) and £ 20 @,@ 000 in cash ( equivalent to about £ 2 @.@ 76 million now ) . They immediately bought a town house in the newly fashionable Southampton Square in Bloomsbury , and decided to build a new country house at Belton .
Work on the new house began in 1685 . The architect thought to have been responsible for the initial design is William Winde , although the house has also been attributed to Sir Christopher Wren , while others believe the design to be so similar to Roger Pratt 's Clarendon House , London , that it could have been the work of any talented draughtsman . The assumption popular today , that Winde was the architect , is based on the stylistic similarity between Belton and Coombe Abbey , which was remodelled by Winde between 1682 and 1685 . Further evidence is a letter dated 1690 , in which Winde recommends a plasterer who worked at Belton to another of his patrons .
Whoever the architect , Belton follows closely the design of Clarendon House , completed in 1667 . This great London town house ( demolished circa 1683 ) has been one of the most admired buildings of its era due to " its elegant symmetry and confident and common @-@ sensical design " . Sir John Summerson described Clarendon House as " the most influential house of its time among those who aimed at the grand manner " and Belton as " much the finest surviving example of its class " . John and Alice Brownlow assembled one of the finest teams of craftsmen available at the time to work on the project . This dream team was headed by the master mason William Stanton who oversaw the project . His second in command , John Thompson , had worked with Sir Christopher Wren on several of the latter 's London churches , while the chief joiner John Sturges had worked at Chatsworth under William Talman . The wrought @-@ ironworker John Warren worked under Stanton at Denham Place , Buckinghamshire , and the fine wrought iron gates and overthrow at Belton may be his . Thus so competent were the builders of Belton that Winde may have done little more than provide the original plans and drawings , leaving the interpretation to the on @-@ site craftsmen . This theory is further demonstrated by the external appearance of the adjoining stable block . More provincial , and less masterful in proportion , it is known to have been entirely the work of Stanton .
= = Architecture = =
= = = Ethos = = =
The late 17th century in England was a time of great progress in design . Following the austere years of Commonwealth rule , a great flourishing and development in both architecture and the arts began after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 . Royalist exiles and wealthy young men who made the Grand Tour , returned home with new ideas — often extravagant variations on classical themes . This was , for England , the dawn of the Baroque era . The new wave of architects such as Roger Pratt , John Webb , and Sir Christopher Wren were not just building vast edifices in Renaissance @-@ inspired styles , but also transforming existing older houses . Representative of the utilisation of older houses is Coleshill House in Berkshire , where Pratt transformed the medieval , but now redundant , great hall into a classically inspired entrance hall complete with an imperial staircase . Great Halls were considered redundant now that employers wished to live separately from their servants , and no longer ate with them in a Great Hall . All evidence and odours of cooking and staff were banished from the principal parts of the house . Employers began to live in fine airy rooms , above the ground floor , with privacy from their servants , who were now confined , unless required , to specifically delegated areas — often the ground and uppermost attic floors . This was a period of great social change in British history , and the educated prided themselves on enlightenment and elegance . While Belton is not in the Baroque style , it displays all the traits typical of the new tendencies .
Belton was designed in the restrained almost Palladian @-@ inspired architecture of the time immediately before the full emergence in England of the ornate Baroque . The general form this architecture took was of severely symmetrical , often rectangular houses , with a pediment over the central bays . This almost rigid concept was to influence the design of innumerable houses , including Belton . Later to be known as the Carolean style ( from " Carolus , " the Latin name for the reigning monarch Charles II ) , it was popular with the minor aristocracy and gentry for both their town and country houses until long after Charles II 's death .
Belton is faced with the local Ancaster stone , with a lighter ashlar from Ketton for the quoining . The " H " -shaped plan was a design which became popular in the late Elizabethan period . However , by the late 16th century , domestic architecture had evolved further than the " one room deep " ranges of the earlier " H " plan houses , such as Montacute House . The new layout placed rooms back to back , creating a house two rooms deep . This became known as " double pile " . As at Belton , this permitted rooms to be not just better lit and heated but also better accessed and related to each other , and with the greatest advantage of all — greater privacy . On the construction side , the double room depth allowed the house to be more compact and under one , more easily constructed , roof , thus lowering building costs . Houses now had the appearance of being more solid , with more than just one or two facades .
= = = Design = = =
The plan of the rooms at Belton was passé for a grand house of its time . Following the Restoration and the influx of European ideas , it had become popular for large houses to follow the continental fashion of a suite of state rooms consisting of a withdrawing room , dressing room , and bedroom proceeding from either side of a central saloon or hall . These rooms were permanently reserved for use by a high ranking guest , such as a visiting monarch . While Belton does have a saloon at its centre , enfilades of state rooms of lessening grandeur do not flank it . The possible reason for this unusual layout is that , while the Brownlows possessed great wealth , their title was only a baronetcy , and their fortune was barely a century old . They would have been regarded as gentry , not aristocracy . As a result , building a suite of state rooms would have been in hope rather than anticipation of a royal guest . However , the lack of a fashionable and formal suite of state apartments coupled with the Brownlows ' lack of social credentials did not prevent a visit from King William III to the newly completed house in 1695 . The King occupied the " Best bedchamber " , a large room with an adjoining closet , directly above the saloon , that led directly from the second floor Great Dining Chamber .
This design followed the older style of having reception rooms and bedrooms scattered over the two main floors . The layout used followed Roger Pratt 's theory that guest and family rooms should be quite separate . As a consequence of this philosophy , the family occupied the rooms on the first and second floors of the west and east wings , with the state rooms in the centre . The great staircase , designed to be grand and imposing , rose to the east side of the house , and formed part of the guest 's state route from the Hall and Saloon on the first floor to the principal dining room and bedroom on the second . This older concept is more clearly exemplified at the Elizabethan Hardwick Hall in neighbouring Derbyshire .
The principal entrance hall , reception and family bedrooms were placed on the first floor above a low semi @-@ basement containing service rooms . The two principal entrances to the mansion in the centre of both the north and south facades were accessed by external staircases , originally a single broad flight on the north side and a double staircase on the south . These staircases have since been replaced by simpler designs .
The second floor has a matching fenestration , with windows of equal value to those on the first floor below . The very latest innovation , sash windows , was used on both floors . The semi @-@ basement and attic storey used the more old @-@ fashioned mullioned and transomed windows , indicating the lower status of the occupants of these floors . It was clearly emphasised from without that the two main floors of the house were purely for state and family use , and the staff and service areas were confined to the semi @-@ basement and attic floors . This concept of keeping staff and domestic matters out of sight ( when not required ) was relatively new and had first been employed by Pratt in the design of Coleshill House in Berkshire . The contemporary social commentator of the day Roger North lauded back stairs , of which Belton has two examples ( 5 and 14 on plan ) , as one of the most important inventions of his day .
The principal room is the large Marble Hall ( 1 ) at the centre of the south front ; this hall is the beginning of a grand procession of rooms , and corresponds to the former Great Parlour or Saloon ( 9 ) on the north front . The Marble Hall is flanked by the former Little Parlour ( 11 , now the Tapestry Room ) and the Great Staircase ( 2 ) , while the Saloon is flanked by two withdrawing rooms ( 8 , 10 ) . The bedrooms are arranged in individual suites on both floors of the two wings ( 3 , etc . ) that flank the state centre of the house . The main staircase , set to one side of the Marble Hall , is one of the few things at Belton which is asymmetrically placed . It has a robust plaster @-@ work ceiling incorporating the Brownlow crest by the London plasterer Edward Goudge , " now looked on as ye best master in England in his profession , " William Winde reported in 1690 .
Bodily and spiritual needs were balanced symmetrically within the mansion : the kitchen ( 16 ) and the chapel ( 7 ) were both large two @-@ storied halls , rising from the semi @-@ basement to the first floor . This design not only provided a great and lofty space , but also allowed the servants to worship in the chapel without leaving the service floor , while their employers would worship from a private gallery , complete with fireplace , overlooking the chapel on the first floor .
One of the most Carolean features of the house is the balustrade and cupola surmounting the roof , another element introduced to English architecture by Roger Pratt . The cupola at Belton does not light a lofty domed hall , as is often the case in Europe , but houses a staircase which gives access to a large viewing platform on top of a lead roof , concealed from the ground by the balustrade which tops the more conventional and visible hipped roof . From this vantage point , the owners of Belton could admire the perfect symmetry of their avenues and formal gardens spreading from the house . This feature of the house was removed by the architect James Wyatt when he modernised the house in the 18th century . It was restored to its original form in the 1870s by the 3rd Earl Brownlow .
= = Interior and contents = =
Some of Belton 's many rooms have been altered over the last 300 years both in use and design . One of the principal rooms , the Marble Hall ( 1 ) , the first of the large reception rooms , serves as an entrance hall from the south entrance , and takes its name from a chequer board patterned floor of black and white marble tiles . By the time of Belton 's conception , the great hall was no longer a place for the household to eat , but intended as a grand entrance to the house . The hall was originally hung with 28 portraits of Kings , Queens , and Emperors , from William the Conqueror to William III , intended to give the house an air of dynastic importance . The less numerous and far newer Brownlow family portraits were originally hung in the Great Dining Room immediately above . The room is fully panelled , and parts of the panelling contain lime wood embellishments attributed to Grinling Gibbons . In the early 19th century , this room , and some others , were re @-@ modelled by Jeffry Wyatville , who in addition to graining and painting the panelling to imitate oak inserted fake doors in the panelling to balance real doors already in place .
The second of the principal reception rooms , the Saloon ( 9 ) , opens from the Marble Hall . This large panelled room is on an axis to the avenues of the formal north gardens . Originally known as the Great Parlour , this has always been the chief reception room of the house . It retains its original marble fireplace and has an ornate plaster ceiling which is a Victorian copy of the original ceiling by the Carolean plasterer Edward Goudge . The centrepiece of the room is a large Aubusson carpet made in 1839 for the 1st Earl Brownlow .
Either side of the Saloon are two smaller drawing rooms ( 8 , 10 ) , which would originally have served as private withdrawing rooms from the more public activities which would have taken place in the Marble Hall and Saloon . One of these rooms , now called the Tyrconnel Room ( 10 ) , was transformed into the principal or state bedroom during the occupancy of Lord Tyrconnel in an attempt to create a more fashionable suite of Baroque state rooms on the first floor . After his death in 1754 , it became a Billiard Room , until the 3rd Earl Brownlow had it refurnished more than a century later . Unusually , the floor is painted with the family arms and crest . The date of the floor is not known for certain but the early nineteenth century has been suggested .
The final large reception room on the first floor is the Hondecoeter Room ( 16 ) , so named because of the three huge oil paintings by Melchior d 'Hondecoeter ( 1636 – 1695 ) , depicting scenes of birds in courtyards , which are fitted into the neo @-@ Carolean panelling . The panelling was introduced to the room by the 3rd Earl Brownlow in 1876 , when it was furnished as the principal dining room of the mansion . The room was initially created as a library in 1808 from the upper part of the earlier kitchen which had originally risen two stories . The West staircase ( 14 ) was originally a service stairs , and would have been plainer in decor , but by the late nineteenth century it was in regular use by the family .
Either side of the Marble Hall , lie the Great Staircase ( 2 ) and the Tapestry Room ( 11 ) , which contains a collection of early eighteenth century Mortlake tapestries . The Great Staircase to the east of the Marble Hall is unusually placed at Belton , as in a house of this period one would expect to find the staircase in the hall . The stairs rise in three flights around the west , north , and east walls to the former Great Dining Room above the Marble Hall . Thus the staircase served as an important state procession link between the three principal reception rooms of the house . The Great Dining Room , now the Library , has been greatly altered and all traces of Carolean decoration removed , first by James Wyatt in 1778 when it was transformed into a drawing room with a vaulted ceiling , and again in 1876 , when its use was again changed , this time to a library . The room contains some 6000 volumes , a superb example of book collecting over 350 years . When Lord Tyrconnel died in 1754 a catalogue of his library identified almost 2 @,@ 300 books . Almost all of these remain in the Belton library today . Rupert Gunnis attributed the carved marble chimneypiece depicting two Roman goddesses to Sir Richard Westmacott .
Leading from the Library is the Queen 's Room , the former " Best Bed Chamber " . This panelled room was redecorated in 1841 for the visit of Queen Adelaide , widow of William IV , when its former function as a state bedroom was resurrected . It contains the great canopied Rococo @-@ style bed in which the Queen slept , complete with the royal monogram " AR " ( Adelaide Regina ) embroidered on the bedhead . Other rooms on the second floor are mostly bedrooms , which include the Chinese Room ( directly above the Tyrconnel Room ) with its original hand @-@ painted 18th @-@ century Chinese wallpaper , the Yellow Room ( directly above the Blue Room ) , and the Windsor Bedroom ( directly above the School Room ) , so called following its use by King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom , who became the Duke of Windsor after the abdication crisis of 1936 . Edward visited Belton in the 1930s with his mistress Wallis Simpson , and the 6th Baron Brownlow was heavily involved in the crisis thanks to his position as the King 's Lord @-@ in @-@ waiting . Today , Belton has a permanent exhibition devoted to that event . Another royal visitor , Charles , Prince of Wales , also used the room frequently while a cadet at nearby RAF Cranwell .
= = Gardens and the park = =
In 1690 , Sir John Brownlow was granted permission to enclose an area of 1000 acres ( 4 km ² ) to transform into a park , with a grant to keep deer . There is evidence to suggest that some of this area had been a park since at least 1580 . The park was laid out with avenues , including the still surviving Eastern Avenue which led east from the house . Brownlow also had a large pond or lake dug and planted 21 @,@ 400 ash trees , 9 @,@ 500 oak trees , and 614 fruit trees . It is thought that William Winde may have advised on the layout of the gardens . Closer to the house were a series of more formal gardens , including canal ponds bordered by plantations containing symmetrical walks resembling the " rond @-@ points " ( circular clearings in a garden from which straight paths radiate ) introduced by the landscape gardener André Le Nôtre . By the end of the eighteenth century , these formal parterres had been removed and the canal ponds filled in .
Sir John Brownlow was succeeded at Belton by his brother , who was content to permit Brownlow 's widow , Alice , to remain in occupation . She spent the remainder of her life at Belton arranging advantageous marriages for her five daughters . On her death in 1721 , the house passed to her husband 's nephew ( and her son @-@ in @-@ law ) Sir John Brownlow III ( later Viscount Tyrconnel ) . Tyrconnel , a dilettante of no great intellect , was responsible for many of the architectural features which survive in the park and garden . Between 1742 and 1751 , a series of follies , including a Gothic ruin , a cascade , and a prospect or belvedere known as the Belmount Tower , were constructed for him . When built the tower had two small wings flanking each side , since removed .
= = Later history = =
In 1754 , Belton was inherited by Sir John Cust , the son of previous owner Viscount Tyrconnel 's widowed sister . Cust was a distinguished politician active during the politically turbulent 1760s , and his monument at Belton blames his death at the age of 51 to the " unusual fatigues of his office " . His heir was created Lord Brownlow in 1776 , and Belton was owned by successive Lords Brownlow for the next 200 years .
In the last three decades of the 19th century the 3rd Earl Brownlow spent much time and money restoring Belton , and consequently the house entered the 20th century in a good state of repair and preservation . However , the 20th century was to present Belton and its estate with serious problems . These included the introduction of income tax and death duties which would leave the finances of the Brownlow family severely depleted .
At the beginning of World War I , like many other British landowners , the 3rd Earl Brownlow offered his house and park to the Government for war service . The offer was accepted , and the largest and most drastic changes were made in the park since the time of Viscount Tyrconnel 's folly building . In August 1914 , the house and park were used as the assembly point for the 11th ( Northern ) Division before its deployment . In 1915 , the home depôt and training ground of the Machine Gun Corps were established in the southern part of Belton park . The lie of the land there , where the River Witham passes between the Lower Lincolnshire Limestone and the Upper Lias mudstone , lent itself to the development of the necessary firing ranges close to good communications by way of the Great North Road and the East Coast main line railway station at Grantham . The depôt was closed in 1919 , the site cleared and the land restored to Lord Brownlow in 1920 . Little sign of the Machine Gun Corps 's stay remains in the park , but plaques and inscriptions can be followed from the south gate of Belton park to the memorial gate on the way from there to the town centre and in the north aisle of Grantham parish church .
Belton again saw war service during World War II . From 1942 , part of the Royal Air Force Regiment was housed in nissen huts at the park in a facility named RAF Belton Park . The RAF Regiment had its headquarters at nearby RAF Alma Park , with additional accommodation at nearby RAF Folkingham and RAF North Witham airfields .
The years following World War I were severely testing for the owners of many great estates . The staff both indoor and outdoor , which had previously been plentiful , essential , and cheap , were now in short supply . Millions of men had left private service to join the army , and very few returned . Female domestic staff had been called up for war service in factories , and now realised there was an easier and better paid existence outside of the gates of the great country houses . With both fortunes and staff depleted many owners of country houses now fought a losing battle to retain them .
Belton House remained relatively untouched during this period , largely owing to the failing fortunes of the Brownlow family . The 3rd Earl Brownlow and his Countess lived for only a few months of the year at Belton , where they came for the fox @-@ hunting , and divided the remainder of their time between their house in London and Ashridge , another country house in Hertfordshire . Ashridge , a huge Gothic revival pile , had come to the Brownlows in the 19th century through the Egerton family . It was sold , with its art collection and furnishings , to pay the death duties arising on the death of the 3rd Earl in 1921 . Hence Belton became the Brownlow 's sole country home . Further death duties were incurred in 1927 on the death of the 3rd Earl 's successor , his second cousin Adelbert Cust , 5th Baron Brownlow .
In the ensuing period many thousands of country houses of great architectural value were demolished , or had whole wings razed to the ground . In 1955 alone one house was demolished every five days . In this respect Belton was fortunate to survive at all , as in addition to the family 's problems , the house deteriorated to such an extent that in 1961 the 6th Baron employed the architect Francis Johnson to oversee a large restoration program lasting three years . Not only was the roof repaired but much of the panelling taken down and repaired , and new cornices installed . Also attempts were made to curtail serious infestations of dry rot . By the time of the death of the 6th Baron in 1978 , the resultant death duties , coupled with the rising costs of the upkeep , made Belton too much for the Brownlow family .
= = = National Trust = = =
The seventh Baron attempted to retain the house and estate by opening to the public . An adventure playground was built in the nearby woods to attract families to the house as a tourist attraction . However , the financial difficulties were too great and in January 1984 he transferred ownership of the house , garden and some of the contents to the National Trust , a charitable body experienced in the management of historic properties . The National Trust further purchased at a cost of eight million pounds ( worth about £ 23 million today ) 1 @,@ 317 acres ( 5 @.@ 3 km ² ) of parkland and much of the remaining contents with a grant from the National Heritage Memorial Fund .
The Trust quickly produced a guide book for the 1984 season and opened to the public . A priority was the establishment of a restaurant , which would not only augment the estate 's income , but also encourage people to spend more time at Belton , and travel greater distances to visit . Though the house , its contents and outbuildings were in an adequate state of repair at the time of the gift , they have since become part of an ongoing programme of conservation and restoration . At the same time the National Trust has introduced new features and attractions such as a silver exhibition which displays a collection of silver amassed by the Brownlow family , dating from 1698 . Further revenue is raised from the use of the property as a filming location , and from licensing the Marble Hall for civil weddings . The house is featured in the BBC 's 1988 adaptation of Moondial. and also as " Rosings Park " in the BBC 's 1995 television version of Pride and Prejudice .
= = Owners = =
Until its acceptance by the National Trust , Belton House was always in the ownership of the family of its builder , though the failure of three generations to produce a son and heir caused the ownership to pass sideways and sometimes through the female line .
The owners of Belton are buried in the village of Belton 's parish church close to the house . Their tombs are collectively one of the most complete sets of family memorials in England — continuous generation to generation for almost 350 years . The earliest Brownlow buried here is the founder of the family fortune the lawyer Richard Brownlow ( 1555 – 1638 ) , and one of the most recent is the 6th Baron Brownlow ( 1899 – 1978 ) .
The owners of Belton House have been :
Sir John Brownlow I ( 1594 – 1679 ) Bequeathed Belton to his great @-@ nephew John Brownlow II .
Sir John Brownlow II ( 1659 – 1697 ) . Builder of Belton House
Sir William Brownlow ( 1665 – 1702 ) . Brother of Sir John Brownlow II , permitted his widowed sister @-@ in @-@ law Alice to retain Belton .
Sir John Brownlow III ( 1690 – 1754 ) . Created Viscount Tyrconnel in 1718 . Nephew and son @-@ in @-@ law of Sir John Brownlow II .
Sir John Cust , 3rd Baronet ( 1718 – 1770 ) . Speaker of the House of Commons and nephew of Tyrconnel .
Sir Brownlow Cust ( 1744 – 1807 ) . Created Baron Brownlow in 1776 . Son of Sir John Cust .
John , 2nd Baron Brownlow ( 1779 – 1853 ) . Created 1st Earl Brownlow in 1815 . Son of Sir Brownlow Cust .
John Egerton @-@ Cust , 2nd Earl Brownlow ( 1842 – 1867 ) Grandson of John , 2nd Baron Brownlow .
Adelbert , 3rd ( and last ) Earl Brownlow ( 1844 – 1921 ) . Brother of John , 2nd Earl Brownlow .
Adelbert Salusbury Cockayne Cust , 5th Baron Brownlow ( 1867 – 1927 ) . Second cousin of Adelbert , 3rd Earl Brownlow .
Peregrine Cust , 6th Baron Brownlow ( 1899 – 1978 ) . Son of the 5th Baron Brownlow .
Edward Cust , 7th Baron Brownlow ( born 1936 ) . Son of the 6th Baron Brownlow .
The National Trust ( 1984 onwards ) .
= Mephisto ( wrestler ) =
Mephisto ( born December 12 , 1968 ) is the ring name of a Mexican luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler and currently works for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) . His real name is not a matter of official record as he is an enmascarado , which by lucha libre traditions means that his personal life is kept secret from the general public .
Mephisto is the son of Luchador Astro Rey / Kahoz and has previously worked both as Astro Rey Jr. and Kahoz Jr. but has been most successful as Mephisto . Since adopting the Mephisto gimmick he has
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October 10 , 1986 , Roddenberry put together a production team which included staff members from the original series such as Robert H. Justman . The show utilized some existing sets and props from the Star Trek films and both Star Trek : The Original Series and Star Trek : Phase II . New actors were hired for the pilot , which in some cases required the character concepts to be redeveloped to better fit the actor . Marina Sirtis and Denise Crosby were hired for the roles of Macha Hernandez and Deanna Troi respectively , but were later switched by Roddenberry and Crosby 's new role renamed to Tasha Yar . DeForest Kelley agreed to appear in a cameo role in the pilot but as a gesture to Roddenberry , he refused to be paid more than the minimum possible salary . The show made its debut in syndication to a mixed critical response , an assessment which was upheld by critics reassessing the episode following the end of the entire series .
= = Plot = =
In 2364 , the newest flagship of the United Federation of Planets , Starfleet 's USS Enterprise , is assigned to travel to Deneb IV for its maiden voyage , both to collect the remaining members of its crew and to open relations with the simple Bandi people who have somehow been able to tap immense energy reserves and construct Farpoint Station , much to the surprise of the Federation . En route , the Enterprise is met by an omnipotent being who identifies himself as Q , a member of the Q Continuum and declares that humanity is being put on trial — posing in appearance as a Grand Inquisitor — and deciding that their actions in their upcoming mission will be used to judge their worthiness and determine their fate as a race . Before letting the ship resume its course , Q warns Captain Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) that he is destined to fail .
As the Enterprise arrives , the awaiting crew members explore the offerings of Farpoint Station and establish relations with their Bandi host , Groppler Zorn ( Michael Bell ) . The crew becomes suspicious when items they desire seem to appear out of nowhere moments later , and are unable to identify the power source that feeds the station . Deanna Troi ( Marina Sirtis ) , an empath , senses a being with powerful yet despairing emotions nearby , and the crew discover a strange labyrinth beneath the station , but Zorn does not offer an explanation . As the Enterprise crew continues its explorations , a large unknown alien craft enters orbit and begins to fire upon an older Bandi settlement near Farpoint Station , and abducts Zorn . Before Picard orders the ship 's phasers to be fired at the craft , Q appears to remind him of humanity 's trial and prompts Picard to send an away team to the alien craft . The away team discovers the craft has passages similar to those under Farpoint and they are able to free Zorn . Their actions cause the alien craft to transform into a jellyfish @-@ like space creature , and Picard is able to deduce the mystery of Farpoint Station . He confirms with the apologetic Zorn that the Bandi found a similar lifeform injured on their planet and , while attempting to care for it , they also exploited its ability to synthesize matter to create Farpoint Station . The creature now in orbit is trying to help free its mate by attacking those who hold it captive .
Though Q goads Picard into punishing the Bandi , Picard refuses , instead ordering the Enterprise to fire a vivifying energy beam onto Farpoint after the station is evacuated . The beam allows the land @-@ bound creature to transform back into its jellyfish @-@ like form , and it flies into orbit to join its fellow being . As the crew watches the reunion of the alien creatures , Q reluctantly tells Picard that they have succeeded in their test , but hints that they will meet again .
= = Production = =
= = = Conception and development history = = =
The new Star Trek series was announced on October 10 , 1986 by the head of Paramount Television Group , Mel Harris . He announced that the creator of Star Trek , Gene Roddenberry , was to be executive producer and lead the creation of the new series . It was the second attempt at creating a new live action television series based on Star Trek for Paramount ; the previous attempt , called Star Trek : Phase II , failed as a television series but led to Star Trek : The Motion Picture . Paramount had pitched ideas to Roddenberry earlier in the year as it was the twentieth anniversary of the original series , but Roddenberry turned them down and initially didn 't want to do a new series . He later said , " It was only when the Paramount people agreed with me and said a sequel was probably impossible anyway that my interest was piqued . "
All four major networks turned down the new Star Trek series , as they were not willing to commit to a twenty @-@ six @-@ hour first season with a guaranteed unchanging time slot as well as a promotional campaign for the show . The team proceeded with the project with the backing of Paramount . Roddenberry began putting together a production crew which included colleagues who had worked with him on the original series , including Robert H. Justman , David Gerrold , and Eddie Milkis . Justman proposed three ideas to the others on October 17 , including families on board the ship , a concept which later became the holodeck and both an android and a Klingon character . One idea discussed by the production team was for Deanna Troi to have three breasts to which writer D. C. Fontana objected .
Fontana , who had previously worked on a number of episodes of the original series , was tasked with writing the script for the pilot . The production team met in full for the first time on February 18 , 1987 , having received the first draft of Fontana 's script a few days earlier . The original premise involved the Enterprise and the USS Starseeker approaching an alien lifeform captured by a race called the Annoi and turned into a weapon . After the Annoi told the Starfleet ships to surrender , the Starseeker opened fire and was destroyed , while Troi contacted the alien and convinced it to crash on a nearby planet so that the Enterprise can help it to free itself along with rescuing other prisoners the Annoi were using as slaves on the surface . Despite numerous changes taking place to the plot before the final version , some of the introductions for various characters made it through to the final version . The plot involving Q was added subsequently to the episode in order to make it longer . Roddenberry was aiming for an hour @-@ long pilot , but Paramount wanted a two @-@ hour show and eventually won out . Other items were also added in order to lengthen the episode , including the saucer separation sequence and the appearance of Admiral Leonard McCoy .
= = = Casting = = =
Roddenberry realized early on that a series with the original crew from Star Trek was unlikely to be practical , nor did he want to recast the roles or have a " retread " crew – a series of different characters in very similar roles to the original series . He explained , " I would hate to think our imagination is so slender that there aren 't other possibilities to think about . " The first casting call was sent out on December 10 , 1986 . While some characters such as Geordi La Forge and Beverly Crusher remain recognizable from their descriptions in the initial casting call , others have clear differences ; " Julien Picard " would lapse into a French accent when he became emotional , and Data was non @-@ Caucasian . Macha Hernandez was a Latino security chief based on Jenette Goldstein 's role in Aliens , while Deanna Troi was to appear " foreign " or more specifically of an Icelandic or Scandinavian nature . Leslie Crusher was listed as a fifteen @-@ year @-@ old girl with a photographic memory , although was quickly changed to a male teenager called Wesley . Justman argued for a female teenager but Roddenberry thought that there would be a greater number of storylines available if the character was male .
Patrick Stewart was cast in the role of Jean @-@ Luc Picard after Justman saw him perform at the University of California , Los Angeles . Roddenberry insisted that he wanted a French actor in the role , but Justman arranged a meeting between Stewart and the production team to introduce the actor , and later Berman supported the casting . Fontana thought that American actor Stephen Macht would be better in the role . Justman wanted Stewart in the show in some capacity , and with Roddenberry still opposing him as Picard , Justman suggested that he might be a good fit instead for Data . Because Roddenberry couldn 't find any actor he preferred more for Picard , he relented and changed his concept of Picard to fit Stewart better . Although Stewart was willing to put on an American accent to portray the role of Picard , the producers asked him to use his natural accent instead . They also tested him with a hairpiece but thought that it looked awful . He was pleased to have received the role , saying that his children were impressed with the new part and praised the mythos of the show saying , " The great strength of ' Star Trek ' is its epic , classic feel . For an actor of my background , it has more richness and depth than you might expect on television . "
Roddenberry 's favorite for Riker was Jonathan Frakes , who went through seven auditions before claiming the role . Despite being the second choice actor for the casting team , he was hired after their first choice was unimpressive in his auditions .
LeVar Burton had worked with Justman on another pilot for a series called Emergency Room and was suggested to apply for the La Forge role . For US audiences he was the most well @-@ known actor in the cast , due to his role in Roots .
Both Gates McFadden and Brent Spiner gained the parts of Beverly Crusher and Data respectively through the normal audition processes . Eric Menyuk had also been considered for the part of Data , and would later be cast as the recurring character of the Traveller in three subsequent episodes . Justman later said that he was the only one out of the production team who preferred Menyuk in the role .
Marina Sirtis auditioned for the role of Macha Hernandez , while Denise Crosby auditioned for the part of Deanna Troi . They both gained the parts with the approval of Berman and Justman , but Roddenberry switched the roles of the actresses as he thought Sirtis would be better suited for the role of the ship 's counselor . Macha Hernandez was re @-@ written to become Tasha Yar to better suit Crosby .
The role of Worf required a black actor in order to make the Klingon make up easier to apply , and was expected to be a recurring character , but following the casting of Michael Dorn and his work in " Encounter at Farpoint " , the role was expanded .
Wil Wheaton was cast as Wesley Crusher despite what he perceived as an awful first callback .
The appearance of DeForest Kelley as Leonard McCoy was kept a secret , with the character only being referred to in scripts as " Admiral " . While Roddenberry had wanted Kelley to appear , he thought that the actor would turn him down . The two had lunch together and Roddenberry suggested the appearance , with Kelley agreeing not only to appear , but also that he wouldn 't take anything more than the Screen Actor 's Guild base salary for the part . He later said , " I just wanted scale , to let it be my way of saying thank @-@ you to Gene for the many good things he has done for me " .
John de Lancie deliberately missed his first audition for Q as he was appearing as a lead in a play at the time , a second audition was arranged during lunchtime so that he could attend . He later said that after he auditioned , " A big guy walked out , put his hands on my shoulder , and said , ' You make my words sound better than they are . ' I said , ' Well , you must be the writer . ' And he said , ' I 'm Gene Roddenberry . ' I had absolutely no idea who that was . "
Colm Meaney was cast in the part of the conn ensign on the ship 's battle bridge , and after a further appearance in the episode " Lonely Among Us " , his character was given the name Miles O 'Brien in season two .
The cast was announced on May 15 , 1987 . There was a certain degree of uncertainty regarding job security during the pilot for the main cast , as they didn 't hear until after production had wrapped that the show had been picked up for a further thirteen episodes .
= = = Filming = = =
Due to what was seen as a low budget for the pilot and series in general , the existing sets and equipment from the Star Trek movies were re @-@ used in the new show . Milkis and Justman were given the task of reviewing the standing sets from the movies on the Paramount lot in order to see what they could use . The duo would later recall that one stage was so completely covered with cat feces due to the volume of cats living on the lot that the pair couldn 't walk on the set . Certain sets were re @-@ used , including a re @-@ dress of the Enterprise 's bridge from Star Trek III : The Search for Spock to act as the Enterprise 's battle bridge in the new series . The main engineering set from Star Trek III became the new main engineering set , albeit with a command console from Star Trek IV added as well as two walls from sickbay from Star Trek III . The rest of the sickbay set became the observation lounge during the first season . Some of the sets contained components from both Star Trek : The Motion Picture and the unfilmed Star Trek : Phase II .
After running tests with a company for computer @-@ generated special effects , it was decided that , for the sake of reliability , Industrial Light & Magic would produce the new models of the Enterprise , at a cost of $ 75 @,@ 000 for a 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) and a 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) version . ILM was also integral to the development of the " jump to warp " special effect , which resulted in the company remaining on the show 's end credits through its entire run . Filming of " Encounter at Farpoint " began on the Paramount lot May 29 , 1987 , and wrapped on June 25 . Wil Wheaton noted that during the filming of " Encounter at Farpoint " , most of the cast didn 't believe that the series would last more than a year .
= = Reception = =
The show was broadcast on both 98 independent stations and 112 network affiliates . In several locations , including Dallas , Los Angeles , Seattle and Miami , the stations which were broadcasting " Encounter at Farpoint " gained higher ratings than the four major networks during prime time . Overall , it aired to an audience of 27 million . The show was immediately called the " highest @-@ rated syndicated one @-@ hour drama series on television " .
Jill L. Lanford watched the episode for The Herald Journal , prior to the series premiere . She thought it was a resurrection of a " legend " . She believed the episode itself was reminiscent of classic Star Trek episodes " Arena " and " The Squire of Gothos " , was the " perfect vehicle to introduce the crew " , and a " perfect start " . Don Merrill , writing for TV Guide said that the show was a " worthy successor to the original " . Bob Niedt reviewed " Encounter at Farpoint " for Newhouse News and thought that the show had potential on the back of the episode , but there were problems such as " spots where the dialogue is pedestrian and interactions sputter " . Tom Shales of The Washington Post viewed DeForest Kelley 's cameo as " touching " , but thought that Patrick Stewart was a " grim bald crank who would make a better villain " . He felt Jonathan Frakes " verges on namby @-@ pamby " . Actress Marina Sirtis later recalled the reviews of the show 's debut in 1987 while being interviewed to promote The Next Generation 's fourth film , Star Trek : Nemesis ; saying " they bloody hated us " .
Several reviewers reassessed the episode some time after the series aired . Michelle Erica Green reviewed the episode for TrekNation , and found the episode disappointing with reference to the character of Captain Picard and the female crew members and a lack of sense of fun . Actor Wil Wheaton , also reviewing the episode years later for TV Squad , gave the episode a ' C- ' grade , suggesting that " at the time , Trekkies who were hoping to see the Star Trek that they were used to from the sixties must have been disappointed " . Zack Handlen at The A.V. Club , criticized some of the elements of the episode such as the " long , rather pointless sequence " where the Enterprise undergoes a saucer separation and overall described the episode " more functional than inspiring " . He praised the performance of Patrick Stewart as Captain Picard , describing him as a " damn fine actor " and enjoyed John de Lancie as Q. He gave the episode an overall score of B- . James Hunt , from Den of Geek , re @-@ reviewed the show following the re @-@ release of season one on Blu @-@ ray Disc . He stated , " even if it wasn 't the first episode , it 'd be worth watching " despite it coming from " what could arguably be called the worst season of Star Trek " . Keith DeCandido for Tor.com thought that the pace of the episode was slow , but that both Patrick Stewart and Brent Spiner stood out from the rest of the cast for good reasons . He enjoyed the references to the original series , especially DeForest Kelley 's appearance . He gave it overall a score of four out of ten . The episode was one of a handful of Star Trek programs recommended for viewing to introduce new viewers to the mythos in Jon Wagnar and Jan Lundeen 's 1998 book Deep Space and Sacred Time : Star Trek in the American Mythos .
= = Home media release = =
Star Trek : The Next Generation made its debut on VHS in September 1991 with " Encounter at Farpoint " as a feature length episode on a single tape . It was subsequently released on DVD on region one on March 26 , 2002 . The sound was remastered to Dolby Digital 5 @.@ 1 Surround standards , and a series of interviews with the cast and crew were included on the sixth disc .
" Encounter at Farpoint " was one of the first episodes of the series to be released on Blu @-@ ray Disc . The episode was remastered into high @-@ definition video and involved the original production team in updating some of the special effects in the episode . It was featured on the single disc sampler of the series which was launched prior to any full season box sets in early 2012 , entitled Star Trek : The Next Generation – The Next Level along with two other episodes . " Encounter at Farpoint " was subsequently included in the Blu @-@ ray Disc release of the season one box set .
= Ceolnoth =
Ceolnoth ( died 870 ) was a medieval English Archbishop of Canterbury . Although later chroniclers stated he had previously held ecclesiastical office in Canterbury , there is no contemporary evidence of this , and his first appearance in history is when he became archbishop in 833 . Ceolnoth faced two problems as archbishop — raids and invasions by the Vikings and a new political situation resulting from a change in overlordship from one kingdom to another during the early part of his archiepiscopate . Ceolnoth attempted to solve both problems by coming to an agreement with his new overlords for protection in 838 . Ceolnoth 's later years in office were marked by more Viking raids and a decline in monastic life in his archbishopric .
= = Archbishop = =
Gervase of Canterbury wrote at the end of the twelfth century that Ceolnoth was Dean of the see of Canterbury previous to being elected to the archiepiscopal see of Canterbury , but this story has no confirmation in contemporary records . There is no sign of him being associated with either Canterbury or Kent , the region where Canterbury is located , prior to his elevation as archbishop . Given the length of his archiepiscopate , he was probably a young man when he was elected to Canterbury . Ceolnoth was consecrated archbishop on 27 July 833 . Upon becoming archbishop , Ceolnoth had to deal with two problems — first the Viking attacks on his archbishopric and the surrounding lands in Kent and second the newly ascendant kings of Wessex who had just gained control of Kent . Previously , the Mercian kings had ruled Kent .
In 836 , Ceolnoth presided , with Wiglaf of Mercia , over a council held at Croft attended by the clergy of the southern part of Britain . This was the last time that the archbishop worked in concert with a Mercian king as , after this , he was an attendee at the Wessex royal court instead of the Mercian . In 838 a council was held at Kingston upon Thames where Ceolnoth made an alliance with the West Saxon kings Egbert and Æthelwulf . This agreement gave control of all of the free minsters under Canterbury 's authority to the king in return for protection from Viking raids . Ceolnoth also ceded the right to influence the election of abbots within Kent to the king . In return , Egbert received the support of Ceolnoth for the succession of Egbert 's son Æthelwulf as king . When Egbert died shortly after this , Æthelwulf succeeded his father and became the first son to follow his father as king of Wessex in almost two centuries . Ceolnoth also recovered control of some lands that had been lost by Canterbury . The end result of this agreement was that the Wessex kings became the secular protectors of the churches and monasteries of the archdiocese of Canterbury .
= = Later life and death = =
During Ceolnoth 's archbishopric , monastic life declined under the pressure of the Viking attacks , and there was a noticeable decline in the quality of the books and other works produced by the scriptoriums . A number of monasteries died out under the pressure of the raids by the invaders , who wintered over in Kent in 851 and 855 . He held councils in 839 and 845 , the second at London . During his later years in office , he was assisted by four clerics , who appear to have been or acted as archdeacons , one of the earliest appearances of this office in England . Ceolnoth is also known to have corresponded with Pope Leo IV .
Archbishop Ceolnoth died on 4 February 870 . Although monastic and secular life suffered during the later part of Ceolnoth 's archbishopric , his agreement with Egbert set the foundation for the co @-@ operation between the archbishops of Canterbury and the kings of England in the future .
= Delaware Route 12 =
Delaware Route 12 ( DE 12 ) is a state highway in Kent County , Delaware . It runs from Maryland Route 314 ( MD 314 ) at the Maryland border near Whiteleysburg , Maryland east to an interchange with DE 1 near Frederica . The route follows a mostly rural alignment , passing through the towns of Felton and Frederica . DE 12 intersects U.S. Route 13 ( US 13 ) in Felton and DE 15 east of Felton . What would become DE 12 was built as a state highway during the 1920s . DE 12 was designated between Felton and Frederica by 1936 and extended west to Maryland by 1938 . The eastern terminus was moved to its current location in 1965 when US 113 ( now DE 1 ) was routed to bypass Frederica . The DE 1 intersection became an interchange in 2011 .
= = Route description = =
DE 12 begins at the Maryland border , continuing west into that state as MD 314 at the state line . From the state line , the route heads southeast on two @-@ lane undivided Whiteleysburg Road briefly before turning northeast onto Whites Lane . A short distance later , DE 12 intersects Two State Road and becomes Burnite Mill Road . The road runs through farmland with some woods and homes , curving east and entering Felton . At this point , DE 12 becomes Main Street and heads into residential areas , crossing Norfolk Southern 's Delmarva Secondary railroad line . The road comes to an intersection with US 13 on the eastern edge of Felton .
Upon leaving Felton , the route becomes Midstate Road and continues through agricultural areas with some woods and homes . DE 12 crosses DE 15 and comes to an intersection with Andrews Lake Road , where the name changes to Johnnycake Landing Road . The road passes through more rural areas before entering Frederica , where it becomes Front Street and is lined with homes . In the eastern part of town , the route splits into the one @-@ way pair of David Street eastbound and Front Street westbound . DE 12 turns north onto two @-@ way Frederica Road and leaves Frederica , passing through marshland and crossing a branch of the Murderkill River . DE 12 continues to its eastern terminus at an interchange with DE 1 .
DE 12 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 5 @,@ 207 vehicles where it intersects Frederica Road from the west to a low of 2 @,@ 204 vehicles at the eastern terminus at DE 1 . None of DE 12 is part of the National Highway System .
= = History = =
What is now DE 12 existed as an unimproved county road by 1920 . By 1924 , the route was completed as a state highway between Hollandsville and Frederica and was proposed as a state highway between the Maryland border in Whiteleysburg and Hollandsville and within Frederica . The entire road between Whiteleysburg and Frederica was built as a state highway a year later . DE 12 was designated to run from US 13 in Felton to US 113 ( Frederica Road ) in Frederica by 1936 . By 1938 , DE 12 was extended west to the Maryland border in Whiteleysburg .
In 1965 , US 113 was moved to a bypass to the east of Frederica , and DE 12 was extended north on the former alignment of US 113 to end at that route a short distance north of Frederica . In November 2009 , construction began for a grade @-@ separated interchange at DE 1 ( which had replaced US 113 ) ; the interchange was completed in June 2011 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Kent County .
= Cyclone Keila =
Cyclonic Storm Keila ( IMD designation : ARB 02 , JTWC designation : 03A ) was the first named storm of the 2011 North Indian Ocean cyclone season . A weak system for much of its duration , Keila developed in the western Arabian Sea in late October 2011 , amid an area of marginally favorable conditions . On November 2 , it briefly organized enough to be classified as a cyclonic storm , which has maximum sustained winds of at least 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . Given the name Keila by the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , the storm quickly moved ashore southern Oman near Salalah , and weakened while meandering over the country . The remnants soon after moved offshore , dissipating on November 4 .
The storm brought heavy rainfall to Oman , reaching just over 700 mm ( 28 in ) in the mountains near Salalah . Moisture from the storm spread across most of the country , causing flash flooding near the capital Muscat . Floods from the storm killed 14 people , injured over 200 , washed away hundreds of cars , and damaged many buildings . Two hospitals were damaged , forcing 60 patients to be evacuated elsewhere by helicopter . Overall damage was estimated at US $ 80 million ( 2011 USD ) . Offshore , Keila capsized a boat originating from India , killing five of the crew and leaving another nine missing ; six sailors were rescued by the Omani Coast Guard .
= = Meteorological history = =
The Intertropical Convergence Zone produced an area of convection in the southeastern Arabian Sea toward the end of October 2011 . The overall system moved west @-@ northwestward , developing a distinct low pressure area on October 27 . By that time , the thunderstorm activity was still disorganized and associated with a weak circulation . Environmental conditions were unfavorable initially , consisting of strong wind shear and dry air . An anticyclone over the system caused the shear to decrease by October 28 , amid warm water temperatures of 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) , both more favorable conditions . By that time the circulation became well @-@ defined , although still elongated , and the convection was still scattered . On October 29 , the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) designated the system as Depression ARB 02 about 885 km ( 550 mi ) east of the Yemeni island of Socotra .
Convection continued to organize and deepen as the nascent depression continued west @-@ northwestward , steered by a ridge to the north . However , dry air from the Arabian Peninsula and cooler waters proved deleterious to the system , and the circulation became more disorganized on October 30 . Despite the marginally favorable conditions , the overall structure improved on November 1 , with pronounced outflow developing along the western periphery . A nearby buoy reported a barometric pressure of 998 mbar ( 29 @.@ 5 inHg ) , which confirmed the increasing organization . At 03 : 00 UTC on November 1 , the IMD upgraded the depression to a deep depression , and 24 hours later to Cyclonic Storm Keila . By that time , the agency estimated peak 3 minute sustained winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) while the storm was just 150 km ( 95 mi ) southeast of Oman . The American @-@ based Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) also designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 03A at 03 : 00 UTC on November 2 .
With cool waters and an unfavorable phase of the Madden – Julian oscillation , Keila failed to intensify significantly as it approached the southeastern Arabian Peninsula . An irregular central dense overcast developed over the circulation , consisting of shallow convection . A passing trough weakened the ridge to the
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north , steering Keila toward the north . After weakening to a deep depression again , Keila made landfall near Salalah , Oman around 18 : 00 UTC on November 2 . Around that time , the JTWC discontinued advisories , once the storm was weakening rapidly over land . With a ridge to the north and east , Keila followed the track of the anticyclone aloft , which brought it back offshore Oman on November 3 . Such looping near the coast was considered rare by the IMD . According to the agency , the system continued eastward and dissipated on November 4 . However , the JTWC tracked the system further in a post @-@ season analysis , estimating that Keila intensified once offshore and attained peak winds of 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) on November 3 . The agency assessed that the storm turned to the southwest and weakened , only to turn back to the northwest and dissipate over extreme eastern Yemen on November 5 .
= = Preparations and impact = =
There was confusion in the country over Keila 's intensity ; the IMD classified it as a cyclonic storm , while officials in Oman designated it as a deep depression , based on available observations . Officials warned residents of the potential for heavy rainfall . The Pakistani government also warned fishermen not to venture to the open seas , due to the uncertain effects of the storm .
While Keila was offshore and still in its developmental stages , it brought winds of 41 km / h ( 25 mph ) to Salalah International Airport , and at the time of landfall , the station reported slightly stronger winds of 43 km / h ( 26 mph ) . However , the storm 's most severe effects were related to the heavy rainfall it produced over Oman , which peaked at just over 700 mm ( 28 in ) in the mountains near Salalah . In southern Oman , Keila dropped 50 to 100 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 to 3 @.@ 9 in ) of rainfall at Salalah , the equivalent of a year 's worth of precipitation . Moisture from the storm coalesced over the Al Hajar Mountains in northern Oman , producing severe thunderstorms that led to flash flooding . Across southern Oman where the storm crossed , there were no deaths ; all of the deaths occurred due to the flash floods in northern Oman , where 14 people lost their lives . Three people were killed due to electrocutions , another two were crushed to death by large objects , and nine drowned . Overall damage was estimated at US $ 80 million , and over 200 people were injured nationwide .
The rains caused wadis – typically dry riverbeds – to accumulate with floodwaters , washing away hundreds of cars and disrupting traffic . Police officers helped rescue victims who were stranded in flooded wadis . Some drivers rode out the floods on the roofs of their cars . The deluge also damaged crops and farm buildings elsewhere in the country . Damage was heaviest near the capital city Muscat , where houses and businesses were damaged by the floods , and there were many traffic accidents . A school bus was swept away in Wadi Kabir , although the students were soon after rescued by local authorities . Several buildings collapsed in Sur due to the rains . In the valley near Al @-@ Rustaq , floodwaters swept away cars , dead animals , and property , with water levels reaching 1 @.@ 8 m ( 5 @.@ 9 ft ) high in some places . The floods damaged two hospitals in northern Oman ; police helicopters transferred 60 patients after the facilities were closed for maintenance , and other patients were moved to other local hospitals . Just days after Keila dissipated , another deep depression threatened Oman and brought additional rainfall .
Sailing from the Indian state of Gujarat to Dubai , a ship with the call sign MSV Shiv Sagar MNV 2169 encountered Keila offshore southern Oman . The storm 's high winds caused the boat to capsize , killing five of the sailors , and leaving nine others missing . Six of the crew were rescued by the Omani Coast Guard .
= Plateosaurus =
Plateosaurus ( probably meaning " broad lizard " , often mistranslated as " flat lizard " ) is a genus of plateosaurid dinosaur that lived during the Late Triassic period , around 214 to 204 million years ago , in what is now Central and Northern Europe . Plateosaurus is a basal ( early ) sauropodomorph dinosaur , a so @-@ called " prosauropod " . As of 2011 , two species are recognized : the type species P. engelhardti from the late Norian and Rhaetian , and the slightly earlier P. gracilis from the lower Norian . However , others have been assigned in the past , and there is no broad consensus on the species taxonomy of plateosaurid dinosaurs . Similarly , there are a plethora of synonyms ( invalid duplicate names ) at the genus level .
Discovered in 1834 by Johann Friedrich Engelhardt and described three years later by Hermann von Meyer , Plateosaurus was the fifth named dinosaur genus that is still considered valid . Although it had been described before Richard Owen formally named Dinosauria in 1842 , it was not one of the three genera used by Owen to define the group , because at the time , it was poorly known and difficult to identify as a dinosaur . It is now among the dinosaurs best known to science : over 100 skeletons have been found , some of them nearly complete . The abundance of its fossils in Swabia , Germany , has led to the nickname Schwäbischer Lindwurm ( Swabian lindworm ) .
Plateosaurus was a bipedal herbivore with a small skull on a long , flexible neck , sharp but plump plant @-@ crushing teeth , powerful hind limbs , short but muscular arms and grasping hands with large claws on three fingers , possibly used for defence and feeding . Unusually for a dinosaur , Plateosaurus showed strong developmental plasticity : instead of having a fairly uniform adult size , fully grown individuals were between 4 @.@ 8 and 10 metres ( 16 and 33 ft ) long and weighed between 600 and 4 @,@ 000 kilograms ( 1 @,@ 300 and 8 @,@ 800 lb ) . Commonly , the animals lived for at least 12 to 20 years , but the maximum life span is not known .
Despite the great quantity and excellent quality of the fossil material , Plateosaurus was for a long time one of the most misunderstood dinosaurs . Some researchers proposed theories that were later shown to conflict with geological and palaeontological evidence , but have become the paradigm of public opinion . Since 1980 the taxonomy ( relationships ) , taphonomy ( how the animals became embedded and fossilized ) , biomechanics ( how their skeletons worked ) , and palaeobiology ( life circumstances ) of Plateosaurus have been re @-@ studied in detail , altering the interpretation of the animal 's biology , posture and behaviour .
= = Description = =
Plateosaurus had the typical body shape of a herbivorous bipedal dinosaur : a small skull , a long and flexible neck composed of 10 cervical vertebrae , a stocky body , and a long , mobile tail composed of at least 40 caudal vertebrae . The arms of Plateosaurus were very short , even compared to most other " prosauropods " . However , they were strongly built , with hands adapted for powerful grasping . The shoulder girdle was narrow ( often misaligned in skeletal mounts and drawings ) , with the clavicles ( collar bones ) touching at the body 's midline , as in other basal sauropodomorphs . The hind limbs were held under the body , with slightly flexed knees and ankles , and the foot was digitigrade , meaning the animal walked on its toes . The proportionally long lower leg and metatarsus show that Plateosaurus could run quickly on its hind limbs . The tail of Plateosaurus was typically dinosaurian , muscular and with high mobility .
The skull of Plateosaurus is small and narrow , rectangular in side view , and nearly three times as long as it is high . There is an almost rectangular lateral temporal foramen at the back . The large , round orbit ( eye socket ) , the sub @-@ triangular antorbital fenestra and the oval naris ( nostril ) are of almost equal size . The jaws carried many small , leaf @-@ shaped , socketed teeth : 5 to 6 per premaxilla , 24 to 30 per maxilla , and 21 to 28 per dentary ( lower jaw ) . The thick , leaf @-@ shaped , bluntly serrated tooth crowns were suitable for crushing plant material . The low position of the jaw joint gave the chewing muscles great leverage , so that Plateosaurus could deliver a powerful bite . These features suggest that it fed primarily to exclusively on plants . Its eyes were directed to the sides , rather than the front , providing all @-@ round vision to watch for predators . Some fossil skeletons have preserved sclerotic rings ( rings of bone plates that protect the eye ) .
The ribs were connected to the dorsal ( trunk ) vertebrae with two joints , acting together as a simple hinge joint , which has allowed researchers to reconstruct the inhaled and exhaled positions of the ribcage . The difference in volume between these two positions defines the air exchange volume ( the amount of air moved with each breath ) , determined to be approximately 20 l for a P. engelhardti individual estimated to have weighed 690 kg , or 29 ml / kg bodyweight . This is a typical value for birds , but not for mammals , and indicates that Plateosaurus probably had an avian @-@ style flow @-@ through lung , although indicators for postcranial pneumaticity ( air sacs of the lung invading the bones to reduce weight ) can be found on the bones of only a few individuals , and were only recognized in 2010 . Combined with evidence from bone histology this indicates that Plateosaurus was endothermic .
The type species of Plateosaurus is P. engelhardti . Adults of this species reached 4 @.@ 8 to 10 metres ( 16 to 33 ft ) in length , and ranged in mass from 600 to 4 @,@ 000 kilograms ( 1 @,@ 300 to 8 @,@ 800 lb ) . The geologically older species , P. gracilis ( formerly named Sellosaurus gracilis ) , was somewhat smaller , with a total length of 4 to 5 metres ( 13 to 16 ft ) .
= = Discovery and history = =
In 1834 , physician Johann Friedrich Engelhardt discovered some vertebrae and leg bones at Heroldsberg near Nuremberg , Germany . Three years later German palaeontologist Hermann von Meyer designated them as the type specimen of a new genus , Plateosaurus . Since then , remains of well over 100 individuals of Plateosaurus have been discovered at various locations throughout Europe .
Material assigned to Plateosaurus has been found at over 50 localities in Germany ( mainly along the Neckar and Pegnitz river valleys ) , Switzerland ( Frick ) and France . Three localities are of special importance , because they yielded specimens in large numbers and of unusually good quality : near Halberstadt in Saxony @-@ Anhalt , Germany ; Trossingen in Baden @-@ Württemberg , Germany ; and Frick . Between the 1910s and 1930s , excavations in a clay pit in Saxony @-@ Anhalt revealed between 39 and 50 skeletons that belonged to Plateosaurus , along with teeth and a small number of bones of the theropod Liliensternus , and two skeletons and some fragments of the turtle Proganochelys . Some of the plateosaur material was assigned to P. longiceps , a species described by palaeontologist Otto Jaekel in 1914 but now considered a junior synonym of P. engelhardti . Most of the material found its way to the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin , where much of it was destroyed during World War II . The Halberstadt quarry today is covered by a housing development .
The second major German locality with P. engelhardti finds , a quarry in Trossingen in the Black Forest , was worked repeatedly in the 20th century . Between 1911 and 1932 , excavations during six field seasons led by German palaeontologists Eberhard Fraas ( 1911 – 1912 ) , Friedrich von Huene ( 1921 – 23 ) , and finally Reinhold Seemann ( 1932 ) revealed a total of 35 complete or partially complete skeletons of Plateosaurus , as well as fragmentary remains of approximately 70 more individuals . The large number of specimens from Swabia had already caused German palaeontologist Friedrich August von Quenstedt to nickname the animal Schwäbischer Lindwurm ( Swabian lindworm or Swabian dragon ) . Much of the Trossingen material was destroyed in 1944 , when the Naturaliensammlung in Stuttgart ( predecessor to the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart ( SMNS ) ) burnt to the ground after an Allied bombing raid . Luckily , however , a 2011 study by SMNS curator Rainer Schoch found that , at least from the finds of Seemann 's 1932 excavation , " the scientifically most valuable material is still available " .
The Plateosaurus skeletons in a clay pit of the Tonwerke Keller AG in Frick , Switzerland , were first noticed in 1976 . While the bones are often significantly deformed by taphonomic processes , Frick yields skeletons of P. engelhardti comparable in completeness and position to those of Trossingen and Halberstadt .
In 1997 , workers of an oil platform of the Snorre oil field , located at the northern end of the North Sea , were drilling through sandstone for oil exploration when they stumbled on a fossil they believed to be plant material . The drill core containing the fossil was extracted from 2 @,@ 256 metres ( 7 @,@ 402 ft ) below the seafloor . Martin Sander and Nicole Klein , palaeontologists of the University of Bonn , analysed the bone microstructure and concluded that the rock preserved fibrous bone tissue from a fragment of a limb bone belonging to Plateosaurus , making it the first dinosaur found in Norway . Plateosaurus material has also been found in the Fleming Fjord Formation of East Greenland .
Plateosaurus gracilis , the older species , is found in the Löwenstein Formation ( Lower Norian ) . P. engelhardti stems from the upper Löwenstein Formation ( Upper Norian ) , the Trossingen Formation ( Upper Norian ) , and equivalently aged rock units . Plateosaurus thus lived probably from approximately 214 to 204 million years ago .
= = Classification and type material = =
Plateosaurus is a member of a group of early herbivores known as " prosauropods " . The group name is obsolete , as " Prosauropoda " is not a monophyletic group ( thus given in quotation marks ) , and most researchers prefer the term basal sauropodomorph . Plateosaurus was the first " prosauropod " to be described , and gives its name to the family Plateosauridae Marsh , 1895 as type genus . Initially , when the genus was poorly known , it was only included in Sauria , being some kind of reptile , but not in any more narrowly defined taxon . In 1845 , von Meyer created the group Pachypodes ( a defunct junior synonym of Dinosauria ) to include Plateosaurus , Iguanodon , Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus . Plateosauridae was proposed by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1895 within Theropoda . Later it was moved to " Prosauropoda " by von Huene , a placement that was accepted by most authors . Before the advent of cladistics in paleontology during the 1980s , with its emphasis on monophyletic groups ( clades ) , Plateosauridae was defined loosely , as large , broad @-@ footed , broad @-@ handed forms with relatively heavy skulls , unlike the smaller " anchisaurids " and sauropod @-@ like " melanorosaurids " . Reevaluation of " prosauropods " in light of the new methods of analysis led to the reduction of Plateosauridae . For many years the clade only included Plateosaurus and various junior synonyms , but later two more genera were considered to belong to it : Sellosaurus and possibly Unaysaurus . Of these , Sellosaurus is probably another junior synonym of Plateosaurus .
The type series of Plateosaurus engelhardti included " roughly 45 bone fragments " , of which nearly half are lost . The remaining material is kept in the Institute for Palaeontology of the University of Erlangen @-@ Nuremberg , Germany . From these bones , German palaeontologist Markus Moser in 2003 selected a partial sacrum ( series of fused hip vertebrae ) as a lectotype . The type locality is not known for certain , but Moser attempted to infer it from previous publications and the colour and preservation of the bones . He concluded that the material probably stems from the " Buchenbühl " , roughly 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) south of Heroldsberg .
The type specimen of Plateosaurus gracilis , an incomplete postcranium , is kept at the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart , Germany , and the type locality is Heslach , a suburb of the same city .
= = = Etymology = = =
The etymology of the name Plateosaurus is not entirely clear . Moser pointed out that the original description contains no information , and various authors have offered differing interpretations . German geologist Hanns Bruno Geinitz in 1846 gave " ( πλατυς , breit ) " [ English : broad ] In the same year , Agassiz offered Ancient Greek πλατη ( platê - " paddle " , " rudder " ; Agassiz translates this as Latin pala
= " spade " ) and σαυρος ( sauros - " lizard " ) . Agassiz consequently renamed the genus Platysaurus , probably from Greek πλατυς ( platys - " broad , flat , broad @-@ shouldered " ) , creating an invalid junior synonym . Later authors often referred to this derivation , and the secondary meaning " flat " of πλατυς , so that Plateosaurus is often translated as " flat lizard " . Often , claims were made that πλατυς is supposed to have been intended as a reference to flat bones , for example the laterally flattened teeth of Plateosaurus , but the teeth and other flat bones such as the pubic bones and some skull elements were unknown at the time of description .
In 1855 , von Meyer published a detailed description of Plateosaurus with illustrations , but again gave no details on the etymology . He repeatedly referred to its gigantic size ( " Riesensaurus " =
giant lizard ) and massive limbs ( " schwerfüssig " ) , comparing Plateosaurus to large modern land mammals , but did not describe any important features that fit the terms " flat " or " shaped like an oar . "
= = Taxonomy = =
= = = Valid species = = =
The taxonomic history of Plateosaurus is " long and confusing " , a " chaotic tangle of names " . As of 2011 , only two species are universally accepted as valid : the type species P. engelhardti and P. gracilis , previously assigned to its own genus Sellosaurus . British palaeontologist Peter Galton showed clearly that all cranial material from Trossingen , Halberstadt and Frick pertains to one species . Moser performed the most extensive and detailed investigation of all plateosaurid material from Germany and Switzerland , concluding that all Plateosaurus and most other prosauropod material from the Keuper stems from the same species as the type material of Plateosaurus engelhardti . Moser considered Sellosaurus to be the same genus as Plateosaurus , but did not discuss whether S. gracilis and P. engelhardti belong to the same species . Palaeontologist Adam Yates of the University of the Witwatersrand cast further doubt on the generic separation . He included the type material of Sellosaurus gracilis in Plateosaurus as P. gracilis and reintroduced the old name Efraasia for some material that had been assigned to Sellosaurus . In 1926 , von Huene had already concluded the two genera were the same .
Yates has cautioned that P. gracilis may be a metataxon , which means that there is neither evidence that the material assigned to it is monophyletic ( belongs to one species ) , nor that it is paraphyletic ( belongs to several species ) . This is the case because the holotype of P. ( Sellosaurus ) gracilis has no skull , and the other specimens consist of skulls and material that overlaps too little with the holotype to make it certain that it belongs to the same taxon . It is therefore possible that the known material contains more species belonging to Plateosaurus .
Some scientists regard other species as valid as well , for example P. erlenbergensis . Such works , however , ignore Moser ( 2003 ) , the publication that shows the type series of P. engelhardti to be diagnostic , and other material to be referable to it .
= = = Invalid species = = =
All named species of Plateosaurus except the type species and P. gracilis have turned out to be junior synonyms of the type species or invalid names . Von Huene practically erected a new species and sometimes a new genus for each relatively complete find from Trossingen ( three species of Pachysaurus and seven of Plateosaurus ) and Halberstadt ( one species of Gresslyosaurus and eight of Plateosaurus ) . Later , he merged several of these species , but remained convinced that more than one genus and more than one species of Plateosaurus was present in both localities . Jaekel also believed that the Halberstadt material included several plateosaurid dinosaurs , as well as non @-@ plateosaurid prosauropods . Systematic research by Galton drastically reduced the number of genera and species . Galton synonymised all cranial material , and described differences between the syntypes of P. engelhardti and the Trossingen material , which he referred to P. longiceps . Galton recognized P. trossingensis , P. fraasianus and P. integer to be identical to P. longiceps . Markus Moser , however , showed that P. longiceps is itself a junior synonym of P. engelhardti . Furthermore , a variety of species in other genera were created for material belonging to P. engelhardti , including Dimodosaurus poligniensis , Gresslyosaurus robustus , Gresslyosaurus torgeri , Pachysaurus ajax , Pachysaurus giganteus , Pachysaurus magnus and Pachysaurus wetzelianus . The skull of AMNH FARB 6810 , the best @-@ preserved skull of Plateosaurus that has been taken apart during preparation and is thus available as separate bones , was described anew in 2011 . The authors of that publication , palaeontologists Albert Prieto @-@ Márquez and Mark A. Norell , refer the skull to P. erlenbergensis , a species erected in 1905 by Friedrich von Huene . If the P. erlenbergensis holotype is diagnostic ( i.e. , has enough characters to be distinct from other material ) , it is the correct name for the material assigned to P. longiceps Jaekel , 1913 . However , according to the last detailed study of the holotype material of P. engelhardti by Markus Moser , P. erlenbergensis is a junior synonym of P. engelhardti .
Aside from fossils clearly belonging to Plateosaurus , there is much prosauropod material from the German Knollenmergel in museum collections , most of it labeled as Plateosaurus , that does not belong to the type species and possibly not to Plateosaurus at all . Some of this material is not diagnostic ; other material has been recognized to be different , but was never sufficiently described .
= = Taphonomy = =
The taphonomy ( burial and fossilization process ) of the three main Plateosaurus sites — Trossingen , Halberstadt and Frick — is unusual in several ways . All three sites are nearly monospecific assemblages , meaning that they contain practically only one species , which requires very special circumstances . However , shed teeth of theropods have been found at all three sites , as well as remains of the early turtle Proganochelys . Additionally , a partial " prosauropod " skeleton was found in Halberstadt that does not belong to Plateosaurus , but is preserved in a similar position . All sites yielded almost complete and partial skeletons of Plateosaurus , as well as isolated bones . The partial skeletons tend to include the hind limbs and hips , while parts of the anterior body and neck are rarely found in isolation . The animals were all adults or subadults ( nearly adult individuals ) ; no juveniles or hatchlings are known . Complete skeletons and large skeleton parts that include the hind limbs all rest dorsal ( top ) side up , as do the turtles . Also , they are mostly well @-@ articulated , and the hind limbs are three @-@ dimensionally preserved in a zigzag posture , with the feet often much deeper in the sediment than the hips .
= = = Earlier interpretations = = =
In the first published discussion of the Trossingen Plateosaurus finds , Fraas suggested that only miring in mud allowed the preservation of the single complete skeleton then known . Similarly , Jaekel interpreted the Halberstadt finds as animals that waded too deep into swamps , became mired and drowned . He interpreted partial remains as having been transported into the deposit by water , and strongly refuted a catastrophic accumulation . In contrast , von Huene interpreted the sediment as aeolian deposits , with the weakest animals , mostly subadults , succumbing to the harsh conditions in the desert and sinking into the mud of ephemeral water holes . He argued that the completeness of many finds indicated that transport did not happen , and saw partial individuals and isolated bones as results of weathering and trampling . Seemann developed a different scenario , in which Plateosaurus herds congregated on large water holes , and some herd members got pushed in . Light animals managed to get free , while heavy individuals got stuck and died .
A different school of thought developed almost
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will be much the same . "
= = = Historical writings = = =
" Asynchronism as a Principle of Sound Film " 1934 essay by filmmaker and theorist Vsevolod Pudovkin
" Dialogue and Sound " essay by film historian and critic Siegfried Kracauer ; first published in his book Theory of Film : The Redemption of Physical Reality ( 1960 )
" The Film to Come " essay by producer and composer Guido Bagier ; first published in Film @-@ Kurier , January 7 , 1928
Handbook for Projectionists technical manual covering all major U.S. systems ; issued by RCA Photophone , 1930
" Historical Development of Sound Films " chronology by sound @-@ film pioneer E. I. Sponable ; first published in Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , April / May 1947
" Madam , Will You Talk ? " article on the history of Bell Laboratories ' early research into sound film , by Stanley Watkins , Western Electric engineer ; first published in Bell Laboratories Record , August 1946
" Merger of the Sound Film Industry — The Founding Agenda of Tobis " corporate manifesto first published in Film @-@ Kurier , July 20 , 1928
" The Official Communiqué : Foundations of the Sound @-@ Film Accord Sales Prospects for the German Electronics Industry " article first published in Film @-@ Kurier , July 23 , 1930
Operating Instructions for Synchronous Reproducing Equipment technical manual for Western Electric theatrical sound projector system ; issued by ERPI , December 1928
" Outcome of Paris : Accord Signed / Total Interchangeability — Globe Divided into Three Patent Zones — Patent Exchange " article first published in Film @-@ Kurier , July 22 , 1930
" The Singing Fool " review by film theorist and critic Rudolf Arnheim , ca . 1929
" Sound @-@ Film Confusion " 1929 essay by Rudolf Arnheim
" Sound Here and There " essay by composer Paul Dessau ; first published in Der Film , August 1 , 1929
" Sound in Films " essay by director Alberto Cavalcanti ; first published in Films , November 1939
" Theory of the Film : Sound " 1945 essay by film theorist and critic Béla Balázs
" What Radio Has Meant to Talking Movies " prescient essay by Universal sound engineer Charles Feldstead ; first published in Radio News , April 1931
= = = Historical films = = =
Ben Bernie and All the Lads excerpts from ca . 1924 Phonofilm sound film ; on The Red Hot Jazz Archive website
A Few Minutes with Eddie Cantor 1924 Phonofilm sound film ; on Archive.org
Gus Visser and His Singing Duck 1925 Theodore Case sound film ; on YouTube
President Coolidge , Taken on the White House Lawn 1924 Phonofilm sound film ; on Archive.org
= Georg Cantor =
Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor ( / ˈkæntɔːr / KAN @-@ tor ; German : [ ˈɡeɔʁk ˈfɛʁdinant ˈluːtvɪç ˈfɪlɪp ˈkantɔʁ ] ; March 3 [ O.S. February 19 ] 1845 – January 6 , 1918 ) was a German mathematician . He invented set theory , which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics . Cantor established the importance of one @-@ to @-@ one correspondence between the members of two sets , defined infinite and well @-@ ordered sets , and proved that the real numbers are more numerous than the natural numbers . In fact , Cantor 's method of proof of this theorem implies the existence of an " infinity of infinities " . He defined the cardinal and ordinal numbers and their arithmetic . Cantor 's work is of great philosophical interest , a fact of which he was well aware .
Cantor 's theory of transfinite numbers was originally regarded as so counter @-@ intuitive – even shocking – that it encountered resistance from mathematical contemporaries such as Leopold Kronecker and Henri Poincaré and later from Hermann Weyl and L. E. J. Brouwer , while Ludwig Wittgenstein raised philosophical objections . Cantor , a devout Lutheran , believed the theory had been communicated to him by God . Some Christian theologians ( particularly neo @-@ Scholastics ) saw Cantor 's work as a challenge to the uniqueness of the absolute infinity in the nature of God – on one occasion equating the theory of transfinite numbers with pantheism – a proposition that Cantor vigorously rejected .
The objections to Cantor 's work were occasionally fierce : Henri Poincaré referred to his ideas as a " grave disease " infecting the discipline of mathematics , and Leopold Kronecker 's public opposition and personal attacks included describing Cantor as a " scientific charlatan " , a " renegade " and a " corrupter of youth . " Kronecker objected to Cantor 's proofs that the algebraic numbers are countable , and that the transcendental numbers are uncountable , results now included in a standard mathematics curriculum . Writing decades after Cantor 's death , Wittgenstein lamented that mathematics is " ridden through and through with the pernicious idioms of set theory , " which he dismissed as " utter nonsense " that is " laughable " and " wrong " . Cantor 's recurring bouts of depression from 1884 to the end of his life have been blamed on the hostile attitude of many of his contemporaries , though some have explained these episodes as probable manifestations of a bipolar disorder .
The harsh criticism has been matched by later accolades . In 1904 , the Royal Society awarded Cantor its Sylvester Medal , the highest honor it can confer for work in mathematics . David Hilbert defended it from its critics by declaring :
From his paradise that Cantor with us unfolded , we hold our breath in awe ; knowing , we shall not be expelled .
= = Life of Georg Cantor = =
= = = Youth and studies = = =
Georg Cantor was born in the western merchant colony in Saint Petersburg , Russia , and brought up in the city until he was eleven . Georg , the oldest of six children , was regarded as an outstanding violinist . His grandfather Franz Böhm ( 1788 – 1846 ) ( the violinist Joseph Böhm 's brother ) was a well @-@ known musician and soloist in a Russian imperial orchestra . Cantor 's father had been a member of the Saint Petersburg stock exchange ; when he became ill , the family moved to Germany in 1856 , first to Wiesbaden then to Frankfurt , seeking winters milder than those of Saint Petersburg . In 1860 , Cantor graduated with distinction from the Realschule in Darmstadt ; his exceptional skills in mathematics , trigonometry in particular , were noted . In 1862 , Cantor entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic . After receiving a substantial inheritance upon his father 's death in 1863 , Cantor shifted his studies to the University of Berlin , attending lectures by Leopold Kronecker , Karl Weierstrass and Ernst Kummer . He spent the summer of 1866 at the University of Göttingen , then and later a center for mathematical research .
= = = Teacher and researcher = = =
Cantor submitted his dissertation on number theory at the University of Berlin in 1867 . After teaching briefly in a Berlin girls ' school , Cantor took up a position at the University of Halle , where he spent his entire career . He was awarded the requisite habilitation for his thesis , also on number theory , which he presented in 1869 upon his appointment at Halle .
In 1874 , Cantor married Vally Guttmann . They had six children , the last ( Rudolph ) born in 1886 . Cantor was able to support a family despite modest academic pay , thanks to his inheritance from his father . During his honeymoon in the Harz mountains , Cantor spent much time in mathematical discussions with Richard Dedekind , whom he had met two years earlier while on Swiss holiday .
Cantor was promoted to Extraordinary Professor in 1872 and made full Professor in 1879 . To attain the latter rank at the age of 34 was a notable accomplishment , but Cantor desired a chair at a more prestigious university , in particular at Berlin , at that time the leading German university . However , his work encountered too much opposition for that to be possible . Kronecker , who headed mathematics at Berlin until his death in 1891 , became increasingly uncomfortable with the prospect of having Cantor as a colleague , perceiving him as a " corrupter of youth " for teaching his ideas to a younger generation of mathematicians . Worse yet , Kronecker , a well @-@ established figure within the mathematical community and Cantor 's former professor , disagreed fundamentally with the thrust of Cantor 's work . Kronecker , now seen as one of the founders of the constructive viewpoint in mathematics , disliked much of Cantor 's set theory because it asserted the existence of sets satisfying certain properties , without giving specific examples of sets whose members did indeed satisfy those properties . Cantor came to believe that Kronecker 's stance would make it impossible for him ever to leave Halle .
In 1881 , Cantor 's Halle colleague Eduard Heine died , creating a vacant chair . Halle accepted Cantor 's suggestion that it be offered to Dedekind , Heinrich M. Weber and Franz Mertens , in that order , but each declined the chair after being offered it . Friedrich Wangerin was eventually appointed , but he was never close to Cantor .
In 1882 , the mathematical correspondence between Cantor and Richard Dedekind came to an end , apparently as a result of Dedekind 's declining the chair at Halle . Cantor also began another important correspondence , with Gösta Mittag @-@ Leffler in Sweden , and soon began to publish in Mittag @-@ Leffler 's journal Acta Mathematica . But in 1885 , Mittag @-@ Leffler was concerned about the philosophical nature and new terminology in a paper Cantor had submitted to Acta . He asked Cantor to withdraw the paper from Acta while it was in proof , writing that it was " ... about one hundred years too soon . " Cantor complied , but then curtailed his relationship and correspondence with Mittag @-@ Leffler , writing to a third party :
Had Mittag @-@ Leffler had his way , I should have to wait until the year 1984 , which to me seemed too great a demand ! ... But of course I never want to know anything again about Acta Mathematica .
Cantor suffered his first known bout of depression in 1884 . Criticism of his work weighed on his mind : every one of the fifty @-@ two letters he wrote to Mittag @-@ Leffler in 1884 mentioned Kronecker . A passage from one of these letters is revealing of the damage to Cantor 's self @-@ confidence :
... I don 't know when I shall return to the continuation of my scientific work . At the moment I can do absolutely nothing with it , and limit myself to the most necessary duty of my lectures ; how much happier I would be to be scientifically active , if only I had the necessary mental freshness .
This crisis led him to apply to lecture on philosophy rather than mathematics . He also began an intense study of Elizabethan literature thinking there might be evidence that Francis Bacon wrote the plays attributed to Shakespeare ( see Shakespearean authorship question ) ; this ultimately resulted in two pamphlets , published in 1896 and 1897 .
Cantor recovered soon thereafter , and subsequently made further important contributions , including his diagonal argument and theorem . However , he never again attained the high level of his remarkable papers of 1874 – 84 . He eventually sought , and achieved , a reconciliation with Kronecker . Nevertheless , the philosophical disagreements and difficulties dividing them persisted .
In 1890 , Cantor was instrumental in founding the Deutsche Mathematiker @-@ Vereinigung and chaired its first meeting in Halle in 1891 , where he first introduced his diagonal argument ; his reputation was strong enough , despite Kronecker 's opposition to his work , to ensure he was elected as the first president of this society . Setting aside the animosity Kronecker had displayed towards him , Cantor invited him to address the meeting , but Kronecker was unable to do so because his wife was dying from injuries sustained in a skiing accident at the time .
= = = Late years = = =
After Cantor 's 1884 hospitalization , there is no record that he was
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@-@ fi " world . The player @-@ character is a young woman named Goss who had been surviving off of lichen until a giant squid crashes into the room and allows her escape . Liferaft was built for release in three episodes : her escape , " revelation " , and " resolution " . The core gameplay revolves around a " Bionic Commando @-@ style grappling hook " . Intuition released a two @-@ level Flash demo where the game had 16 @-@ bit era graphics and music composed by Danny Baranowsky of Canabalt and Fathom . They expected development to take six months between November 2009 and February 2010 . They canceled the Kickstarter and put the project on hiatus in October 2009 for two small Flash games and an intern 's Unity project .
In March 2010 and under the moniker Mikengreg , Boxleiter and Wohlwend 's 4fourths was chosen among six games out of more than 150 submissions for inclusion in Kokoromi 's Gamma IV showcase . Submissions were based on the theme of " one button games " . The four @-@ player game is played with two teams each controlling spaceships on each side of the screen . One player on each team controls the ship 's vertical height and the other fires the guns , which aim towards the center of the screen . Since every player only has one button , the vertical height controls boost the ship vertically when the button is pressed and leaves the ship to slowly descend when unpressed . The teams work together to shoot at and destroy enemy boss ships that travel through the center of the screen . Teams can also shoot each other 's ships as friendly fire is activated . The game was displayed at Gamma IV in San Francisco and at the 2010 Game Developers Conference . 4fourths was Michael Rose of IndieGame.com 's favorite game of the Gamma IV selections . It was later chosen for Brandon Boyer 's Wild Rumpus London event in September 2011 .
Mikengreg announced Liferaft : Zero and Solipskier in November 2010 . The former is a " prequel teaser " to the Flash platform game Liferaft that they had announced the previous year , a game of trial @-@ based challenges with wall @-@ jumping and grappling wherein girl clones attempt to swing and jump around test chambers to reach and ring a bell . Wohlwend and Boxleiter made the shorter version to limit the scope creep of the overall project . IndieGames.com named the Flash game their third best browser platformer of the year . Their other game , 4fourths , was put on hiatus for lack of resources . They were interested in making games outside the Flash market .
= = Solipskier = =
Their first game as Mikengreg was Solipskier , where the player 's finger draws the ground for the on @-@ screen skier to pass through a level filled with gates , tunnels , and walls . It was designed as a Flash game , which set the limitations for its mechanics . The game concept came from a brainstorming session about parallax scrolling , and was revised in fits of creativity . They paired the parallax scrolling with speed and began to prototype . Boxleiter first understood its potential when publishers fought for the bid to the game . They then decided to develop for iOS in addition to Flash , and to release both versions simultaneously . It was released on August 29 , 2010 and became their first game to receive public appreciation . Solipskier for iOS made around $ 70 @,@ 000 in its first two months ( as compared to $ 15 @,@ 000 from the Flash release ) , which gave them enough stability to branch out into non @-@ Flash platforms .
Boxleiter spoke at the 2012 Game Developers Conference Indie Soapbox on how indie stars were made from hard work and not from the Independent Games Festival . He added that winning an award at the festival for Solipskier was an insignificant aspect of his career .
= = Gasketball = =
Riding the earnings from Solipskier , Mikengreg continued to pay themselves their same salary but now had the means to try new ideas . Wohlwend estimated that they discarded about six " fairly polished prototypes " over the development of their next game , Gasketball . They were able to live on $ 20 – 25 @,@ 000 a year each in Iowa for the next two years while working on the new game . Wohlwend made somewhat more income due to other collaborations , such as Puzzlejuice with Asher Vollmer , but shared his income with Boxleiter . Even though Solipskier was successful , the duo did not have a following comparable to indie developers like Team Meat and thus felt like their external pressure was low . Instead , their pressure was internal . Wohlwend said he worked 100 @-@ hour weeks with no weekends or vacations while living off of the Solipskier funds . In making Gasketball , Boxleiter and Wohlwend felt that their game quality had improved continually , but found the idea of a million @-@ person audience " daunting " and Wohlwend questioned whether he could even recreate Solipskier 's success . When they ran out of money , Boxleiter borrowed money from his parents , and eventually they both went homeless , living off of the couches of friends .
Gasketball was released for iPad on August 9 , 2012 . They had decided to release the game as what they deemed to be an ethically non @-@ coercive free @-@ to @-@ play game , with a free base game and in @-@ app purchases for the extended content . Not as many players paid for the content as expected . This was due , in part , to the players ' difficulty in finding the purchase function . The game had been downloaded 200 @,@ 000 times in its August 2012 launch week and was briefly ranked near the top of an iTunes top downloads ranking , though it did not break the top 200 grossing chart .
= = TouchTone = =
After Gasketball 's release , Boxleiter and Wohlwend planned a celebratory road trip to a game jam in Victoria , British Columbia . The game did not fare as expected , so Boxleiter wanted to use the jam to create " something new , ... something really small and perfect " . By the end of the two @-@ day jam , the core mirror reflection mechanics of TouchTone were in place , though it would take two years of sporadic work to finalize the remainder of the game . In TouchTone , the player monitors phone calls as part of a government surveillance program to find public threats . The story is told through a series of reflection puzzles wherein the player swipes the screen to reflect a beam around a room to its intended destination .
Mikengreg felt that their first theme of light , prisms , and audio signal too closely mimicked " a hacking minigame from a bigger AAA game like BioShock or System Shock " , but eventually paired the concept with a satirical Edward Snowden theme following the mid @-@ 2013 global surveillance disclosures . Their original efforts were jocular , but their concept became more serious as the story and " political message " grew deeper . Boxleiter wrote most of the script , which is over 20 @,@ 000 words . It was his first effort at professional writing , and it took him five months . He and Wohlwend would conference after each chapter for coherency . Boxleiter wanted the story to explore the " questions ... floating around the national consciousness " rather than be " heavy @-@ handed " and prescriptive . They playtested the game in public at the theater in Logan Square , Chicago , though they acknowledged difficulty in playtesting the story 's private experience . Mikengreg decided against including an option to skip puzzles , which they felt would spoil the game and the player 's capacity to adapt to increasing difficulty . They called this philosophy the " Derek Yu ( of Spelunky ) school of game design " . TouchTone was released on March 19 , 2015 for iOS . Review aggregator Metacritic characterized its reviews as generally favorable .
= Agrippa ( A Book of the Dead ) =
Agrippa ( A Book of the Dead ) is a work of art created by science fiction novelist William Gibson , artist Dennis Ashbaugh and publisher Kevin Begos Jr. in 1992 . The work consists of a 300 @-@ line semi @-@ autobiographical electronic poem by Gibson , embedded in an artist 's book by Ashbaugh . Gibson 's text focused on the ethereal nature of memories ( the title is taken from a photo album ) . Its principal notoriety arose from the fact that the poem , stored on a 3 @.@ 5 " floppy disk , was programmed to encrypt itself after a single use ; similarly , the pages of the artist 's book were treated with photosensitive chemicals , effecting the gradual fading of the words and images from the book 's first exposure to light .
= = Origin and concept = =
The impetus for the initiation of the project was Kevin Begos Jr . , a publisher of museum @-@ quality manuscripts motivated by disregard for the commercialism of the art world , who suggested to abstract painter Dennis Ashbaugh that they " put out an art book on computer that vanishes " . Ashbaugh — who despite his " heavy art @-@ world resume " was bored with the abstract impressionist paintings he was doing — took the suggestion seriously , and developed it further .
A few years beforehand , Ashbaugh had written a fan letter to cyberpunk novelist William Gibson , whose oeuvre he had admired , and the pair had struck up a telephone friendship . Shortly after the project had germinated in the minds of Begos and Ashbaugh , they contacted and recruited Gibson . The project exemplified Gibson 's deep ambivalence towards technologically advanced futurity , and as The New York Times expressed it , was " designed to challenge conventional notions about books and art while extracting money from collectors of both " .
Some people have said that they think this is a scam or pure hype … [ m ] aybe fun , maybe interesting , but still a scam . But Gibson thinks of it as becoming a memory , which he believes is more real than anything you can actually see .
The project manifested as a poem written by Gibson incorporated into an artist 's book created by Ashbaugh ; as such it was as much a work of collaborative conceptual art as poetry . Gibson stated that Ashbaugh 's design " eventually included a supposedly self @-@ devouring floppy @-@ disk intended to display the text only once , then eat itself . " Ashbaugh was gleeful at the dilemma this would pose to librarians : in order to register the copyright of the book , he had to send two copies to the United States Library of Congress , who , in order to classify it had to read it , and in the process , necessarily had to destroy it . The creators had initially intended to infect the disks with a computer virus , but declined to after considering the potential damage to the computer systems of innocents .
= = Release and replication = =
OK , sit down and pay attention . We 're only going to say this once .
The work was premiered on December 9 , 1992 , at The Kitchen , an art space in Greenwich Village , New York City . The performance — known as " The Transmission " — consisted of the public incomplete reading of the poem by illusionist Penn Jillette , recorded and simultaneously transmitted to several other cities . The poem was inscribed on a sculptural magnetic disk which had been vacuum @-@ sealed until the event 's commencement , and was programmed to erase itself upon exposure to air . Contrary to numerous colourful reports , neither this disk nor the diskettes embedded in the artist 's book were ever actually hacked in any strict sense .
Academic researcher Matthew Kirschenbaum has reported that a pirated text of the poem was released the next day on MindVox , " an edgy New York City @-@ based electronic bulletin board " . Kirschenbaum considers Mindvox , an interface between the dark web and the global Internet , to have been " an ideal initial host " . The text spread rapidly from that point on , first on FTP servers and anonymous mailers and later via USENET and listserv email . Since Gibson did not use email at the time , fans sent copies of the pirated text to his fax machine .
The precise manner in which the text was obtained for MindVox is unclear , although the initial custodian of the text , known only as " Templar " attached to it an introductory note in which he claimed credit . Begos claimed that a troupe of New York University students representing themselves as documentarians attended The Transmission and made a videotape recording of the screen as it displayed the text as an accompaniment of Jillette 's reading . Kirschenbaum speculates that this group included the offline persona of Templar or one of his associates . According to this account , ostensibly endorsed by Templar in a post to Slashdot in February 2000 , the students then transcribed the poem from the tape and within hours had uploaded it to MindVox . However , according to a dissenting account by hacktivist and MindVox co @-@ founder Patrick K. Kroupa , subterfuge prior to The Transmission elicited a betrayal of trust which yielded the uploaders the text . Kirschenbaum declined to elaborate on the specifics of the Kroupa conjecture , which he declared himself " not at liberty to disclose " .
Agrippa owes its transmission and continuing availability to a complex network of individuals , communities , ideologies , markets , technologies , and motives . Only in the most heroic reading of the events … is Agrippa saved for posterity solely by virtue of the knight Templar . … Today , the 404 File Not Found messages that Web browsing readers of Agrippa inevitably encounter … are more than just false leads ; they are latent affirmations of the work 's original act of erasure that allow the text to stage anew all of its essential points about artifacts , memory , and technology . " Because the struggle for the text is the text . "
On December 9 , 2008 ( the sixteenth anniversary of the original Transmission ) , " The Agrippa Files " , working with a scholarly team at the University of Maryland , released an emulated run of the entire poem ( derived from an original diskette loaned by a collector ) and an hour 's worth of " bootleg " footage shot covertly at the Americas Society ( the source of the text that was posted on MindVox ) .
= = = Cryptography = = =
Since its debut in 1992 , the mystery of Agrippa remained hidden for 20 years . Although many had tried to hack the code and decrypt the program , the uncompiled source code was lost long ago . Alan Liu and his team at " The Agrippa Files " created an extensive website with tools and resources to crack the Agrippa Code . They collaborated with Matthew Kirschenbaum at the Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities and the Digital Forensics Lab , and Quinn DuPont , a PhD student of cryptography from the University of Toronto , in calling for the aid of cryptographers to figure out how the program works by creating " Cracking the Agrippa Code : The Challenge " , which enlisted participants to solve the intentional scrambling of the poem in exchange for prizes . The code was successfully cracked by Robert Xiao in late July 2012 .
There is no encryption algorithm present in the Agrippa binary ; consequently , the visual encryption effect that displays when the poem has finished is a ruse . The visual effect is the result of running the decrypted ciphertext ( in memory ) through the re @-@ purposed bit @-@ scrambling decryption algorithm , and then abandoning the text in memory . Only the fake genetic code is written back to disk .
The encryption resembles the RSA algorithm . This algorithm encodes data in 3 @-@ byte blocks . First , the each byte is permuted through an 8 @-@ position permutation , then the bits are split into two 12 @-@ bit integers ( by taking the low 4 bits of the second byte and the 8 bits of the first byte as the first 12 @-@ bit integer , and the 8 bits of the third byte and the 4 high bits of the second integer as the second 12 @-@ bit integer ) . Each is individually encrypted by taking them to the 3491st power , mod 4097 ; the bits are then reassembled into 3 bytes . The encrypted text is then stored in a string variable as part of the program . To shroud the would be visible and noticeable text it is compressed with the simple Lzw before final storage . As the Macintosh Common Lisp compiler compresses the main program code into the executable , this was not that necessary .
In order to prevent a second running of the program it corrupts itself when run . The program simply overwrites itself with a 6000 byte long DNA @-@ like code at a certain position . Archival documents suggest that the original plan was to use a series of ASCII 1 's to corrupt the binary , but at some point in development a change was made to use fake genetic code , in keeping with the visual motifs in the book . The genetic code has a codon entropy of 5 @.@ 97 bits / codon , much higher than any natural DNA sequence known . However , the ciphertext was not overwritten .
= = = = Weakness = = = =
A memory dump of Mini vMac can be obtained with Linux ckpt or a similar tool after the Agrippa program has been loaded . The executable code could be reverse engineered .
The encryption itself due to the block cipher exhibited a regular pattern due to repeated text in the original plaintext .
The LZW compression itself does not hide the letter frequencies .
The scramble display has exactly the same letter frequencies as the underlying plaintext .
= = Content and editions = =
The book was published in 1992 in two limited editions — Deluxe and Small — by Kevin Begos Jr . Publishing , New York City . The deluxe edition came in a 16 by 21 ½ -inch ( 41 cm × 55 cm ) metal mesh case sheathed in Kevlar ( a polymer used to make bulletproof vests ) and designed to look like a buried relic . Inside is a book of 93 ragged and charred pages sewn by hand and bound in stained and singed linen by Karl Foulkes ; the book gives the impression of having survived a fire ; it was described by Peter Schwenger as " a black box recovered from some unspecified disaster . " The edition includes pages of DNA sequences set in double columns of 42 lines each like the Gutenberg Bible , and copperplate aquatint etchings by Ashbaugh editioned by Peter Pettingill on Fabriano Tiepolo paper . The monochromatic etchings depict stylised chromosomes , a hallmark of Ashbaugh 's work , accompanied by imagery of a pistol , camera or in some instances simple line drawings — all allusions to Gibson 's contribution .
The deluxe edition was set in Monotype Gill Sans at Golgonooza Letter Foundry , and printed on Rives heavyweight text by Begos and the Sun Hill Press . The final 60 pages of the book were then fused together , with a hollowed @-@ out section cut into the centre , containing the self @-@ erasing diskette on which the text of Gibson 's poem was encrypted . The encryption was the work of a pseudonymous computer programmer , " BRASH " , assisted by Electronic Frontier Foundation founders John Perry Barlow and John Gilmore . The deluxe edition was originally priced at US $ 1500 ( later $ 2000 ) , and each copy is unique to some degree because of handmade or hand @-@ finished elements .
The small edition was sold for $ 450 ; like the deluxe edition , it was set in Monotype Gill Sans , but in single columns . It was printed on Mohawk Superfine text by the Sun Hill Press , with the reproduction of the etchings printed on a Canon laser printer . The edition was then Smythe sewn at Spectrum Bindery and enclosed in a solander box . A bronze @-@ boxed collectors ' copy was also released , and retailed at $ 7 @,@ 500 .
Fewer than 95 deluxe editions of Agrippa are extant , although the exact number is unknown and is the source of considerable mystery . The Victoria and Albert Museum possesses a deluxe edition , numbered 4 of 10 . A publicly accessible copy of the deluxe edition is available at the Rare Books Division of the New York Public Library and a small copy resides at Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo , Michigan , while the Frances Mulhall Achilles Library at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City hosts a promotional prospectus . The Victoria and Albert Museum 's copy was first exhibited in a display entitled The Book and Beyond , held in the Museum 's 20th Century Gallery from April to October 1995 . The same copy was subsequently also included in a V & A display entitled Digital Pioneers , from 2009 – 2010 . Another copy of the book was exhibited in the 2003 – 2004 exhibition Ninety from the Nineties at the New York Public Library . Gibson at one point claimed never to have seen a copy of the printed book , spurring speculation that no copies had actually been made . Many copies have since been documented , and Gibson 's signature was noted on the copy held by the New York Public Library . In 2011 , the Bodleian Library 's Special Collections Department at the University of Oxford acquired Kevin Begos ' copy of Agrippa , as well as the archive of Begos ' papers related to the work .
= = Poem = =
The construction of the book and the subject matter of the poem within it share a metaphorical connection in the decay of memory . In this light , critic Peter Schwenger asserts that Agrippa can be understood as organized by two ideas : the death of Gibson 's father , and the disappearance or absence of the book itself . In this sense , it instantiates the ephemeral nature of all text .
= = = Theme and form = = =
The poem is a detailed description of several objects , including a photo album and the camera that took the pictures in it , and is essentially about the nostalgia that the speaker , presumably Gibson himself , feels towards the details of his family 's history : the painstaking descriptions of the houses they lived in , the cars they drove , and even their pets .
It starts around 1919 and moves up to today , or possibly beyond . If it works , it makes the reader uncomfortably aware of how much we tend to accept the contemporary media version of the past . You can see it in Westerns , the way the ' mise @-@ en @-@ scene ' and the collars on cowboys change through time . It 's never really the past ; it 's always a version of your own time .
In its original form , the text of the poem was supposed to fade from the page and , in Gibson 's own words , " eat itself " off of the diskette enclosed with the book . The reader would , then , be left with only the memory of the text , much like the speaker is left with only the memory of his home town and his family after moving to Canada from South Carolina , in the course of the poem ( as Gibson himself did during the Vietnam War ) .
= = = " The mechanism " = = =
The poem contains a motif of " the mechanism " , described as " Forever / Dividing that from this " , and which can take the form of the camera or of the ancient gun that misfires in the speaker 's hands . Technology , " the mechanism " , is the agent of memory , which transforms subjective experience into allegedly objective records ( photography ) . It is also the agent of life and death , one moment dispensing lethal bullets , but also likened to the life @-@ giving qualities of sex . Shooting the gun is " [ l ] ike the first time you put your mouth / on a woman " .
The poem is , then , not merely about memory , but how memories are formed from subjective experience , and how those memories compare to mechanically @-@ reproduced recordings . In the poem , " the mechanism " is strongly associated with recording , which can replace subjective experience . Insomuch as memories constitute our identities , " the mechanism " thus represents the destruction of the self via recordings . Hence both cameras , as devices of recording , and guns , as instruments of destruction , are part of the same mechanism — dividing that ( memory , identity , life ) from this ( recordings , anonymity , death ) .
= = Critical reception and influence = =
Agrippa was extremely influential — as a sigil for the artistic community to appreciate the potential of electronic media — for the extent to which it entered public consciousness . It caused a fierce controversy in the art world , among museums and among libraries . It challenged established notions of permanence of art and literature , and , as Ashbaugh intended , raised significant problems for archivists seeking to preserve it for the benefit of future generations . Agrippa was also used as the key of a book cipher in the Cicada 3301 mystery .
Agrippa was particularly well received by critics , with digital media theorist Peter Lunenfeld describing it in 2001 as " one of the most evocative hypertexts published in the 1990s " . Professor of English literature John Johnson has claimed that the importance of Agrippa stems not only from its " foregrounding of mediality in an assemblage of texts " , but also from the fact that " media in this work are explicitly as passageways to the realm of the dead " . English Professor Raymond Malewitz argues that " the poem 's stanzas form a metaphorical DNA fingerprint that reveals Gibson 's life to be , paradoxically , a novel repetition of his father 's and grandfather 's lives . " The Cambridge History of Twentieth @-@ Century English Literature , which described the poem as " a mournful text " , praised Agrippa 's inventive use of digital format . However , academic Joseph Tabbi remarked in a 2008 paper that Agrippa was among those works that are " canonized before they have been read , resisted , and reconsidered among fellow authors within an institutional environment that persists in time and finds outlets in many media " .
In a lecture at the exhibition of Agrippa at the Center for Book Arts in New York City , semiotician Marshall Blonsky of New York University drew an allusion between the project and the work of two French literary figures — philosopher Maurice Blanchot ( author of " The Absence of the Book " ) , and poet Stéphane Mallarmé , a 19th @-@ century forerunner of semiotics and deconstruction . In response to Blonsky 's analysis that " [ t ] he collaborators in Agrippa are responding to a historical condition of language , a modern skepticism about it " , Gibson disparagingly commented " Honest to God , these academics who think it 's all some sort of big @-@ time French philosophy — that 's a scam . Those guys worship Jerry Lewis , they get our pop culture all wrong . "
= Girl in Mirror =
Girl in Mirror ( sometimes Girl in the Mirror ) is a 1964 porcelain @-@ enamel @-@ on @-@ steel pop art painting by Roy Lichtenstein that is considered to exist in between eight and ten editions . One edition was part of a $ 14 million 2012 lawsuit regarding a 2009 sale , while another sold in 2010 for $ 4 @.@ 9 million . Although it uses Ben @-
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@ Day dots like many other Lichtenstein works , it was inspired by the New York City Subway rather than directly from a panel of a romance comics work .
= = Analysis = =
Girl in Mirror uses Ben @-@ Day dots like many of his other works , but it was inspired by the hard reflective finish of signs in the New York City Subway system and , in turn , they inspired his subsequent ceramic head works . Enamel facilitated a more mechanical appearance than even his paintings while remaining in two dimensions . After 1963 , Lichtenstein 's comics @-@ based women " ... look hard , crisp , brittle , and uniformly modish in appearance , as if they all came out of the same pot of makeup . " This particular example is one of several that is cropped so closely that the hair flows beyond the edges of the canvas .
= = Editions = =
One edition of this painting was the subject of a legal dispute involving 2009 sale without consent . Another edition of this work sold at auction at Christie 's ( New York , Rockefeller Plaza ) Post @-@ War and Contemporary Evening Sale for $ 4 @,@ 898 @,@ 500 ( premium ) on November 10 , 2010 although it was only expected to sell in the $ 3 – 4 million range . Girl in Mirror exists in eight editions according to most , however , " Clare Bell of the Roy Lichtenstein Foundation said that inventory records for the Leo Castelli Gallery , where Lichtenstein showed in the 1960s , say that there may be 10 versions of the work , some of them original proofs " . One edition exhibited at the Gagosian Gallery in New York in 2008 . There had been three previous auction sales of this work : May 5 , 1986 at Sotheby 's New York for $ 100 @,@ 000 USD ( hammer ) , May 4 , 1987 at Sotheby 's New York for $ 150 @,@ 000 USD ( hammer ) , and May 15 , 2007 Sotheby 's New York for $ 3 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 ( hammer ) / $ 4 @,@ 072 @,@ 000 ( premium ) .
= = 2012 lawsuit = =
On January 18 , 2012 , a suit was filed in Manhattan in New York State Court in a case related to two earlier federal cases . The suit alleges both lack of consent and fraudulent misrepresentation of the painting 's condition . The suit was for $ 14 million , including $ 10 million in punitive damages . 93 @-@ year @-@ old Jan Cowles claims that in 2008 her son , New York art dealer Charles Cowles , transferred a version of Girl in Mirror to Larry Gagosian for sale without her consent . The suit claims that Gagosian fraudulently claimed the painting was damaged and sold it between August and December 2009 for $ 2 million , while charging a $ 1 million commission , rather than sell at or above the $ 3 million low estimate for a negotiated commission of $ 500 @,@ 000 . As a result of the edition shown during the summer 2008 " Roy Lichtenstein : Girls " exhibition at the Gagosian Gallery , at one point the gallery was in possession of two editions of Girl in Mirror , one of which was damaged . The intake notes for the Cowles version indicate no damage and Gagosian 's international marketing of the work was consistent with the undamaged condition .
= = Reception = =
The New York Times notes that this was an example of Lichtenstein 's ability to " glorify the American woman by giving innocuous images of her generic concocted self and her roiling emotions such blazing formal power " . Framing a small fragment of the image in the mirror serves an artistic purpose . " Extraordinary sections like ... linking the falling hair to the semi @-@ reflected face of the girl in the mirror ( Girl in the mirror , 1964 ) ... which cut up , analyse , and unite , all have the one aim of intensifying the signifying fragment . "
= Solo ( Gonzalo Rubalcaba album ) =
Solo is a studio album by Cuban jazz performer Gonzalo Rubalcaba . It was released by Blue Note Records on March 7 , 2006 , and peaked at number 22 in the Billboard Top Jazz Albums chart . The album is titled Solo since no additional performers were included on the recording as in Rubalcaba 's previous albums .
Also produced by Rubalcaba , Solo was released following his second collaborative work with Charlie Haden on the album Land of the Sun , which resulted in a Grammy Award for Haden . The album includes fifteen tracks and met with mostly positive reviews by critics , most commenting on the ability of the performer and the simplicity of the arrangements . The album was nominated for a Billboard Latin Music Award , and won the Latin Grammy for Best Latin Jazz Album .
= = Background and release = =
Cuban pianist Gonzalo Rubalcaba recorded Solo following his collaboration with Charlie Haden on Land of the Sun , an album featuring songs written by Mexican composer José Sabre Marroquin and arranged by Rubalcaba , a sequel to Nocturne ( 2001 ) , another collaboration between them . Haden and Rubalcaba were awarded the Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Album for both albums . Solo was the first solo album ( not featuring guest musicians ) released by the performer in twenty years . Rubalcaba described this album as an " aural diary , an album of secrets , letters and notes , and photos . " The album was released by Blue Note Records on March 7 , 2006 .
= = Content = =
Solo includes fifteen tracks , some previously released . Recording sessions took place from November 8 to 10 , 2005 , at The Hit Factory and Criteria Studios in Miami , Florida . There are four improvised tracks inspired by John Coltrane 's Giant Steps : " Paseo Iluminado " , " Paseo en Media Luz " , " Paseo Azul " , and " Paseo Morado " . " Iluminado ( Improv # 1 ) " , according to Roberto R. Calder of PopMatters , has " stock phrasing , but a pause in concentration before the sublime quality of a one @-@ minute lullaby worth waiting for " ; " Media Luz ( Improv # 2 ) " " hints at jazz with concert @-@ room sonorities and a striking ending " ; " Azul ( Improv # 3 ) " " proceeds with more consistent direction than its two predecessors " and becomes a hymn " ; and " Morado ( Improv # 4 ) " " develops into long linear passages for each hand . " " Faro " is a track with " a simple ostinato bass , a transition section and a loud climax . " The opening track , " Rezo " , is an interlude inspired by the work of French composer Claude Debussy and American performer Duke Ellington , and is " based on Afro @-@ Cuban melodies sung during Santería rites . " " Silencio " is a tribute to Cuban boleros . " Prologo ( Prologue to a Fantasy ) " features a " congenial intellectual playfulness alternating between something like Spanish piano music of a century ago , and the dance @-@ hall . " " Bésame Mucho " was first included on the 1991 album The Blessing , Rubalcaba 's first recording to be issued in the United States , and the version was named by Scott Yanow of Allmusic a " highlight " of the album , including accompaniment from Haden on bass guitar and drummer Jack DeJohnette . A reworked version is included on Solo , and is described as having an " intensely meditative character and slow deliberation , " and " a more complex higher level of communication " than the original version . " Here 's That Rainy Day " is a jazz ballad , recorded earlier for the album Inner Voyage , with an arrangement described as " breathtaking " by Ken Dryden of Allmusic . The first version of " Quasar " can be found on Paseo ( 2004 ) ; and the version included on Solo is described as " seven minutes of drama , " by Calder of PopMatters , with " a sprawling , improv @-@ heavy composition that runs Rubalcaba up and down the keyboard . "
= = Reception = =
Solo received mostly positive reviews from critics . Andrew Liengard of Jazz Houston stated that Rubalcaba played " at once a pyrotechnical and thunderous two @-@ handed assault , he also demonstrates a profound awareness of space and dynamics , " and finally called the album " stunning " . Joey Guerra of Amazon said that Solo " finds Rubalcaba soaring on the strength of his own talent " , creating a " unique experience . " Website Allmusic stated that the album is a spellbinding collection of improvisations with " remarkable stylistic display . " Harvey Siders of JazzTimes commented that the album did not need elaborate arrangements , being a " spontaneous inner dialogue from a brilliant inquisitive mind " and that on Solo " elegance trumps excitement . " PopMatters ' Robert R. Calder stated that the record was " a very remarkable solo piano recital . " David Miller of All About Jazz gave the album a mixed review , being critical of the entertainment value , stating that the performer " is more introspective than ever , frequently using silence as his means of expression . The only problem is , it doesn 't necessarily work . " Miller also suggested that " Rubalcaba should develop his ideas in more conventional settings . He still has time to become a great solo artist , and this writer has every confidence that he will . " In a separate review , Jim Santella , also of All About Jazz , praised Solo , commenting that Rubalcaba " finds space in his exploratory interpretation for dreamy soliloquies , but the excitement is all there , and it 's powerful . The pianist makes us wait for this moment , and it 's always worth the anticipation . Ultimately he lights an inspiring fire . " Mark Corroto , in a third review of the album by All About Jazz , compared Rubalcaba 's work to fellow Cuban artist Bebo Valdés , asseverating that both performers " blurred the lines between jazz , classical and folk , easily convincing you there need be no distinction . " Timothy Sprinkle of Jazz Review declared that the performer " carries the disc with a light , breezy ease that 's surprising , especially given all of the slow selections . "
Solo peaked at number 22 in the Billboard Top Jazz Albums chart and was nominated for " Latin Jazz Album of the Year " at the 18th Annual Billboard Latin Music Awards , losing to Around the City by Eliane Elias . Rubalcaba earned the Latin Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Album at the 7th Latin Grammy Awards for Solo .
= = Track listing = =
The track listing is from Allmusic . All tracks written and composed by Gonzalo Rubalcaba , except " Nightfall " by Charlie Haden ; " Bésame Mucho " by Consuelo Velázquez ; and " Here 's That Rainy Day " by Johnny Burke and James Van Heusen .
= = Personnel = =
This information is adapted from Allmusic .
= Jean @-@ Joseph Ange d 'Hautpoul =
Jean @-@ Joseph Ange d 'Hautpoul ( 13 May 1754 – 14 February 1807 ) was a French cavalry general of the Napoleonic wars . He came from an old noble family of France whose military tradition extended for several centuries .
Efforts by the French Revolutionary government to remove him from his command failed when his soldiers refused to give him up . A big , loud @-@ voiced man , he led from the front of his troops . Although the failure of his cavalry to deploy at the Battle of Stockach ( 1799 ) resulted in a court martial , he was exonerated and went on to serve in the Swiss campaign in 1799 , at the Second Battle of Stockach , the Battle of Biberach , and later at Battle of Hohenlinden . He served under Michel Ney and Joachim Murat . He was killed in Murat 's massive cavalry charge of the Battle of Eylau in 1807 .
= = Early life = =
Born in an ancient noble family from the Languedoc , he entered the French royal army as a volunteer in 1769 . After having served in the Corsican legion , he transferred in 1771 to a Dragoon regiment . From 1777 , he served as an officer in the Dragoon Regiment of the Languedoc . By 1792 , he had become its colonel .
In 1802 , he married Alexandrine Daumy , and they had one child , born 29 May 1806 , named Alexandre Joseph Napoléon . His cousin , Alphonse Henri , comte d 'Hautpoul , also served in the Napoleonic Wars , as a lieutenant in the Iberian peninsula , and was taken prisoner at the Battle of Salamanca . He later became the 28th prime minister of France , from 1849 – 1851 .
= = Revolutionary Wars = =
By contemporary accounts , d 'Hautpoul was a big man , possibly taller than Joachim Murat , who was nearly six feet tall . Endowed with broad shoulders and a big voice . He spoke the language of the common soldier , and led from the front . Early in the French Revolution , commissioners visited the various regiments to weed out dangerous , and prospectively traitorous nobles ; generally , the commissioners cowed the army into submission , but d 'Hautpoul 's cavalry regiment refused to be intimidated . When the commissioners came for their colonel , a scion of impoverished nobility , his soldiers refused to give him up : " No d 'Hautpoul , no 6th Chasseurs . " Thus , despite his noble birth , at the exhortations of his soldiers he remained in the French Revolutionary Army .
d 'Hautpoul served in the 1794 – 1799 campaigns against the armies of the First and Second Coalitions . In April 1794 , d 'Hautpoul was promoted in the field to general of brigade and he commanded the brigade under both Jacques Desjardin and his successor , François Séverin Marceau @-@ Desgraviers . After the battle of Fleurus , his unit was transferred to the division of François Joseph Lefebvre . In June 1795 , his provisional rank of general of brigade was made permanent by the Committee of Public Safety . He distinguished himself in a fight at Blankenberge on 13 September 1795 . In June 1796 , d 'Hautpoul was promoted to general of division and inspector of the cavalry . At Altenkirchen , he was wounded in the shoulder by a musket ball .
After his recovery , d 'Hautpoul was given command of the heavy cavalry of the Army of Sambre @-@ et @-@ Meuse under General Paul Grenier . After Neuwied , he was transferred to the Army of England under command of Lazare Hoche . When the French Directory abandoned the idea of an invasion of England , he was again deployed on the German front , this time as part of the Army of the Danube . After the French loss at the Battle of Ostrach , his Cavalry reserve protected the French retreat from Pfullendorf . A few days later , after failing to lead a timely charge at the Battle of Stockach , he was suspended on orders of the Army commander , Jean @-@ Baptiste Jourdan , who blamed d 'Hautpoul for the defeat . Acquitted by a court @-@ martial in Strasbourg , d 'Hautpoul resumed his duties at the end of July 1799 , having missed the critical actions at the First Battle of Zurich .
In 1799 , d 'Hautpoul commanded cavalry brigades under Ney , Lecourbe and Baraguey d 'Hilliers in rest of the campaign in northeastern Switzerland . In the German campaign of 1800 , he served under Moreau and distinguished himself at the battles of Biberach and Hohenlinden , during which his heavy cavalry was instrumental in disrupting the Austrian infantry defenses .
= = Napoleonic wars = =
In July 1801 , First Consul Bonaparte appointed d 'Hautpoul as inspector @-@ general of the cavalry and then awarded him command of the cavalry in the camps of Compiègne and Saint @-@ Omer . In August 1805 , d 'Hautpoul was given command of the 2nd division of cuirassiers under Joachim Murat . At Austerlitz , d 'Hautpoul distinguished himself by leading his heavy cavalry into the Russian center at the Pratzen heights , breaking the infantry squares . In 1804 , Napoleon made him a grand officer ( grand cordon ) of the Légion d 'honneur and a senator , which carried with it an annual income of 20 @,@ 000 francs .
In the War of the Fourth Coalition , d 'Hautpoul served at Jena and in the capture of Lübeck . Transferred to the Corps of Marshal Bessières in December 1806 , he again served under Murat in the maneuvers in East Prussia in the Winter of 1807 .
= = = Battle of Eylau = = =
When military activity resumed in the winter of 1807 , Napoleon hoped to overwhelm a Russian rear guard at Hof near Eylau , which was called " Preussisch Eylau " ( and is now within the borders of the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast ) . He ordered his dragoons to take a bridge ; they failed and suffered severe casualties . D 'Hautpoul and his cuirassiers — heavy cavalry of big men on big horses — thundered over the bridge and scattered the Russian rear guard . As the retreating infantry fled , d 'Hautpoul 's cuirassiers captured four guns and two standards . Napoleon was so pleased with d 'Hautpoul and his cuirassiers that he embraced the six @-@ foot man in front of his division the next day . In his own turn , d 'Hautpoul was so pleased that he announced first , to have such a compliment , he must be willing to die for his emperor , and second , to his troops : " The Emperor has embraced me on behalf of all of you . And I am so pleased with you that I kiss all your arses . "
The pursuit of the Russian troops continued . On 7 February 1807 , the French arrived outside the village of Eylau , as night was falling . In some confusion , the Imperial coach rumbled into the village , although the Emperor was setting up his camp a few kilometers away . The Russian patrol in the village chased off the coach driver and his men and plundered the Emperor 's belongings ; in turn , the Imperial escort chased them off . More and more men were sent into the engagement , and in the end the French took the village when the Russians withdrew . Both sides lost 4 @,@ 000 men in the contest for the village and the Emperor 's nightshirt . Settling for the night , they prepared to engage the next day .
The next morning , the two armies of unequal strength faced each other across frozen fields fissured by ice @-@ covered streams and ponds , which were in turn covered by snow and drifts . The snow and gloom meant that neither side was aware of the inequalities of men and artillery . Napoleon opened the engagement by sending Soult 's's corps , which successfully pushed the Russian right flank back , nearly turning the Russian force . To follow up on this success , he ordered Pierre Augereau 's force to attack the left center . No sooner had Augereau and VII Corps , plus St. Hilaire 's division , sallied out when a sudden snow storm engulfed the battle field . In white @-@ out conditions , Augereau 's entire corps disappeared in a flurry of whirling snow . When the snow cleared , friend and foe alike discovered that the first units onto the field had wandered off course . The line of march should have taken them directly to the Russian flank ; have no point of reference , they had instead followed the terrain and led the entire corps parallel to the Russian line , along a V @-@ shaped formation in which the left and center merged , and directly into the face of the Russian 70 – gun batteries . The artillery , although shocked to find a French Corps advancing straight toward them , immediately opened fire , as did the Russian infantry on both sides of Augereau 's corps .
The result was devastating . Five thousand French soldiers fell in a matter of minutes and the entire engagement stood on the brink of disaster . Not only did they face the Russian fire , but the French artillery pounded them as well . Augereau 's Corps melted under the withering fire , the bayonets of the Russians , and the onslaught of the cavalry ; as they retreated to their own lines , Napoleon was nearly captured at the Eylau churchyard , where he had established a lookout post , but his escort cavalry chased the Russians away .
= = = = Charge at Eylau = = = =
To fill the breach left by Augereau 's decimated corps , Napoleon ordered Murat 's cavalry reserve , 80 squadrons of 10 @,@ 700 cavalrymen , into action at 10 : 30 in the morning . They had to cover 2 @,@ 500 yards ( 2 @,@ 300 m ) of snow @-@ covered , obstacle @-@ filled ground , which they could not do at a gallop . Murat 's Reserve charged into the Russian squares in two columns : Grouchy 's cavalry , d 'Hautpoul 's cuirassiers and General Louis Lepic 's grenadiers — 24 squadrons in total — were flank to flank when they hit the Russian center . This was the occasion of Lepic 's famous comment , " Heads up , by God ! those are bullets , not turds ! " Grouchy , Lepic , and d 'Hautpoul 's horse broke the center , wheeled , and charged a second time . On the second charge , they broke the second formation of squares ; at this point , Grouchy 's men were forced back , but d 'Hautpoul 's cuirassiers pounded forward , reaching the Russian reserve .
At this point , the horses were nearly blown , but d 'Hautpoul 's cuirassiers charged the third line , which they also broke . The Russian cossacks , assembled in the reserve , entered the melee , but their light horses were no match for the French mounts , big horses confiscated from the Prussians the previous year . The Russian infantry had started to reform their squares behind d 'Hautpoul 's men . During this charge , d 'Hautpoul was struck by artillery grapeshot and badly wounded . Several of his men managed to carry or drag him back to French lines .
Napoleon 's valet recounted :
... I seem still to hear the brave d 'Hautpoul saying to His Majesty , just as he was galloping off to charge the enemy : " Sire , I am going to show you my big heels ; they will go into the enemies ' squares as if they were made of butter ! " An hour later he was dead . One of his regiments while fighting in an interval of the Russian army , was shot down and cut to pieces by the Cossacks ; only eighteen of them escaped . General d 'Hautpoul , three times forced to recoil with his division , thrice rallied them to the charge ; the third time , he again rushed on the enemy , crying in a loud voice : " Cuirassiers , forward , in the name of God ! forward , my brave cuirassiers ! " But grapeshot had mowed down too many of these heroes . Very few of them were in condition to follow their leader , who fell
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, as well as in the short stories " The Dowry , " " Dark Mirror " , and " Comrades at Odds " . All of the novels featuring Drizzt have made the New York Times Best Seller list . A number of the novels have been adapted into graphic novels by Devil 's Due Publishing . Drizzt has also been featured in D & D @-@ based role @-@ playing video games , including the Baldur 's Gate Series and Forgotten Realms : Demon Stone .
= = Concept and creation = =
Drizzt Do 'Urden 's stories are set in the Forgotten Realms campaign setting for Dungeons & Dragons . The character has been a mainstay for author R. A. Salvatore , appearing in his novels for over 20 years . Drizzt is a drow who acts against the drow stereotype , favoring friendship and peace over hatred and violence . His unusual personality creates the conflict that allows Salvatore to create so many novels with stories about courage and friendship . Drizzt fights the dark traits that are inherent in the drow .
Salvatore uses Drizzt to represent issues of racial prejudice , particularly in The Dark Elf Trilogy . For instance , Drizzt is concerned that if he and his love Cattie @-@ Brie ( a human ) have children , their offspring will face hostility from both races . Drizzt is also troubled by the lifespan discrepancy between himself and Cattie @-@ Brie .
Drizzt was created by happenstance . In 1987 R.A. Salvatore sent Mary Kirchoff , then managing editor of TSR 's book department , a manuscript for what would become his 1990 novel Echoes of the Fourth Magic . She liked it , but asked if he could rewrite it to take place in the Forgotten Realms . She sent him Darkwalker on Moonshae by Douglas Niles , the only novel at the time set in the Forgotten Realms . Salvatore sent her a proposal for a sequel to Darkwalker , but Kirchoff sent back a large map of the Forgotten Realms and told him she wanted a new story set in a different part of the Realms . After two weeks of phone calls , Salvatore found a spot on the map that was not already designated for another project , and he located Icewind Dale there . According to Salvatore , the book was " set on the Moonshae Isles , because at the time I thought that was the Realms . When I found out how big the Realms were , I moved the story a thousand miles to the north . "
Salvatore created Drizzt on the spur of the moment . He was under pressure to create a sidekick for Wulfgar in the Icewind Dale series . Salvatore had sent an early version of The Crystal Shard ( what would become his first published novel ) to TSR , and one day Kirchoff called him . She was on her way to a marketing meeting concerning the book , and informed him that they could not use one of the characters . He asked for time to think , but she was already late for the meeting . Off the top of his head , Salvatore said he had a Dark Elf . Kirchoff was skeptical , but Salvatore convinced her it would be fine because he was just a sidekick . She asked his name , and he replied Drizzt Do 'Urden . She asked if he could spell it , and he said " not a chance " . Recalling Drizzt 's creation in an interview , Salvatore said , " I don 't know where it came from . I guess that Gary Gygax just did such an amazing job in creating the drow elves that something about them got stuck in the back of my head . Thank God ! " Although many readers have assumed that Drizzt is based on one of the many Dungeons & Dragons role @-@ playing campaigns that the author has played , this is not the case . Salvatore 's main influences were classical literature and works of J. R. R. Tolkien . " I like to think of Drizzt as a cross between Daryth from Darkwalker on Moonshae and Aragorn from The Lord of the Rings . " Salvatore calls Drizzt " the classic romantic hero — misunderstood , holding to a code of ideals even when the going gets tough , and getting no appreciation for it most of the time . "
= = Publication history = =
Drizzt 's story begins in the novel Homeland , the start of The Dark Elf Trilogy and published as a prequel in 1990 to The Icewind Dale Trilogy , which was published between 1988 and 1990 . In the book , Drizzt is born in Menzoberranzan as the third son to Matron Malice , the leader of House Do 'Urden ( a type of family akin to a Scottish clan ) . His father is Zaknafein , a weapons master who secretly hates drow society and teaches Drizzt his martial skills as he reinforces Drizzt 's innate moral code . The 1996 short story " The Fires of Narbondel " , in the Realms of the Underdark anthology , describes unrelated events involving Zaknafein as the main character , and a young Drizzt plays a supporting role .
During a raid against a group of surface elves , Drizzt finds himself unable to participate in the slaughter with his fellow drow . He pretends to kill an elf child , but actually helps her to escape . When the deception is discovered , Zaknafein is sacrificed in Drizzt 's stead to appease Lloth ( Known as Lolth by the Deep Gnomes - Svirfnebli ) , the drow 's goddess . Following a war against another House , Drizzt curses his family and the evil drow ways and escapes Menzoberranzan into the Underdark . At this time he also acquires the statuette that allows him to summon the magical panther Guenhwyvar . Guenhwyvar travels by Drizzt 's side as he makes his way across the Realms .
Drizzt fights off the resurrected spirit @-@ wraith of his father in Exile , the second book in the Dark Elf Trilogy and also published in 1990 . Sojourn picks up the story when Drizzt leaves the Underdark for the surface , where he meets a blind human ranger named Montolio Debrouchee . When Montolio begins teaching him the ways of the ranger , Drizzt realizes that , unknowingly , he had been following those very principles his entire life . From then on Drizzt 's patron goddess is Mielikki , the Faerûnian goddess of the forest and of rangers . Montolio eventually dies , and Drizzt travels the Realms in search of a new home . He eventually finds himself in Icewind Dale where he meets dwarven king Bruenor Battlehammer , and Bruenor 's adopted human daughter , Catti @-@ brie .
The fourth book chronologically in the series , although the first published , is The Crystal Shard ( 1988 ) , the first in The Icewind Dale Trilogy . It describes Drizzt 's meeting with the barbarian Wulfgar and the halfling Regis , and their adventures as they stop Akar Kessel , a mage possessed by the sentient artifact Crenshinibon ( the book 's eponymous Crystal Shard ) , from gaining control of the region . Streams of Silver ( 1989 ) , tells the story of the group as they journey to Mithral Hall , Bruenor 's boyhood home . Artemis Entreri , a recurring character in the series , also makes his first appearance . In later books , Artemis is Drizzt 's equal in combat , and they clash often due to their conflicting views and goals . In the 1990 book The Halfling 's Gem , Artemis kidnaps Regis while in the employ of a powerful crime lord . Drizzt and Wulfgar chase the assassin by sea , with the help of Captain Deudermont , to recover Regis . Drizzt ends up in combat with Artemis Entreri , who leaves the battle wounded . At the end of the book the group finds Regis , and Guenhwyvar kills Artemis 's employer .
Legacy of the Drow is a tetralogy , unlike the previous two trilogies . The 1993 short story , Dark Mirror , in the Realms of Valor anthology , describes events just prior to the series . The first three books , The Legacy , Starless Night , and Siege of Darkness , describe a drow attack on Mithril Hall . Wulfgar is seemingly slain by a yochlol , and Drizzt returns to Menzoberranzan to prevent his friends from being further attacked by dark elves . The drow launch a second attack against Mithril Hall during the Time of Troubles . It is eventually repelled and Drizzt returns to his friends .
Passage to Dawn , the final book in the Legacy of the Drow series and published two years after Siege of Darkness , picks up the story six years after the drow attack . Drizzt and Catti @-@ Brie work with Captain Deudermont on his pirate @-@ hunting ship , with the Companions of the Hall ultimately fighting the powerful demon Errtu who is aided by the Crystal Shard , which had previously been buried under a mountain of snow . Wulfgar , never truly dead , returns to life from the Abyss as the demon who had held his soul was destroyed .
Drizzt is the main character in only two books of the Paths of Darkness series . The Silent Blade ( 1998 ) describes the group 's journey to permanently destroy the Crystal Shard . Sea of Swords ( 2001 ) continues Drizzt 's story after the events of The Spine of the World ( 1999 ) , which focuses on Wulfgar , and Servant of the Shard ( 2000 ) , which has Artemis Entreri and Jarlaxle as the main characters . Sea of Swords covers the companions ' search for Wulfgar 's lost magical warhammer , Aegis @-@ fang , and the reunion of the group after an extended separation .
Drizzt returns as the main character throughout The Hunter 's Blades Trilogy . In The Thousand Orcs ( 2002 ) , Drizzt and his friends encounter the powerful orc Obould Many @-@ Arrows , who has employed frost giants to aid him in gaining control of the region . After a battle at the town of Shallows , Drizzt believes the other Companions of the Hall to have fallen in battle , and he sets off into the wilderness to fight all orcs in vengeance . The Lone Drow ( 2003 ) continues this storyline as the still @-@ living Companions protect Mithril Hall from orc attacks without the aid of Drizzt . He is reunited with his friends in The Two Swords ( 2003 ) .
R.A. Salvatore 's next series of Forgotten Realms books , The Sellswords Trilogy , focus on the further adventures of Artemis Entreri and Jarlaxle , with Drizzt only being mentioned in them . However , Drizzt is once again the main character in the Transitions trilogy , consisting of The Orc King , The Pirate King , and The Ghost King . Drizzt is the main character , along with Bruenor , in R.A. Salvatore 's next series in the Forgotten Realms , Neverwinter Saga ; the first book in this series , Gauntlgrym , was released October 5 , 2010 . The second book in the series Neverwinter , was released October 4 , 2011 , with the third installment entitled Charon 's Claw released August 7 , 2012 .
= = Reception = =
The Drizzt Do 'Urden books are popular with fantasy fans , and the Drizzt character is author R.A. Salvatore 's best known creation . All 31 novels featuring Drizzt by Salvatore have made the New York Times Best Seller list , starting with The Crystal Shard . The Orc King , which marked the 20th anniversary of the character , made it to # 7 on the list , as well as # 9 on the Wall Street Journal list , # 6 on the Publishers Weekly bestseller list , and # 36 on the USA Today list of top sellers .
The Two Swords peaked at # 4 on the New York Times Best Seller list in 2004 . It reached the top of the Wall Street Journal 's hardcover bestseller list after only two weeks , a record for its publisher Wizards of the Coast . It also debuted at # 4 on The New York Times 's bestseller list and # 2 on Publisher 's Weekly bestseller list .
The Lone Drow debuted at # 7 on the New York Times Best Seller list in October 2003 . Publishers Weekly felt that The Lone Drow was clichéd , but that some of the characters did achieve " some complexity " . They singled out two characters for praise : Innovindel , an elf who talks " pensively " of her long life in contrast to the short lived humans , and Obould the orc king .
A special Icewind Dale adventure was featured as the centerpiece at the November 3 , 2007 , Worldwide Dungeons and Dragons Game Day event , in honor of the 20th anniversary of the creation of Drizzt . According to PopMatters ' Andrew Welsh , Drizzt is Salvatore 's attempt to create a multifaceted character who faces internal struggles , in hopes of standing out from the drow , and fantasy fiction in general . Welsh feels that Salvatore fails in this regard , saying " any blood Drizzt finds on his hands is quickly justified and most “ internal ” conflict is superficial at best . " A review for Pyramid refers to Drizzt as the " most famous denizen " of Menzoberranzan , identifying him and the city as " some of the most famous pieces of the Realms " . Rob Bricken of Kotaku called Drizzt " one of the Mary Sue @-@ iest characters in all of fiction " .
= = Other media = =
Drizzt Do 'Urden has been featured in several accessories and one book for the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role @-@ playing game . The Hall of Heroes accessory for the second edition of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons , published in 1989 ,
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29 UT on April 4 , 2000 . Docking occurred on April 6 at 06 : 31 : 24 UT . Although the Soyuz docking system is automated under normal conditions , the final few meters of the approach to the station were executed in manual mode . The decision to switch to manual mode came after the cosmonauts noticed a small deviation in the spacecraft 's approach to the targeted docking port . At about 09 : 32 UT on the day of docking , the crew prepared to open the hatches between the Soyuz spacecraft and the station . After entering the station the crew stabilized the atmosphere inside Mir and undertook routine maintenance work .
On April 25 , an unmanned Progress resupply mission , Progress M1 @-@ 2 , launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome to the station to deliver supplies to the crew . Progress M1 @-@ 2 docked with Mir on April 27 . On April 26 , the Progress M1 @-@ 1 spacecraft , which had been docked since February and was used by the Russian Federal Space Agency to boost the station to a higher orbit , undocked and de @-@ orbited over the Pacific Ocean east of New Zealand .
The mission 's only Extra @-@ Vehicular Activity , or spacewalk , took place on May 12 , between 10 : 44 and 15 : 36 UTC . The primary objectives of the spacewalk were to repair damage to Mir 's exterior components and record panoramas of the station 's hull in order for experts on Earth to analyze the effects of space on the station itself . The cosmonauts inspected a malfunctioning solar array on the Kvant @-@ 1 module of the station . They discovered that a burnt @-@ through wire connecting the array with its steering system was preventing its proper rotation . The array was subsequently deemed a loss .
On June 15 , 2000 , the TM @-@ 30 spacecraft undocked from the station at about 21 : 24 UT . The de @-@ orbit burn occurred at about 23 : 52 UT and landing followed at about 00 : 44 UT on June 16 , about 45 kilometers ( 28 mi ) southeast of Arkalyk in Kazakhstan .
= = Milestones = =
Soyuz TM @-@ 30 was the first privately funded manned space expedition but several other firsts were also achieved , including the first privately funded extra @-@ vehicular activity , and the first privately funded unmanned resupply mission to a space station , utilizing the Progress @-@ M1 spacecraft . Soyuz TM @-@ 30 also managed to delay the de @-@ orbit of Mir , which was originally scheduled to occur some time in 2000 , but ultimately occurred in March 2001 .
= John and Christopher Wright =
John ( Jack ) Wright ( January 1568 – 8 November 1605 ) , and Christopher ( Kit ) Wright ( 1570 ? – 8 November 1605 ) , were members of the group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605 , a conspiracy to assassinate King James I by blowing up the House of Lords . Their sister married another plotter , Thomas Percy . Educated at the same school in York , the Wrights had early links with Guy Fawkes , the man left in charge of the explosives stored in the undercroft beneath the House of Lords . As known recusants the brothers were on several occasions arrested for reasons of national security . Both were also members of the Earl of Essex 's rebellion of 1601 .
John was one of the first men to join the conspiracy , which was led by Robert Catesby . Christopher joined in March 1605 . At about midnight on 4 November Fawkes was discovered and arrested , following which John , Christopher and the rest of the conspirators travelled across the Midlands , attempting to gain support for a popular uprising . Eventually the group opted to wait for the authorities at Holbeche House , on the border of Staffordshire . On 8 November the Sheriff of Worcester arrived with a large group of armed men , and both brothers were killed in the ensuing firefight .
= = Family and life before 1604 = =
John and Christopher Wright were born to Robert Wright and his second wife , Ursula Rudston , daughter of Nicholas and Jane Rudston of Hayton . John was baptised at Welwick in Yorkshire , on 16 January 1568 , and Christopher was born in 1570 . Their sister , Martha , married Thomas Percy in 1591 .
The brothers were pupils at St Peter 's School in York , along with Guy Fawkes , whose name has become synonymous with the Gunpowder Plot . Although outwardly conformist , the school 's headmaster John Pulleine came from a notable family of Yorkshire recusants , and his predecessor at St Peter 's had spent 20 years in prison for his recusancy . Three Catholic priests , Oswald Tesimond , Edward Oldcorn and Robert Middleton , were also educated at St Peter 's . John and Christopher were both married , to Dorothy and Margaret respectively . John had a daughter , born some time in the late 1590s .
As a precautionary measure , in 1596 they were each arrested during Queen Elizabeth I 's illness . They were incarcerated at the White Lyon prison in 1601 for their involvement in the Earl of Essex 's rebellion . Both were skilled swordsmen , and John was renowned for his courage . The Jesuit priest Oswald Tesimond wrote that he possessed a " good physique and sound constitution . Rather on the tall side , his features were pleasing . He was somewhat taciturn in manner , but very loyal to his friends , even if his friends were few " . Christopher 's appearance was slightly different from that of his brother , " not like him in face , as being fatter and a lighter coloured hair and taller of person " . According to Father John Gerard , John 's involvement with Essex coincided with his conversion to Catholicism . Gerard also noted that John 's household , Twigmoor Hall in Lincolnshire , was a place where " he had Priests come often , both for his spiritual comfort and their own in corporal helps " , although the government 's description , " a Popish college for traitors " , was somewhat less favourable . Following his conversion John became " a man of exemplary life " . Two years later , as the queen 's health waned , a nervous government ensured that John and Christopher were again imprisoned , the English antiquarian William Camden describing them as men " hunger @-@ starved for innovation " . Christopher may have travelled to Spain in 1603 using the alias Anthony Dutton , seeking Spanish support for English Catholics , although biographer Mark Nicholls mentions that Dutton 's role may have been attributed to Christopher by Fawkes and Thomas Wintour , held in the Tower of London after the failure of the plot .
= = Gunpowder Plot = =
Early in 1604 Robert Catesby , a Catholic convert who had lost patience with King James I 's lack of toleration of Catholics , invited his cousin Thomas Wintour to a meeting at which John was also present . Catesby proposed to blow up " the Parliament House with gunpowder " , killing the king and his government , as in " that place , have they done us all the mischief " . Catesby had not then given up hope on foreign help , and so he sent Wintour to the continent to meet with the Constable of Castille . Wintour also met with Welsh spy Hugh Owen , who introduced him to Guy Fawkes , a man with whose name Catesby was familiar . A fifth conspirator , Thomas Percy , joined them several weeks later . Percy was related to the Wright family by marriage , having wed John 's sister , Martha . The group met on 20 May 1604 at the Duck and Drake inn , in the fashionable Strand district of London . After the meeting they swore an oath of secrecy on a prayer book and celebrated Mass in another room with Father John Gerard , who was ignorant of their purpose .
From these early meetings , according to biographer Mark Nicholls , John exhibited " little sign of doubt or scruple thereafter " . He remained close to the heart of the conspiracy , moving his family to Lapworth in Warwickshire , and stabling horses there . By March 1605 Christopher had joined the conspiracy as well , but in October that year , as the plan was nearing its culmination , its existence was revealed to the authorities by an anonymous letter delivered to William Parker , 4th Baron Monteagle , warning him to stay away from Parliament . Uncertain of its meaning Monteagle delivered the letter to the English Secretary of State , Robert Cecil , 1st Earl of Salisbury . Monteagle 's servant was closely related to Christopher 's wife , Margaret , and thus the plotters soon became aware of its existence . Catesby , by then at White Webbs near Enfield Chase with the Wright brothers , decided that the letter did not constitute a sufficiently serious threat to the scheme , and he decided to forge ahead . On 4 November Percy visited his patron , Henry Percy , 9th Earl of Northumberland , to see if he could discern what rumours surrounded the letter . He returned to London and assured John , Thomas Wintour and Robert Keyes that they had nothing to be concerned about . That same evening John probably set off for the Midlands with Catesby and his servant Thomas Bates , while the others moved into their positions , ready for the planned explosion the following day . At about midnight the authorities made a search of the House of Lords , and in the chamber 's undercroft they discovered and arrested Fawkes , who was guarding the gunpowder the conspirators had placed there .
As news of Fawkes 's capture spread , particularly through the great houses of the Strand , Christopher deduced what had occurred and went to Thomas Wintour at the Duck and Drake inn , exclaiming " the matter is discovered " . Wintour ordered him to verify the news , and on confirming that the government were seeking Thomas Percy ( for whom Fawkes , using the alias " John Johnson " , claimed to be working ) , ordered him to alert Percy . Christopher and Percy left London together , heading for Dunstable .
With the group mostly reintegrated , they spent the next two days moving across Warwickshire and Worcestershire , attempting to drum up support for a rebellion that as time passed became ever more unlikely . On 6 November , the same day they were helping to raid Warwick Castle for supplies , the brothers were identified by the Lord Chief Justice Sir John Popham as suspects . This prompted the authorities to issue a public proclamation on 7 November naming them and several of their fellow conspirators as wanted men . The group tried unsuccessfully to recruit more rebels at Hewell Grange , but on 7 November , tired and desperate , they decided to make their stand at Holbeche House , on the border of Staffordshire . On the arrival the following morning of the Sheriff of Worcester and his company of men , a gun battle broke out and Catesby , Percy , and both Wright brothers were shot . With medical attention they might have survived , but " the baser sort " among the sheriff 's men hurriedly stripped them of their clothes ( Christopher 's boots were pulled off to reach his silk stockings ) , and left them to die .
= Inner Hebrides =
The Inner Hebrides ( Scottish Gaelic : Na h @-@ Eileanan a @-@ staigh , " the inner isles " ) is an archipelago off the west coast of mainland Scotland , to the south east of the Outer Hebrides . Together these two island chains form the Hebrides , which experience a mild oceanic climate . The Inner Hebrides comprise 35 inhabited islands as well as 44 uninhabited islands with an area greater than 30 hectares ( 74 acres ) . The main commercial activities are tourism , crofting , fishing and whisky distilling . In modern times the Inner Hebrides have formed part of two separate local government jurisdictions , one to the north and the other to the south . Together , the islands have an area of about 4 @,@ 130 km2 ( 1 @,@ 594 sq mi ) , and had a population of 18 @,@ 948 in 2011 . The population density is therefore about 4 @.@ 6 per km2 ( 12 per square mile ) .
There are various important prehistoric structures , many of which pre @-@ date the first written references to the islands by Roman and Greek authors . In the historic period the earliest known settlers were Picts to the north and Gaels in the southern kingdom of Dál Riada prior to the islands becoming part of the Suðreyjar kingdom of the Norse , who ruled for over 400 years until sovereignty was transferred to Scotland by the Treaty of Perth in 1266 . Control of the islands was then held by various clan chiefs , principally the MacLeans , MacLeods and MacDonalds . The Highland Clearances of the 19th century had a devastating effect on many communities and it is only in recent years that population levels have ceased to decline .
Sea transport is crucial and a variety of ferry services operate to mainland Scotland and between the islands . The Gaelic language remains strong in some areas ; the landscapes have inspired a variety of artists ; and there is a diversity of wildlife .
= = Geography = =
The islands form a disparate archipelago . The largest islands are , from south to north , Islay , Jura , Mull , Rùm and Skye . Skye is the largest and most populous of all with an area of 1 @,@ 656 km2 ( 639 sq mi ) and a population of just over 10 @,@ 000 .
The southern group are in Argyll , an area roughly corresponding with the heartlands of the ancient kingdom of Dál Riata and incorporated into the modern unitary council area of Argyll and Bute . The northern islands were part of the county of Inverness @-@ shire and are now in the Highland Council area .
= = = Physical = = =
The ten largest islands are as follows .
The geology and geomorphology of the islands is varied . Some , such as Skye and Mull , are mountainous , whilst others like Tiree are relatively low @-@ lying . The highest mountains are the Cuillins of Skye , although peaks over 300 metres ( 980 ft ) are common elsewhere . Much of the coastline is machair , a fertile low @-@ lying dune pastureland . Many of the islands are swept by strong tides , and the Corryvreckan tide race between Scarba and Jura is one of the largest whirlpools in the world .
There are various smaller archipelagoes including the Ascrib Islands , Crowlin Islands , Slate Islands , Small Isles , Summer Isles and Treshnish Islands .
= = = Human = = =
The inhabited islands of the Inner Hebrides had a population of 18 @,@ 257 at the 2001 census , and this had grown to 18 @,@ 948 in 2011 . During the same period Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4 % to 103 @,@ 702 . There are a further 44 uninhabited Inner Hebrides with an area greater than 74 acres ( 30 ha ) . Records for the last date of settlement for the smaller islands are incomplete , but most of them were inhabited at some point during the Neolithic , Iron Age , Early Historic or Norse periods . In common with the other main island chains of Scotland , many of the smaller and more remote islands were abandoned during the 19th and 20th centuries , in some cases after continuous habitation since prehistoric times . These islands had been perceived as relatively self @-@ sufficient agricultural economies , but a view developed among both islanders and outsiders that the more remote islands lacked the essential services of a modern industrial economy . However , the populations of the larger islands grew overall by more than 12 % from 1981 @-@ 2001 .
The main commercial activities are tourism , crofting , fishing and whisky distilling ( centred on Islay but also including Talisker in Skye , Isle of Jura Single Malt and Tobermory and Ledaig in Mull ) . Overall , the area is relatively reliant on primary industries and the public sector ; there is a dependence on self @-@ employment and micro @-@ business , and most parts are defined by Highlands and Islands Enterprise as economically " Fragile Areas " . However , the islands are well placed to exploit renewable energy , particularly onshore and offshore wind ; and the Sleat peninsula of Skye is an example of a more economically robust area . Some of the islands have development trusts that support the local economy .
= = = Climate = = =
The influence of the Atlantic Ocean and the North Atlantic Current creates a mild oceanic climate . Temperatures are generally cool , averaging 6 @.@ 5 ° C ( 44 ° F ) in January and 15 @.@ 4 ° C ( 60 ° F ) in July at Duntulm on the Trotternish peninsula of Skye . Snow seldom lies at sea level and frosts are fewer than on the mainland . Winds are a limiting factor for vegetation : a speed of 128 km / h ( 80 mph ) has been recorded ; south @-@ westerlies are the most common . Rainfall is generally high at between 1300 – 2000 mm ( 50 – 80 in ) per annum , and the mountains and hills are wetter still . Tiree is one of the sunniest places in the country and had 300 days of sunshine in 1975 . Trotternish typically has 200 hours of bright sunshine in May , the sunniest month .
= = Prehistory = =
The Hebrides were originally settled in the Mesolithic era and have a diversity of prehistoric sites . A flint arrowhead found in a field near Bridgend , Islay has been dated to 10 @,@ 800 BC . This find may indicate the presence of a summer hunting party rather than permanent settlement . Burnt hazelnut shells and microscopic charcoal found at Farm Fields , Kinloch on Rùm indicate a settlement of some kind and this is amongst the oldest evidence of occupation in Scotland .
Evidence of large @-@ scale Mesolithic nut processing , radiocarbon dated to circa 7000 BC , has been found in a midden pit at Staosnaig on Colonsay . The dig discovered the remains of hundreds of thousands of burned hazelnut shells and gives an insight into communal activity and forward planning in the period . The nuts were harvested in a single year and pollen analysis suggests that the hazel trees were all cut down at the same time . The scale of the activity , unparalleled elsewhere in Scotland , and the lack of large game on the island , suggests the possibility that Colonsay contained a community with a largely vegetarian diet for the time they spent on the island .
Three stone hearths and traces of red ochre found on Jura and dated to 6000 BC are the earliest stone @-@ built structures found so far in Scotland . However , in general the Neolithic sites in the Inner Hebrides lack the scale and drama of those found in Orkney and the Western Isles . There are numerous Iron Age sites including the remains of Dun Ringill fort on Skye , which are similar in layout to that of both a broch and a complex Atlantic roundhouse .
= = Etymology = =
The earliest extant written reference to these islands appears in Pliny the Elder 's Natural History , where he states that there are 30 " Hebudes " . Ptolemy , writing about 80 years later , around AD 140 @-@ 150 and drawing on the earlier naval expedition of Agricola , refers to the Ἐβοῦδαι ( " Eboudai " ) ( " Ebudes " or " Ebudae " in Latin translation ) of which he writes that there were only five , thus possibly specifically meaning the Inner Hebrides . Pliny probably took his information from Pytheas of Massilia who visited Britain sometime between 322 and 285 BC . It is possible that Ptolemy did so also , as Agricola 's information about the west coast of Scotland was of poor quality .
Watson ( 1926 ) states that the meaning of Ptolemy 's " Eboudai " is unknown and that the root may be pre @-@ Celtic . Other early written references include the flight of the Nemed people from Ireland to " Domon and to Erdomon in the north of Alba " , which is mentioned in the 12th century Lebor Gabála Érenn . Domon , meaning the " deep sea isle " refers to the Outer Hebrides and Erdomon , meaning " east of , on or near Domon " is thus the Inner Hebrides .
The individual island and place names in the Outer Hebrides have mixed Gaelic and Norse origins .
= = History = =
= = = Dál Riata = = =
Although Ptolemy 's map identifies various tribes such as the Creones that might conceivably have lived in the Inner Hebrides in the Roman era , the first written records of life begin in the 6th century AD when the founding of the kingdom of Dál Riata is recorded . This encompassed roughly what is now Argyll and Bute and Lochaber in Scotland and County Antrim in Ireland .
In Argyll it consisted initially of three main kindreds : Cenél Loairn in north and mid @-@ Argyll , Cenél nÓengusa based on Islay and Cenél nGabráin based in Kintyre . By the end of the 7th century a fourth kindred , Cenél Comgaill had emerged , based in eastern Argyll .
The figure of Columba looms large in any history of Dál Riata and his founding of a monastery on Iona ensured that Dál Riata would be of great importance in the spread of Christianity in northern Britain . However , Iona was far from unique . Lismore in the territory of the Cenél Loairn , was sufficiently important for the death of its abbots to be recorded with some frequency and many smaller sites , such as on Eigg , Hinba and Tiree , are known from the annals . The kingdom 's independent existence ended in the Viking Age , and it eventually merged with the lands of the Picts to form the Kingdom of Alba .
North of Dál Riata the Inner Hebrides were nominally under Pictish control although the historical record is sparse .
= = = Norse rule = = =
According to Ó Corráin ( 1998 ) " when and how the Vikings conquered and occupied the Isles is unknown , perhaps unknowable " although from 793 onwards repeated raids by Vikings on the British Isles are recorded . " All the islands of Britain " were devastated in 794 with Iona being sacked in 802 and 806 . In 870 Dumbarton was besieged by Amlaíb Conung and Ímar , " the two kings of the Northmen " . It is therefore likely that Scandinavian hegemony was already significant on the western coasts of Scotland by then . In the 9th century the first references to the Gallgáedil ( i.e. " foreign Gaels " ) appear . This term was variously used in succeeding centuries to refer to individuals of mixed Scandinavian @-@ Celtic descent and / or culture who became dominant in south @-@ west Scotland , parts of Northern England and the isles .
The early 10th century are an obscure period so far as the Hebrides are concerned but Aulaf mac Sitric , who fought at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937 is recorded as a King of the Isles from c . 941 @-@ 980 .
It is difficult to reconcile the records of the Irish annals with Norse sources such as the Orkneyinga Saga but it is likely that Norwegian and Gallgáedil Uí Ímair warlords fought for control for much of period from the 9th to the 12th centuries . In 990 Sigurd the Stout , Earl of Orkney took command of the Hebrides , a position he retained for most of the period until he was killed at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014 . There is then a period of uncertainty but it is possible that Sigurd 's son Thorfinn the Mighty became ruler circa 1035 until his own death some two decades later .
By the late 12th century Irish influence became a significant feature of island life and Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó , the High King of Ireland took possession of Mann and the Isles until 1072 . The records for the rulers of the Hebrides are obscured again until the arrival of Godred Cro
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ment of heavy caliber fire to work his way around the flank and up to a position directly on top of the blockhouse and then , attacking with grenades and demolitions , single handedly destroyed the entire hostile strong point and its defending garrison . Consistently daring and aggressive as he fought his way over the battle @-@ torn beach and up the sloping , gun @-@ studded terraces toward Airfield Number 1 , he repeatedly exposed himself to the blasting fury of exploding shells and later in the day coolly proceeded to the aid of a friendly tank which had been trapped in an enemy mine field under intense mortar and artillery barrages , skillfully guiding the heavy vehicle over the hazardous terrain to safety , despite the overwhelming volume of hostile fire . In the forefront of the assault at all times , he pushed forward with dauntless courage and iron determination until , moving upon the edge of the airfield , he fell , instantly killed by a bursting mortar shell . Stouthearted and indomitable , Gunnery Sergeant BASILONE , by his intrepid initiative , outstanding skill , and valiant spirit of self @-@ sacrifice in the face of the fanatic opposition , contributed materially to the advance of his company during the early critical period of the assault , and his unwavering devotion to duty throughout the bitter conflict was an inspiration to his comrades and reflects the highest credit upon Gunnery Sergeant BASILONE and the United States Naval Service . He gallantly gave his life in the service of his country .
For the President , JAMES FORRESTAL
Secretary of the Navy
= = Other honors = =
Basilone has received numerous honors , including the namesake of a United States Navy destroyer , a postage stamp and several plaques , monuments , geographical landmarks , a bust in San Diego 's Little Italy in a piazza named for him , Piazza Basilone , and a residential building at Montclair State University . In 2011 , Basilone was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame .
= = = USS Basilone ( DD 824 ) = = =
The United States Navy commissioned USS Basilone , a Gearing @-@ class destroyer , in 1949 . The ship 's keel was laid down on July 7 , 1945 , in Orange , Texas , and launched on December 21 , 1945 . His widow , Sergeant Lena Mae Basilone , sponsored the ship .
= = = USS John Basilone ( DDG 122 ) = = =
The future USS John Basilone ( DDG 122 ) will be commissioned in 2019 .
= = = Marine Corps buildings and landmarks = = =
The Marine Corps has named infrastructure after him on Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton , including an entry point onto the base from Interstate 5 called " Basilone Road " ; a section of U.S. Interstate 5 running through the base called " Gunnery Sergeant John Basilone Memorial Highway " ; and a parachute landing zone called " Basilone Drop Zone " .
= = = Namesakes from outside the Marine Corps = = =
In addition to the honors bestowed from the Marine Corps , a wide variety of non @-@ military institutions have also chosen their name based on Basilone . Some of these include : the football field at Bridgewater @-@ Raritan High School is called " Basilone Field " , and on the wall of the fieldhouse next to the field is a mural honoring Basilone ; the Knights of Columbus Council # 13264 in his hometown is named in his honor ; an overpass at the Somerville Circle in Somerville , New Jersey on U.S. Highway 202 and 206 that goes under it ; the New Jersey Turnpike bridge across the Raritan River is named the " Basilone Bridge " ; the new Bridge that crosses the Raritan River in Raritan at First Avenue and Canal Street ; a memorial statue featuring him holding a water @-@ cooled Browning machine gun is located at the intersections of Old York Road and Canal Street in Raritan ( childhood friend Phillip Orlando sculpted the statue ) ; a plaque at the United States Navy Memorial in Washington , D.C. ; a bust in Little Italy San Diego at Fir and India Streets ( the war memorial is dedicated to residents of Little Italy who served in World War II and Korea , and the area is called Piazza Basilone ) ; the Order of the Sons of Italy In America Lodge # 2442 in Bohemia , New York is named in his honor ; and the Raritan Public Library has the Basilone Room where memorabilia about him is kept . In 1944 , Army Barracks from Washington State were moved to a site in front of Hansen Dam in Pacoima , California and rebuilt as 1 @,@ 500 apartments for returning GIs . This development was named the Basilone Homes and was used until about 1955 . The site is now a golf course .
= = = Parade = = =
The memorial parade for Basilone along Somerset Street in his hometown of Raritan has been held since 1981 and became a celebration of the close @-@ knit community .
= = = In media = = =
On November 10 , 2005 , the U.S. Postal Service issued the " Distinguished Marines " stamps honoring four Marine Corps heroes including Basilone .
The 1967 film First to Fight features Chad Everett as " Shanghai Jack " Connell , a character based on " Manila John " Basilone .
The Pacific ( 2010 miniseries ) : Basilone along with two other Marines became the basis of a 10 @-@ part HBO miniseries The Pacific . Actor Jon Seda stars as Basilone .
In Episode 6 of the 2007 PBS documentary " The War : A Ken Burns Film " showed footage of a backpack with the name J Basilone stenciled on it .
= Air @-@ mass thunderstorm =
An air @-@ mass thunderstorm , also called an " ordinary " , " single cell " , or " garden variety " thunderstorm , is a thunderstorm that is generally weak and usually not severe . These storms form in environments where at least some amount of Convective Available Potential Energy ( CAPE ) is present , but very low levels of wind shear and helicity . The lifting source , which is a crucial factor in thunderstorm development , is usually the result of uneven heating of the surface , though they can be induced by weather fronts and other low @-@ level boundaries associated with wind convergence . The energy needed for these storms to form comes in the form of insolation , or solar radiation . Air @-@ mass thunderstorms do not move quickly , last no longer than an hour , and have the threats of lightning , as well as showery light , moderate , or heavy rainfall . Heavy rainfall can interfere with microwave transmissions within the atmosphere .
Lightning characteristics are related to characteristics of the parent thunderstorm , and could induce wildfires near thunderstorms with minimal rainfall . On unusual occasions there could be a weak downburst and small hail . They are common in temperate zones during a summer afternoon . Like all thunderstorms , the mean @-@ layered wind field the storms form within determine motion . When the deep @-@ layered wind flow is light , outflow boundary progression will determine storm movement . Since thunderstorms can be a hazard to aviation , pilots are advised to fly above any haze layers within regions of better visibility and to avoid flying under the anvil of these thunderstorms , which can be regions where hail falls from the parent thunderstorm . Vertical wind shear is also a hazard near the base of thunderstorms which have generated outflow boundaries .
= = Life cycle = =
The trigger for the lift of the initial cumulus cloud can be insolation heating the ground producing thermals , areas where two winds converge forcing air upwards , or where winds blow over terrain of increasing elevation . The moisture rapidly cools into liquid drops of water due to the cooler temperatures at high altitude , which appears as cumulus clouds . As the water vapor condenses into liquid , latent heat is released which warms the air , causing it to become less dense than the surrounding dry air . The air tends to rise in an updraft through the process of convection ( hence the term convective precipitation ) . This creates a low @-@ pressure zone beneath the forming thunderstorm , otherwise known as a cumulonimbus cloud . In a typical thunderstorm , approximately 5 × 108 kg of water vapor is lifted into the Earth 's atmosphere . As they form in areas of minimal vertical wind shear , the thunderstorm 's rainfall creates a moist and relatively cool outflow boundary with undercuts the storm 's low level inflow , and quickly causes dissipation . Waterspouts , small hail , and strong wind gusts can occur in association with these thunderstorms .
= = Common locations of appearance = =
Also known as single cell thunderstorms , these are the typical summer thunderstorms in many temperate locales . They also occur in the cool unstable air which often follows the passage of a cold front from the sea during winter . Within a cluster of thunderstorms , the term " cell " refers to each separate principal updraft . Thunderstorm cells occasionally form in isolation , as the occurrence of one thunderstorm can develop an outflow boundary which sets up new thunderstorm development . Such storms are rarely severe and are a result of local atmospheric instability ; hence the term " air mass thunderstorm " . When such storms have a brief period of severe weather associated with them , it is known as a pulse severe storm . Pulse severe storms are poorly organized due to the minimal vertical wind shear in the storm 's environment and occur randomly in time and space , making them difficult to forecast . Between formation and dissipation , single cell thunderstorms normally last 20 – 30 minutes .
= = Motion = =
The two major ways thunderstorms move are via advection of the wind and propagation along outflow boundaries towards sources of greater heat and moisture . Many thunderstorms move with the mean wind speed through the Earth 's troposphere , or the lowest 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) of the Earth 's atmosphere . Younger
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a residential setting up to the point where it crosses from Franklin County into Delaware County .
Still within the city limits of Dublin , SR 745 makes its way up to a signalized intersection with Glick Road , just west of the O 'Shaughnessy Dam , where the Scioto River widens out into the O 'Shaughnessy Reservoir . Entering into Shawnee Hills , the state highway passes through a primarily commercial district , in parallel to the reservoir . SR 745 departs Shawnee Hills , and as it enters into rural Concord Township , it meets Harriott Drive , then crosses over a western arm of the O 'Shaughnessy Reservoir . Continuing north @-@ northwesterly , the state highway passes intersections with Cook Road and Merchant Road before arriving at a four @-@ way stop intersection with Home Road . Now passing amidst a rural backdrop with a mix of woods , farmland and occasional houses , SR 745 intersects Duffy Road and Moore Road prior to arriving at its northern terminus , a signalized intersection with US 42 and SR 257 in Concord Township . SR 257 , which crosses the Scioto River with US 42 just to the east of this junction , picks up where SR 745 leaves off heading northward from US 42 .
= = History = =
SR 745 was established in 1937 along its current routing , and has not seen any significant changes since its inception .
= = Major intersections = =
= HMS Indefatigable ( 1909 ) =
HMS Indefatigable was a battlecruiser of the Royal Navy and the lead ship of her class . Her keel was laid down in 1909 and she was commissioned in 1911 . She was an enlarged version of the earlier Invincible class with a revised protection scheme and additional length amidships to allow her two middle turrets to fire on either broadside .
When the First World War began , Indefatigable was serving with the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron ( BCS ) in the Mediterranean , where she unsuccessfully pursued the battlecruiser Goeben and the light cruiser Breslau of the German Imperial Navy as they fled towards the Ottoman Empire . The ship bombarded Ottoman fortifications defending the Dardanelles on 3 November 1914 , then , following a refit in Malta , returned to the United Kingdom in February where she rejoined the 2nd BCS .
Indefatigable was sunk on 31 May 1916 during the Battle of Jutland , the largest naval battle of the war . Part of Vice @-@ Admiral Sir David Beatty 's Battlecruiser Fleet , she was hit several times in the first minutes of the " Run to the South " , the opening phase of the battlecruiser action . Shells from the German battlecruiser Von der Tann caused an explosion ripping a hole in her hull , and a second explosion hurled large pieces of the ship 200 feet ( 60 m ) in the air . Only two of the crew of 1 @,@ 019 survived .
= = Design and description = =
No battlecruisers were ordered after the three Invincible @-@ class ships in 1905 until Indefatigable became the lone battlecruiser of the 1908 – 09 Naval Programme . A new Liberal Government had taken power in January 1906 and demanded reductions in naval spending , and the Admiralty submitted a reduced programme , requesting dreadnoughts but no battlecruisers . The Cabinet rejected this proposal in favour of two outmoded armoured cruisers but finally acceded to a request for one battlecruiser instead , after the Admiralty pointed out the need to match the recently published German naval construction plan and to maintain the heavy gun and armour industries . Indefatigable 's outline design was prepared in March 1908 , and the final design , slightly larger than Invincible with a revised protection arrangement , was approved in November 1908 . A larger design with more armour and better underwater protection was rejected as too expensive . Note ; plan is of Invincible @-@ class battlecruisers ; the Indefatigable @-@ class has a third superstructure element with ' P ' & ' Q ' turrets more widely spaced .
The ship had an overall length of 590 feet ( 179 @.@ 8 m ) , a beam of 80 feet ( 24 @.@ 4 m ) , and a draught of 29 feet 9 inches ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) at deep load . She normally displaced 18 @,@ 500 long tons ( 18 @,@ 800 t ) and 22 @,@ 130 long tons ( 22 @,@ 490 t ) at deep load . Her turbines were designed to produce a total of 43 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 32 @,@ 000 kW ) , but reached over 55 @,@ 000 shp ( 41 @,@ 000 kW ) during sea trials in 1911 . She was designed for 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) , but reached 26 @.@ 89 knots ( 49 @.@ 80 km / h ; 30 @.@ 94 mph ) during trials .
Indefatigable 's main armament was eight breech @-@ loading BL 12 @-@ inch Mark X guns mounted in four hydraulically powered twin turrets . Two turrets were mounted fore and aft on the centreline , identified as ' A ' and ' X ' respectively . The other two were wing turrets mounted amidships and staggered diagonally : ' P ' was forward and to port of the centre funnel , while ' Q ' was situated starboard and aft . ' P ' and ' Q ' turrets had some limited ability to fire to the opposite side . Her secondary armament consisted of sixteen BL 4 @-@ inch Mark VII guns positioned in the superstructure . She mounted two 17 @.@ 72 @-@ inch ( 450 mm ) submerged torpedo tubes , one on each side aft of ' X ' barbette , and twelve torpedoes were carried .
Indefatigable was unique among British battlecruisers in having an armoured spotting and signal tower behind the conning tower , protected by 4 inches ( 102 mm ) of armour . However , the spotting tower was of limited use , as its view was obscured by the conning tower in front of it and the legs of the foremast and superstructure behind it . During a pre @-@ war refit , a 9 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) rangefinder was added to the rear of the ' A ' turret roof , and this turret was equipped to control the entire main armament as an emergency backup for the normal fire @-@ control positions .
= = = Wartime modifications = = =
Indefatigable received a single QF 3 @-@ inch 20 cwt anti @-@ aircraft gun on a high @-@ angle Mark II mount in March 1915 . It was provided with 500 rounds . All of her 4 @-@ inch guns were enclosed in casemates and given gun shields during a refit in November 1915 to better protect the gun crews from weather and enemy action , although two aft guns were removed at the same time .
She received a fire @-@ control director between mid @-@ 1915 and May 1916 that centralised fire control under the director officer who now fired the guns . The turret crewmen merely had to follow pointers transmitted from the director to align their guns on the target . This greatly increased accuracy since the ship 's roll no longer dispersed the shells as each turret fired on its own ; also , the fire @-@ control director could more easily spot the fall of the shells .
= = Service = =
= = = Early career = = =
Indefatigable was laid down at the Devonport Dockyard , Plymouth on 23 February 1909 . She was launched on 28 October 1909 and was completed on 24 February 1911 . Upon commissioning , Indefatigable served in the 1st Cruiser Squadron , which in January 1913 was renamed the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron ( BCS ) . In December 1913 , she transferred to the Mediterranean , where she joined the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron .
= = = Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau = = =
Indefatigable , accompanied by the battlecruiser Indomitable and under the command of Admiral Sir Berkeley Milne , encountered the German battlecruiser Goeben and the light cruiser Breslau on the morning of 4 August 1914 , which were headed east after a cursory bombardment of the French Algerian port of Philippeville . Britain and Germany were not yet at war , so Milne turned to shadow the Germans as they headed back to Messina to re @-@ coal . All three battlecruisers had problems with their boilers , but Goeben and Breslau were able to break contact and reached Messina by the morning of the 5th . By this time Germany had invaded Belgium and war had been declared , but an Admiralty order to respect Italian neutrality and stay more than six miles ( 10 km ) from the Italian coast precluded entering the Strait of Messina , from which they could have observed the port directly . Therefore , Milne stationed Inflexible and Indefatigable at the northern exit of the strait , expecting the Germans to break out to the west where they could attack French troop transports . He stationed the light cruiser Gloucester at the southern exit , and sent Indomitable to coal at Bizerte , where she was ready for action in the Western Mediterranean .
The Germans sortied from Messina on 6 August and headed east , towards Constantinople , trailed by Gloucester . Milne , still expecting Rear @-@ Admiral Wilhelm Souchon to turn west , kept the battlecruisers at Malta until shortly after midnight on 8 August when he set sail at a leisurely 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) for Cape Matapan , where Goeben had been spotted eight hours earlier . At 2 : 30 p.m. he received an incorrect message from the Admiralty stating that Britain was at war with Austria @-@ Hungary . War would not actually be declared until 12 August , and the order was countermanded four hours later , but Milne gave up the hunt for Goeben , following his standing orders to guard the Adriatic against an Austrian break @-@ out attempt . On 9 August Milne was given clear orders to " chase Goeben which had passed Cape Matapan on the 7th steering north @-@ east . " Milne still did not believe that Souchon was heading for the Dardanelles , and so he resolved to guard the exit from the Aegean , unaware that the Goeben did not intend to come out .
On 3 November 1914 , Winston Churchill , then First Lord of the Admiralty , ordered the first British attack on the Dardanelles following the commencement of hostilities between Ottoman Turkey and Russia . The attack was carried out by Indomitable and Indefatigable , as well as the French pre @-@ dreadnought battleships Suffren and Vérité . The intention of the attack was to test the fortifications and measure the Turkish response . The results were deceptively encouraging . In a twenty @-@ minute bombardment , a single shell struck the magazine of the fort at Sedd el Bahr at the tip of the Gallipoli peninsula , displacing ( but not destroying ) 10 guns and killing 86 Turkish soldiers . The most significant consequence was that the attention of the Turks was drawn to strengthening their defences , and they set about expanding the mine field . This attack actually took place before Britain 's formal declaration of war on 6 November against the Ottoman Empire . Indefatigable remained in the Mediterranean until she was relieved by Inflexible on 24 January 1915 and proceeded to Malta for a refit ; she then sailed to England on 14 February and joined the 2nd BCS upon her arrival . The ship conducted uneventful patrols of the North Sea for the next year and a half . She was the temporary flagship of the 2nd BCS during April – May 1916 , while her half @-@ sister HMAS Australia was under repair after colliding with Indefatigable 's other half @-@ sister HMS New Zealand .
= = = Battle of Jutland = = =
On 31 May 1916 , the 2nd BCS consisted of New Zealand ( flagship of Rear @-@ Admiral William Pakenham ) and Indefatigable . The squadron was assigned to Admiral Beatty 's Battlecruiser Fleet which had put to sea to intercept a sortie by the High Seas Fleet into the North Sea . The British were able to decode the German radio messages and left their bases before the Germans put to sea . Admiral Franz von Hipper 's battlecruisers spotted the Battlecruiser Fleet to their west at 3 : 20 p.m. , but Beatty 's ships did not spot the Germans to their east until 3 : 30 . Two minutes later , he ordered a course change to east south @-@ east to position himself astride the German 's line of retreat and called his ships ' crews to action stations . He also ordered the 2nd BCS , which had been leading , to fall in astern of the 1st BCS . Hipper ordered his ships to turn to starboard , away from the British , to assume a south @-@ easterly course , and to reduce speed to 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) to allow three light cruisers of the 2nd Scouting Group to catch up . With this turn Hipper was falling back on the High Seas Fleet , then about 60 miles ( 97 km ) behind him . Around this time Beatty altered course to the east as it was quickly apparent that he was still too far north to cut off Hipper .
This began what was to be called the " Run to the South " as Beatty changed course to steer east south @-@ east at 3 : 45 , paralleling Hipper 's course , now that the range closed to under 18 @,@ 000 yards ( 16 @,@ 000 m ) . The Germans opened fire first at 3 : 48 , followed by the British . The British ships were still in the process of making their turn as only the two leading ships , Lion and Princess Royal , had steadied on their course when the Germans opened fire . The British formation was echeloned to the right with Indefatigable in the rear and furthest to the west , and New Zealand ahead of her and slightly further east . The German fire was accurate from the beginning , but the British overestimated the range as the German ships blended into the haze . Indefatigable aimed at Von der Tann and New Zealand targeted Moltke while remaining unengaged herself . By 3 : 54 , the range was down to 12 @,@ 900 yards ( 11 @,@ 800 m ) and Beatty ordered a course change two points to starboard to open up the range at 3 : 57 .
Around 4 : 00 , Indefatigable was hit around the rear turret by two or three shells from Von der Tann . She fell out of formation to starboard and started sinking towards the stern and listing to port . Her magazines exploded at 4 : 03 after more hits , one on the forecastle and another on the forward turret . Smoke and flames gushed from the forward part of the ship and large pieces were thrown 200 feet ( 61 @.@ 0 m ) into the air . The most likely cause of her loss was a deflagration or low @-@ order explosion in ' X ' magazine that blew out her bottom and severed the steering control shafts , followed by the explosion of her forward magazines from the second volley . Von der Tann fired only fifty @-@ two 28 cm ( 11 in ) shells at Indefatigable before she exploded . Of her crew of 1 @,@ 019 , only two survived . While still in the water , two survivors found Indefatigable 's captain , C. F. Sowerby , who was badly wounded and died before they could be rescued . The two survivors , Able Seaman Frederick Arthur Gordon Elliott and Leading Signalman Charles Farmer , were rescued by the German torpedo boat S16 . A third survivor , Signalman John Bowyer , was picked up by another unknown German ship . He was incorrectly reported as a crew member from HMS Nestor in " The Times " on 24 June 1916 .
= = Indefatigable today = =
Indefatigable , along with the other Jutland wrecks , was belatedly declared a protected place under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 , to discourage further damage to the resting place of 1 @,@ 017 men . Mount Indefatigable in the Canadian Rockies was named after the battlecruiser in 1917 . The wreck was identified by nautical archaeologist Innes McCartney in 2001 , when it was found to have been heavily salvaged sometime in the past .
= 2010 Emory Healthcare 500 =
The 2010 Emory Healthcare 500 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race that was held on September 5 , 2010 at Atlanta Motor Speedway in Hampton , Georgia . Contested over 325 laps , it was the twenty @-@ fifth race of the 2010 Sprint Cup Series season . The race was won by Tony Stewart , for the Stewart Haas Racing team . Carl Edwards finished second , and Jimmie Johnson
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, who started seventh , clinched third .
Pole position driver Denny Hamlin maintained his lead on the first lap to begin the race , as Ryan Newman , who started in the second position remained behind him . Afterward , Newman became the leader . On lap 128 , Hamlin had an engine failure , finishing forty @-@ third . Later in the race Tony Stewart led a race high of seventy @-@ five laps . Stewart retained the first position on a final restart to clinch his third win at Atlanta Motor Speedway .
There were eight cautions and twenty @-@ seven lead changes among nine different drivers throughout the course of the race . It was Tony Stewart 's first win of the season and the thirty @-@ eighth of his career . The result moved him up two spots to fourth in the Drivers ' Championship , 283 points behind of leader Kevin Harvick and fourteen ahead of Carl Edwards . Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers ' Championship , thirty @-@ two ahead of Toyota and sixty @-@ six ahead of Ford , with eleven races remaining in the season . A total of 93 @,@ 200 people attended the race , while 5 @.@ 516 million watched it on television .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
Atlanta Motor Speedway is one of ten intermediate tracks to hold NASCAR races ; the others are Charlotte Motor Speedway , Chicagoland Speedway , Darlington Raceway , Homestead Miami Speedway , Kansas Speedway , Kentucky Speedway , Las Vegas Motor Speedway , New Hampshire Motor Speedway , and Texas Motor Speedway . The standard track at Atlanta Motor Speedway is a four @-@ turn quad @-@ oval track that is 1 @.@ 54 miles ( 2 @.@ 48 km ) long . The track 's turns are banked at twenty @-@ four degrees , while the front stretch , the location of the finish line , and the back stretch are banked at five .
Before the race , Kevin Harvick led the Drivers ' Championship with 3 @,@ 521 points , and Jeff Gordon stood in second with 3 @,@ 242 points . Kyle Busch was third in the Drivers ' Championship with 3 @,@ 170 points , Carl Edwards was fourth with 3 @,@ 113 points , and Denny Hamlin was in fifth with 3 @,@ 108 points . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet was leading with 173 points , twenty @-@ seven points ahead of their rival Toyota . Ford , with 110 points , was eleven points ahead of Dodge in the battle for third . Kasey Kahne was the race 's defending champion .
= = = Practice and qualifying = = =
Two practice sessions were held on Saturday , prior to the race . The first session lasted 120 minutes , while the second session was 45 minutes . During the first practice session , Kasey Kahne was quickest , ahead of Kurt Busch and Clint Bowyer in second and third . Jeff Burton was scored fourth quickest , while Denny Hamlin was fifth . In the second and final practice session , Ryan Newman was scored quickest , as Carl Edwards and Juan Pablo Montoya followed in the second and third positions . David Ragan was scored in the fourth position , while Bowyer followed in fifth .
During qualifying , forty @-@ seven cars were entered , but only forty @-@ three were able to start because of NASCAR 's qualifying procedure . Denny Hamlin clinched his eighth career pole position , with a time of 29 @.@ 587 seconds . He was joined on the front row by Newman . Kyle Busch qualified third , Edwards took fourth , and Tony Stewart started fifth . The four drivers that failed to qualify for the race were Jason Leffler , Landon Cassill , Scott Riggs , and Todd Bodine .
After winning the pole position , Hamlin stated , " I feel like the last 10 races have definitely been up and down for our team , " he said . " We were on such a hot streak there . We kind of got spoiled . The regular season was kind of irrelevant at that point because we knew we were going to get in the Chase . We 're going to treat these next two weeks as if we 're Chase racing . We found ourselves going for wins so much , going all @-@ out for wins , that it probably hurt us in the long run . These next two weeks , we 're going back to points racing . "
= = = Race = = =
The race , the twenty @-@ fifth in the season , began at 7 : 30 pm EDT and was televised live in the United States on ESPN . Before the race , conditions were sunny with a temperature of 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) . Joe Gibbs began the pre @-@ race ceremonies , by giving the invocation . Next , Ernie Haase and Signature Sound performed the national anthem , and Terry Green , Emory Healthcare 's 500th heart transplant recipient , gave the command for drivers to start their engines .
Denny Hamlin retained his pole position lead into the first corner , followed by Ryan Newman in the second position . Newman was challenging Hamlin , on the first lap . Tony Stewart maintained his starting position of fifth on the grid , as Jimmie Johnson was seventh . Kyle Busch was passed by Carl Edwards , two laps later . After starting seventeenth , Mark Martin had fallen to twenty @-@ seventh by the sixth lap . Busch reclaimed third , passing Edwards , one lap later . After eight laps of continuous racing , Hamlin had a lead of eight tenths of a second , as Johnson moved to fifth . Martin , then fell to thirtieth because of car handling problems . On lap 13 , Johnson , followed by Stewart , moved into the fourth and fifth positions , after passing Edwards .
Two laps later , Newman passed Hamlin for the lead . Juan Pablo Montoya claimed the tenth position , as Jeff Gordon fell to eleventh . On lap 23 , Greg Biffle was scored twelfth , Gordon was fourteenth , and Kurt Busch , who won here in the 2010 Kobalt Tools 500 , was running in the twenty @-@ third position . Hamlin moved back into the lead position from passing Newman . After thirty laps of green flag racing , lap times fell considerably because of tire wear . On the same lap , Kyle Busch , who started third , passed Newman for second . On lap 39 , Michael McDowell and Joe Nemechek drove their cars to the garage , as Hamlin had a 1 @.@ 9 second lead over Kyle Busch in second . Mike Bliss followed Nemechek and McDowell into the garage two laps later .
On lap 44 , green flag pit stops began , as Sam Hornish , Jr. drove to pit road . Five laps later , Hamlin and Kyle Busch , who were first and second , made their pit stops . Kyle Busch became the leader , but because of excessive speed on pit road , he had to serve a drive @-@ through penalty . Afterward , Stewart became the leader , as J. J. Yeley drove his car to the garage . On lap 55 , Hamlin passed Stewart for the first position . Once green flag pit stops were completed , Hamlin was in first , followed by Stewart , Truex , Jr . , Kahne , and Newman to round out the top five positions . Kahne , who started tenth , moved Truex , Jr. from the third position to fourth , after passing him on lap 62 . Two laps later , Stewart passed Hamlin to move into the first position .
On lap 70 , Kyle Busch drove to pit road , because of a loose wheel . Six laps later , Ryan Newman fell two positions to eleventh , after being passed by Paul Menard and Kevin Harvick . Afterward on lap 80 , Edwards passed Kahne to move into the third position . Five laps later , Menard moved to seventh on the grid , after passing Biffle . Afterwards , more green flag pit stops began . On lap 88 , Stewart , who was the leader , was passed by Hamlin . Three laps later , Stewart reclaimed the lead . Stewart only led three laps until he returned the lead to Hamlin for one lap . Stewart pitted on lap 97 , as pit stops continued . Afterward , Stewart remained first , ahead of Hamlin , Edwards , Truex , and Kahne .
On lap 127 , Hamlin reclaimed the lead , as debris in turn four prompted the caution out . Hamlin led on the restart , but three laps later , he fell to fifth , as Edwards claimed the lead . Hamlin , who started on the pole position , went to the garage , as his engine failed , which prompted the second caution . Stewart regained the lead after pit stops completed . Immediately after the restart , Biffle spun sideways , and collided with Elliott Sadler to bring out the third caution . Both obtained excessive damage , and went to the garage for repairs . Stewart remained the leader on the restart , but was overtaken by Johnson . Kyle Busch , who was a lap down after his drive @-@ through penalty , had recovered to sixth . One lap later , Gordon moved into the sixth position , after passing Busch .
On lap 170 , Stewart passed Johnson to move into the first position . After struggling with car handling during the first half of the race , Kurt Busch had moved from thirty @-@ second to sixteenth by lap 171 . Seven laps later , Jamie McMurray had a flat tire , and drove to pit road , which caused him to fall to the twenty @-@ sixth position . By lap 182 , Stewart had a 2 @.@ 1 second lead over Johnson in second place . On lap 191 , Kevin Harvick moved into the fourth position , as Stewart puts his teammate , Ryan Newman , a lap down . Eight laps later , the fourth caution came out as David Ragan spun sideways on the back stretch . Every driver in the lead lap pitted under the caution . Stewart retained the first position on the restart . On the restart , drivers were racing furiously , by going three wide ( three cars side @-@ by @-@ side ) around the track . On lap 207 , Johnson claimed second away from Edwards , as Gordon fell to the eighth position .
Montoya , who started eighth , passed Kyle Busch for fourth , three laps later . On lap 222 , Montoya moved into the third position , as Johnson showed his displeasure from the previous race with him with a hand gesture . One lap later , Biffle returned to the race , seventy @-@ one laps down in the thirty @-@ ninth position , but would lose power to his race car after four laps . After 229 laps , Stewart had a 3 @.@ 9 second lead over second placed Edwards . Eleven laps later , Johnson fell to the fifth position , after being passed by Kyle Busch . On lap 243 , Menard drove to pit road because of engine problems . Three laps later , Harvick moved into fifth , after passing Johnson . Then , Edwards passed Stewart to become the leader of the race . Four laps later , Edwards was on pit road , as debris from Harvick 's race car , after a tire flat , prompted the fifth caution . On lap 256 , Harvick drove to pit road to repair his front bumper of his race car .
After Harvick drove through pit road the first time , it caused a scoring error , so he was held a lap to fix it . Edwards led on the restart , but within two laps Scott Speed had an engine failure to bring out the sixth caution . Kurt Busch stayed off pit road during the caution to become the leader . Five laps later , on lap 280 , Kahne passed Kurt Busch for the first position . One lap later , Johnson passed Kyle Busch for the fourth position . On lap 283 , Edwards , followed by Johnson , passed Kurt Busch for second and third . Nine laps later , Stewart passed Kyle Busch for the fifth position . Three laps later , Brad Keselowski collided with the outside wall hard enough to bring out the caution .
Edwards became the leader after the pit stops , but one lap after the restart , Stewart reclaimed the lead , as Kurt Busch and Kasey Kahne collided . On lap 302 , the eighth caution was given because Kahne 's tire deflated . The restart was on lap 307 , with Stewart the leader . Three laps later , Kevin Harvick returned to pit road , as Jeff Burton passed Kurt Busch for fifth . On lap 314 , Kyle passed his brother Kurt Busch for sixth . By lap 316 , Stewart had a 1 @.@ 2 second lead over Edwards . With three laps remaining , Kahne showed his anger with Newman , after the contact that sent him collided into Kurt Busch . Tony Stewart crossed the line to win the race , over a second ahead of second place Carl Edwards . Jimmie Johnson maintained third while Jeff Burton and Kyle Busch
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was annoyed that all the women have " disturbing tendency to all have the same silicone stiffened chests " and that characters typically wear mad grins . Upatkoon found the artwork of the anime version to be good , and he particularly enjoyed the opening sequence , but took issue with the occasionally inconsistent character designs . He also appreciated the show 's dichotomy between serious and humorous subject matter , shown by the titular ship in its grappler mode and how it communicates with the crew . Poirier found the main protagonist Gene to be the anime 's best characterization : " Gene Starwind is a sly , sharp @-@ shooting hero whose success with his gun ( and with the ladies ) is matched only by his propensity to get space @-@ sick . Imagine that : the star of a space @-@ faring series has to continually worry about vomiting onto his control panel . This sort of ironic comedy can be found throughout Outlaw Star , creating excellent segues between the fantastic action sequences and the delightful characters . " Poirier was intrigued by its other characters as well , and was impressed by the " sharp but fluid " animation style and the spaceship designs . Mania.com 's David Owens appreciated the artistic style specifically for the characters , nearly all of which he incidentally found likeable . Jacob Churosh of THEM Anime Reviews additionally noted high animation quality throughout . Although he proclaimed the vehicle designs of Outlaw Star to be superb , Protoculture Addicts writer Martin Ouellette judged the animation and character designs to be " less lucky " and lacking in " the special aura " of Sunrise 's acclaimed 1998 series Cowboy Bebop . Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy , authors of the The Anime Encyclopedia agreeably denoted Outlaw Star as " no competition for Cowboy Bebop in terms of style , content , or execution " .
Critical reception for the plot of Outlaw Star has been mixed . Churosh found that though the series features many clichés of 1990 's science fiction anime , Outlaw Star manages to transcend them as well . " Maybe it doesn 't go anywhere that other series haven 't already been , " the reviewer stated . " But boy , does it have a damn good time getting there . " Upatkoon observed that the plot " [ takes ] off with a bang at the beginning " and then begins to drag . Keith Dawe of Animerica also noted this about the anime 's pacing , stating that even as the first few episodes do well to begin the narrative , the show 's writers rely too heavily on inertia to advance it . He went on to remark that the series suffers from " unfocused scripting " and that " one has to endure the occasional cheesy episode to reap the rewards of a show that is clever , pragmatic and amusing " . However , Dawe did regard the English script writing and voice acting , and called the over @-@ the @-@ top introductory narration for each episode a reminder that the show should be enjoyed for what it was . Owens commented that the plot will not seem very original , but that it does seem to have direction , despite said direction not being very clear .
Outlaw Star has received very modest commercial success and miscellaneous viewer recognition . The initial shipment of the manga 's first volume sold out nationwide in Japan . According to Morning Star Studio 's English website , the Outlaw Star manga has sold 250 @,@ 000 copies , though the anime series was less successful . The Outlaw Star television series was aired in Japan during a late night timeslot because it was not likely to obtain more than one or two percent viewership like prime time shows . Outlaw Star was voted as the 20th best anime of 1999 in the Japanese Animage Anime Grand Prix . During a summer 2001 online poll to determine which show would return to Toonami , Outlaw Star received approximately two @-@ thirds of the more than 150 @,@ 000 votes cast . In August 2002 , Cartoon Network announced that the late @-@ night Adult Swim Outlaw Star received a Nielsen rating of 0 @.@ 9 , up 125 percent for that same time slot and a delivery of 414 @,@ 000 , up 135 percent for the 18 – 34 age range . The Outlaw Star Complete Collection was the 21st best @-@ selling anime DVD in the United States in 2006 and the 25th in 2007 . In 2012 , Bandai 's North American division , Bandai Entertainment , listed Outlaw Star as one of its top five most successful anime properties . Josh Pool of IGN listed Outlaw Star at number six on its " Top Ten Anime Themes and Soundtracks of All @-@ Time " , noting a stark polarity between the opening and ending themes .
= = Legacy = =
In 1999 , Sunrise Studios produced a spin @-@ off television series titled Angel Links ( 星方天使エンジェルリンクス , Seihō Tenshi Enjeru Rinkusu , lit . " Angels of the Stars : Angel Links " ) . Outlaw Star and Angel Links take place in the same universe ; characters from both series appeared in an episode of Outlaw Star , but the two have little else in relation . Morning Star Studio also drafted a proposed sequel to Outlaw Star in the form of a single @-@ episode OVA special titled Outlaw Star 2 : Sword of Wind on its official website with character designs and a plot outline . Set three years after the events of Outlaw Star , it was to continue the adventures of Gene Starwind in his new starship named " Sword of Wind " . Due to the lack of the franchise 's popularity in Japan and the busy schedule of animation director Mitsuru Hongo , no production date was set . In October 2001 , Takehiko Itō commented that his team only had static , preliminary plans for the sequel series and that they could perhaps continue the manga series in the future . Staff have also expressed their hopes of there being a sequel on television to the original anime series .
= Isopogon anethifolius =
Isopogon anethifolius , commonly known as narrowleaf- or narrow @-@ leafed drumsticks , is a shrub in the family Proteaceae . The species is found only in coastal areas near Sydney , Australia , and to the immediate west . It occurs naturally in woodland , open forest and heathland on sandstone soils . An upright shrub , it can reach to 3 m ( 10 ft ) in height , with terete leaves that are divided and narrow . The yellow flowers appear from September to December and are prominently displayed . They are followed by round grey cones , which give the plant its common name of drumsticks . The small hairy seeds are found in the old flower parts .
Isopogon anethifolius regenerates after bushfire by resprouting from its woody base , known as a lignotuber , as well as from seed . It was described by Richard Salisbury in 1796 , and was first grown in the United Kingdom the same year . One of the easiest members of the genus Isopogon to grow in cultivation , I. anethifolius grows readily in the garden if located in a sunny or part @-@ shaded spot with sandy soil and good drainage .
= = Description = =
Isopogon anethifolius is a shrub usually between 1 and 3 m ( 3 and 10 ft ) high with an upright habit ( tall and thin with mostly vertical stems ) . It generally grows taller in more sheltered areas such as woodlands , and shorter in more exposed areas . The stems are reddish in colour , and new growth in winter is tinged with reddish and tan tones . The leaves are terete ( round in cross section ) and less than 1 mm ( 1 ⁄ 25 in ) in diameter . They branch once or twice in their 16 cm ( 6 1 ⁄ 4 in ) length . The globular yellow flowerheads , known as inflorescences , appear at the ends of branches in spring and early summer ( September to December ) , though occasionally at other times of year . These are up to 4 cm ( 1 1 ⁄ 2 in ) in diameter . The individual flowers arise out of the central woody globe in a spiral pattern , and are around 1 @.@ 2 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 in ) long . They are straight stalkless structures that originate from a scale on the globe , composed of a tubular structure known as the perianth , which envelopes the flower 's sexual organs . The perianth splits into four segments , revealing a thin delicate style that is tipped with the stigma . At the ends of the four perianth segments are the male pollen @-@ bearing structures known as anthers . Arranged in a spiral pattern , the flowers open from the outer / bottom of the flowerhead inwards . The egg @-@ shaped grey cones are revealed as the old flower parts fall away , and are up to 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 in ) in diameter . The seed @-@ bearing nuts are small — up to 4 mm ( 3 ⁄ 16 in ) across — and lined with hairs . The seed weighs around 4 mg ( 0 @.@ 00014 oz ) .
The terete leaves readily distinguish Isopogon anethifolius from other members of the genus , which have flat leaves and are greater than 1 mm ( 1 ⁄ 25 in ) across . On a microscopic level , the supporting ground tissue of I. anethifolius differs from some of its genus by its irregular misshapen sclereids ( thick @-@ walled cells that make up part of the ground tissue ) and contorted cell body .
= = Taxonomy = =
Isopogon anethifolius was among the plants collected by English botanist Joseph Banks and Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander on 5 May 1770 at Botany Bay during the first voyage of Captain James Cook . A drawing by Scottish artist Sydney Parkinson was the source for a subsequent painting by James Britten , published in 1905 .
English botanist Richard Salisbury described this species in 1796 as Protea anethifolia , from a specimen collected in Port Jackson ( Sydney ) . The species name is derived from the Latin words anethum " dill " and folium " leaf " , from the resemblance of its leaves to those of the herb . The common name is variously written as narrowleaf- , narrow @-@ leaf- , or narrow @-@ leafed drumsticks . The common name drumsticks is derived from the globular cones of the members of the genus .
In 1799 , the Spanish botanist Antonio José Cavanilles described Protea acufera , later identified as a synonym by Salisbury and Robert Brown . I. anethifolius gained its current name in 1809 when it was redescribed as the dill @-@ leaved isopogon ( Isopogon anethifolius ) by English plantsman Joseph Knight in his controversial work On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae . Robert Brown had written of the genus Isopogon but Knight had hurried out his work before Brown 's . Brown 's description appeared in his paper On the natural order of plants called Proteaceae in the Transactions of the Linnean Society in 1810 .
French naturalist Michel Gandoger described four taxa in 1919 that he regarded as similar to ( but distinct from ) I. anethifolius . I. confertus was a plant from Rylstone on the Central Tablelands , which he distinguished by its crowded leaves that were 7 – 8 cm ( 2 3 ⁄ 4 – 3 1 ⁄ 4 in ) long . I. eriophorus was a plant with more scattered leaves that were 12 – 14 cm ( 4 3 ⁄ 4 – 5 1 ⁄ 2 in ) long . He described I. globosus from the Port Jackson district on the basis of round ( rather than oval ) infructescences ( cones ) , and I. virgatulus from Western Australia . All four were subsequently synonymised with I. anethifolius . Gandoger described 212 taxa of Australian plants , almost all of which turned out to be species already described .
The 1891 publication Revisio generum plantarum was German botanist Otto Kuntze 's response to what he perceived as poor method in existing nomenclatural practice . Because Isopogon was based on Isopogon anemonifolius , and that species had already been placed by Salisbury in the segregate genus Atylus in 1807 , Kuntze revived the latter genus on the grounds of priority , and made the new combination Atylus anethifolius . However , Kuntze 's revisionary program was not accepted by the majority of botanists . Ultimately , the genus Isopogon was nomenclaturally conserved over Atylus by the International Botanical Congress of 1905 .
Like all species in the Isopogon genus , I. anethifolius has 13 haploid chromosomes .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Isopogon anethifolius is found only in New South Wales , where it occurs in the Sydney Basin and surrounds , from Braidwood northwards to Mount Coricudgy in Wollemi National Park . The annual rainfall in these areas ranges from 900 to 1600 mm ( 35 – 60 in ) . The species occurs naturally from sea level to 1200 m ( 4000 ft ) altitude and is found on sandstone in heathland and dry sclerophyll woodland . Typical trees it is associated with include the scribbly gums Eucalyptus haemastoma and E. sclerophylla and silvertop ash ( E. sieberi ) , open forest plants such as soft geebung ( Persoonia mollis ) , and heathland plants such as heath banksia ( Banksia ericifolia ) , dwarf she @-@ oak ( Allocasuarina nana ) and Wingello grevillea ( Grevillea molyneuxii ) .
= = Ecology = =
Isopogon anethifolius resprouts from its woody base , known as a lignotuber , after bushfire . It is also serotinous — the seeds are held on the plant as a canopy @-@ based seedbank and are released after fire . These then fall directly to the ground or are blown a short distance by wind . Plants resprouting from the lignotuber can flower in around two and a half years , while seedlings take around three and a half years .
Leaf spotting is caused by the fungus Vizella . Flower buds may be damaged by weevils .
= = Cultivation = =
Isopogon anethifolius was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1796 . Along with Isopogon dawsonii , it is the easiest member of the genus to grow . The fine foliage , red stems , bright yellow flowers in spring and distinctive drumsticks afterwards make I. anethifolius an appealing garden plant . It has potential as a screening plant ( its dense foliage can be used for privacy ) . It prefers acidic soil with extra water , though it does not tolerate waterlogging . A part @-@ shaded position is the preferred location , though I. anethifolius grows readily in full sun . Plants can withstand frosts to − 8 ° C ( 20 ° F ) . Fertiliser applied in spring assists growth . Young plants can grow long stems that eventually droop , and respond well to pruning . The species can be propagated by cuttings or seeds , which germinate after 30 to 60 days . Flowering can take several years from seed . Western Australian Isopogon species including I. cuneatus and I. latifolius have been grafted onto rootstocks of this species . The flowers , cones and foliage are used in the cut @-@ flower industry .
= 1996 Orange Bowl ( December ) =
The 63rd Orange Bowl , also known as the 1996 Orange Bowl , was a 1996 – 1997 Bowl Alliance game played on December 31 , 1996 between the Nebraska Cornhuskers and the Virginia Tech Hokies . Virginia Tech , champions of the Big East Conference , came into the game with a 10 – 1 record and # 10 AP ranking , whereas Nebraska , members of the Big 12 Conference , came into the game with a 10 – 2 and No. 6 ranking . In a high @-@ scoring affair , Nebraska defeated Virginia Tech , 41 – 21 .
Due to Bowl Alliance ( predecessor to the Bowl Championship Series ) rules , the Orange Bowl following the 1996 season was played on December 31 , instead of January 1 or later . This marked the first time that an Orange Bowl was played prior to New Year 's Day : there were two Orange Bowls in the same calendar year — one in January , following the 1995 season , and the other in December , following the 1996 season . The Orange Bowl Committee , which had the fourth and sixth selections of eligible Bowl Alliance teams , selected Big East champions Virginia Tech and Nebraska , an at @-@ large selection that appeared to be a national championship game contender before its loss to Texas in the inaugural Big 12 Championship Game .
The weeks before the game were filled with controversy , as both teams had multiple players arrested or charged with crimes . Despite having lost their last game before the Orange Bowl , Nebraska was heavily favored over Virginia Tech , as spread bettors favored the Cornhuskers by 16 or 17 points , depending on the source used . The Cornhuskers had won the 1994 and 1995 national championships , and presented an imposing history when compared with that of Virginia Tech , which had posted its most important win in school history at the end of the previous season , defeating Texas in the 1995 Sugar Bowl .
On December 31 , the weather was clear and warm at the start of the game , though a light rain began to fall in the fourth quarter . Virginia Tech scored first , taking a 7 – 0 lead at the end of the first quarter — its only advantage in the game . In the second quarter , Nebraska scored three times for 17 points , taking a 17 – 7 lead before Virginia Tech quarterback Jim Druckenmiller threw a touchdown pass with 19 seconds remaining in the first half , cutting Nebraska 's lead to 17 – 14 . In the third quarter , the two teams alternated scores , with Nebraska maintaining a three or 10 @-@ point lead throughout . At the end of the third quarter , Nebraska had a 31 – 21 lead . In the final quarter of the game , Nebraska scored 10 unanswered points as the Cornhuskers used their large number of backup players to advantage . The final score was 41 – 21 , Nebraska .
= = Team selection = =
During the 1996 season , the Orange Bowl was a member of the Bowl Alliance , a precursor to the modern Bowl Championship Series . The Bowl Alliance was formed prior to the 1995 college football season in an effort to match the No. 1 and No. 2 teams at the conclusion of the regular season while also ensuring other high @-@ ranking teams were allowed to participate in high @-@ profile bowl games . The Alliance included the Southeastern Conference , Big 12 Conference , Atlantic Coast Conference , and Big East Conference . As agreed , the champions of each conference would play in one of three Bowl Alliance games : the Orange Bowl , Sugar Bowl , and Fiesta Bowl . The Big Ten and Pac @-@ 10 conferences , which had a separate agreement with the Rose Bowl , were not included in the Bowl Alliance until 1998 , when the Alliance became the Bowl Championship Series .
In 1996 , the Orange Bowl had the fourth and sixth selections from eligible Bowl Alliance teams . The Sugar Bowl had the top two picks , while the Fiesta Bowl , which had the top picks in 1995 , received the third and fifth picks . Due to Bowl Alliance restrictions , the Orange Bowl at the end of the 1996 season had to be played on December 31 , marking the first time in the history of the Orange Bowl that the game was not played in January and that there were two Orange Bowls in the same year — one at the end of the 1995 season , and the other at the conclusion of the 1996 season . The only other time was in 2014 , the first year of the college football playoffs .
= = = Nebraska = = =
The Nebraska Cornhuskers began the 1996 season having won the national championship in both 1994 and 1995 . Though Nebraska was now a member of a new conference — the former Big Eight Conference had been merged with four Texas schools to become the Big 12 — it was widely expected that Nebraska would repeat the performance for a third time in 1996 .
Nebraska was ranked No. 1 in the Associated Press preseason poll , and lived up to the ranking in its first game of the season . On September 7 , Nebraska overwhelmed the Michigan State Spartans , 55 – 14 . After an off week , however , Nebraska fans were shocked by one of the first big national upsets of the season as Nebraska was shut out by No. 17 Arizona State , 19 – 0 . The loss dropped Nebraska to No. 8 in the rankings , but as the season wore on , Nebraska rose through the ranks as the Cornhuskers won seven consecutive games . Nebraska 's 10 – 1 record to that point earned it a trip to the first @-@ ever Big 12 Championship Game in St. Louis , Missouri , against the Texas Longhorns .
Despite Nebraska 's early @-@ season loss , the Cornhuskers still had a chance to win a record @-@ setting third consecutive national championship . A win against Texas would earn Nebraska a bid to the Sugar Bowl and
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1985 agreement with the New York city public health commissioner 's office , over publication of nutritional data regarding the food it sells , helped define guidelines used by the city for the dissemination of nutritional information . In a five @-@ month negotiation with Burger King and its then parent Grand Metropolitan PLC ( now part of Diageo ) , the company agreed to post complete nutritional information that complied with the Federal Government 's guidelines for the maximum daily recommended intake of fat and sodium . Additionally the data was to be presented in a format easy for the general public to understand and use . On the basis of this agreement , New York public health commissioner Mark Green , with support of Mayor David Dinkins , proposed legislation that would require all fast food restaurants to display nutritional data as well .
In response to the 2006 introduction of the BK XXL product line in Spain , the Spanish Health Ministry publicly claimed that the company had violated a voluntary agreement between the company and the Spanish Federation of Hoteliers and Restaurateurs , a group to which Burger King belongs , that called on its members to refrain from advertising large portions of food . The Minister of Health , Elena Salgado , claimed that the new promotion and the new sandwiches , averaging over 970 calories each , violated the accord . The head of Spain 's food regulatory body , Felix Lobo , stated a legal case could be made against Burger King for " illegally failing to comply with a contract " . In a response to the Government 's allegations , the European offices of Burger King released this statement : " In this campaign , we are simply promoting a line of burgers that has formed part of our menu in recent years . Our philosophy can be summed up with the motto ' As you like it , ' in which our customers ' taste trumps all . " The company also explained that it had always worked " to reduce the risk of illness provoked by an inadequate diet and to promote a balanced ... diet . " A spokesperson for the company stated that customers have the choice of salads versus a Whopper , that they have the option to modify their sandwiches as they please , and that the company was going to continue to advertising the products .
In May 2007 , the Center for Science in the Public Interest ( CSPI ) sought a state @-@ level class action lawsuit against Burger King in the Superior Court for the District of Columbia over the inclusion of trans @-@ fats in foods served by Burger King and Burger King 's failure to set a definitive time line for their elimination from the company 's menu . The CSPI suit sought to require the company to place large heath warnings on Burger King 's food packaging that explained the dangers of trans @-@ fat and the levels of trans @-@ fat contained in its products . Burger King sought to move the case to the Federal courts and have the suit dismissed . The Federal Court denied the company 's motion for dismissal and sent the case back to the Superior Court for trial . To address the CSPI 's legal challenge , as well as several laws passed in New York City , Philadelphia and other cities regarding the issue of trans @-@ fats in its food , BK announced a plan in July 2007 to phase out all trans @-@ fats from its products by the end of 2008 .
In response to the issue of childhood obesity , Burger King announced in October 2007 that it was joining The Council of Better Business Bureau 's Children 's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative . The program is a voluntary self @-@ regulation program designed to modify advertising messages aimed at children so as to encourage healthier eating habits and lifestyles . As part of its participation in the program , Burger King announced a series of steps in its advertising and children 's product lines to which it was committing itself :
... In addition , Burger King Corp. will :
Restrict advertising to children under 12 that uses third @-@ party licensed characters to Kids Meals that meet its Nutrition Guidelines
Refrain from advertising in elementary schools and from product placement in media primarily aimed at children under 12
Promote Kids Meals that meet its Nutrition Guidelines on its Web site
Promote healthy lifestyles and healthy dietary choices in advertising
The modified Kid 's Meal line will include new products , such as broiled Chicken Tenders , apple " fries " ( French cut , raw apples served in a fry box ) , and Kraft macaroni and cheese . According to the statement by the company 's corporate parent , Burger King Brands , the meals will contain no more than 560 calories per meal , with less than 30 percent of the calories derived from fat , less than 10 percent of the calories from saturated fat , no added trans fats and no more than 10 percent of calories derived from added sugars . As of August 1 , 2008 , Burger King has introduced the product line in the United States , but not the broiled Chicken Tenders product available in the United Kingdom and Ireland .
= = = Labor = = =
A protracted South Florida labor dispute between the Coalition of Immokalee Workers ( CIW ) and growers of tomatoes in the region expanded to include Burger King and other major fast food companies , including McDonald 's and Yum ! Brands . In 2001 , the CIW sought a pay raise for tomato pickers in the region and , starting with its Boot the Bell campaign aimed at Yum ! subsidiary Taco Bell , began to target the chains with protests , letter writing campaigns , and petitions demanding that the companies purchase tomatoes only from suppliers who agree to the pay increase . The campaign , which eventually attracted the support of religious groups , labor organizations , student groups and anti @-@ slavery activists , became known as the Campaign for Fair Food with a stated goal to increase the wages of the pickers by 1 ¢ per pound picked above the 45 ¢ paid per bucket at the time , or about 77 ¢ for each 32 @-@ pound ( 14 @.@ 5 kg ) bucket in 2005 US dollars . In 2005 , McDonald 's Corporation and Yum ! signed agreements acquiescing to the group 's purchasing demands , although implementation was put on hold due to threats by the Florida Tomato Growers Exchange to fine its members $ 100 @,@ 000 if they complied ; however , Burger King corporate parent Burger King Brands declined to enter into a similar agreement with the group .
A December 2007 QSR Magazine article about the conflict claimed that Burger King Brands had devised a contingency plan to remove itself from the dispute . Citing internal company documents , the Associated Press stated BK had concerns that such agreements might prove to be a possible violation of anti @-@ trust laws , had possible tax implications , and that there were issues with third @-@ party oversight for the agreements . As part of the company 's plan , QSR Magazine claimed that the company was going to cease purchasing product from suppliers with whom the CIW was in disagreement . In response , the company issued a press release in February 2007 claiming that while it is a large purchaser , it is not responsible for the pay rates of it suppliers ' workers as wage disputes are the province of the producer . BK also pointed out that it has an open offer of employment for any dissatisfied CIW members and scholarships ( through its Have it Your Way Foundation ) for family members of CIW workers .
In the release , Steven Grover , BK Vice President of Global Food Safety , Quality Assurance , and Regulatory Compliance , confirmed the factuality of the QSR report and that if the dispute between the growers and the CIW continues , the company would go forward with its plans to stop purchasing tomatoes from farms in the Immokalee region . The company stated it would purchase only one percent of its tomatoes from that area and other suppliers could easily make up the difference . Speaking on the dispute , Grover stated , " We ’ re being asked to do something that we have legal questions about . We want to find a way to make sure that workers are protected and receive a decent wage . " CIW spokesperson Julia Perkins faulted this move , stating , " ... farm workers across the country and world face the same problems as those in the Immokalee region , but many do not have a human rights organization , such as the CIW , to stand up for their interests . Running away from the scene of the crime , does that make you any more innocent ? Are they really willing to pay an exorbitantly higher transportation cost [ s ] to bring in tomatoes from overseas or Mexico and pass that on to their customers rather than pay a penny more per pound ? "
In an April 2008 Senate hearing chaired by U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders ( I @-@ VT ) regarding farm conditions , Eric Schlosser , author of the best @-@ selling Fast Food Nation , commented on Burger King 's recalcitrance to sign an agreement with the CIW while Yum ! and McDonald 's had . Schlosser stated , " The admirable behavior of these two industry giants makes the behavior or Burger King ... seem completely unjustifiable . "
In May 2008 , several issues came to the fore that damaged the credibility of Burger King and its position on the topic . Steven Grover was found to be trolling websites that have posted pro @-@ CIW positions and opinions ; under an assumed screen name , Grover posted several comments disparaging the ethics and honesty of the leadership of the group . Besides the trolling incident , Grover was tied to several terse , stridently worded e @-@ mails sent from a possibly fictitious employee name at the BK global headquarters in Miami to supporters and media groups ; the company labeled these communications as unsanctioned and not reflecting official corporate positions . Additionally , Burger King was found to have hired an outside security company , Pembroke Pines , Florida based Diplomatic Tactical Services , to infiltrate the CIW and its supporting groups and spy on their members . After these issues came to light , BK terminated Grover and company spokesman Keva Silversmith , as well as its relationship with Diplomatic Tactical Services . Critics of the personnel action , such as PR Watch editor Sheldon Rampton , noted that it appeared that the two terminated employees were being made scapegoats by the company . Rampton went on to note that Silversmith had been , up to a few weeks before the story came to light , employed by the PR firm Edelman , which had been contracted by company parent Burger King Brands to provide PR services ; Edelman has employed tactics on the behalf of its other clients , Wal @-@ Mart and Microsoft , which Rampton and his organization termed " sleazy " . Sen. Sanders agreed with Rampton 's claim of scapegoating , and called for hearings into the incidents to investigate the company 's behaviors to see if other Burger King officers had instigated the attacks on the labor group as company policy . Sanders stated that he wished to " make sure that we find out how high up the corporate ladder this scheme went " .
The issue was resolved on May 23 , 2008 when BK CEO John Chidsey announced an agreement with the CIW granting the requested 1 ¢ pay increase to the workers . Chidsey also apologized on behalf of the company for the comments made about the pickers and the behavior of Grover and Silversmith . Additionally , the company agreed to provide a ½ ¢ per pound payment to the CIW to cover payroll taxes and administrative costs for the tomato growers .
= = = Israel , Palestine & the occupied territories = = =
In the summer of 1999 , a geopolitical dispute with the global Islamic community and Jewish groups in the United States and Israel arose over an Israeli franchisee opening stores in the Israeli @-@ occupied territories . When Burger King franchisee in Israel , Rikamor , Ltd . , opened a store in the West Bank settlement of Ma 'aleh Adumim in August of that year , Islamic groups , including the Arab League and American Muslims for Jerusalem , argued that international Burger King parent Burger King Corporation 's licensing of the store helped legitimize the illegal settlement . Beyond the called @-@ for Islamic boycott of the company , the Arab League also threatened the revocation of the business licenses of Burger King 's primary Middle Eastern franchise in the 22 countries that are part of the League 's membership .
Burger King Corporation quickly pulled the franchise license for that location and had the store shuttered explaining that Rikamor , Ltd. had violated its contract by opening the location in the West Bank . Several American @-@ based Jewish groups issued statements that denounced the decision as acceding to threats of boycotts by Islamic groups . Burger King Corporation issued a statement that it " made this decision purely on a commercial basis and in the best interests of thousands of people who depend on the Burger King reputation for their livelihood " .
= = = Islamic relations = = =
An issue of a religious nature arose in 2005 in the United Kingdom when Burger King introduced a new prepackaged ice cream product ; the label of the product included a silhouette of the ice cream that when rotated on its side bore a resemblance to the Islamic inscription for God , Allah ( الله ) . When a British Muslim named Rashad Akhtar , a resident of the community of High Wycombe , was presented with the ice cream cone in a Park Royal Burger King restaurant , he noticed the resemblance and became angered at what he felt was an offense to the Islamic faith . After being informed of the likeness , the local Islamic group Muslim Council of Britain pointed out the issue of the possible interpretation to Burger King and its relevance to Shariah , the Muslim version of canon law which governs the lives of members of the Islamic faith and carries the same weight as civil law in their belief structure . The company responded by voluntarily recalling the product and reissuing it with a new label . The Muslim Council praised the company for its " sensitive and prompt action " in resolving the matter ; however , Akhtar was not satisfied with the company 's withdrawal of the product .
In response to the perceived blasphemy , Akhtar declared it was his personal jihad to find those responsible for the packaging and destroy their professional status , personal life and the UK as a whole for having a culture allowing the insult to occur . This event , Akhtar 's reaction and other similar issues with companies such as Nike and Unilever have been used by conservative political critics , such as James Joyner , claiming that western nations and organizations are kowtowing in too easily to Muslims ' claims or threats and by commentators , including author Daniel C. Dennett , highlighting how factions of the Islamic faith gravitate towards iconoclasm .
= = Cases of note = =
= = = Burger King Corporation v. Hungry Jack 's Pty Limited = = =
When Burger King moved to expand its operations into Australia in the early 1970s , its business name was already trademarked by a takeaway food shop in Adelaide . As a result , Burger King provided the Australian franchisee , Jack Cowin , with a list of possible alternative names derived from pre @-@ existing trademarks already registered by Burger King and its then corporate parent Pillsbury that could be used to name the Australian restaurants . Cowin selected the Hungry Jack brand name , one of Pillsbury 's US pancake mixture products , and slightly changed the name to the possessive form , Hungry Jack 's . The first Australian franchise of Burger King Corporation was established in Perth in 1971 , under the auspices of Cowin 's new company Hungry Jack 's Pty , Limited .
In 1990 , Hungry Jack 's renewed its franchise agreement with then BK parent Burger King Corporation , which allowed Hungry Jack 's to license third party franchisee . One of the terms and conditions of the renewed agreement required Hungry Jack 's to open a minimum number of new locations each year for the duration of the contract . Shortly after the Australian trademark on the Burger King name lapsed in 1996 , Burger King requested that Cowin rebrand the Hungry Jack 's locations to Burger King , which Cowin declined . Burger King Corporation accused Hungry Jack 's of violating the conditions of the renewed franchise agreement by failing to expand the chain at the rate defined and sought to terminate the agreement . Under the aegis of this claim , Burger King Corporation , in partnership with Royal Dutch Shell 's Australian division Shell Company of Australia Ltd . , began to open its own stores in 1997 beginning in Sydney and extending throughout the regions of New South Wales , Australian Capital Territory and Victoria . In addition , BK sought to limit HJ 's ability to open new locations in the country , whether they were corporate locations or third @-@ party licensees .
As a result of Burger King 's actions , Hungry Jack 's owner Jack Cowin and his private holding company Competitive Foods Australia began legal proceedings in 2001 against Burger King 's parent Burger King Corporation with a counter @-@ claim that the company had violated the conditions of the master franchising agreement and was in breach of the contract . In a decision handed down by the Supreme Court of New South Wales that affirmed Cowin 's claims , Burger King was determined to have violated the terms of the contract and as a result was required to pay Cowin and Hungry Jack 's a A $ 46 @.@ 9 million ( US $ 41 @.@ 6 million 2001 ) award . The court 's decision was one of the first major cases in Australia that implied that the American legal concept of good faith negotiations existed with the framework of the Australian legal system , which until that verdict , had rarely been seen in the country 's courts . In its decision , the Court stated that Burger King had failed to act in good faith during contract negotiations by seeking to include standards and clauses that would engineer a default of the franchise agreement , allowing the company to limit the number of new Hungry Jack ’ s branded restaurants and ultimately claim the Australian market as its own , a purpose that was extraneous to the agreement .
After Burger King Corporation lost the case , it decided to terminate its operations in the country , and in July 2002 , the company transferred its assets to its New Zealand franchise group , Trans @-@ Pacific Foods ( TPF ) . The terms of the sale had TPF assume oversight of the Burger King franchises in the region as the Burger King brand 's master franchisee . Trans @-@ Pacific Foods administered the chain 's 81 locations until September 2003 when the new management team of Burger King Corporation reached an agreement with Hungry Jack 's Pty Ltd to re @-@ brand the existing Burger King locations to Hungry Jack 's and make HJP the sole master franchisee of both brands . An additional part of the agreement required Burger King Corporation to provide administrative and advertising support as to insure a common marketing scheme for the company and its products . Trans @-@ Pacific Foods transferred its control of the Burger King franchises to Hungry Jack 's Pty Ltd , which subsequently renamed the remaining Burger King locations as Hungry Jack 's .
= = = Burger King v. Rudzewicz = = =
In 1979 , two Michigan businessmen , John Rudzewicz and Brian MacShara , entered into a franchise agreement with Burger King to run a restaurant in Detroit , Michigan . After MacShara attended four months of training courses at the regional Burger King training facilities in Michigan and in the Florida headquarters on how to operate and administer a Burger King franchise , it was agreed that the partners would take over operation of an existing Burger King location in Drayton Plains , Michigan . However , during this time disagreements arose between the partners and BK over issues of rent , construction fees , building designs and the assignment of legal liabilities . MacShara and Ruzewicz finally signed their franchise agreement after gaining limited concessions over the issues , with Rudzewicz assuming a 20 @-@ year , $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 financial obligation over the life of the contract .
Due to a recessionary period in the United States beginning with the energy crisis in late 1979 , sales began to decline at the location and the partnership failed to pay their required franchise fees and rent service to Burger King Corporation . After attempts over the intervening months to negotiate a compromise with MacShara and Ruzewicz failed , Burger King terminated the franchise agreement and ordered the pair to vacate the property . Rudzewicz and MacShara refused to comply and continued operation of their restaurant even after they were served the notice . Burger King response was to file a lawsuit in May 1981 in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida claiming breach of contract and trademark infringement . Burger King sought an injunction against the pair preventing them from operating the restaurant and seeking damages because MacShara and Ruzewicz were " ... tortiously infringing its [ Burger King ] trademarks and service marks through their continued , unauthorized operation as a Burger King restaurant " . The company also sought reimbursement of all legal fees and costs associated with the filing .
The defendants , MacShara and Rudzewicz , filed a motion to dismiss the case on the argument as Michigan residents , the District Court of Southern Florida did not have jurisdiction . After a hearing , the Court ruled that Florida has personal jurisdiction under State of Florida 's long @-@ arm statute , stating that " ... a non @-@ resident Burger King franchise is subject to the personal jurisdiction of this Court in actions arising out of its franchise agreements " . The partners filed a counter claim and alleged Burger King had violated Michigan 's Franchise Investment Law and sought damages and fees . After a short trial , the Court found for Burger King and ordered Rudzewicz and MacShara to close the restaurant and awarded BK damages , fees , and costs .
After the loss , MacShara withdrew from the case but Rudzewicz appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit . In the filing , Rudzewicz claimed that since they were residents of Michigan , and because the claims did not arise within the Southern District of Florida , that District Court lacked personal jurisdiction over them . Additionally Rudzewicz argued that the long @-@ arm statute violated the 14th Amendment and was unconstitutional . Citing a similar case , World @-@ Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson , the Appeals court agreed with the defendants and overturned the lower court 's decision . The court also agreed with Rudzewicz 's assertion of the constitutionality of Florida 's long arm statute in its application to the case .
In turn , Burger King Corporation asked for a rehearing , which was denied . Burger King then filed an
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indigenous names and cultural uses of plants and animals .
Chamberlin was honored by his colleagues at the University of Utah , however , he was disliked and even considered mean by some arachnologists , including some of his former students . After retirement he continued to write , publishing on the history of education in his home state , especially that of the University of Utah .
Chamberlin was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) . In the early twentieth century , Chamberlin was among a quartet of popular Mormon professors at Brigham Young University whose teaching of evolution and biblical criticism resulted in a 1911 controversy among University and Church officials , eventually resulting in the resignation of him and two other professors despite widespread support from the student body , an event described as Mormonism 's " first brush with modernism " .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life and education = = =
Ralph Vary Chamberlin was born on January 3 , 1879 , in Salt Lake City , Utah , to parents William Henry Chamberlin , a prominent builder and contractor , and Eliza Frances Chamberlin ( née Brown ) . Chamberlin traced his paternal lineage to an English immigrant settling in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638 , and his maternal lineage to an old Pennsylvania Dutch family . Born to Mormon parents , the young Chamberlin attended Latter @-@ day Saints ' High School , and although very interested in nature , initially decided to study mathematics and art before choosing biology . His brother William , the eldest of 12 children , also shared Ralph 's scientific interests and would later teach alongside him . Ralph attended the University of Utah , graduating with a B.S. degree in 1898 , and subsequently spent four years teaching high school and some college @-@ level courses in biology as well as geology , chemistry , physics , Latin , and German at Latter @-@ day Saints ' University . By 1900 he had authored nine scientific publications .
In the summer of 1902 Chamberlin studied at the Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University , and from 1902 to 1904 studied at Cornell University under a Goldwin Smith Fellowship , and was a member of the Gamma Alpha fraternity and Sigma Xi honor society . He studied under entomologist John Henry Comstock and earned his doctorate in 1905 . His dissertation was a taxonomic revision of the wolf spiders of North America , in which he reviewed all known species north of Mexico , recognizing 67 out of around 150 nominal species as distinct and recognizable . Zoologist Thomas H. Montgomery regarded Chamberlin 's monograph as one of " decided importance " in using the structure of pedipalps ( male reproductive organs ) to help define genera , and in its detailed descriptions of species .
= = = Early career : University of Utah = = =
It is to Professor Chamberlin that credit should be given for starting medical training in the University of Utah .
After returning from Cornell , Chamberlin was hired by the University of Utah , where he worked from 1904 to 1908 , as an assistant professor ( 1904 – 1905 ) then full professor . He soon began improving biology courses , which at the time were only of high school grade , to collegiate standards , and introduced new courses in vertebrate histology and embryology . He was the first dean of University of Utah School of Medicine , serving from 1905 to 1907 . During the summer of 1906 , his plans to teach a summer course in embryology at the University of Chicago were cancelled when he suffered a serious accident in a fall , breaking two leg bones and severing an artery in his leg . In 1907 , University officials decided to merge the medical school into an existing department , which made Chamberlin 's deanship obsolete . He resigned as dean in May , 1907 , although remained a faculty member . The medical students strongly objected , crediting the school 's gains over the past few years largely to his efforts .
In late 1907 and early 1908 , Chamberlin became involved in a bitter lawsuit with fellow Utah professor Ira D. Cardiff that would cost them both their jobs . Cardiff , a botanist hired in spring of 1907 , claimed Chamberlin offered him a professorship with a salary of $ 2 @,@ 000 to $ 2 @,@ 250 per year , but upon hiring was offered only $ 1 @,@ 650 by the university regents . Cardiff filed suit for $ 350 , which a court initially decided Chamberlin must pay , and Chamberlin 's wages were garnished . The two became estranged and uncommunicative . There had been tension between them for some time — Chamberlin 's supporters claimed Cardiff was involved in his dismissal as dean — and the Salt Lake Tribune noted " friction between the two men , of a different nature and not entirely due to financial matters , arose even before Professor Cardiff received his appointment " . In March 1908 the university regents fired both Chamberlin and Cardiff , appointing a single new professor to head the departments of zoology and botany . In July , upon appeal , the suit was overturned and Cardiff ordered to pay costs . Chamberlin had by then secured a job at Brigham Young University .
= = = Brigham Young University = = =
In 1908 , Chamberlin was hired to lead the Biology Department at Brigham Young University ( BYU ) , a university owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) , during a period which BYU president George H. Brimhall sought to increase its academic standing . LDS College professor J. H. Paul , in a letter to Brimhall , had written Chamberlin was " one of the world 's foremost naturalists , though , I think , he is only about 28 years of age . I have not met his equal ... We must not let him drift away " . Chamberlin oversaw expanded biology course offerings and led insect @-@ collecting trips with students . Chamberlin joined a pair of newly hired brothers on the faculty , Joseph and Henry Peterson , who taught psychology and education . Chamberlin and the two Petersons worked to increase the intellectual standing of the University . In 1909 Chamberlin 's own brother William H. Chamberlin was hired to teach philosophy . The four academics , all active members of the Church , were known for teaching modern scientific and philosophic ideas and encouraging lively debate and discussion . The Chamberlins and Petersons held the belief that the theory of evolution was compatible with religious views , and promoted historical criticism of the Bible , the view that the writings contained should be viewed from the context of the time : Ralph Chamberlin published essays in the White and Blue , BYU 's student newspaper , arguing that Hebrew legends and historical writings were not to be taken literally . In an essay titled " Some Early Hebrew Legends " Chamberlin concluded : " Only the childish and immature mind can lose by learning that much in the Old Testament is poetical and that some of the stories are not true historically . " Chamberlin believed that evolution explained not only the origin of organisms but of human theological beliefs as well .
In late 1910 , complaints from stake presidents inspired an investigation into the teachings of the professors . Chamberlin 's 1911 essay " Evolution and Theological Belief " was considered particularly objectionable by school officials . In early 1911 Ralph Chamberlin and the Peterson brothers were offered a choice to either stop teaching evolution or lose their jobs . The three professors were popular among students and faculty , who denied that the teaching of evolution was destroying their faith . A student petition in support of the professors signed by over 80 % of the student body was sent to the administration , and then to local newspapers . Rather than change their teachings , the three accused professors resigned in 1911 , while William Chamberlin remained for another five years .
In 1910 , Chamberlin was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science .
= = = Pennsylvania and Harvard = = =
After leaving Brigham Young , Chamberlin was employed as a lecturer and George Leib Harrison Foundation research fellow at the University of Pennsylvania from 1911 to 1913 . From March 1913 to December 31 , 1925 , he was the Curator of Arachnids , Myriapods , and Worms at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University , where many of his scientific contributions were made . Here his publications included surveys of all known millipedes of Central America and the West Indies ; and descriptions of animals collected by the Canadian Arctic Expedition ( 1913 – 1916 ) ; by Stanford and Yale expeditions to South America ; and by various expeditions of the USS Albatross . He was elected a member of the American Society of Naturalists and the American Society of Zoologists in 1914 , and in 1919 served as second vice @-@ president of the Entomological Society of America . He served as a technical expert for the U.S. Horticultural Board and U.S. Biological Survey from 1923 until the mid 1930s .
= = = Return to Utah = = =
Chamberlin returned to the University of Utah in 1925 , where he was made head of the departments of zoology and botany . When he arrived , the faculty consisted of one zoologist , one botanist , and an instructor . He soon began expanding the size and diversity of the biology program , and by the time of his retirement the faculty consisted of 16 professors , seven instructors , and three special lecturers . He was the university 's most celebrated scientist according to Sterling M. McMurrin , and his course on evolution was among the most popular on campus . He established the journal Biological Series of the University of Utah and supervised the graduate work of several students who would go on to distinguished careers , including Willis J. Gertsch , Wilton Ivie , William H. Behle and Stephen D. Durrant ; the latter three would later join Chamberlin as faculty members . From 1930 – 1939 , Chamberlin was secretary @-@ treasurer of the Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement Board and conducted mosquito surveys of the region , identifying marshes controlled by local hunting clubs as the main source of salt marsh mosquitoes plaguing the city . From 1938 @-@ 1939 he took a year @-@ long sabbatical , during which he studied in European universities and museums , presided over a section of the International Congresses of Entomology in Berlin , and later studied biology and archaeology in Mexico and South America . In 1942 he received an honorary Doctor of Science from the University of Utah . He retired in 1948 , and in 1957 , an honor ceremony was held by the Utah Phi Sigma Society in which a portrait of Chamberlin painted by Alvin L. Gittins was donated to the University and a book of commemorative letters produced . In 1960 the University of Utah Alumni Association awarded Chamberlin its Founders Day Award for Distinguished Alumni , the university 's highest honor .
Wherever he has been , [ Chamberlin ] has produced unusual stimulation in students , many becoming imbued with his enthusiasm for the use of accurate , tested knowledge . Many caught the vision of what human life can mean when viewed in the light of man 's evolutionary background and interpreted in terms of his emerging intelligence which has outdistanced so many of his animal competitors in the evolutionary race . "
Chamberlin was noted by colleagues at Utah for being a lifelong champion of the scientific method and instilling in his students ideas that natural processes must be used to explain human existence . Angus and Grace Woodbury wrote that one of his greatest cultural contributions was his ability " to lead the naive student with fixed religious convictions gently around that wide gulf that separated him from the trained scientific mind without pushing him over the precipice of despair and illusion . " His influence continued as his students became teachers , gradually increasing societal understanding of evolution and naturalistic perspectives . His colleague and former student Stephen Durrant stated " by word , and especially by precept , he taught us diligence , inquisitiveness , love of truth , and especially scientific honesty " . Durrant compared Chamberlin to noted biologists such as Spencer Fullerton Baird and C. Hart Merriam in the scope of his contributions science .
= = = Personal life and death = = =
On July 9 , 1899 , Chamberlin married Daisy Ferguson of Salt Lake City , with whom he had four children : Beth , Ralph , Della , and Ruth . His first marriage ended in divorce in 1910 . On June 28 , 1922 , he married Edith Simons , also of Salt Lake , and with whom he had six children : Eliot , Frances , Helen , Shirley , Edith , and Martha Sue . His son Eliot became a mathematician and 40 @-@ year professor at the University of Utah . Chamberlin 's second wife died in 1965 , and Chamberlin himself died in Salt Lake City after a short illness on October 31 , 1967 , at the age of 88 . He was survived by his 10 children , 28 grandchildren , and 36 great @-@ grandchildren .
= = Research = =
Chamberlin 's work includes more than 400 publications spanning over 60 years . The majority of his research concerned the taxonomy of arthropods and other invertebrates , but his work also included titles in folklore , economics , anthropology , language , botany , anatomy , histology , philosophy , education , and history . He was a member of the American Society of Naturalists , Torrey Botanical Club , New York Academy of Sciences , Boston Society of Natural History , Biological Society of Washington , and the Utah Academy of Sciences .
= = = Taxonomy = = =
Chamberlin was a prolific taxonomist of invertebrate animals who named and described over 4 @,@ 000 species , specializing in the study of arachnids ( spiders , scorpions , and their relatives ) , and myriapods ( millipedes , centipedes , and relatives ) , but also publishing on molluscs , marine worms , and insects . By 1941 he had described at least 2 @,@ 000 species , and by 1957 had described a total of 4 @,@ 225 new species , 742 new genera , 28 new families , and 12 orders . Chamberlin 's taxonomic publications continued to appear until at least 1966 .
Chamberlin ranks among the most prolific arachnologists in history . In a 2013 survey of the most prolific spider systematists , Chamberlin ranked fifth in total number of described species ( 1 @,@ 475 ) and eighth in number of species that were still valid ( 984 ) , i.e. not taxonomic synonyms of previously described species . At the University of Utah Chamberlin co @-@ authored several works with his students Wilton Ivie and Willis J. Gertsch , who would both go on to become notable spider scientists : the " famous duo " of Chamberlin and Ivie described hundreds of species together . Chamberlin described or co @-@ described more than a third of the 621 spiders known to occur in his native Utah . Chamberlin was also a leading expert in North American tarantulas , describing over 60 species . Chamberlin worked with other groups of arachnids as well , including scorpions , harvestmen , and schizomids , and described several pseudoscorpions with his nephew Joseph C. Chamberlin , himself a prominent arachnologist .
Among fellow arachnologists , Chamberlin was regarded as influential but not particularly well @-@ liked : in many of his papers co @-@ authored with Ivie , it was Ivie himself who did most of the collecting , and describing , while Chamberlin remained first author , and a 1947 quarrel over recognition led to Ivie abandoning arachnology for many years . When arachnologist Arthur M. Chickering sent Chamberlin a collection of specimens from Panama , Chamberlin never returned them and in fact published on them , which made Chickering reluctant to collaborate with colleagues . Chamberlin is said to have eventually been banned from the Museum of Comparative Zoology by Ernst Mayr in his later years , and after Chamberlin 's death his former student Gertsch said " his natural meanness finally got him " .
Chamberlin 's other major area of study was myriapods . He was publishing on centipedes as early as 1901 , and between then and around 1960 was the preeminent , if not exclusive , researcher of North American centipedes , responsible for naming the vast majority of North American species , and many from around the world . In addition , he named more than 1 @,@ 000 species of millipedes , ranking among the three most prolific millipede taxonomists in history . His 1958 " Checklist of the millipeds of North America " , a compilation eight years in the making of all records and species north of Mexico , represented nearly a 600 % increase in species recorded from the previous such list published over 50 years earlier , although the work itself described no new species . Chamberlin contributed articles on millipedes , pauropods and symphylans to the 1961 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica .
Although a prolific describer of species , his legacy to myriapod taxonomy has been mixed . Many of Chamberlin 's descriptions of centipedes and millipedes were often brief and / or unillustrated , or illustrated in ways which hindered their use in identification by other researchers . He described some new species based solely on location , or on subtle leg differences now known to change during molting , and many of Chamberlin 's names have subsequently been found to be , or are suspected to be , synonyms of species already described . Biologist Richard Hoffman , who worked with Chamberlin on the 1958 checklist , later described Chamberlin as " an exemplar of minimal taxonomy " , and stated his taxonomic work on Central American myriapods " introduced far more problems than progress , a pattern which was to persist for many decades to come " . Hoffman wrote Chamberlin was " an admitted ' alpha taxonomist ' whose main interest was naming new species " , although recognized Chamberlin 's work with stone centipedes as pioneering , and of a quality unmatched in Chamberlin 's later work .
Chamberlin studied not only arthropods but soft @-@ bodied invertebrates as well . He described over 100 new species and 22 new genera of polychaete worms in a two @-@ volume work considered one of the " great monuments " in annelid taxonomy by the former director of the Hopkins Marine Station , and published on Utah 's molluscan fauna . He was section editor on sipunculids as well as myriapods for the academic journal database Biological Abstracts . William Behle has noted he also made indirect contributions to ornithology , including leading several multi @-@ day specimen collecting trips and guiding the graduate research of Stephen Durrant , who worked on Utah game birds , and Behle himself , who studied nesting birds of the Great Salt Lake .
After Chamberlin 's death , his collection of some 250 @,@ 000 spider specimens was donated to the American Museum of Natural History in New York , bolstering the museum 's status as the world 's largest arachnid repository . Similarly , his collection of millipedes was deposited in the National Museum of Natural History in Washington , D.C. , helping to make that museum the world 's largest single collection of millipede type specimens — the individual specimens used to describe species .
= = = Great Basin cultural studies = = =
Early in his career , Chamberlin studied the language and habits of indigenous peoples of the Great Basin . He worked with the Goshute band of the Western Shoshone to document their uses of over 300 plants in food , beverages , medicine , and construction materials — their ethnobotany — as well as the names and meanings of plants in the Goshute language . His resulting publication , " The Ethno @-@ botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah " , is considered the first major ethnobotanical study of a single group of Great Basin peoples . He also published surveys of Goshute animal and anatomical terms , place and personal names , and a compilation of plant names of the Ute people . One of Chamberlin 's later colleagues at the University of Utah was Julian Steward , known as the founder of cultural ecology . Steward himself described Chamberlin 's work as " splendid " , and anthropologist Virginia Kerns writes that Chamberlin 's experience with indigenous Great Basin cultures facilitated Steward 's own cultural studies : " in terms of ecological knowledge , [ Steward 's younger informants ] probably could not match the elders who had instructed Chamberlin . That made his research on Goshute ethnobotany all the more valuable to Steward . " Chamberlin gave Goshute @-@ derived names to some of the organisms he described , such as the spider Pimoa , meaning " big legs " , and the worm Sonatsa , meaning " many hooks " , in the Goshute language .
= = = Other works = = =
Chamberlin 's work extended beyond biology and anthropology to include historical , philosophical , and theological writings . At BYU he published several articles in the student newspaper on topics such as historical criticism of the Bible and the relationship of evolutionary theory with religious beliefs . In 1925 , he wrote a biography of his brother William H. Chamberlin , a philosopher and theologian who had died several years earlier . Utah philosopher Sterling McMurrin , stated the biography " had a considerable impact " on his own life , and noted " the fact that the book adequately and persuasively presents W. H. Chamberlin 's philosophic thought shows the philosophical competence of Ralph Chamberlin " In 1932 , Chamberlin wrote " Life in Other Worlds : a Study in the History of Opinion " , one of the earliest surveys from ancient to modern times of the concept of cosmic pluralism , the idea that the universe contains multiple inhabited worlds . After retiring in 1948 , Chamberlin devoted significant attention to the history of the University of Utah . In 1949 he edited a biographical tribute to John R. Park , an influential Utah educator of the 19th century . Assembled from comments and reflections from Park 's own students , Memories of John Rockey Park was praised by University of Utah English professor B. Roland Lewis , who claimed it " warrants being read by every citizen of [ Utah ] . " Later in his career , Chamberlin produced an authoritative book , The University of Utah , a History of its First Hundred Years , which BYU historian Eugene E. Campbell called " an excellent history of this important western institution . " The University of Utah also contains an extensive account of the University of Deseret , the LDS Church @-@ founded university that preceded the University of Utah .
= = Religious views = =
Chamberlin believed wholeheartedly in Darwin 's theory of evolution including its least desirable implications such as the brutality of nature implied by natural selection and the descent of man from lower primates . It is also clear that Chamberlin was a devout Mormon ... Chamberlin believed that since science and religion were different parts of one eternal truth they could be reconciled .
Chamberlin was a Mormon , an active member of the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) . He believed that there should be no animosity between religion and science . Stake President George W. McCune described a 1922 meeting in which Chamberlin testified " to the effect that all his labors and researches in the laboratories of science , while very interesting , and to a great extent satisfying to the intellect , did not satisfy the soul of man , and that he yearned for something more , " adding Chamberlin " bore testimony that he knew that ours is the true Church of Jesus Christ . " University of Oregon doctoral student Tim S. Reid called Chamberlin clearly devout , however , Sterling McMurrin stated " spiders are different from metaphysics , and I think Ralph was not such a devout Mormon . "
= = Selected works = =
= = = Scientific = = =
The Meaning of Organic Evolution . Provo , Utah : Self @-@ published . 1911 @.@ pp. 1 – 138 .
Chamberlin , Ralph Vary ( 1919 ) . " The Annelida Polychaeta " . Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 31 : 1 – 514 , 80 plates .
Chamberlin , Ralph Vary ( 1920 ) . " The Myriopoda of the Australian region " . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 64 : 1 – 235 .
" A hundred new species of American spiders " ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the University of Utah 32 ( 13 ) : 1 – 117 . 1942 . ( With Wilton Ivie )
" Checklist of the millipeds of North America " . Bulletin of the United States National Museum 212 : 1 – 236 . 1958 . ( With Richard L. Hoffman )
= = = Historical & biographical = = =
The Life and Philosophy of W. H. Chamberlin . Salt Lake City : Deseret News Press . 1925 .
Memories of John Rockey Park . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press . 1949 .
Life Sciences at the University of Utah : Background and History . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press . 1950 @.@ pp. 1 – 417 .
The University of Utah , a History of its First Hundred Years , 1850 to 1950 . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press . 1960 @.@ pp. 1 – 668 .
The Exploration of the Colorado River in 1869 and 1871 – 1872 ( Reprinted from Utah Historical Quarterly v. 15 , 1947 ed . ) . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press . 2009 . ISBN 0 @-@ 87480 @-@ 963 @-@ 0 . ( With William C. Darrah and Charles Kelly )
= = Eponymous taxa = =
The taxa ( e.g. genus or species ) named after Chamberlin are listed below , followed by author ( s ) and year of naming , and taxonomic family . Taxa are listed as originally described : subsequent research may have reassigned taxa or rendered some as invalid synonyms of previously named taxa .
Paerom
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opus chamberlini Brolemann , 1922
Tibellus chamberlini Gertsch , 1933 ( Philodromidae )
Hivaoa chamberlini Berland , 1942 ( Tetragnathidae )
Euglena chamberlini D. T. Jones , 1944 ( Euglenaceae )
Chondrodesmus chamberlini Hoffman , 1950 ( Polydesmida , Chelodesmidae )
Chamberlinia Machado , 1951 ( Geophilomorpha , Oryidae )
Haploditha chamberlinorum Caporiacco , 1951 ( Tridenchthoniidae )
Rhinocricus chamberlini Schubart , 1951
Chamberlineptus Causey , 1954 ( Spirostreptidae )
Chamberlinius Wang , 1956
Haplodrassus chamberlini Platnick & Shadab , 1975 ( Gnaphosidae )
Myrmecodesmus chamberlini Shear , 1977 ( Pyrgodesmidae )
Aphonopelma chamberlini Smith , 1995 ( Theraphosidae )
Mallos chamberlini Bond & Opell , 1997 ( Dictynidae )
Pyrgulopsis chamberlini Hershler , 1998 ( Hydrobiidae )
= = = Cited works = = =
Durrant , Stephen D. ( 1958 ) . " The contributions to science of Ralph Vary Chamberlin " . The Biologist ( Phi Sigma Society ) 40 : 27 – 30 . OCLC 1536445 .
Hoffman , Richard L. ( 1999 ) . " Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America " ( PDF ) . Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publications 8 : 1 – 553 . OCLC 183406922 .
Wilkinson , Ernest L. , ed . ( 1975 ) . Brigham Young University : The First One Hundred Years 1 . Provo , Utah : Brigham Young University Press . ISBN 9780842507080 .
Woodbury , Angus M. ; Woodbury , Grace A. ( 1958 ) . " Ralph Vary Chamberlin : educational and cultural contributions " . The Biologist ( Phi Sigma Society ) 40 : 21 – 26 . OCLC 1536445 .
= Lipizzan =
The Lipizzan or Lipizzaner ( Czech : Lipicán , Croatian : Lipicanac , Hungarian : Lipicai , Italian : Lipizzano , Slovene : Lipicanec ) , is a breed of horse closely associated with the Spanish Riding School of Vienna , Austria , where they demonstrate the haute école or " high school " movements of classical dressage , including the highly controlled , stylized jumps and other movements known as the " airs above the ground . " The horses at the Spanish Riding School are trained using traditional methods that date back hundreds of years , based on the principles of classical dressage .
The Lipizzan breed dates back to the 16th century , when it was developed with the support of the Habsburg nobility . The breed takes its name from one of the earliest stud farms established , located near the Karst Plateau village of Lipica ( spelled " Lipizza " in Italian ) , in modern @-@ day Slovenia . The breed has been endangered numerous times by warfare sweeping Europe , including during the War of the First Coalition , World War I and World War II . The rescue of the Lipizzans during World War II by American troops was made famous by the Disney movie Miracle of the White Stallions . Along with the Disney movie , Lipizzans have also starred or played supporting roles in many movies , TV shows , books and other media .
Today , eight stallions are recognized as the foundation bloodstock of the breed , all foaled the late 18th and early 19th centuries . All modern Lipizzans trace their bloodlines to these eight stallions , and all breeding stallions have included in their name the name of the foundation sire of their bloodline . There are also classic mare lines , with up to 35 recognized by various breed registries . The majority of horses are registered through the member organizations of the Lipizzan International Federation , which covers almost 11 @,@ 000 horses in 19 countries and at 9 state studs in Europe . The majority of Lipizzans reside in Europe , with smaller numbers in the Americas , Africa and Australia . Generally gray in color , the Lipizzan is a muscular breed that matures slowly and is long @-@ lived .
= = Characteristics = =
Most Lipizzans measure between 14 @.@ 2 and 15 @.@ 2 hands ( 58 and 62 inches , 147 and 157 cm ) . However , horses bred that are closer to the original carriage @-@ horse type are taller , approaching 16 @.@ 1 hands ( 65 inches , 165 cm ) . Lipizzans have a long head , with a straight or slightly convex profile . The jaw is deep , the ears small , the eyes large and expressive and the nostrils flared . They have a neck that is sturdy , yet arched and withers that are low , muscular and broad . They are a Baroque @-@ type horse , with a wide , deep chest , broad croup and muscular shoulder . The tail is carried high and well set . The legs are well @-@ muscled and strong , with broad joints and well @-@ defined tendons . The feet tend to be small , but are tough .
Lipizzan horses tend to mature slowly . However , they live and are active longer than many other breeds , with horses performing the difficult exercises of the Spanish Riding School well into their 20s and living into their 30s .
= = = Color = = =
Aside from the rare solid @-@ colored horse ( usually bay or black ) , most Lipizzans are gray . Like all gray horses , they have black skin , dark eyes , and as adult horses , a white hair coat . Gray horses , including Lipizzans , are born dark — usually bay or black — and become lighter each year as the graying process takes place , with the process being complete at between 6 and 10 years of age . Lipizzans are not actually true white horses , but this is a common misconception . A white horse is born white and has unpigmented skin .
Until the 18th century , Lipizzans had other coat colors , including dun , bay , chestnut , black , piebald and skewbald . However , gray is a dominant gene . Gray was the color preferred by the royal family , and so the color was emphasized in breeding practices . Thus , in a small breed population when the color was deliberately selected as a desirable feature , it came to be the color of the overwhelming majority of Lipizzan horses . However , it is a long @-@ standing tradition for the Spanish Riding School to have at least one bay Lipizzan stallion in residence , and this tradition is continued through the present day .
= = History = =
The ancestors of the Lipizzan can be traced to approximately A.D. 800 . The earliest predecessors of the Lipizzan originated in the 7th century when Barb horses were brought into Spain by the Moors and crossed on native Spanish stock . The result was the Andalusian horse and other Iberian horse breeds .
By the 16th century , when the Habsburgs ruled both Spain and Austria , a powerful but agile horse was desired both for military uses and for use in the fashionable and rapidly growing riding schools for the nobility of central Europe . Therefore , in 1562 , the Habsburg Emperor Maximillian II brought the Spanish Andalusian horse to Austria and founded the court stud at Kladrub . In 1580 , his brother , Archduke Charles II , established a similar stud at Lipizza ( now Lipica ) , located in modern @-@ day Slovenia , from which the breed obtained its name . The name of the village itself derives from the Slovenian word lipa , meaning " linden tree . "
Spanish , Barb , and Arabian stock were crossed at Lipizza , and succeeding generations were crossed with the now @-@ extinct Neapolitan breed from Italy and other Baroque horses of Spanish descent obtained from Germany and Denmark . While breeding stock was exchanged between the two studs , Kladrub specialized in producing heavy carriage horses , while riding and light carriage horses came from the Lipizza stud .
Beginning in 1920 , the Piber Federal Stud , near Graz , Austria , became the main stud for the horses used in Vienna . Breeding became very selective , only allowing stallions that had proved themselves at the Riding School to stand at stud , and only breeding mares who had passed rigorous performance testing .
= = = Foundation horses = = =
Today , a maximum of eight foundation lines for Lipizzans are recognized by various registries , which refer to them as " dynasties . " They are divided into two groups . Six trace to classical foundation stallions used in the 18th and 19th centuries by the Lipizza stud , and two additional lines were not used at Lipizza but were used by other studs within the historic boundaries of the Habsburg Empire .
The six " classical dynasties " are :
Pluto : a gray Spanish stallion from the Royal Danish Stud , foaled in 1765
Conversano : a black Neapolitan stallion , foaled in 1767
Maestoso : a
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impugning their character , and questioning their judgement .
= = Authors = =
Naomi Oreskes is Professor of History and Science Studies at Harvard University . She has degrees in geological science and a Ph.D. in Geological Research and the History of Science . Her work came to public attention in 2004 with the publication of " The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change , " in Science , in which she wrote that there was no significant disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of global warming from human causes . Erik M. Conway is the historian at NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena .
= 1812 Louisiana hurricane =
The 1812 Louisiana Hurricane was a major hurricane that struck New Orleans , Louisiana , during the War of 1812 . It was the worst storm of the early history of New Orleans and was very likely the hurricane which made the closest landfall known to affect the city .
It was first observed in the eastern Caribbean Sea on August 12 as a tropical disturbance , which later affected Jamaica as a tropical storm . After entering the Gulf of Mexico , it intensified into a hurricane , with winds estimated at over 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . The circulation affected areas from the Florida Panhandle to Natchez in the Mississippi Territory , but the worst effects were in the New Orleans area . There were around 100 deaths , many of them due to drowning .
= = Meteorological history = =
On August 12 , a tropical disturbance entered the Caribbean Sea to the south of Antigua , believed to have been a strong tropical wave . Moving westward , it developed into a tropical storm by August 15 , based on ship observations in the region . That day , it passed to the south of Jamaica and later turned to the northwest . Due to the ongoing War of 1812 , there was a British blockade of American ships , which caused a lack of observations in the region . As a result , the storm 's track was uncertain , although it is believed that the system entered the Gulf of Mexico by August 18 ; that day , a ship reported hurricane @-@ force winds . After moving northward , the hurricane turned to the northwest off the coast of Louisiana .
Although meteorologist David Roth assessed the storm as making landfall on August 19 at Isle Dernière to the west of New Orleans , a research paper from the American Meteorological Society estimated that the hurricane moved ashore about 40 mi ( 60 km ) southeast of New Orleans . Modern research suggests the storm was the equivalent of a major hurricane ( a Category 3 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale ) , or with winds of at least 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) , when it made landfall . It passed just southwest of the city , becoming the closest major hurricane to New Orleans . The wind diameter was average to slightly below @-@ average , and the forward speed was normal . Due to its movement , the hurricane likely maintained much of its strength after making landfall and by the time it affected New Orleans . The hurricane gradually weakened over land , passing near Baton Rouge , Louisiana and Natchez , Mississippi on August 20 . Heavy rainfall was reported in eastern Ohio beginning on August 21 , potentially from the remnants of the storm merging with a cold front .
= = Effect = =
When the storm was moving through the Caribbean Sea , it produced rough seas and heavy rainfall . In Jamaica , gusty winds damaged crops , including to corn and plantains .
As the storm moved ashore in Louisiana , outer rain bands produced gale @-@ force winds and heavy damage at Pensacola , in Spanish West Florida . At Cat Island offshore of Bay St. Louis ( claimed from Spain in the same year , as part of the Mississippi Territory ) , strong winds washed several boats ashore . Hurricane conditions began in New Orleans around 8 p.m. local time on August 19 . In southeastern Louisiana , Fort St. Philip sustained heavy damage , after it was flooded . Most soldiers in the fort drowned . There was a rumor during the storm that the British took over Fort St. Philip , causing a panic in the midst of the War of 1812 ; however , the British fleet was scattered throughout the region , and many British ships were damaged . In New Orleans , the hurricane damaged 53 ships , and several boats were washed ashore along Lake Pontchartrain . The USS Louisiana , a cutter commissioned in 1804 , was wrecked during the hurricane while at port in New Orleans , and the entire crew except for the captain was killed . Debris and bodies from the ships were dispersed along the lake 's coastline . The USS Viper lost its mast while offshore during the storm . Ten people died on the ship " Harlequin " .
The storm produced heavy rainfall , along with a powerful storm surge . Flooding up to 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) deep was reported in New Orleans and portions of Plaquemines Parish . In the Parish , 45 people drowned , and there was heavy damage to the sugar crops . The levee system in New Orleans was heavily damaged . The strong waves washed saltwater 75 mi ( 121 km ) up the Mississippi River . High winds damaged most buildings in New Orleans , some of which were destroyed , and most trees were blown down . The city 's market house was wrecked , despite being described as " indestructible " . Damage was estimated at $ 6 million ( 1812 USD ) , and there were around 100 deaths . Further northwest near Natchez , Mississippi , the storm 's winds were strong enough to knock down trees . The barometric pressure there was 986 mbar ( 29 @.@ 1 inHg ) , although the observation was not calibrated and was later corrected to 995 mbar ( 29 @.@ 4 inHg ) to account for elevation and air temperature .
In the two centuries since the hurricane , the oceans rose about 0 @.@ 5 ft ( 0 @.@ 15 m ) , the wetlands around New Orleans have diminished , and the elevation has dropped due to subsidence . These have increased the threat to the city of a significant hurricane strike . The 1812 hurricane was not a worst @-@ case scenario for New Orleans , as a stronger and larger hurricane would have caused more damage . If the storm struck in 2012 , one researcher estimated the hurricane would have been among the costliest Louisiana hurricanes , comparable to Hurricane Betsy in 1965 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005 .
= SMS Ariadne =
SMS Ariadne was the fifth member of the ten @-@ ship Gazelle class of light cruisers , built by the Imperial German Navy . She was built by the Imperial Dockyard in Danzig , laid down in 1899 , launched in August 1900 , and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in May 1901 . Armed with a main battery of ten 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns and two 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , Ariadne was capable of a top speed of 21 @.@ 5 knots ( 39 @.@ 8 km / h ; 24 @.@ 7 mph ) .
Ariadne served with the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet for the majority of her career . After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , she was used to patrol the Heligoland Bight . On 28 August , the British Royal Navy attacked the patrol line , and in the ensuing Battle of Heligoland Bight , Ariadne was attacked and sunk by a pair of battlecruisers . Some 200 of her crew were killed in the battle , with only 59 survivors pulled from the sea .
= = Construction = =
Ariadne was ordered under the contract name " D " and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in 1899 and launched on 10 August 1900 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 18 May 1901 . The ship was 105 @.@ 1 meters ( 345 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 12 @.@ 2 m ( 40 ft ) and a draft of 4 @.@ 93 m ( 16 @.@ 2 ft ) forward . She displaced 3 @,@ 006 t ( 2 @,@ 959 long tons ; 3 @,@ 314 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two triple @-@ expansion engines . They were designed to give 8 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 6 @,@ 000 kW ) , for a top speed of 21 @.@ 5 knots ( 39 @.@ 8 km / h ; 24 @.@ 7 mph ) . The engines were powered by ten coal @-@ fired Marine @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers . Ariadne carried 560 tonnes ( 550 long tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of 3 @,@ 560 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 590 km ; 4 @,@ 100 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 14 officers and 243 enlisted men .
The ship was armed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 @,@ 200 m ( 40 @,@ 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 000 rounds of ammunition , for 100 shells per gun . She was also equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes . They were submerged in the hull on the broadside . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was 20 to 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 to 0 @.@ 98 in ) thick . The conning tower had 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick sides , and the guns were protected by 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick shields .
= = Service history = =
After her commissioning , Ariadne was assigned to the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet . In 1905 , she was assigned to the Cruiser Division , alongside her sisters Medusa and Amazone and the armored cruiser Prinz Heinrich . She served with the fleet in German waters for the entirety of her peacetime career . After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Ariadne was detached from the fleet for use as a patrol vessel in the Heligoland Bight .
On 23 August , several British commanders submitted a plan to attack the patrol line with the light cruisers and destroyers of the Harwich Force , commanded by Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt . These ships would be supported by submarines and Vice Admiral David Beatty 's battlecruisers and associated light forces . The plan was approved and set for 28 August . The British forces began to leave port on the evening of 26 August , beginning with the submarines assigned to the operation . Most of the surface forces went to sea early on the following morning ; the 7th Cruiser Squadron , which had been added to provide further support to the Harwich Force , left port later in the day .
On the morning of 28 August , Ariadne had been rotated out of the front patrol line and laid at anchor in the entrance of the Weser River in support of the cruisers and torpedo boats on patrol . After receiving reports of the British attack on the morning of the 28th , Ariadne and several other cruisers got up steam and rushed to support the German patrols . She met SMS Stettin at around 13 : 40 , but less than twenty minutes thereafter , Beatty 's battlecruisers , chasing SMS Cöln , arrived and began firing on Ariadne as well . She turned to starboard and attempted to flee . She was hit several times by the British guns , and one hit the forward boiler room . The coal bunker caught fire and five boilers were disabled ; her speed fell to 15 kn ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . Two battlecruisers closed in , until they were firing their 12 in ( 300 mm ) guns at a distance of 3 @,@ 000 m ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) , point @-@ blank range for guns of that caliber . Ariadne returned fire as best she could , but to no effect .
With fires raging forward and aft , Ariadne had her forward magazine flooded so the fires would not reach the propellant charges . At 14 : 15 , the British ceased fire and allowed Ariadne to limp away . The surviving crew that was able to escape the ship assembled on the forecastle and prepared to abandon the ship . The cruiser Danzig arrived shortly before 15 : 00 and began to pick up survivors , and Stralsund joined the rescue effort shortly thereafter . At 16 : 25 , Ariadne capsized , though she remained afloat for some time before she finally sank . In all , nine officers , including her commander , and fifty enlisted men were rescued . The rescue effort was hampered by frequent explosions of ammunition stored on Ariadne 's deck , which prevented boats from getting too close to the wrecked cruiser .
= Tsunkatse =
" Tsunkatse " is the fifteenth episode of the sixth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Voyager . The episode first aired on the UPN network on February 9 , 2000 . Directed by Mike Vejar , it was developed from a story by Gannon Kenney and turned into a teleplay by Robert Doherty . The episode featured Dwayne " The Rock " Johnson in a guest role as a Pendari fighter , and former Star Trek : Deep Space Nine actors J. G. Hertzler and Jeffrey Combs .
Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet and Maquis crew of the starship USS Voyager after they were stranded in the Delta Quadrant far from the rest of the Federation . In this episode , Seven of Nine ( Jeri Ryan ) is abducted , along with Tuvok ( Tim Russ ) , while on a survey mission and forced by her captors to fight in an arena for the entertainment of others .
The episode had originally been called " Arena " . The crossover between Voyager and the UPN wrestling show WWF Smackdown was described as a " clever marketing ploy " by Russ , but received a negative fan reaction on broadcast . However , it received the highest ratings of the season having been watched by 4 @.@ 1 percent of all Nielsen households during sweeps month . It received mixed reviews by critics , with praise reserved for Combs and Hertzler . The fight scenes were praised by Black Belt magazine .
= = Plot = =
The crew are granted shore leave on an alien planet . Lt. Cmdr Chakotay ( Robert Beltran ) and Lt. B 'Elanna Torres ( Roxann Dawson ) attend a mixed martial arts ring sport called " Tsunkatse " . While Captain Kathryn Janeway ( Kate Mulgrew ) visits a neighboring system in the Delta Flyer . Following the match , Seven of Nine ( Jeri Ryan ) and Lt. Cmdr Tuvok ( Tim Russ ) ask Chakotay if they can study a micro @-@ nebula on an away mission . He grants them permission , telling them that they can spend their shore leave in whatever manner they choose . Seven and Tuvok depart in a shuttle , but are captured by an alien vessel en route and Tuvok is injured . Seven is brought to Penk ( Jeffrey Combs ) who blackmails her into fighting in the Tsunkatse matches or else Tuvok will be refused medical treatment .
Chakotay invites other crew members to join him at the next Tsunkatse match . These include Neelix ( Ethan Phillips ) , who is forced to restrict his activities following an allergic reaction to a homeopathic medical treatment . They arrive at the bout and Chakotay explains the rules of the fight to Neelix . The first challenger walks out , a Pendari man ( Dwayne " The Rock " Johnson ) , and the Voyager crew are surprised when he is followed by Seven . As the two circle each other , Chakotay contacts Torres on the ship and updates her on the match , ordering her to transport Seven back to Voyager . Torres discovers that Seven is not on the planet 's surface , and the fight is actually a holographic projection . Seven is defeated by the Pendari and later wakes up in the fighter 's barracks where a Hirogen ( J. G. Hertzler ) is healing her with a device . Penk visits the duo and informs Seven that her next match will be to the death . After he leaves , the Hirogen promises to train her . Seven accepts his training , realizing that even if Voyager can rescue them , she and Tuvok must still survive until then .
On Voyager , the crew track down the source of the holographic transmission – a much larger ship . Seven is led out for the next Tsunkatse match , and discovers that the Hirogen himself is her opponent . As they start to fight , Voyager attacks the Tsunkatse vessel and destroys a localized shield generator . Torres transports Tuvok off the ship , but Seven isn 't in the unshielded area of the ship . The Hirogen takes the advantage in the match , and Voyager 's weapons are taken offline . Janeway arrives in the Delta Flyer and destroys the Tsunktase ship 's signal generators which broadcast the matches . Penk reroutes power to another transmitter , thus weakening his shields . As Seven takes her position to reluctantly kill the Hirogen , both are transported onto Voyager . Afterwards , Chakotay tells the Hirogen that they are en route to transfer him to a vessel of his species . The Hirogen thanks the crew and tells them that he plans to look for his son .
= = Production = =
An early version of the script had Tuvok involved in the fighting , but it was decided that it would be more dramatic if there was a character involved who was not as adept at fighting . Instead , it was decided to have the character of Seven of Nine featured in this way which Tim Russ later described as a " clever marketing ploy " as UPN promoted that character heavily at the time . The episode was originally entitled " Arena " , but was subsequently renamed to " Tsunkatse " .
WWE wrestler and actor Dwayne " The Rock " Johnson appeared as the Pendari Champion in a guest role . Johnson performed his own stunts in the episode , although the other actors were represented in the fight scenes by stunt doubles . He used one of his signature moves , the " Rock Bottom " , during the fight scenes against Ryan 's Seven of Nine as well as other wrestling moves . Despite the use of stunt doubles and the choreography of the fight scenes , Ryan was still reportedly quite sore after the first day 's shooting completed .
The episode also featured guest appearances by actors J. G. Hertzler and Jeffrey Combs best known to Star Trek fans from the series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine where they respectively played Martok and the double role of Weyoun and Brunt . Combs described his character as the " Don King of my quadrant " , but was a little uneasy about appearing on Voyager after 35 episodes of Deep Space Nine as some of the sets from his former show had been re @-@ used in a different manner , saying " It felt like how an old person might feel going home , but things are not quite the same . "
Hertzler said in an interview that he based his character on the role played by Morgan Freeman in the film The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) . He said that " Freeman plays a lifer . A guy that 's been a lifer in prison has a different attitude toward life and death . " Other influences included Tony Todd , who had appeared as a Hirogen in the fourth season episode " Prey " , and Hertzler subsequently compared the costumes that he and Todd wore in their roles , saying " The frustrating thing for me was that Tony got to wear shoulder pads , a huge chest piece , a fabulous helmet . I didn 't get any of that . I was in a skintight rubber suit . Had I been 23 , I would have been much happier , but at 49 ? "
= = Reception and home media release = =
" Tsunkatse " was first aired on February 9 , 2000 on the UPN network during the sweeps month . It received a Nielsen rating of 4 @.@ 1 / 6 percent , meaning that it was seen by 4 @.@ 1 percent of all households , and 6 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast . This placed it in sixth place during the timeslot , but was the most watched episode of the sixth season . It was a slight increase in ratings compared to the previous year 's episode " Bliss " , which received ratings of 3 @.@ 9 percent . However , it was the only episode broadcast in 2000 which saw an improvement from the same sweeps month during the previous year . The episode suffered from a negative fan reaction upon release , with it seen as an attempt to crossover between Voyager and UPN 's other show , WWF SmackDown .
Michelle Erica Green , in her review for TrekNation , described the episode as the opposite of Gene Roddenberry 's original ideals for Star Trek but enjoyed the performances of Combs and Hertzler . She thought that Chakotay was poorly characterized in the episode , and predicted that the events portrayed would typically be forgotten by the next episode . Jamahl Epsicokhan at his website " Jammer 's Reviews " said that he thought that the episode would be a " ratings @-@ stunt disaster " but that it turned out to be " surprisingly okay " . However , he thought that the plot was absent but the episode was carried by strong guest stars and gave it a score of two and a half out of four , calling it " entertainingly assembled trash " .
Peter Franks reviewed the VHS release of the episode for Dreamwatch magazine , saying that it was " below average " and could have been a plot used on Star Trek : The Next Generation with Data replacing Seven of Nine . In the season six review by Dreamwatch , " Tsunkatse " was given a rating of three out of five . The fight scenes in the episode were reviewed by Robert W. Young for Black Belt magazine . Young described it as being " uncharacteristically cool from a martial arts perspective " and that " it was nice to see a value @-@ judgement @-@ free depiction of no @-@ holds @-@ barred competition on such a respected TV series . " He thought that the combat itself was believable and that Seven may have been using moves taken from Jeet Kune Do , a style founded by Bruce Lee . He summed it up by saying that in this episode " The martial arts of Star Trek have finally gone where no one has gone before . "
" Tsunkatse " was first released as a two episode VHS cassette alongside " Collective " in the United Kingdom on October 2 , 2000 . It was included in the season six DVD set , released in the United States and Canada on December 7 , 2004 .
= Manchester United F.C. =
Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed " the Red Devils " , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 .
Manchester United have won a record 20 league titles , a joint @-@ record 12 FA Cups , four League Cups and a record 20 FA Community Shields . The club has also won three European Cups , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998 – 99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the treble of the Premier League , the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League .
The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . José Mourinho is the club 's current manager , having been appointed on 27 May 2016 .
Manchester United was the second highest @-@ earning football club in the world for 2013 – 14 , with an annual revenue of € 518 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2015 , valued at $ 1 @.@ 98 billion . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1 @.@ 2 billion . It is one of the most widely supported football teams in the world . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £ 800 million , after which the company was taken private again . In August 2012 , Manchester United made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange . The club holds several rivalries , most notably with Liverpool , Manchester City and Leeds United , and more recently with Arsenal .
= = History = =
= = = Early years ( 1878 – 1945 ) = = =
Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway ( LYR ) depot at Newton Heath . The team initially played games against other departments and railway companies , but on 20 November 1880 , they competed in their first recorded match ; wearing the colours of the railway company – green and gold – they were defeated 6 – 0 by Bolton Wanderers ' reserve team . By 1888 , the club had become a founding member of The Combination , a regional football league . Following the league 's dissolution after only one season , Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance , which ran for three seasons before being merged with the Football League . This resulted in the club starting the 1892 – 93 season in the First Division , by which time it had become independent of the railway company and dropped the " LYR " from its name . After two seasons , the club was relegated to the Second Division .
In January 1902 , with debts of £ 2 @,@ 670 – equivalent to £ 260 @,@ 000 in 2016 – the club was served with a winding @-@ up order . Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen , including John Henry Davies ( who became club president ) , each willing to invest £ 500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name ; on 24 April 1902 , Manchester United was officially born . Under Ernest Mangnall , who assumed managerial duties in 1903 , the team finished as Second Division runners @-@ up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division , which they won in 1908 – the club 's first league title . The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield and ended with the club 's first FA Cup title . Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911 , but at the end of the following season , Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City .
In 1922 , three years after the resumption of football following the First World War , the club was relegated to the Second Division , where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925 . Relegated again in 1931 , Manchester United became a yo @-@ yo club , achieving its all @-@ time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934 . Following the death of principal benefactor John Henry Davies in October 1927 , the club 's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W. Gibson , who , in December 1931 , invested £ 2 @,@ 000 and assumed control of the club . In the 1938 – 39 season , the last year of football before the Second World War , the club finished 14th in the First Division .
= = = Busby years ( 1945 – 1969 ) = = =
In October 1945 , the impending resumption of football led to the managerial appointment of Matt Busby , who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team selection , player transfers and training sessions . Busby led the team to second @-@ place league finishes in 1947 , 1948 and 1949 , and to FA Cup victory in 1948 . In 1952 , the club won the First Division , its first league title for 41 years . With an average age of 22 , the back @-@ to @-@ back title winning side of 1956 were labelled " the Busby Babes " by the media , a testament to Busby 's faith in his youth players . In 1957 , Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup , despite objections from The Football League , who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season . En route to the semi @-@ final , which they lost to Real Madrid , the team recorded a 10 – 0 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht , which remains the club 's biggest victory on record .
The following season , on the way home from a European Cup quarter @-@ final victory against Red Star Belgrade , the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players , officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich , Germany . The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed 23 lives , including those of
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classes . Only the top 25 % of the school generally qualifies for the list . Members receive a card of congratulations , signed by the Dean of the College .
Latin Honors upon graduation are :
Cumulative GPA of a 3 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 4 – Cum Laude
Cumulative GPA of a 3 @.@ 4 – 3 @.@ 7 – Magna Cum Laude
Cumulative GPA of a 3 @.@ 7 – 4 @.@ 0 – Summa Cum Laude
= = = Graduation = = =
Since 1896 , Saint Anselm graduates have participated in nearly exactly the same graduation ceremony .
= = = = Honors Convocation and Baccalaureate Mass = = = =
Commencement weekend begins on Friday afternoon as members of the senior class gather in the upper church of Saint Anselm Abbey for the annual honors convocation . The senior academic honors convocation begins with an invocation , said by the Abbot of Saint Anselm Abbey , and is followed by the conferral of academic awards , read by the Dean of the College . Virtually every academic department has an award to present to a senior of that major . Next the President of the college awards each Summa Cum Laude graduate ; within this elite group the Chancellor 's medal is awarded to the graduate with the highest academic grade point average .
The convocation is followed by the celebration of the Eucharist during a Roman Catholic Mass , which includes a homily delivered by the Abbot . The mass concludes with the singing of the Saint Anselm College Anthem as each graduand exits the church to meet their family and friends outside of the church and on the surrounding grounds for photographs and a reception in the Carr Center .
The Saint Anselm College Anthem was written by Father Augustine Kelly , O.S.B. , Dean of the College , and composed by Father Bede Camera , O.S.B. , director of the Saint Anselm College Choir and Choirmaster of Saint Anselm Abbey . It is sung at the conclusion of the Eucharist during Orientation , Opening of the school year , Family Weekend , Baccalaureate Mass , and the final 7 p.m. Mass of each semester by the Saint Anselm College Choir .
The convocation is followed by the celebration of the Eucharist during a Roman Catholic Mass , which includes a homily delivered by the Abbot . The mass concludes with the singing of the Saint Anselm College Anthem as each graduand exits the church to meet their family and friends outside of the church and on the surrounding grounds for photographs and a reception in the Carr Center .
= = = = Commencement = = = =
On the morning of commencement , Alumni Hall is outfitted with patriotic red white and blue banners and flags . Commencement exercises begin each year at 1 : 50 pm as members of the senior class gather in the Stoutenburg Gymnasium and process through the campus , crossing by the Cushing Center and Hilary Hall and arriving at Alumni Hall for the commencement ceremony . The graduating class processes onto the quad to the designated seating area directly in front of Alumni Hall as a hired brass ensemble plays the Pomp and Circumstance March . If the weather is inclement , commencement takes place in the Thomas F. Sullivan Arena . The academic processional of the College 's Mace , color guard , graduands , members of the monastic community , and the faculty can take over twenty minutes . The national anthem is performed by a student or students selected . The performer is usually a member of the Saint Anselm College Choir . Next , a student selected by the administration delivers the coveted student address that he / she submitted for consideration . This is followed by the College President 's address . The faculty award of the year from the Saint Anselm College Chapter of the American Association of University Professors is presented to a deserving faculty member . The student award for service and citizenship is presented to a community service @-@ minded senior in recognition for an outstanding community project . This award is not given every year , only when there is consensus among administration that a particular student is deserving . Honorary doctorates are then conferred among selected honorary degree recipients . After the keynote address by one of the honorary degree recipients , the graduates are awarded their degrees of Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science . After the benediction , graduates flip their graduation tassel to the opposite side of their cap and process out to the recessional song as the Abbey bells resound throughout campus . Finally , family and friends meet with the new graduates to take photographs .
The academic costume worn by graduates consists of a gown , hood , and cap . Graduates have short pointed sleeves and a three @-@ foot hood lined with the college 's blue and white colors . Honor cords or sashes are not allowed to be worn during the ceremony ; this rule has come under fire in recent years . Dress of the faculty differs from the graduates as the colors of their caps and gowns are dependent on the professors ' alma mater . The Saint Anselm College Mace was hand carved from black walnut , and designed and executed by the Trappist monks of St. Joseph 's Abbey . One of its striking features is the cross surmounting the mace , which is patterned after the cross of Saint Anselm Abbey Church ; another is the seal of the college , mounted on the round head of the mace . Encircling the shield is the legend Sigillum Collegii Sancti Anselmi - 1889 , meaning " Seal of Saint Anselm College " . The diploma measures 16 " x 19 " and is written in Latin . The following is a translation of the Latin text which appears on the diploma .
= = = Accreditation and memberships = = =
Saint Anselm College is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges . It holds membership in the Association of American Colleges and Universities , the American Council on Education , the National Catholic Educational Association , and the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities . Saint Anselm is a member of the Association of Benedictine Colleges and Universities , as Father Jonathan DeFelice was a co @-@ founder of this organization in 1993 . Saint Anselm is on the approved list of the American Chemical Society and of the New Hampshire State Board of Education for teacher training . The baccalaureate program in nursing is fully accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education and fully approved by the New Hampshire Board of Nursing . The Department of Nursing is a member of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing , the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education , the Council of Baccalaureate and Higher Degree Programs of the National League for Nursing and the Nightingale Society . The Continuing Nursing Education program is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center 's Commission on Accreditation .
= = New Hampshire Institute of Politics = =
Marc Ambinder , political editor of The Atlantic , described the role Saint Anselm plays in national politics by saying , " no one runs for president without speaking at St. A 's New Hampshire Institute of Politics . " U.S. News & World Report also ranked the college as the single , most popular location in New Hampshire for presidential candidates to visit . For over the past forty years , the New Hampshire Institute of Politics ( NHIOP ) has played host to hundreds of presidential aspirants that have delivered policy speeches at Saint Anselm College . It was founded on the basis that " educated and engaged citizens are vital for a healthy democracy . " The NHIOP houses the Politics department , as well as providing classroom space for use by all departments . The institute is credited with raising the national profile of the college by incorporating the college in the New Hampshire primary , the first primary of the United States presidential election .
The Institute was founded in 2001 through a nine million dollar grant which was secured by then U.S. Senator Judd Gregg from the National Institute of Standards and Technology . The idea of the Institute came from a series of conversations between Professors Kuehne and Manuel of the politics department and assistant vice president Anne Botteri . All involved believed in the potential that the college could harness from the New Hampshire primary through the college 's traditions and location . In December 1995 , Fr . Jonathan DeFelice asked Professor Manuel , as chairman of the politics department , to chair a committee to study the question and to make recommendations . A proposal was presented to the board of trustees by fellow trustee and former Massachusetts Senate president Kevin B. Harrington . Passing by a unanimous vote , the Institute was constructed in 2000 and dedicated on September 7 , 2001 .
The Institute consists of a 20 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 1 @,@ 900 m2 ) building built in 2001 . The Institute contains six classrooms , four seminar rooms , an auditorium , television studio , offices for the college 's department of politics and Institute administration , the Common Ground cafe , a research center , and a computer lab . All of the classrooms are " smart classrooms " equipped with interactive whiteboards , LCD projectors , and built in audio and video equipment . The television studio is the only live video production and broadcast studio in the Greater Manchester area . Television journalists can interview individuals , including Saint Anselm 's experts , politicians , business and civic leaders , remotely from the studio without requiring a TV crew on site or the source to travel to the network . Operated in partnership with VideoLink , the studio is equipped with ReadyCam technology that allows VideoLink to control the camera and lighting remotely from their Boston headquarters .
The Washington Post recently referred to Saint Anselm College as " the Benedictine college with a box seat on America 's most riveting political theater " , as the college and institute have both played major roles in the New Hampshire primary . CNN contributor and former Harvard Institute of Politics chair Jennifer Donahue was the institute 's political director from 2002 to 2009 . The current director of the institute is Neil Levesque .
Steve Scully , host , senior producer , and political editor of C @-@ SPANs Washington Journal , is among the directors of the institute .
The Kevin B. Harrington Student Ambassador Program is an academic program through the New Hampshire Institute of Politics ; it is named after the late Massachusetts State Senator Kevin B. Harrington , who was a member of the Saint Anselm College Board of Trustees and an instrumental force in the creation of the New Hampshire Institute of Politics itself . Student Ambassadors play an important role in supporting special events , giving tours of the institute , welcoming and introducing presidential and congressional candidates , public figures and a range of scholars who headline the institute 's special events and public programs .
Its youth programs are modeled after those of the Sorensen Institute for Political Leadership in Virginia .
The Public Advisory Board , established by Father Jonathan DeFelice in 2008 seeks to help the Institute expand its role in both state and national dialogues . Board members include U.S. Senator Judd Gregg ( Chair ) , former United States Congressman Paul Hodes , New Hampshire Secretary of State Bill Gardner ( Vice @-@ Chair ) , 2010 Massachusetts gubernatorial candidate Charlie Baker , Time magazine 's Mark Halperin , U.S. Senator Kelly Ayotte , and John Bridgeland , member of the White House Council for Community Solutions .
= = = Presidential debates = = =
The college has hosted numerous national debates and campaign rallies since the 1950s . In 2003 , Saint Anselm hosted a debate between the candidates for the Democratic Party nomination in the 2004 presidential election , and served as the Primary headquarters for the Fox News Network . Similarly , in June 2007 the college hosted two national debates , sponsored by CNN , for candidates of the Republican and Democratic Party . In 2008 , the college hosted the back @-@ to @-@ back ABC / Facebook / WMUR debates on January 5 , 2008 . Saint Anselm College students volunteered and became " runners " for the Fox News , CNN and ABC debates ; students have had the unique opportunity to meet many Presidential candidates and media personalities . In his welcoming address to the class of 2012 , President Father Jonathan DeFelice said , " Almost from the first day of classes you will have the opportunity that many other college students will not have – to meet candidates and media experts , political reporters and analysts from all over our country . " On June 13 , 2011 , the college partnered with CNN , WMUR , and the New Hampshire Union Leader to host the first Republican presidential primary debate in New Hampshire for the 2012 campaign . Similarly , in January 2012 , the college hosted an ABC national debate . On August 3 , 2015 , the college partnered with C @-@ SPAN and a long and unusual list of co @-@ sponsors to host a nationally @-@ broadcast candidate forum , three days before the first officially @-@ RNC @-@ sanctioned debate on FOX .
= = = Barack Obama and former presidents = = =
The institute has attracted notable speakers , including then @-@ presidential candidate Barack Obama and former presidents of the United States George W. Bush , Bill Clinton , George H. W. Bush , Ronald Reagan , Gerald Ford , Richard Nixon , and John F. Kennedy .
President John F. Kennedy gave a historic speech at Saint Anselm College on March 5 , 1960 , regarding America 's conduct in the new realities of the emerging Cold War . The speech was the first time that Kennedy detailed how American foreign policy should be conducted towards African nations , noting a hint of support for modern African nationalism by saying , " for we , too , founded a new nation on revolt from colonial rule . " According to a Time magazine article from February 8 , 1960 @,@
" ... a motorcade of students from St. Anselm 's College gave him an earsplitting welcome from 35 automobile horns , then mobbed him with such enthusiasm that Jack had to climb into an open convertible in order to be seen . Afterward , the college kids dragged out a reluctant donkey ( rented for $ 20 by the efficient Kennedy organization ) , then followed Kennedy into a supermarket , waving homemade college @-@ humor signs ( PUT JACK IN THE WHITE SHACK , PUT A NEW JOHN IN THE WHITE HOUSE ) . "
While at the college , Kennedy said the famous line , " I forgot my Nixon button . "
The day after declaring his candidacy for the 1968 election , President Richard Nixon 's first stop was at Saint Anselm College where a reception was held . At the college , on February 3 , 1968 , Nixon unveiled his campaign strategy regarding the Vietnam War by saying , " let 's help them fight the war , and not fight the war for them . " The ramifications of this policy , first voiced at the college had a profound effect on the 1968 presidential campaign and the war in Vietnam .
= = = Former presidential candidates and other notable speakers = = =
Hundreds of presidential candidates have toured and spoken at the college over the past fifty years . More recent speakers have ranged from current Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to the 2008 Republican nominee John McCain . In the weeks before the 2008 election , John McCain 's comeback campaign returned to New Hampshire where McCain held a rally in Sullivan arena in front of a crowd of over two thousand students , faculty , staff and visitors from the community . A group of eight students painted the word " M @-@ A @-@ V @-@ E @-@ R @-@ I @-@ C @-@ K " across their chests and lined up next to each other atop the stands behind McCain .
In March 2010 , the former head of the U.S. Central Command and four star U.S. Army General David Petraeus lectured at the Dana Center for the Humanities through a NHIOP sponsored program ; the change of venue was required because the Institute 's auditorium could not accommodate the six hundred plus students , faculty and staff in attendance . This lecture in particular generated national media attention as rumors spread about Petraeus planning to run for the 2012 presidential election . Petraeus highlighted how America has begun to implement the same counter insurgency strategy which worked in Iraq to Afghanistan .
The following candidates have participated in one of the many national debates held by the college over the years – the current President of the United States Barack Obama , former New York senator Hillary Clinton , Arizona senator John McCain , Jon Huntsman , Kansas senator Sam Brownback , former Alaska senator Mike Gravel , Connecticut senator Joe Lieberman , former Democratic nominee for the 2004 election , John Kerry , former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney , former Vermont governor Howard Dean , former Arkansas governor Mike Huckabee , New Mexico governor Bill Richardson , Ohio congressman Dennis Kucinich , Congressman Ron Paul , Ralph Nader , General Wesley Clark and many more .
Former Republican candidate Sam Brownback 's visit attracted the negative attention of the national media as the image of Brownback at the podium speaking to a mostly empty room epitomized his failing candidacy . In 1972 , the eventual Democratic nominee for United States presidential election George McGovern visited the college and after his speech jokingly declared he would become a vice presidential candidate , as he was clearly the front runner .
Inside the Institute 's main hallway hangs over one hundred images that represent the college 's role in the political process ; former Missouri congressman Richard Gephardt once recognized a picture of an elderly woman holding a sign " Gephardt for President " in a rather emotional moment as his own mother . It is not uncommon to run into current New Hampshire senator Jeanne Shaheen or then @-@ senator John E. Sununu , New Hampshire governor John Lynch , former New Hampshire governors Judd Gregg , Craig Benson and Steve Merrill in the hallways , guest lecturing in classrooms or leaving the politics department after conversing with faculty ; some faculty are politicians – New Hampshire Senator Lou D 'Allesandro is a faculty member of the politics department .
Many of the modern media personalities have lectured at the institute on topics ranging from their predictions during the 2008 New Hampshire primary to hosting live campaign coverage on the quad , as seen in the image to the right . Fox News Channel 's Brit Hume and Christopher Wallace both reported live from the " Fox @-@ Box " in both 2004 and 2008 as Alumni Hall served as a backdrop for the primary . For the 2012 Fox News New Hampshire Primary coverage , the college showed live shots of Alumni Hall and reported live from Davison Dining Hall . The former anchor of ABC 's World News Tonight , Peter Jennings had reported live from the north side of Alumni Hall during nightly broadcasts of his show during the primary . CNN 's well known personality Wolf Blitzer was the moderator for the national 2007 debates held in the college 's Sullivan Arena . , ABC News correspondent and television personality Barbara Walters has visited the college on several occasions , hosting the presidential national debate in 1984 . Bob Schieffer , the host of CBS 's Face The Nation broadcast live from , " historic Saint Anselm College 's Alumni Hall " in June 2007 to interview then candidate John Edwards and his former wife Elizabeth Edwards ; in addition to this interview , Mr. Edwards has visited the college on numerous campaign stops talking with students and dropping by classrooms in the institute building .
Journalists who work for many major media outlets stop by the college in the years between the primary when in the area . Time magazine 's editor @-@ at @-@ large and political analyst
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faceoffs ; Otto was a two @-@ time finalist for the Frank J. Selke Trophy . He was known for his confrontations with Mark Messier as part of the Flames ' rivalry with the Edmonton Oilers and was a member of Calgary 's 1989 Stanley Cup championship winning team . He joined the Flyers in 1995 , with whom he played three seasons .
Otto was a frequent member of the United States national team . He played in two World Championships and two Canada Cups , captaining the United States to the final in 1991 . Otto was a member of the team that won the inaugural World Cup of Hockey in 1996 and played in the 1998 Winter Olympics . He currently serves as an assistant coach of the Western Hockey League 's Calgary Hitmen , with whom he won the league championship in 2010 .
= = Playing career = =
= = = College = = =
A native of Elk River , Minnesota , Otto played college hockey for Division II school Bemidji State . He scored 52 points in 31 games in his sophomore season of 1981 – 82 , improving to 61 points the following season and finally 75 points in 31 games in 1983 – 84 . He was named to the Northern Collegiate Hockey Association ( NCHA ) first All @-@ Conference Team and National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) West All @-@ American in 1982 , 1983 and 1984 . Otto captained Bemidji State in 1983 – 84 , leading the team to an undefeated record at 31 – 0 and a Division II national championship . He was recognized as the NCHA player of the year in 1984 . He was a finalist for the Hobey Baker Award in 1984 , given to the top collegiate player in the United States . Otto scored over 200 points for Bemidji State , was the first player to have his jersey retired by the school , and was inducted into Bemidji State 's Athletics Hall of Fame in 2010 .
= = = Calgary Flames = = =
Otto was never drafted , and upon graduation , sought opportunities from National Hockey League ( NHL ) clubs . The teams he contacted offered only a try @-@ out , some insisting he pay his own way . Finally , his agent contacted Cliff Fletcher , general manager of the Calgary Flames , who offered him a contract to play for the Moncton Golden Flames , their American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate . Otto agreed , scored 63 points in 56 games for the Golden Flames in the 1984 – 85 AHL season and appeared in 17 games with Calgary . He made his NHL debut on November 23 , 1984 , against the St. Louis Blues . On March 1 , 1985 , he recorded his first point , an assist , against the Montreal Canadiens . He scored his first goal two nights later against goaltender Darren Eliot of the Los Angeles Kings .
Otto established himself as a top defensive forward for the Flames in 1985 – 86 . Coach Bob Johnson discovered his niche when he had Otto shut down Marcel Dionne , the top player of the Los Angeles Kings . Afterward , Otto was consistently used against the opposition 's top line where he used his size and faceoff ability to his advantage . He was most famous for shadowing Mark Messier of the Edmonton Oilers when the Battle of Alberta reached its peak in the late 1980s . Otto later remarked that Messier was the reason he was in the NHL , as the Flames needed a big center who could match Messier physically , especially in the faceoff circle .
Johnson also used Otto in front of the opposition net to screen the goaltender . He struggled offensively early in the 1985 – 86 season , scoring only two goals in the first third of the year , but as he grew in confidence and saw increasing ice time , his offense improved . Otto finished the season with 25 goals and 59 points . He added 5 goals and 15 points in the playoffs as the Flames reached the Stanley Cup final . The Flames lost the series in five games to the Montreal Canadiens .
Continuing to chip in on offense in the following seasons , Otto scored at least 50 points in each of his first four full seasons . He reached the 20 @-@ goal mark for the second time in 1988 – 89 , a season he ended on an 11 @-@ game point scoring streak . The Flames entered the 1989 Stanley Cup Playoffs as the top team in the NHL , and a prohibitive favorite against their first round opponent , the Vancouver Canucks . Nonetheless , the Canucks forced the Flames into overtime of the seventh and deciding game of the series . Late in the first overtime period , Otto rushed toward the net as Jim Peplinski carried the puck up the right side boards . Peplinski 's shot deflected off Otto 's skate and past Vancouver goaltender Kirk McLean . Otto was credited with the series @-@ winning goal . He scored a total of 19 points in 22 playoff games as the Flames won their first Stanley Cup championship in franchise history .
Considered one of the league 's best faceoff men and a top two @-@ way forward , Otto was frequently the subject of inquiries by other teams in trade talks , which the Flames refused . He scored his 100th career goal on October 30 , 1990 , against the New Jersey Devils and his 300th point on October 4 , 1991 , against Edmonton . He was the Flames ' nominee for the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy in 1991 – 92 , a league award given for dedication and perseverance . His role with the Flames changed into the 1990s as the team placed greater emphasis on his defensive play into the 1990s , though he surpassed 50 @-@ points for the fifth time in 1992 – 93 . Otto was also named a finalist for the Frank J. Selke Trophy as the league 's top defensive forward that season . He was again named a finalist for the Selke Trophy in 1994 – 95 .
= = = Philadelphia Flyers = = =
Otto hoped to remain in Calgary after his contract expired following the 1995 season , but with the Flames facing financial difficulties as the NHL 's salary structure rapidly changed , the team was unable to agree to a new contract . He was among the most sought after players in free agency , and was pursued by the New York Rangers , who hoped that he could help their team shut down Eric Lindros of the Philadelphia Flyers . Otto considered the offer , and thought if the Rangers thought that highly of their opponent , he would be better off playing with Lindros than against him . Otto signed a three @-@ year contract with the Philadelphia Flyers on July 21 , 1995 .
He scored 41 points in 67 games in 1995 – 96 , including the 500th of his career , when he notched a goal and an assist in a 5 – 4 win over the Edmonton Oilers on March 13 , 1997 . Still regarded as one of the league 's top defensive centers in 1996 – 97 , Otto helped the Flyers reach the 1997 Stanley Cup Finals , which they lost to the Detroit Red Wings . He scored only 7 points in 68 games in 1997 – 98 after recording 32 the season before , and had lost some of his skating speed . Following the season , Otto announced his retirement .
= = = International = = =
Otto made his debut with the United States national team at the 1985 World Ice Hockey Championships . He appeared in ten games , scoring two goals . His goal against Czechoslovakia helped the US complete its third of three consecutive upset victories , including defeats of Canada and Sweden , that left the United States in second place after the preliminary round . The Americans ultimately finished fourth in the tournament . Otto played in a second World Championship in 1990 , scoring six points in nine games for the fifth @-@ place Americans .
The 1987 Canada Cup was Otto 's first appearance in a best @-@ on @-@ best tournament . He appeared in five games for the fifth @-@ place Americans , and returned as the captain of the American squad that entered the 1991 Canada Cup . Otto scored two goals in a 7 – 3 victory over Finland in the semi @-@ final to lead the United States into its first championship game in five Canada Cup appearances . The Americans lost the best @-@ of @-@ three final to Canada 2 – 0 . Otto next appeared in the 1996 World Cup of Hockey , the successor tournament to the Canada Cup , where the Americans again faced Canada in the final . Otto and his teammates defeated Canada to claim the inaugural World Cup title . His final international appearance came at the 1998 Winter Olympics . At 36 , Otto was the oldest player on the American team and was counted on to contribute to the American team as a checking center . He appeared in four games for the sixth @-@ place Americans .
= = Off the ice = =
Otto and his wife Kary have two children , Ben and Kacey . The family settled in Calgary , but return to Minnesota for various events . Following his retirement as a player , Otto worked for Calgary law firm MacLeod Dixon as a professional player consultant and later for a company that manufactured golf clubs . Otto is active within the community . As a player with the Flames , he was a spokesman for the Calgary Children 's Milk Fund Society , and was named the recipient of the Ralph T. Scurfield Humanitarian Award in 1993 in recognition of his leadership and community involvement . Otto remains active with the Calgary Flames Alumni Association and in 2004 joined the Calgary Hitmen of the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) as a spokesman for their " Hitmen Kidz " community program .
While he had worked with the University of Calgary Dinos hockey program for a couple seasons following his retirement , Otto left to be closer to his family . He returned to the game in 2006 as an assistant coach for the Hitmen . He helped coach the Hitmen to the Ed Chynoweth Cup as WHL champions in 2009 – 10 , and returned for his fifth season behind the bench in 2011 – 12 .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
= = = International = = =
= = Curiosities = =
Canadian punk band Belvedere wrote a song about Joel Otto 's career called " Two minutes for looking so good " .
= A Good Man Goes to War =
" A Good Man Goes to War " is the seventh episode of the sixth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , and was first broadcast on BBC One on 4 June 2011 and served as a mid @-@ series finale . The episode was written by Steven Moffat and directed by Peter Hoar .
The episode follows the cliffhanger of " The Almost People " , which reveals Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) had been operating a Flesh duplicate of herself and is in fact held in a remote location and about to give birth . Alien time traveller the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) and Amy 's husband Rory ( Arthur Darvill ) muster an army of allies and set out to find both Amy and her child , a girl named Melody Pond .
The episode reveals the recurring character River Song ( Alex Kingston ) is Amy and Rory 's child . River 's identity was kept in top secrecy , and only a few members of the cast and crew were issued the correct ending of the script . The beginning of the episode contained many different locations which were challenging for the production team . The main setting , Demons Run , was filmed in a military base and hangar in Cardiff . " A Good Man Goes to War " was watched by 7 @.@ 57 million viewers in the United Kingdom and received an Appreciation Index of 88 . Critical reception was mixed to positive , and the episode was nominated for the 2012 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation ( Short Form ) .
= = Plot = =
= = = Prequel = = =
On 28 May 2011 , immediately following the broadcast of " The Almost People " , the BBC released a prequel to " A Good Man Goes to War " . The prequel had Dorium talking to two Headless Monks . He gives them the brain of a Judoon , which contains a security protocol the monks need . Dorium tells them he knows what they are up to , as he has heard rumours around the area . He asks them , " All this , to imprison one child ? Oh , I know what you 're up to , I hear everything in this place . I even hear rumours about whose child you 've taken . Are you mad ? You know the stories about the Doctor ? The things that man has done ? God help us if you make him angry ! "
= = = Synopsis = = =
The Doctor ( Matt Smith ) and Rory ( Arthur Darvill ) have discovered Amy ( Karen Gillan ) , Rory 's wife and the Doctor 's companion , has been abducted from them and her place taken by an avatar made from " the Flesh " , a semi @-@ sentient being which can create near perfect replicas of other individuals , and are able to change their molecular structure to suit their surroundings or needs ( " The Almost People " ) , through which Amy has been experiencing events as if she were physically present . The Doctor has come to learn the real Amy is being held on a secret asteroid base called " Demon 's Run " , and collects several old debtors from across time and space to lay assault on the base , including Sontaran Commander Strax ( Dan Starkey ) , Silurian Madame Vastra ( Neve McIntosh ) and her human wife Jenny Flint ( Catrin Stewart ) , and the black market trader Dorium Maldovar ( Simon Fisher @-@ Becker ) . Rory , after collecting information on the base 's location from a Cyberman fleet , attempts to recruit River Song ( Alex Kingston ) from her Stormcage prison cell , but she refuses , saying she cannot be with the Doctor at this time as this battle is when he will discover her identity . Aboard the base , Madame Kovarian ( Frances Barber ) , who has been watching over Amy during her pregnancy and has taken her child , Melody , from her , prepares her human troops to fight the Doctor alongside the Order of the Headless Monks who reside at Demon 's Run ; the monks are literally headless and incapable of being fooled or intimidated . Human soldier Lorna Bucket ( Christina Chong ) , who met the Doctor as a young girl in the Gamma forests , attempts to befriend Amy , giving her a good luck token made of cloth sewn with Melody 's name on it in the language of the Gamma forests . Amy warns Bucket of the Doctor 's fury if she fights against him .
Assisted by additional Silurian and Judoon forces , the Doctor and his allies launch a surprise attack and secure the base . The Doctor and Rory free Amy and retake Melody before Madame Kovarian can escape with her . As the Doctor celebrates , considering this his greatest achievement , Vastra and Dorium discover Kovarian has been scanning Melody and has found the child has both human and Time Lord DNA . The Doctor surmises Melody was likely conceived on Amy and Rory 's wedding night aboard the TARDIS ( " The Big Bang " ) , the baby 's DNA influenced by the time vortex . The rest of the Doctor 's allies regroup , and Amy and Rory tend to their daughter using an ancient wooden baby cot the Doctor claims was his own . Meanwhile , Bucket has arrived and warns the group of Kovarian 's trap , but they are too late , as the TARDIS is blocked by a forcefield . They are attacked by the Headless Monks , and several Silurians are killed immediately . Dorium is beheaded , while Strax and Bucket are fatally wounded in the battle . Meanwhile , Kovarian , well away from the base , contacts the Doctor , explaining they will be using Melody as a weapon in the war against him . She takes delight in telling him he has fallen into another trap , and " fooling [ the Doctor ] once was a joy , twice in the same way is a privilege " . The Doctor races to the hangar to warn his friends , unaware he is too late . At the same time , Kovarian appears to Melody in a hatch in midair , as she had to Amy 's Flesh duplicate , and tells the baby to wake up . The baby dissolves into the Flesh liquid , leaving Amy horrified and in shock .
The Doctor arrives too late to help his wounded allies , and
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so he and Rory console Amy . Lorna Bucket dies , remembering her childhood adventure with the Doctor . River appears , and the Doctor berates her for not helping . She tries to explain she could not have interfered in these events , and tells the Doctor what transpired was partially his fault , having been brought about by those who feared his reputation . The Doctor becomes angry and demands to know who she is . River shows the Doctor the cot , and The Doctor recognises River 's identity . Elated , he goes off on his own in the TARDIS to rescue Melody , asking River to return everyone to their proper time period . Amy , holding a gun at her , demands River explain what she said to the Doctor , and so River shows Amy and Rory the cot . Initially Amy believes River is referring to the Gallifreyan symbols engraved on it , but they cannot be read by humans even with the aid of the TARDIS translation system . Instead , River shows them Bucket 's cloth prayer leaf with Melody 's name , still in the cot . Amy tells River she knows her daughter 's name ; River tells her the people of the Gamma Forest do not have a word for " Pond " , as the only water in the forest is the river . As Amy and Rory stare at the prayer leaf , the writing is translated into English , revealing the child 's name : River Song .
= = = Continuity = = =
The Cybermen which appear in the episode are intended to be from Mondas , rather than the parallel Earth seen in " Rise of the Cybermen " / " The Age of Steel " . Rory wears the armour of a Roman centurion , as first seen in " The Pandorica Opens " / " The Big Bang . " The Fat One and Thin One refer to the Doctor sending the Atraxi away from a planet before calling them back " for a scolding , " an incident which took place in " The Eleventh Hour . " " The only water in the forest is the river , " the phrase River uses to explain why the people of the Gamma Forest translate " Pond " to " River , " was first said to Rory by Idris in " The Doctor 's Wife . " In the seventh series opener " Asylum of the Daleks " it is revealed that Amy 's experiences on Demon 's Run rendered her infertile .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
" A Good Man Goes to War " is the seventh episode of series six and also the 777th episode of Doctor Who , but there are no seven puns as the production team did not realise this until after shooting . The episode 's idea stemmed from lead writer and executive producer Steven Moffat wondering if the Doctor , who was typically a pacifist , could be provoked enough to assemble an army . The Headless Monks were first mentioned in " The Time of Angels " , added to that episode 's script to help explain the monastic look of the Delirium Archive the Doctor and Amy were visiting . Similar troops also known as " Clerics " appeared in " The Time of Angels " / " Flesh and Stone " ; Moffat stated it seemed many armies in the future in Doctor Who were of religious origin . The possibility of the English word " doctor " originating from the Doctor was a notion made by Moffat on Usenet in 1995 .
Moffat had planned the revelation about River Song " for a long time " ; when creating Amy , he chose " Pond " for her last name to create a link . Moffat intended for the " answer to be as complicated as the question " . Moffat informed Kingston of the secrets of her character at the end of the previous series and she was not allowed to tell anyone ; Smith , Gillan , and Darvill were unaware of the identity of her character . River 's identity was kept in top secrecy ; the script read at the read @-@ through had a false ending , and only a select few were issued the real script .
The episode sees the return of several minor characters . Dorium previously appeared in " The Pandorica Opens " , while Henry and Toby Avery from " The Curse of the Black Spot " and the Spitfire pilot Danny Boy from " Victory of the Daleks " make cameos . Moffat said he planned writing in a cameo for John Barrowman to reprise his role as Jack Harkness , but Barrowman was busy filming Torchwood : Miracle Day and was unavailable . Originally the episode contained a scene with Ood Sigma , previously seen in " Planet of the Ood " , " The Waters of Mars " , and The End of Time , but it was cut from the final episode . Russell T Davies is still listed in the credits for creating the Ood .
= = = Filming and effects = = =
" A Good Man Goes to War " began shooting in mid @-@ January 2011 . The various sets seen at the beginning of the episode were challenging for the production team . A Cardiff alleyway was dressed to look like a Victorian street for a brief introduction scene with Vastra , while a hotel bar in Cardiff was used for Dorium 's nightclub . Demon 's Run was filmed in a military base and hangar in Cardiff . Steam was added to the set to give it a more spaceship @-@ like feel . The army of clerics was made larger with visual effects . The set used for the chamber Amy was kept in was the same used as the Oval Office in " The Impossible Astronaut " / " Day of the Moon " . Baby Melody Pond was played by twins , a common practice used in filming so that one twin can rest while the other is on set . The twins were three months old . Gillan and Darvill were both nervous about holding the infants , but they felt it added to their acting . Gillan stated the episode showed a different side of Amy and thought female viewers would sympathize with her .
The Headless Monks were played by stuntmen , and so the actors were free to improvise on their choreography when fighting them . For the scene in which the hoods of the Headless Monks are pulled back , a shoulderpiece was created for actors who were shorter than the ones who normally portrayed the monks . Dan Starkey , who plays the Sontaran Commander Strax , previously appeared as Sontarans in " The Sontaran Stratagem " / " The Poison Sky " ( 2008 ) and The End of Time ( 2010 ) . Neve McIntosh , who played the Silurian Warrior Vastra , previously played the sisters Alaya and Restac in " The Hungry Earth " / " Cold Blood " ( 2010 ) . Both Starkey and McIntosh underwent extensive make @-@ up and prosthetics for their characters .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" A Good Man Goes to War " was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on 4 June 2011 on BBC One and BBC HD and in the United States on BBC America on 11 June 2011 . UK overnight figures showed the episode was watched by 5 @.@ 5 million viewers , a rise of a half a million from the previous week and coming in sixth place for the night . Final consolidated ratings showed the episode was watched by 7 @.@ 57 million viewers with an audience share of 31 % . It achieved an Appreciation Index of 88 , the joint highest for the series at time of broadcast .
= = = Critical reception = = =
" A Good Man Goes to War " has received mixed to positive reviews . IGN 's Matt Risley rated the episode 9 out of 10 , describing it as an " epic " mid @-@ series finale which " opened with a grandstanding , wonderfully OTT pre @-@ credits tease and didn 't really let up from there " . He praised the spectacle and character development , but felt it led to a certain amount of " the odd rushed scene ... forgettable supporting [ characters ] , and little opportunity to develop the Headless Monks into anything particularly imposing " . Dave Golder of SFX gave " A Good Man Goes to War " four and a half out of five stars , feeling it " saved " the sixth series and offered " a satisfying slice of fantasy television which ticked lots of boxes : it featured dashing , daring storytelling which was bold and confident ; it looked fantastic , there were some hilarious lines and the performance of the star upped his wattage a couple of notches once again " . However , he was more critical of the Headless Monks and the direction of the battle at the end . Neela Debnath of The Independent was also favourable , praising the use of the cliffhanger and felt the complicated nature of the episode " draws people more into the show and gets them thinking about it " .
Gavin Fuller of The Daily Telegraph said the episode was good but lacked significant background motivation into the villains . Fuller also noted the revelation of River Song being Amy 's grown up child " is perhaps a narrative strand which would sit uncomfortably with a series where loss has often been brushed off as soon as the next couple of episodes " . However , he did have praise for the performance of Smith 's Doctor , commenting " the last few weeks have seen Matt Smith 's Doctor in a welcome generally more serious vein , which he kept up here , with leavening at the right moments where his alien lack of comfort with human emotions , although used to comic effect , rang very true , as did his awkwardness when discovering the truth about River " .
Dan Martin of The Guardian was less favourable , stating the producers " promised us a cliffhanger , and now we 're left the whole summer long to contemplate whether our favourite show can really have just dropped the ball . Oh there was plenty to love about this mid @-@ season finale , and even more to pick over . But as an hour of drama it was all over the place " . Because the episode was so fast @-@ paced with little being explained , he did not feel any emotional connection to the Anglican marines or Lorna Bucket . Unlike Fuller , Martin was not favourable to Smith 's Doctor , stating " the non @-@ event of the battle means the Doctor never really gets to show this dark side we 've been hearing so much about " and that Smith 's predecessor , David Tennant , " got angrier most weeks " . Martin did have praise for the final reveal of the episode , stating that although it had been " hidden in plain view from the very beginning as soon as it 's revealed Amy has called the baby Melody " , he was unable to make the connection and was suitably surprised . Martin later rated it the second @-@ to @-@ worst episode of the series , though the finale was not included in the list .
The episode was nominated for the 2012 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation ( Short Form ) , though it lost to Neil Gaiman 's episode " The Doctor 's Wife " .
Two of the new characters introduced in the episode , a 19th @-@ century crimefighter Silurian named Madame Vastra and her assistant Jenny have proven quite popular among fans , with numerous forums and SFX calling for the BBC to commission a spin @-@ off series . Steven Moffat stated in an interview that he did not have time to work on a spin @-@ off but was open to the possibility of the characters returning . Vastra and Jenny , as well as a revived Strax , were made a recurring part of the seventh series .
= Northern mockingbird =
The northern mockingbird ( Mimus polyglottos ) is the only mockingbird commonly found in North America . This bird is mainly a permanent resident , but northern birds may move south during harsh weather . This species has rarely been observed in Europe . This species was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturæ in 1758 as Turdus polyglottos . The northern mockingbird is renowned for its mimicking ability , as reflected by the meaning of its scientific name , ' many @-@ tongued mimic . ' The northern mockingbird has gray to brown upper feathers and a paler belly . Its tail and wings have white patches which are visible in flight .
The northern mockingbird is an omnivore . It eats both insects and fruits . It is often found in open areas and forest edges but forages in grassy land . The northern mockingbird breeds in southeastern Canada , the United States , northern Mexico , the Bahamas , the Cayman Islands and the Greater Antilles . It is replaced further south by its closest living relative , the tropical mockingbird . The Socorro mockingbird , an endangered species , is also closely related , contrary to previous opinion . The northern mockingbird is listed as of Least Concern according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) .
The northern mockingbird is known for its intelligence and has also been noted in North American culture . A 2009 study showed that the bird was able to recognize individual humans , particularly noting those who had previously been intruders or threats . Also birds recognize their breeding spots and return to areas in which they had greatest success in previous years . Urban birds are more likely to demonstrate this behavior . Finally , the mockingbird has influenced United States culture in multiple ways . The bird is a state bird of five different states , has been used in book titles , and has also been used in popular songs and lullabies among other appearances in U.S. culture .
= = Taxonomy = =
Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus first described this species in his Systema Naturae in 1758 as Turdus polyglottos . Its current Latin name , Mimus polyglottos , means “ many @-@ tongued mimic ” , representing its outstanding ability to mimic various sounds . The northern mockingbird is considered to be conspecific with the tropical mockingbird ( Mimus gilvus ) . This species is categorized as the northern mockingbird as the closest living relative to M. gilvus .
= = = Subspecies = = =
There are three recognized subspecies for the northern mockingbird . There have been proposed races from the Bahamas and Haiti placed under the orpheus section .
M. p. polyglottos ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) : generally found in the eastern portion of North America ranging from Nova Scotia to Nebraska , to as far south as Texas and Florida .
M. p. leucopterus ' Western Mockingbird ' ( Vigors , 1839 ) : generally found in the western portion of North America ranging from NW Nebraska and Western Texas to the Pacific Coast , and south to Mexico ( the Isthmus of Tehuantepec ) , and Socorro Island . Larger than M. p. polyglottos and has a slightly shorter tail , upperparts are more buff and paler , underparts have a stronger buff pigment .
M. p. orpheus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) from the Bahamas to the Greater Antilles , also the Cayman and Virgin Islands . Similar to M. m. polyglottos except smaller , a paler shade of gray on its back , and underparts with practically little , if any buff at all .
= = Description = =
The northern mockingbird is a medium @-@ sized mimid that has long legs and tail . Males and females look alike . Its upper parts are colored gray , while its underparts have a white or whitish @-@ gray color . It has parallel wing bars on the half of the wings connected near the white patch giving it a distinctive appearance in flight . The black central rectrices and typical white lateral rectrices are also noticeable in flight . The iris is usually a light green @-@ yellow or a yellow , but there have been instances of an orange color . The bill is black with a brownish black appearance at the base . The juvenile appearance is marked by its streaks on its back , distinguished spots and streaks on its chest , and a gray or grayish @-@ green iris .
Northern mockingbirds measure from 20 @.@ 5 to 28 cm ( 8 @.@ 1 to 11 @.@ 0 in ) including a tail almost as long as its body . The wingspan can range from 31 – 38 cm ( 12 – 15 in ) and body mass is from 40 – 58 g ( 1 @.@ 4 – 2 @.@ 0 oz ) . Males tend to be slightly larger than females . Among standard measurements , the wing chord is 10 to 12 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 to 4 @.@ 7 in ) , the tail is 10 to 13 @.@ 4 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 to 5 @.@ 3 in ) , the culmen is 1 @.@ 6 to 1 @.@ 9 cm ( 0 @.@ 63 to 0 @.@ 75 in ) and the tarsus is 2 @.@ 9 to 3 @.@ 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 1 to 1 @.@ 3 in ) .
The northern mockingbird 's lifespan is observed to be up to 8 years , but captive birds can live up to 20 years .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The mockingbird 's breeding range is from Maritime provinces of Canada westwards to British Columbia , practically the entire Continental United States south of the northern Plains states and Pacific northwest , and the majority of Mexico to eastern Oaxaca and Veracruz . The mockingbird is generally a year @-@ round resident of its range , but the birds that live in the northern portion of its range have been noted further south during the winter season . Sightings of the mockingbird have also been recorded in Hawaii ( where it was introduced in the 1920s ) , southeastern Alaska , and twice as transatlantic vagrants in Britain . The mockingbird is thought to be at least partly migratory in the northern portions of its range , but the migratory behavior is not well understood .
In the nineteenth century , the range of the mockingbird expanded northward towards provinces such as Nova Scotia and Ontario and states such as Massachusetts , although the sightings were sporadic . Within the first five decades of the twentieth century , regions that received an influx of mockingbirds were Maine , Vermont , Ohio , Iowa , and New York . In western states such as California , the population was restricted to the lower Sonoran regions but by the 1970s the mockingbirds was residential in most counties . Islands that saw introductions of the mockingbird include Bermuda ( in which it failed ) , Barbados , St. Helena , Socorro Island , the Cayman Islands and Tahiti .
The mockingbird 's habitat varies by location , but it prefers open areas with sparse vegetation . In the eastern regions , suburban and urban areas such as parks , gardens are frequent residential areas . It has an affinity for mowed lawns with shrubs within proximity for shade and nesting . In western regions , desert scrub , chaparral are among its preferred habitats When foraging for food , it prefers short grass . It also has an affinity for mowed lawns . This bird does not nest in densely forested areas , and generally resides in the same habitats year round .
= = Behavior = =
= = = Diet = = =
The northern mockingbird is an omnivore . The birds ' diet consists of arthropods , earthworms , berries , fruits , seeds , and seldom , lizards . Mockingbirds can drink from puddles , river and lake edges , or dew and rain droplets that amass onto plants . Adult mockingbirds also have been seen drinking sap from the cuts on recently pruned trees . Its diet heavily consists of animal prey during the breeding season , but takes a drastic shift to fruits during the fall and winter . The drive for fruits amid winter has been noted for the geographic expansion of the mockingbird , and in particular , the fruit of Rosa multiflora , a favorite of the birds , is a possible link . Mockingbirds also eat garden fruits such as tomatoes , apples , and berries .
These birds forage on the ground or in vegetation ; they also fly down from a perch to capture food . While foraging , they frequently spread their wings in a peculiar two @-@ step motion to display the white patches . There is disagreement among ornithologists over the purpose of this behavior , with hypotheses ranging from deceleration to intimidation of predators or prey .
= = = Breeding = = =
Both the male and female of the species reach sexual maturity after 1 year of life . The breeding season occurs in the spring and early summer . The males arrive before the beginning of the season to establish their territories .
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The males use a series of courtship displays to attract the females to their sites . They run around the area either to showcase their territory to the females or to pursue the females . The males also engage in flight to showcase their wings . They sing and call as they perform all of these displays . The species can remain monogamous for many years , but incidents of polygyny and bigamy have been reported to occur during the bird 's lifetime .
The northern mockingbird pairs hatch about 2 to 4 broods a year . In one breeding season , the northern mockingbird lays an average of 4 eggs . They hatch after about 11 to 14 days of incubation . After about 10 to 15 days of life , the offspring become independent .
Both the male and female are involved in the nest building . The male does most of the work , while the female perches on the shrub or tree where the nest is being built to watch for predators . The nest is built approximately three to ten feet above the ground . The outer part of the nest is composed of twigs , while the inner part is lined with grasses , dead leaves , moss , or artificial fibers . The eggs are a light blue or greenish color and speckled with dots . The female lays three to five eggs , and she incubates them for nearly two weeks . Once the eggs are hatched , both the male and female will feed the chicks .
The birds aggressively defend their nests and surrounding areas against other birds and animals . When a predator is persistent , mockingbirds that are summoned by distinct calls from neighboring territories may join the attack . Other birds may gather to watch as the mockingbirds harass the intruder . In addition to harassing domestic cats and dogs they consider a threat , it is not unheard of for mockingbirds to target humans . The birds are absolutely unafraid and will attack much larger birds , even hawks . One famous incident in Tulsa , Oklahoma involving a postal carrier resulted in the distribution of a warning letter to residents .
= = = Sexual selection = = =
Northern mockingbirds are famous for their song repertoires . Studies have shown that males sing songs at the beginning of breeding season to attract females . Unmated males sing songs in more directions and sing more bouts than mated males . In addition , unmated males perform more flight displays than mated males . The mockingbirds usually nest several times during one breeding season . Depending on the stage of breeding and the mating status , a male mockingbird will vary his song production . The unmated male keeps close track of this change . He sings in one direction when he perceives a chance to lure a female from the nest of the mated male . Unmated males are also more likely to use elevated perches to extend his songs to a further range . Though the mockingbirds are socially monogamous , mated males have been known to sing to attract additional mates .
An observational study by Logan demonstrates that the female is continuously evaluating the quality of the male and his territory . The assessment is usually triggered by the arrival of a new male in a neighboring territory at the beginning of a new breeding season . In those cases , the mated female is constantly seen flying over both the original and the new male ’ s territory , evaluating the qualities of both territories and exchanging calls with both males . The social mate displays aggressive behaviors towards the female , while the new male shows less aggression and sings softer songs . At the same time , both the mated male and the new male will fly over other territories to attract other females as well . Divorce , mate switching and extra @-@ pair matings do occur in northern mockingbirds .
= = = Sex allocation = = =
Northern mockingbirds adjust the sex ratio of their offspring according to the food availability and population density . Male offspring usually require more parental investment . There is therefore a bias for bearing the costlier sex at the beginning of a breeding season when the food is abundant . Local resource competition predicts that the parents have to share the resources with offspring that remain at the natal site after maturation . In passerine birds , like the northern mockingbird , females are more likely to disperse than males . Hence , it is adaptive to produce more dispersive sex than philopatric sex when the population density is high and the competition for local resources is intense . Since northern mockingbirds are abundant in urban environments , it is possible that the pollution and contamination in cities might affect sexual hormones and therefore play a role in offspring sex ratio .
= = = Mating = = =
Northern mockingbirds are socially monogamous . The two sexes look alike except that males are a little larger in size than females . Mutual mate choice is exhibited in northern mockingbirds . Both males and females prefer mates that are more aggressive towards intruders , and so exhibit greater parental investment . However , males are more defensive of their nests than females . In a population where male breeding adults outnumber female breeding adults , females have more freedom in choosing their mates . In these cases , these female breeders have the option of changing mates within a breeding season if the first male does not provide a high level of parental care , which includes feeding and nest defense . High nesting success is associated with highly aggressive males attacking intruders in the territory , and so these males are preferred by females .
= = = Parental care = = =
Northern mockingbirds are altricial , meaning that , when hatched , they are born relatively immobile and defenseless and therefore require nourishment for a certain duration from their parents . The young have a survival bottleneck at the nestling stage because there are higher levels of nestling predation than egg predation . The levels of belligerence exhibited by parents therefore increase once eggs hatch but there is no increase during the egg stage .
A recent study shows that both food availability and temperature affect the parental incubation of the eggs in northern mockingbirds . Increasing food availability provides the females with more time to care for the nest and perform self @-@ maintenance . Increasing temperature , however , reduces the time the females spend at the nest and there is increased energy cost to cool the eggs . The incubation behavior is a trade @-@ off among various environmental factors .
Mockingbird nests are also often parasitized by cowbirds . The parents are found to reject parasitic eggs at an intermediate rate . A recent study has shown that foreign eggs are more likely to be rejected from a nest later in the breeding season than from earlier in a breeding season . Early nesting hosts may not have learned the pattern and coloration of their first clutch yet , so are less likely to reject foreign eggs . There is also a seasonal threshold in terms of the overlap between the breeding seasons of the northern mockingbirds and their parasites . If the breeding season of the parasites starts later , there is less likelihood of parasitism . Hence , it pays the hosts to have relatively lower sensitivity to parasitic eggs .
= = = Song and calls = = =
Although many species of bird imitate the vocalizations of other birds , the northern mockingbird is the best known in North America for doing so . Among the species and vocalizations imitated are Carolina wren , northern cardinal , tufted titmouse , eastern towhee , house sparrow , wood thrush and eastern bluebird songs , calls of the northern flicker and great crested flycatcher , jeers and pumphandles of the blue jay , and alarm , chups , and chirrs of the American robin . It imitates not only birds , but also other animals such as cats , dogs , frogs , crickets and sounds from artificial items such as unoiled wheels and even car alarms . As convincing as these imitations may be to humans , they often fail to fool other birds , such as the Florida scrub @-@ jay .
The northern mockingbird 's mimicry is likely to serve as a form of sexual selection through which competition between males and female choice influence a bird 's song repertoire size . A 2013 study attempted to determine model selection in vocal mimics , and the data suggested that mimicry in the mockingbird resulted from the bird being genetically predisposed to learning vocalizations with acoustic characteristics such as an enlarged auditory template .
Both male and female mockingbirds sing , with the latter being generally quieter and less vocal . Male commencement of singing is in late January to February and continue into the summer and the establishing of territory into the fall . Frequency in female singing is more sporadic , as it sings less often in the summer and fall , and only sings when the male is away from the territory . The mockingbird also possesses a large song repertoire that ranges from 43 to 203 song types and the size varies by region . Repertoire sizes ranged from 14 to 150 types in Texas , and two studies of mockingbirds in Florida rounded estimates to 134 and 200 , approximately . It continually expands its repertoire during its life , though it pales in comparison to mimids such as the brown thrasher .
There are four recognized calls for the mockingbird : the nest relief call , hew call , chat or chatburst , and the begging call . The hew call is mainly used by both sexes for potential nest predators , conspecific chasing , and various interactions between mates . The differences between chats and chatbursts are frequency of use , as chats are year @-@ round , and chatbursts occur in the fall . Another difference is that chatbursts appear to be used in territorial defense in the fall , and the chats are used by either sex when disturbed . The nest relief and begging calls are only used by the males .
= = = Ontogeny = = =
A laboratory observation of 38 mockingbird nestlings and fledglings ( thirty @-@ five and three , respectively ) recorded the behavioral development of young mockingbirds . Notable milestones included the eyes opening , soft vocalizations , begging , and preening began within the first six days of life . Variation in begging and more compact movements such as perching , fear crouching , and stretching appeared by the ninth day . Wing @-@ flashing , bathing , flight , and leaving the nest happened within seventeen days ( nest leaving occurred within 11 to 13 days ) . Improvements of flight , walking , self @-@ feeding and walking took place within forty days . Agonistic behavior increased during the juvenile stages , to the extent of one of two siblings living in the same area was likely killed by the other .
= = Predation and threats = =
Adult mockingbirds can fall victim to birds of prey such as the great horned owl , screech owl and sharp @-@ shinned hawk , though their tenacious behavior leads them to being less likely to being captured . Scrub @-@ jays also have killed and eaten mockingbirds . Snakes rarely capture incubating females . Fledgelings have been prey to cats , red @-@ tailed hawks , and crows . Eggs and nestlings are consumed by blue jays , fish crows and American crows , red @-@ tailed hawks , swallow @-@ tailed kites , snakes , squirrels , and cats . Blowfly larvae and Haemoproteus have been found in Florida and Arizona populations , respectively .
Winter storms limit the expansion of mockingbirds in its range . The storms have played a role in the declining of the Ohio populations ( where it has since recovered ) , Michigan , Minnesota and likely in Quebec . Dry seasons also affects the mockingbird populations in Arizona .
= = Intelligence = =
In a paper published in 2009 , researchers found that mockingbirds were able to recall an individual human who , earlier in the study , had approached and threatened the mockingbirds ' nest . Researchers had one participant stand near a mockingbird nest and touch it , while others avoided the nest . Later , the mockingbirds recognized the intruder and exhibited defensive behavior , while ignoring the other individuals .
= = = Adaptation to urban habitats = = =
The northern mockingbird is a species that is found in both urban and rural habitats . There are now more northern mockingbirds living in urban habitats than non @-@ urban environments , so they are consequently known as an urban @-@ positive species . Biologists have long questioned how northern mockingbirds adapt to a novel environment in cities , and whether they fall into the typical ecological traps that are common for urban @-@ dwelling birds . A comparative study between an urban dwelling population and a rural dwelling one shows that the apparent survival is higher for individuals in the urban habitats . Lower food availability and travel costs may account for the higher mortality rate in rural habitats . Urban birds are more likely to return to the nest where they had successfully bred the previous year and avoid those where breeding success was low . One explanation for this phenomenon is that urban environments are more predictable than non @-@ urban ones , as the site fidelity among urban birds prevents them from ecological traps . Mockingbirds are also able to utilize artificial lighting in order to feed nestlings in urban areas such as residential neighborhoods into the night in contrast to those that do not nest near those areas . The adaptation of mockingbirds in urban habitats have led it to become more susceptible to lead poisoning in its population in the Baltimore and Washington , D.C. population .
= = In culture = =
It also features in the title and central metaphor of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird , by Harper Lee . In that novel , mockingbirds are portrayed as innocent and generous , and two of the major characters , Atticus Finch and Miss Maudie , say it is a sin to kill a mockingbird because " they don 't do one thing for us but make music for us to enjoy . They don 't eat up people 's gardens , don 't nest in corncribs , they don 't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us " .
" Hush , Little Baby " is a traditional lullaby , thought to have been written in the Southern United States , its key first lines , " Hush , little baby , don 't say a word , Mama 's gonna buy you a mockingbird . And if that mockingbird don 't sing , Mama 's gonna buy you a diamond ring . "
The song of the northern mockingbird inspires much of classic American folk song of the mid @-@ 19th century , " Listen to the Mocking Bird " .
Mockin ' Bird Hill is a popular song best known through recordings by Patti Page , Donna Fargo , and by Les Paul and Mary Ford in 1951 .
Thomas Jefferson , the third President of the United States , had a pet mockingbird named " Dick . "
= = State bird = =
The northern mockingbird is the state bird of Arkansas , Florida , Mississippi , Tennessee and Texas , and formerly the state bird of South Carolina .
= The Hardest Part ( Coldplay song ) =
" The Hardest Part " is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay . It was written by all four members of the band for their third album , X & Y. A piano @-@ based ballad song , it begins with a piano melody , followed with electric guitar lines , that accompanies slow @-@ tempo drumming . It was released on 3 April 2006 as the fourth single from X & Y. The song was released as a radio @-@ only song on United Kingdom radio stations . It appeared on the United States Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and peaked at number 37 , making it Coldplay 's first appearance on that chart and helping establish moderate success at AC radio for future singles like " Viva la Vida " , " Paradise " , and " Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall " . " The Hardest Part " also charted in Australia , Italy and New Zealand .
The song was well received by critics . The track was complimented for its musical style . Regional singles were released in Canada , Europe , and Australia ; a different version was released in Taiwan . Promo singles were released for the UK and US . The international version of the single was made available in the UK on 19 June 2006 .
= = Production and composition = =
The previous single from X & Y , " Talk " , was a tribute to the German band Kraftwerk ; similarly , " The Hardest Part " was intended by Coldplay to acknowledge American band R.E.M. When asked why the song paid a tribute to R.E.M. ' s lead singer , Michael Stipe , Chris Martin said : " I 've lost all respect for fame , but I haven 't lost all respect for respect . So the one great thing about being famous is that I get to meet people who I respect . Our relationship is akin to a dog and its master . I 'll always look up to him . " The band felt the track resembled R.E.M. ' s 1991 single , " Losing My Religion " . " The Hardest Part " was left out of the album track list when the band sent an early version of X & Y to their record label , Parlophone , but was included when the album was finalised .
= = Release and reception = =
Coldplay released " The Hardest Part " in the US and UK on 3 April 2006 as the fourth single of their third album . The single was pressed with a B @-@ side , " How You See the World " , recorded live at Earls Court . The international version of the single was made available in the UK on 19 June 2006 . Regional singles were released for Canada , Europe , Australia , and a different version for Taiwan . Promotional singles were released in the UK and US . The track peaked at number 37 on Billboard 's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . Although the song did not chart on the UK Singles Chart , as the song was released as a radio @-@ only song , the single peaked on the Italian charts on 11 May 2006 at number 19 and spent a week in the chart . Afterward , the song peaked on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 34 on 21 August 2006 . A live piano version of " The Hardest Part " appeared on Coldplay 's 2009 live album LeftRightLeftRightLeft .
Critics were positive towards the song . In the Entertainment Weekly review of the album , music contributor David Browne wrote that the song " is imbued with the sense of regret and letting go that we 've heard from the band before , but with added musical muscle . " Michael Hubbard of MusicOMH wrote : " ' A Message ' and ' The Hardest Part ' sound like companion pieces , both big songs . " Critic Kelefa Sanneh of Rolling Stone noted that the song gets " less catchy as it goes along " . Adrien Begrand from PopMatters wrote that " The Hardest Part " is a " pleasant slice of R.E.M. style pop . " Cameron Adams of the Herald Sun reported that the song sounded " like the Smiths meets REM . " David Cheal of The Daily Telegraph noted , " ... ' The Hardest Part ' is lovely , straightforward , instantly accessible pop @-@ rock " .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " The Hardest Part " was shot on 3 March 2006 in St. Petersburg , Florida . The video uses footage from the television series Attitudes , a series aired on the Lifetime television network , from 1985 – 1991 . The video is digitally enhanced to appear as though Coldplay is performing the music alongside the act appearing on stage . American actress Linda Dano , who played Felicia Gallant on the US soap opera Another World , is also featured . The dancers on the stage are 84 years old Barbara Moseley and 25 years old Gene Spencer whose performance was actually filmed in 1990 . The music video was directed by Mary Wigmore .
= = Personnel = =
Chris Martin - vocals , piano
Guy Berryman - bass guitar
Jonny Buckland - guitars
Will Champion - drums , backing vocals
Brian Eno - keyboards , synthesizer
= = Track listing = =
= = Charts = =
= Thunderbirds ( TV series ) =
Thunderbirds is a British science @-@ fiction television series created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson , filmed by their production company AP Films ( APF ) and distributed by ITC Entertainment . It was produced between 1964 and 1966 using a form of electronic marionette puppetry ( dubbed " Supermarionation " ) combined with scale model special effects sequences . Two series were filmed , comprising a total of 32 episodes . Production ceased after Lew Grade , the Andersons ' financial backer , failed in his efforts to sell the programme to American network television .
Set in the mid @-@ 2060s , Thunderbirds is a follow @-@ up to the earlier Supermarionation productions Four Feather Falls , Supercar , Fireball XL5 and Stingray . It follows the exploits of International Rescue ( IR ) , a life @-@ saving organisation equipped with technologically @-@ advanced land , sea , air and space rescue craft ; these are headed by a fleet of five vehicles named the Thunderbirds and launched from IR 's secret base in the Pacific Ocean . The main characters are ex @-@ astronaut Jeff Tracy , the founder of IR , and his five adult sons , who pilot the Thunderbird machines .
Thunderbirds began its first run in the United Kingdom on the ITV network in 1965 and has since been broadcast in at least 66 other countries . Periodically repeated , it was adapted for radio in the early 1990s and has influenced many TV programmes and other media . As well as inspiring various merchandising campaigns , the series has been followed by two feature @-@ length film sequels , a live @-@ action film adaptation and a mimed stage show tribute . The second of two TV remakes , the computer @-@ animated Thunderbirds Are Go , premiered in 2015 .
Widely considered to be the Andersons ' most popular and commercially successful series , Thunderbirds has received particular praise for its effects ( directed by Derek Meddings ) and musical score ( composed by Barry Gray ) . It is also well remembered for its title sequence , which opens with an often @-@ quoted countdown by actor Peter Dyneley ( who voiced the character of Jeff ) : " 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 : Thunderbirds Are Go ! " A real @-@ life rescue service , the International Rescue Corps , is named after the organisation featured in the series .
= = Storyline = =
Set between 2065 and 2067 , Thunderbirds follows the exploits of the Tracy family , headed by American ex @-@ astronaut turned multi @-@ millionaire philanthropist Jeff Tracy . He is a widower with five adult sons : Scott , John , Virgil , Gordon and Alan . The Tracys form International Rescue ( IR ) , a secret organisation dedicated to saving human life . They are aided in this mission by technologically advanced land , sea , air and space vehicles , which are called into service when conventional rescue techniques prove ineffective . The most important of these are five machines named the " Thunderbirds " , each assigned to one of the five Tracy brothers :
Thunderbird 1 : a hypersonic rocket plane used for fast response and accident zone reconnaissance . Piloted by primary rescue co @-@ ordinator Scott Tracy .
Thunderbird 2 : a supersonic carrier aircraft that transports rescue vehicles and equipment to accident zones in detachable capsules known as " Pods " . Piloted by Virgil .
Thunderbird 3 : a single @-@ stage @-@ to @-@ orbit spacecraft . Piloted alternately by Alan and John , with Scott as co @-@ pilot .
Thunderbird 4 : a utility submersible . Piloted by Gordon and normally launched from Thunderbird 2 .
Thunderbird 5 : a space station that relays distress calls from around the world . Manned alternately by " Space Monitors " John and Alan .
With the engineer Brains and Jeff 's elderly mother , as well as the Malaysian manservant Kyrano and his daughter Tin @-@ Tin , the family reside in a luxurious villa on Tracy Island , their hidden base in the South Pacific Ocean . In this location , IR is safe from criminals and spies who envy the organisation 's technology and seek to acquire the secrets of its machines .
Despite its humanitarian principles , some of IR 's operations are necessitated not by misadventure but deliberate sabotage motivated by greed for power and wealth . For missions that require criminal investigation , the organisation incorporates a network of undercover agents headed by English aristocrat Lady Penelope Creighton @-@ Ward and her butler Aloysius Parker . Based at Creighton @-@ Ward Mansion in Kent , Penelope and Parker 's primary mode of transport is FAB 1 , a specially @-@ modified Rolls @-@ Royce . The most persistent of IR 's adversaries is the criminal known only as the " Hood " . Operating from a temple in the Malaysian jungle , and possessing abilities of hypnosis and dark magic , he exerts a powerful telepathic control over Kyrano , his estranged half @-@ brother , and manipulates the Tracys into missions that unfold according to his nefarious designs . This allows him to spy on the Thunderbird machines and , by selling their secrets , make himself rich .
= = Production = =
Thunderbirds was the fourth Supermarionation puppet TV series to be produced by APF , which was founded by the husband @-@ and @-@ wife duo of Gerry and Sylvia Anderson with their business partners Reg Hill and John Read . Pitched in late 1963 , the series was commissioned by Lew Grade of ITC , APF 's parent company , on the back of the positive audience response to Stingray .
Gerry Anderson drew inspiration for the series ' underlying concept from the West German mining disaster known as the Wunder von Lengede ( " Miracle of Lengede " ) . In October 1963 , the collapse of a nearby dam flooded an iron mine in the municipality of Lengede , killing 29 miners and trapping 21 others underground . Lacking the means to drill an escape shaft , the authorities were forced to requisition a heavy @-@ duty bore from Bremen ; the considerable time necessary to ship this device by rail had significantly reduced the chances of a successful rescue . Recognising the advantages of swifter crisis response , Anderson conceived the idea of an " international rescue " organisation that could use supersonic aircraft to transport specialised rescue equipment quickly over long distances .
Seeking to distinguish his 26 @-@ episode proposal from APF 's earlier productions , Anderson attempted to pitch stories at a level that would appeal to both adults and children . Whereas previous series had been shown during the late afternoon , Anderson wanted Thunderbirds to be broadcast in a family @-@ friendly primetime slot . Sylvia remembers that " our market had grown and a ' kidult ' show ... was the next step . " The Andersons retired to their holiday villa in Portugal to expand the premise , script the pilot episode and compose a scriptwriters ' guide . According to Sylvia , the writing process depended on a " division of labour " , whereby Gerry created the action sequences while she managed characterisation . The decision to make a father and his sons the main characters was influenced by the premise of Bonanza , as well as Sylvia 's belief that the use of more than one heroic character would broaden the series ' appeal . The Tracy brothers were named after Mercury Seven astronauts : Scott Carpenter , John Glenn , Virgil " Gus " Grissom , Gordon Cooper and Alan Shepard .
The series ' title was derived from a letter written by Gerry 's brother , Lionel , while he had been serving overseas as an RAF flight sergeant during World War II . While stationed in Arizona , Lionel had made reference to Thunderbird Field , a nearby United States Army Air Forces base . Drawn to the " punchiness " of " Thunderbirds " , Anderson dropped his working title of " International Rescue " and renamed both the series and IR 's rescue vehicles , which had previously been designated Rescues 1 to 5 . His inspiration for the launch sequences of Thunderbirds 1 , 2 and 3 originated from contemporary United States Air Force launch procedure : Anderson had learnt how the Strategic Air Command would keep its pilots on permanent standby , seated in the cockpits of their aircraft and ready for take @-@ off at a moment 's notice .
In the DVD documentary The Thunderbirds Companion , Anderson explained how a rise in filming costs had made overseas distribution revenue even more important and essentially caused Thunderbirds to be made " as an American show " . During the character development and voice casting process , the Andersons ' main priority was to ensure that the series had transatlantic appeal , thus increasing the chances of winning an American network deal and the higher audience figures that this market had to offer . Scripts were typed in American English and printed on US @-@ style quarto @-@ size paper .
= = = Filming = = =
Thunderbirds was filmed at APF 's studios on the Slough Trading Estate between 1964 and 1966 . In preparation , the number of full @-@ time crew was expanded to 100 . Shooting began in September 1964 after five months of pre @-@ production . Due to the new series ' technical complexity , this was a period longer than for any of APF 's earlier productions . To speed up the filming , episodes were shot in pairs , at a rate of one per month , on separate soundstages and by separate crews ( designated " A " and " B " ) . By 1964 , APF was the UK 's largest commercial user of colour film , consuming more than three million feet ( 570 miles or 910 kilometres ) of stock per year .
Alan Pattillo , a veteran scriptwriter and director for APF , was appointed the company 's first official script editor in late 1964 . This move was aimed to reduce the burden on Gerry Anderson who , while reserving his producer 's right to overall creative control , had grown weary of revising scripts himself . Direction of episodes was assigned in pairs : Pattillo and David Elliott alternated with the less experienced Desmond Saunders and newcomer David Lane for each month 's filming . Due to the difficulties of setting up takes , progress was slow : even on a productive day , it was rare for the crew to complete more than two minutes of puppet footage In a contemporary interview , Hill noted that Thunderbirds contained several times as many shots as a typical live @-@ action series . He explained that rapid editing was necessary on account of the characters ' lack of facial expression , which made it difficult to sustain the viewer 's interest for more than a few seconds per shot .
After viewing the completed 25 @-@ minute pilot , " Trapped in the Sky " , Lew Grade was so impressed by APF 's work that he instructed Anderson to double the episode length and increased the series ' budget per episode from £ 25 @,@ 000 to £ 38 @,@ 000 . As a result , Thunderbirds became not only the company 's longest and highest @-@ budgeted production , but also among the most expensive TV series to have been made up to that point . The crew , who had been filming at a rate of two 25 @-@ minute episodes per fortnight , faced significant challenges during the transition to the new format : eight episodes had already been completed , scripts for up to ten more had been written , and substantial rewrites would be necessary to satisfy the longer running time . Anderson lamented : " Our time @-@ scale was far too drawn out . ITC 's New York office insisted that they should have one show a fortnight ... Everything had to move at twice the speed . " APF spent over seven months extending the existing episodes .
Tony Barwick , who had impressed Pattillo and the Andersons with an unsubmitted script that he had written for Danger Man , was recruited to assist in the writing of subplots and filler material . He found that the longer format created opportunities to strengthen the characterisation . Science @-@ fiction writer John Peel suggests that " small character touches " make the puppet cast of Thunderbirds " much more rounded " than those of earlier APF series . He compares the writing favourably to that of live @-@ action drama . The new footage proved useful during the development of the first series finale , " Security Hazard " : since the previous two episodes had overspent their budgets , Pattillo devised a flashback @-@ dominated clip show containing only 17 minutes of new material to reduce costs .
Filming of Series One was completed in December 1965 . A second series was also commissioned late that year and entered production in March 1966 . Barwick became a full @-@ time member of the writing staff and took over the role of script editor from the outgoing Pattillo . The main puppet cast and vehicles were rebuilt ; in addition , the art department expanded some of the standing sets , including the Tracy Villa lounge and the Thunderbird 5 control room . To accommodate the simultaneous filming of the TV series and Thunderbirds Are Go , APF purchased two more buildings on the Slough Trading Estate and converted them into new stages . As crew and studio space were divided between the two productions , filming of the TV series progressed at half the previous speed , as APF 's B crew produced one episode per month . Filming on Thunderbirds Are Go was completed by June , allowing A crew to resume work on the series to shoot what would prove to be its penultimate episode , " Ricochet " .
Production of Thunderbirds ended in August 1966 with the completion of the sixth episode of Series Two . In February that year , it had been reported that Grade had been unable to sell the series in the United States due to disagreements over timeslots . In July , he cancelled Thunderbirds after failing in his second attempt to secure an American buyer . The three major US networks of the time – NBC , CBS and ABC – had all bid for the series , with Grade repeatedly increasing the price . When NBC withdrew its offer , the other two immediately followed .
By the time of its cancellation , Thunderbirds had become widely popular in the UK and was being distributed extensively overseas . Grade , however , believed that without the financial boost of an American network sale , a full second series would fail to recover its production costs . He therefore asked Anderson to devise a new concept that he hoped would stand a greater chance of winning over the profitable US market . This became Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons .
= = = Casting and characters = = =
Voice @-@ recording sessions were supervised by Pattillo and the Andersons , with Sylvia Anderson in charge of casting . Dialogue was recorded once per month at a rate of two scripts per session . Supporting parts were not pre @-@ assigned , but negotiated by the cast among themselves . Two recordings would be made at each session : one to be converted into electronic pulses for the puppet filming , the other to be added to the soundtrack during post @-@ production . The tapes were edited at Gate Recording Theatre in Birmingham .
In the interest of transatlantic appeal , it was decided that the main characters would be mostly American and therefore actors capable of producing an appropriate accent were used . British , Canadian and Australian actors formed most of the voice cast ; the only American involved was stage actor David Holliday , who was noticed in London 's West End and given the part of Virgil Tracy . Following the completion of the first series , Holliday returned to the US . The character was voiced by English @-@ Canadian actor Jeremy Wilkin for Series Two .
British actor David Graham was among the first to be cast . He had previously voiced characters in Four Feather Falls , Supercar , Fireball XL5 and Stingray . Beyond the APF productions , he had supplied one of the original Dalek voices on Doctor Who . Cast alongside Graham was Australian actor Ray Barrett . Like Graham , he had worked for the Andersons before , having voiced Titan and Commander Shore in Stingray . A veteran of radio drama , Barrett was skilled at performing a range of voices and accents in quick succession . Villains of the week would typically be voiced by either Barrett or Graham . Aware of the sensitive political climate of the Cold War and not wishing to " perpetuate the idea that Russia was the enemy with a whole generation of children watching " , Gerry Anderson decided the Hood ( voiced by Barrett ) should be Oriental and placed his temple hideout in Malaysia to defy the viewer 's expectations .
Although Lady Penelope and Parker ( the latter voiced by Graham ) were among the first characters developed , neither was conceived as a major role . Parker 's Cockney manner was based on a waiter at a pub in Cookham that was sometimes visited by the crew . On Gerry Anderson 's recommendation , Graham dined there regularly to study the accent . Anderson 's first choice for the role of Penelope had been Fenella Fielding , but Sylvia insisted
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' futuristic ' " and the " seeping hyper @-@ realist concerns mandated by the Andersons ' approach to the puppets " . Thunderbirds has been praised for the quality of its effects . Jim Sangster and Paul Condon , writers of Collins Telly Guide , consider the model work " uniformly impressive " . To Paul Cornell , Martin Day and Keith Topping , writers of The Guinness Book of Classic British TV , the effects are " way beyond anything seen on TV previously " . Impressed by their work on Thunderbirds , film director Stanley Kubrick hired several members of Meddings ' staff to supervise the effects shooting for 2001 : A Space Odyssey .
= = = = Title sequence = = = =
The series ' title sequence , storyboarded by Gerry Anderson , is made up of two parts . It opens with a countdown of " 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 : Thunderbirds Are Go ! " , provided by Dyneley in character as Jeff Tracy . In a departure from the style of Stingray , the Thunderbirds title sequence varies with each episode : the first part consists of an action montage that serves as a preview of the plot . Simon Archer and Marcus Hearn , biographers of Gerry Anderson , compare this device favourably to a film trailer .
The second part , accompanied by composer Barry Gray 's " The Thunderbirds March " , features portraits of the main puppet cast superimposed on various vehicles and settings . Peel describes this as " ostensibly a return to the ' series stars ' concept long known in TV " , while Garland considers such imagery demonstrative of Anderson 's commitment to " incremental realism " through a convergence of human and puppet characteristics . Essayist Jonathan Bignell suggests that the use of portraits conveys Anderson 's partiality to " visual revelation of machines and physical action " .
According to Daniel O 'Brien , writer of SF : UK : How British Science Fiction Changed the World , the Thunderbirds title sequence encapsulates the reasons for the series ' enduring popularity . Dyneley 's countdown is particularly well remembered and has been widely quoted . Dean Newman of the Syfy channel website ranks Thunderbirds eighth in a list of " Top 10 TV title sequences " , while Den of Geek 's Martin Anderson considers the sequence the best of any TV series .
= = = Music = = =
The score was composed by Gray , who served as musical director for all of the Anderson productions up to the first series of Space : 1999 . In response to Gerry Anderson 's request that the main theme have a " military feel " , Gray produced a brass @-@ dominated piece titled " The Thunderbirds March " , which was recorded in December 1964 at Olympic Studios in London . The end titles were originally to have been accompanied by " Flying High " , a lyrical track sung by Gary Miller with backing by Ken Barrie . Ultimately , a variation of the march was used instead . Incidental music was recorded over nine months between March and December 1965 . As most of the music budget was spent on the series ' earlier episodes , later instalments drew heavily on APF 's ever @-@ expanding music library .
Peel considers " The Thunderbirds March " to be " one of the best TV themes ever written – perfect for the show and catchy when heard alone " . Morag Reavley of BBC Online argues that the piece is " up there ... in the quintessential soundtrack of the Sixties " with the James Bond films and the songs of Frank Sinatra , Elvis and The Beatles . More generally , he praises the series ' " catchy , pulse @-@ quickening tunes " , as well as Gray 's aptitude for " musical nuance " and the mixing of genres . Heather Phares of Allmusic considers " Thunderbirds Are Go ! " – the track accompanying the launch sequences of Thunderbirds 1 , 2 and 3 – to be a reflection of the mod aspect of 1960s British spy fiction . She also highlights Gray 's homage to – and divergence from – musical norms , commenting that his score " sends up the spy and action / adventure conventions of the ' 60s very stylishly and subtly " .
David Huckvale identifies Wagnerian homage in both the theme music and the series ' premise . Noting that the theme 's opening string ostinato is similar in effect to a recurring motif in Ride of the Valkyries , he also likens the Thunderbird machines to Valkyries themselves : " Their function is more benevolent than those warrior maidens , but they do hover over danger , death and destruction . " Kevin J. Donnelly of the University of Southampton acknowledges the series ' " big @-@ sounding orchestral score " , which he compares to that of a live @-@ action film . He also suggests that the music serves partly to draw attention away from the physical imperfections of the puppets .
To celebrate the shows anniversary , " Thunderbirds Are Go - 50 Years On " at Colston Hall , Bristol was celebrated as the theme music is brought to life , led by Charles Hazlewood and his All Star Collective .
= = Broadcast = =
Thunderbirds premiered on British television on 30 September 1965 on the ITV franchises ATV Midlands , Westward and Channel . Other broadcasters , including ATV London and Granada , started transmissions the following month . The Christmas @-@ themed series finale , " Give or Take a Million " , was first broadcast on 25 December 1966 . Despite Grade 's decision to extend the running time , Midlands and Granada broadcast each episode in two parts . In these areas , both 25 @-@ minute instalments aired on the same day , separated by the ITN Evening News . The conclusion opened with a narration by Shane Rimmer summarising the first part 's action .
Granada transmitted Thunderbirds in its original , 50 @-@ minute format for the first time with the start of repeats in 1966 . In 1968 , the franchise briefly aired episodes in three parts due to timeslot restrictions . The availability of repeats during the 1960s and 1970s varied among regions . ATV Midlands screened the series regularly into the early 1970s ; by contrast , Thunderbirds was entirely absent from Yorkshire Television between 1968 and 1976 . The series was last transmitted on the ITV franchises in 1981 .
In 1990 , 8 of the 19 audio episodes released by APF Records were converted into radio dramas , which were transmitted on BBC Radio 5 . The success of the radio series encouraged the BBC to acquire the rights to the TV episodes , which it broadcast simultaneously in all regions from September 1991 on BBC 2 .
Since the end of the first network run , which achieved average viewing figures of more than six million , the BBC has repeated the series six times : between 1992 and 1993 ( Series One only ) , 1994 and 1995 ( nine episodes only ) , and 2000 and 2001 ( in remastered form ) , as well as in 2003 , 2005 and 2006 . Other channels that have shown repeats include UK Gold ( 1994 – 95 ) , Bravo ( 1996 – 97 ) , Cartoon Network ( 2001 – 02 ) , Boomerang ( 2001 – 03 ) and Syfy ( 2009 ) . In Scotland , the BBC screened a Gaelic dub , Tairnearan Tar As ( " Thunderbirds Are Go " ) in the early 1990s .
Before its UK debut , Thunderbirds was distributed to 30 other countries including the US , Canada , Australia and Japan . Pre @-@ sales revenue totalled £ 350 @,@ 000 ( approximately £ 6 million today ) . In the year following the series ' first appearance , the number of countries increased to 66 . In Japan , where it was first broadcast by NHK , Thunderbirds attracted a sizeable fan following and influenced series such as Ultraman , Mighty Jack , Himitsu Sentai Gorenger and Super Rescue Solbrain . In the US , the two @-@ part format entered first @-@ run syndication , to modest success , in 1968 . Other overseas broadcasters have included TechTV and Family Room HD ( US ) , BBC Kids and YTV ( Canada ) , Nine Network and Foxtel ( Australia ) , TV3 ( New Zealand ) , MediaCorp TV12 Kids Central ( Singapore ) and RTÉ Two ( Republic of Ireland ) .
= = Reception = =
Thunderbirds is generally considered the Andersons ' most popular series and their greatest critical and commercial success . In 1966 , the show received a Royal Television Society Silver Medal for Outstanding Artistic Achievement and Gerry Anderson received an honorary fellowship of the British Kinematograph , Sound and Television Society . In 2007 , Thunderbirds achieved 19th place in a Radio Times magazine reader poll to determine the best science @-@ fiction TV programme of all time . It is ranked fourth by the 2013 Channel 5 list show 50 Greatest Kids ' TV Shows .
For Peel , Thunderbirds is " without a doubt the peak of the Supermarionation achievement " . Suggesting that the series is pitched at a " more adult " level than its predecessors , he adds that its sense of adventure , effective humour and " gripping and convincing " episodes ensured that " everyone in the audience found something to love about it . " Simon Heffer , a fan of Thunderbirds in childhood , commented positively on the series for The Daily Telegraph in 2011 : " All the elements we children discerned in whatever grown @-@ up television we had been allowed to watch were present in Thunderbirds : dramatic theme and incidental music ; well @-@ developed plots ; goodies and baddies ; swaggering Americans , at a time when the whole of Britain was in a cultural cringe to them ; and , of course , glamorous locations ... Then , of course , there was the nail @-@ biting tension of the rescues themselves ... " Film critic Kim Newman describes the series as a " television perennial " .
In his foreword to John Marriott 's book , Thunderbirds Are Go ! , Anderson put forward several explanations for the series ' enduring popularity : it " contains elements that appeal to most children – danger , jeopardy and destruction . But because International Rescue 's mission is to save life , there is no gratuitous violence . " According to Anderson , Thunderbirds incorporates a " strong family atmosphere , where Dad reigns supreme " . Both O 'Brien and script editor Alan Pattillo have praised the series ' positive " family values " . In addition , Heffer and others have written of its cross @-@ generational appeal . In 2000 , shortly before the series ' BBC revival , Brian Viner remarked in Radio Times that Thunderbirds was on the point of " captivating yet another generation of viewers " . Stuart Hood , writing for The Spectator in 1965 , praised Thunderbirds as a " modern fairy tale " ; adding that it " can sometimes be frightening " , he recommended that children watch it accompanied by their parents . Writing for Dreamwatch in 1994 , Andrew Thomas described Thunderbirds as only " nominally " a children 's programme : " Its themes are universal and speak as much to the adult in the child as the child in the adult . "
Jeff Evans , author of The Penguin TV Companion , argues that the series ' 50 @-@ minute format allows for stronger character development and " tension @-@ building " . O 'Brien is less positive in his appraisal of the writing , asserting that the plots are often " formulaic " and are sometimes " stretched to snapping point " by the extended running time . Cornell , Day and Topping are critical : they consider the writing at times " woefully poor " and argue that Thunderbirds as a whole is " often as clichéd as previous Anderson series " . Peel , despite praising the storylines and characterisation , suggests that the " tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek " humour of Stingray is less evident . Where Thunderbirds improves on its predecessor , Peel believes , is in its rejection of fantasy plot devices , child and animal characters , comical and stereotyped villains and what he terms the " standard Anderson sexism " : female characters , marginalised in earlier series , are more commonly seen to play active and sometimes heroic roles .
Noting the attention to detail of the series ' launch sequences , Jonathan Bignell argues that part of the motivation for dedicating large amounts of screen time to the Thunderbird craft is the need to compensate for the limited mobility of the puppet cast . The focus on futuristic machines has also been explored by cultural historian Nicholas J. Cull , who comments that of all the Andersons ' series , Thunderbirds is the most evocative of a recurring theme : the " necessity of the human component of the machine " , whereby the failures of new technology are overcome by " brave human beings and technology working together " . This makes the series ' vision of the 2060s " wonderfully humanistic and reassuring " . O 'Brien similarly praises this optimism , comparing the Tracy family to guardian Übermensch . Writing for Wired UK magazine , Warren Ellis asserts that the series ' scientific vision could inspire the next generation of " mad and frightening engineers " , adding that Thunderbirds " trades in vast , demented concepts ... immense and very beautiful ideas as solutions to problems . "
Thomas argues that the world of Thunderbirds is similar to the 1960s to the extent that contemporary capitalism and class structures appear to have survived mostly intact . He also observes , however , that wealth and high social status are often depicted as character flaws rather than strengths . According to Thomas , a contributing factor to the series ' lasting popularity is the realism of IR 's machines . Newman , for his part , suggests that " the point isn 't realism . The 21st century of Thunderbirds is detailed ... but also de @-@ populated , a high @-@ tech toyland " . He is more negative in his comparisons of contemporary and future values , noting the " square , almost 50s " attitudes to race , gender and class . With regard to stereotyping , Hood comments that he " would be happier if [ villains ] didn 't seem to be recognisable by their pigmentation " . Cull , by contrast , considers the series largely progressive on the subject of race , arguing that it rejects negative stereotyping through the use of " positive non @-@ white characters " such as Kyrano and Tin @-@ Tin . However , he deems many of the one @-@ off villains derivative , commenting that these characters are typically presented as " corrupt businessmen , spivs and gangsters familiar from crime films " .
Various commentators – including Bignell , Cull and O 'Brien – have also discussed Thunderbirds as a product of the Cold War era . Bignell comments that the Hood 's Oriental appearance and mysterious powers draw parallels with James Bond villains and fears of China operating as " a ' third force ' antagonistic to the West " . Cull observes that , despite the series ' focus on the dangers of nuclear technology , the Thunderbird machines contradict this particular theme : in their case , " an image of technology associated with the threat of Cold War mass destruction – the rocket emerging from the hidden silo – was appropriated and deployed to save life rather than to take it . " He argues that the series adheres more closely to cultural norms by drawing on the " Cold War cult of the secret agent whose skills defend the home from enemies unknown " , noting Lady Penelope 's role as a spy in addition to two episodes ( " 30 Minutes After Noon " and " The Man from MI.5 " ) that are heavily influenced by the James Bond novels and film adaptations .
The presentation of smoking in Thunderbirds was the subject of a study published in the medical journal Tobacco Control in 2002 . Despite identifying examples in 26 episodes , Kate Hunt of the University of Glasgow concluded that Thunderbirds does not actively promote smoking – a view opposed by the Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation ( RCLCF ) at the time of the series ' relaunch on BBC 2 . Rejecting the RCLCF 's proposal that the remastered episodes be edited to digitally erase all visible cigarettes and cigars , the BBC stated that the series " does not glorify or encourage smoking " and described the activity as
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" incidental to the plot " .
= = Merchandise = =
More than 3 @,@ 000 Thunderbirds @-@ themed products have been marketed since the series ' debut . To accommodate the high demand for tie @-@ ins , APF established three dedicated subsidiaries : AP Films Merchandising , AP Films Music and AP Films Toys . Some British commentators dubbed the 1966 end @-@ of @-@ year shopping season " Thunderbirds Christmas " due to the series ' popularity . In the early 1990s , Matchbox launched a new toy range to coincide with the BBC 2 repeats . Sales figures for Christmas 1992 exceeded those achieved by the Star Wars merchandising campaigns of the 1970s and 1980s . Demand for Matchbox 's Tracy Island Playset overwhelmed supply , resulting in shop fights and a substantial black market for the toy .
A comic strip featuring the characters of Lady Penelope and Parker debuted in the early issues of APF Publishing 's children 's title TV Century 21 in 1965 . A full @-@ length Thunderbirds strip appeared a year later , at which point the Lady Penelope adventures were given their own comic . Thunderbirds , Lady Penelope and Captain Scarlet and Thunderbirds annuals were published in the late 1960s ; during the same period , eight original novels were written . In 2008 , FTL Publications of Minnesota launched a new series of tie @-@ in novels .
Between 1965 and 1967 , APF Records released 19 audio episodes in the form of vinyl EPs . Three are original stories ; the rest are adapted from TV episode soundtracks , with additional narration provided by a member of the voice cast . The series ' first video game tie @-@ in , developed for the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum computers , was released by Firebird Software in 1985 . Other titles have since been released for the Game Boy Color , Game Boy Advance and PlayStation 2 . During the late 1980s , the series was issued on home video for the first time by PolyGram and its subsidiary Channel 5 . Following its acquisition by Carlton International Media in 1999 , Thunderbirds was digitally remastered for the release of the first DVD versions in 2000 . Blu @-@ ray Disc editions followed in 2008 .
= = Later productions = =
Thunderbirds has been followed by two film sequels , a live @-@ action film adaptation , two animated TV remakes and several re @-@ edited presentations for TV broadcast and home video . The second of the remakes , Thunderbirds Are Go , premiered on ITV in 2015 , the 50th anniversary year of the original .
= = = Film = = =
The feature @-@ length film sequels Thunderbirds Are Go and Thunderbird 6 were released in 1966 and 1968 . The first was greenlit by Lew Grade before the TV series had started its broadcast run . Written and produced by the Andersons and directed by David Lane , both films were distributed by United Artists . Neither was a critical or commercial success , and Century 21 Cinema 's plans for further sequels were abandoned .
In the early 1980s , episodes of Thunderbirds and other Supermarionation series were re @-@ edited by ITC 's New York offices to create a series of compilation films . Branded " Super Space Theater " , this format was mostly intended for family viewing on American cable and syndicated TV . Three Thunderbirds features were produced : Thunderbirds to the Rescue , Thunderbirds In Outer Space and Countdown to Disaster .
Plans for a live @-@ action film adaptation were first announced in 1993 . These eventually culminated in the 2004 film Thunderbirds , directed by Jonathan Frakes and produced by StudioCanal and Working Title Films . It was a critical and commercial failure and was poorly received by fans of the TV series .
= = = TV = = =
The Andersons sold their intellectual and profit participation rights to Thunderbirds and their other productions in the 1970s . As a result , they had no developmental control over subsequent adaptations of their works . Thunderbirds was first remade for TV in the early 1980s as Thunderbirds 2086 . In this anime re @-@ imagining , set 20 years after the original , the vastly expanded IR is based within an arcology and operates 17 Thunderbird machines . It was inspired by Thunderhawks , an updated story concept by Gerry Anderson and Reg Hill that later served as the basis for Anderson 's Supermacromation series Terrahawks .
Two re @-@ edited series , based on condensed versions of 13 of the original episodes , aired in the US in 1994 . The first , Thunderbirds USA , was broadcast as part of the Fox Kids programming block ; the second , Turbocharged Thunderbirds , was syndicated by UPN . Developed as a comedy , Turbocharged Thunderbirds moved the action to the planet " Thunder @-@ World " and combined the original puppet footage with new live @-@ action scenes featuring a pair of human teenagers .
As well as Thunderhawks , Anderson developed other ideas for a remake . A 1976 concept , Inter @-@ Galactic Rescue 4 , was to have featured a variable @-@ configuration craft capable of performing rescues on land and sea , in air and in space ; Anderson pitched the idea to NBC , who rejected it . This was followed in 1984 by another proposed updating , T @-@ Force , which at first could not be pursued owing to a lack of funding . Development resumed in 1993 , when it was decided to produce the series , now titled GFI , using cel animation . But Anderson was disappointed with the results and the production was abandoned .
In 2005 , Anderson re @-@ affirmed his wish to remake Thunderbirds but stated that he had been unable to secure the necessary rights from Granada Ventures . His negotiations with the company and its successor , ITV plc , continued for the next few years . In 2008 , he expressed his commitment to creating an " updated " version , ideally using CGI ; three years later , he announced that work on the series had commenced . Following Anderson 's death in December 2012 , it was confirmed that a deal had been struck between ITV Studios and Pukeko Pictures to remake Thunderbirds using a combination of CGI and live @-@ action model sets . The new version , Thunderbirds Are Go , has been commissioned for two series of 26 episodes each . The first 13 episodes of Series One were broadcast on ITV HD and CITV between April and June 2015 .
In July 2015 , to celebrate the series ' 50th anniversary , Filmed in Supermarionation documentary director Stephen La Rivière launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise the funds necessary to produce three new puppet episodes based on the Thunderbirds mini @-@ albums of the 1960s . The project , titled " Thunderbirds 1965 " , is supported by ITV , Sylvia Anderson and the estate of Gerry Anderson .
= = Influence = =
Thunderbirds has influenced TV programmes , films and various other media . The puppet comedy of the film Team America : World Police was directly inspired by the idiosyncrasies of Thunderbirds @-@ era Supermarionation techniques . Allusion and homage are also evident in Wallace and Gromit : A Close Shave , Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me and Spaced , as well as the character design of Star Wars : The Clone Wars . The BBC sketch comedy Not Only ... But Also included a segment titled " Superthunderstingcar " – a parody of Thunderbirds , Supercar and Stingray .
IR 's life @-@ saving mission inspired the founding of the volunteer International Rescue Corps , originally made up of a group of British firemen who contributed to the humanitarian effort following the 1980 Irpinia earthquake . Virgin Group has used the series in branding its services : Virgin Atlantic operates a Boeing 747 @-@ 400 airliner named Lady Penelope , while Virgin Trains owns a fleet of locomotives that are all named after main characters and vehicles and used specifically to " rescue " broken @-@ down trains .
A mimed stage show , Thunderbirds : F.A.B. , has toured internationally and popularised a staccato style of movement known colloquially as the " Thunderbirds walk " . The production has periodically been revived as Thunderbirds : F.A.B. – The Next Generation .
Cover versions of " The Thunderbirds March " have been released by musicians and bands such as Billy Cotton , Joe Loss , Frank Sidebottom , The Rezillos and The Shadows . Groups who have written songs inspired by the series include Fuzzbox ( with " International Rescue " ) , TISM ( with " Thunderbirds Are Coming Out " ) , Busted ( with " Thunderbirds / 3AM " ) and V6 ( with " Thunderbirds – Your Voice " ) . In 1991 , Anderson filmed the music video for the Dire Straits single " Calling Elvis " with a collection of Thunderbirds @-@ style puppets .
During the 1960s , APF produced themed TV advertisements for Lyons Maid and Kellogg 's . Aspects of Thunderbirds have since been used in advertising for Swinton Insurance , Nestlé Kit Kat , Specsavers and the UK Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency .
= Angel ( Madonna song ) =
" Angel " is a song by American singer Madonna from her second studio album Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) . It was released on April 10 , 1985 by Sire Records as the third single from the album . Written by Madonna and Steve Bray , it was one of the first songs developed for the project and , according to Madonna , was inspired by a girl who is saved by an angel , and she falls in love with him . " Angel " was released as a 12 " single with " Into the Groove " in some countries and charted likewise . A music video was initially planned for the release , but was later cancelled . Instead a promotional video comprising clips from her previous videos was released in the United Kingdom .
Musically " Angel " consists of three chord ascending hook , which serves for the verse and chorus . It has vocal harmonies beneath the main chorus and the lyrics repeat the angel @-@ like image of Madonna 's saviour . Critical response to the song was mixed , with some music critics calling it a classic and others deeming it sub @-@ par compared to Madonna 's previous singles . " Angel " became the singer 's fifth consecutive top @-@ five single on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top of its dance charts . It was also able to reach number @-@ one in Australia and the top @-@ five of the charts in Canada , Ireland , Japan , New Zealand , Spain and the United Kingdom . Madonna has performed the song only once , on The Virgin Tour in 1985 .
= = Background = =
" Angel " was written by Madonna and Steve Bray and released worldwide on April 10 , 1985 . Madonna explained to Bray that she wanted a stronger , more pop @-@ oriented album , hence the songs should reflect that . One of the first songs that they developed was " Angel " . Madonna commented that the song was about a girl , who was " in depression over something . An angel appeared and healed her soul , making her fall madly in love with Him . [ ... ] It 's something that I felt when I was young . I thought it would make for an interesting story if I wrote that [ experience ] as a song on my record . " The song was recorded as early as April 1984 , but the whole project was held off , much to Madonna 's frustration , by the continuing sales of her self @-@ titled debut album , which had by then sold over a million copies in United States . She had decided to release " Angel " as the initial single from the album , but changed her mind , after the recording of the title track " Like a Virgin " was complete . " Angel " was ultimately released as the third single , and included the song " Into the Groove " , from Madonna 's 1985 film Desperately Seeking Susan , on the B @-@ side of the 12 @-@ inch maxi @-@ single .
Madonna had initially planned to release a music video for " Angel " , but later decided to go against it , as at that time , there were already five Madonna music videos on @-@ rotation in the music channels and were being broadcast continuously . Hence , Warner Bros. and Madonna felt that adding another video to the already saturated
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ian side and placed a duty on ships sailing past Byzantium , restoring a source of revenue that the Athenians had relied on in the late Peloponnesian War . He then sailed to Lesbos , where , with the support of the Mytileneans , he defeated the Spartan forces on the island and won over a number of cities . While still on Lesbos , however , Thrasybulus was killed by raiders from the city of Aspendus .
After this , the Spartans sent out a new commander , Anaxibius , to Abydos . For a time , he enjoyed a number of successes against Pharnabazus , and seized a number of Athenian merchant ships . Worried that Thrasybulus 's accomplishments were being undermined , the Athenians sent Iphicrates to the region to confront Anaxibius . For a time , the two forces merely raided each other 's territory , but eventually Iphicrates succeeded in guessing where Anaxibius would bring his troops on a return march from a campaign against Antandrus , and ambushed the Spartan force . When Anaxibius and his men , who were strung out in the line of march , had entered the rough , mountainous terrain in which Iphicrates and his men were waiting , the Athenians emerged and ambushed them , killing Anaxibius and many others .
= = = Aegina and Piraeus = = =
In 389 BC , the Athenians attacked the island of Aegina , off the coast of Attica . The Spartans soon drove off the Athenian fleet , but the Athenians continued their land assault . Under Antalcidas ' command , the Spartan fleet sailed east to Rhodes but it was eventually blockaded at Abydos by the regional Athenian commanders . The Athenians on Aegina , meanwhile , soon found themselves under attack , and withdrew after several months .
Shortly thereafter , the Spartan fleet under Gorgopas ambushed the Athenian fleet near Athens , capturing several ships . The Athenians responded with an ambush of their own ; Chabrias , on his way to Cyprus , landed his troops on Aegina and laid an ambush for the Aeginetans and their Spartan allies , killing a number of them including Gorgopas .
The Spartans then sent Teleutias to Aegina to command the fleet there . Noticing that the Athenians had relaxed their guard after Chabrias 's victory , he launched a raid on Piraeus , seizing numerous merchant ships .
= = Peace of Antalcidas ( 387 BC ) = =
Antalcidas , meanwhile , had entered into negotiations with Tiribazus , and reached an agreement under which the Persians would enter into the war on the Spartan side if the allies refused to make peace . It appears that the Persians , unnerved by certain of Athens ' actions , including supporting king Evagoras of Cyprus and Akoris of Egypt , both of whom were at war with Persia , had decided that their policy of weakening Sparta by supporting its enemies was no longer useful . After escaping from the blockade at Abydos , Antalcidas attacked and defeated a small Athenian force , then united his fleet with a supporting fleet sent from Syracuse . With this force , which was soon further augmented with ships supplied by the satraps of the region , he sailed to the Hellespont , where he could cut off the trade routes that brought grain to Athens . The Athenians , mindful of their similar defeat in the Peloponnesian War less than two decades before , were ready to make peace .
In this climate , when Tiribazus called a peace conference in late 387 BC , the major parties of the war were ready to discuss terms . The basic outline of the treaty was laid out by a decree from the Persian king Artaxerxes :
King Artaxerxes thinks it just that the cities in Asia should belong to him , as well as Clazomenae and Cyprus among the islands , and that the other Greek cities , both small and great , should be left independent , except Lemnos , Imbros , and Scyros ; and these should belong , as of old , to the Athenians . But whichever of the two parties does not accept this peace , upon them I will make war , in company with those who desire this arrangement , both by land and by sea , with ships and with money .
In a general peace conference at Sparta , the Spartans , with their authority enhanced by the threat of Persian intervention , secured the acquiescence of all the major states of Greece to these terms . The agreement eventually produced was commonly known as the King 's Peace , reflecting the Persian influence the treaty showed . This treaty marked the first attempt at a Common Peace in Greek history ; under the treaty , all cities were to be independent , a clause that would be enforced by the Spartans as guardians of the peace . Under threat of Spartan intervention , Thebes disbanded its league , and Argos and Corinth ended their experiment in shared government ; Corinth , deprived of its strong ally , was incorporated back into Sparta 's Peloponnesian League . After 8 years of fighting , the Corinthian war was at an end .
= = Aftermath = =
In the years following the signing of the peace , the two states responsible for its structure , Persia and Sparta , took full advantage of the gains they had made . Persia , freed of both Athenian and Spartan interference in its Asian provinces , consolidated its hold over the eastern Aegean and captured both Egypt and Cyprus by 380 BC . Sparta , meanwhile , in its newly formalized position atop the Greek political system , took advantage of the autonomy clause of the peace to break up any coalition that it perceived as a threat . Disloyal allies were sharply punished — Mantinea , for instance , was broken up into five component villages . With Agesilaus at the head of the state , advocating for an aggressive policy , the Spartans campaigned from the Peloponnese to the distant Chalcidic peninsula . Their dominance over mainland Greece would last another sixteen years before being shattered at Leuctra .
The war also marked the beginning of Athens ' resurgence as a power in the Greek world . With their walls and their fleet restored , the Athenians were in position to turn their eyes overseas . By the middle of the 4th century , they had assembled an organization of Aegean states commonly known as the Second Athenian Empire , regaining at least parts of what they had lost with their defeat in 404 BC .
The freedom of the Ionian Greeks had been a rallying cry since the beginning of the 5th century , but after the Corinthian War , the mainland states made no further attempts to interfere with Persia 's control of the region . After over a century of disruption and struggle , Persia at last ruled Ionia without disruption or intervention for over 50 years , until the time of Alexander the Great .
= Stand Up for Love =
" Stand Up for Love " is a song recorded by American girl group Destiny 's Child for their first greatest hits album , # 1 's ( 2005 ) . Columbia Records released it as the album 's first single on September 27 , 2005 . The song was written by Amy Foster @-@ Gillies and David Foster with the latter also serving as the producer along with Humberto Gatica . Musically , " Stand Up for Love " is a slow @-@ tempo adult contemporary ballad inspired by poverty @-@ stricken children and families . It was termed the 2005 World Children 's Day Anthem and used in conjunction with McDonald 's ' Ronald McDonald House Charities in order to raise awareness of that day .
Upon its release , " Stand Up for Love " received negative reviews from music critics who criticized its composition and inclusion on the compilation album . The song became Destiny 's Child 's first single to fail to chart in the United States or any other music chart . A music video was directed by Matthew Rolston featuring the band members singing the song , both individually and together . " Stand Up for Love " was performed live by Destiny 's Child in November 2005 at the Jimmy Kimmel Live ! show and on World Children 's Day at Ronald McDonald House in Los Angeles . Several South Korean groups and singers covered the song .
= = Background and release = =
Canadian musician David Foster was inspired to write " Stand Up for Love " for poverty @-@ stricken children and families which receive funds from charitable organization . Destiny 's Child group member Beyoncé acknowledged that they wanted to record the song for the people who help impoverished families . She furthered saying , " The kids we 've met have no idea how much they 've given us . We wanted to record this song for them , in hopes that people would hear their voice through ours . " Michelle Williams further said the song was her " favorite " and went on to describe it as " one of the best songs that we 've done collectively " , emphasizing the vocal performance .
The song has been touted as the 2005 World Children 's Day Anthem in conjunction with Ronald McDonald House Charities . It was used to raise awareness of that day ; Destiny 's Child were also global ambassadors for the 2005 program . In August , 2007 , the Society for the Promotion of Community Standards ( SPCS ) requested " Stand Up for Love " to be played in New Zealand radio stations to reflect on child abuse after the Nia Glassie abuse case received widespread media attention . Similarly , organizations Sensible Sentencing Trust , Family First and For the Sake of Our Children Trust , asked for increased airplay of the song during a three @-@ minute silence which was also requested by them .
The song was sent to rhythmic contemporary radio stations in the US on September 27 , 2005 and was released as a 7 @-@ inch single the same day . On October 3 , 2005 it impacted contemporary hit radio in the US . It was released as a 7 @-@ inch single in the United Kingdom on September 27 , 2005 and in Canada it was available for digital download on March 17 , 2006 . " Stand Up for Love " became the group 's last single together before their disbandment , as the second single from the compilation # 1 's , " Check on It " , was a song by Beyoncé featuring Slim Thug .
= = Recording and composition = =
" Stand Up for Love " was composed and arranged by Canadian musician David Foster , who also served as its co @-@ writer along with his daughter Amy Foster @-@ Gillies . Foster produced the song with Humberto Gatica , who also engineered and mixed it . " Stand Up for Love " was recorded at Chartmaker Studios and The Record Plant , and was mixed at the former . Nathan East was responsible for playing the bass , while Vinnie Colaiuta and Paulinho Da Costa handled the drums and percussion , respectively .
" Stand Up for Love " is a ballad with a length of four minutes and forty @-@ six seconds . A writer of Billboard magazine classified the song as adult contemporary . According to the sheet music published by Peer International Corporation on the website Musicnotes.com , " Stand Up for Love " is set in common time with a slow tempo of seventy beats per minute . It is written in the key of A ♭ major , and Destiny 's Child 's vocals range from the low note of E ♭ 3 to the high note of E5 . Michael D. Clark from the Houston Chronicle compared Beyoncé 's vocals with Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston " in an effort to play the weepy heartstrings " . Matthew Jacobs , writing on behalf of The Huffington Post compared the song 's sound to a movie ballad from the 1990s , taken from an empowering animated movie .
= = Reception = =
" Stand Up for Love " received negative reviews by most music critics . James Blake writing for BBC Online , described " Stand Up for Love " as a " sugary ballad " . Pitchfork Media 's writer Jess Harvell criticized the song by writing , " Opener ' Stand Up for Love ' is subtitled the ' 2005 World Children 's Day Anthem ' , which should tell you all you really need to know , i.e. Diane Warren should be banned under the Geneva Conventions " . Fiona Mckinlay criticized the fact that the song was used as an opener for # 1 's and felt it wasn 't " really causing any kind of reaction before they get started properly with Independent Woman Pt.1 " . Houston Chronicle 's Michael D. Clark described the track as " overwrought and overproduced ; at best , it 's a future prom theme " . Matthew Jacobs of The Huffington Post felt it was " great " the song was used for World 's Children day but described it as a " total snoozefest " . A writer for Billboard magazine commented that the song lacked the potential to become a chart @-@ topper . He went on to describe it as a " schmaltzy AC ballad aiming to display the individual talents " of Destiny 's Child 's members , adding that it was " ironic " as the group 's other songs on the disc focused mainly on production . He finished his review by saying that " Stand Up for Love " was a " disappointing nonstarter " .
Jim Kiest from the San Antonio Express @-@ News wrote " hopefully ' Stand Up for Love ' won 't be [ a number @-@ one single ] " . Aidin Vaziri , who positively reviewed the compilation , concluded his essay by writing , " And the less said about the very new stuff , including the single ' Stand Up for Love ( 2005 World Children 's Day Anthem ) , ' the sweeter the memories " . Similarly , Hattie Collins of Yahoo ! Music felt that " Stand Up for Love " was " stuffed full of lazy lyricisms and sloppily sentimentality " further describing it as " utterly vomitous " . She felt that the song was one of the material that " let this otherwise cracking compilation down " . Slant Magazine 's Sal Cinquemani panned the song as " awful and saccharine " and felt that it " show [ s ] that the women of Destiny 's Child are squarely focused on their ( solo ) futures " . In contrast , in 2013 , Lindsey Weber from Vulture put " Stand Up for Love " at number 16 on her list of the top 25 songs by Destiny 's Child . The single failed to chart in the US , becoming the group 's only single to do so .
= = Music video and live performances = =
The music video for " Stand Up for Love " was directed by Matthew Rolston and filmed in September 2005 following Destiny 's Child final concert in Vancouver as part of their tour Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It ; MTV News described it as a performance video . It features the group members , wearing black dresses , singing their respective solo verses individually and later together during the song 's chorus in front of a screen which displays videos of children and different scenery . During the end , the group is seen wearing white clothes and performing the song in a white setting ; several shots are filmed using a black @-@ and @-@ white technique . It was released to MTV 's official website on October 25 , 2005 . The clip was also included on Destiny 's Child video album Destiny 's Child Video Anthology ( 2013 ) . At the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards Japan , the fifth annual show of the ceremony , " Stand Up for Love " received a nomination in the category for Best R & B Video but lost to Ai 's " Story " . The same year , the visual was nominated in the category for Outstanding Music Video at the 37th NAACP Image Awards , but lost to Alicia Keys ' " Unbreakable " ( 2005 ) .
Destiny 's Child performed " Stand Up for Love " for the first time on November 15 , 2005 along with " Survivor " on the show Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . It marked their last televised performance together as a group before their disbandment . On the same day , the single was sung by them at Ronald McDonald House Charities in Los Angeles for World Children 's Day .
= = Cover versions = =
On June 3 , 2011 , South Korean band Rania , performed " Stand Up for Love " at MBC 's radio programme Shimshimtapa . In April 2013 , singer Aram , a member of the South Korean group Global Icon , uploaded a cover of " Stand Up for Love " . A writer from Allkpop described it as " beautiful " and praised her for " hit [ ting ] every note with perfect control " . At the 2014 Miss Thailand World , contestant Maeya performed " Stand Up for Love " . Bangkok Post 's writer Pim Ungphakorn described it as a " beautiful rendition " .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of the album # 1 's .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Release history = =
= Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin , BWV 125 =
Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin ( With peace and joy I depart ) , BWV 125 , is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach . He composed the chorale cantata in Leipzig in 1725 for the Feast of the purification of Mary and first performed it on 2 February 1725 . The text is based on the hymn " Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin " in four stanzas by Martin Luther , published in 1524 . The gospel for the feast day , the presentation of Jesus at the Temple , includes Simeon 's canticle Nunc dimittis , which Luther paraphrased in his hymn .
An unknown librettist retained the first and the last of Luther 's four stanzas . He paraphrased the second stanza in an aria , then juxtaposed it , quoting it completely , by recitative , and derived two more movements from the third stanza . Bach structured the cantata in six movements , framing four movements for soloists by a chorale fantasia and a closing chorale . He scored it for three vocal soloists , a four @-@ part choir , and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of a horn to support the chorale tune , flauto traverso , oboe , oboe d 'amore , strings and basso continuo . The opening chorus , a chorale fantasia on the hymn tune in Phrygian mode has been compared to the opening movement of Bach 's St Matthew Passion : " death , sleep , a journey of departure , peace and consolation are some of the intertwined themes and images . "
= = History and words = =
Bach wrote the chorale cantata in his second year as Thomaskantor in Leipzig for the Feast of Purification , as part of his second annual cantata cycle , planned to consist of chorale cantatas . The prescribed readings for the feast day , which is always celebrated on 2 February , were from the book of Malachi , " the Lord will come to his temple " ( Malachi 3 : 1 – 4 ) , and from the Gospel of Luke , the purification of Mary and the presentation of Jesus at the Temple , including Simeon 's canticle Nunc dimittis ( Luke 2 : 22 – 32 ) .
Luther 's hymn in four stanzas is a paraphrase of this canticle , " With peace and joy I depart in God 's will " . Luther phrased each verse of the canticle in one stanza . An unknown librettist kept the first and the last stanza and paraphrased the inner stanzas in four movements . Movement 2 takes Luther 's second stanza as a starting point and relates Simeon 's view as an example on how to look at death . Movement 3 comments the complete text of Luther 's second stanza in recitative . The allusion to " light for the heathen " from the Gospel and the hymn is seen related to " He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved " ( Mark 16 : 16 ) . Movements 4 and 5 are derived from the third stanza , 4 relates to Paul 's teaching about God 's grace , " Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood , to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that are past , through the forbearance of God " ( Romans 3 : 25 ) , thus declaring the Lutheran teaching of justification " by grace alone through faith alone because of Christ alone " even more clearly than Luther 's song .
Bach led the first performance of the cantata on 2 February 1725 . He performed it at least one more time after 1735 .
= = Structure and scoring = =
Bach structured the cantata in six movements , framing by a chorale fantasia and a closing chorale a sequence of alternating arias and recitatives , in movement 3 using a chorale stanza in contrast to the recitative . He scored it for three vocal soloists ( alto ( A ) , tenor ( T ) and bass ( B ) ) , a four @-@ part choir , and a Baroque instrumental ensemble horn to support the chorale tune sung by the soprano in the outer movements , flauto traverso ( Ft ) , oboe ( Ob ) , oboe d 'amore ( Oa ) , two violins ( Vl ) , viola ( Va ) , and basso continuo ( Bc ) . The title page of the original parts reads : " Festo Purificat : Mari [ ae ] / Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin etc . / â / 4 Voc : / Travers : / Hautbois d ' Amour / 2 Violini / Viola / con / Continuo / di / Sign : / JS . Bach " .
In the following table of the movements , the scoring follows the Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe . The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 / 4 ) . The instruments are shown separately for winds and strings , while the continuo , playing throughout , is not shown .
= = Music = =
= = = 1 = = =
The opening chorus , " Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin in Gottes Willen " ( With peace and joy I depart in God 's will ) , begins with a concertante ritornello , in which the flute and the oboe play opposed to the strings . A motif in triplets rises a fifth , related to the first interval of the chorale tune . The soprano sings the cantus firmus in Phrygian mode in long notes . The lower voices participate in the instrumental motifs for lines 1 , 2
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4 and 1633 , which also shows early signs of the Sicilian Baroque .
Thus a particular brand of Baroque architecture had begun to evolve in Sicily long before the earthquake of 1693 . While the majority of those buildings that can be clearly classified as Baroque in style date from around 1650 , the scarcity of these isolated , surviving examples of Sicily 's 17th @-@ century architectural history makes it hard to fully and accurately evaluate the architecture immediately before the natural disaster : the earthquake destroyed not only most of the buildings , but also most of their documentation . Yet more information has been lost in subsequent earthquakes and severe bombing during World War II .
The earliest example of Baroque on the island is Giulio Lasso 's Quattro Canti , an octagonal piazza , or circus , constructed around 1610 at the crossroads of the city 's two principal streets . Around this intersection are four open sides , being the streets , and four matching buildings with identical canted corners . The sides of the four buildings are curved , further heightening the Baroque design of the buildings lining the circus . These four great buildings dominating the circus are each enhanced by a fountain , reminiscent of those of Pope Sixtus V 's " Quattro Fontane " in Rome . However , here in Palermo the Baroque theme continues up three storeys of the buildings , which are adorned with statues in recessed niches depicting the four seasons , the four Spanish kings of Sicily , and the four patronesses of Palermo : Saints Cristina , Ninfa , Olivia , and Agata .
While each façade of Quattro Canti is pleasing to the eye , as a scheme it is both out of proportion with the limited size of the piazza and , like most other examples of early Sicilian Baroque , can be considered provincial , naive and heavy @-@ handed , compared with later developments . Whatever its merit , it is evident that during the 17th century , the Baroque style in the hands of the local architects and sculptors was already deviating from that of mainland Italy . This localised variation on the mainstream Baroque was not peculiar to Sicily , but occurred as far afield as Bavaria , and Russia , where Naryshkin Baroque would be just as eccentric as its Sicilian cousin .
= = Sicilian Baroque from 1693 = =
= = = Earthquake and patrons = = =
The great Sicilian earthquake of 1693 destroyed at least 45 towns and cities , affecting an area of 5600 square kilometres and causing the deaths of about 60 @,@ 000 people . The epicentre of the disaster was offshore , although the exact position remains unknown . Towns which suffered severely were Ragusa , Modica , Scicli , and Ispica . Rebuilding began almost immediately .
The lavishness of the architecture that was to arise from this disaster is connected with the politics of Sicily at the time ; Sicily was still officially under Spanish rule , but rule was effectively delegated to the native aristocracy . This was led by the Duke of Camastra , whom the Spanish had appointed viceroy to appease the aristocracy , who were numerous . The aristocracy was relatively concentrated compared to most of Europe , and a gentry class was missing . In the 18th century , one estimate held that there were 228 noble families , who provided Sicily with a ruling class consisting of 58 princes , 27 dukes , 37 marquesses , 26 Counts , one viscount and 79 barons ; the Golden Book of the Sicilian nobility ( last published in 1926 ) lists even more . In addition to these were the younger scions of the families , with their courtesy titles of nobile or baron .
Architecture was not the only legacy of the Normans . Rule over the peasants ( there was no established middle class ) was also enforced by a feudal system , unchanged since its introduction following the Norman conquest of 1071 . Thus the Sicilian aristocracy had not only wealth but vast manpower at their command , something that had by this time declined in many other parts of Europe . As in Southern Spain , the huge rural estates remained almost as concentrated as when they had been Roman " latifundi " . The Sicilian economy , though very largely agriculturally based , was very strong , and became more so during the 18th century as shipping became more efficient and the threat of Muslim piracy died away . The export markets for lemons ( for the great 18th century fashion for lemonade ) and wines increased greatly , and Sicilian wheat remained , as it had been since Roman times , the backbone of the economy . The disaster that was to give Sicily its modern reputation of poverty , namely the opening @-@ up of the American Middle West to wheat @-@ farming , was a century away . When it came , this permanently more than halved the price of wheat , and destroyed the old economy forever .
The aristocracy shared their power only with the Roman Catholic Church . The Church ruled by fear of damnation in the next life and of the Inquisition in the present , and consequently both upper and lower classes gave as generously as they could on all major saints ' days . Many priests and bishops were members of the aristocracy . The wealth of the Church in Sicily was further enhanced by the tradition of pressing younger children of the aristocracy to enter monasteries and convents , in order to preserve the family estates from division ; a large fee , or dowry , was usually paid to the Church to facilitate this , in the form of property , jewels , or money . Thus the wealth of certain religious orders grew out of all proportion to the economic growth of any other group at this time . This is one of the reasons that so many of the Sicilian Baroque churches and monasteries , such as San Martino delle Scale , were rebuilt after 1693 on such a lavish scale .
Once rebuilding began , the poor rebuilt their basic housing in the same primitive fashion as before . By contrast , the wealthiest residents , both secular and spiritual , became caught in an almost manic orgy of building . Most members of the nobility had several homes in Sicily . For one thing , the Spanish viceroy spent six months of the year in Palermo and six in Catania , holding court in each city , and hence members of the aristocracy needed a town palazzo in each city . Once the palazzi in devastated Catania were rebuilt in the new fashion , the palazzi in Palermo seemed antiquated by comparison , so they too were eventually rebuilt . Following this , from the middle of the 18th century , villas to retire to in the autumn , essentially status symbols , were built at the fashionable enclave at Bagheria . This pattern was repeated , on a smaller scale , throughout the lesser cities of Sicily , each city providing a more entertaining social life and a magnetic draw for the provincial aristocrat than their country estate . The country estate also did not escape the building mania . Often Baroque wings or new façades were added to ancient castles , or country villas were completely rebuilt . Thus the frenzy of building gained momentum until the increasingly fantastical Baroque architecture demanded by these hedonistic patrons reached its zenith in the mid @-@ 18th century .
= = = New cities = = =
Following the quake a program of rebuilding was rapidly put into action , but before it began in earnest some important decisions would permanently differentiate many Sicilian cities and towns from other European urban developments . The Viceroy , the Duke of Camastra , aware of new trends in town planning , decreed that rather than rebuilding in the medieval plan of cramped narrow streets , the new rebuilding would offer piazze and wider main streets , often on a rational grid system . The whole plan was often to take a geometric shape such as a perfect square or a hexagon , typical of Renaissance and Baroque town planning . The city of Grammichele represents an example of these new cities rebuilted with a hexagonal plan .
This concept was still very new in the 1690s , and few new cities had had reason to be built in Europe – Christopher Wren 's city plan after the Great Fire of London in 1666 having been turned down because of the complexities of land ownership there . There were some other examples such as Richelieu , and later Saint Petersburg . The prototype may well have been the new city of Terra del Sole , constructed in 1564 . Another of the first towns to be planned using symmetry and order rather than an evolution of small alleys and streets was Alessandria in southern Piedmont . A little later , from 1711 , this Baroque form of planning was favoured in the Hispanic colonies of South America , especially by the Portuguese in Brazil . In other parts of Europe , lack of finance , complex land ownership and divided public opinion made radical replanning after disaster too difficult : after 1666 , London was rebuilt on its ancient plan , though new extensions to the west were partially on a grid system . In Sicily , public opinion ( the public being anyone not a member of the ruling class ) counted for nothing , and hence these seemingly revolutionary new concepts of town planning could be freely executed .
In Sicily , the decision was taken not just for fashion and appearance but also because it would minimise the damage to property and life likely to be caused in future quakes . In 1693 , the cramped housing and streets had caused buildings to collapse together like dominoes . Although after the earthquake the avenues were broadened and the density of housing was lowered overall , cramped and narrow areas of housing still remained , posing a hazard for the poor . Architecturally and aesthetically , the big advantage of the new order of town planning was that unlike many Italian towns and cities , where one frequently encounters a monumental Renaissance church squeezed terrace fashion between incongruous neighbours , in urban Baroque design one can step back and actually see the architecture in a more conducive setting in relation to its proportions and perspective . This is most notable in the largely rebuilt towns of Caltagirone , Militello in Val di Catania , Catania , Modica , Noto , Palazzolo Acreide , Ragusa , and Scicli .
One of the finest examples of this new urban planning can be seen at Noto ( Illustration 9 ) , the town rebuilt approximately 10 km from its original site on Mount Alveria . The old ruined town now known as " Noto Antica " can still be viewed in its ruinous state . The new site chosen was flatter than the old to better facilitate a linear grid @-@ like plan . The principal streets run east to west so they would benefit from a better light and a sunnier disposition . This example of town planning is directly attributable to a learned local aristocrat , Giovanni Battista Landolina ; helped by three local architects , he is credited with planning the new city himself .
In these new towns , the aristocracy was allocated the higher areas , where the air was cooler and fresher and the views finest . The church was allocated the town centre ( Illustration 8 ) , for convenience to all , and to reflect the church 's global and central position ; round the pairing of cathedral and episcopal Palazzo Vescovile were built the convents . The merchants and storekeepers chose their lots on the planned wider streets leading from the main piazzas . Finally , the poor were allowed to erect their simple brick huts and houses in the areas nobody else wanted . Lawyers , doctors , and members of the few professions including the more skilled artisans - those who fell between the strictly defined upper and lower class - and were able to afford building plots , often lived on the periphery of the commercial and upper class residential sectors , but equally often these people just lived in a larger or grander house than their neighbours in the poorer areas . However , many of the skilled artists working on the rebuilding lived as part of the extended households of their patrons . In this way Baroque town planning came to symbolize and reflect political authority , and later its style and philosophy spread as far as Annapolis and Savannah in English America , and most notbly Haussmann 's 19th century re @-@ designing of Paris . The stage was now set for the explosion of Baroque architecture , which was to predominate in Sicily until the early 19th century .
Later many other Sicilian towns and cities which had been either little damaged or completely untouched by the quake , such as Palermo , were also transformed by the Baroque style , as the fashion spread and aristocrats with a palazzo in Catania came to wish their palazzo in the capital to be as opulent as that in the second city . In Palermo the Church of Santa Caterina , began in 1566 , was one of many in the city to be redecorated inside in the 18th century in the Baroque style , with coloured marbles .
= = = New churches and palazzi = = =
Of Sicily 's own form of Baroque , post 1693 , it has been said , " The buildings conceived in the wake of this disaster expressed a light @-@ hearted freedom of decoration whose incongruous gaiety was intended , perhaps , to assuage the horror " . While this is an accurate description of a style which is almost a celebration of joie de vivre in stone , it is unlikely to be the reason for the choice . As with all architectural styles , the selection of style would have directly linked to current fashion . Versailles had been completed in 1688 in a far sterner Baroque style ; Louis XIV 's new palace was immediately emulated across Europe by any aristocrat or sovereign in Europe aspiring to wealth , taste , or power . Thus it was the obvious choice for the " homeless rich " of Sicily , of whom there were hundreds . The excesses of the Baroque @-@ style palazzi and country villas to be constructed in Sicily , however , were soon to make Versailles seem a model of restraint .
As the 18th century dawned , Sicilian architects were employed to create the new palazzi and churches . These architects , often local , were able to design in a more sophisticated style than those of the late 17th century ; many had been trained in mainland Italy and had returned with a more detailed understanding of the Baroque idiom . Their work inspired less @-@ travelled Sicilian designers . Very importantly , these architects were also assisted by the books of engravings by Domenico de ' Rossi , who for the first time wrote down text with his engravings , giving the precise dimensions and measurements of many of the principal Renaissance and Baroque façades in Rome . In this way , the Renaissance finally came late to Sicily by proxy .
At this stage of its development , Sicilian Baroque still lacked the freedom of style that it was later to acquire . Giovanni Battista Vaccarini was the leading Sicilian architect during this period . He arrived on the island in 1730 bringing with him a fusion of the concepts of Bernini and Borromini , and introduced to the island 's architecture a unified movement and a play of curves , which would have been unacceptable in Rome itself . However , his works are considered of lesser quality than that which was to come . Notable works which date from this period are the 18th century wings of the Palazzo Biscari at Catania ; and Vaccarini 's church of Santa Agata , also in Catania . On this building Vaccarini quite clearly copied the capitals from Guarino Guarini 's Architettura Civile . It is this frequent copying of established designs that causes the architecture from this period , while opulent , also to be disciplined and almost reined in . Vaccarini 's style was to dominate Catania for the next decades .
A second hindrance to Sicilian architects ' fully achieving their potential earlier was that frequently they were only rebuilding a damaged structure , and as a consequence having to match their designs to what had been before , or remained . The Cathedral of San Giorgio at Modica ( Illustration 10 ) is an example . It was badly damaged in the earthquake of 1613 , rebuilt in 1643 in a Baroque style while keeping the medieval layout , then damaged again in 1693 . Rebuilding again began in 1702 , by an unknown architect . Finally , Rosario Gagliardi oversaw the façade 's completion in 1760 , but the compromises he had to make in deference to the existing structure are obvious . While Gagliardi used the same formulae he used so successfully at the church of San Giorgio in Ragusa , here in Modica the building is heavier , and lacks his usual lightness of touch and freedom of design .
There were also at this time other influences at work . Between 1718 and 1734 Sicily was ruled personally by Charles VI from Vienna , and as a result close ties with Austrian architecture can be perceived . Several buildings on the island are shameless imitations of the works of Fischer von Erlach . Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach had begun to rebuild Schönbrunn Palace in 1686 in a simple form of Baroque ; this form was later to be reproduced in Sicily in the final years of its Baroque era . The palace also had an external staircase ( removed in 1746 ) similar to those that later evolved in Sicily . One Sicilian architect , Tommaso Napoli , a monk , visited Vienna twice early in the century , returning with a store of engraving and drawings . He was later the architect of two country villas of the early Sicilian Baroque period , remarkable for their concave and convex walls and the complex design of their external staircases . One villa , his Villa Palagonia begun in 1705 , is the most complex and ingenious of all constructed in Sicily 's Baroque era ; its double staircase of straight flights , frequently changing direction , was to be the prototype of a distinguishing feature of Sicilian Baroque .
Later , a new wave of architects , who would master the Baroque sentiments , aware of Rococo interior styles beginning elsewhere to gain an ascendancy over Baroque , would go on to develop the flamboyance , freedom , and movement that are synonymous with the term Sicilian Baroque today .
= = High Sicilian Baroque = =
Around 1730 , the Baroque style gradually began to break away from the defined Roman style of Baroque and gain an even stronger individuality , for two reasons : the rush to rebuild was subsiding , construction was becoming more leisurely and thoughtful ; and a new clutch of home @-@ grown Sicilian architects came to the forefront . This new generation had watched the rebuilding in the Baroque , and studied the ever more frequent engravings and architectural books and treatises arriving from the mainland . However , they were not like their predecessors ( the former students of the Romans ) , and consequently were able to formulate strong individual styles of their own . They included Andrea Palma , Rosario Gagliardi and Tommaso Napoli . While taking account of the Baroque of Naples and Rome , they now adapted their designs for the local needs and traditions . Their use of resources and exploitation of the sites was often wildly inventive . Napoli and then Vaccarini had promoted the use of the external staircase , which was now taken to a new dimension : churches upon the summits of a hills would be reached by fantastical flights of steps evoking Vaccarini 's mentor Francesco de Sanctis 's Spanish Steps in Rome .
Façades of churches often came to resemble wedding cakes rather than places of worship as the architects grew in confidence , competence , and stature . Church interiors , which until this date had been slightly pedestrian , came especially in Palermo to be decorated in a riot of inlaid marbles of a wide variety of colours . Anthony Blunt has described this decoration as " either fascinating or repulsive , but however the individual spectator may react to it , this style is a characteristic manifestation of Sicilian exuberance , and must be classed amongst the most important and original creations of Baroque art on the island " . This is the key to Sicilian Baroque ; it was ideally matched to the Sicilian personality , and this was the reason it evolved so dramatically on the island . Nowhere in Sicily is the development of the new Baroque style more evident than in Ragusa and Catania .
= = = Ragusa = = =
Ragusa was very badly damaged in 1693 . The town is in two halves , divided by a deep ravine known as the " Valle dei Ponti " : the older town of Ragusa Ibla , and the higher Ragusa Superiore .
Ragusa Ibla , the lower city , boasts an impressive array of Baroque architecture , which includes the Church of San Giorgio by Rosario Gagliardi , designed in 1738 ( Illustration 12 ) . In the design of this church Gagliardi exploited the difficult terrain of the hillside site . The church towers impressively over a massive marble staircase of some 250 steps , a Baroque feature , especially exploited in Sicily due to the island 's topography . The tower seems to explode from the façade , accentuated by the columns and pilasters canted against the curved walls . Above the doorways and window apertures , pediments scroll and curve with a sense of freedom and movement which would have been unthinkable to those earlier architects inspired by Bernini and Borromini . The neoclassical dome was not added until 1820 .
In an alley connecting Ragusa Ibla with Ragusa Superiore is the church of Santa Maria delle Scale . This church is interesting , though badly damaged in the earthquake . Only half the church was rebuilt in Baroque style , while the surviving half was kept in the original Norman ( with Gothic features ) , thus demonstrating in one piece the evolution of Sicilian Baroque .
The Palazzo Zacco is one of the more notable Baroque buildings of the city , its Corinthian columns supporting balconies of amazing wrought iron work , while supports of grotesques mock , shock or amuse the passerby . The palazzo was built in the second half of the 18th century by the Baron Melfi di San Antonio . It was later acquired by the Zacco family , after which it is named . The building has two street façades , each with six wide balconies bearing the coat of arms of the Melfi family , a frame of acanthus leaves from which a puttino leans . The balconies , a feature of the palazzo , are notable for the differing corbels which support them , ranging from putti to musicians and grotesques . The focal points of the principal façade are the three central balconies , divided by columns with Corinthian capitals . Here the balconies are supported by images of musicians with grotesque faces .
The Cathedral of San Giovanni Battista in Ragusa Superiore was built between 1718 and 1778 . Its principal façade is pure Baroque , containing fine carvings and sculptures . The cathedral has a high Sicilian belfry in the same style . The ornate Baroque interior is separated into three colonnaded aisles ( Illustration 3 ) . Ragusa Superiore , the most badly damaged part of the town , was replanned following 1693 around the cathedral and displays an unusual phenomenon of Sicilian Baroque : the palazzi here are peculiar to this town , of only two storeys and long , with the central bay only emphasised by a balcony and an arch to the inner garden . This very Portuguese style , probably designed to minimise damage in future earthquakes , is very different from the palazzi in Ragusa Ibla , which are in true Sicilian style . Unusually , Baroque lingered on here until the early 19th century . The last palazzo built here was in the Baroque form but with columns of Roman Doric and neoclassical balconies .
= = = Catania = = =
Sicily 's second city , Catania , was the most damaged of all the larger cities in 1693 , with only the medieval Castello Ursino and three tribunes of the cathedral remaining . Thus it was replanned and rebuilt . The new design separated the city into quarters , divided by two roads meeting at an intersection known as the Piazza del Duomo ( Cathedral Square ) . Rebuilding was supervised by the Bishop of Catania , and the city 's only surviving architect , Alonzo di Benedetto . Di Benedetto headed a team of junior architects called in from Messina , which quickly began to rebuild , concentrating first on the Piazza del Duomo . Three palazzi are situated here , the Bishop 's Palace , the Seminario and one other . The architects worked in complete harmony and it is impossible to distinguish di Benedetto 's work from that of his junior colleagues . The work is competent but not remarkable , with decorated rustication in the 17th @-@ century Sicilian style , but often the decoration on the upper floors is superficial . This is typical of the Baroque of this period immediately after the earthquake .
In 1730 , Vaccarini arrived in Catania as the appointed city architect and immediately impressed on the architecture the Roman Baroque style . The pilasters lose their rustication and support Roman type cornices and entablatures , or curved pediments , and free @-@ standing columns support balconies . Vaccarini also exploited the local black lava stone as a decorative feature rather than a general building material , using it intermittently with other materials , and spectacularly for an obelisk supported on the back of the Catanian heraldic elephant , for a fountain in the style of Bernini in front of the new Town hall . Vaccarini 's principal façade to Catania 's cathedral , dedicated to Santa Agata , shows strong Spanish influences even at this late stage of Sicilian Baroque . Also in the city is Stefano Ittar 's Church of the Collegiata , built around 1768 . It is an example of Sicilian Baroque at its most stylistically simple .
= = Church interiors = =
Sicilian church exteriors had been decorated in elaborate styles from the first quarter of the 17th century , with profuse use of sculpture , stucco , frescoes , and marble ( Illustration 14 ) . As the post @-@ earthquake churches were becoming completed in the late 1720s , interiors also began to reflect this external decoration , becoming lighter and less intense ( compare illustration 14 to the later interior of illustration 15 ) , with profuse sculpted ornamentation of pillars , cornices , and pediments , often in the form of putti , flora , and fauna . Inlaid coloured marbles on floors and walls in complex patterns are one of the most defining features of the style . These patterns with their roundels of porphyry are often derived from designs found in the Norman cathedrals of Europe , again demonstrating the Norman origins of Sicilian architecture . The high altar is usually the pièce de resistance : in many instances a single block of coloured marble , decorated with gilt scrolls and swags , and frequently inset with other stones such as lapis lazuli and agate . Steps leading to the altar dais are characteristically curving between concave and convex and in many cases decorated with inlaid coloured marbles . One of the finest examples of this is in the church of St Zita in Palermo .
The building of Sicily 's churches would typically be funded not just by individual religious orders but also by an aristocratic family . Contrary to popular belief , the majority of Sicily 's nobility did not choose to have their mortal remains displayed for eternity in the Capuchin catacombs of Palermo , but were buried quite conventionally in vaults beneath their family churches . It has been said , though , that " the funeral of a Sicilian aristocrat was one of the great moments of his life " . Funerals became tremendous shows of wealth ; a result of this ostentation was that the stone memorial slabs covering the burial vaults today provide an accurate barometer of the development of Baroque and marble inlay techniques at any specific time . For instance , those from the first half of the 17th century are of simple white marble decorated with an incised armorial bearing , name , date , etc . From c . 1650 , small quantities of coloured marble inlay appear , forming patterns , and this can be studied developing until , by the end of the century , the coats of arms and calligraphy are entirely of inset coloured marble , with decorative patterned borders . Long after Baroque began to fall from fashion in the 1780s , Baroque decor was still deemed more suitable for Catholic ritual than the new pagan @-@ based neoclassicism .
The Church of San Benedetto in Catania ( Illustrations 15 and 16 ) is a fine example of a Sicilian Baroque interior , decorated between 1726 and 1762 , the period when Sicilian Baroque was at the height of its fashion and individuality . The ceilings were frescoed by the artist Giovanni Tuccari . The most spectacular part of the church 's decoration is the nun 's choir ( Illustrations 16 ) , created c . 1750 , which was designed in such a way that the nuns ' voices could be heard during services , but the nuns themselves were still quite separate from and unseen by the less spiritual world outside .
= = Palazzi interiors = =
With but a few notable exceptions , the interiors of the palazzi were from the start less elaborate than those of Sicily 's Baroque churches . Many were finished without ornate interior decoration , simply because they took so long to
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the Outstanding College Council Award was The Catholic University of America Council .
= = Evangelization = =
Since its founding , the Knights of Columbus has been involved in evangelization . In 1948 , the Knights started the Catholic Information Service ( CIS ) to provide low @-@ cost Catholic publications for the general public as well as for parishes , schools , retreat houses , military installations , correctional facilities , legislatures , the medical community , and for individuals who request them . Since then , CIS has printed millions of booklets , and thousands of people have enrolled in CIS correspondence and on @-@ line courses .
= = Awards = =
The Order sponsors a number of international awards . The first , the Gaudium et Spes Award , is named after the document from the Second Vatican Council , and is the highest honor bestowed by the Order . It " is awarded only in special circumstances and only to individuals of exceptional merit " and comes an honorarium of $ 100 @,@ 000 . Since its institution in 1992 , it has only been awarded five times . The award " recognizes individuals for their exemplary contributions to the realization of the message of faith and service in the spirit of Christ as articulated in the document for which it is named " .
The second international award , also only given " when merited " , is the Caritas Award . Named for the theological virtue alternatively translated as either charity or love , it recognizes " extraordinary works of charity and service " . It has been awarded once since its establishment in 2013 . The Saint Michael Award was established in conjunction with the Caritas Award to recognize members of the Order who have exemplified a lifetime of service on behalf of the Knights of Columbus .
Additionally , at its annual convention each year , the Order recognizes other individuals and councils with awards . These include the Family of the Year award , and prizes for the best activities in the categories of church , community , council , culture of life , family , and youth . Additionally , top selling general and field insurance agents are recognized , as are top recruiting individuals and councils .
= = Political activities = =
While the Knights of Columbus support political awareness and activity , United States councils are prohibited by tax laws from engaging in candidate endorsement and partisan political activity due to their non @-@ profit status . Public policy activity is limited to issue @-@ specific campaigns , typically dealing with Catholic family and life issues . The Order has adopted resolutions advocating a Culture of Life , defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman , in defense of religious liberty , and promoting faithful citizenship .
= = = United States = = =
In 1926 , a delegation of Supreme Council officers met with President Calvin Coolidge to share with him their concerns about the persecution of Catholics in Mexico . The Order subsequently launched a $ 1 million campaign to educate Americans about the attacks on Catholics and the Church in the Cristero War . Twenty @-@ five martyrs from the conflict would eventually be canonized , including six knights .
Several decades later , in 1954 , lobbying by the Order helped convince the U.S. Congress to add the phrase " under God " to the Pledge of Allegiance . President Dwight Eisenhower wrote to Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart thanking the Knights for their " part in the movement to have the words ' under God ' added to our Pledge of Allegiance " . Similar lobbying convinced many state legislatures to adopt October 12 as Columbus Day and led to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's confirmation of Columbus Day as a federal holiday in 1937 .
On April 9 , 2006 , the Board of Directors commented on the " U.S. immigration policy [ which ] has become an intensely debated and divisive issue on both sides of the border between the U.S. and Mexico " . They called " upon the President and the U.S. Congress to agree upon immigration legislation that not only gains control over the process of immigration , but also rejects any effort to criminalize those who provide humanitarian assistance to illegal immigrants , and provides these immigrants an avenue by which they can emerge from the shadows of society and seek legal residency and citizenship in the U.S. " .
The Knights have also been active in political campaigns across the United States in the area of gay marriage , contributing over $ 14 million to help maintain the definition of marriage as a union between one man and one woman . In 2008 , they were the largest single donor in support of Proposition 8 . A financial contribution of over $ 1 million was made to support the successful initiative to define marriage within the California State Constitution as a union solely between a man and a woman . The Knights have also made financial contributions of $ 1 million to support similar ballot campaigns in Maine , Maryland , Minnesota , and Washington .
= = = Canada = = =
In a 2005 attempt to stop the Canadian parliament from legalizing gay marriage , the Order funded a campaign that included 800 @,@ 000 postcards encouraging members of parliament to reject the measure . As it was in the United States , this effort was criticized by some gay marriage supporters .
Also in 2005 , a local Knights of Columbus council in Canada was fined $ 2 @,@ 000 by the British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal . The council 's Hall Manager signed a contract for the use of their facilities with Tracey Smith and Deborah Chymyshyn , but canceled it and returned their money after they became aware that it was for a lesbian wedding reception . The tribunal found that the local council did not have to rent the hall if in so doing they would violate their religious beliefs , but " could have taken additional steps that would have recognized the inherent dignity of the complainants and their right to be free from discrimination " . Instead of simply canceling the appointment , the court said , the council could have directed the complainants to other halls and assisted them in finding another place to hold their event .
= = = Mexico = = =
Following the Mexican Revolution , the new government began persecuting the Church . To destroy the Church 's influence over the Mexican people , anti @-@ clerical statutes were inserted into the Constitution , beginning a 10 @-@ year persecution of Catholics which resulted in the death of thousands , including several knights who were later canonized .
Leaders of the Order began speaking out against the Mexican government , and Columbia , the official magazine of the Knights , also ran articles critical of the regime . The November 1926 cover of Columbia portrayed Knghts carrying a banner of liberty and warning of " The Red Peril of Mexico " , the Mexican legislature banned both the Order and the magazine throughout the country .
= = = Heads of state = = =
The Knights of Columbus invites the head of state of every country they operate in to the Supreme Convention each year . In 1971 , U.S. President Richard Nixon gave the keynote address at the States Dinner ; Secretary of Transportation and Knight John Volpe was responsible for this first appearance of a U.S. President at a Supreme Council gathering . President Ronald Reagan spoke at the Centennial Convention in 1982 . President George H.W. Bush appeared in 1992 . President Bill Clinton sent a written message while he was in office , and President George W. Bush sent videotaped messages before he attended in person at the 2004 convention . President Barack Obama has also sent written messages during his term in office .
John F. Kennedy , the only Catholic to be elected President of the United States , was a Fourth Degree member of Bunker Hill Council No. 62 and Bishop Cheverus General Assembly . Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart visited Kennedy at the White House on Columbus Day , 1961 . The president told Hart that his younger brother , Ted Kennedy , had received " his Third Degree in our Order three weeks before " . Hart presented Kennedy with a poster of the American Flag with the story of how the Order got the words " under God " inserted in the Pledge of Allegiance .
In 1959 , Fidel Castro sent an aide to represent him at a Fourth Degree banquet in honor of the Golden Jubilee of the Order 's entry into Cuba . Supreme Knight Hart attended a banquet in the Cuban Prime Minister 's honor in April of that year sponsored by the Overseas Press Club and later sent him a letter expressing regret that they were not able to meet in person . Reagan also presented the Order with a President 's Volunteer Action Award at the White House in 1984 .
The Knights of Columbus were among the groups that welcomed Pope Benedict XVI on the South Lawn of the White House on April 16 , 2008 , the pontiff 's 81st birthday , during his visit to the U.S.
= = Famous Knights = =
Many famous Catholic men from all over the world have been Knights of Columbus . In the United States , some of the most notable include John F. Kennedy ; Ted Kennedy ; Al Smith ; Sargent Shriver ; Samuel Alito ; John Boehner ; Ray Flynn ; Jeb Bush ; and Sergeant Major Daniel Daly , a two @-@ time Medal of Honor recipient , once described by the commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps as " the most outstanding Marine of all time " .
Many notable clerics are also Knights , including Cardinal William Joseph Levada , prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith ; Cardinal Sean O 'Malley , Archbishop of Boston ; and Cardinal Jaime Sin , former Archbishop of Manila . In the world of sports , Vince Lombardi , the famed former coach of the Green Bay Packers ; wrestler Lou Albano ; James Connolly , the first Olympic gold @-@ medal champion in modern times ; Floyd Patterson , former heavyweight boxing champion ; and baseball legend Babe Ruth were all knights .
On October 15 , 2006 , Bishop Rafael Guizar Valencia ( 1878 – 1938 ) was canonized by Pope Benedict XVI in Rome . In 2000 , six other Knights were declared saints by Pope John Paul II .
= = Emblems of the Order = =
= = = Emblem of the Order = = =
The emblem of the Order was designed by Past Supreme Knight James T. Mullen and adopted at the second Supreme Council meeting on May 12 , 1883 . Shields used by medieval knights served as the inspiration , and the emblem consists of a shield mounted on a Formée cross , which is an artistic representation of the cross of Christ . This represents the Catholic identity of the Order .
Mounted on the shield are three objects : a fasces ; an anchor ; and a dagger . In ancient Rome , the fasces was carried before magistrates as an emblem of authority . The Order uses it as " symbolic of authority which must exist in any tightly @-@ bonded and efficiently operating organization " . The anchor represents Christopher Columbus , patron of the Order . The short sword , or dagger , was a weapon used by medieval knights . The shield as a whole , with the letters " K of C " , represents " Catholic Knighthood in organized merciful action " .
= = = Fourth Degree emblem = = =
The Fourth Degree emblem features a dove , a cross , and a globe . In the tradition of the Knights these symbols " typify the union of the three Divine Persons in one Godhead , referred to as the most Blessed Trinity " . The red , white , and blue are taken from the American flag and represent patriotism , the basic principle of the Fourth Degree . Styled with the continents of the western hemisphere in white , the blue globe represents God the Father . A red Isabella cross , for the queen who sponsored Columbus , serves as a symbol of God the Son . The white dove is a symbol of peace and God the Holy Spirit . Columbus ' name in Italian ( Colombo ) also means " dove " .
= = = Colombian Squires emblem = = =
The emblem of the Squires symbolizes the ideals which identify a squire . On the arms of a Maltese cross are the letters " P " , which represents the physical development necessary to make the body as strong as the spirit ; " I " , which stands for the intellectual development needed for cultural and mental maturity ; " S " , which represents the spiritual growth and practice of our faith ; and " C " , which stands for the development of citizenship and civic life . The larger letters : " C " , representing Christ and also Christopher Columbus ; " S " , the Squires ; and " K " , the Knights of Columbus , by whom the Squires program is sponsored , are intertwined in the center of the cross . They are the three foundations of the program .
The Latin motto , " Esto Dignus " , encircles the emblem . Translated into English , it means " Be Worthy " .
= = Auxiliary groups = =
= = = Women 's auxiliaries = = =
Many councils also have women 's auxiliaries . At the turn of the 20th century two were formed by local councils and each took the name the Daughters of Isabella . Using the same name , both groups expanded and issued charters to other circles but never merged . The newer organization renamed itself the Catholic Daughters of the Americas in 1921 and both have structures independent of the Knights of Columbus . Other groups are known as the Columbiettes . In the Philippines , the ladies ' auxiliary is known as the Daughters of Mary Immaculate .
= = = Columbian Squires = = =
The Knights ' official junior organization is the Columbian Squires . Founded in 1925 in Duluth , Minnesota , this international fraternity for boys 10 – 18 has grown to over 5 @,@ 000 circles . According to Brother Barnabas McDonald , F.S.C. , the Squires ' founder : " The supreme purpose of the Columbian Squires is character building . "
Squires have fun and share their Catholic faith , help people in need , and enjoy the company of friends in social , family , athletic , cultural , civic and spiritual activities . Through their local circle , Squires work and socialize as a group of friends , elect their own officers , and develop into Catholic leaders . When Squires process in a color guard , they wear blue cape , similar to those worn by members of the Fourth Degree , and black berets .
Each circle is supervised by a Knights of Columbus council or assembly , and has an advisory board made up of either the Grand Knight , the Deputy Grand Knight and Chaplain , or the Faithful Navigator , the Faithful Captain , and Faithful Friar . Circles are either council based , parish based , or school based , depending on the location of the circle and the Knight counselors .
= = = Squire Roses = = =
The Squire Roses are a youth sorority run by individual state councils for Catholic girls between the ages of 10 and 19 . Founded by Russell DeRose and the Virginia State Council of the Knights of Columbus in 1996 , the Roses are a sister organization to the Squires .
= = Similar organizations = =
The Knights of Columbus is a member of the International Alliance of Catholic Knights , which includes fifteen fraternal orders such as the Knights of Saint Columbanus in Ireland , the Knights of Saint Columba in the United Kingdom , the Knights of Peter Claver in the United States , the Knights of the Southern Cross in Australia and New Zealand , the Knights of Marshall in Ghana , the Knights of Da Gama in South Africa , and the Knights of Saint Mulumba in Nigeria . The Loyal Orange Institution , also known as the Orange Order , is a similar organization for Protestant Christians .
= It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) =
" It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " is a song written and performed by Bob Dylan and first released on his 1965 album , Bringing It All Back Home . It was written in the summer of 1964 , first performed live on October 10 , 1964 , and recorded on January 15 , 1965 . Described by Dylan biographer Howard Sounes as a " grim masterpiece , " the song features some of Dylan 's most memorable lyrical images . Among the well @-@ known lines sung in the song are " He not busy being born is busy dying , " " Money doesn 't talk , it swears , " " Although the masters make the rules , for the wisemen and the fools " and " But even the president of the United States sometimes must have to stand naked . " The lyrics express Dylan 's anger at what he sees as the hypocrisy , commercialism , consumerism , and war mentality inherent in contemporary American culture , but unlike those in some of his earlier protest songs , do not express optimism in the possibility of political or social solutions . Dylan 's preoccupations in the lyrics , nevertheless , extend beyond the socio @-@ political , expressing existential concerns , touching on urgent matters of personal experience .
Dylan has stated that " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " is one of his songs that means the most to him , and he has played the song often in live concerts . Since its original release on Bringing It All Back Home , live versions of the song have been issued on The Bootleg Series Vol . 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall , Before the Flood and Bob Dylan at Budokan . Dylan can also be seen performing the song in the film Dont Look Back and the video of the HBO special Hard to Handle . The song has been covered by a number of other artists , including Roger McGuinn , The Byrds , Billy Preston , Hugo Race , Terence Trent D 'Arby , Mick Farren , Caetano Veloso , Marilyn Scott , and The Duhks .
= = Bob Dylan 's version = =
Dylan wrote " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " in the summer of 1964 . Although he was prepared to take his time developing the song , as he did with " Mr. Tambourine Man " , he finished it in time for inclusion on the Bringing It All Back Home album , which was recorded in January 1965 . Dylan first performed " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " live on October 10 , 1964 at Philadelphia Town Hall . The version included on Bringing It All Back Home was recorded on January 15 , 1965 , the same day that the other three songs on side 2 of the album ( " Mr. Tambourine Man " , " Gates of Eden " and " It 's All Over Now , Baby Blue " ) were recorded , with Tom Wilson producing .
It was long thought that the four songs that make up side 2 of Bringing It All Back Home were recorded in one long take . This is not true , but " Gates of Eden " was recorded in a single take and " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " was recorded in one take after a single false start ( the false start can be heard on both the 6 @-@ disc and 18 @-@ disc versions of The Bootleg Series Vol . 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 – 1966 , released in 2015 ) .
Dylan biographer Howard Sounes described " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " as a " grim masterpiece . " The only accompaniment is Dylan 's guitar , playing folk @-@ blues riffs and up and down chord progressions . Author Sean Wilentz has noted that the song 's chord structure is similar to that used by the Everly Brothers ' in their hit recording of " Wake Up Little Susie " . The lyrics of " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " express Dylan 's anger at what he sees as the hypocrisy , commercialism , consumerism , and war mentality inherent in contemporary American culture , but unlike those in his earlier protest songs , do not express optimism in the possibility of political solutions . In his book Bob Dylan , Performing Artist , author Paul Williams has suggested that the song addresses " the possibility that the most important ( and least articulated ) political issue of our times is that we are all being fed a false picture of reality , and it 's coming at us from every direction . " Williams goes on to say that the song successfully paints a portrait of an " alienated individual identifying the characteristics of the world around him and thus declaring his freedom from its ' rules ' . " As such , a major target in the song is the old , established concepts which give a false picture of reality and hinder new worldviews from being accepted .
While it shares a sense of prevailing entropy with the previous song on the album , " Gates of Eden " , the critique in " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " is more direct and less allusive . Author Michael Gray has commented that although the vitriol Dylan unleashes towards his targets is similar to his earlier political protest songs , " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " is a transitional song in that it does not express optimism in the possibility of political solutions . Instead , Dylan sings in a new prophetic voice that would become his trademark . However , with the political pessimism comes a more poetic vision than in his earlier protest songs , along with a more complex figurative language . Howard Sounes notes that the song features some of Dylan 's most memorable images . The opening lines begin the song 's torrent of apocalyptic images :
Darkness at the break of noon
Shadows even the silver spoon
The handmade blade , the child 's balloon
Eclipses both the sun and moon
To understand you know too soon
There is no sense in trying
Critic Andy Gill links the opening line of the song to the title of Arthur Koestler 's bleak novel Darkness at Noon , set in the Great Stalinist purge of 1938 in Soviet Russia . For Gill , Dylan is suggesting that the human spirit can be cast into darkness by the dead hand of communism as well as by American capitalism .
According to Seth Rogovoy , this opening echoes the Book of Ecclesiastes , where the author states ( 1 : 17 ) " I observed all deeds beneath the sun , and behold all is futile . There are echoes of Ecclesiastes throughout the song . Another example is :
The masters make the rules
For the wise man and the fools .
The author of Ecclesiastes laments ( 2 : 15 – 16 ) " The fate of the fool will befall me also ; to what advantage , then , have I become wise ? But I come to the conclusion that this , too , was futility , because the wise man and the fool are both forgotten . The wise man dies , just like the fool . "
One of the most famous lines from the song reminds listeners that even the most powerful people will ultimately be judged :
But even the president of the United States
Sometimes must have to stand naked
These lines seemed particularly prescient when Dylan performed the song on his 1974 tour with the Band , a few months before Richard Nixon resigned as President of the United States as a result of the Watergate crisis . After the song has confronted sex , religion and politics , it ends with the lines :
And if my thought @-@ dreams could be seen
They 'd probably put my head in a guillotine
But it 's alright , Ma , it 's life and life only
Dylan 's preoccupations in the lyrics extend beyond socio @-@ political commentary , and touch on urgent matters of personal experience--the challenge to live and grow in the face of uncertainty .
He not busy being born is busy dying
Jimmy Carter would later refer to the line in his presidential nomination speech at the 1976 Democratic National Convention , though it addresses matters of the self which supersede politics , in the process displaying certain themes associated with existentialism . Throughout the song , the words pour out quickly , with Dylan barely taking a breath between lines , so that the intricate rhyming structure is often missed : AAAAAB CCCCCB DDDDDB in the verses and AAB in the chorus .
Dylan has cited " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " as one of his songs that means the most to him . In 1980 he stated that " I don 't think I could sit down now and write ' It 's Alright , Ma ' again . I wouldn 't even know where to begin , but I can still sing it . " In 1997 , Dylan told The New York Times , " I 've written some songs that I look at , and they just give me a sense of awe . Stuff like , ' It 's Alright , Ma , ' just the alliteration in that blows me away . "
" It 's Alright Ma " song has featured in Dylan 's live concerts throughout his long career . Dylan 's website records that , as of March 2015 , the song has been performed 772 times by Dylan in live performance . Concert performances of the songs have been released on The Bootleg Series Vol . 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall ( recorded on October 31 , 1964 ) , Before the Flood ( recorded on February 14 , 1974 ) and Bob Dylan at Budokan ( recorded on February 28 , 1978 ) . Dylan also played the song on his Rolling Thunder Revue Tour in 1975 and 1976 , as well as on his 1978 tour and his Never Ending Tour from the late 1980s up to the present . Footage of Dylan playing " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " in May 1965 is included in the film Dont Look Back , and a live performance of Dylan playing the song with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers on February 25 , 1986 is included in the video of the HBO special Hard to Handle . Dylan also sang this song at his October 16 , 1992 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration at Madison Square Garden , which was released on The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration album . The studio recording was re @-@ released on the 2008 compilation album Playlist : The Very Best of Bob Dylan ' 60s .
= = Cover versions = =
A widely known cover of " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding " ) is that performed by Roger McGuinn for the soundtrack of the 1969 film , Easy Rider . The film 's scriptwriter and star , Peter Fonda , had originally intended to use Dylan 's version of the song in the film but after failing to secure the appropriate licensing he asked McGuinn to record a cover of it instead . McGuinn 's version of the song included on the Easy Rider soundtrack album , features McGuinn on guitar and vocals , accompanied by his bandmate from The Byrds , Gene Parsons , on harmonica .
The Byrds also recorded a version of the song during the 1970 recording sessions for their album ( Untitled ) but it was not included in the final track listing . The Byrds occasionally performed the song in concert during 1970 and a live recording of it , from a March 1 , 1970 appearance at the Felt Forum , was included on the 2000 remaster of the ( Untitled ) album , which was re @-@ titled as ( Untitled ) / ( Unissued ) . This version also appears as a bonus track on the 2002 remastered version of the compilation album , The Byrds Play Dylan , and on the 2006 4 @-@ disc box set There Is a Season .
In 1971 , Nannie Parres included " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " on her album I Thought About You and in 1973 Billy Preston included the song on Everybody Likes Some Kind Of Music . Bettina Jonic included a cover of the song on her 1975 album The Bitter Mirror . Artists who have covered the song since then include Hugo Race , Terence Trent D 'Arby , Mick Farren , Caetano Veloso , Marilyn Scott , The Duhks , and Ground Components .
In 2014 , Lee Abramson covered " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " on his band 's album Blood .
= = Influence = =
Clinton Heylin , in his biography Bob Dylan : Behind the Shades Revisited , wrote that the recording " opened up a whole new genre of finger @-@ pointing song , not just for Dylan but for the entire panoply of pop . " Heylin adds that " It 's Alright , Ma " probably contained more " memorable aphorisms " than any of Dylan 's songs . One of these lines is " he not busy being born is busy dying , " from the song 's second verse , which was used by Jimmy Carter in his 1976 presidential nomination acceptance speech at the Democratic National Convention . During his presidential campaign for in 20
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ge , was one of the first technical death metal records to be released .
The band broke up in 2000 , after releasing the Crust EP . Former members , minus Wagner , played throughout Brazil in 2006 under the moniker Tributo ao Sarcófago ( Tribute to Sarcófago ) . In 2009 , rumors surfaced that the original I.N.R.I. line @-@ up were reuniting for a small , high @-@ profile tour , but proved to be a false . A reissue of their back catalogue is in the works , a joint effort between Cogumelo Records and American label Greydaze .
= = History = =
= = = Early days ( 1985 – 1988 ) = = =
Sarcófago ( Portuguese and Spanish for ' sarcophagus ' ) was formed in 1985 in Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil . Equally indebted to early extreme metal groups such as Bathory , Celtic Frost , Slayer , and Finnish hardcore punk , Sarcófago 's goal was to create the most aggressive music ever . Wagner Lamounier , who parted acrimoniously from Sepultura in March of that same year , was invited to join the band . Although Sepultura never recorded anything with Lamounier , he contributed the lyrics to the song " Antichrist " on their Bestial Devastation EP . Sarcófago 's vinyl debut was on the Cogumelo Produções split album Warfare Noise I , originally released in 1986 . Sarcófago contributed the three tracks " Recrucify " , " The Black Vomit " and " Satanas " . Their music and lyrics were considered shocking at the time , something which brought them a considerable amount of attention . The band 's line @-@ up at that point consisted of " Butcher " ( guitars ) , " Antichrist " ( Lamounier ; vocals ) , " Incubus " ( Geraldo Minelli ; bass ) and " Leprous " ( Armando Sampaio ; drums ) .
With new drummer " D.D. Crazy " — hailed as a pioneer in the metal world for his extensive use of blast beats on this album — Sarcófago released I.N.R.I in July 1987 . The band 's attire on the album 's cover — corpsepaint , leather jackets , and bullet belts — is considered the first definite statement of black metal 's visual presentation and style . The music has been equally influential , a milestone in the development of the genre . Despite the record 's now @-@ legendary status , Lamounier was unsatisfied with the end results , voicing complaints over the quality of the recording sessions and the band being plagued by inner strife . After the release of I.N.R.I. , Sarcófago briefly disbanded . Lamounier moved to Uberlândia to study economics on the Federal University of Uberlândia ( UFU ) , while Butcher and his brother D.D. Crazy left the group . The latter would play drums on Sextrash 's debut , 1989 's Sexual Carnage .
= = = Rotting ( 1989 – 1990 ) = = =
When Rotting first came out it stirred a huge amount of controversy due to its cover art — a traditional grim reaper figure licking what appears to be Jesus Christ 's face . It was based upon a medieval painting . The cover artist himself , Kelson Frost , refused to paint a crown of thorns over the man 's head , which would readily identify him as the Christian messiah .
Rotting musically differs from the raw , hyper @-@ speed black metal of I.N.R.I. Session drummer " Joker " brought a different set of influences to the band ( such as crossover thrash ) ; Wagner also learned to play guitar in record time , and contributed many of the album 's guitar riffs . Rotting also marked their first change of aliases : the group 's core duo renamed themselves " Wagner Antichrist " and " Gerald Incubus " . Their visual department went through changes as well — they dropped the arm and leg spikes because they made playing live difficult .
Rotting was Sarcófago 's first release to have international distribution , handled in Europe by British label Music for Nations , and by Maze / Kraze in America . Maze Records released a censored version of Rotting , blacking out the original cover and adding a sticker which read " Featuring the Original Lead Singer of Sepultura " without consulting the band . Infuriated by the label 's actions , Sarcófago sued them .
= = = The Laws of Scourge ( 1991 – 1993 ) = = =
Next came The Laws of Scourge ( 1991 ) , considered a " revolution " in the band 's career . A combination of better musicianship , improved production values , and more sophisticated songwriting landed them into technical death metal territory . Sarcófago 's new direction in music was partly influenced by new members Fábio " Jhasko " ( guitar ) and Lúcio Olliver ( drums ) , and inspired by a newer crop of extreme metal bands such as Godflesh , Paradise Lost , Bolt Thrower , Deicide , and Morbid Angel .
The Laws of Scourge became Sarcófago 's best selling record , and responsible for their most extensive touring schedule to this date . Their tour trek also included their first international dates : they visited South American countries such as Peru and Chile , and in Europe they played shows in Portugal and Spain . In Brazil , their most important gig was to open for Texas hardcore punk pioneers the Dirty Rotten Imbeciles in São Paulo .
= = = Hate ( 1994 – 1996 ) = = =
Musically speaking , Hate is notable for its stripped @-@ down , straightforward approach and the use of a drum machine , the latter sparking some controversy . Lamounier claimed to have no qualms about using this device , on the basis that most death metal drummers use trigger pads for recording purposes , which in the end produces the same homogenized sound as that of a drum machine .
The band cut their hair short , in protest of the masculine long hair style becoming popular due to the massive success of grunge in the early 1990s . Men sporting long hair has traditionally been associated with counterculture groups , and it is especially present in the metalhead subculture . Wagner declared :
In late 1996 , Sarcófago released the Decade of Decay compilation which , amongst other things , featured demo versions of their early songs and rare backstage photographs . The band described the CD as a " gift " to their fans .
= = = The Worst ( 1997 – 2000 ) = = =
Sarcófago 's fourth and final album , The Worst ( 1997 ) , sees the band slowing down in relation to the speed @-@ oriented Hate , and having a better grasp of drum programming . Minelli and Lamounier saw this record as a " summation " of their career .
With the turn of the millennium came the Crust EP , Sarcófago 's swansong release . It was meant to be a preview of an upcoming album , but the band 's core duo parted ways before commencing its recording .
= = = Sarcófago Tribute tour ( 2006 – 2009 ) = = =
In celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Warfare Noise split album , Cogumelo Records and Gerald Incubus organized a comeback show with Sarcófago in Belo Horizonte . Along with Minelli , the line @-@ up for that event was Fábio Jhasko on guitars , Manu Joker and old @-@ time friend Juarez " Tibanha " on vocals . That performance was recorded and there are plans to release it in DVD format . Lamounier opted not to join this " Sarcófago Tribute " band for the lack in desire to play professionally . However , Wagner still pursues his musical interests — he plays in the crust punk band Commando Kaos .
In October 2007 , Sarcófago flew to Santiago , Chile to play in the Black Shadows Festival , alongside death metal pioneers Possessed .
In March 2009 , Wagner supposedly announced that Sarcófago would reunite , and their tour itinerary would include appearances at the Wacken Open Air and Hole in the Sky festivals , as well as dates in London , New York , Los Angeles and Tokyo . He stated it would be the original I.N.R.I. line @-@ up , but that this would be the only tour they would be doing and there would be no new material . A couple of days later , Lamounier himself wrote to the music press exposing this news report as a hoax .
= = Lyrical approach = =
Inspired by Venom and Hellhammer , Sarcófago 's early lyrics were openly Satanic . These lyrics frequently employed curse words and crude , obscene scenarios , such as in the case of " Desecration of ( the ) Virgin " , a blasphemous take on Mother Mary 's virgin birth .
Whilst still polemical , by 1989 's Rotting the band 's stance on Christianity was more agnostic than Satanic . The original vinyl release came with a lengthy manifesto written by Lamounier , in which he criticized the alienating effect that Catholicism had on Brazilian society . The band also questioned the divine nature of Christ , declaring he was just a regular man who died for his ideas . On a less serious note the album featured " Sex , Drinks and Metal " , a hedonistic ode to the headbanger lifestyle .
Their next album , The Laws of Scourge , continued their new @-@ found focus on more " reality @-@ based " themes , with lyrics generally covering such death @-@ related topics as suicide and homicide . The band had trouble again with American censors , with the lyrics of the re @-@ recorded version of " The Black Vomit " being forcibly omitted from the CD booklet as well as the entire " Prelude to Suicide " track .
= = Legacy = =
The band left a widespread influence on black metal circles worldwide , particularly among the Scandinavian portion of the so @-@ called " second wave " of the genre . " It is sobering " , claimed Terrorizer magazine , " to think of what wouldn 't have happened had ' I.N.R.I. ' not been released " .
Fenriz , drummer of Darkthrone , included a Sarcófago track ( " Satanic Lust " ) in his The Best of Old @-@ School Black Metal compilation , released by Peaceville Records . Of Sarcófago 's I.N.R.I. , he said it was an " album " that " you buy or die " . Euronymous , the deceased guitarist of Mayhem and erstwhile leader of the so @-@ called " Inner Circle " , traded correspondence with Lamounier in the early days of Norway 's scene . In the Lords of Chaos book , Metalion ( Slayer fanzine , ex @-@ Head Not Found ) stated that Euronymous was " obsessed with them because wore lots of spikes and corpsepaint . He said he wanted every band to be like this [ … ] . " Satyricon covered Sarcófago 's " I.N.R.I. " on their Intermezzo II EP , also featured on the Tribute to Sarcófago album , released by Cogumelo Records in 2001 . Key Gorgoroth members Infernus and King were also influenced by Sarcófago .
Notable black metal groups from neighbouring Finland were also affected by Sarcófago 's early output . Beherit founder Nuclear Holocausto said Sarcófago was one of " the greatest influences " for the band ; Mika Luttinen from Impaled Nazarene said that " nothing tops Slayer 's Reign in Blood or Sarcofago 's I.N.R.I. , you know " . Their version of " The Black Vomit " was included in Tribute to Sarcófago .
Lamounier , however , has been critical of several of the bands influenced by Sarcófago , especially bands from the Norwegian black metal scene , wondering how one of the wealthiest countries in the world could have produced such a scene . Although he liked Immortal , Wagner dubbed Euronymous a " nutcase " and considered Burzum " shit " . He also criticized black metal 's purposely lo @-@ fi recording aesthetic ; Lamounier said that Burzum 's guitar timbre " sounded like it was recorded through a transistor radio " .
= = Conflict with Sepultura = =
An oft @-@ cited aspect of Sarcófago 's history is their long @-@ lasting feud with Sepultura . Although former Sepultura drummer Igor Cavalera eventually dismissed the entire affair as " child 's play " , the music press fuelled their bitter rivalry for many years . Their conflict partially contributed to Sarcofágo 's fame as the perennial " black sheep " of Brazilian heavy metal .
Tensions started after Lamounier parted ways with Sepultura , which led to a temporarily awkward situation . In Minelli 's assessment , " everybody had forgotten it " until two years later , when D.D. Crazy smashed a bottle over Andreas Kisser 's head , who had been recently recruited as Sepultura 's new lead guitarist . Kisser was being " too much of a douchebag " . Sílvio " Bibica " Gomes , Sepultura roadie and co @-@ author of the band 's Toda a História biography , was one of the prime instigators of that fight .
During an interview from The Worst era , Lamounier was asked to comment on Sepultura 's well @-@ publicized break @-@ up , when Max Cavalera left the band in January 1997 . Lamounier declared he was not surprised that things turned out the way they did as , in his words , " with what I knew of them , I think it 's quite normal that one brother should betray another in that family , they don 't measure the consequences to get what they want . So , a brother backstabbing the other , deceiving their mother , cheating a friend ... For money , I 'll bet they 're capable of anything . "
Annoyed by Lamounier meddling in " private family business " , Max Cavalera 's answer came through " Bumbklaatt " , a song on Soulfly 's debut album .
Max explained that , in Jamaican patois , " Bumbklatt " means " blood clot " and it is also " a big insult ... It means motherfucker or a piece of shit in Jamaica " .
The animosity between the two groups eventually reached another major Brazilian band , crossover thrash act Ratos de Porão . The band got involved in the affair after a 1987 Belo Horizonte gig , when a portion of the audience kept jeering at the band . One version of that story states that Lamounier and Ratos de Porão singer João Gordo were antagonizing each other during the show . Another one tells that when Gordo asked Sepultura frontman Max Cavalera who was " gobbing " at his band , Max accused Sarcófago .
Tensions flared up once again five years later when Sarcófago , instead of Ratos de Porão , were picked up to be the opening band of DRI 's first Brazilian shows . Ratos de Porão and friends from São Paulo thrash metal group Korzus invaded Sarcófago 's backstage area ; João Gordo then proceeded to sucker @-@ punch Lamounier while he was lying drunk on the floor , and Gordo 's friends attacked the rest with motorcycle chains . A massive brawl ensued , with a member of DRI 's road crew getting his arm broken .
= = Discography = =
= = Members = =
Last known line @-@ up
Wagner " Antichrist " Lamounier – vocals , guitar ( 1985 – 2000 )
Geraldo " Gerald Incubus " Minelli – bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1986 – 2000 )
Session
Manoel Henriques " Manu Joker " – drums , backing vocals ( 1989 – 1991 )
Vanir Jr . – keyboards ( 1991 – 1993 )
Eugênio " Dead Zone " – drum programming , keyboards ( 1994 – 2000 )
Former
Armando " Leprous " Sampaio – drums ( 1985 – 1986 )
Juninho " Pussy Fucker " – bass guitar ( 1985 – 1986 )
Zéder " Butcher " – guitar ( 1985 – 1987 )
Eduardo " D.D. Crazy " – drums ( 1986 – 1987 )
Fábio Jhasko " Jhasko " – guitar ( 1991 – 1993 )
Lucio Olliver – drums ( 1991 – 1993 )
= = = Timeline = = =
= That We Can Play =
That We Can Play is the debut EP of the American electronic @-@ music project Games , consisting of producers Daniel Lopatin and Joel Ford . Lopatin and Ford ( who had made electronic music together since their school days ) produced That We Can Play in an apartment studio , using vintage synthesizers and sequencers to recapture the sound and style of 1980s power pop .
That We Can Play contains six songs , including four original Games tracks ( one , the opener " Strawberry Skies " , with vocals by Laurel Halo ) . It also has two remixes : a remix of " Strawberry Skies " by the Chicago duo Gatekeeper and a reprise of a song by Canadian musician CFCF . The EP , released in November 2010 on the Hippos in Tanks label , was promoted with music videos and singles . It was well @-@ received by critics , who appreciated the duo 's use of its 1980s power @-@ pop influences , and made the top ten of MP3 blog Gorilla vs. Bear 's year @-@ end list .
= = Background = =
Ford and Lopatin , who met in a science class , began playing music together in high school . During their practice sessions they experimented with electronic music using a Roland Juno @-@ 60 ( belonging to Lopatin 's father ) and their high school 's Ensoniq SQ @-@ 2 , which Ford used as a drum machine . During these sessions , the two became serious about composing electronic music together . For a time they had separate careers , with Ford moving to New York City to play in soft @-@ rock group Tigercity and Lopatin remaining in Boston to produce and compose music as Oneohtrix Point Never . In the summer of 2009 , they developed an idea for a group they called " Games " after what Lopatin described as " an intense 72 @-@ hour internet writing frenzy " . Lopatin and Ford spent a week recording demos at Ford 's home in Massachusetts , developing their sound with " a ridiculously sick collection of vintage synths " they collected during their years as musicians . Other musical commitments slowed the work , but by 2010 they had moved into an apartment ( lacking heat and hot water ) to focus on the project .
= = Production and composition = =
That We Can Play was recorded with a single stereo Pro Tools track and " outboard , secondhand vintage synths and sequencers " . Ford explained the process of making each song in an interview with XLR8R : " It 's almost like we just sit down with gear and are like , ' Whoa , this sounds sweet , ' and then we 'll make a beat , and be like , ' What if we do this ? ' and something comes out and we move from there . Where it gets really complex — and you can 't be a slacker — is you have to inventorize all these tiny sounds and constantly be trying to fit all of these moving parts together and see what sticks — and it 's a lot of repetitive , careful @-@ listening kind of work . "
The writing , recording and mixing of That We Can Play is rooted in 1980s power pop . On a technical level , according to Steve Shaw of Fact magazine , Games 's instrumentation includes everything expected in 1980 's music and is executed correctly : bass lines , strings , keytar and arpeggiators . Instead of merely reproducing the sound from that era , the band pushes the music into unfamiliar territory . According to Pitchfork Media 's Joe Colly , the EP has a nostalgic sound – due , in part , to the analog synths ( " not just vintage but almost aged " instrumentation ) and their " glitchy electro jams . "
= = Songs = =
That We Can Play 's opening track , " Strawberry Skies " , the only cut on the release that was produced in a real studio , was inspired by the theme of the American television show Law & Order . Critics compared it to Bananarama 's " Cruel Summer " . The track features dream @-@ like vocals by Laurel Halo , mixed with reverb ; according to Fact , it reflects the " cloud @-@ like " sounds of previous releases by Oneohtrix Point Never . In writing the lyrics to the song , Ford and Lopatin came up with several senseless phrases in writing the melody for the lead vocal , the former saying that he " made them about Shaq and Kobe and eating steak sandwiches and pies , " and the latter saying " Anything just to get the sounds . " " Strawberry Skies " is followed by " MIDI Drift " , which features an Italo bass line , " pitch @-@ bent keytar " and " square wave synths " , and was compared by Michael Brodeur of The Boston Globe to the music of Ratatat .
The third track , " Planet Party " , called " Apple IIe funk " by Joe Colly of Pitchfork Media , contains " wailing guitar synths " , " fist @-@ pumping bass " , " scattergun freestyle drums " and " sudden , surprisingly violent orchestral stabs " . Produced in the summer of 2010 and the first song to be chosen for inclusion on That We Can Play , Ford recalled , " We were making this smooth @-@ rock , Alan Parsons Project @-@ style shit , and then it completely got sliced and diced , mistakes happened in Pro Tools , and it became something else . " " Shadows in Bloom " , a reprise of Secret Service 's " Flash in the Night " , is a melancholy , mid @-@ tempo power ballad featuring bass , snare and synth harmonies described by a reviewer as violent , cavernous , and harsh .
That We Can Play also includes two remixes ; Chicago duo Gatekeeper 's version of " Strawberry Skies " contains a sample of the PlayStation start @-@ up sound and , according to Fact 's Steve Shaw , " ups the ' 80s ante and slows the pace with their trademark industrial sex club character ( sampling Boards of Canada in the process ) , the result sounding far more like a real computer game than any of the UK club tracks currently referencing them " . The EP ends with Games 's version of CFCF 's " It Was Never Meant to Be " , which Shaw described it as a " lush affair " with " chopped DX7 pads and afro @-@ new age staccato melodies " .
= = Promotion = =
The first song released from That We Can Play was " Midi Drift " , which was posted on Games 's blog in April 2010 . " Shadows in Bloom " premiered on the MP3 blog Gorilla vs. Bear and Pitchfork Media 's Altered Zones website on September 29 , 2010 . On December 14 , a remix of " Strawberry Skies " by electronic musician Hudson Mohawke ( not included on the EP ) became available for download on Fact 's website ; according to the magazine , it " manages to be totally malevolent while also sounding like an amazing street party , which is quite an achievement " . A Stereogum writer called the Hudson Mohawke remix " nice " , but preferred Gatekeeper 's " strangulation " of the song .
That We Can Play was also promoted with several music videos . A video for " Planet Party " was released on Delicious Scopitone in August 2010 , which Larry Fitzmaurice of Pitchfork Media described as " a stutteringly smooth , been @-@ around @-@ for @-@ a @-@ few @-@ minutes " production with " jet skis , killer whales , water slides , wind surfing , track racing , and tape @-@ warped women " . A video for " Shadows in Bloom " by WEIRDCORE was released on November 11 and , according to Fitzmaurice , " showcases a warped take on airline attendants and air travel that has to be seen to be believed . " On December 13 a video for " Strawberry Skies " , directed by Josef Kraska and described by Gorilla vs. Bear as an " ' 80s chat line @-@ shower montage " , premiered on the blog .
= = Release and reception = =
In August 2010 , Games stated that That We Can Play would be released in late September or early October 2010 . However , when the release date and track list were announced on September 9 the release date had been pushed back to November 2 . The EP , distributed by Hippos in Tanks with cover artwork by Christian " Megazord " Oldham and cover design by Rasmus Emanuel Svensson , was positively received by critics . In a November 3 , 2010 review Steve Shaw praised That We Can Play for its accurate references to 1980s music , writing that the EP " resides in a both unsettled and an unsettling state , with hints of something very strong and unique perhaps being tied down by exploring more recognisable formats " . Shaw recommended it to his readers , giving it a rating of four out of five . In a Boston Globe review Michael Brodeur described the EP as " unrelentingly retro , but intriguingly interstitial " , with a smoothness which " sounds like a familiar future " . Joe Colly of Pitchfork Media called That We Can Play " a quirky and technical treat " but criticized the EP 's brevity , lamenting the omission of previous Games singles " Everything Is Working " and " Heartlands " . That We Can Play was ranked eighth on Gorilla vs. Bear 's list of the top 30 albums of 2010 ; according to Chris Cantalini , " The run time here is slight , but the EP 's brevity works in its favor , as there 's not a wasted second on this thing . "
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Daniel Lopatin and Joel Ford .
Sample credits
" Shadows In Bloom " samples " Flash In The Night " by Secret Service .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits and personnel from liner notes :
Personnel
Production , songwriting , performers – Daniel Lopatin and Joel Ford
Mastering , additional mixing on " Strawberry Skies " – Al Carlson
Additional vocals on " Strawberry Skies " – Laurel Halo
Artwork – Christian " Megazord " Oldham
Artwork design – Rasmus Emanuel Svensson
Equipment
= 15th Battalion ( Australia ) =
The 15th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army . Formed in 1914 as part of the all @-@ volunteer Australian Imperial Force from Queensland and Tasmanian recruits , the battalion fought during the Gallipoli Campaign and on the Western Front during the First World War . It was disbanded after the war in 1919 , but later re @-@ raised as a part @-@ time Citizens Forces unit based in Queensland in 1921 , consisting of a mixture of volunteers and conscripts . Economic pressures and limited manpower resulted in the battalion being amalgamated with other battalions a couple of times during the inter @-@ war years . In mid @-@ 1939 , as rising tensions in Europe led to an expansion of the Australian military , the battalion was re @-@ formed in its own right . During the Second World War the 15th Battalion was mobilised for wartime service and initially undertook defensive duties in Australia before taking part in the fighting against the Japanese in New Guinea and Bougainville in 1943 – 45 . The battalion was disbanded in 1946 and never re @-@ raised .
= = History = =
= = = First World War = = =
= = = = Formation and service at Gallipoli = = = =
The 15th Battalion was originally raised as part of the all @-@ volunteer Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) in September 1914 . Drawing personnel from volunteers from Queensland and Tasmania , it formed part of the 4th Brigade , along with the 13th , 14th , and 16th Battalions . With an authorised strength of 1 @,@ 023 men , the battalion initially consisted of eight companies , of which six came from Queensland and two from Tasmania . The Queensland companies concentrated at Enoggera in September and began initial training , while the Tasmanians formed at Claremont in October . In late November , the battalion concentrated at Broadmeadows , Victoria , under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James Cannan , who later rose to become Quartermaster General during World War II . Many of the battalion 's officers and non @-@ commissioned officers had previously served in the Citizens Forces and a few had fought in South Africa during the Boer War or in India with the British Army . Following a short period of training , the battalion embarked for overseas on the transport ship SS Ceramic in late December 1914 , after marching through the streets of Melbourne . Initially it had been planned to send the Australians to fight against the Germans on the Western Front , but overcrowding and poor conditions in the training camps in the United Kingdom had resulted in the first Australian contingent , the 1st Division , being sent to Egypt instead . There they commenced training and briefly undertook defensive duties around Kantara , when Ottoman forces raided the Suez Canal .
Travelling via Albany , Western Australia , and then through the Suez Canal , the 4th Brigade disembarked at Alexandria on 3 February 1915 and moved into camp at Heliopolis , where it was assigned to Major General Alexander Godley 's New Zealand and Australian Division . Upon arrival , the battalion was reorganised by merging the eight companies into four larger companies , designated ' A ' through to ' D ' . Shortly afterwards , the battalion 's first draft of reinforcements arrived and an extensive period of training in the desert followed throughout February and March . Finally , on 10 April , the 15th Battalion was moved by train to Alexandria , where it embarked upon the troopships Seeang Bee and Australind , bound for Gallipoli . After leaving Alexandria , the 15th Battalion sailed to Mudros , where the Allied force assembled prior to the assault . Assigned to the follow @-@ up waves , the 15th Battalion landed at Anzac Cove on the afternoon of 25 April 1915 . As the Ottoman defenders checked the Allied advance inland , on arrival the 15th Battalion was rushed into the line on the left flank of the beachhead . As the advance inland stalled , the battalion became isolated and threatened with destruction until Cannan withdrew his force to a more tenable position . Later , they helped shore up the line before occupying positions around " Pope 's Hill " and " Russell 's Top " , where they joined an attack on 1 May . After that , they occupied " Quinn 's Post " , and defended it against a strong Ottoman counterattack on 19 May . Further fighting occurred around the battalion 's position as the Ottoman troops began tunnelling under the " no man 's land " that divided the two lines . Counter @-@ mining actions were undertaken , but on 29 May a significant attack was put in against the 15th Battalion 's position and they were briefly forced back before restoring the situation with a strong counterattack .
After this a period of stalemate fell across the peninsula . In early June , the 15th Battalion , its strength having fallen to below 600 men , was withdrawn from Quinn 's Post to recuperate in a quiet sector known as " Rest Gully " . Over the next two months , due to illness , the battalion 's personnel were almost completely replaced . It received several drafts of reinforcements , amounting to over 500 men , including its transport element , and by early August it had reached a strength of 720 men . On 6 August , the Allies launched an offensive in an effort to try to break the deadlock , during which the 15th Battalion attacked the Abdel Rahman Bair heights , which was known to the Australians as " Hill 971 " , before later supporting the 14th Battalion 's attack on " Hill 60 " . Casualties were heavy , and on 13 September the battalion was withdrawn for a brief rest on Lemnos , its strength having fallen to just 11 officers and 136 other ranks . They returned to Gallipoli early in November , occupying a position in Hay Valley , as winter began . They remained there until being evacuated on 13 December on the transport Carron , as part of the main Allied withdrawal . The battalion 's casualties during the campaign amounted to 10 officers and 380 other ranks killed , and one officer and 17 other ranks captured .
= = = = Fighting on the Western Front = = = =
Following the evacuation from Gallipoli , the AIF was re @-@ organised in Egypt . This saw the splitting of the veteran battalions to provide cadres for new battalions as the AIF 's infantry divisions in Egypt were doubled . As a part of this process , the 15th Battalion provided personnel to the 47th Battalion , and the 4th Brigade became part of the Australian 4th Division . After a further period of training , in June 1916 the battalion sailed for France aboard the transport Transylvania . After landing at Marseilles , the 15th Battalion moved to northern France via rail to Beilleul , moving into the line around Bois Grenier for a brief period on 15 June . Amidst the carnage of the Battle of the Somme which was launched in July , the following month , the 15th Battalion was committed to fighting on the Western Front for the first time , entering the line around Pozières on 5 August , as the 4th Division relieved the shattered 2nd .
During the relief , the battalion suffered heavy shelling , which , after it had moved into trenches in front of the village along the sunken road to Courcellette , was followed by a brief German attack that was repulsed and resulted in the battalion capturing 20 Germans . In the days that followed , the battalion worked to improve their defensive line , digging saps towards the German trenches while patrols were sent out into no man 's land . Late on 8 August , the 15th put in an attack alongside a British battalion from the Suffolk Regiment , on their left . Amidst heavy shelling and machine @-@ gun crossfire , the attack stalled following the loss of almost all of the officers in the assaulting companies ; nevertheless , despite progress on their left , they succeeded in capturing part of the German line , but were ordered to withdraw the following day . On the night of 9 August , a second attack was put in , in concert with the 16th Battalion , which succeeded in securing part of the German line , despite heavy shelling . At noon the following day , the 15th was relieved as the 4th Brigade was withdrawn from the line and replaced by the 13th . Casualties during the battalion 's first battle on the Western Front were high : 90 killed and 370 wounded .
Following this , the 15th Battalion moved to Mouquet Farm , where they supported an attack by the 14th Battalion and carried out defensive duties . They remained there until early September , when they were withdrawn back to Warloy and then to Reingheist
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, via Doulens . Before this occurred , on 30 August , the 15th experienced a change in command , as Cannan , who had been promoted to brigadier @-@ general , was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Terence McSharry . The remainder of the year was spent in the Ypres salient , around St Eloi and Boorlartbeek , before winter fell on the Western Front . It was the worst winter in Europe in 40 years , and the men suffered heavily from sickness and the cold as they rotated through the line , conducting defensive duties and labouring before moving to Gueudecourt , and then later Lagnicourt , in the new year .
As winter passed , in an effort to shorten their lines and move into prepared positions , the Germans fell back towards the Hindenburg Line . After the Allies advanced to follow up the withdrawal , the battalion fought its first major battle of 1917 in early April , around Bullecourt , where the 4th Brigade attacked as a complete formation for the first time since Gallipoli . Committed without the protection of an artillery barrage , expecting tank support to win the day , the 4th Brigade suffered heavy casualties ; on the first night , the tanks broke down and on the second , they had proven unable to breach the enemy defences , leaving the infantry to force their way through . After less than 10 hours of fighting , 2 @,@ 339 soldiers from the 4th lay dead or wounded , out of 3 @,@ 000 committed , including 400 from the 15th ; by the end of the attack , only 52 men from the battalion 's assault force remained uninjured . They were subsequently withdrawn from the line back to farmland around the village of Doulien where the battalion was rebuilt , eventually reaching a strength of 719 personnel of all ranks .
In mid @-@ 1917 , the Australians were moved to Belgium as the focus of British operations shifted to the Ypres sector in an effort to draw German attention away from the French . The first effort came around Messines , on the southern flank , where a series of tunnels were dug under the German lines . On 7 June , 19 mines were detonated and in the ensuing fighting , the British captured Messines Ridge . Assigned a support role , the 15th Battalion was held in reserve and did not take part in the attack . The following day , it was committed to hold the gains that had been made during the attack , relieving the New Zealanders around Gooseberry Farm . The 15th remained in the Ypres sector and subsequently took part in the fighting around Polygon Wood during the Third Battle of Ypres in September . In November 1917 , the battalion was withdrawn from the line for a three @-@ month rest , spending the winter around Templeux @-@ la @-@ Fosse and Hollebeke .
In early 1918 , the collapse of Tsarist Russia enabled the Germans to transfer a significant number of troops to the Western Front and in March , having amassed 192 divisions , they launched an offensive against the British forces in the Somme . Heavily outnumbered , the British and Dominion troops were pushed back by the initial onslaught and the Australian Corps was thrown into the line in an effort to stem the tide . The 15th Battalion was moved initially to Bavincourt before securing Hebuterne late in the month , where they experienced a heavy artillery bombardment before turning back a German attack . Later , after being relieved by a battalion of the Royal Fusiliers , they moved to Rossignol Farm . Throughout April , while the 13th and 15th Brigades fought significant actions around Villers @-@ Bretonneux , the battalion received several drafts of reinforcements , bringing it up to a total of 57 officers and 955 other ranks as it prepared to move up to replace the 15th Brigade in late April . Following their arrival , they undertook a support role , constructing defences before moving on to Freschencourt on 22 May , remaining there until they marched at the end of the month to Hamelet near Corbie , where they conducted several patrol actions .
As the German advance in the Amiens sector exhausted itself , in June the Allies began to prepare for their own offensive , conducting a series of small @-@ scale advances which became known as " peaceful penetrations " . That month , a number of American troops were assigned to the battalion to gain experience , as the United States began building up its forces on the Western Front . Lieutenant General John Monash , having taken over as commander of the Australian Corps from William Birdwood , decided to launch a combined arms attack to reduce the salient that had developed in front of Amiens around Hamel and straighten the line .
On 4 July , Australian and American forces attacked Hamel . Assigned the task of attacking a German strong point designated the " Pear Trench " , the 15th , with an attached company of Americans , suffered the highest losses of any Australian battalion committed to the battle , losing nine officers and 231 other ranks out of the 636 men committed . The losses began even before the assault , when some of the preparatory barrage dropped short on their forming @-@ up point . In the darkness the three tanks that had been assigned to support their attack temporarily became lost , and as a consequence , the 15th 's initial attack went in without armoured support . Coming up against strong resistance from well @-@ sited machine @-@ gun posts , the advance was held up until they were overcome by Lewis gun teams and section @-@ level fire and movement , which allowed the battalion to gain the Pear Trench . The 15th Battalion 's sole Victoria Cross recipient , Private Henry Dalziel , received his award for his actions during this time while serving as a " number two " within a Lewis @-@ gun team , rushing a German machine @-@ gun post with a revolver . After taking the Pear Trench , the battalion exploited the position moving into the Vaire Trench and Hamel Wood in concert with the tanks that had finally arrived . Following the capture of the village , the battalion defended the captured ground before being relieved by the 49th Battalion late on 5 July .
After Hamel , the battalion moved to Hangaard Wood , and on 8 August the Allies launched the Hundred Days Offensive around Amiens . Two days before the advance , the battalion suffered a heavy setback when their commanding officer , McSharry , was mortally wounded in a bombardment around Vaire , while trying to rescue a wounded soldier . In his stead , Major Burford Sampson temporarily took command . Advancing from around Hamel , the battalion attacked the village of Cerisy , and despite enduring a gas attack they succeeded in capturing around 350 Germans . As further advances followed , more actions followed around Lihu Farm and Jeancourt as the 15th Battalion continued to fight around the " Hindenburg Outpost Line " until late September , by which time it had taken heavy casualties , with a strength of just over 300 men . On the eve of the battalion 's final battle , Sampson handed over command to Lieutenant Colonel Charles Johnston . The battles of 1918 had depleted the Australians , inflicting heavy casualties that they had been unable to replace as recruitment in Australia had fallen . In October , at the request of the Australian prime minister , Billy Hughes , they were withdrawn from the line for rest and reorganisation . They did not return to action before the armistice was signed in November 1918 , after which the battalion 's strength was slowly reduced as men were individually repatriated back to Australia as part of the demobilisation process . The battalion ceased to exist on 27 March 1919 , having been reduced to company strength .
During the war , the battalion lost 1 @,@ 194 men killed and 2 @,@ 187 wounded . Members of the battalion received the following decorations : one Victoria Cross , one Companion of the Order of the Bath , two Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George , 13 Distinguished Service Orders ( DSOs ) , two Members of the Order of the British Empire , 30 Military Crosses ( MCs ) , 28 Distinguished Conduct Medals ( DCMs ) , 180 Military Medals ( MMs ) , nine Meritorious Service Medals ( MSMs ) , 64 Mentions in Despatches ( MIDs ) and eight foreign awards .
= = = Inter @-@ war years = = =
In 1921 , following the conclusion of the demobilisation process , the government undertook a review of Australia 's military requirements and decided to re @-@ organise its part @-@ time military forces to perpetuate the numerical designations of the AIF units . As a result , the 15th Battalion was re @-@ raised in Brisbane , Queensland , within the 1st Military District . Personnel were drawn from the 2nd Battalion , 15th Infantry Regiment , which traced its lineage to the 8th Infantry ( Oxley Battalion ) that had been raised in 1912 from part of the 1 / 9th Australian Infantry Regiment . In 1927 , the battalion received its battle honours from the First World War . Territorial designations were introduced at this time , and the battalion became known as the " Oxley Regiment " in recognition of its connection to the Oxley region . It was also granted the motto Caveant Hostes and , the following year , the battalion became allied with the East Yorkshire Regiment .
Initially the strength of the Citizens Forces units was maintained through a mixture of voluntary and compulsory service ; in 1929 – 1930 , however , the newly elected Scullin Labor government terminated compulsory service and replaced the Citizens Forces with an all @-@ volunteer " Militia " . Funding was cut heavily , and training opportunities were also reduced . This , combined with economic pressure caused by the Great Depression , which made it difficult for part @-@ time soldiers to maintain their livelihoods while continuing their training commitments , meant that the number of volunteers fell sharply . Consequently , a number of infantry battalions were disbanded or amalgamated . As a result of this decision , the 15th Battalion was merged with the 9th to form the 9th / 15th Battalion . A memorial plaque to the battalion was unveiled in ANZAC Square , in Brisbane , in 1932 . In 1934 , the 9th / 15th was split and the 15th merged with the 26th Battalion to form the 15th / 26th Battalion . This formation was split in July 1939 , as part of a hasty expansion of Australia 's military force as tensions in Europe raised concerns about the country 's preparedness in the event of a future war . Upon re @-@ forming , the 15th Battalion established its drill hall near the Brisbane Cricket Ground .
= = = Second World War = = =
= = = = Garrison duty in Australia and service in New Guinea = = = =
After the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 , due to the provisions of the Defence Act , which precluded the Militia from being sent outside Australian territory to fight , the decision was made to raise an all @-@ volunteer force for overseas service known as the " Second Australian Imperial Force " ( 2nd AIF ) . This force was dispatched to the Middle East to fight against the Germans and Italians , while in Australia the compulsory service scheme was re @-@ established in January 1940 and the Militia was called up for short periods of continuous service – up to 90 days – on a rotational basis to improve the overall readiness of Australia 's military forces . The 15th Battalion was partially mobilised for continuous service in mid @-@ 1940 and , in August that year , the battalion sent a detachment of 200 men to undertake garrison duty in Territory of Papua . As part of the 7th Brigade , the detachment was stationed at " Three Mile Camp " near Port Moresby . Later in the year , the detachment was transferred to the 49th Battalion , which remained in Papua .
Meanwhile , the rest of the 15th Battalion remained in Brisbane , serving in a part @-@ time capacity . In November and December 1941 , the battalion received three large drafts of conscripts – consisting of several hundred individuals – who were attached to the battalion to receive three months of compulsory full @-@ time training as war loomed in the Pacific . Many of the conscripts received at this time were university students and most had no previous military experience , although some had served as volunteers in the Militia prior to their call up . Initially , these personnel were formed into separate training companies , receiving three months of continuous training at Chermside , with the university students completing a shorter period of just 60 – 70 days , to fit in with their semester break . Later , in February 1942 , once they had completed their period of mandatory training , the conscripts were either released from service , or moved into the battalion 's four rifle companies where they served alongside volunteers on full @-@ time service .
Following Japanese victories in Malaya , Singapore and elsewhere in the Pacific in late 1941 and early 1942 , the whole 15th Battalion was mobilised for wartime service and tasked with undertaking defensive duties along the coast of south @-@ east Queensland , based at Caloundra , due to concerns of a potential invasion . The invasion did not occur and , in mid @-@ 1942 , the 15th Battalion was transferred to the 29th Brigade . Consisting of the 42nd and 47th Battalions , the 29th was part of the 5th Division , and was moved north to Townsville , where the battalion served as a garrison force .
In January 1943 , the 29th Brigade was deployed to New Guinea to serve as garrison troops in areas that had been recently secured by Allied forces . The 15th Battalion was initially sent to Milne Bay , remaining there for six months . It moved to Buna in July , but did not remain there long , transferring to Morobe a few weeks later . While there , the battalion 's commanding officer , Lieutenant Colonel Jack Amies , appealed to the battalion to volunteer for service as part of the AIF . While some already had , the majority of the men were still classified as Militia personnel , which meant that the battalion was restricted in where it could serve and was liable to be broken up . To be classified as an AIF battalion , under the provisions of the newly passed Defence ( Citizen Military Forces ) Act 1943 , 65 per cent or more of the personnel had to volunteer for service outside Australian territory . The response was considerable and , by August , the battalion was gazetted as an AIF battalion . Later that month , as the Australians fought to secure Komiatum , the battalion moved on barges to Nassau Bay , and was committed to combat for the first time , occupying a position around Mount Tambu , known as " Davidson 's Ridge " , before marching to Tambu Bay . Arriving on 23 August , the battalion was initially placed into divisional reserve , as the 29th Brigade was committed to the drive on Salamaua .
The campaign was to proceed in conjunction with the effort to capture Lae . As the Japanese garrison there was pressed by the 7th Division advancing from the Markham Valley and the 9th Division advancing along the coast from beaches east of the town , the Japanese hurriedly sought to reinforce Lae , moving about 6 @,@ 000 troops from Salamaua to the south . Sensing an opportunity , in early September the 3rd Division began a drive north on Salamaua from Wau . On 31 August , the battalion joined the fighting , advancing around the right flank of the US 162nd Infantry Regiment and attacking the junction between the Lokanu and Scout Ridges . Over the course of 10 days of heavy fighting and hard going up the steep slopes , it gained the position , securing it by 9 September . The battalion had lost 10 men killed and 47 wounded in the process , but had killed 107 Japanese . The following day , the 15th advanced towards Nuk Nuk as Japanese resistance crumbled . Hard @-@ pressed , the Japanese garrison had begun to withdraw from Salamaua , completing the process just before the Allies entered the town on 11 September . The battalion 's total casualties in the fighting around Salamaua between April and September numbered 11 killed and 50 wounded .
Following the fall of the town , as the remainder of the 5th Division was rested , the 15th Battalion , which had seen less action due to being held in reserve , was committed to pursuing the withdrawing Japanese . The battalion advanced north towards the Markham River , and on 14 September two companies were transported by barge in an effort to get behind the fugitives and cut them off , but they arrived about an hour too late . On 17 September , the battalion established a large ambush site along the coast south of the river to prevent the fleeing Japanese from evacuating by the sea . The following day , the ambush was sprung as a platoon @-@ sized group attempted to get away . After being beaten back into the jungle , they launched an attack on one of the Australian positions that was blocking their escape . In the ensuing hand @-@ to @-@ hand fighting , 13 Japanese were killed and one prisoner taken . Further minor clashes followed as the 15th patrolled north and , by late October , it entered Lae . The battalion subsequently took up defensive duties around the town as the 29th Brigade was assigned the task of holding Lae to free up troops from the 7th Division for operations in the Finisterre Range further to the west .
= = = = Fighting on Bougainville = = = =
The battalion remained in the vicinity of Lae until June 1944 , when it was withdrawn to Australia . It established itself at Strathpine , before moving to Samford , in the greater Brisbane area . After a period of leave , the battalion was re @-@ organised in preparation for employment in the Bougainville campaign , remaining with the 29th Brigade , which was transferred to the 3rd Division . The 3rd had adopted the " jungle divisional " establishment , and the battalion 's authorised strength fell from 910 to 803 .
To free up US troops for service in the Philippines , the Australians took over from the US garrison on Bougainville , and the 3rd Division arrived around Torokina , on Bougainville , in November 1944 . Prior to their arrival , the US garrison had maintained a defensive posture , but the Australians launched a limited @-@ scale offensive on the island which evolved into three main drives in the north , south and in the centre of the island . The 15th Battalion embarked on the transport Cape Victory at Pinkenba on 23 November , and arrived on Bougainville on four days later . Along with the rest of the 29th Brigade , it relieved the US 182 Infantry Regiment , and was assigned to the southern drive towards Buin , where the main Japanese force was based . Its first involvement with the campaign came in December , when the 15th Battalion departed the Jaba River and led the 29th Brigade 's advance along the western coast towards the Tavera River . Upon reaching the river , in order to skirt around the thick jungle , a company was sent up the Adele River on a barge , while the rest of the battalion advanced inland along the Mendai Road . By January 1945 , the 15th was joined by the 29th Brigade 's other two battalions and together they fought through to Mawaraka , before being relieved by the 15th Battalion 's old formation , the 7th Brigade . They were subsequently sent back to Torokina for rest , remaining there until early July 1945 .
At that point , the 29th Brigade was committed to the fighting again , moving to the Mivo River , where it took over the advance from the 15th Brigade . As the 15th Battalion advanced to relieve the 57th / 60th Battalion , it clashed with Japanese units and , on 3 July , as a company from the 47th Battalion came under heavy attack , one the 15th Battalion 's platoons was dispatched with two tanks in support to provide assistance . Heavy fighting continued throughout the afternoon following their arrival , during which at least 20 Japanese were killed . The 15th Battalion occupied a position around Sisikatekori and along Killen 's Track , in the southern sector of the brigade 's area , while the Australians made preparations to resume the advance towards the Buin stronghold . The most @-@ forward battalion , on 6 July it was subjected to heavy attacks as the Japanese sought to infiltrate the Australian forward positions and cut their lines of communication . As a result of these attacks , the plan to advance was cancelled temporarily .
Patrols from the 15th were sent out daily to wrest the initiative and frequent actions followed , sometimes involving contacts with Japanese forces up to 70 strong . These small @-@ scale actions culminated in a large @-@ scale attack on ' D ' Company on 9 July , in which 34 Japanese were killed and two captured for the loss of two Australians killed and four wounded . After this , patrols were sent out across the Mivo , but strong Japanese resistance , and heavy rain , frustrated the 15th 's efforts to carry out a detailed reconnaissance of the opposite bank , effectively halting the Australian advance and ending significant combat in the island 's south . The battalion was able to send patrols across the Mivo in early August , although at least one man was swept downstream in the swollen waters , and a number of clashes occurred between 3 and 5 August . On 3 August , a small patrol killed six Japanese after surprising a platoon to the east of the Mivo River , and the following day a further 19 Japanese were killed in clashes with the 15th Battalion , while one soldier from the battalion was killed and another wounded when the Japanese exploded a mine by remote control next to the Buin Road . On 5 August , a patrol from the 15th was able to penetrate as far as the Wapiai River and preparations began for the battalion to resume the advance on 17 August . The advance was cancelled a week later in anticipation of a Japanese surrender , following news of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and the battalion 's involvement in the fighting on Bougainville came to an end . Its battle casualties during the campaign are listed by Gavin Long , the Australian official historian , as five officers and 102 other ranks killed or wounded .
= = = = Disbandment and legacy = = = =
The battalion concentrated around Torokina in October , in preparation for post @-@ war demobilisation . As its personnel were repatriated back to Australia or transferred to other units for further service , its strength dwindled . In mid @-@ December , the battalion 's remaining personnel embarked upon the transport River Loddon and sailed for Brisbane , arriving there on Christmas Eve . The demobilisation process continued at Chermside and the battalion was finally disbanded on 28 March 1946 . The Australian War Memorial lists the battalion 's casualties during the Second World War as 42 men killed and 105 wounded . Its personnel received the following decorations : two Officers of the Order of the British Empire , four MCs , two DCMs , 11 MMs and 35 MIDs .
Following its disbandment in 1946 , although other Militia battalions were re @-@ raised when the Citizens Military Force was established in 1948 , the 15th Battalion has remained off the Australian Army 's order of battle . In 1961 , the battalion was finally awarded its battle honours for the Second World War . At the same time , it was entrusted with those earned by its corresponding 2nd AIF battalion , the 2 / 15th Battalion . In May 2002 , Alec Campbell , the last surviving Australian veteran of Gallipoli , died at the age of 103 . A member of the 15th Battalion , Campbell had enlisted from Tasmania at the age of 16 and arrived on the peninsula as a reinforcement in the final stages of the campaign . He was later wounded , and evacuated due to illness prior to the final evacuation of all Allied forces in December 1915 .
= = Alliances = =
The 15th Battalion held the following alliance :
United Kingdom – East Yorkshire Regiment ( 1928 – 46 ) .
= = Battle honours = =
The 15th Battalion was awarded the following battle honours :
First World War : Somme 1916 – 18 , Pozières , Bullecourt , Messines 1917 , Ypres 1917 , Menin Road , Polygon Wood , Passchendaele , Arras 1918 , Ancre 1918 , Hamel , Amiens , Albert 1918 , Hindenburg Line , Epéhy , France and Flanders 1916 – 18 , Anzac , Landing at Anzac , Defence of Anzac , Suvla , Sari Bair , Gallipoli 1915 , and Egypt 1915 – 16 .
Second World War : South @-@ West Pacific 1943 – 45 , Liberation of Australian New Guinea , Tambu Bay , Sio , Adele River , Mawaraka , Mivo Ford , and Lae – Nadzab .
In 1961 , the battalion – although no longer on the Australian Army 's order of battle – was entrusted with the battle honours awarded to the 2 / 15th Battalion for its service with the 2nd AIF during World War II . The honours it inherited at this time were : North Africa 1941 – 42 ; El Adem Road ; Alam el Halfa ; West Point 23 ; Finschhafen ; Scarlet Beach ; Bumi River ; Defence of Scarlet Beach ; Nongora ; Borneo ; Brunei ; Miri ; Defence of Tobruk ; The Salient 1941 ; El Alamein ; South @-@ West Pacific 1943 – 45 ; Lae – Nadzab ; Liberation of Australian New Guinea ; and Sio .
= = Commanding officers = =
The following officers commanded the 15th Battalion :
First World War
Lieutenant Colonel James Cannan ;
Lieutenant Colonel Terrence McSharry ;
Major Burford Sampson ;
Lieutenant Colonel Charles Johnston ; and
Lieutenant Colonel John Corrigan .
Second World War
Lieutenant Colonel Jack Amies ;
Lieutenant Colonel Fredrick Edmunds ;
Lieutenant Colonel Herbert McDonald ; and
Lieutenant Colonel William Oliver .
= Dragons of Despair =
Dragons of Despair is the first in a series of 16 Dragonlance adventures published by TSR , Inc . ( TSR ) between 1984 and 1988 . It is the start of the first major story arc in the Dragonlance series of Dungeons & Dragons ( D & D ) role @-@ playing game modules , a series of ready @-@ to @-@ play adventures for use by Dungeon Masters in the game . This series provides a game version of the original Dragonlance storyline later told in the Dragonlance Chronicles trilogy of novels . This module corresponds to the events told in the first half of the novel Dragons of Autumn Twilight by Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman . Its module code is DL1 , which is used to designate it as the first part of the Dragonlance adventure series .
= = Plot summary = =
As with most D & D adventures , the exact storyline varies based on the actions that the game 's players choose for their player characters ( PCs ) , although a general course of action is assumed by the adventure . The story begins with the PCs meeting up in the elven settlement of Solace after five years of unsuccessful individual quests to find any sign of " true clerics " . A series of wilderness encounters are used to direct the PCs to find the Blue Crystal Staff and take it to the ancient ruined city of Xak Tsaroth .
In the jungle @-@ covered subterranean ruins of Xak Tsaroth the player characters search for knowledge of the ancient gods of good , and first encounter the invading draconians . They also find baby dragons and encounter Khisanth , an ancient black dragon . The PCs follow the fleeing dragon down a well , where they must negotiate the first level of a dungeon typical of Dungeons & Dragons adventures , filled with draconians , gully dwarf slaves , and other monsters .
On the second level of the dungeon the PCs must confront and defeat Khisanth . This is an extremely challenging task for the party. but if they have her Blue Crystal Staff , they will be aided by the goddess Mishakal . The adventure ends with the PCs recovering the Disks of Mishakal , allowing for the return of true clerics to Krynn for the first time in over 300 years .
= = Publication history = =
First published in March 1984 , seven months before the first Dragonlance novel , this module is the first Dragonlance product released . In January and February there were small teaser advertisements — each less than a quarter page — in Dragon magazine , simply showing the Dragonlance logo and the text " coming soon " .
The scenario is the first of an epic series set on the world of Krynn . The March 1984 issue of Dragon contained a short story titled " The Test of the Twins " by Margaret Weis , along with a sidebar describing Dragonlance as " an epic adventure usable with the AD & D game system , and will be detailed through a series of TSR products – books , games , modules , and even miniature figures . " In the same issue a full @-@ page teaser advertisement showed a black @-@ and @-@ white version of the painting from the cover of Dragons of Despair with the text " Play the epic series ... Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Dragonlance " .
The module consisted of a 32 @-@ page book with an outer folder . The cover of Dragons of Despair features a painting by Clyde Caldwell depicting the black dragon Khisanth fighting three heroes — Goldmoon , Tanis Half @-@ Elven , and Caramon Majere — from the books upon which the adventure is based . This module features the first appearance of
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The literary Conan abhors magic , but Nihilistic reasoned that , in order to restore his armor to its original non @-@ magical state , he is willing to use the magic it has been cursed with .
The developers did , however , stay true to the physical depictions of the barbarian . Reflecting how fights are described in the stories , players can kill foes in the goriest manner — dismembering and disemboweling them . Nihilistic wanted to show that the brutal killings are considered natural by Conan and not executed out of a thirst for blood . The inspiration for Conan 's moves came from several sources , but mostly from Frazetta 's artwork . The animators took several of Conan 's poses straight from the paintings and modeled his movements after those of the characters in the feature animation Tarzan and the action films Troy and Ong Bak . The names of several fighting techniques such as " Gwahlur 's Leap " , " Bel 's Gambit " , and " Camel Punch " were also based on names and events from the Conan stories and films . To garner extra publicity , the publisher THQ hired Golden Globe @-@ winning actor Ron Perlman to provide the voice for Conan .
Typical Conan stories by Howard featured leading females who were occasionally damsels in distress . However , they were also strong and fearless women who would rescue the hero at crucial moments . Nihilistic cast the game 's leading female character , A 'kanna , in this mold ; the warrior queen and Conan aid each other in several parts of the game . By contrast , there are topless , chained @-@ up women scattered across the game 's levels . However , these are only in the game because of the developer 's belief that nudity was integral to a Conan story . Showing their breasts and acting in a burlesque manner , these damsels @-@ in @-@ distress reward players with red runes when rescued .
= = = Story = = =
Howard 's short story , " Queen of the Black Coast " , served as the inspiration for the game 's plot . In the short story , Conan has a brief romance with Bêlit , a pirate queen . Near the end of the story a demonic creature kills Bêlit and Conan seeks revenge . The creature , however , is stronger than Conan , overpowers him , and is about to kill him when Bêlit 's spirit startles it and inspires Conan to kill the beast . The game 's story follows a similar theme with A 'kanna in the role of Bêlit . Told as a campfire story , cut scenes — in the form of static artwork or animation rendered by the game engine — open and close each level with narratives from an elderly A 'kanna .
The story starts at Parad Isle where Conan is raiding a tomb . Instead of finding treasure , he unknowingly frees Graven , a wizard who had been confined in a magical prison for his transgressions . Showing no gratitude , the wizard curses Conan 's armor , scatters it across the world , and teleports the barbarian away . Vowing to retrieve his armor , Conan meets A 'kanna while he is fighting through a pirate base . Teaming up with the barbarian to find his armor , the warrior queen hopes to use its magic to end the curse — the Black Death — that is causing her people to kill each other . Their quest leads players through several locations and boss creatures such as dragons , undead elephants , and krakens . Flashbacks are shown when retrieving a piece of armor after killing certain bosses ; these back @-@ stories tell of Graven 's imprisonment of the gods , his plan to sacrifice his daughter A 'kanna , and his creation of the Black Death to transform the world to his liking .
In the last level , Conan has retrieved all of his armor and returns to Parad Isle to rescue A 'kanna from her father . After a long boss fight and several button @-@ pressing sequences , Conan slays the wizard at the bottom of the ocean . Graven 's defeat frees the gods he had imprisoned , and they bring him back to life for eternal punishment . The story ends with the separation of the barbarian and the warrior queen . Conan goes on to fulfill his destiny to be a king as written in Howard 's stories . A 'kanna , however , grows old in a village , telling stories to children and never forgetting Conan .
= = Development = =
In 2005 , THQ acquired the rights to produce a series of video games featuring Conan the Barbarian and the world of Hyboria . This news came to the attention of Nihilistic Software who had just completed the action game Marvel Nemesis : Rise of the Imperfects . The video game developer was looking to develop an action game similar to God of War for its next project and saw the world of Conan as a good setting . The team quickly built a prototype to demonstrate its concept to THQ and received approval for the project . The video game publisher officially announced the game to the industry on February 26 , 2007 .
Nihilistic decided to use the features of other action games for Conan . While God of War was its inspiration for the camera system , Ninja Gaiden was a great influence on the combat engine . The team wanted to emulate the complexity of Ninja Gaiden 's combat system , with many attacking options and an equal emphasis on being alert to the actions of enemies . Nihilistic also wanted the game to appeal to button mashing players as well as those who want to control their character with finesse . In addition , it designed the game to increase the frequency and difficulty of encounters as players advance through the levels .
Conan was developed to be released on the Xbox 360 and the PlayStation 3 . Although the architectures of the two consoles were very different , Nihilistic designed its product to perform equally on both of them , using force feedback and motion sensing to enhance the playing experience . Conan was originally scheduled for an early 2008 release , but was brought forward to the second half of 2007 because of THQ 's poor performance in that fiscal year . After the game was released in Europe , Nihilistic made demos of the game available for downloading over Xbox Live and PlayStation Network .
= = = Visual style = = =
The appearance of Howard 's Conan and Hyboria in the popular imagination owes much to Frazetta 's distinctive oil paintings . While Nihilistic 's writers tried to tell a story in Howard 's style , its artists attempted to emulate Frazetta 's style on the electronic display screen . Instead of making each computer representation as realistic as possible , they created models based mainly on their perception of each object 's intrinsic nature . The artists used video graphics technology such as normal mapping technique to emulate brush strokes on the models ' textures . These digital brush strokes were visible on the cliffs in the game . The character models were outlined with light colors instead of dark ones , creating the subtle blend of object and background found in oil paintings , and fog effects allowed the team to recreate Frazetta 's use of shadows in the middle area of the image . To complete the game 's appearance , the artists used darker color palettes , motifs , and themes to present a more serious mood , in harmony with the gore and nudity in the game .
= = = Music = = =
Mike Reagan , a music composer noted for his work in video games such as Darkwatch and God of War , was hired by THQ to write the music for Conan . To begin , he wanted to compose simple but powerful melodies , and looked to Basil Poledouris 's score for the 1982 film Conan the Barbarian for inspiration . As Reagan played development copies of the game , he was influenced by two other works : Igor Stravinsky 's barbaric and sensual ballet music The Rite of Spring , and Bernard Hermann 's score from the 1958 action film The 7th Voyage of Sinbad . Each week , Nihilistic and Reagan updated each other with copies of their work @-@ in @-@ progress , synchronizing their efforts . Reagan also studied with noted percussion artists Denny Seiwell , Emil Richards , and Michael Duffy to gain further insight on the use of drums to accompany the game 's bloody and violent plot . After mastering the soundtrack , he brought the music of Conan to an October 2007 Video Games Live show , performing it live in Los Angeles , United States .
= = Reception = =
Conan received fair @-@ to @-@ good ratings from critics . In 2008 , review aggregator sites Metacritic and GameRankings selected around 80 reviews and calculated average scores of 69 ( out of 100 ) and 70 % for the game , respectively . Most critics agreed that the game 's best selling point was its variety in combat . They had a lot of fun with its easy @-@ to @-@ learn controls , skill customization , and most of all , the varied brutal depictions of Conan 's kills . TeamXbox said that the combat system " blossoms into a complex string of commands that will reward the user ( with gore ) for pressing the right buttons at the right time " . The pounding , militaristic orchestra tunes accompanying the action further enhanced the critics ' experience with the game .
= = = God of war clone = = =
Many critics complained that Conan copied many ideas from God of War . Game Informer referred to this imitation as " [ Conan ] groveling at Kratos ' feet , begging for gameplay wisdom " . A few reviewers , however , found this forgivable and stated that the game was made to be fun without any higher ambitions . Conan 's camera system irritated several critics for failing to provide an adequate view of the situation at certain critical moments . Its puzzles were oversimple and lacked clear directions for proceeding to the next step . The artificial intelligence for the adversaries in the game was found to be predictable and flawed by a few critics . In addition , they found the final encounter with Graven to be overlong and frustrating . Calling the fight " as painful as a trip to the proctologist " , IGN and Game Informer judged it to be one of the worst boss fights in video game history .
= = = Game features = = =
The critics had mixed opinions about three prominent features of the game : voice acting , artwork , and faithfulness to Howard 's writings . Perlman earned acclaim for his vocal performance and gravely voice that matched the game 's dialogue , but he also received criticism for not sounding like a barbarian . A few applauded Nihilistic for capturing the oil painting feel of Frazetta 's art , but several others said that the graphics consisted of drab @-@ looking environments that were jagged @-@ edged and pixelated when zoomed in . Although the animations were rated to be smooth and vivid , the lack of variety among enemy character models was criticized . Several critics also praised Nihilistic for recreating the atmosphere of Howard 's stories . The decision to have Conan use magic was , however , called a " blasphemy " by IGN . G4techTV Canada disagreed and forgave the game on the grounds that it was mostly faithful to the books . Ray Huling of The Escapist said that the game 's developers misunderstood Conan 's appeal to the masses . In the journalist 's opinion , Howard 's depiction of Conan 's brutal physical nature called attention to the dull nature of their lives and offered them a temporary escape . Furthermore , Huling said that Nihilistic used the characteristics of Conan for superficial purposes , and that , in copying the mechanics of another game without any groundbreaking innovations of its own , Nihilistic missed the essence of Howard 's stories and created a shell of what its game could have been .
Despite the generally favorable reviews and success of Howard 's franchise , Critics enjoyed Conan 's combat system and gory kills , but said that the game failed to match the experience offered in God of War . Reactions varied on the game 's depiction of the Conan universe ; several critics praised the emulation of Frank Frazetta 's famous artwork , but others found the game 's graphics drab and of low resolution . Regarding the audio , Golden Globe @-@ winning actor Ron Perlman was both praised and criticized for his voice work as Conan . Composer Mike Reagan received acclaim for the game 's music and later gave live performances of the game 's soundtrack at Video Games Live shows .
= = = Sales = = =
Despite the generally favorable reviews and commercial success of the Conan franchise , Conan sold poorly and failed to recoup THQ 's investment . The publisher publicly announced that the game 's poor sales contributed to their US $ 20 million write @-@ off in fiscal year 2008 .
= = = Mature content = = =
Although the game 's violence was praised by the gaming industry , it was condemned by the National Institute on Media and the Family , which placed Conan on a list of games that parents were urged to avoid buying for their children . Conan 's Mature rating from the Entertainment Software Rating Board , largely due to its violent content , made the game a target for a law being pushed in California , United States . Proposed in 2005 , the law was intended to regulate sales of Mature @-@ rated games . It was blocked by a legal challenge from the gaming industry in 2007 , but California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger , who played Conan in the 1982 film , appealed the judgment , seeking to ensure that Conan and other games with similar levels of violence would be sold only to those above the age of 17 . On February 20 , 2009 , His appeal was rejected by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals , who ruled that such a restriction violated the First Amendment to the United States Constitution .
= SMS Geier =
SMS Geier ( " His Majesty 's Ship Geier — Vulture " ) was an unprotected cruiser of the Bussard class built for the German Imperial Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) . She was laid down in 1893 at the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven , launched in October 1894 , and commissioned into the fleet a year later in October 1895 . The ship was designed for service in Germany 's overseas colonies , which required the comparatively heavy armament of eight 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns and a long cruising radius . She had a top speed of 15 @.@ 5 kn ( 28 @.@ 7 km / h ; 17 @.@ 8 mph ) .
Geier spent the majority of her career on foreign stations , including tours in the Americas , East Asia , and Africa . In 1897 , she was deployed to the Caribbean , and the following year she became involved in the Spanish – American War , crossing the blockade lines around Cuban ports to ferry Europeans out of the war zone to Mexico . After being transferred to the western coast of the Americas in 1899 , Geier was reassigned to China to help suppress the Boxer Rebellion in 1900 . She remained in East Asian waters through 1905 before being recalled to Germany for major repairs . In 1911 , the ship was assigned to the colony in German East Africa , though she served little time in the area , as the Italo @-@ Turkish War of 1911 – 1912 and the Balkan Wars of 1912 – 13 required German warships in the Mediterranean to safeguard German interests . Geier returned to East Africa in early 1914 , but in June that month , the new light cruiser Königsberg arrived , relieving Geier for a second deployment to China .
Geier was still en route to the German base in Tsingtao when war broke out in Europe in August 1914 . She slipped out of still @-@ neutral British Singapore days before Britain declared war on Germany and crossed the central Pacific in an attempt to link up with Maximilian von Spee 's East Asia Squadron . While at sea , she captured one British freighter , but did not sink her . In need of engine repairs and coal , Geier put into the neutral United States port at Honolulu , Hawaii in October 1914 , where she was eventually interned . After the American entrance into the war in April 1917 , the US Navy seized Geier and commissioned her as USS Schurz and placed her on convoy duty . She was ultimately sunk following a collision with a freighter off the coast of North Carolina , with one man killed and twelve injured . She rests at a depth of 115 feet ( 35 m ) and is a popular scuba diving site .
= = Design = =
Geier was 83 @.@ 9 meters ( 275 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 10 @.@ 6 m ( 35 ft ) and a draft of 4 @.@ 74 m ( 15 @.@ 6 ft ) forward . She displaced 1 @,@ 918 t ( 1 @,@ 888 long tons ; 2 @,@ 114 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two horizontal 3 @-@ cylinder triple @-@ expansion steam engines powered by four coal @-@ fired cylindrical boilers . These provided a top speed of 15 @.@ 5 kn ( 28 @.@ 7 km / h ; 17 @.@ 8 mph ) and a range of approximately 3 @,@ 610 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 690 km ; 4 @,@ 150 mi ) at 9 kn ( 17 km / h ; 10 mph ) . She had a crew of 9 officers and 152 enlisted men .
The ship was armed with eight 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 35 quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns in single pedestal mounts , supplied with 800 rounds of ammunition in total . They had a range of 10 @,@ 800 m ( 35 @,@ 400 ft ) . Two guns were placed side by side forward , two on each broadside , and two side by side aft . The gun armament was rounded out by five revolver cannon . She was also equipped with two 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes , both of which were mounted on the deck .
= = Service history = =
Geier was ordered under the contract name " F " and was laid down at the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven in 1893 . She was launched on 18 October 1894 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . During her launching ceremony , Vizeadmiral ( Vice Admiral ) Victor Valois christened the ship . She was commissioned into the German Navy on 24 October 1895 for sea trials . Her trials were completed on 21 January 1896 , and she was decommissioned temporarily in Kiel . During construction , her design was slightly modified based on experience from her sister ships that had already completed their sea trials . Geier 's displacement was increased slightly by around 50 t ( 49 long tons ; 55 short tons ) compared to the other ships of the class and her stern was modified .
= = = First deployment abroad = = =
Geier was recommissioned on 1 December 1897 for her first deployment abroad , to the West Indies . Until then , Germany had relied on school ships to protect German nationals in the region . Rising tensions in Haiti prompted the Admiralstab ( Admiralty Staff ) to send Geier to the Caribbean , replacing the old ironclad Oldenburg that had been scheduled to deploy there . The ironclad König Wilhelm , which had recently been rebuilt into an armored cruiser , was sent to strengthen the German naval contingent . Geier departed Kiel on 9 December and arrived in Charlotte Amalie in the Danish West Indies on 3 January 1898 , where she rendezvoused with the school ships Charlotte and Stein . Charlotte and Stein had already taken care of the situation in Haiti , so Geier went to Santiago de Cuba , where she stayed from 24 March to 6 April . She then received an order to visit Brazilian and Argentinian ports ; stops included Pernambuco in Brazil ( 16 – 20 April ) and Bahía Blanca in Argentina ( 23 April ) . While she was in the latter port , her tour of South America was cut short due to the outbreak of the Spanish – American War .
On 6 May she arrived in Saint Thomas . She thereafter made trips to Santiago de Cuba and San Juan . While in San Juan on 13 – 14 May , Geier witnessed an American squadron under Rear Admiral William T. Sampson bombard the city . The US government permitted Geier to cross the blockade line outside Havana to evacuate twenty civilians of various nationalities and take them to Veracruz in Mexico , arriving on the 29th . There , the governor of the city and the artillery officer from the training ship Zaragoza visited Geier for some practice torpedo launches . While Geier was in Mexico , the German ambassador invited her commander and 27 men to visit Mexico City , where they were received by President Porfirio Díaz . Geier thereafter returned to Cuba . On 16 June , the ship called on the port of Cienfuegos in Cuba . She passed through the American blockade of Santiago de Cuba twice , on 22 – 29 June and 1 – 4 August .
After the war ended , Geier visited New Orleans on 14 October , departing eleven days later for the Caribbean . She then resumed her tour of South America that had been interrupted by the war . She typically stopped in ports where significant numbers of Germans had emigrated . While in Buenos Aires , she received an order to proceed to the west coast of the continent . She transited the Straits of Magellan on 20 – 23 February 1899 and made stops in Valparaiso , Chile , Callao , Peru , and Panama . From 11 to 17 May , she stopped in Puerto San José , Guatemala , where she met a British cruiser ; the two ships were sent there to settle financial disputes with the Guatemalan government . Geier 's tour continued , with stops in Corinto , Nicaragua , Guayaquil , Ecuador , and Puntarenas , Costa Rica While in Corinto , she received orders to proceed further north , to the western coast of the United States and Canada . She stopped in Acapulco before arriving in San Francisco on 14 August , where she underwent a boiler overhaul . On 18 September , she departed San Francisco bound for Vancouver , stopping in Esquimalt en route . On 18 October , she left Vancouver and began her return voyage south . She visited Chilean harbors in January and February 1900 , including Puerto Montt on 14 February , before turning back north , as she had been assigned to the newly @-@ created West American station .
While in Acapulco on 9 July , Geier was ordered to cross the Pacific to join the forces of the Eight Nation Alliance fighting the Boxer Rebellion in Qing China . She left port on 11 July for Yokohama , Japan , by way of Honolulu , Hawaii . She arrived in Chefoo on 29 August , where she joined the ships of the East Asia Squadron . Geier first patrolled the Bohai Sea before docking in Tsingtao at the German @-@ held Kiautschou Bay concession in October . On 28 October , she steamed to Shanghai , where she remained until February 1901 .
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@,@ 000 m3 / d ) , but only with a substantial increase in foreign investment . Iran ’ s long @-@ term sustainable oil production rate is estimated at 3 @.@ 8 Mbbl / d ( 600 @,@ 000 m3 / d ) . According to the Iranian government , Iran has enough reserves to produce oil for the next 100 years while oil reserves of other Middle Eastern countries will be depleted in the next 60 years and most other oil @-@ rich countries will lose their reserves within the next 30 years .
In 2006 Iran reported crude oil reserves of 132 @.@ 5 billion barrels ( 2 @.@ 107 × 1010 m3 ) , accounting for about 15 percent of OPEC ’ s proven reserves and 11 @.@ 4 percent of world proven reserves . While the estimate of world crude oil reserves remained nearly steady between 2001 and 2006 , at 1 @,@ 154 billion barrels ( 1 @.@ 835 × 1011 m3 ) , the estimate of Iran ’ s oil reserves was revised upward by 32 percent when a new field was discovered near Bushehr . Market value of Iran 's total oil reserves at international crude price of $ 75 per barrel stands at ~ US $ 10 trillion .
In the early 2000s , leading international oil firms from China , France , India , Italy , the Netherlands , Norway , Russia , Spain , and the United Kingdom had agreements to develop Iran ’ s oil and gas fields . In 2004 China signed a major agreement to buy oil and gas from Iran , as well as to develop Iran ’ s Yadavaran oil field . The value of this contract was estimated at US $ 150 billion to US $ 200 billion over 25 years . In 2009 , China National Petroleum Corp ( CNPC ) signed a deal with the National Iranian Oil Company whereby the former took ownership of a 70 % stake upon promising to pay 90 percent of the development costs for the South Azadegan oil field , with the project needing investment of up to $ 2 @.@ 5 billion . Earlier that year , CNPC also won a $ 2 billion deal to develop the first phase of the North Azadegan oilfield .
A more modest yet important agreement was signed with India to explore and produce oil and natural gas in southern Iran . In 2006 the rate of production decline was 8 percent for Iran ’ s existing onshore oil fields ( furnishing the majority of oil output ) and 10 percent for existing offshore fields . Little exploration , upgrading , or establishment of new fields occurred in 2005 – 6 . However , the threat of American retaliation kept the investment way below the desired levels . It only allowed Iran to continue to keep its oil export at or below its OPEC determined quota level . Today , much of the equipment needed for oil industry are being produced by local manufacturers in Iran . Besides , Iran is among the few countries that has reached the technology and " know @-@ how " for drilling in the deep waters .
= = Oil refining and consumption = =
In 2011 Iran ’ s refineries had a combined capacity of 1 @.@ 457 Mbbl / d ( 231 @,@ 600 m3 / d ) . The largest refineries have the following capacities : Abadan , 350 @,@ 000 bbl / d ( 56 @,@ 000 m3 / d ) ; Esfahan , 284 @,@ 000 bbl / d ( 45 @,@ 200 m3 / d ) ; Bandar @-@ e Abbas , 232 @,@ 000 bbl / d ( 36 @,@ 900 m3 / d ) ; Tehran , 220 @,@ 000 bbl / d ( 35 @,@ 000 m3 / d ) ; Arak , 170 @,@ 000 bbl / d ( 27 @,@ 000 m3 / d ) ; and Tabriz , 100 @,@ 000 bbl / d ( 16 @,@ 000 m3 / d ) . In 2004 pipelines conveyed 69 percent of total refined products ; trucks , 20 percent ; rail , 7 percent ; and tankers , 4 percent . Oil refining produces a wide range of oil products , such as liquefied petroleum gas ( LPG ) , gasoline , kerosene , fuel oil , and lubricants . As of 2011 Iran is a net exporter of petroleum products thanks to large exports of residual fuel oil , but the refineries cannot meet domestic demand for lighter distillates such as gasoline .
Between 1981 and 2010 , domestic consumption of oil products increased from 0 @.@ 6 Mbbl / d ( 95 @,@ 000 m3 / d ) to 1 @.@ 8 Mbbl / d ( 290 @,@ 000 m3 / d ) — an average annual growth rate of 3 @.@ 7 percent . Between 1981 and 2004 , consumption of gasoline grew by 6 percent annually , but domestic production met only 75 percent of demand for this product . In 2004 the country imported US $ 1 @.@ 6 billion worth of gasoline . By 2006 it imported 41 percent of its gasoline , but by 2010 imports were down to 19 @.@ 5 % of gasoline consumption and heavy investment in new refining capacity may see Iran exporting gasoline by 2015 . Refining capacity increased 18 % in 2010 and the target is to increase refining capacity to 3 @.@ 5 million barrels per day .
= = Trade in oil and oil products = =
In 2006 exports of crude oil totaled 2 @.@ 5 Mbbl / d ( 400 @,@ 000 m3 / d ) , or about 62 @.@ 5 percent of the country ’ s crude oil production . The direction of crude oil exports changed after the Revolution because of the U.S. trade embargo on Iran and the marketing strategy of the NIOC . Initially , Iran ’ s post @-@ revolutionary crude oil export policy was based on foreign currency requirements and the need for long @-@ term preservation of the natural resource . In addition , the government expanded oil trade with other developing countries . While the shares of Europe , Japan , and the United States declined from an average of 87 percent of oil exports before the Revolution to 52 percent in the early 2000s , the share of exports to East Asia ( excluding Japan ) increased significantly . In addition to crude oil exports , Iran exports oil products . In 2006 it exported 282 @,@ 000 barrels ( 44 @,@ 800 m3 ) of oil products , or about 21 percent of its total oil product output . Iran plans to invest a total of $ 500 billion in the oil sector before 2025 .
In 2010 , Iran , which exports around 2 @.@ 6 million barrels of crude oil a day , was the second @-@ largest exporter among the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries . Several major emerging economies depend on Iranian oil : 10 % of South Korea ’ s oil imports come from Iran , 9 % of India ’ s and 6 % of Chinese . Moreover , Iranian oil makes up 7 % of Japan ’ s and 30 % of all Greek oil imports . Iran is also a major oil supplier to Spain and Italy . In the same year , officials in Iran estimate that Iran 's annual oil and gas revenues could reach $ 250 billion by 2015 once the current projects come on stream .
According to IHS CERA estimate , oil revenue of Iran will increase by a third to USD 100 billion in 2011 even though the country is under an extended period of U.S. sanctions . As of January 2012 , Iran exports 22 % of its oil to China , 14 % to Japan , 13 % to India , 10 % to South Korea , 7 % to Italy , 7 % to Turkey , 6 % to Spain and the remainder to France , Greece ( & other European countries ) , Taiwan , Sri Lanka , South Africa .
= = Natural gas = =
In addition to the natural gas associated with oil exploration and extraction , an estimated 62 percent of Iran ’ s 32 @.@ 3 trillion cubic meters of proven natural gas reserves in 2006 were located in independent natural gas fields , an amount second only to those of Russia . In 2006 annual production reached 105 billion cubic meters , with fastest growth occurring over the previous 15 years . In 2006 natural gas accounted for about 50 percent of domestic energy consumption , in part because domestic gas prices were heavily subsidized . Natural gas production will reach 700 million cubic meter / day by 2012 and 900 million cubic meter / day by 2015 .
Since 1979 , infrastructure investment by Iranian and foreign oil firms has increased pipeline capacity to support the Iranian gas industry . Between 1979 and 2003 , pipelines to transport natural gas to refineries and to domestic consumers increased from 2 @,@ 000 kilometers to 12 @,@ 000 kilometers . In the same period , natural gas distribution pipelines increased from 2 @,@ 000 kilometers to 45 @,@ 000 kilometers in response to growing domestic consumption . Gas processing plants are located at Ahvaz , Dalan , Kangan , and Marun , in a corridor along the northern Persian Gulf close to the major gas fields . South Pars , Iran ’ s largest natural gas field , has received substantial foreign investment . With its output intended for both export and domestic consumption , South Pars is expected to reach full production in 2015 . However , delays and lower production in the Iranian side due to sanctions is resulting in migration of gas to the Qatari part and a loss for Iran .
The output of South Pars is the basis of the Pars Special Economic Energy Zone , a complex of petrochemical and natural gas processing plants and port facilities established in 1998 on the Persian Gulf south of Kangan . Iran is able to produce all the parts needed for its gas refineries . Iran is now the third country in the world to have developed Gas to liquids ( GTL ) technology .
In the 1980s , Iran began to replace oil , coal , charcoal , and other fossil @-@ fuel energy sources with natural gas , which is environmentally safer . The share of natural gas in household energy consumption , which averaged 54 percent in 2004 , was projected to increase to 69 percent by 2009 . Overall , natural gas consumption in Iran was expected to grow by more than 10 percent per annum between 2005 and 2009 .
With international oil prices increasing and projected to continue increasing , international demand for natural gas and investment in production and transportation of natural gas to consumer markets both increased in the early 2000s . Iran set a goal of increasing its natural gas production capacity to 300 billion cubic meters by 2015 while keeping oil production stable . To achieve this capacity , the government has planned a joint investment worth US $ 100 billion in the oil and gas industry through 2015 .
Market value of Iran 's total natural gas reserves at comparative international energy price of $ 75 per barrel of oil stands at ~ US $ 4 trillion . Following the discovery of a large gas deposit in the Caspian sea ( The Sardar Jangal gas field ) in 2011 estimated at 50 trillion cubic feet ( some 1 @.@ 4 trillion cubic meters ) , Iran could rank first in the world in terms of gas reserves . In addition , Iranian media have reported in 2012 the discovery of gas field " as big as South Pars gas field " in the oil @-@ rich Khuzestan province . In 2011 , Iran signed a contract with Baghdad and Damascus in order to export Iran ’ s gas to Iraq , Syria , Lebanon , the Mediterranean region and eventually Europe . Oman and Kuwait were negotiating an import agreement in 2014 . Once all pipelines become operational , Iran can potentially export a total of more than 200 million cubic meter of natural gas every year to Iraq , India , Pakistan , and Oman .
= = = Major foreign projects = = =
In 2004 Iran signed a contract with France and Malaysia for production and export of natural gas and another agreement with European and Asian companies for expansion and marketing of its natural gas resources . In 2005 Iran exported natural gas to Turkey and was expected to expand its market to Armenia , China , Japan , other East Asian countries , India , Pakistan , and Europe . The first section of a new line to Armenia opened in spring 2007 , as a much @-@ discussed major pipeline to India and Pakistan remained in the negotiation stage .
Among some more recent deals , Switzerland ’ s energy company EGL , signed a 25 @-@ year LNG export deal with Iran ’ s National Iranian Gas Export Company on March 17 , 2007 , reportedly valued at 18 billion . Switzerland will buy 5 @.@ 5 billion cubic meters of Iranian natural gas each year , beginning in 2011 . In April 2007 , OMV , the Austrian partially state @-@ owned energy company , signed letters of intent with Iran , worth an estimated $ 22 @.@ 8 billion ( 22 billion euros ) , for Iran to supply Europe with gas . The United States has expressed strong opposition to both the Swiss and Austrian deals with Iran .
The National Iranian Gas Company ( NIGC ) is expected to finalize a natural gas export deal with Pakistan , with exports set to begin in 2011 . The gas would be transported through a “ Peace pipeline ” , worth about $ 7 @.@ 4 billion . The plan initially also included exporting gas to India , but negotiations have stalled over pricing . Iran also is discussing a gas production and export deal with Turkey . Under the plan , Turkey would assist in developing Iran ’ s South Pars field in exchange for cash or natural gas . Gas would be shipped from Iran to Turkey and Europe via a new pipeline that Turkey plans to build .
Other notable petroleum sector development deals include those with Russia and China . On February 19 , 2008 , Russian state gas company Gazprom announced a deal to establish a joint venture company to develop the offshore Iranian South Pars gas field . A China National Offshore Oil Corporation ( CNOOC ) investment deal , valued at $ 16 billion , to develop Iran ’ s North Pars gas field and to build a liquid natural gas ( LNG ) plant , was supposed to be signed on February 27 , 2008 but has been delayed . The state @-@ operated National Iranian Oil Company ( NIOC ) and CNOOC signed a memorandum of understanding in December 2006 for the project , under which CNOOC would purchase 10 million metric tons per year of LNG for 25 years .
= = Petrochemicals = =
In the early 2000s , an ambitious state petrochemicals project called for expansion of annual output in that industry from 9 million tons in 2001 to 100 million tons in 2015 . Output capacity in 2006 was estimated at 15 million tons . The goal of this expansion is to increase the percentage of Iran ’ s processed petroleum @-@ based exports , which are more profitable than raw materials . In 2005 Iran exported US $ 1 @.@ 8 billion of petrochemical products ( about one @-@ third of total nonoil exports in that year ) . Receiving 30 percent of Iran ’ s petrochemical exports between them , China and India were the major trading partners in this industry . Iran ’ s domestic resource base gives it a unique comparative advantage in producing petrochemicals when international crude oil prices rise . The gain has been greatest in those plants that use liquid gas as their main input . For FY 2006 , the petrochemical industry ’ s share of GDP was projected to be about 2 percent . Iran plans to invest a total of $ 500 billion in the oil sector before 2025 .
Iran ’ s petrochemical industries have absorbed a large amount of private and public investment . In the early 2000s , 43 percent of these investments was financed by Iran ’ s National Petrochemical Company , a subsidiary of the Ministry of Petroleum , which administers the entire petrochemical sector . Another 53 percent is owned by foreign creditors ( more than 100 foreign banks and foreign companies ) , 3 percent by banks , and 1 percent by the capital market . Most of the petrochemical industry ’ s physical capital is imported , and the industry does not have strong backward linkages to manufacturing industries . In 2006 new petrochemical plants came online at Marun and Asaluyeh , and construction began on three others . Iran National Petrochemical Company 's output capacity will increase to over 100 million tpa by 2015 from an estimated 50 million tpa in 2010 thus becoming the world ' second largest chemical producer globally after Dow Chemical with Iran housing some of the world 's largest chemical complexes .
= Eastbourne manslaughter =
The Eastbourne manslaughter was an 1860 legal case in Eastbourne , England , concerning the death of 15 @-@ year @-@ old Reginald Cancellor ( some sources give his name as Chancellor and his age as 13 or 14 ) at the hands of his teacher , Thomas Hopley . Hopley used corporal punishment with the stated intention of overcoming what he perceived as stubbornness on Cancellor 's part , but instead beat the boy to death .
An inquest into Cancellor 's death began when his brother requested an autopsy . As a result of the inquest Hopley was arrested and charged with manslaughter . He was found guilty at trial and sentenced to four years in prison , although he insisted that his actions were justifiable and that he was not guilty of any crime . The trial was sensationalised by the Victorian press and incited debate over the use of corporal punishment in schools . After Hopley 's release and subsequent divorce trial , he largely disappeared from the public record . The case became an important legal precedent in the United Kingdom for discussions of corporal punishment in schools and reasonable limits on discipline .
= = Background = =
Thomas Hopley , aged 41 at the time of the incident , was a schoolmaster in Eastbourne who ran a private boarding school out of his home at 22 Grand @-@ parade . He was well educated and from a middle @-@ class family , the son of a Royal Navy surgeon and brother of artist Edward Hopley . His household was fairly well off , and he and his wife kept several servants . Hopley was described by Algernon Charles Swinburne as " a person of high attainments and irreproachable character " . He expressed " utopian " educational ideals shared by many Victorian educational theorists . He wrote pamphlets on education topics which included " Lectures on the Education of Man " , " Help towards the physical , intellectual and moral elevation of all classes of society " , and " Wrongs which cry out for redress " advocating the abolition of child labour .
In October 1859 , he was offered £ 180 a year ( compared to an average annual salary of £ 94 for a male public elementary school teacher in 1860 ) to teach Reginald Channell Cancellor , a " robust " boy who had been " given up as ineducable " . Reginald was the son of John Henry Cancellor ( 1799 – 1860 ) , a court master and a " man of fair position " from Barnes , Surrey . The boy had previously been a student at a private school in St. Leonards and under a private tutor . He was not a good student , with contemporary sources suggesting he " had water on the brain " and describing him as " stolid and stupid " . Hopley attributed Cancellor 's failure to learn to stubbornness . On 18 April 1860 he asked the boy 's father for permission to use " severe corporal punishment " to obtain compliance , with permission being granted two days later . Hopley did not possess the cane traditionally used to administer corporal punishment to students , so instead he used a skipping rope and a walking stick .
= = Death = =
Cancellor was found dead in his bedroom on the morning of 22 April . His body was covered , with long stockings over his legs and kidskin gloves on his hands . The only visible part of the body was his face . A medical man of Hopley 's acquaintance named Roberts pronounced that the boy had died of natural causes . When questioned , Hopley suggested that Cancellor died of heart disease and argued that he should be buried immediately . He wrote to the boy 's father requesting the body 's immediate removal and interment . After viewing his son 's dressed body , Cancellor 's father accepted Roberts ' assertion for cause of death and agreed to the burial .
Rumours began to circulate among the Hopleys ' servants , suggesting that Hopley 's wife had spent the night prior to the body 's discovery cleaning up evidence of her husband 's murder of the boy . Reginald 's older brother , Reverend John Henry Cancellor , Jr . ( 1834 – 1900 ) , arrived in Eastbourne from Send , Surrey , on 25 April . He noticed discrepancies in the reports of his brother 's death and requested an autopsy . Hopley asked prominent physician Sir Charles Locock , an acquaintance of the Cancellor family and an obstetrician to the Queen , to examine the body and verify death by natural causes ; Locock believed that Hopley was responsible for the death .
A complete inquest into Cancellor 's death was initiated . His body was taken for autopsy on 28 April and was found to be covered in blood under the gloves and stockings . His thighs were " reduced to a perfect jelly " and his body was covered in bruises and cuts , including two inch @-@ deep holes in his right leg , deep enough to allow the medical examiner , Robert Willis , to touch the bone underneath . Willis reported that other than these injuries , the boy was healthy and his internal organs ( including the heart ) were free of disease . He thus concluded that Cancellor had not died of natural causes , as Hopley had suggested , and noted that the boy had obviously been beaten shortly before his death . A female servant named Ellen Fowler , when questioned by investigators , reported that she had heard Cancellor screaming and being beaten from 10 pm until midnight and that , shortly thereafter , he abruptly fell silent . She also noted traces of blood in the house and on Hopley 's candlestick , which was left outside Cancellor 's bedroom , and evidence that Cancellor 's and Hopley 's clothes had been washed soon before the former was pronounced dead . Two other servants testified in the inquiry and gave similar accounts .
The inquest was unable to determine Cancellor 's exact cause of death , but noted several inconsistencies in Hopley 's explanation of events . He had failed to summon a doctor immediately and , upon questioning , had given outlandish excuses for his failure to do so . Hopley attempted to explain away the blood on the candlestick by attributing it to a broken blister on his hand , but did not offer an explanation for Cancellor 's injuries . Hopley aroused further suspicion when he asked journalists present at the inquest not to include details of the corporal punishment in their stories , " in order to spare the feelings of the deceased family as of my own " . Cancellor 's family was deeply affected by the case , as they had been " disinclined " to see Cancellor beaten ; his father died shortly after the inquest of a " broken heart " .
= = Trial = =
Hopley was arrested in early May and , after a seven @-@ hour preliminary hearing , was released on 16 June on a £ 2 @,@ 000 bail . He and his then @-@ pregnant wife spent the period between the initial hearing and the trial at Uckfield . Hopley was confident that he would be found not guilty . He began composing a pamphlet titled Facts Bearing on the Death of Reginald Channell Cancellor , to be published after the trial ; it was published by an associate of Hopley 's after his conviction and detailed Hopley 's explanation of Cancellor 's death and his justification for his treatment of the boy . The press was extremely hostile , calling for a murder charge to be laid against him . He received a large amount of hate mail from anonymous members of the public .
Hopley 's trial took place at Lewes Assizes on 23 July 1860 . The prosecutors were Parry and
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. Plans were made for a promotional trip to the US in 2009 .
= = Critical reception and sales = =
Ruth Harrison , writing for FemaleFirst magazine , gave the album 4 / 5 , saying that Talbot has " a great voice when it comes to swing , but lets us down in parts " . Harrison said that Talbot struggled with the " rock sound " associated with " Merry Christmas Everybody " , but said that the vocals on " Ave Maria " are " incredible " , and that the bonus tracks " really are a bonus " . The Leicester Mercury published a review from a nine @-@ year @-@ old critic , Natasha Dattani , who said that Talbot " has a nice voice , it 's very cute " , and added that " older people , like grandparents , will really like " the album . James Whittle , writing for the South China Morning Post , described the album as " chock @-@ a @-@ block with old @-@ time favourites " , calling Talbot " sweet @-@ voiced " .
Despite the problems in the United Kingdom , which left hundreds of copies of the album in warehouses , Amy Bowen of the Walsall Advertiser wrote that the album was proving successful in Asia . In its first week of release , Connie Talbot 's Christmas Album sold 4 @,@ 551 copies worldwide , and , as of December 2009 , it has sold 14 @,@ 913 .
= = Track listing = =
This is the main track listing as given by Allmusic . The ordering of both the main and bonus tracks varies between releases , and different releases have different bonus tracks . For example , the Hong Kong release contained only the bonus tracks " Silent Night " and " White Christmas " .
= = = Bonus tracks = = =
= Louis XVIII of France =
Louis XVIII ( Louis Stanislas Xavier ; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824 ) , known as " the Desired " ( le Désiré ) , was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824 except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days . Louis XVIII spent twenty @-@ three years in exile , from 1791 to 1814 , during the French Revolution and the First French Empire , and again in 1815 , during the period of the Hundred Days , upon the return of Napoleon I from Elba .
Until his accession to the throne of France , Louis held the title of Count of Provence as brother of King Louis XVI . On 21 September 1792 , the National Convention abolished the monarchy and deposed King Louis XVI , who was later executed by guillotine . When the young Louis XVII , Louis XVI 's son , died in prison in June 1795 , Louis XVIII succeeded his nephew as titular King .
During the French Revolution and Napoleonic era , Louis XVIII lived in exile in Prussia , the United Kingdom and Russia . When the Sixth Coalition finally defeated Napoleon in 1814 , Louis was placed in what he , and the French royalists , considered his rightful position . Napoleon escaped from his exile in Elba , however , and restored his French Empire . Louis XVIII fled and a Seventh Coalition declared war on the French Empire , defeated Napoleon , and restored Louis XVIII to the French throne .
Louis XVIII ruled as king for slightly less than a decade . The Bourbon Restoration regime was a constitutional monarchy ( unlike the ancien régime , which was absolutist ) . As a constitutional monarch , Louis XVIII 's royal prerogative was reduced substantially by the Charter of 1814 , France 's new constitution . Louis had no children ; therefore , upon his death , the crown passed to his brother , Charles , Count of Artois . Louis XVIII was the last French monarch to die while reigning ; as his successor Charles X ( 1824 @-@ 1830 ) abdicated and both Louis Philippe I ( 1830 @-@ 1848 ) and Napoléon III ( 1852 @-@ 1870 ) were deposed .
= = Youth = =
Louis Stanislas Xavier , styled Count of Provence from birth , was born on 17 November 1755 in the Palace of Versailles , the son of Louis , Dauphin of France , and his wife Maria Josepha of Saxony . He was the grandson of the reigning King Louis XV . As a son of the Dauphin he was a Fils de France . Louis Stanislas was christened Louis Stanislas Xavier six months after his birth in accordance with Bourbon family tradition , being nameless before his baptism . By this act , he became also a Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit . The name of Louis was bestowed because it was typical of a prince of France ; Stanislas was chosen to honour his great @-@ grandfather King Stanisław I of Poland ; and Xavier was chosen for Saint Francis Xavier , whom his mother 's family held as one of their patron saints .
At the time of his birth , Louis Stanislas was fourth in line to the throne of France , behind his father and his two elder brothers : Louis Joseph Xavier , Duke of Burgundy , and Louis Auguste , Duke of Berry . The former died in 1761 , leaving Louis Auguste as heir apparent until the Dauphin 's own premature death in 1765 . The two deaths elevated Louis Stanislas to second in the line of succession , while Louis Auguste acquired the title Dauphin .
Louis Stanislas found comfort in his governess , Madame de Marsan , Governess of the Children of France , as he was her favourite among his siblings . Louis Stanislas was taken away from his governess when he turned seven , the age at which the education of boys of royal blood and of the nobility was turned over to men . Antoine de Quélen de Stuer de Caussade , Duke of La Vauguyon , a friend of his father , was named his governor .
Louis Stanislas was an intelligent boy , excelling in classics . His education was of the same quality and consistency as that of his older brother , Louis Auguste , despite the fact that Louis Auguste was heir and Louis Stanislas was not . Louis Stanislas ' education was quite religious in nature ; several of his teachers were men of the cloth . La Vauguyon drilled into young Louis Stanislas and his brothers the way he thought princes should " know how to withdraw themselves , to like to work , " and " to know how to reason correctly " .
In April 1771 , Louis Stanislas ' education was formally concluded and his own independent household was established , which astounded contemporaries with its extravagance : in 1773 , the number of servants reached 390 . In the same month his household was founded , Louis was granted several titles by his grandfather , Louis XV : Duke of Anjou , Count of Maine , Count of Perche , and Count of Senoches . During this period of his life he was often known by the title Count of Provence .
On 17 December 1773 , he was ordained as a Grand Master of the Order of St. Lazarus .
= = Marriage = =
On 14 May 1771 , Louis Stanislas married Princess Maria Giuseppina of Savoy . Marie Joséphine ( as she was known in France ) was a daughter of Victor Amadeus , Duke of Savoy ( later King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia ) , and his wife Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain .
A luxurious ball followed the wedding on 20 May . Louis Stanislas was repulsed by his wife , who was considered ugly , tedious , and ignorant of the customs of the court of Versailles . The marriage remained unconsummated for years . Biographers disagree about the reason . The most common theories propose Louis Stanislas ' alleged impotence ( according to biographer Antonia Fraser ) or his unwillingness to sleep with his wife due to her poor personal hygiene . She never brushed her teeth , plucked her eyebrows , or used any perfumes . At the time of his marriage , Louis Stanislas was obese and waddled instead of walked . He never exercised and continued to eat enormous amounts of food .
Despite the fact that Louis Stanislas was not infatuated with his wife , he boasted that the two enjoyed vigorous conjugal relations – but such declarations were held in low esteem by courtiers at Versailles . He also proclaimed his wife to be pregnant merely to spite Louis Auguste and his wife Marie Antoinette , who had not yet consummated their marriage . The Dauphin and Louis Stanislas did not enjoy a harmonious relationship and often quarrelled , as did their wives . Louis Stanislas did impregnate his wife in 1774 , having conquered his aversion . However , the pregnancy ended in a miscarriage . A second pregnancy in 1781 also miscarried , and the marriage remained childless .
= = At his brother 's court = =
On 27 April 1774 , Louis XV fell ill after contracting smallpox and died the following 10 May . The Dauphin , Louis Auguste , succeeded his grandfather as King Louis XVI . As eldest brother of the king , Louis Stanislas received the title Monsieur . Louis Stanislas longed for political influence . He attempted to gain admittance to the king 's council in 1774 , but failed . Louis Stanislas was left in a political limbo that he called " a gap of 12 years in my political life " . Louis XVI granted Louis Stanislas revenues from the Duchy of Alençon in December 1774 . The duchy was given to enhance Louis Stanislas ' prestige , however , the appanage generated only 300 @,@ 000 livres per annum , an amount much lower than it had been at its peak in the fourteenth century .
Louis Stanislas travelled more through France than other members of the royal family , who rarely left the Île @-@ de @-@ France . In 1774 , he accompanied his sister Clotilde to Chambéry on the journey to meet her bridegroom Charles Emmanuel , Prince of Piedmont , heir to the throne of Sardinia . In 1775 , he visited Lyon and also his spinster aunts Adélaïde and Victoire while they were taking the waters at Vichy . The four provincial tours that Louis Stanislas took before the year 1791 amounted to a total of three months .
On 5 May 1778 , Dr. Lassonne , Marie Antoinette 's private physician , confirmed her pregnancy . On 19 December 1778 , the Queen gave birth to a daughter , who was named Marie @-@ Thérèse Charlotte de France and given the honorific title Madame Royale . The birth of a girl came as a relief to the Count of Provence , who kept his position as heir to Louis XVI , since Salic Law excluded women from acceding to the throne of France . However , Louis Stanislas did not remain heir to the throne much longer . On 22 October 1781 , Marie Antoinette gave birth to the Dauphin Louis Joseph . Louis Stanislas and his brother , the Count of Artois , served as godfathers by proxy for Joseph II , Holy Roman Emperor , the queen 's brother . When Marie Antoinette gave birth to her second son , Louis Charles , in March 1785 , Louis Stanislas slid further down the line of succession .
In 1780 , Anne Nompar de Caumont , Countess of Balbi , entered the service of Marie Joséphine . Louis Stanislas soon fell in love with his wife 's new lady @-@ in @-@ waiting and installed her as his mistress , which resulted in the couple 's already small affection for each other cooling entirely . Louis Stanislas commissioned a pavilion for his mistress on a parcel that became known as the Parc Balbi at Versailles .
Louis Stanislas lived a quiet and sedentary lifestyle at this point , not having a great deal to do since his self @-@ proclaimed political exclusion in 1774 . He kept himself occupied with his vast library of over 11 @,@ 000 books at Balbi 's pavilion , reading for several hours each morning . In the early 1780s , he also incurred huge debts totalling 10 million livres , which his brother Louis XVI paid .
An Assembly of Notables ( the members consisted of magistrates , mayors , nobles and clergy ) was convened in February 1787 to ratify the financial reforms sought by the Controller @-@ General of Finance Charles Alexandre de Calonne . This provided the Count of Provence , who abhorred the radical reforms proposed by Calonne , the opportunity he had long been waiting for to establish himself in politics . The reforms proposed a new property tax , and new elected provincial assemblies that would have a say in local taxation . Calonne 's proposition was rejected outright by the notables , and , as a result , Louis XVI dismissed him . The Archbishop of Toulouse , Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne , acquired Calonne 's ministry . Brienne attempted to salvage Calonne 's reforms , but ultimately failed to convince the notables to approve them . A frustrated Louis XVI dissolved the assembly .
Brienne 's reforms were then submitted to the Parlement of Paris in the hopes that they would be approved . ( A parlement was responsible for ratifying the king 's edicts . Each province had its own parlement , but the Parlement of Paris was the most significant of all . ) The Parlement of Paris refused to accept Brienne 's proposals and pronounced that any new taxation would have to be approved by an Estates @-@ General ( the nominal parliament of France ) . Louis XVI and Brienne took a hostile stance against this rejection , and Louis XVI had to implement a " bed of justice " ( Lit de justice ) , which automatically registered an edict in the Parlement of Paris , to ratify the desired reforms . On 8 May , two of the leading members of the Parlement of Paris were arrested . There was rioting in Brittany , Provence , Burgundy and Béarn in reaction to their arrest . This unrest was engineered by local magistrates and nobles , who enticed the people to revolt against the Lit de Justice , which was quite unfavourable to the nobles and magistrates . The clergy also joined the provincial cause , and condemned Brienne 's tax reforms . Brienne conceded defeat in July and agreed to calling the Estates @-@ General to meet in 1789 . He resigned from his post in August and was replaced by the Swiss magnate Jacques Necker .
In November 1788 , a second Assembly of Notables was convened by Jacques Necker , to consider the makeup of the next Estates @-@ General . The Parlement de Paris recommended that the Estates should be the same as they were at the last assembly , in 1614 ( this would mean that the clergy and nobility would have more representation than the Third Estate ) . The notables rejected the " dual representation " proposal . Louis Stanislas was the only notable to vote to increase the size of the Third Estate . Necker disregarded the notables ' judgment , and convinced Louis XVI to grant the extra representation – Louis duly obliged on 27 December .
= = = The outbreak of the French Revolution = = =
The Estates @-@ General were convened in May 1789 to ratify financial reforms . The Count of Provence favoured a stalwart position against the Third Estate and its demands for tax reform . On 17 June , the Third Estate declared itself a National Assembly , an Assembly not of the Estates , but of the people .
Provence urged the king to act strongly against the declaration , while the king 's popular minister Jacques Necker intended to compromise with the new assembly . Louis XVI was characteristically indecisive . On 9 July , the assembly declared itself a National Constituent Assembly that would give France a Constitution . On 11 July , Louis XVI dismissed Necker , which led to widespread rioting across Paris . On 12 July , the sabre charge of the cavalry regiment of Charles @-@ Eugène de Lorraine , prince de Lambesc , on a crowd gathered at the Tuileries gardens , sparked the Storming of the Bastille two days later .
On 16 July , the Count of Artois left France with his wife and children , along with many other courtiers . Artois and his family took up residence in Turin , the capital city of his father @-@ in @-@ law 's Kingdom of Sardinia , with the family of the Princes of Condé .
The Count of Provence decided to remain at Versailles . When the royal family plotted to abscond from Versailles to Metz , Provence advised the king not to leave , a suggestion he accepted .
The royal family was forced to leave the palace at Versailles on the day after The Women 's March on Versailles , 5 October 1789 . They were re @-@ located to Paris . There , the Count of Provence and his wife lodged in the Luxembourg Palace , while the rest of the royal family stayed in the Tuileries Palace . In March 1791 , the National Assembly created a law outlining the regency of Louis Charles in case his father died while he was still too young to reign . This law awarded the regency to Louis Charles ' nearest male relative in France ( at that time the Count of Provence ) , and after him , the Duke of Orléans ( bypassing the Count of Artois ) . If Orléans were unavailable , the regency would be submitted to election .
The Count of Provence and his wife fled to the Austrian Netherlands in conjunction with the royal family 's failed Flight to Varennes in June 1791 .
= = Exile = =
= = = The early years = = =
When the Count of Provence arrived in the Low Countries , he proclaimed himself de facto regent of France . He exploited a document that he and Louis XVI had written before the latter 's failed escape to Varennes . The document gave him the regency in the event of his brother 's death or inability to perform his role as king . He would join the other princes @-@ in @-@ exile at Coblenz soon after his escape . It was there that he , the Count of Artois , and the Condés proclaimed that their objective was to invade France . Louis XVI was greatly annoyed by his brothers ' behaviour . Provence sent emissaries to various European courts asking for financial aid , soldiers , and munition . Artois secured a castle for the court in exile in the Electorate of Treves , where their maternal uncle , Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony , was the Archbishop @-@ Elector . The activities of the émigrés bore fruit when the rulers of Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire gathered at Dresden . They released the Declaration of Pillnitz in August 1791 , which urged Europe to intervene in France if Louis XVI or his family were threatened . Provence 's endorsement of the declaration was not well received in France , either by the ordinary citizens or Louis XVI himself .
In January 1792 , the Legislative Assembly declared that all of the émigrés were traitors to France . Their property and titles were confiscated . The monarchy of France was abolished by the National Convention on 21 September 1792 .
Louis XVI was executed in January 1793 . This left his young son , Louis Charles , as the titular King . The princes @-@ in @-@ exile proclaimed Louis Charles " Louis XVII of France " . The Count of Provence now unilaterally declared himself regent for his nephew , who was too young to be head of the House of Bourbon .
Louis Charles died in June 1795 . His only surviving sibling was his sister Marie @-@ Thérèse , who was not considered a candidate for the throne because of France 's traditional adherence to Salic Law . Thus on 16 June , the princes @-@ in @-@ exile declared the Count of Provence " King Louis XVIII " . The new king accepted their declaration soon after . Louis XVIII busied himself drafting a manifesto in response to Louis XVII 's death . The manifesto , known as " The Declaration of Verona , " was Louis XVIII 's attempt to introduce the French people to his politics . The Declaration of Verona beckoned France back into the arms of the monarchy , " which for fourteen centuries was the glory of France " .
Louis XVIII negotiated Marie @-@ Thérèse 's release from her Paris prison in 1795 . He desperately wanted her to marry her first cousin , Louis @-@ Antoine , Duke of Angoulême , the son of the Count of Artois . Louis XVIII deceived his niece by telling her that her parents ' last wishes were for her to marry Louis Antoine , and she duly agreed to her uncle @-@ king 's wishes .
Louis XVIII was forced to abandon Verona when Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the Republic of Venice in 1796 .
= = = 1796 – 1807 = = =
Louis XVIII had been vying for the custody of his niece Marie @-@ Thérèse since her release from the Temple Tower in December 1795 . He succeeded when Francis II , Holy Roman Emperor , agreed to relinquish his custody of her in 1796 . She had been staying in Vienna with her Habsburg relatives since January 1796 . Louis XVIII moved to Blankenburg in the Duchy of Brunswick after his departure from Verona . He lived in a modest two @-@ bedroom apartment over a shop . Louis XVIII was forced to leave Blankenberg when King Frederick William II of Prussia died . In light of this , Marie @-@ Thérèse decided to wait a while longer before reuniting with her uncle .
In 1798 , Tsar Paul I of Russia offered Louis the use of Jelgava Palace in Courland ( now Latvia ) . Paul I also guaranteed Louis 's safety and bestowed upon him a generous pension , however , the tsar later disregarded this allowance . Marie @-@ Thérèse finally joined Louis XVIII at Jelgava in 1799 . In the winter of 1798 – 1799 , Louis XVIII wrote a biography of Marie Antoinette titled Réflexions Historiques sur Marie Antoinette . He attempted to recreate the court life of Versailles at Jelgava , where many old courtiers lived , re @-@ establishing all the court ceremonies , including the lever and coucher ( ceremonies that accompanied waking and bedding , respectively ) .
Marie @-@ Thérèse married her cousin Louis Antoine on 9 June 1799 at Jelgava Palace . Louis XVIII ordered his wife to attend the marriage ceremony in Courland without her long @-@ time friend ( and rumoured lover ) Marguerite de Gourbillon . Queen Marie Joséphine lived apart from her husband in Schleswig Holstein . Louis XVIII was trying desperately to display to the world a united family front . The queen refused to leave her friend behind with unpleasant consequences that rivalled the wedding in notoriety . Louis XVIII knew that his nephew Louis Antoine was not compatible with Marie @-@ Thérèse . Despite this , he still pressed for the marriage , which proved to be quite unhappy and produced no children .
Louis XVIII attempted to strike up a correspondence with Napoleon Bonaparte ( now First Consul of France ) in 1800 . Louis XVIII urged Bonaparte to restore the Bourbons to their throne , but the future emperor was immune to Louis 's requests and continued to consolidate his position as ruler of France .
Louis XVIII encouraged his niece to write her memoirs , as he wished them to be used as Bourbon propaganda . In 1796 and 1803 , Louis also used the diaries of Louis XVI 's final attendants in the same way . In January 1801 , Tsar Paul told Louis XVIII that he could no longer live in Russia . The court at Jelgava was so low on funds that it had to auction some of its possessions to afford the journey out of Russia . Marie @-@ Thérèse even sold a diamond necklace that the Emperor Paul had given her as a wedding gift .
Marie @-@ Thérèse persuaded Queen Louise of Prussia to give her family refuge in Prussian territory . Louise consented , but the Bourbons were forced to assume pseudonyms . With Louis XVIII using the title Comte d 'Isle ( named after his estate in Languedoc ) and at times Comte de Lille , he and his family assumed residence in Warsaw , then part of the province of South Prussia , in the Łazienki Palace from 1801 to 1804 , after an arduous voyage from Jelgava . According to Wirydianna Fiszerowa , a contemporary living there at the time , the Prussian local authorities , wishing to honour the arrivals , had music played , but , wishing to give them a national and patriotic character , chose the La Marseillaise , the hymn of the First French Republic with unflattering allusions to both Louis XVI and Louis XVIII . They later apologised for their mistake . ,
It was very soon after their arrival that they learned of the death of Paul I. Louis hoped that Paul 's successor , Alexander I , would repudiate his father 's banishment of the Bourbons ( which he later did ) . Louis XVIII then intended to set off to the Kingdom of Naples . The Count of Artois asked Louis to send his son , Louis Antoine , and daughter @-@ in @-@ law , Marie @-@ Thérèse , to him in Edinburgh , but they did not at this time . Artois had an allowance from King George III of Great Britain and sent some money to Louis . Louis XVIII 's court in exile was being spied on by French police . The court @-@ in @-@ exile was being financed mainly by interest owed from Francis II on valuables his aunt , Marie Antoinette , had removed from France and had to cut its expenses significantly .
In 1803 , Napoleon tried to force Louis XVIII to renounce his right to the throne of France , but Louis refused . In May 1804 , Napoleon Bonaparte declared himself Emperor of the French . Louis XVIII and his nephew departed for Sweden in July for a Bourbon family conference , where Louis XVIII , the comte d 'Artois , and the duc d 'Angoulême issued a statement condemning Napoleon 's decision to declare himself emperor . The King of Prussia issued a proclamation saying that Louis XVIII would have to leave Prussian territory , which meant leaving Warsaw . Alexander I of Russia invited Louis XVIII to resume residence in Jelgava . Louis XVIII had to live under less generous conditions than those enjoyed under Paul I , and he intended to embark for England as soon as possible .
As time went on , Louis XVIII realised that France would never accept an attempt to return to the Ancien Régime . Accordingly , he created another policy in 1805 with a view toward reclaiming his throne : a declaration that was far more liberal than his former ones . It repudiated his Declaration of Verona , promised to abolish conscription , retain Napoleon I 's administrative and judicial system , reduce taxes , eliminate political prisons , and guarantee amnesty to everyone who did not oppose a Bourbon Restoration . The opinions expressed in the declaration were largely those of the Count of Avaray , Louis 's closest associate in exile .
Louis XVIII was forced once again to leave Jelgava when Alexander of Russia informed him that his safety could not be guaranteed on continental Europe . In July 1807 , Louis boarded a Swedish frigate to Stockholm , bringing with him only the Duke of Angoulême . Louis did not stay in Sweden for long ; he arrived in Great Yarmouth , Norfolk , England , in November 1807 . He took up residence in Gosfield Hall , leased to him by the Marquess of Buckingham .
= = = England = = =
Louis brought his wife and queen , Marie Joséphine , from mainland Europe in 1808 . Louis 's stay at Gosfield Hall did not last long ; he soon moved to Hartwell House in Buckinghamshire , where over one hundred courtiers were housed . The King paid £ 500 in rent each year to the proprietor , Sir George Lee . The Prince of Wales ( the future George IV of Great Britain ) was very charitable to the exiled Bourbons . As Prince Regent , he granted them permanent right of asylum and extremely generous allowances .
The Count of Artois did not join the court @-@ in @-@ exile in Hartwell , preferring to continue his frivolous life in London . Louis 's friend the Count of Avaray left Hartwell for Madeira in 1809 , and died there in 1811 . Louis replaced Avaray with the Comte de Blacas as his principal political advisor . Queen Marie Joséphine died on 13 November 1810 . That same winter , Louis suffered a particularly severe case of gout , which was a recurring problem for him at Hartwell , and he had to be put in a wheelchair .
Napoleon I embarked on an invasion of Russia in 1812 . This war would prove to be the turning point in his fortunes , as the expedition failed miserably and Napoleon was forced to retreat with an army in tatters .
In 1813 , Louis XVIII issued another declaration while at Hartwell . " The Declaration of Hartwell " was even more liberal than his " Declaration of 1805 " , asserting that all those who served Napoleon or the Republic would not suffer repercussions for their acts , and that the original owners of the Biens nationaux ( lands confiscated from the nobles and clergy during the Revolution ) were to be compensated for their losses .
Allied troops entered Paris on 31 March 1814 . Louis , however , was unable to walk , and so sent the Count of Artois to France in January 1814 . Louis XVIII issued letters patent appointing Artois Lieutenant General of the Kingdom in the event of the Bourbons being restored . Napoleon I abdicated on 11 April , five days after his Senate had invited the Bourbons to re @-@ assume the throne of France .
= = Bourbon Restoration = =
= = = Restoration I = = =
The Count of Artois ruled as Lieutenant @-@ General of the kingdom until his brother 's arrival in Paris on 3 May . Upon his return , the king displayed himself to his subjects by creating a procession through the city . He took up residence in the Tuileries Palace the same day . His niece , the Duchess of Angoulême , fainted at the sight of the Tuileries , where she had lived during the time of the French Revolution .
Napoleon 's senate called Louis XVIII to the throne on the condition that he would accept a constitution that entailed recognition of the Republic and the Empire , a bicameral parliament elected every year , and the tri @-@ colour flag of the aforementioned regimes . Louis XVIII opposed the senate 's constitution and stated that he was " disbanding the current senate in all the crimes of Bonaparte , and appealing to the French people " . The senatorial constitution was burned in a theatre in royalist Bordeaux , and the Municipal Council of Lyon voted for a speech that defamed the senate .
The Great Powers occupying Paris demanded that Louis XVIII implement a constitution . Louis responded with the Charter of 1814 , which included many progressive provisions : freedom of religion , a legislature composed of the Chamber of Deputies and the Chamber of Peers , a press that would enjoy a degree of freedom , and a provision that the Biens nationaux would remain in the hands of their current owners . The constitution had 76 articles . Taxation was to be voted on by the chambers . Catholicism was to be the official religion of France . To be eligible for membership in the Chamber of Deputies , one had to pay over 1 @,@ 000 francs per year in tax , and be over the age of forty . The king would appoint peers to the Chamber of Peers on a hereditary basis , or for life at his discretion . Deputies would be elected every five years , with one fifth of them up for election each year . There were 90 @,@ 000 citizens eligible to vote .
Louis XVIII signed the Treaty of Paris on 30 May 1814 . The treaty gave France her 1792 borders , which extended east of the Rhine . She had to pay no war indemnity , and the occupying armies of the Sixth Coalition withdrew instantly from French soil . These generous terms would be reversed in the next Treaty of Paris after the Hundred Days ( Napoleon 's return to France in 1815 ) .
It did not take Louis XVIII long to go back on one of his many promises . He and his Controller @-@ General of Finance Baron Louis were determined not to let the exchequer fall into deficit ( there was a 75 million franc debt inherited from Napoleon I ) , and took fiscal measures to ensure this . Louis XVIII assured the French that the unpopular taxes on tobacco , wine and salt would be abolished when he was restored , but he failed to do so , which led to rioting in Bordeaux . Expenditures on the army was slashed in the 1815 budget – in 1814 , the military had accounted for 55 % of government spending .
Louis XVIII admitted the Count of Artois and his nephews the Dukes of Angoulême and Berry into the king 's council in May 1814 , upon its establishment . The council was informally headed by Prince Talleyrand . Louis XVIII took a large interest in the goings @-@ on of the Congress of Vienna ( set up to redraw the map of Europe after Napoleon 's demise ) . Talleyrand represented France at the proceedings . Louis was horrified by Prussia 's intention to annex the Kingdom of Saxony , to which he was attached because his mother was born a Saxon princess , and he was also concerned that Prussia would dominate Germany . He also wished the Duchy of Parma to be restored to the Parmese Bourbons , and not to Empress Marie Louise of France , as was being suggested by the Allies . Louis also protested the Allies ' inaction in Naples , where he wanted the Napoleonic usurper Joachim Murat removed in favour of the Neapolitan Bourbons .
On behalf of the Allies , Austria agreed to send a force to the Kingdom of Naples to depose Murat in February 1815 , when it became apparent that Murat corresponded with Napoleon I , which was explicitly forbidden by a recent treaty . Murat never actually wrote to Napoleon , but Louis , intent on restoring the Neapolitan Bourbons at any cost , forged the correspondence , and subsidised the Austrian expedition with 25 million francs .
Louis XVIII succeeded in getting the Neapolitan Bourbons restored immediately . Parma was bestowed upon Empress Marie Louise for life , and the Parmese Bourbons were given the Duchy of Lucca until the death of Marie Louise .
= = = Hundred Days = = =
On 26 February 1815 , Napoleon Bonaparte escaped his island prison of Elba and embarked for France . He arrived with about 1 @,@ 000 troops near Cannes on 1 March . Louis XVIII was not particularly worried by Bonaparte 's excursion , as such small numbers of troops could be easily overcome . There was , however , a major underlying problem for the Bourbons : Louis XVIII had failed to purge the military of its Bonapartist troops . This led to mass desertions from the Bourbon armies to Bonaparte 's . Furthermore , Louis XVIII could not join the campaign against Napoleon in the south of France because he was suffering from another case of gout . Minister of War Marshall Soult dispatched Louis Philippe , Duke of Orléans ( later King Louis Philippe I ) , the Count of Artois , and Marshall MacDonald to apprehend Napoleon .
Louis XVIII 's underestimation of Bonaparte proved disastrous . On 19 March , the army stationed outside Paris defected to Bonaparte , leaving the city vulnerable to attack . That same day , Louis XVIII quit the capital with a
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small escort at midnight . Louis decided to go first to Lille , and then crossed the border into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands , staying in Ghent . Other leaders , most prominently Alexander I of Russia , debated whether in the case of a second victory over the French Empire , the Duke of Orléans should be proclaimed king instead of Louis XVIII .
However , Napoleon did not rule France again for very long , suffering a decisive defeat at the hands of the armies of the Duke of Wellington and Field Marshal Blücher at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June . The Allies came to the consensus that Louis XVIII should be restored to the throne of France .
= = = 1815 – 1824 = = =
Louis XVIII returned to France promptly after Napoleon 's defeat to ensure his second restoration " in baggage train of the enemy " , i.e. with Wellington 's troops . The Duke of Wellington used King Louis 's person to open up the route to Paris , as some fortresses refused to surrender to the Allies , but agreed to do so for their king . King Louis arrived at Cambrai on 26 June , where he released a proclamation stating that those who served the Emperor in the Hundred Days would not be persecuted , except for the " instigators " . It was also acknowledged that Louis XVIII 's government might have made mistakes during the First Restoration . On 29 June , a deputation of five from the Chamber of Deputies and the Chamber of Peers approached Wellington about putting a foreign prince on the throne of France . Wellington rejected their pleas outright , declaring that " [ Louis XVIII is ] the best way to preserve the integrity of France " . Wellington ordered the deputies to espouse King Louis 's cause . Louis XVIII entered Paris on 8 July to a boisterous reception : the Tuileries Palace gardens were thronged with bystanders , and , according to the Duke of Wellington , the acclamation of the crowds there were so loud that evening that he could not converse with the king .
Louis XVIII 's role in politics from the Hundred Days onward was voluntarily diminished ; he resigned most of his duties to his council . He and his ministry embarked on a series of reforms through the summer of 1815 . The king 's council , an informal group of ministers that advised Louis XVIII , was dissolved and replaced by a tighter knit privy council , the " Ministère de Roi " . Artois , Berry and Angoulême were purged from the new " ministère " , and Talleyrand was appointed as the first Président du Conseil , i.e. Prime Minister of France . On 14 July , the ministry dissolved the units of the army deemed " rebellious " . Hereditary peerage was re @-@ established to Louis 's behest by the ministry .
In August , elections for the Chamber of Deputies returned unfavourable results for Talleyrand . The ministry wished for moderate deputies , but the electorate voted almost exclusively for ultra @-@ royalists , resulting in the so @-@ called Chambre introuvable . The Duchess of Angoulême and the Count of Artois pressured King Louis for the dismissal of his obsolete ministry . Talleyrand tendered his resignation on 20 September . Louis XVIII chose the Duke of Richelieu to be his new Prime Minister . Richelieu was chosen because he was accepted by Louis 's family and the reactionary Chamber of Deputies .
Anti @-@ Napoleonic sentiment was high in Southern France , and this was prominently displayed in the White Terror , which saw the purge of all important Napoleonic officials from government and the execution of others . The people of France committed barbarous acts against some of these officials . Guillaume Marie Anne Brune ( a Napoleonic marshal ) was savagely assassinated , and his remains thrown into the Rhône River . Louis XVIII deplored such illegal acts , but vehemently supported the prosecution of those marshals that helped Napoleon in the Hundred Days . Louis XVIII 's government executed Napoleon 's Marshal Ney in December 1815 for treason . His confidants Charles François , Marquis de Bonnay , and the Duke de La Chatre advised him to inflict firm punishments on the “ traitors ” .
The king was reluctant to shed blood , and this greatly irritated the ultra @-@ reactionary Chamber of Deputies , who felt that Louis XVIII was not executing enough . The government issued a proclamation of amnesty to the “ traitors ” in January 1816 , but the trials that had already begun were finished in due course . That same declaration also banned any member of the House of Bonaparte from owning property in , or entering , France . It is estimated that between 50 @,@ 000 – 80 @,@ 000 officials were purged from the government during what was known as the Second White Terror .
In November 1815 , Louis XVIII 's government had to sign another Treaty of Paris that formally ended Napoleon 's Hundred Days . The previous treaty had been quite favourable to France , but this one took a hard line . France 's borders were retracted to their extent at 1790 . France had to pay for an army to occupy her , for at least five years , at a cost of 150 million francs per year . France also had to pay a war indemnity of 700 million francs to the allies .
In 1818 , the Chambers passed a military law that increased the size of the army by over 100 @,@ 000 . In October of the same year , Louis XVIII 's foreign minister , the Duke of Richelieu , succeeded in convincing the powers to withdraw their armies early in exchange for a sum of over 200 million francs .
Louis XVIII chose many centrist cabinets , as he wanted to appease the populace , much to the dismay of his brother , the ultra @-@ royalist Count of Artois . Louis always dreaded the day he would die , believing that his brother , and heir , Artois , would abandon the centrist government for an ultra @-@ royalist autocracy , which would not bring favourable results .
King Louis disliked the First Prince of the Blood Louis @-@ Philippe d 'Orléans , and took every opportunity to snub him , denying him the title of " Royal Highness " , partly out of resentment for the Duke 's father 's role in voting for Louis XVI 's execution . Louis XVIII 's nephew , the Duke of Berry , was assassinated at the Paris Opera on 14 February 1820 . The royal family was grief @-@ stricken and Louis XVIII broke an ancient tradition to attend his nephew 's funeral , as previous kings of France could not have any association with death . The death of the Duke of Berry meant that the House of Orléans was more likely to succeed to the throne .
Berry was the only member of the family thought to be able to beget children . His wife gave birth to a posthumous son in September , Henry , Duke of Bordeaux , nicknamed Dieudonné ( God @-@ given ) by the Bourbons because he was thought to have secured the future of the dynasty . However the Bourbon succession was still in doubt . The Chamber of Deputies proposed amending Salic law to allow the Duchess of Angoulême to accede to the throne . On 12 June 1820 , the Chambers ratified legislation that increased the number of deputies from 258 to 430 . The extra deputies were to be elected by the wealthiest quarter of the population in each département . These individuals now effectively had two votes . Around the same time as the “ law of the two votes ” , Louis XVIII began to receive visits every Wednesday from a lady named Zoé Talon , and ordered that nobody should disturb him while he was with her . It was rumoured that he inhaled snuff from her breasts , which earned her the nickname of tabatière ( snuffbox ) . In 1823 , France embarked on a military intervention in Spain , where a revolt had occurred against the King Ferdinand VII . France succeeded in crushing the rebellion , an effort headed by the Duke of Angoulême .
= = = Death = = =
Louis XVIII 's health began to fail in the spring of 1824 . He was suffering from obesity , gout and gangrene , both dry and wet , in his legs and spine . Louis died on 16 September 1824 surrounded by the extended royal family and some government officials . He was succeeded by his youngest brother , the Count of Artois , as Charles X.
Louis XVIII was the last French monarch , and the only one after 1774 , to die while still ruling . He was interred at the Basilica of St Denis , the necropolis of French kings .
= = Ancestors = =
= = In fiction = =
Louis XVIII has a cameo rôle in the novella Le Bal de Sceaux by Honoré de Balzac .
Louis XVIII appears briefly in the novel The Count of Monte Cristo , by Alexandre Dumas .
The young Count of Provence was portrayed by Sebastian Armesto in a few brief scenes in the 2006 motion picture Marie Antoinette , a biographical film written and directed by Sofia Coppola , based on the book , Marie Antoinette : The Journey by Lady Antonia Fraser . This movie makes a great error by naming him as the father of Louis XIX , who was in fact the son of Louis XVIII 's brother Charles X.
In the 1970 film Waterloo , Louis XVIII was portrayed by Orson Welles .
He appears briefly as well in the novel " Les Misérables " , by Victor Hugo . In Book the Third , Hugo writes that Louis XVIII enjoys running fast in his carriage as he is unable to walk .
= Versus ( EP ) =
Versus is the first extended play by American singer Usher . It was released on July 20 , 2010 on LaFace Records and Jive Records in conjunction with the deluxe edition of his sixth studio album Raymond v. Raymond . Several producers contributed to the production of the EP , including Polow da Don , Jim Jonsin , Rico Love , Drumma Boy , Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , and Max Martin . Versus is marked as " the last chapter of Raymond v. Raymond " , and follows the theme of Usher exploring around the subjects of being newly single and a father .
Preceding the EP 's release was the lead single " DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love " , which achieved international success . The song peaked at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and peaked inside the top @-@ ten in several other countries singles charts . " Hot Tottie " and " Lay You Down " were released as the second and third singles , respectively , with the former becoming a US top @-@ thirty hit . To promote the album , Usher appeared in several award and television shows , including Good Morning America , The Ellen DeGeneres Show and Jimmy Kimmel Live ! .
Versus debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 46 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . It became Usher 's sixth top @-@ ten album in the United States , and has since , sold 302 @,@ 000 copies in the country . Despite some criticism towards its pop @-@ oriented material , the EP received generally positive reviews from most music critics . It earned Usher several nominations , including a Billboard Music Award , an International Dance Music Award and a NRJ Music Award .
= = Background = =
In 2009 , in an interview with People Magazine , Usher , whose private life has been highly documented after filing for divorce from wife Tameka Foster , told that his sixth studio album will be , " racy , risky and edgy , and sometimes about personal experiences . " In March , 2010 , he released the album under the title Raymond v. Raymond . Upon its release , Raymond v. Raymond received generally mixed reviews from music critics , who were ambivalent towards its songwriting and themes . However , the album was a commercial success and peaked at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , with sales of 329 @,@ 000 for its first week ; it became Usher 's third consecutive US number one album .
On July 8 , 2010 , Versus was announced as a follow @-@ up to Raymond v. Raymond , and is Usher 's first extended play . Described during a press release as " the last chapter of Raymond v. Raymond " , he stated that the EP will explore the subjects of being newly single and a father . It would include Raymond v. Raymond single " There Goes My Baby " , as well as 8 new tracks . Several producers from the latter album contributed to the production of the EP , including Polow da Don , Jim Jonsin , Rico Love , Drumma Boy , Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , Tha Cornaboyz and Max Martin . Versus ' track listing and album cover was revealed on July 21 , 2010 .
= = Composition = =
The EP incorporates the genres R & B , pop , dance @-@ pop and hip @-@ hop . Its lead single , " DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love " is a Europop track , with electronic and dance @-@ pop influence . About.com 's Mark Nero summed up its lyrics , to simply be " going clubbing on a Friday night " . " Hot Tottie " is an R & B song that incorporates hip @-@ hop , which is over strobing , electronic beats with Usher 's vocals auto @-@ tuned in parts ; the song contains a verse from rapper Jay @-@ Z , whose appearance was lauded by critics . " There Goes My Baby " is a down @-@ tempo R & B ballad , with elements of neo soul ; the song primarily uses Usher 's falsetto range . Both " Lay You Down " and " Lingerie " contain influences from pop artists , with the former channelling Prince whilst the latter , Michael Jackson . In an interview with music video website Vevo , Usher explained that " Lay You Down " is a " classic R & B baby maker " .
= = Singles = =
" DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love " , featuring Pitbull , produced by Max Martin is the first single off the EP . It was released to iTunes on July 13 , 2010 and officially sent to radio on July 20 , 2010 . The song received generally positive reviews from critics , who complemented its production but were ambivalent towards its lack of originality ; the song was largely compared to " OMG " due to its club nature . Since its release , it has gained international success , peaking in the top three in Canada , Japan , Australia , France , and Hungary and in the top ten in several other countries . The song became Usher 's sixteenth Billboard Hot 100 top @-@ ten hit , peaking at number @-@ four on the chart , and number two on the US Pop Songs Chart . As of February 2011 , the song has sold over 3 million digital units , making it the second single to exceed the sales figure for both Usher and featured artist Pitbull .
" Hot Tottie " , featuring Jay @-@ Z , produced by Polow Da Don and written by Usher , Shawn Carter , and Ester Dean , is the second single . It was released for urban radio on August 9 , 2010 . Ciara was originally reported to be on the song , but did not appear on the final track . The song received very positive reviews from critics , who praised rapper Jay @-@ Z 's verse and Usher 's vocals . It peaked at number nine on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , and number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Internationally , " Hot Tottie " peaked at number sixty @-@ two on the Canadian Hot 100 . Although it was not released officially as a single in the UK , the song reached number 104 on the UK Singles Chart and number twenty @-@ seven on the UK R & B Chart due to sales after the release of Versus only . " Lay You Down " , produced by Rico Love and Dwayne Nesmith , is the third single and was sent to urban radio on September 28 , 2010 . It maintained a peak of number fifty @-@ six on the R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , due to only being released to radio . Sara Anderson of AOL wrote that the song opens " with improvisational , high @-@ pitched ' ooohs ' and base @-@ driven synth beats [ ... ] . "
= = Release and promotion = =
The EP was released on August 24 , 2010 in the United States . The set was preceded by the lead single " DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love " for mainstream audiences , and " Hot Tottie " for urban audiences . Versus ' tracks are included on the deluxe edition of Raymond v. Raymond ; the album was released in the United States conjointly with Versus , and released in the United Kingdom on September 20 , 2010 . The international version of Versus was not released as an EP , but instead as a full album in select countries . It includes the original tracks from the EP , as well as singles from Raymond v. Raymond , including " More " , " OMG " , " Lil Freak " , " Hey Daddy ( Daddy 's Home ) " and " Papers " .
Usher performed the lead single " DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love " in several shows , the first being Good Morning America ; he performed it alongside " OMG " . He performed both songs again during the 2010 MTV Music Video Awards . Jayson Rodriguez of MTV lauded the performance , writing that " Usher plays to win , and after his stirring performance it 's clear that the crown still rests securely on his head " . A few days later , Usher performed the song — whilst also interviewed — on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . On September 17 , 2010 , he performed the song alongside " There Goes My Baby " on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . Usher performed " DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love " in the season five finale of America 's Got Talent , and in the seventh season of The X Factor . Usher performed " Hot Tottie " on an untelevised portion of his appearance on The Early Show on September 3 , 2010 , and performed it on his OMG Tour , alongside " DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love " .
= = = Tour = = =
In the summer of 2010 , Usher competed in a dance battle against fellow R & B artist Chris Brown at the Reggae Sumfest . The battle sparked an Internet rumor of the two possibly going on tour . This was further pushed by producer Jermaine Dupri alluding that the two artist may be unaware of this upcoming tour . The singers later took to Twitter to ask who the fans would like to see them perform with . On September 8 , 2010 , the singer announced his touring trek ( and revealed it was solo ) for North America . Due to demand , many additional stops in Europe and Australasia were added . It is Usher 's first arena tour since his 2004 effort , The Truth Tour . The then announced OMG Tour commenced on November 10 , 2010 and concluded on June 1 , 2011 with Usher performing in a total of 92 shows . In its conclusion , the tour placed seventh on Billboard 's annual " Top 25 Tours " , earning nearly $ 75 million .
= = Critical reception = =
Versus received generally positive reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 65 , based on 6 reviews . Mikael Wood of Entertainment Weekly gave it an " A – " and said that " ' Love ' Em All ' describes an egalitarian sexual appetite , while ' Lingerie ' offers prime faux @-@ Prince boudoir funk . The Max Martin @-@ produced ' DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love ' shows ' OMG ' didn 't satisfy Usher 's dance @-@ pop Jones , but he 's hardly gone soft : ' Hot Tottie , ' with Jay @-@ Z , is nasty in all the right ways . " Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe complimented its " compact running time " and stated " Instead of ho @-@ hum filler , ' Versus ' offers the strongest arrows in Usher ’ s quiver " . About.com 's Mark Edward Nero gave the EP three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of five stars and wrote that Usher has " regained his mojo " , while recommending it to fans of his music : " nine songs - seven of them new - clocking in at 38 minutes is a good deal for this solid package of music . " Steve Jones of USA Today gave Versus three out of four stars and called it " an abbreviated batch of fresh songs that can stand alone or as part of a deluxe original " . Billboard 's Gail Mitchell commended the album 's guest artists and wrote that it " alternately bumps and throbs as a reinvigorated Usher further paves his comeback path "
Jeff Weiss of the Los Angeles Times gave the EP two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of four stars and found " Hot Tottie " to be " intoxicating as its namesake " , but disapproved of some of the generic points and pop efforts . The Washington Post 's Sean Fennessey criticized its pop @-@ oriented tracks , stating " Usher works best in emotional hailstorms , not candy rain " , and viewed that it " finds him in Peter Pan mode , digging for remnants of a younger self that never existed " . Andy Kellman of Allmusic gave it two out of five stars and said that it " mostly resembles a batch of leftovers from his weakest album , even though it functioned as a momentum maintainer " . Kellman dismissed its productions as " innocuous Euro @-@ pop " and " merely passable contemporary R & B " . In a one @-@ star review , Slant Magazine 's Erich Henderson panned Versus as a " wretched collection of failed club @-@ sex jams " .
= = = Accolades = = =
The EP 's lead single " DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love " earned Usher several award nominations , including a Billboard Music Award , an International Dance Music Award and a NRJ Music Award . " There Goes My Baby " also earned Usher nominations , for a Billboard Music Award and a Soul Train Music Award ; the song won its nomination at the 53rd Grammy Awards in 2011 , for Best Male R & B Vocal Performance . As an act , Usher received numerous accolades , such as being ranked as the third most successful Billboard Hot 100 artist of 2010 , and the top R & B / Hip Hop Artist of that year . He was ranked as the sixth top overall artist of 2010 , from the success of both Raymond v. Raymond and Versus .
= = Commercial performance = =
The EP debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart , with first @-@ week sales of 46 @,@ 000 copies , becoming Usher 's sixth top @-@ ten album . In its second week of release it sold 22 @,@ 450 copies , and dropped to number thirteen on the Billboard 200 . It then sold over 17 @,@ 000 copies in its third week of release , and fell two positions to number fifteen . In its fourth week of release the album dropped one position , and sold 18 @,@ 000 copies surpassing 100 @,@ 000 sales in total . In its fifth week of release , the EP sold 13 @,@ 000 copies , and fell to number twenty @-@ five on the charts . To date , Versus has sold 302 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . The EP obtained moderate to high charting success outside of the US ; it debuted and peaked at number twelve in Canada . In Belgium ( Flanders ) the EP peaked at number twenty @-@ seven , and remained on the chart for the longest compared to other countries it charted in , staying for twenty @-@ eight weeks . Versus achieved similar success in France , Netherlands and Germany , peaking in the top @-@ 40 .
= = Track listing = =
Sample credits
" Get in My Car " samples Leon Russell and Marc Benno 's song " Mr. Henri the Clown " .
" Lil Freak " samples Stevie Wonder 's 1973 " Living for the City " .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits for Versus adapted from Allmusic .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
= New York State Route 92 =
New York State Route 92 ( NY 92 ) is a state highway located in central New York in the United States . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 , named State Street ) in downtown Syracuse . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with US 20 west of the village of Cazenovia . NY 92 is known as East Genesee Street through Syracuse and DeWitt ; from DeWitt to Cazenovia , its name varies by location . It heads generally eastward through Syracuse to DeWitt , where it crosses Interstate 481 ( I @-@ 481 ) while concurrent with NY 5 . At the east end of the overlap , it splits off follows a more southeasterly routing through the village of Manlius to Cazenovia .
NY 92 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York ; however , it originally began in Fayetteville . At the time , the portion of Genesee Street in eastern Syracuse was part of NY 5 . NY 92 was extended westward into Syracuse in the 1930s after NY 5 was realigned to follow Erie Boulevard instead . NY 92 was concurrent with parts of NY 20N from the 1930s to c . 1962 and with the easternmost section of NY 20SY from the 1950s to c . 1962 . When NY 20SY was removed c . 1962 , NY 92 was rerouted to bypass Fayetteville on NY 20SY 's former routing southwest of the village .
= = Route description = =
= = = Syracuse = = =
NY 92 begins as a city @-@ maintained highway at an intersection with US 11 ( State Street ) in downtown Syracuse . The route heads eastward on East Genesee Street , passing under I @-@ 81 before splitting into a one @-@ way couplet at Almond Street . For the next two blocks , the eastbound and westbound lanes of NY 92 are separated by a small park situated within the block formed by Almond Street , Forman Avenue , and both directions of Genesee Street . The couplet ends just east of Forman Avenue , at which point NY 92 continues on as a highway four lanes wide but with one through traffic lane and one lane reserved for parking in each direction .
At Lexington Avenue , NY 92 begins to turn to the southeast as it heads through more residential areas of the city . At East Avenue , a local street just west of Nottingham Senior High School , the parking lanes become open to through traffic , effectively widening the road to two lanes in each direction . The route passes north of the school and St. Mary 's Cemetery and south of LeMoyne College before exiting the city limits . At this point , maintenance of the route shifts from Syracuse to the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) . Now in DeWitt , NY 92 continues past several blocks lined with homes to an intersection with Erie Boulevard , a six @-@ lane divided highway that carries NY 5 through eastern Syracuse . The boulevard ends here , however , and NY 5 turns to join NY 92 eastward along Genesee Street .
= = = East of Syracuse = = =
Not far to the east of this junction , NY 5 and NY 92 meet I @-@ 481 by way of a cloverleaf interchange . East of the interchange , Genesee Street widens to six lanes ( three in each direction ) as it heads along a commercial strip anchored by a large plaza featuring a Wegmans Food Markets store . NY 5 and NY 92 split at the east end of the strip in the hamlet of Lyndon . While NY 5 continues east along Genesee Street to Fayetteville , NY 92 heads southeast along the two @-@ lane Highbridge Road and bypasses Fayetteville to the southwest .
The route continues into the town of Manlius , where it crosses over Limestone Creek at the hamlet of High Bridge . Past this point , the amount of development along the highway increases as it approaches an intersection with NY 257 just inside of the Manlius village limits . Here , NY 92 becomes four lanes wide once again as it heads along the mostly commercial Fayette Street toward the village center . In the heart of Manlius , NY 92 overlaps with NY 173 for about 750 feet ( 230 m ) past another commercial strip along Seneca Street before resuming its southeasterly progression at Washington Street . It becomes Cazenovia Road upon exiting the village .
Outside of the village of Manlius , the amount of development along the route decreases as the homes lining the route become more spaced out . NY 92 follows Limestone Creek southeastward through the towns of Manlius and Pompey to the Madison County line , where the creek turns south to run through Pompey Hollow , an area of flatlands situated on the Onondaga County side of the line . The highway continues on into Madison County , where it becomes known as Syracuse Road as it heads through the town of Cazenovia . Most of NY 92 in Madison County passes through rural , undeveloped areas ; however , the section just north of its intersection with US 20 runs along Cazenovia Lake and serves several lakeside homes . NY 92 ends upon intersecting US 20 at the southwestern tip of the lake just west of the village of Cazenovia .
= = History = =
NY 92 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to a northwest – southeast roadway connecting Fayetteville to Cazenovia . At Fayetteville , NY 92 ended at NY 5 , which continued west into downtown Syracuse on Genesee Street . NY 5 was realigned c . 1934 to follow Erie Boulevard through eastern Syracuse . NY 5 's former routing along Genesee Street between Columbus Avenue and Erie Boulevard became a westward extension of NY 92 , which overlapped NY 5 from Fayetteville to DeWitt . At Columbus Avenue , NY 92 turned north and followed that street to Erie Boulevard , where it ended at NY 5 . NY 92 was extended west along Genesee Street to its current terminus at US 11 in April 1935 .
The segment of NY 92 between Manlius and Cazenovia gained another designation in 1937 when it became part of NY 20N , a northerly alternate route of US 20 that was concurrent with other state routes for its entire length . In the early 1950s , the portions of NY 92 west of DeWitt and from Manlius to Cazenovia also became part of NY 20SY , another alternate route of US 20 that veered even farther north than NY 20N in order to serve downtown Syracuse . NY 20SY was realigned slightly between 1952 and 1954 to follow NY 5 through eastern Syracuse instead .
While most of NY 20SY overlapped other state routes , there were two sections where NY 20SY was the sole designation assigned to the highway it ran along . One of the two segments was near Fayetteville , where NY 20SY left NY 5 and NY 92 west of the village and bypassed Fayetteville to the southwest on Highbridge Road before rejoining NY 92 just north of Manlius . The NY 20N and NY 20SY designations were removed c . 1962 , at which time NY 92 was realigned to bypass Fayetteville by way of NY 20SY 's former routing southwest of the village .
= = Major intersections = =
= Mitică =
Mitică ( Romanian pronunciation : [ miˈtikə ] ) is a fictional character who appears in several sketch stories by Romanian writer Ion Luca Caragiale . The character 's name is a common hypocoristic form of Dumitru or Dimitrie ( Romanian for Demetrius ) . He is one of the best @-@ known figures in Caragiale 's 1901 collection Momente şi schiţe , as well as in Romanian humor at large . Mitică is a male resident of Bucharest whose background and status are not always clear , generally seen as an allegory of the average Bucharester or through extension , inhabitants of Romania 's southern regions — Wallachia and Muntenia . According to accounts , he was based on a resident of Sinaia , whom Caragiale had befriended .
Caragiale used Mitică as a stock character to feature in satirical contexts ; the biographical insights he provided are short and often contradict each other . Among Mitică 's traits are his tendency to generate sarcastic comebacks and sententious catchphrases , a Francized speech , as well as inclinations to waste time and easily find his way out of problematic situations . His existence is connected to events in the history of Bucharest which he occasionally references in his jokes . Like Lache and Mache , who are present in Caragiale 's fiction , the character is usually portrayed as a civil servant who has a hard time making ends meet , but who is well liked by his peers .
On account of his caricature @-@ like nature , Mitică survived in common reference beyond Caragiale 's age . The character was portrayed by several actors , and most notably by Ştefan Iordache in the film De ce trag clopotele , Mitică ? . In contemporary Romanian , his name was turned into a common noun , and often pluralized under the form mitici . During and after the 1990s , the terms surfaced in polemics surrounding Romania 's centralism and the alternative projects for Transylvania 's regional autonomy . In this context , it was used in reference to administrators from Bucharest or the Old Kingdom . In parallel , the term was adapted into a stereotype of modern Bucharesters and inhabitants of other regions over the Southern Carpathians , who are often portrayed as belonging to the Balkans , as opposed to the Central European traditions of Transylvania . Under these definitions , Mitică and mitici were notably present in essays authored by the Transylvanian activist Sabin Gherman .
= = Eponymous sketch = =
Ion Luca Caragiale first introduced Mitică to his readers in an eponymous sketch of 1900 , where he evidenced the character 's universal traits and indicates that the first name is enough to define the character . The opening passage notably draws a parallel between Bucharest and Paris ( at a time when the Romanian capital was colloquially known as " little Paris " or " Paris of the East " ) , and mentions Gambrinus , a pub owned and managed by the writer himself :
" Of course we all ought to know [ Mitică ] : we bump into him so very often — in shops , in the trolley , in the tram car , on a bicycle , in the train wagon , at the restaurant , at Gambrinus — in short , everywhere .
Mitică is the Bucharester par excellence . And given that Bucharest is a little Paris , Mitică himself is , obviously , a little Parisian .
He is neither young nor old , neither handsome nor ugly , he is so so ; he is a lad whose features are all balanced ; but that
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which sets him apart , that which makes him have a marked character is his original and inventive spirit . "
With sarcasm , Caragiale proceeds to indicate that the character 's main trait is his inventive use of Romanian and his tendency to coin terms and make jokes , with which " First and foremost , our little Parisian astounds the provincials " . The remainder of the sketch lists Mitică 's remarks , part of which are platitudes or clichés . Some of them are isolated observations , which the author defines as " sentimental , lyrical , and melancholic " : " The most beautiful girl can only offer what she has to offer " , " Life is a dream , death is an awakening " , and " Every rose has its thorn " .
Most of Mitică 's lines are comebacks in dialogue , and Caragiale notes that his character takes pride in " being unrivaled " when it comes to these . The writer implicates himself in the story , portraying himself as his character 's good friend and a main target for such remarks — for instance , he recounts that , soon after New Years ' Eve 1900 , Mitică pretended not to have recognized him because " it 's been a century since we last saw each other ! " He writes how , when he was ordering a ţuica in the presence of Mitică , the latter jokingly asked the bartender not to comply , " for [ Caragiale ] is likely to drink it " .
The character 's lines offer glimpses into his financial and social status . Thus , he claims that he does not carry change because the metal might attract lightning , refuses to listen to his friends ' confessions because they did not pay the revenue stamp for complaints , and , when told that cabs are available , he sarcastically tells the drivers that they may go home . In one instance , he publicizes his goal to run in elections , but explains that he is going to contest a non @-@ existing seat — at a time when the Romanian Kingdom made use of the census suffrage and had established electoral colleges to stand for the three wealth @-@ based categories , he claims his intention to enlist in the fourth college , for the sparsely @-@ populated area of Bucureştii @-@ Noi . The sketch shows him to be married and to resent his mother @-@ in @-@ law , but to be courting a young female telegraph @-@ operator .
In this context , Mitică is shown to have developed a series of jargon @-@ like expressions . When recounting this to his friends that a clerk has been fired from office , refers to this " a promotion " , elaborating that the new office involves " chasing flies out of [ the park in ] Cişmigiu " . Caragiale provides some of his character 's one @-@ liner jokes , which include references to garlic as " Serbian vanilla " , and to Romanian leu banknotes as " Trajan 's pictures " ( alluding to their design , which , at the time , featured a portrait of the Roman Emperor ) . His absurd requests include asking a shopkeeper to sell him " a few centimeters " of yogurt , and telling friends to drink their beer " before it cools itself " or to " climb on top of a sheet of paper " in order to reach for clothes placed higher on a stand . Several of his puns refer to the switch from horse @-@ drawn trams to trolley poles , for instance showing him blaming unexpected stops on horses not having been properly fed .
= = Other texts = =
Mitică was again present in Caragiale 's Tot Mitică ( " Mitică Still " ) , a sketch which only comprises sections of dialog . It begins with an exchange of lines between an unnamed character and Mitică , which was to become one of the best known puns in this sequence . When asked the general interest question De ce trage clopotele , Mitică ? ( " What are they sounding the [ church ] bells for , Mitică ? " , which , in the Romanian original , may be interpreted as " What are they pulling the bells by ? " ) , the protagonist answers De frânghie , monşer ( " By the string , my dear " ) .
Tot Mitică offers other glimpses into the character 's financial problems , showing him complaining that he has been " pulling the devil 's tail " — using a traditional proverb to indicate that he has had a hard time getting by . To this , he adds that the devil would be suing him for injuries . He claims that he is going to spend his vacation in the mountains , and elaborates that he is talking about the pawnbroking institution known as muntele de pietate ( from the French for " Mountain of Piety " ; see Mont de Piété ) . Mitică enters a restaurant to order only things which he knows are free ( " a toothpick , a match , a glass of water and a newspaper " ) . In other such sequences of events , he is shown eating in a pub as a means to " defend himself from death " , and borrowing money which he promises not to return .
When , in order to converse with a friend in a different compartment , he is traveling second class on a first class train ticket , Mitică asks the conductor to pay him the difference . He is shown anxiously walking about in the Bucharest Tribunal hall , and asking to see a lawyer for his defense , jokingly claims that he wants to be defended " from flies " . When invited for a walk in the Herăstrău Park , which was heavily forested at the time , he pretends to have understood this as an invitation to chop trees , and stresses that he buys his firewood .
Mitică still frequents the beer garden , and one of the dialogs mentions that he spends entire nights there . He is shown to be flirting with women , including the telephone operator , and boasts that several ladies visit him in his home .
The sketch includes several references to well @-@ known characters of the day , including the Conservative Party leader Petre P. Carp , the archaeologist Grigore Tocilescu , the Royal administrator Ioan Kalinderu , the actor Ion Niculescu ( as Iancu Niculescu ) , as well as the dentist Kibrik . The character reveals his tendencies toward political satire , with a one @-@ liner introduced by Caragiale 's definition of " Mitică as a chauvinist " — Mitică is shown announcing that the only song he wants to have played at his funeral is the nationalist tune Deşteaptă @-@ te , române ! ( which translates as " Awaken Thee , Romanian ! " ) .
In addition to the main sketch and Tot Mitică , Caragiale introduced a character of this name in a longer piece , titled 1 Aprilie ( " The 1st of April " ) , which centers on an April Fool gone wrong . Late in the evening , this Mitică decides to hide in Cişmigiu while his lover Cleopatra pretends to court their common friend Mişu Poltronul — with simulated indignation , he takes Mişu by surprise as Cleopatra embraces him . Mitică dies hours after Mişu , who reacts out of instinct to his threatening voice , hits him over the forehead with a cane . Another Mitică — " Mr. Mitică the haberdasher " , whose family name is probably Georgescu — is present in the 1900 sketch La Moşi ( " At the Fair in Obor " ) , where he is shown accompanied by his family and ridiculing his mother @-@ in @-@ law in public . In another such piece , titled Iniţiativa ... ( " The Initiative ... " ) , Caragiale recounts another dialog with " my buddy Mitică " , who is shown to be unnerved that the Romanian state " is indifferent " to the fact that infants , his daughter included , do not have wet nurses assigned to them , and that breastfeeding has to rely on the private sector . Another or the same Mitică makes a brief appearance in Inspecţiune ( " An Inspection " ) , where he is one of the clerks investigating the bizarre suicide of the civil servant Anghelache .
A Mitică is present in the piece called Ţal ! ... — the title comes from a face ţal ( " to make ţal " ) , an antiquated expression which , as Caragiale explains in the beginning of his story , means " to make a payment " ( from the German zahlen ) . The writer illustrates this concept by invoking a meeting between him , Mitică , and Mitică 's wife Graziella . Caragiale recounts how his friend served him and others a copious dinner in his house , and then made them sit through Graziella 's reading of her own lengthy essay on women as portrayed in Romanian folklore . To this goal , Caragiale explains , Mitică discreetly claimed that it was ţal and added , using a quasi @-@ official parlance , that " all bills are to be paid " . The piece ends with Caragiale exiting Mitică 's house in haste and : as the latter shouts " to be seeing each other " , he exclaims " to be left alone , Mitică " .
= = Background themes and sources of inspiration = =
Despite Mitică 's association with Bucharest and his usual most common career as a state employee , several commentators have recounted that he may have been based on Gheorghe Matheescu , an entrepreneur from the town of Sinaia ( located on the Prahova Valley , in northern Muntenia ) . Matheescu took pride in this supposed connection , and , around 1939 , argued in its favor in front of literary historian Şerban Cioculescu . Cioculescu recorded the rumor , and indicated that it was backed by information received from Caragiale 's daughter , Ecaterina Logadi . Her father reportedly enjoyed Matheescu 's company , and , in 1901 , even authored short advertisements for his store .
Mitică and Lache and Mache have often been seen as three manifestations of a main type in Caragiale 's work — the petty clerk who spends his time off in lively company . Literary historian Garabet Ibrăileanu , an adherent to the left @-@ wing trend known as Poporanism , was among the first to stress that Mitică 's name , like those of Lache and Mache , was actually supposed to enhance his everyday nature , while arguing that the character stood for the first generation of commoners with access to education . Ibrăileanu , who criticized Caragiale for his satirical overview of the social process , believed that the clerks in his work are unnecessarily cynical , and stressed that Inspecţiune was the only one of his works were " one sees at least one glitter of kindness in the souls of the mitici " .
Literary historian George Călinescu saw Mitică as a main representative of Balkan subjects in Ion Luca Caragiale 's prose , and listed among the character 's other traits his pessimism in respect to historical developments , as well as his interest in rallying people off the street and imposing his ideas on them . He defined the latter aspect as " southern " , and noted that , like other heroes of Caragiale 's sketches , Mitică is " at the antipode of Romanticism " , and inhabits a place where " Gothic meditation does not flourish " . In his history of the Junimea literary society , Z. Ornea argued that there was a link between Mitică 's personality and Caragiale 's strong rejection of nationalism :
" Caragiale 's mitici are jovial , good @-@ natured characters , easy @-@ going in their thought and behavior . Solemnity does not suit them and fanatical monomanias are unimaginable in this context . An ecstatically nationalist Mitică is a contradiction in terms , since his formula in life is accommodation , adaption to the situations . "
The character and his counterparts have been understood as purveyors and exponents of moft , a concept treasured by Caragiale . The word , meaning " trifle " or " nonsense " , refers to pretentious and often ridiculous expectations of people caricatured in his work , but is uttered by such characters in reference to each other ( as their tendency to dismiss events they are confronted with , no matter how important they may be ) . Moft was notably present in Caragiale 's own satirical magazine , Moftul Român ( which he issued at intervals in the 1890s and after 1900 ) . Two mentions of , respectively , moft and the magazine itself are made in Tot Mitică ( in reference to Petre P. Carp and to a woman courted by Mitică 's friend Costică ) .
Mitică 's voluble nature has itself been considered to have negative implications . An assessment of this was offered by Călinescu , who rejected the popular take on the character as boorish :
" Mitică is a gossiper , a scoundrel , an intriguer , in general on account of his garrulous nature , and a generous and confusing mystifier , agreeing to render services without having the strength to complete them , which in turn permits him to ask services from anyone else [ ... ] . He is easy @-@ going , with a horror for suffering and is most of all a well @-@ mannered man . The impression that Caragiale 's heroes are vulgar is false and mostly arises from the fact that , wishing to seem distinguished , they have not yet cultivated their speech and gestures . "
Caragiale created Mitică at a time when the Romanian culture as developed in the Old Kingdom was the recipient of French influence , and the Romanian language was open to Francization . The character himself partakes in the process , and is shown to have adopted several of the manners and pastimes associated with the French Third Republic .
= = Modern uses and influence = =
= = = Cultural and political symbol = = =
The literary critic Paul Zarifopol , who was Ion Luca Caragiale 's good friend , made several references to Mitică as a prototype of ignorance . He thus used the character to define the most ignorant of journalists and newspaper readers , and , in his lengthy essay titled Din registrul ideilor gingaşe ( " From the Register of Gentle Ideas " ) , argued that Mitică 's traits survived in the manners and morals of state employees and journalists after Caragiale 's death , throughout World War I and after the creation of Greater Romania .
Political interpretations of Mitică 's status were present at an earlier stage : in his influential essay Neoiobăgia ( " Neo @-@ Serfdom " ) , the Marxist thinker Constantin Dobrogeanu @-@ Gherea , himself a friend of Caragiale , used Iniţiativa ... ' s protagonist to illustrate the interventionist policies of the National Liberal cabinets . He contended that the two terms of his comparison shared " a mania for [ state ] intervention " , and argued that the National Liberals had a tendency to overregulate the economy .
Commentators such as Constantin Amăriuţei have proposed that there is an intrinsic connection between Mitică and Gore Pirgu , one of the protagonists in the novel Craii de Curtea @-@ Veche , authored by Ion Luca Caragiale 's son and rival , the Symbolist Mateiu Caragiale . Pirgu , who enjoys a successful career during the interwar despite having a shady past and coarse manners , has been defined by Amăriuţei as " the eternal and real Mitică of the Romanian world " .
Constantin Amăriuţei was noted for defining Mitică 's character ( Miticism ) through onthologic terms borrowed from the German philosopher Martin Heidegger . He thus argued that , for all their mundane motivations , the character and his peers illustrated a search present with all individuals , identifiable with Heidegger 's concepts of Being @-@ in @-@ the @-@ World and Being @-@ toward @-@ death ( see Heideggerian terminology ) .
In 2000 , several essays by literary historian Laurenţiu Ulici were published posthumously , under the title Mitică şi Hyperion ( " Mitică and Hyperion " ) . This name drew a direct comparison between the voluble Mitică and an equally famous character in Romanian literature , the aloof , rational , and god @-@ like protagonist of Mihai Eminescu 's poem Luceafărul ( " The Morning Star " ) . Ulici attempted to synthesize the two conflicting natures in the Romanian identity , and viewed the two as terms in " an oxymoron " standing at the center of Romanian culture .
In his essay on the history of drunkenness in Romanian culture , Mircea Bălan defined Mitică as :
" The Bucharest wise guy , a haughty rascal , a swindler doubled by a thief and a boor giving himself airs , deplorable , awkward and discredited from the get @-@ go , in reality an aborted « dastard » , an aborted « wanton » . "
Literary critic Ioana Pârvulescu agreed that there was a link between Mitică and other characters in Caragiale 's sketches ; she subsequently argued that formed an integral part of the writer 's caricature of Romania in its entirety , and that the measure to which they reflected reality is impossible to detect . In her 2007 volume of essays , titled În Ţara Miticilor . De şapte ori Caragiale ( " In the Land of the Mitici . Seven Times Caragiale " ) , she stressed that the character was both more human and more artificial than his usual interpretations in 20th century commentary .
A particular definition of Mitică and mitici was adopted by many inhabitants of Transylvania , who used the terms in reference to either Bucharest @-@ based politicians or inhabitants of the city at large , and contrasted them with their counterparts to the northwest . The character has thus evolved to include a stereotypical view of contemporary Bucharesters or Wallachians , one which depicts them as sciolist , arrogant , aggressive and cunning . In other contexts , the mitici may be seen as not having an adequate familiarity with the culture of Transylvania , and are associated with the Balkans ( whereas Transylvania is identified with Central Europe ) .
In September 1998 , the Transylvanian journalist and essayist Sabin Gherman issued a pamphlet titled M @-@ am săturat de România ( " I 've Grown Tired of Romania " ) , which was at the center of a scandal over its radical tone and demands for regional autonomy in Transylvania . In its first lines , the message drew a parallel between Mitică and " politicians in power " , identifying centralism and the politics of Romania with , among other things , disorganization and statism . Gherman went on to contrast " the seriousness , the elegance , the discipline " which he attributed to Transylvania with the invasion of " miticisms , ordinary Balkanisms , the civilization of pumpkin seeds " . The latter sentence comprised a reference to the habit of consuming seeds as snacks , in which he saw evidence of rudimentary behavior :
" Here [ that is , outside Transylvania ] , one doesn 't have rights , but complaisances . Here they eat pumpkin seeds , they use « there is many » in their speech , and , in general , people get born , multiply themselves and die . "
= = = Portrayals and tributes = = =
One of the best @-@ known references to the character is the 1981 film De ce trag clopotele , Mitică ? ( translated as " Why Are the Bells Ringing , Mitică ? " ) , directed by Lucian Pintilie . Titled after the opening dialog in Tot Mitică , the film was actually structured around Caragiale 's play D @-@ ale carnavalului , and included portions from several other writings — including 1 Aprilie . Mitică , who makes a brief appearance before dying at the hands of Mişu Poltronul , is portrayed by Ştefan Iordache . De ce trag clopotele , Mitică ? was noted for its subtle undertones , through which it expressed criticism of the Romanian communist regime ( at a time when the country was led by Nicolae Ceauşescu ) .
In 2003 , the Luceafărul Theater in Iaşi hosted a dramatized version of Momente şi schiţe . Titled În lumea lui Mitică ( " In Mitică 's World " ) , it was directed by Constantin Brehnescu and starred Dionisie Vitcu .
The national television channel TVR 2 produces a weekly show titled D 'ale lu ' Mitică ( roughly : " Mitică 's Stuff " ) , whose title is inspired by Caragiale 's hero . Hosted by the actor Mitică Popescu , the show groups reportage pieces from the Romanian countryside , recording unusual events which , the editors believe , serve to illustrate the problems faced by small communities in the post @-@ 1989 transition period .
= From Russia with Love ( film ) =
From Russia with Love is a 1963 British @-@ American spy thriller film , directed by Terence Young , produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman , and written by Richard Maibaum , based on Ian Fleming 's 1957 novel of the same name . It is the second film in the James Bond film series , as well as Sean Connery 's second role as MI6 agent James Bond . In the film , Bond is sent to assist in the defection of Soviet consulate clerk Tatiana Romanova in Turkey , where SPECTRE plans to avenge Bond 's killing of Dr. No .
Following the success of Dr. No , United Artists greenlit a sequel and doubled the budget available for the producers . In addition to filming on location in Turkey , the action scenes were shot at Pinewood Studios , Buckinghamshire and in Scotland . Production ran over budget and schedule , and was rushed to finish by its scheduled October 1963 release date .
From Russia with Love was a critical and commercial success , taking over $ 78 million in worldwide box office receipts over its $ 2 million budget , more than its predecessor Dr. No , becoming a blockbuster in 1960s cinema .
= = Plot = =
Seeking to exact revenge on James Bond ( 007 ) for killing SPECTRE 's agent , Dr. No , the organisation 's expert planner , Kronsteen , devises a plan to manipulate him into stealing a Lektor cryptographic device from the Soviets . SPECTRE 's leader , Number 1 , puts Rosa Klebb , an ex @-@ SMERSH operative and the organisation 's Number 3 , in charge of the mission . Klebb recruits Donald " Red " Grant , ordering him to protect Bond until he acquires the Lektor , before killing him for it and bringing the device back to SPECTRE so they can sell it back to the Soviets . To further assist the scheme , Klebb recruits Tatiana Romanova , a cipher clerk at the Soviet consulate in Istanbul , whom she fools into thinking that she is still working for SMERSH . In London , M informs Bond that Romanova has contacted their " Station ' T ' " in Turkey , offering to defect with a Lektor , which both MI6 and the CIA have been after for years . However , Romanova 's message states that she will only defect if brought back by Bond , whose photo she had supposedly found in a Soviet intelligence file . Prior to his departure , Bond is supplied with a attaché case containing a concealed knife , concealed gold sovereigns , and a special tear gas booby trap connected to the lock mechanism , along with an Armalite AR @-@ 7 rifle .
After travelling to Istanbul , Bond heads into the city to meet with station head Ali Kerim Bey , tailed by Bulgarians working for the Russians . They are in turn tailed by Grant , who kills one of them after Bond is taken back to his hotel , stealing their car and dumping it outside the Soviet consulate to implicate Kerim Bey . After Karim Bey luckily escapes a limpet mine attempt on his life , he assists Bond the following day to spy on the Soviet consulate . Upon learning that a rival agent , Krilencu , has recently returned and suspecting he was behind the attack on his life , Kerim Bey declares it unwise to stay in the city and takes Bond with him to a rural gypsy settlement . However , Krilencu learns of this and promptly attacks with his men . While Kerim Bey is wounded in the attack , Bond narrowly avoids being killed by being secretly saved by Grant . The following night , Bond and Kerim Bey track down Krilencu to his hideout and kill him with Bond 's rifle .
Upon returning to his hotel suite that night , Bond finds Romanova waiting for him in his bed and sleeps with her ; neither are aware of SPECTRE filming them . The next day , Romanova heads off for a pre @-@ arranged rendezvous at Hagia Sophia to drop off the floor plans for the consulate , with Grant ensuring Bond receives the plans by killing the other Bulgarian tail who attempts to intercept the drop . Using the plans , Bond and Kerim Bey successfully steal the Lektor and , together with Romanova , escape with the device onto the Orient Express . On the train , Kerim Bey quickly notices a Soviet security officer named Benz tailing them , prompting him and Bond to subdue him . When Bond leaves Benz and Kerim Bey alone together , Grant kills them , and makes it appear as though they killed each other , preventing Bond from leaving the train with Romanova to rendezvous with one of Kerim 's men . At the next station , Bond passes on word of Kerim Bey 's death , and requests for an agent from Station Y to meet him at Zagreb . However , when the train arrives at the station , Grant intercepts Nash , sent from Station Y , killing him before posing as him . After drugging Romanova at dinner , Grant overcomes Bond , before taunting him about SPECTRE 's involvement in the theft . After disclosing that Romanova was unaware of what was truly going on , believing she was working for Russia , Grant reveals to Bond his plans to leave behind the film SPECTRE took of him and Romanova in the hotel , along with a forged blackmail letter , to make it appear that their deaths were the result of a murder @-@ suicide . Bond quickly convinces him to accept a bribe of gold sovereigns in exchange for a final cigarette , tricking Grant into setting off the booby trap in his attaché case . In the ensuing struggle , Bond narrowly gains the upper hand , stabbing Grant with the case 's concealed knife before strangling him with his own garrotte . At dawn , Romanova , having recovered , leaves the train with Bond , whereupon they hijack Grant 's getaway truck and drive to a dock , taking a moored boat Grant planned to use .
Upon hearing the news of Grant 's death , Number 1 summons Kronsteen and Klebb to remind them that SPECTRE does not tolerate failure , before having Kronsteen executed . Klebb , given one final chance to complete the mission , is instructed to get back the Lektor before Bond returns to Britain . Klebb sends a SPECTRE agent named Morzeny , to intercept Bond with a squadron of SPECTRE 's boats . However , Bond escapes by releasing his boat 's gasoline drums and detonating them with a signal flare which engulfs his pursuer 's boats in flames . Eventually , he and Romanova reach Venice and check into a hotel . While discussing his mission 's success , Klebb , disguised as a maid , attempts to steal the Lektor . Struggling with Bond , she tries to kill him with a gun and then a poisoned toe @-@ spike concealed in her shoe , until Romanova shoots her . In the final scene , Bond throws the bedroom film of himself and Romanova into the water as they motorboat down the canal .
= = Cast = =
Sean Connery as James Bond : Secret Intelligence Service Agent 007 .
Daniela Bianchi as Tatiana Romanova ( voiced by Barbara Jefford ) : Soviet Embassy clerk and Bond 's love interest . Fleming based Romanova on Christine Granville .
Pedro Armendáriz as Ali Kerim Bey : British Intelligence station chief in Istanbul .
Lotte Lenya as Rosa Klebb : A former SMERSH colonel , now chief operations officer for SPECTRE .
Robert Shaw as Donald " Red " Grant : Cunning SPECTRE assassin and one of the principal Bond enemies .
Bernard Lee as M : Chief of British Intelligence .
Walter Gotell as Morzeny : SPECTRE thug who trains personnel on SPECTRE Island .
Vladek Sheybal as Kronsteen : Chess grandmaster , and chief planning officer for SPECTRE .
" ? " ( anonymous credit for Anthony Dawson ( body ) and Eric Pohlmann ( voice ) ) as " Number 1 " ( Ernst Stavro Blofeld ) : Chief of SPECTRE and Bond 's nemesis .
Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny : M 's secretary .
Desmond Llewelyn as Major Boothroyd : Head of " Q " Section ( British Intelligence gadgetry department ) .
Eunice Gayson as Sylvia Trench : Bond 's semi @-@ regular girlfriend .
Francis de Wolff as Vavra : Chief of a Gypsy tribe used for dirty work by Kerim Bey .
George Pastell as the Orient Express train conductor .
Fred Haggerty as Krilencu : A
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all escaped with minor injuries . Despite the calamity , Young was behind the camera for the full day 's work . A few days later , Bianchi 's driver fell asleep during the commute to a 6 am shoot and crashed the car . The actress 's face was bruised and Bianchi 's scenes had to be delayed for two weeks while the facial contusions healed .
The helicopter and boat chase scenes were not in the original novel but were added to create an action climax . The former was inspired by the crop @-@ dusting scene in Hitchcock 's North by Northwest and the latter by a previous Young / Broccoli / Maibaum collaboration , The Red Beret . These two scenes would initially be shot in Istanbul but were moved to Scotland . The speed @-@ boats could not run fast enough due to the many waves in the sea , and a rented boat filled with cameras ended up sinking in the Bosphorus . A helicopter was also hard to obtain , and the special effects crew were nearly arrested trying to get one at a local air base . The helicopter chase was filmed with a radio controlled miniature helicopter . The sounds of the boat chase were replaced in post @-@ production since the boats were not loud enough , and the explosion , shot in Pinewood , got out of control , burning Walter Gotell 's eyelids and seriously injuring three stuntmen .
Photographer David Hurn was commissioned by the producers of the James Bond films to shoot a series of stills with Sean Connery and the actresses of the film . When the theatrical property Walther PPK pistol did not arrive , Hurn volunteered the use of his own Walther LP @-@ 53 air pistol . Though the photographs of the " James Bond is Back " posters of the US release airbrushed out the long barrel of the pistol , film poster artist Renato Fratini used the long @-@ barrelled pistol for his drawings of Connery on the British posters .
For the opening credits , Maurice Binder had disagreements with the producers and did not want to return . Designer Robert Brownjohn stepped into his place , and projected the credits on female dancers , inspired by constructivist artist László Moholy @-@ Nagy projecting light onto clouds in the 1920s . Brownjohn 's work started the tradition of scantily clad women in the Bond films ' title sequences .
= = = Music = = =
From Russia with Love is the first Bond film in the series with John Barry as the primary soundtrack composer . The theme song was composed by Lionel Bart of Oliver ! fame and sung by Matt Monro , although the title credit music is a lively instrumental version of the tune beginning with Barry 's brief James Bond is Back then segueing into Monty Norman 's " James Bond Theme " . Monro 's vocal version is later played during the film ( as source music on a radio ) and properly over the film 's end titles . Barry travelled with the crew to Turkey to try getting influences of the local music , but ended up using almost nothing , just local instruments such as finger cymbals to give an exotic feeling , since he thought the Turkish music had a comedic tone that did not fit in the " dramatic feeling " of the James Bond movies .
In this film , Barry introduced the percussive theme " 007 " — action music that came to be considered the " secondary James Bond theme " . He composed it to have a lighter , enthusiastic and more adventurous theme to relax the audience . The arrangement appears twice on the soundtrack album ; the second version , entitled " 007 Takes the Lektor " , is the one used during the gunfight at the Gypsy camp and also during Bond 's theft of the Lektor decoding machine . The completed film features a holdover from the Monty Norman @-@ supervised Dr. No music ; the post @-@ rocket @-@ launch music from Dr. No is played in From Russia with Love during the helicopter and speedboat attacks .
= = Release and reception = =
From Russia with Love premiered on 10 October 1963 at the Odeon Leicester Square in London . Ian Fleming , Sean Connery and Walter Gotell attended the premiere . The following year , it was released in 16 countries worldwide , with the United States premiere on 8 April 1964 , at New York 's Astor Theatre . Upon its first release , From Russia with Love doubled Dr. No 's gross by earning $ 12 @.@ 5 million ( $ 95 million in 2016 dollars ) at the worldwide box office . After reissue it grossed $ 78 million , of which $ 24 million was from North America . It was the most popular movie at the British box office in 1963 .
The film 's cinematographer Ted Moore won the BAFTA award and the British Society of Cinematographers award for Best Cinematography . At the 1965 Laurel Awards , Lotte Lenya stood third for Best Female Supporting Performance , and the film secured second place in the Action @-@ Drama category . The film was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song for " From Russia with Love " .
= = = Contemporary reviews = = =
In comparing the film to its predecessor , Dr. No , Richard Roud , writing in The Guardian , said that From Russia with Love " didn 't seem quite so lively , quite so fresh , or quite so rhythmically fast @-@ moving . " He went on to say that " ... the film is highly immoral in every imaginable way ; it is neither uplifting , instructive nor life @-@ enhancing . Neither is it great film @-@ making . But it sure is fun . " Writing in The Observer , Penelope Gilliatt noted that " The way the credits are done has the same self @-@ mocking flamboyance as everything else in the picture . " Gilliatt went on to say that the film manages " to keep up its own cracking pace , nearly all the way . The set @-@ pieces are a stunning box of tricks " . The critic for The Times wrote of Bond that he is " the secret ideal of the congenital square , conventional in every particular ... except in morality , where he has the courage — and the physical equipment — to do without thinking what most of us feel we might be doing ... " The critic thought that overall , " the nonsense is all very amiable and tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek and will no doubt make a fortune for its devisers " .
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times said : " Don 't miss it ! This is to say , don 't miss it if you can still get the least bit of fun out of lurid adventure fiction and pseudo @-@ realistic fantasy . For this mad melodramatization of a desperate adventure of Bond with sinister characters in Istanbul and on the Orient Express is fictional exaggeration on a grand scale and in a dashing style , thoroughly illogical and improbable , but with tongue blithely wedged in cheek . "
Time magazine called the film " fast , smart , shrewdly directed and capably performed " and commented extensively on the film 's humour , saying " Director Young is a master of the form he ridicules , and in almost every episode he hands the audience shocks as well as yocks . But the yocks are more memorable . They result from slight but sly infractions of the thriller formula . A Russian agent , for instance , does not simply escape through a window ; no , he escapes through a window in a brick wall painted with a colossal poster portrait of Anita Ekberg , and as he crawls out of the window , he seems to be crawling out of Anita 's mouth . Or again , Bond does not simply train a telescope on the Russian consulate and hope he can read somebody 's lips ; no , he makes his way laboriously into a gallery beneath the joint , runs a submarine periscope up through the walls , and there , at close range , inspects two important Soviet secrets : the heroine 's legs . "
= = = Reflective reviews = = =
From Russia with Love received generally positive reviews from critics ; Rotten Tomatoes sampled 49 reviewers and judged 96 % of the reviews to be positive . Many online sites also commonly state From Russia with Love as the best Bond film of all time .
In his 1986 book , Danny Peary described From Russia with Love as " an excellent , surprisingly tough and gritty James Bond film " which is " refreshingly free of the gimmickry that would characterise the later Bond films , and Connery and Bianchi play real people . We worry about them and hope their relationship will work out ... Shaw and Lotte Lenya are splendid villains . Both have exciting , well @-@ choreographed fights with Connery . Actors play it straight , with excellent results . "
Film critic James Berardinelli cited this as his favourite Bond film , writing " Only From Russia with Love avoids slipping into the comic book realm of Goldfinger and its successors while giving us a sampling of the familiar Bond formula ( action , gadgets , women , cars , etc . ) . From Russia with Love is effectively paced and plotted , features a gallery of detestable rogues ( including the ultimate Bond villain , Blofeld ) , and offers countless thrills " .
In June 2001 Neil Smith of BBC Films called it " a film that only gets better with age " . In 2004 , Total Film magazine named it the ninth @-@ greatest British film of all time , making it the only James Bond film to appear on the list . In 2006 , Jay Antani of Filmcritic praised the film 's " impressive staging of action scenes " , while IGN listed it as second @-@ best Bond film ever , behind only Goldfinger . That same year , Entertainment Weekly put the film at ninth among Bond films , criticising the slow pace . When the " James Bond Ultimate Collector 's Set " was released in November 2007 by MGM , Norman Wilner of MSN chose From Russia with Love as the best Bond film . Conversely , in his book about the Bond phenomenon , The Man With the Golden Touch , British author Sinclair McKay states " I know it is heresy to say so , and that some enthusiasts regard From Russia With Love as the Holy Grail of Bond , but let 's be searingly honest – some of it is crashingly dull . " In 2014 Time Out polled several film critics , directors , actors and stunt actors to list their top action films ; From Russia With Love was listed at 69 .
The British Film Institute 's screenonline guide called the film " one of the series ' high points " and said it " had advantages not enjoyed by many later Bond films , notably an intelligent script that retained the substance of Ian Fleming 's novel while toning down the overt Cold War politics ( the Cuban Missile Crisis had only occurred the previous year ) . " In 2008 , Michael G. Wilson , the current co @-@ producer of the series , stated " We always start out trying to make another From Russia with Love and end up with another Thunderball . " Sean Connery , Michael G. Wilson , Barbara Broccoli , Timothy Dalton and Daniel Craig also consider this their favourite Bond film . Albert Broccoli listed it with Goldfinger and The Spy Who Loved Me as one of his top three favourites , explaining that he felt " it was with this film that the Bond style and formula were perfected " .
= = Video game adaptation = =
In 2005 , the From Russia with Love video game was developed by Electronic Arts and released on 1 November 2005 in North America . It follows the storyline of the book and film , albeit adding in new scenes , making it more action @-@ oriented . One of the most significant changes to the story is the replacement of the organisation SPECTRE to OCTOPUS because the name SPECTRE constituted a long @-@ running legal dispute over the film rights to Thunderball between United Artists / MGM and writer Kevin McClory . Most of the cast from the film returned in likeness . Connery not only allowed his 1960s likeness as Bond to be used , but the actor , in his 70s , also recorded the character 's dialogue , marking a return to the role 22 years after he last played Bond in Never Say Never Again . Featuring a third @-@ person multiplayer deathmatch mode , the game depicts several elements of later Bond films such as the Aston Martin DB5 from Goldfinger ( 1964 ) and the rocketbelt from Thunderball ( 1965 ) .
The game was penned by Bruce Feirstein who previously worked on the film scripts for GoldenEye , Tomorrow Never Dies , The World Is Not Enough , and the 2004 video game , Everything or Nothing . Its soundtrack was composed by Christopher Lennertz and Vic Flick .
= Louvre Abu Dhabi =
The Louvre Abu Dhabi is a planned museum , to be located in Abu Dhabi , UAE . On Tuesday 7 March 2007 , the Louvre in Paris announced that a new Louvre museum would be completed by 2012 in Abu Dhabi , with a revised estimate in early 2013 for a completion date of 2015 . These both fell short of the current projection of an opening in late 2016 . This is part of a thirty @-@ year agreement between the city of Abu Dhabi and the French government . The museum is to be located on the Saadiyat Island Cultural District , and will be approximately 24 @,@ 000 square metres ( 260 @,@ 000 sq ft ) in size . The final cost of the construction is expected to be between € 83 million and € 108 million . In addition , US $ 525 million was paid by Abu Dhabi to be associated with the Louvre name , and an additional $ 747 million will be paid in exchange for art loans , special exhibitions and management advice .
Artwork from around the world will be showcased at the museum , with particular focus placed upon bridging the gap between Eastern and Western art . However , the construction of the museum has caused much controversy in the art world , as many objections have been raised as to the motives of the Louvre in this deal .
= = History = =
The establishment of this museum was approved by the French Parliament on 9 October 2007 . The architect for the building will be Jean Nouvel and the engineers are Buro Happold . Jean Nouvel also designed the Institut du Monde Arabe in Paris .
The museum will be part of a US $ 27 billion tourist and cultural development for Saadiyat Island , a complex which is planned to include three other museums , including a Guggenheim Museum and the Zayed National Museum . According to the government sponsored website UAE Interact : " The French Museums Agency will operate in collaboration with the Tourism Development and Investment Company ( TDIC ) , which is behind the transformation of Saadiyat Island . It will be chaired by French financier and member of the country 's Académie des Beaux @-@ Arts , Marc Ladreit de Lacharrière , publisher of the periodical Revue des Deux Mondes . " Bruno Maquart , the former Executive Director of Centre Georges Pompidou , will take the position of Executive Director . "
By choosing the Louvre , the emirate of Abu Dhabi not only sealed a partnership with the world ’ s most visited and well @-@ known museum , but selected one which , from its very inception , had a vocation to reach out to the world , to the essence of mankind , through the contemplation of works of art .
= = Design = =
= = = Location = = =
Saadiyat Island 's Cultural District plans to house the largest single cluster of world @-@ class cultural assets . In addition to the Louvre Abu Dhabi these are intended to include : Zayed National Museum , to be designed by United Kingdom @-@ based architectural company Foster and Partners under the direction of Lord Norman Foster ; the Guggenheim Abu Dhabi contemporary arts museum - the world 's largest Guggenheim and the only museum to be located in the Middle East ; a performing arts centre designed by Zaha Hadid ; a maritime museum with concept design by Tadao Ando and a number of arts pavilions .
= = = Architecture = = =
The museum will be designed as a " seemingly floating dome structure " ; its web @-@ patterned dome allowing the sun to filter through . The overall effect is meant to represent " rays of sunlight passing through date palm fronds in an oasis . " The total area of the museum will be approximately 24 @,@ 000 square metres ( 260 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . The permanent collection will occupy 6 @,@ 000 square metres ( 65 @,@ 000 sq ft ) , and the temporary exhibitions will take place over 2 @,@ 000 square metres ( 22 @,@ 000 sq ft ) ,
= = = Construction = = =
Construction works at Louvre Abu Dhabi officially started on 26 May 2009 . Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan , the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and the President of France , Nicolas Sarkozy inaugurated an exhibition titled , Talking Art : Louvre Abu Dhabi at the Gallery One of the Emirates Palace Hotel which includes 19 works of art bought over the last 18 months for the Louvre Abu Dhabi , as well as loans from the French national museums to mark the beginning of the construction work . Piling works In Louvre were to be completed by August 2010 , with the piling and enabling works package awarded to the German specialized company ( Bauer International FZE ) . The total of 4536 piles consisted of RC Piles and H @-@ Piles and was completed on 3 August 2010 .
On 29 October 2011 , Tourism Development & Investment Company ( TDIC . ) , the project manager owned by the government of Abu Dhabi , announced it would delay establishing the museum . The company gave no new date . According to the UAE newspapers Gulf News and The National , the delay could be explained by a review of the emirate 's economic strategy .
In January 2012 it was confirmed that the Louvre Abu Dhabi 's new opening date would be 2015 .
Construction on the main phase of the museum began in early 2013 by a consortium headed by Arabtec , Constructora San José and Oger Abu Dhabi . This stage includes waterproofing and the two basement levels , along with four concrete pillars that will support the 7 @,@ 000 tonne dome .
Work on the construction of the gallery spaces and initial preparation for the dome began in the fourth quarter of 2013 . On 5 December 2013 , the first element of the museum 's canopy was lifted into place .
On 17 March 2014 TDIC announced the completion of the first permanent gallery structure to mark the first anniversary of the start of construction . At this time , it was claimed that a total of ten million man hours had been worked and 120 @,@ 538 cubic meters of concrete used .
On 22 September , the final super @-@ sized element in the canopy was fitted in place , marking a significant milestone in the museum 's construction phase . In October , The Tourism & Development Investment Company announced that the Louvre Abu Dhabi was more than 50 per cent complete .
= = = Brand and visual identity = = =
The logo and typeface for the Louvre Abu Dhabi was designed by Studio Philippe Apeloig , and is implemented in both Roman and Arabic script . Frutiger typeface was extended to create Frutiger LT to accommodate use across different languages .
Lebanese typographer , Kristyan Sarkis created the Arabic typeface , designed to reflect both the architecture of the building and the heat of
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the region .
The logo is completed by a broken line of shapes that reflect the shapes of the individual letters in the wordmark . Apeloig says the inspiration for both typeface and logo was the museum ’ s architectural elegance and lightness .
= = Collection = =
Questions have been raised as to the nature of the artworks to be displayed at the museum . However , according to the National : " the type and nature of the exhibits planned for the Louvre Abu Dhabi have been affected to no extent by the fact the new museum would be in a Muslim country , said Mr. Loyrette . "
Subjects and themes have been freely discussed with our partners in Abu Dhabi and no request to avoid such subjects has been made . The exhibition policy will be set up regarding excellence and high @-@ standard quality . As a new museum we hope the Louvre Abu Dhabi will be part of the international community .
It has been noted that the museum will showcase work from multiple French museums , including the Louvre , the Centre Georges Pompidou , the Musée d 'Orsay and Palace of Versailles . However , Donnedieu de Vabres , the French Culture Minister , stated at the announcement that the Paris Louvre " would not sell any of its 35 @,@ 000 @-@ piece collection currently on display " .
It will not be dedicated to occidental art but will show all kinds of artistic creations . It will set up a dialogue between west and east , between north and south . As such , art from the Middle East will be shown within the Louvre Abu Dhabi .
In 2012 , the Louvre Abu Dhabi started collecting photography , making its first acquisitions in the field , including works by Joseph @-@ Philibert Girault de Prangey , Roger Fenton and George Wilson Bridges . The museum also acquired a sculpture of a Bactrian princess dating from the third millennium BC , a pavement and fountain set from the early Ottoman period , as well as the paintings Breton Boys Wrestling ( 1888 ) by Paul Gauguin and The Subjugated Reader ( 1928 ) by René Magritte .
Further details of the museum 's collection on opening were revealed in October 2014 , with a number of important works to be loaned under the agreement with Agence France @-@ Muséums and the Musée du Louvre , including Leonardo Da Vinci 's La Belle Ferronniere and works by Henri Matisse , a self @-@ portrait by Vincent Van Gogh , Jacques @-@ Louis David 's Napoleon Crossing the Alps and Claude Monet 's Gare Saint @-@ Lazare , .
= = Exhibitions = =
The Louvre Abu Dhabi first started sharing its collection with the public through an exhibition entitled " Talking Art : Louvre Abu Dhabi , " which opened in May 2009 . The exhibition presented the first 19 acquisitions for the institution , including a Mamluk holy Koran from the 14th century , a 5th @-@ century Fibula from Domagnano , a Virgin and Child by Bellini , and Mondrian ’ s Composition with blue , red , yellow and black from 1922 .
A second exhibition , Birth of a Museum , opened at the exhibition space Manarat Al Saadiyat in May 2013 , ending in August that year . The first large @-@ scale preview of the collection , it featured 130 works acquired by the government of Abu Dhabi for the permanent collection . They included a never @-@ before seen work by Picasso , a Bronze Age terracotta statue from Cyprus , along with artifacts from Greece , Turkey , Japan and Syria .
In May 2014 , the Birth of a Museum exhibition , featuring works shown in Abu Dhabi and a number of new acquisitions opened at the Louvre in Paris . A number of new works were presented , including Chirisei Kyubiki by the Japanese artist Kazuo Shiraga and painted in 1960 .
= = Other programmes = =
The Louvre Abu Dhabi has also been working with the Paris Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi to set up a master ’ s program for museum professionals to train them and help them respond to local needs .
= = Management = =
= = = Contract = = =
Louvre Abu Dhabi is an entirely separate museum from the Louvre in Paris , although the two are linked by a thirty @-@ year branding and training agreement and the Paris Louvre is one of the 12 shareholders in Agence France @-@ Muséums . The thirty @-@ year agreement , signed by French Culture Minister Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres and Sheik Sultan bin Tahnoon Al Nahyan , will prompt the construction of a Louvre museum on Saadiyat Island , near central Abu Dhabi , in exchange for US $ 1 @.@ 3 billion . The contract prohibits the creation of any similar operation with the name of the Louvre in any of the other emirates of the UAE , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , Oman , Bahrain , Qatar , Egypt , Jordan , Syria , Lebanon , Iran , or Iraq . French President Jacques Chirac praised the museum deal with Abu Dhabi , saying it reflects " a certain idea of the world " in which each party to the accord , " proud of its roots and of its identity , is conscious of the equal dignity of all cultures . "
= = = Cost = = =
US $ 525 million was paid by Abu Dhabi to be associated with the Louvre name , and an additional $ 747 million in exchange for art loans , special exhibitions and management advice . Arabtec is leading a consortium that is building the museum under a $ 653 million contract awarded early in 2013 .
= = = Cost estimates = = =
US $ 525 million was paid by the city of Abu Dhabi for the use of the Louvre brand name , with US $ 195 million payable within a month . In addition to this , US $ 247 million will be paid for the loan of artworks from the Louvre over a ten @-@ year period , with a total of between two hundred and three hundred artworks expected . The Parisian Louvre will also be providing management advice to its Middle Eastern counterpart , at a cost of US $ 214 @.@ 5 million . An additional US $ 253 @.@ 5 million will be paid for various special exhibitions . A total of four exhibitions will be hosted per year over a period of fifteen years . The city of Abu Dhabi will also make a direct donation of US $ 32 @.@ 5 million to the Louvre to refurbish a wing of the Pavillon de Flore for the display of international art .
= = Controversies = =
The deal has sparked much controversy in both artistic and academic circles . According to Maymanah Farhat , " the controversy that has surfaced in France is led by art historian Didier Rykner , one of the most outspoken critics of the French – Emirati deal . " A petition against the deal , signed by 4 @,@ 650 museum experts , archaeologists and art historians , has insisted that " museums are not for sale . " The Louvre has been accused of behaving " like a corporation with a clearly @-@ defined strategy : profit maximization . " In the words of Didier Rykner :
We have lost a battle , but the combat continues .
= = = Human rights abuse controversies = = =
In April 2011 , over 120 international artists urged a boycott of both the Louvre and Guggenheim museums over concerns regarding the abuse and exploitation of construction workers employed to develop the complex . In December 2013 , The Guardian reported that conditions for the workers at the construction sites amount to modern @-@ day slavery .
= = = Response = = =
According to the New York Times , " Henri Loyrette , the president and director of the Louvre , has responded to growing criticism of the museum ’ s new policy of establishing footholds abroad , arguing that the Louvre cannot ignore the ' internationalization ' of museums . " He had the following to say in the museum 's defence :
It 's a fair fee for the concession of the name . This tutelary role deserves reward . It 's normal .
We 're not selling the French legacy and heritage . We want this culture to radiate to parts of the world that value it . We 're proud that Abu Dhabi wants to bring the Louvre here . We 're not here to transform culture into a consumer product .
Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan , UAE President and Ruler of Abu Dhabi said :
This is a major achievement in Abu Dhabi 's vision to become a world @-@ class destination bridging global cultures . This accord further strengthens international dialogue , which will embrace all cultures . This initiative is a unique milestone in international cooperation and bilateral relations and a tribute to the longstanding and friendly ties our two nations have enjoyed . It also creates an enriching environment to be treasured by and to educate generations to come .
= Wreck @-@ It Ralph =
Wreck @-@ It Ralph is a 2012 American 3D computer @-@ animated fantasy @-@ comedy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It is the 52nd animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series . The film was directed by Rich Moore , who has directed episodes of The Simpsons and Futurama , and the screenplay was written by Phil Johnston and Jennifer Lee from a story by Moore , Johnston and Jim Reardon . John Lasseter served as the executive producer . The film features the voices of John C. Reilly , Sarah Silverman , Jack McBrayer , and Jane Lynch . The film tells the story of the eponymous arcade game villain who rebels against his role and dreams of becoming a hero . He travels between games in the arcade , and ultimately must eliminate a dire threat that could affect the entire arcade , and one that Ralph himself inadvertently started .
Wreck @-@ It Ralph premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on October 29 , 2012 , and went into general release on November 2 . The film has earned $ 471 million in worldwide box office revenue , $ 189 million of which was earned in the United States and Canada ; it was met with critical and commercial success , winning the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature and receiving nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . The film was released on Blu @-@ ray and DVD on March 5 , 2013 .
A sequel titled Wreck @-@ It Ralph 2 is scheduled for release on March 9 , 2018 .
= = Plot = =
When Litwak 's Family Fun Center & Arcade closes at night , the various video @-@ game characters leave their normal in @-@ game roles and are free to travel to other games . Within the game Fix @-@ It Felix , Jr . , the characters celebrate its titular hero but ostracize the game 's villain character , Wreck @-@ It Ralph . At a support group for video @-@ game antagonists , Ralph reveals his desire to stop being the bad guy . Back home , Ralph finds the other characters celebrating their game 's 30th anniversary without inviting him . Felix reluctantly invites Ralph to join them , but the others isolate him . They tell him that if he won a medal , just as Felix does in their game , they would respect him .
At Tapper 's , Ralph learns he can win a medal in the first @-@ person shooter Hero 's Duty . Ralph enters the game and encounters Sergeant Calhoun , its leader . Between game sessions , Ralph climbs the game 's central beacon and collects the medal , accidentally hatching a Cy @-@ Bug , one of the game 's enemies . It clings to Ralph as he stumbles into an escape pod that launches him out of the game . Meanwhile , with Ralph missing , a girl reports to arcade @-@ owner Litwak that Fix @-@ It Felix , Jr. is malfunctioning . Since broken games get unplugged , leaving their characters homeless , Felix searches for Ralph .
Ralph crash @-@ lands in Sugar Rush , a kart @-@ racing game . As he searches for his medal , he meets Vanellope von Schweetz , a glitchy character who takes the medal and uses it to buy entry into a race . King Candy and the other racers refuse to let Vanellope participate , claiming she is not really part of the game . Ralph helps Vanellope build a kart . They are found and chased by King Candy , and he chased them into Vanellope 's home in Diet Cola Mountain , an unfinished racing course , he discovers she has no idea how to drive , so he teaches her , and she learns quickly .
Back in Hero 's Duty , Felix meets Calhoun , who warns that the Cy @-@ Bugs can take over any game they enter . As the pair searches for Ralph and the Cy @-@ Bug in Sugar Rush , they separate when Felix , enamored with Calhoun , inadvertently reminds her of her fiancé , who had been killed by a Cy @-@ Bug in her backstory . Calhoun finds hundreds of Cy @-@ Bug eggs underground , and Felix becomes imprisoned in King Candy 's castle during his search for Ralph .
Desperate , King Candy hacks the game 's code to retrieve Ralph 's medal and offers it to Ralph , explaining that letting Vanellope race would be disastrous for both her and the game . Fearing for Vanellope 's safety , Ralph wrecks the kart and returns to his own game , but finds that everyone has evacuated , expecting the game to be unplugged in the morning . Discovering Vanellope 's image on the Sugar Rush cabinet , Ralph realizes she is an intended part of the game , not a glitch .
Ralph returns to Sugar Rush , finds Felix and Vanellope , and asks Felix to fix the wrecked kart . As the race proceeds , the hatched Cy @-@ Bugs attack and Felix , Calhoun , and Ralph battle them . When Vanellope catches up to King Candy , her glitching reveals that he is actually Turbo , a rogue character from an old game , Turbo Time , who sabotaged a newer game out of jealousy , causing both to be unplugged . Vanellope escapes from Turbo , who is consumed by a Cy @-@ Bug . The group flees the doomed game , but Vanellope finds she cannot pass through the exit . Calhoun says the game cannot be saved without a beacon to attract and kill the Cy @-@ Bugs .
Ralph heads to Diet Cola Mountain , where he plans on collapsing its Mentos stalactites into the cola at the bottom , causing a blinding eruption that would attract the bugs . Before he can finish , Turbo , merged with the Cy @-@ Bug that had consumed him , attacks and carries Ralph away . Ralph breaks free and dives toward the mountain , intending to sacrifice himself to start the eruption on impact . Vanellope in turn uses her glitching abilities to save Ralph . The eruption starts and draws the Cy @-@ Bugs and Turbo to their destruction . Vanellope crosses the finish line , restoring her memory and status as Princess Vanellope , the game 's ruler and lead character , while keeping her advantageous glitching ability . Felix and Ralph return to their game in time for Litwak to see it still works , sparing it from being unplugged . Calhoun and Felix marry , and the characters of Fix @-@ It Felix , Jr. gain a new respect for Ralph .
= = Voice cast = =
John C. Reilly as Wreck @-@ It Ralph , a large hillbilly brute who is the villain of the game Fix @-@ It Felix , Jr .
Sarah Silverman as Vanellope von Schweetz , a racer / glitch in Sugar Rush .
Jack McBrayer as Fix @-@ It Felix , Jr . , a repairman who is the hero of Fix @-@ It Felix , Jr .
Jane Lynch as Sergeant Tamora Jean Calhoun , the lead character of Hero 's Duty .
Alan Tudyk as King Candy , the ruler of Sugar Rush . He is secretly Turbo , the vengeful star racer of TurboTime . King Candy / Turbo 's vocal stylings are based on comedian Ed Wynn , and his physical mannerisms are modeled from Wynn 's Mad Hatter character in Alice in Wonderland .
Mindy Kaling as Taffyta Muttonfudge , a racer in Sugar Rush .
Joe Lo Truglio as Markowski , a soldier from Hero 's Duty that Ralph meets in Tapper .
Ed O 'Neill as Mr. Stan Litwak , owner of Litwak 's Family Fun Center & Arcade .
Dennis Haysbert as General Hologram , a holographic general in Hero 's Duty .
Adam Carolla as Wynnchel , a Long John who is a member of the Sugar Rush police department .
Horatio Sanz as Duncan , a doughnut who is a member of the Sugar Rush police department .
Rich Moore as Sour Bill , King Candy 's sour ball henchman .
The cast also includes the Fix @-@ It Felix , Jr . Nicelanders , Edie McClurg as Mary , Raymond S. Persi as Mayor Gene , Jess Harnell as Don , Rachael Harris as Deanna , and Skylar Astin as Roy ; Katie Lowes as Candlehead , Jamie Elman as Rancis Fluggerbutter , Josie Trinidad as Jubileena Bing @-@ Bing , and Cymbre Walk as Crumbelina DiCaramello , racers in Sugar Rush ; Phil Johnston as Surge Protector , Game Central Station security ; Stefanie Scott as Moppet Girl , a young arcade @-@ game player ; John DiMaggio as Beard Papa , the security guard at the Sugar Rush candy @-@ kart factory ; Raymond Persi as a Zombie , Brian Kesinger as a Cyborg ( based on Kano from Mortal Kombat ) and Martin Jarvis as Saitine , a devil @-@ like villain , who attends the Bad @-@ Anon support group ; Tucker Gilmore as the Sugar Rush Announcer ; Brandon Scott as Kohut , a soldier in Hero 's Duty ; and Tim Mertens as Dr. Brad Scott , a scientist and Sgt. Calhoun 's deceased fiancé in Hero 's Duty ( voiced by Nick Grimshaw in the UK version but not in the UK home release ) .
The film features several cameos from real @-@ world video game characters including : Root Beer Tapper ( Maurice LaMarche ) , the bartender from Tapper ; Sonic the Hedgehog ( Roger Craig Smith ) ; Ryu ( Kyle Hebert ) , Ken Masters ( Reuben Langdon ) , M. Bison ( Gerald C. Rivers ) , and Zangief ( Rich Moore ) from Street Fighter II ; Clyde ( Kevin Deters ) from Pac @-@ Man ; and Yuni Verse ( Jamie Sparer Roberts ) from Dance Dance Revolution .
A character modeled after dubstep musician Skrillex makes an appearance in Fix @-@ It Felix , Jr. as the DJ at the anniversary party of the game .
= = Video game cameos and references = =
In addition to the spoken roles , Wreck @-@ It Ralph contains a number of other video game references , including characters and visual gags . The video game villains at the support meeting , in addition to those mentioned above , include : Bowser from the Mario franchise , Doctor Eggman from Sonic the Hedgehog , and Neff from Altered Beast . Additionally , the game cabinet of the Fix It Felix , Jr. arcade game is stylized to strongly resemble the cabinet of the original Nintendo Donkey Kong arcade game , with Ralph and Felix taking similar poses as Donkey Kong and Mario , respectively . The Hero 's Duty game is a reference to the hugely successful first @-@ person shooter games Halo and Call of Duty . Characters from Q * bert , including Q * bert , Coily , Slick , Sam , and Ugg , are shown as " homeless " characters and later taken in by Ralph and Felix into their game ( Q * bert also speaks to Felix at one point using the signature synthesized gibberish and word @-@ balloon symbols from his game , called Q * bert @-@ ese ) . Scenes in Game Central Station and Tapper 's bar include Chun @-@ Li , Cammy and Blanka from Street Fighter , Pac @-@ Man , Blinky , Pinky , and Inky from Pac @-@ Man , the Paperboy from Paperboy , the two paddles and the ball from Pong , Dig Dug , a Pooka , and a Fygar from Dig Dug , The Qix from Qix , Frogger from Frogger , and Peter Pepper from BurgerTime . Additionally , Lara Croft and Mario are referenced , but not seen .
Additional references are based on sight gags . The residents of Niceland and the bartender from Tapper are animated using a jerky motion that spoofs the limited animation cycles of the sprites of many eight- and sixteen @-@ bit arcade games . King Candy uses the Konami Code on an NES controller to access the programming of Sugar Rush . Throughout Game Central Station is graffiti that includes " Aerith lives " ( referencing the character of Aerith Gainsborough from Final Fantasy VII ) , " All your base are belong to us " ( an Engrish phrase popularized from the game Zero Wing ) , " Sheng Long Was Here " ( referencing an April Fool 's joke around a made @-@ up character Sheng Long from Street Fighter ) , and " Jenkins " ( a nod to the popular Leeroy Jenkins meme from World of Warcraft ) . There is also a reference to the Metal Gear series when Ralph is searching for a medal in Tapper 's Lost and found , finding first a Super Mushroom from the Mario franchise , and then Metal Gear 's " Exclamation point " ( with the corresponding sound effect from the game ) . Mr. Litwak wears a black and white striped referee 's shirt , a nod to the iconic outfit of Twin Galaxies founder Walter Day . One of the songs in the credits is an original work from Buckner and Garcia , previously famous for writing video game @-@ themed songs in the 1980s . The Walt Disney Animation Studios opening logo is animated in an 8 @-@ bit pixelated fashion , whereas the Walt Disney Pictures closing production logo appears in a glitched state , a reference to the kill screen from many early arcade games such as Pac @-@ Man .
= = Production = =
The concept of Wreck @-@ It Ralph was first developed at Disney in the late 1980s , under the working title High Score . Since then , it was redeveloped and reconsidered several times : In the late 1990s , it took on the working
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they spotted the two British destroyers again at a range of 8 @,@ 000 meters ( 8 @,@ 700 yd ) and closed to attack . When the range dropped to 4 @,@ 600 meters ( 5 @,@ 000 yd ) , Lody fired three torpedoes at Juno , the leading British ship , while Giese fired four at Jersey . None of Lody 's torpedoes struck their target , but one of Giese 's hit Jersey abreast her aft torpedo mount . The torpedo detonated in an oil fuel tank and started a major fire . Neither British ship spotted the German destroyers and they continued on while Juno turned about to help her sister . Two British ships totalling 5 @,@ 286 GRT were sunk by this minefield . Hans Lody began a refit at Wesermünde on 9 December that was not finished until 22 May 1940 .
In June Hans Lody was tasked to escort the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , as well as the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper , in Operation Juno , a planned attack on Harstad , Norway , to relieve pressure on the German garrison at Narvik . The ships sortied on 8 June and sank the troop transport Orama , the oil tanker Oil Pioneer and the minesweeping trawler Juniper en route , Hans Lody delivering the coup de grâce on the first two of these . The German commander , Admiral Wilhelm Marschall , then ordered the Admiral Hipper and all four destroyers to Trondheim because of the heavy weather , where they arrived in the morning of 9 June . The two battleships continued the sortie and sank the aircraft carrier Glorious and her two escorting destroyers , although Scharnhorst was badly damaged by a torpedo from the destroyer Acasta in the engagement . The battleship was escorted home by Hans Lody and her sisters Steinbrinck and Z7 Hermann Schoemann for repairs . The destroyer was lightly damaged during an air raid on 13 June , but was back in service a week later . She returned to Norway in time to screen the crippled Gneisenau as she returned to Kiel on 25 July , suffering a minor collision with the battleship en route .
Hans Lody transferred to France on 9 September in preparation for Operation Sealion , the planned invasion of Great Britain . Now based at Brest , the ship helped to lay a minefield in Falmouth Bay during the night of 28 / 29 September . Five ships totalling only 2 @,@ 026 GRT were sunk by this minefield . During a Royal Air Force air raid on Brest on 10 October , Hans Lody was slightly damaged by bomb splinters and strafing , losing two crewmen killed and seven wounded during the attack . Bey led Hans Lody and four other destroyers during a sortie for the Southwest Approaches on 17 October and were intercepted by a British force of two light cruisers and five destroyers . The British opened fire at extreme range and were forced to disengage in the face of long @-@ range torpedo volleys and attacks by Luftwaffe bombers without having hit any of the German ships . On the night of 24 – 25 November , Hans Lody and the destroyers Z4 Richard Beitzen and Z20 Karl Galster sortied from Brest , bound for the Land 's End area . En route they encountered some fishing ships south @-@ west of Wolf Rock and engaged them with gunfire with little effect . The German ships then spotted a small convoy and sank one of the three merchantmen and damaged another . The flash from the guns alerted the five destroyers of the British 5th Destroyer Flotilla , but they could not intercept the German destroyers before dawn . Three nights later the German ship sortied again for the same area . They encountered two tugboats and a barge , but only sank one of the former and the barge , totaling 424 GRT . This time the 5th Destroyer Flotilla was able to intercept around 06 : 30 on 29 November . The Germans opened fire first , each destroyer firing four torpedoes , of which only two from Hans Lody hit their target , HMS Javelin . The torpedoes hit at each end of the ship and blew off her bow and stern , but the British were able to tow her home . Hans Lody was hit by two 2 @-@ pounder ( 40 mm ) shells during the engagement , but suffered no casualties . The ship returned home on 5 December for a refit in Wesermünde that lasted until April 1941 .
= = = 1941 – 42 = = =
She was one of the escorts for the battleship Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen from Cape Arkona to Trondheim on 19 – 22 May as they sortied into the North Atlantic . The following month , Hans Lody escorted the heavy cruiser Lützow from Kiel to Norway as the latter ship attempted to break through the British blockade . Several Bristol Beaufort aircraft spotted Lützow and her escorts en route and one managed to surprise the ships and torpedo the cruiser early on the morning of 13 June , forcing her to return to Germany for repairs . She was then sent to Kirkenes , Norway in July 1941 . Now a part of the 6th Destroyer Flotilla ( 6 . Zerstörer @-@ Flottille ) , she participated in a sortie on 12 – 13 July that sank two small Soviet ships at the cost of expending 80 % of their ammunition . Her participation in another sortie on 22 July had to be cancelled due to condenser problems . When the British aircraft carriers Victorious and Furious attacked Petsamo and Kirkenes on 29 July , the destroyers were far to the east and could not catch the British ships before they left the area . The German destroyers sortied into the Kola Inlet on 9 August where they sank one small Soviet patrol vessel . The flotilla was now assigned to escort convoys between Tromsö and Kirkenes ; during one of these missions , the submarine Trident sank two troop @-@ carrying freighters , Bahia Laura and Donau II despite the destroyers . Hans Lody depth @-@ charged Trident without significant effect and rescued 38 survivors from the two ships . The ship departed for Germany for repairs to her boilers on 27 September .
After repairs were completed , she screened the heavy cruiser Lützow during her voyage to Trondheim 15 – 20 May 1942 and laid a minefield in the Skaggerak en route . Hans Lody was damaged when a valve was left open and flooded the starboard engine room in early June and required two weeks to be repaired . She was one of four destroyers assigned to escort the battleship Tirpitz during Operation Rösselsprung ( Knight 's Move ) , an attack on the Russia @-@ bound Convoy PQ 17 . The ships sailed from Trondheim on 2 July for the first stage of the operation , although three of the destroyers , including Hans Lody , assigned to Tirpitz 's escort ran aground in the dark and heavy fog and were forced to return to port for repairs . After temporary repairs , she was towed back to Kiel for permanent repairs on 25 July . Three days later the ships were attacked without effect by three Beaufort torpedo bombers . Korvettenkapitän Karl @-@ Adolf Zenker assumed command in August . The dockyard estimated the time to repair Hans Lody at six months or more and the Kriegsmarine gave serious consideration to decommissioning her as uneconomical to repair , but was persuaded to repair her anyway .
= = = 1943 – 49 = = =
During sea trials on 15 February 1943 , a fire broke out in an engine room ; repairs were not completed until 22 April and the ship then returned to Norway . In September the ship participated in Operation Zitronella , ferrying troops of the 349th Grenadier Regiment ( Grenadier @-@ Regiment ) of the 230th Infantry Division to destroy Norwegian facilities on the island of Spitzbergen , together with Tirpitz and the battleship Scharnhorst , escorted by eight other destroyers . While successful , the operation was primarily intended to boost the morale of the ships stationed in the Arctic when fuel shortages limited their activities and the Allies reestablished the bases five weeks later . Hans Lody and her sisters then spent the next six months in southern Norway laying minefields at the entrance to the Skaggerak and escorting convoys to and from Norway . She was ordered to Kiel at the end of April 1944 for a lengthy refit that lasted until February 1945 . After working up , the ship was assigned convoy escort duties in the Skaggerak on 5 April . A month later , Hans Lody departed Copenhagen to load refugees at the Hela Peninsula in East Prussia ; she had about 1 @,@ 500 aboard when she returned on 7 May . The ship sailed to Kiel the next day and was decommissioned on 9 May .
The Royal Navy assumed control of her the following day and sailed her to Wilhelmshaven where she waited while the Allies decided on the disposition of the captured ships . She was allocated to Britain at the end of 1945 and arrived at Portsmouth on 7 January 1946 where she was allocated the pennant number of R38 , later H40 . The ship was initially used to familiarize the British on her high @-@ pressure boilers until October when she was used as accommodation ship in Southampton . Hans Lody was arrived at Sunderland under tow on 17 July 1949 to be broken up .
= Antankarana =
The Antankarana ( or Antakarana ) is an ethnic group of Madagascar that inhabits the northern tip of Madagascar around Antsiranana . Their name means " the people of the tsingy , " the limestone rock formations that distinguish their traditional territory . The tsingy of the Antankarana may be visited at the Ankarana Reserve . There are over 50 @,@ 000 Antakarana in Madagascar as of 2013 .
The Antankarana split off from the Sakalava in the early 17th century following a succession dispute . The group settled at the northern end of the island where they established sovereignty over and integrated the existing communities . During periods of conflict with Sakalava in the 17th century and the Kingdom of Imerina in the 19th century , the community periodically sought refuge in the natural stone shelters and caves of the modern Ankarana Reserve , eventually taking their name from the locale and holding it as sacred . In the early 19th century an Antankarana king signed a treaty with French envoys in Reunion that mobilized French troops to expel the Merina from Antankarana territory in exchange for French control over several small islands off Madagascar 's west coast . They also aided the French in staging attacks on the Merina monarchy that resulted in the 1896 French colonization of Madagascar . The Antankarana are one of the few communities that continues to honor a single king and reaffirm his sacred ancestral role through traditional ceremonies that date back centuries .
Culturally the Antankarana have many similarities with the neighboring Sakalava . They practice tromba ( ancestral spirit possession ) and believe in nature spirits . They adhere to a wide range of fady ( ancestral taboos ) , particularly including several that serve to protect wildlife and wilderness areas . The traditional economy of the Antankarana revolved around fishing and livestock , although more recently they have adopted farming ; many are salary earners working in civil administration , teaching , trade and other areas .
= = History = =
The Antankarana were originally a branch of the Sakalava royal line called the Zafin 'i'fotsy ( children of silver ) . This group split off from the Sakalava in the 16th century following a dispute with the Zafin 'i'mena ( children of gold ) that ended with the latter 's exclusive right to the kingship . Having been refused the right to the throne , the Zafin 'i'fotsy left the Sakalava homeland on the southwestern coast to settle just north of the boundaries of Sakalava control . The first Antankarana king , Kozobe ( 1614 – 39 ) , claimed a large part of the island 's north as his territory , which he split into five provinces each ruled by one of his sons . This territory was rapidly reduced from the south by Zafin 'i'mena prince Andriamandisoarivo , who led violent campaigns into bordering Antankarana territory to expand the frontiers of what was to become the Sakalava Kingdom of Iboina at the end of the 17th century . Many Zafin 'i'fotsy nobles were killed or quickly surrendered to the advancing Sakalava armies , but oral history celebrates several who resisted , including Andriamanpangy , a descendent of Kozobe . His son Andriantsirotso ( 1692 – 1710 ) founded the Antankarana kingdom , leading the Zafin 'i'fotsy further north into the area now protected as Ankarana Reserve and declaring his sovereignty over the north . He was accepted as king both by his own people and by the communities already living in the north , who united together under the name Antankarana ( people of the Ankarana rocks ) . The Sakalava warred with the nascent Antankarana kingdom in its continued effort to claim sovereignty over the territory , but the Antankarana hid themselves in natural shelters formed by the rocks and caves of Ankarana . Eventually they were forced to take refuge at Maroantsetra , a town ruled by a relative named Raholo ; Andriantsirotso was able to repel the Sakalava three years later with the support of Raholo 's soldiers . Throughout this period Andriantsirotso established the foundations for the kingdom by organizing military cooperation among clans , establishing an administration , developing economic regulations and introducing customs that reinforced a hierarchical social order . According to oral history , at the point when Andriantsirotso was preparing to return to his own capital , a mysterious eight @-@ year @-@ old girl named Tsimatahodrafy arrived in Maroantsetra . She revealed herself to be a sorceress and instructed Andriantsirotso on the rituals to perform en route to ensure his safe return and the establishment of a strong kingdom , including the continuing practice of tying a mat to two tsitakonala trees planted outside the king 's house to indicate a royal residence and symbolize the indivisibility of the kingdom .
From its founding , the Antankarana Kingdom was ruled by an unbroken series of nobles of Andriantsirotso 's line . He was succeeded by Lamboeny ( 1710 – 1790 ) , then Tehimbola ( 1790 – 1802 ) , Boanahajy ( 1802 – 1809 ) and Tsialana I ( 1809 – 1822 ) . The Kingdom of Imerina rapidly expanded over the first several decades of the 19th century , launching regular military campaigns to bring coastal communities under Merina control . As the Merina neared the Antankarana homeland they established posts along major trade routes where taxes were charged to Antankarana and other merchants , establishing economic control over the territory ; this was soon followed by the installation of Merina administrators to govern the territory . Tsialana I was forced to become a vassal of the Merina sovereign . From 1835 to 1837 , his son and successor , King Tsimiaro I ( 1822 – 1882 ) , made repeated attempts to expel the Merina from his territory , but was unsuccessful . The Merina backlash forced Tsimiaro to lead his people to refuge among the rocks of Ankarana in 1838 or 1837 , where they lived for over a year . During this time the king was betrayed by one of his own people and the group was surrounded by Merina soldiers . According to oral history , the king prayed for God 's help and swore that if they survived , the Antankarana would convert to Islam . Although many of his party were gunned down , the king and most of his subjects escaped to the island of Nosy Mitsio , where they converted ; many others were drowned in the attempt to cross . The site of the crossing is most commonly believed to be the village of Ambavan 'ankarana , which retains a sacred character and has become a site of pilgrimage and ritual commemoration of the exodus .
In 1838 @-@ 9 an agreement was signed between the Sakalava king and Seyyid Said , King of Zanzibar , to give Said control over the Sakalava and Antankarana kingdoms ; this agreement never came to the attention of Tsimiaro and resulted in no changes in governance on the ground . While in exile on Nosy Mitsio , Tsimiaro traveled to Ile Bourbon to conclude a treaty with the French on 5 April 1841 that guaranteed French protection for the Antankarana in exchange for rights to the islands of Nosy Mitsio , Nosy Faly , Nosy Be and Nosy Komba . The French intercession eventually repelled the Merina , allowing the king to reestablish the capital at Ambatoharaña , but more than 40 years passed before the entire Antankarana had permanently returned to the mainland . Upon his death , Tsimiaro was buried at his request in the Ankarana cave where he had taken refuge from the Merina . Other nobles are mainly entombed in the Islamic cemetery near Ambatoharaña . When the French agreed to recognize Malagasy sovereignty in 1862 , they retained their claimed right to the Antankarana and Sakalava protectorates they had established . Tsimiaro was succeeded by his son , Tsialana II , ( 1883 – 1924 ) who was born on Nosy Mitsio in 1843 . He collaborated with the French actively during their first expedition against the Merina ( 1883 – 85 ) , and again during the successful expedition of 1895 that ended in French colonization of the island and the dismantling of the Merina monarchy . His son Abdourahaman would go on to fight on the side of the French during World War I. Tsialana II was succeeded by Lamboeny II ( 1925 – 1938 ) , Tsialana III ( 1948 – 1959 ) and Tsimiharo II ( 1959 – 1982 ) .
After Madagascar regained independence from France in 1960 its various administrations interfered little with the reign of Tsimiharo II or his successor Tsimiharo III ( 1983 – 2004 ) . This changed after the election of Albert Zafy ( 1991 – 96 ) , an Antankarana noble from the village of Ambilobe . Zafy sought to reduce the powers of King Tsimiharo III , who responded by " declaring war " against the new president . This standoff came to an end with the election of Zafy 's successor , Didier Ratsiraka , who returned to a policy of non @-@ interference in local governance traditions . Tsimiharo III was deposed in 2004 following allegations of corruption , and Lamboeny III was selected to succeed him .
= = Identity = =
There are 50 @,@ 000 Antakarana in Madagascar as of 2013 . They live in the northernmost part of the island , and claim Malagasy and Arab ancestry . They are an offshoot of the Sakalava people . Their territory begins at the northern tip of the island at Antsiranana and extends down the west coast , including the island of Nosy Mitsio . It is bounded to the east by the Bemarivo River and extends south to the village of Tetezambato .
= = Society = =
Although subject to all national laws and government , the Antakarana are also united in their recognition of the authority of a king ( Ampanjaka ) who is the living descendent of a line of Antankarana royalty going back nearly four centuries . The authority of this king is reaffirmed every five years at the village of Ambatoharaña in a ritual mast @-@ raising ceremony called the tsangantsainy . Although some accounts date the ritual back to the origins of Antankarana kingship , the specific features of the ceremony as practiced today are rooted in historical events of the 19th century . The ceremony includes a pilgrimage to Nosy Mitsio to commemorate the flight of Antankarana refugees to the island in the 1830s to escape the advancing armies of the Kingdom of Imerina and to visit the tombs of ancestors who died there ; until recently , it has sometimes also included raising both French and Antankarana banners to honor the 1841 treaty signed with the French . The king is selected by a council of elder members of the royal family in the ruling line . He is responsible for reciting joro ( ancestral invocations ) at ceremonies where the ancestors ' blessings are requested . Another important social role is that of the Ndriambavibe . The Antankarana community selects a single noble woman to hold this position , which has similar authority and importance to that of the king . She is not his wife ; rather , she has a separate leadership role to fulfill . The Antankarana are recognized among Malagasy as one of the few remaining ethnic groups in Madagascar that continues to reassert the ancestral authority of their king through continued practice of traditional kingship rituals .
= = = Family = = =
Antankarana homes are typically raised on stilts above ground level . Young men seeking to start a family typically leave their father 's house and build their own from wood and thatch gathered locally . After marrying a young woman will leave her family 's home to move into her husband 's house , where she manages the household and assists in planting and harvesting rice . The husband is responsible for earning money for basic necessities and farming the family 's land . A young couple typically receives furniture and other essentials as wedding gifts from friends , family and community members . Divorce and remarriage are common in Antankarana society .
= = = Class affiliation = = =
Like elsewhere in Madagascar , Antankarana society was traditionally divided into three classes : nobles , commoners and slaves . Slavery was abolished under the French colonial administration but families often retain their historic affiliations . In traditional communities , descendants of nobles live on the northern side of the village and non @-@ nobles live in the southern part . The areas may be divided by a central clearing where the town hall is often situated ; if the village also has a zomba ( house reserved for royalty ) , it would traditionally be located here . Intermarriage across classes is common among the Antankarana , and most can claim a family relation to a member of the noble class . Historically , commoners were further sub @-@ divided into caste @-@ like groups called karazana ( " types of people " ) based on their form of livelihood .
= = = Religious affiliation = = =
The majority of Antankarana identify to varying degrees as Muslim . Once a year at the village of Ambatoharaña , Muslims from across the northern and western parts of Madagascar congregate to visit the tombs of Muslim kings buried here . The form of Islam practiced by the Antankarana is highly syncretic and blends traditional ancestor worship and local customs and beliefs with major holidays and cultural elements borrowed from Arab Muslim culture . The number of Antankarana who practice a standard , orthodox form of Islam is negligible .
= = Culture = =
Antankarana culture shares many common points with that of their Sakalava neighbors . Their rituals are similar and honor many of the same ancestors , and members of both groups adhere to many of the same fady , making it difficult at times to distinguish the two groups from one another . Relations between the two are amicable . In a custom unique to the Antankarana , called the tsangatsaine , two trees growing before the house of a noble family are tied together to symbolize the unity of the community. and the merger of past with present and the dead with the living . The Antankarana , like many other coastal groups , practice tromba ( spirit possession ) as a means to commune with ancestors . The royal ancestral spirits that possess tromba mediums are almost always of Sakalava ancestry . It is widely believed that the spirits of the dead often inhabit crocodiles , and it is often fady among the Antankarana to kill these animals . The Antankarana also believe in tsiny , a kind of nature spirit .
Rice is the foundation of every meal , and is often eaten with fish broth , greens , beans or squash . Manioc and green bananas are staples most commonly eaten when other more preferable foods are too expensive or out of season . The Antankarana were historically herders and although they are now generally agriculturalists , cattle are kept for milk . They are also viewed as a form of wealth ; the number of cattle one gives away indicates generosity , and the number sacrificed to the ancestors is a measure of loyalty . The sacrifice of zebu is a typical element of many major rituals and celebrations ranging from Muslim holidays to life events like marriage , death and birth .
The traditional martial art of Madagascar , moraingy , and large dance parties ( baly ) are very popular among the Antankarana youth , who often are drawn more to western culture than ancestral practices and beliefs .
Clothing was historically made from woven raffia . The fibers would be combed into strands that were knotted together to form cords , which were then woven into panels . These panels were stitched together to create prayer rugs and clothing . Women and men historically wore long raffia smocks .
= = = Fady = = =
Numerous fady protect wilderness areas , particularly including the Ankarana massif . Excessive cutting of mangrove trees for wood or the setting of bush fires are both prohibited , as is the use of nets with holes less than 15 millimeters to prevent catching immature fish . Certain species are protected through fady that forbid hunting them , including sharks , rays and crocodiles . Many fady also exist to regulate relations between the sexes . For instance , it is taboo for a girl to wash her own brother 's clothing . Conservative communities adhere to a fady against medical injections , surgery or modern medicines due to their association with their historic enemies the Merina , who were the first to use them widely ; instead , tromba ceremonies and traditional herbal remedies are commonly used for healing . These taboos are most strongly applied in the center of Antankarana territory around the village of Ambatoharaña and less so in the villages at the periphery of the region .
= = = Funeral rites = = =
Funerals among the Antankarana are often celebratory events . Among villagers living near the sea , it is not uncommon for the remains of a loved one to be placed in a coffin which the family carries running into the sea .
= = = Dance and music = = =
At royal ceremonies a traditional dance called the rabiky is often performed .
= = Language = =
The Antankarana speak a dialect of the Malagasy language , which is a branch of the Malayo @-@ Polynesian language group derived from the Barito languages , spoken in southern Borneo .
= = Economy = =
The Antankarana were historically fishermen and pastoralist zebu herders , although in recent years most have become agriculturalists . Sea fishing is carried out in two @-@ man canoes made from a single hollowed out log . Antankarana fishermen used these canoes to hunt whales , turtles and fish . They also used nets to hunt in rivers , where they could catch eels , fish , crayfish and other food sources . Salt production was historically a major economic activity . Historically the Antankarana engaged in trading with European seafarers , exchanging tortoiseshell for guns . Today , while the majority of Antankarana continue to work in these traditional sectors – especially the highly lucrative shrimp fishing business or the growing of sugarcane – many are wage laborers . More highly educated community members , particularly among the noble class , work in salaried positions as government officials , teachers and a variety of other trades and professions . The SIRAMA national sugar company factories are located in Antankarana territory and employ many migrants , but relatively few Antankarana as their standard of living on average is high enough to be able to pursue better opportunities .
The most significant urban area in the Antankarana homeland is Antsiranana ( formerly Diego @-@ Suarez ) . Ambilobe , where the current king resides. is the nearest major urban area to the traditional seat of royal Antankarana power at Ambatoharaña .
= Italian cruiser Marsala =
Marsala was a protected cruiser built by the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1910s . She was the second and final member of the Nino Bixio class , which were built as scouts for the main Italian fleet . She was equipped with a main battery of six 120 @-@ millimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) guns and had a top speed in excess of 26 knots ( 48 km / h ; 30 mph ) , but her engines proved to be troublesome in service . Marsala spent World War I based at Brindisi ; she was involved in the Battle of the Otranto Straits in May 1917 , where she briefly engaged Austro @-@ Hungarian cruisers . Marsala 's career was cut short in November 1927 when she was stricken from the naval register and sold for scrap , the result of her unreliable engines and drastic cuts to the naval budget .
= = Design = =
Marsala was 140 @.@ 3 meters ( 460 ft ) long at the waterline , with a beam of 13 m ( 43 ft ) and a draft of 4 @.@ 1 m ( 13 ft ) . She displaced up to 4 @,@ 141 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 076 long tons ; 4 @,@ 565 short tons ) at full load . Her crew consisted 13 officers and 283 enlisted men .
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availability of cheaper petroleum . Following the 1973 oil crisis , world production of oil shale reached a peak of 46 million tonnes in 1980 before falling to about 16 million tonnes in 2000 , due to competition from cheap conventional petroleum in the 1980s .
On 2 May 1982 , known in some circles as " Black Sunday " , Exxon canceled its US $ 5 billion Colony Shale Oil Project near Parachute , Colorado because of low oil @-@ prices and increased expenses , laying off more than 2 @,@ 000 workers and leaving a trail of home @-@ foreclosures and small @-@ business bankruptcies . In 1986 , President Ronald Reagan signed into law the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 which among other things abolished the United States ' Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program .
The global oil @-@ shale industry began to revive at the beginning of the 21st century . In 2003 , an oil @-@ shale development program restarted in the United States . Authorities introduced a commercial leasing program permitting the extraction of oil shale and oil sands on federal lands in 2005 , in accordance with the Energy Policy Act of 2005 .
= = Industry = =
As of 2008 , industry uses oil shale in Brazil , China , Estonia and to some extent in Germany , and Russia . Several additional countries started assessing their reserves or had built experimental production plants , while others had phased out their oil shale industry . Oil shale serves for oil production in Estonia , Brazil , and China ; for power generation in Estonia , China , and Germany ; for cement production in Estonia , Germany , and China ; and for use in chemical industries in China , Estonia , and Russia .
As of 2009 , 80 % of oil shale used globally is extracted in Estonia , mainly due to the Oil @-@ shale @-@ fired power plants . Oil @-@ shale @-@ fired power plants occur in Estonia , which has an installed capacity of 2 @,@ 967 megawatts ( MW ) , China ( 12 MW ) , and Germany ( 9 @.@ 9 MW ) . Israel , Romania and Russia have in the past run power plants fired by oil shale , but have shut them down or switched to other fuel sources such as natural gas . Jordan and Egypt plan to construct power plants fired by oil shale , while Canada and Turkey plan to burn oil shale along with coal for power generation . Oil shale serves as the main fuel for power generation only in Estonia , where the oil @-@ shale @-@ fired Narva Power Plants accounted for 95 % of country 's electrical generation in 2005 .
According to the World Energy Council , in 2008 the total production of shale oil from oil shale was 930 @,@ 000 tonnes , equal to 17 @,@ 700 barrels per day ( 2 @,@ 810 m3 / d ) , of which China produced 375 @,@ 000 tonnes , Estonia 355 @,@ 000 tonnes , and Brazil 200 @,@ 000 tonnes . In comparison , production of the conventional oil and natural gas liquids in 2008 amounted 3 @.@ 95 billion tonnes or 82 @.@ 1 million barrels per day ( 13 @.@ 1 × 10 ^ 6 m3 / d ) .
= = Extraction and processing = =
Most exploitation of oil shale involves mining followed by shipping elsewhere , after which one can burn the shale directly to generate electricity , or undertake further processing . The most common methods of surface mining involve open pit mining and strip mining . These procedures remove most of the overlying material to expose the deposits of oil shale , and become practical when the deposits occur near the surface . Underground mining of oil shale , which removes less of the overlying material , employs the room @-@ and @-@ pillar method .
The extraction of the useful components of oil shale usually takes place above ground ( ex @-@ situ processing ) , although several newer technologies perform this underground ( on @-@ site or in @-@ situ processing ) . In either case , the chemical process of pyrolysis converts the kerogen in the oil shale to shale oil ( synthetic crude oil ) and oil shale gas . Most conversion technologies involve heating shale in the absence of oxygen to a temperature at which kerogen decomposes ( pyrolyses ) into gas , condensable oil , and a solid residue . This usually takes place between 450 ° C ( 842 ° F ) and 500 ° C ( 932 ° F ) . The process of decomposition begins at relatively low temperatures ( 300 ° C or 572 ° F ) , but proceeds more rapidly and more completely at higher temperatures .
In @-@ situ processing involves heating the oil shale underground . Such technologies can potentially extract more oil from a given area of land than ex @-@ situ processes , since they can access the material at greater depths than surface mines can . Several companies have patented methods for in @-@ situ retorting . However , most of these methods remain in the experimental phase . One can distinguish true in @-@ situ processes ( TIS ) and modified in @-@ situ processes ( MIS ) . True in @-@ situ processes do not involve mining the oil shale . Modified in @-@ situ processes involve removing part of the oil shale and bringing it to the surface for modified in @-@ situ retorting in order to create permeability for gas flow in a rubble chimney . Explosives rubblize the oil @-@ shale deposit .
Hundreds of patents for oil shale retorting technologies exist ; however , only a few dozen have undergone testing . By 2006 , only four technologies remained in commercial use : Kiviter , Galoter , Fushun , and Petrosix .
= = Applications and products = =
Industry can use oil shale as a fuel for thermal power @-@ plants , burning it ( like coal ) to drive steam turbines ; some of these plants employ the resulting heat for district heating of homes and businesses . In addition to its use as a fuel , oil shale may also serve in the production of specialty carbon fibers , adsorbent carbons , carbon black , phenols , resins , glues , tanning agents , mastic , road bitumen , cement , bricks , construction and decorative blocks , soil @-@ additives , fertilizers , rock @-@ wool insulation , glass , and pharmaceutical products . However , oil shale use for production of these items remains small or only in its experimental stages . Some oil shales yield sulfur , ammonia , alumina , soda ash , uranium , and nahcolite as shale @-@ oil extraction byproducts . Between 1946 and 1952 , a marine type of Dictyonema shale served for uranium production in Sillamäe , Estonia , and between 1950 and 1989 Sweden used alum shale for the same purposes . Oil shale gas has served as a substitute for natural gas , but as of 2009 , producing oil shale gas as a natural @-@ gas substitute remained economically infeasible .
The shale oil derived from oil shale does not directly substitute for crude oil in all applications . It may contain higher concentrations of olefins , oxygen , and nitrogen than conventional crude oil . Some shale oils may have higher sulfur or arsenic content . By comparison with West Texas Intermediate , the benchmark standard for crude oil in the futures @-@ contract market , the Green River shale oil sulfur content ranges from near 0 % to 4 @.@ 9 % ( in average 0 @.@ 76 % ) , where West Texas Intermediate 's sulfur content has a maximum of 0 @.@ 42 % . The sulfur content in shale oil from Jordan 's oil shales may rise even up to 9 @.@ 5 % . The arsenic content , for example , becomes an issue for Green River formation oil shale . The higher concentrations of these materials means that the oil must undergo considerable upgrading ( hydrotreating ) before serving as oil @-@ refinery feedstock . Above @-@ ground retorting processes tended to yield a lower API gravity shale oil than the in situ processes . Shale oil serves best for producing middle @-@ distillates such as kerosene , jet fuel , and diesel fuel . Worldwide demand for these middle distillates , particularly for diesel fuels , increased rapidly in the 1990s and 2000s . However , appropriate refining processes equivalent to hydrocracking can transform shale oil into a lighter @-@ range hydrocarbon ( gasoline ) .
= = Economics = =
The amount of economically recoverable oil shale is unknown . The various attempts to develop oil shale deposits have succeeded only when the cost of shale @-@ oil production in a given region comes in below the price of crude oil or its other substitutes . According to a survey conducted by the RAND Corporation , the cost of producing a barrel of oil at a surface retorting complex in the United States ( comprising a mine , retorting plant , upgrading plant , supporting utilities , and spent shale reclamation ) , would range between US $ 70 – 95 ( $ 440 – 600 / m3 , adjusted to 2005 values ) . This estimate considers varying levels of kerogen quality and extraction efficiency . In order to run a profitable operation , the price of crude oil would need to remain above these levels . The analysis also discusses the expectation that processing costs would drop after the establishment of the complex . The hypothetical unit would see a cost reduction of 35 – 70 % after producing its first 500 million barrels ( 79 × 10 ^ 6 m3 ) . Assuming an increase in output of 25 thousand barrels per day ( 4 @.@ 0 × 10 ^ 3 m3 / d ) during each year after the start of commercial production , RAND predicts the costs would decline to $ 35 – 48 per barrel ( $ 220 – 300 / m3 ) within 12 years . After achieving the milestone of 1 billion barrels ( 160 × 10 ^ 6 m3 ) , its costs would decline further to $ 30 – 40 per barrel ( $ 190 – 250 / m3 ) . Some commentators compare the proposed American oil @-@ shale industry to the Athabasca oil @-@ sands industry ( the latter enterprise generated over 1 million barrels ( 160 @,@ 000 m3 ) of oil per day in late 2007 ) , stating that " the first @-@ generation facility is the hardest , both technically and economically " .
In 2005 , Royal Dutch Shell announced that its in @-@ situ process could become competitive for oil prices over $ 30 per barrel ( $ 190 / m3 ) . A 2004 report by the United States Department of Energy stated that both the Shell technology and technology used in the Stuart Oil Shale Project could be competitive at prices above $ 25 per barrel , and that the Viru Keemia Grupp expected full @-@ scale production to be economical at prices above $ 18 per barrel ( $ 130 / m3 ) .
To increase efficiency when retorting oil shale , researchers have proposed and tested several co @-@ pyrolysis processes .
A 1972 publication in the journal Pétrole Informations ( ISSN 0755 @-@ 561X ) compared shale @-@ based oil production unfavorably with coal liquefaction . The article portrayed coal liquefaction as less expensive , generating more oil , and creating fewer environmental impacts than extraction from oil shale . It cited a conversion ratio of 650 liters ( 170 U.S. gal ; 140 imp gal ) of oil per one ton of coal , as against 150 liters ( 40 U.S. gal ; 33 imp gal ) of shale oil per one ton of oil shale .
A critical measure of the viability of oil shale as an energy source lies in the ratio of the energy produced by the shale to the energy used in its mining and processing , a ratio known as " Energy Returned on Energy Invested " ( EROEI ) . A 1984 study estimated the EROEI of the various known oil @-@ shale deposits as varying between 0 @.@ 7 – 13 @.@ 3 although known oil @-@ shale extraction development projects assert an EROEI between 3 and 10 . According to the World Energy Outlook 2010 , the EROEI of ex @-@ situ processing is typically 4 to 5 while of in @-@ situ processing it may be even as low as 2 . However , according to the IEA most of used energy can be provided by burning the spent shale or oil @-@ shale gas .
The water needed in the oil shale retorting process offers an additional economic consideration : this may pose a problem in areas with water scarcity .
= = Environmental considerations = =
Mining oil shale involves a number of environmental impacts , more pronounced in surface mining than in underground mining . These include acid drainage induced by the sudden rapid exposure and subsequent oxidation of formerly buried materials , the introduction of metals including mercury into surface @-@ water and groundwater , increased erosion , sulfur @-@ gas emissions , and air pollution caused by the production of particulates during processing , transport , and support activities . In 2002 , about 97 % of air pollution , 86 % of total waste and 23 % of water pollution in Estonia came from the power industry , which uses oil shale as the main resource for its power production .
Oil @-@ shale extraction can damage the biological and recreational value of land and the ecosystem in the mining area . Combustion and thermal processing generate waste material . In addition , the atmospheric emissions from oil shale processing and combustion include carbon dioxide , a greenhouse gas . Environmentalists oppose production and usage of oil shale , as it creates even more greenhouse gases than conventional fossil fuels . Section 526 of the Energy Independence And Security Act prohibits United States government agencies from buying oil produced by processes that produce more greenhouse gas emissions than would traditional petroleum . Experimental in situ conversion processes and carbon capture and storage technologies may reduce some of these concerns in the future , but at the same time they may cause other problems , including groundwater pollution . Among the water contaminants commonly associated with oil shale processing are oxygen and nitrogen heterocyclic hydrocarbons . Commonly detected examples include quinoline derivatives , pyridine , and various alkyl homologues of pyridine ( picoline , lutidine ) .
Some have expressed concerns over the oil shale industry 's use of water . In 2002 , the oil shale @-@ fired power industry used 91 % of the water consumed in Estonia . Depending on technology , above @-@ ground retorting uses between one and five barrels of water per barrel of produced shale @-@ oil . A 2008 programmatic environmental impact statement issued by the US Bureau of Land Management stated that surface mining and retort operations produce 2 to 10 U.S. gallons ( 7 @.@ 6 to 37 @.@ 9 l ; 1 @.@ 7 to 8 @.@ 3 imp gal ) of waste water per 1 short ton ( 0 @.@ 91 t ) of processed oil shale . In situ processing , according to one estimate , uses about one @-@ tenth as much water .
Water concerns become particularly sensitive issues in arid regions , such as the western US and Israel 's Negev Desert , where plans exist to expand oil @-@ shale extraction despite a water shortage .
Environmental activists , including members of Greenpeace , have organized strong protests against the oil shale industry . In one result , Queensland Energy Resources put the proposed Stuart Oil Shale Project in Australia on hold in 2004 .
= = Extraterrestrial oil shale = =
Some comets contain " massive amounts of an organic material almost identical to high grade oil shale , " the equivalent of cubic kilometers of such mixed with other material ; for instance , corresponding hydrocarbons were detected in a probe fly @-@ by through the tail of Comet Halley during 1986 .
= Selle Français =
The Selle Français ( SF ) is a breed of sport horse from France . It is renowned primarily for its success in show jumping , but many have also been successful in dressage and eventing . An athletic horse with good gaits , it is usually bay or chestnut in color . The Selle Français was created in 1958 when several French riding horse breeds were merged into one stud book . The new breed was meant to serve as a unified sport horse during a period when horses were being replaced by mechanization and were transforming into an animal used mainly for sport and leisure .
Bred throughout France , the Selle Français has been exported worldwide , with additional stud books formed in Great Britain and the United States . Horses registered with the stud books must undergo inspections which judge their conformation , gaits and performance . Horses of other breeds who pass the inspections , including those of Thoroughbred , Arabian , Anglo @-@ Arabian and French Trotter bloodlines , may be used for breeding , with the progeny able to be registered as Selle Français . Selle Français have proven successful at the international level of competition in many equestrian disciplines . They are most commonly seen in show jumping , eventing and dressage , although they are also seen in combined driving , equestrian vaulting and competitive trail riding competitions . Selle Français and their riders have won numerous medals in the Summer Olympics and World Equestrian Games , including making up the entire gold @-@ medal French teams in show jumping at the 2002 World Equestrian Games and eventing at the 2004 Summer Olympics .
= = Breed characteristics = =
Because of the diversity of the breeds that contributed to the Selle Français , there are not set breed standards . It can range from 15 @.@ 1 to 17 @.@ 3 hands ( 61 to 71 inches , 155 to 180 cm ) , although , because they are used as sport horses , most Selle Français usually stand a relatively tall 16 @.@ 1 to 16 @.@ 3 hands ( 65 to 67 inches , 165 to 170 cm ) . It is an athletic horse with balanced , harmonious and powerful gaits . Some morphological traits remain the same throughout the breed . The forehead is broad , and the facial profile is straight or convex . The neck is strong and rather long , well connected to the withers , and the back straight . The croup is elongated , muscular and slightly oblique , and the powerful hindquarters are an asset in show jumping . The chest is deep , and the shoulders long and sloping . The legs are strong and muscular with wide joints and hard hooves .
The Selle Français is generally bay or chestnut in color , the latter being a legacy of its origins in the Anglo @-@ Norman breed . Gray is much less common , with its origins in the Thoroughbred and Anglo @-@ Arabian horses that contributed to the breed . White markings , such as white on the lower legs , are fairly common within the breed , and are again inherited from its Norman ancestors . The temperament of the Selle Français is highly variable from one horse to another . This is due to the selection criteria for breeding stock , which since the beginning of the breed have been based on physical ability . In recent years , however , the ANSF and breeders have been working to create selection criteria that focus on temperament . The vast majority of Selle Français have good temperaments , quiet but energetic , patient and friendly . The breed is reputed to be intelligent and quick to learn .
= = History = =
The origins of the Selle Français begin with native French horses . In 19th century Normandy , native mares were crossbred with Thoroughbred or Norfolk Trotter stallions . The most common crosses were between native mares used by the military , or those bred for pulling carriages , and Thoroughbred stallions . In 1914 these types were recognized as demi @-@ sang or " half @-@ blood " horses . Half @-@ blood horses were found in many French regions , and different types were usually named after the regions in which they were bred . The three main types of French saddle horses were the Anglo @-@ Norman ( bred around Caen ) , the demi @-@ sang du Centre ( bred around Cluny ) and the Vendeen ( bred around La Roche @-@ sur @-@ Yon ) .
In 1958 , " Selle Français " or French Saddle Horse was created by merging the all of the regional half @-@ blood horses in France under one name . The merged types included the Anglo @-@ Norman , the Charolais ( from the Charolles region ) , and the Vendeen . The merger was done to create a sport horse that would meet the needs of a mechanized society where horses were used for leisure and sport . The first Selle Français were not homogeneous in type , but offered a wide genetic diversity , due to the wide variety of local horses crossed with Thoroughbreds , Anglo @-@ Arabians and French Trotters . Norman origins , however , were the most widely represented , as the Anglo @-@ Norman had been used for breeding throughout France .
Since its creation as a breed , the Selle Français has been selected solely as a sport horse . Because of this , the breed has homogenized and refined , and since its creation has been a successful competitor in international equestrian sport . In July 2003 , the Association nationale du selle français ( ANSF or National Association of French Saddle Horses ) was approved as the breed association . The ANSF plays an advocacy role with stakeholders and partners in the equine world and ensures a proper orientation of selection and genetic improvement within the breed . Breeding of Selle Français is centered in Normandy , mainly due to its origins in Norman @-@ related bloodlines . As of 2009 , there were 7 @,@ 722 farms that reported breeding activity of Selle Français , although the vast majority ( around 77 percent ) were very small operations with only one mare . In 2008 , there were 7 @,@ 638 Selle Français foals born , which made up 57 percent of the total saddle horses bred in France . In 2009 , over 13 @,@ 500 Selle Français mares were bred , of which 11 @,@ 830 were mated to approved stallions to produce Selle Français offspring . In the same year , there were 505 active Selle Français stallions .
The Selle Français is bred throughout France and abroad , and artificial insemination plays an important role in the dissemination of the breed . The Selle Français has also contributed to several other breeds in Europe , including the Holsteiner , Zangersheide and Oldenburg warmblood breeds . The ANSF has branches in several countries . The United Kingdom organization , called Equicours , led to the opening of a British stud book for the Selle Français , and the ANSF @-@ US manages the stud book for the breed in the United States . Brazil , Argentina and Morocco have agreements with the French stud book to register horses bred in those countries .
= = Registration and stud book selection = =
The Selle Français stud book has long allowed crossbreeding with four other breeds : the Thoroughbred , Arabian , Anglo @-@ Arabian and French Trotter . Today , restrictions exist to harmonize the stud book with directives for other European warmblood breeds . For a Selle Français to be registered , it must be from two registered Selle Français parents or from a cross between a Selle Français and a facteur de selle français ( non @-@ Selle Français horse that has passed stud book selection procedures ) . Stallions must pass through a selection process before their progeny is allowed to be registered as Selle Français . The process involves an approval committee that judges stallions on criteria based on the age , breed and nationality of the horses . The qualification criteria involve the conformation , gaits , performance and are scored against national indices .
Mares can be of several origins and be listed as facteur de selle français . Thoroughbred , AQPS , pure or crossbred Anglo @-@ Arabians and French Trotting horses may also qualify under this designation , as do mares that are the product of two facteur de selle français horses . Mares belonging to other saddle horse breeds recognized by the European Union ( EU ) are also listed in this category . Pure and crossbred Arabians , saddle breeds not recognized by the EU and some other mares may be listed on an individual basis by performing at a high level in show jumping , three @-@ day eventing or dressage competition . If mares come from countries or territories that do not have access to high @-@ level competitions , they may be granted special listing status .
In 2003 , the stud book was divided into two parts : a section for pure Selle Français from two registered parents and a section for horses with one facteur de selle français parent . In 2009 , this distinction was abandoned and the two sections were recombined into a single stud book .
= = Uses = =
The Selle Français is a French sport horse , now recognized internationally as a top breed for show jumping and three @-@ day eventing . Selection criteria for breeding stock focuses on their jumping abilities . Show jumping is a technical sport , calling for lively and responsive yet powerful horses . Horses with more Thoroughbred blood in them have also been very competitive in three @-@ day eventing , where speed and stamina are needed to be successful in all three portions ( dressage , three @-@ day eventing and show jumping ) of the event . Thanks to these qualities , the Selle Français is seen on international show jumping and three @-@ day eventing teams , both in France and elsewhere . In dressage , the Selle Français has gradually improved , but has faced stiff competition from northern European breeds , which often have more active gaits . In addition , many French breeders guide their horses to the more popular and profitable sport of show jumping , which sometimes deprives the dressage system of good horses . The World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses ( WBFSH ) ranks warmblood stud books based on their success in eventing , show jumping and dressage . In 2013 , the ANSF was ranked as the 3rd best show jumping stud book in the world , topped only by the Dutch Warmblood and Belgian Warmblood breeds , and a Selle Français horse was ranked first in the world . The stud book was ranked at 6th in the world in eventing , with the top horse placed at 25th . The ANSF was ranked 19th in dressage , beaten by many of the more popular dressage breeds , including Dutch Warmbloods , Hanoverians and Westphalians .
The Institut français du cheval et de l 'équitation ( French Institute of Horse Riding ) , the École nationale d 'équitation ( National Riding School ) and the Cadre Noir all use mainly Selle Français . Young horses are selected according to their skills and are trained by students within the schools . Horses representing the Cadre Noir are selected at the age of three and are trained according to their abilities , with some reaching the highest levels of haute ecole dressage . Selle Français are also used for combined driving , equestrian vaulting and competitive trail riding , and have competed at the international level in all three sports .
Selle Français are also used for the production of race horses in France . By crossbreeding them with Thoroughbred and Anglo @-@ Arabians , horses are produced which are competitive in steeplechase ( racing over obstacles ) . These horses are generally registered as AQPS ( meaning " other than Thoroughbred " ) in France . The AQPS studbook in France was created in 2005 ; before this , some successful French racehorses , especially those raced in steeplechase races , were registered as Selle Français . These include Neptune Collonges , winner of the 2012 Grand National race , and Quevega .
= = International success = =
Many Selle Français compete each year in international competitions in many equestrian disciplines . Some have been particularly successful :
Almé Z ( 1966 – 1991 ) , while not a successful international competitor himself , was a sire of huge importance to the international show jumping world . Among his numerous successful progeny was I Love You ( a World Cup winner ) and Galoubet A ( 1972 – 2005 ) , part of the gold @-@ medal winning French show @-@ jumping team at the World Championships in 1982 . Galoubet A , in turn , is known for both his competition career and the success of his offspring . He is the sire of Baloubet du Rouet ( b . 1989 ) , who with rider Rodrigo Pessoa won the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics and was a three @-@ time winner of the World Cup .
Flambeau C ( b . 1971 ) became a pillar of the French show jumping team in the 1980s . He participated in the 1984 Summer Olympics , where he took 7th individually , and the 1988 Summer Olympics , winning the bronze medal with the French team . The 1980s also saw the rise of Jappeloup ( 1975 – 1991 ) , a small black horse with a conformation and gaits that were considered disadvantageous for show jumping . Despite this , he had an impressive jumping style , and won two French championships in 1982 and 1986 , a European championship in 1987 , several team medals at the European and World Championships , and a gold medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics with rider Pierre Durand , Jr .
In the 1990s , several Selle Français rose to prominence in international competition . Quidam de Revel ( b . 1982 ) , was on the French bronze medal winning show jumping team at the 1992 Summer Olympics , ridden by Hervé Godignon , and Quito de Baussy ( b . 1982 ) was a European champion , world champion and another member of the French team in 1992 , ridden by Éric Navet . Rochet Rouge ( 1983 – 2008 ) was a show jumping European champion in 1999 and an individual bronze medalist at the 1996 Summer Olympics . The 2000s saw Selle Français among the world leaders in both show jumping and three @-@ day eventing . Four stallions made up the champion show jumping team at the 2002 World Equestrian Games , while four more Selle Francais made up the winning three @-@ day event team at the 2004 Summer Olympics . In 2003 , a Selle Francais became the European champion in vaulting , and another was named the world champion in competitive trail riding . The Selle Français continued to lead international show jumping competitions in the 2010s , with Swiss rider Steve Guerdat riding a member of the breed to individual gold at the 2012 Summer Olympics .
= Sense and Antisense ( Millennium ) =
" ' Sense and Antisense " is the third episode of the second season of the crime @-@ thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on October 3 , 1997 . The episode was written by Chip Johannessen and directed by Thomas J. Wright . " Sense and Antisense " featured guest appearances from Clarence Williams III and Ricky Harris .
Millennium centers on offender profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) , who investigates unusual crimes as part of the private investigative organisation the Millennium Group . In this episode , Black aids in the search for a man who is supposedly carrying a highly contagious virus and discovers the secret behind the Human Genome Project .
Johannessen has described " Sense and Antisense " as having suffered from extensive script re @-@ writes ; his original version dealt more strongly with racial issues but was rewritten at the behest of the network 's broadcast standards office . The episode earned a mixed reception from television critics , and was viewed by approximately 6 @.@ 57 million households upon its initial broadcast .
= = Plot = =
Patient Zero ( Clarence
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Williams III ) tries to hail a taxi on a busy street , but is continually ignored . He is eventually picked up by Gerome Knox ( Ricky Harris ) , but suffers a seizure in the back of the taxi , raving about a threat against his life . Knox takes him to hospital , where he is diagnosed as a drug addict . Zero is sedated , but becomes agitated when two men enter the hospital lobby ; Knox helps him escape , believing his life is in danger . The two men , Wright and Patterson , quarantine the area , as Zero is carrying a highly contagious disease .
Millennium Group member Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) is contacted for help in finding Zero , and travels to a briefing on the situation . It is explained that Zero is carrying a disease ordinarily confined to the Congo . Meanwhile , Zero and Knox are attempting to have a local newspaper run Zero 's story , believing he has been infected in a racially motivated conspiracy akin to the Tuskegee syphilis experiment . Police locate and apprehend Zero , who manages to smear blood on Black 's shirt .
Black has the blood tested , and finds it free of any pathogen ; meanwhile , the government center running the earlier briefing has vanished . Black realizes he was tricked into finding Zero for an ulterior motive , eventually learning that the organisation responsible is carrying out medical experiments on the homeless , and may be tied to the Millennium Group . Elsewhere a homeless man , acting similarly to Zero , attacks two policemen , and is killed in response . Black and fellow Group member Peter Watts ( Terry O 'Quinn ) investigate , but are clearly not welcome . Black manages to obtain a blood sample from the dead man , and finds a stretcher tag which he believes is connected to the United States Department of Energy .
Further examination of the blood of both Zero and the dead man reveal that their condition has been induced through gene therapy . Watts and Black theorize that the DOE is developing a biological weapon which would incite violence and rioting in a targeted population ; they learn that the research is being conducted by scientists involved in the Human Genome Project . Later , the body of Knox is found at a nearby morgue . Later , Black and Watts , assisted by local police , raid an office building connected to the project , which they believe is using homeless shelters to test their pathogen . They hope to recover Zero in the raid , but find him cogent and working for the project — his real name is Dr. William Kramer , and he denies any knowledge of the incident . Black believes Kramer was accidentally infected during his work , and finds a photograph in the man 's office , showing him in military uniform , taking part in the 1994 Rwandan Genocide .
= = Production = =
" Sense and Antisense " was written by Chip Johannessen , who went on to write a total of twelve episodes across all three seasons , including the series ' final episode , " Goodbye to All That " . The episode was directed by Thomas J. Wright ; Wright had directed six episodes previously and would helm a further nineteen over the series ' run . Wright would also go on to direct " Millennium " , the series ' crossover episode with its sister show The X @-@ Files .
Johannessen was ultimately unhappy with how the episode turned out , believing that it suffered as a result of frequent re @-@ writes to the script . Johannessen 's original draft focused more heavily on racial issues , which Fox 's broadcast standards office objected to . The episode makes use of Bobby Darin 's song " Gyp the Cat " in a diegetic manner . Darin 's music has been noted by Millennium 's resident composer Mark Snow as a hallmark of the works of executive producers Glen Morgan and James Wong , and would also appear in the episodes " Beware of the Dog " , " Monster " , and " Goodbye Charlie " .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Sense and Antisense " was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on October 3 , 1997 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 6 @.@ 7 during its original broadcast , meaning that 6 @.@ 7 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode . This represented approximately 6 @.@ 59 million households , and left the episode the seventy @-@ second most @-@ viewed broadcast that week .
The episode generally received mixed reviews from critics . The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff rated the episode a C + , finding that it to be ambitious but ultimately feeling that it attempted too much at once . VanDerWerff found the episode " entertaining " , but added that it " feels like something that ’ s been rewritten at least one time too many , to incorporate more and more ideas until the center cannot hold " . Bill Gibron , writing for DVD Talk , rated the episode 4 out of 5 , praising Williams ' guest appearance . Gibron also felt positively about the episode 's complexity , feeling that it displayed " a certain intelligence " in assuming such a pace . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated " Sense and Antisense " two stars out of five , describing it as " too thin and too obvious " . Shearman praised Williams ' guest appearance , but felt that the episode seemed too close thematically to The X @-@ Files to work well on its own .
= Peggle =
Peggle is a casual puzzle video game developed by Sukhbir Sidhu and Brian Rothstein of PopCap Games . Initially released for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X systems in 2007 , it has since had versions released for Xbox Live Arcade , PlayStation Network , the Nintendo DS ( with the help of Q Entertainment ) , Windows Mobile , iOS , Zeebo and Android ; the game has also been ported as a Java application , and an extended minigame incorporated into the massively multiplayer online game World of Warcraft . A sequel was released in September 2008 , titled Peggle Nights .
Inspired by pachinko and bagatelle , each level of Peggle challenges the player to shoot a limited supply of balls at a field of colored pegs to clear out specifically marked pegs while attempting to achieve a high score through skilled shot planning . Special powers associated with a number of cartoon " Peggle Masters " can be activated to aid the player in this task . Peggle initially sold slowly but was boosted by the inclusion of a specially designed demonstration in Valve 's The Orange Box , and has since enjoyed over 50 million downloads from the Internet . Both its release on Xbox Live Arcade and iOS have enjoyed similar success . PopCap , now a subsidiary of Electronic Arts , have announced Peggle 2 at the E3 2013 convention .
= = Gameplay = =
Within the game 's main " Adventure " mode , Peggle is divided into fifty @-@ five levels . Each level features an arrangement of approximately one hundred blue " pegs " , positioned to correspond with the level 's background picture , inside of three walls on the top and sides ( leaving the bottom opened ) , along with other fixed and moving features . The goal of each level is to clear the board of the twenty @-@ five random pegs that are turned orange at the start of the level , by using a ball launcher located at the top center of the screen to strike one or more of the pegs . Pegs light up when hit , and once the ball either falls through the bottom of the screen or is caught by the ball catcher that moves back and forth along the bottom in a fixed manner , the pegs will be removed . Struck pegs are also removed if the ball is stuck on them . The player begins each level with ten balls ( twelve on the non @-@ Touch iPod version ) to clear the orange pegs , but may earn more by landing the ball in the ball catcher , or by earning high scores on single shots . Failure to clear the board with the allotted number of balls will require the player to restart the level , while completing this objective will allow the player to progress forward to the next board .
Every five levels in the Adventure mode correspond to playing with one of ten " Peggle Masters " , cartoon characters that help the player . Each of the Peggle Masters has a unique special ability that is activated when the player strikes one of the two randomly selected green pegs on the board . Some abilities activate immediately ; one ability causes a second ball to be generated from the green peg when struck . Other abilities will have effects that activate on the next shot or for several more shots ; one ability shows the ball 's path including rebounds , while another will extend the length of the ball catcher . In the final five levels of the Adventure mode , called " Master " levels , the player can select which of the Peggle Masters they want to use .
In addition to clearing the board , the player is challenged to get high scores with each shot . Points come from two main sources : striking pegs , and style points . Each struck peg earns points , with further bonuses gained by hitting numerous pegs on a single shot , and by clearing orange pegs , which builds up a scoring multiplier up to 10x when all but a few orange pegs remain . Additionally , for each shot , one random blue peg will be marked purple and revert to blue after the shot if it is not struck ; striking this peg will further boost the player 's score . Style points are awarded for making difficult shots such as striking two orange pegs consecutively that are a distance apart , or by getting lucky bounces off the ball catcher . When the player clears the board of orange pegs , as announced by the song " Ode To Joy " and the message " Extreme Fever " , the bottom of the level is replaced with five bins of different point values that the ball will fall into . The player is awarded this score in addition to any unused balls remaining to get their final score for the level . If all the pegs on a level are cleared , a bonus is awarded and all the bins turn to the maximum value and the message " Ultra Extreme Fever " is displayed .
In addition to the Adventure mode , the game features a series of challenges that require the player to complete boards under stricter requirements , such as having to clear more orange pegs or remove every peg from the board . A " Duel " mode allows the player to compete against another person or a computer AI on the same board in attempting to reach the highest score . The Xbox Live and PlayStation Network versions add a " Peg Party " mode , in which up to four players compete on their own boards using a limited number of balls , each attempting to get the highest score . In each of these modes , the game generally offers the ability for players to select which Peggle Master they wish to use .
= = Development = =
Peggle was originally envisioned by PopCap 's studio director , Sukhbir Sidhu , who was inspired by pachinko machines . However , he recognized that pachinko was mostly luck @-@ based , and would not translate well into a video game . After seeing a 2D game engine created by PopCap programmer Brian Rothstein , Sidhu was able to realize his game , and worked with Rothstein for the first five months of its development before bringing in additional programmers . Initial designs focused on bringing together elements of pachinko with Breakout . The team initially incorporated a " rapid @-@ fire " mechanic used in pachinko , along with numerous moving targets , but they found this made the levels either too fast @-@ paced or too demanding of the player . They found over time that a static field of pegs provided a more enjoyable experience for the player ; the path of the ball would be more predictable , leading to the gameplay mechanic of requiring only a random subset of orange pegs to be cleared . Once the team had established the core mechanics of the game , they brought on character artist Walter Wilson , background artist Marcia Broderick and an additional coder , Eric Tams , to help complete Peggle within its two @-@ year development period . Even with their game established , Sidhu and Rothstein faced internal challenges at PopCap to increase the level of interactivity with the game , but the two defended their vision of the game .
The design team struggled with a theme for the game , and for a while the game was based around the mythelogical god Thor . During this time the game was called Thunderball and was much darker in theme than the final product . Eventually the game changed themes to be more lighthearted and the team realized that the name no longer fit the game . From there the designers came up with calling the game " Pego " and then " Pogo " . The team later discovered that , since Pogo was already the name of EA 's Flash portal they wouldn 't be able to use it .
Though the game was technically completed within a year , PopCap opted to spend more time to polish it , improving the visuals and background images . The team spent time refining the various sound effects used in the game , in order to provide an appropriate atmosphere . In some cases , they found the desired sound quickly ; the sound of the ball hitting a peg was borrowed from another game in development at PopCap , but was considered perfect for Peggle . Other cases required iteration ; the sound of the ball shooter was originally closer to that of a cannon , while a " plunk " sound effect was used when the ball catcher caught a ball . These were changed to more airy sounds ( an air cannon and a brief angelic chorus ) in order to make the elements sound as if part of the game 's music . The team found it helped to create a defining moment at the end of each level when the player is moments from clearing the final peg . This initially was programmed as a simple message stating " Extreme Fever " and the music of Ode to Joy as a placeholder . Sidhu wanted to recreate the " wild sounds and visuals " that were present on winning pachinko games . However , the team found that the players reacted well to the simpler placeholder elements , and the team focused on improving the presentation of these , including adding a zoom on the current ball as it neared the last orange peg to be cleared .
= = Versions and sequels = =
Peggle Extreme was packaged with the Windows version of The Orange Box , featuring levels inspired by Half @-@ Life 2 , Team Fortress 2 , and Portal . It includes ten levels with one Peggle Master , and five Challenges . Peggle Extreme was eventually made free to download for anyone with a Steam account . The game was developed in conjunction with Valve Corporation after PopCap 's Tams learned that Peggle was played often at Valve 's offices and that the company had helped to promote the game on Steam . PopCap proposed a version that would pay tribute to Valve 's games , which Valve readily warmed up to , helping PopCap with its development , including providing graphical assets and artwork .
Peggle has been ported to Xbox Live Arcade , the PlayStation Network , the iPod , and iOS . The Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network versions includes the " Peg Party " mode in which up to four players can compete simultaneously . Both the Xbox Live Arcade , PlayStation Network and iOS versions include the " Duel " mode , with the iOS version having the players share the iPhone between turns . Peggle has also been ported as a minigame inside World of Warcraft , featuring levels based on the game , though including a limited set of Peggle Masters to use . Warcraft players can also use Peggle to decide how to distribute loot from successful raids or dungeons . Subsequently , in July 2009 , a free standalone , ten @-@ level edition of Peggle themed around Warcraft in a similar manner as Peggle Extreme was released .
PopCap released a sequel to the original game , Peggle Nights , in September 2008 for Windows . The sequel expands upon Peggle by adding one new Peggle Master in addition to new levels and challenges . The Xbox Live and PlayStation Network versions of Peggle received Nights as a downloadable expansion to the game on November 19 , 2009 . Peggle Nights was made available as an in @-@ app purchase for iOS devices . Peggle : Dual Shot is a Nintendo DS port of the game , developed by Q Entertainment ; the game includes content from both Peggle and Peggle Nights . This version of the game awards the player a star each time a purple bonus peg is hit , activating a new bonus minigame upon collecting five stars . The minigame requires that the player continually bounce a ball with pinball @-@ like bumpers to collect diamonds and extra balls .
= = Reception = =
Peggle was well received by critics . Alec Meer of Eurogamer found the game to be a " constant series of rewards " in gameplay , graphics , and audio that would continue to satisfy the player . Gus Mastrapa of The A.V. Club considered the game " comfort food for the omnivorous gamer " , with its ability to draw even hardcore gamers into its fantasy visuals . IGN 's Erik Brudvig cited Peggle as being " simple enough for anybody to pick up and instantly start having fun " . The Xbox Live version was seen as truthful to the PC version , and while the Peggle Party mode was considered an interesting addition , Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer felt it was a " curiously remote approach " that did not fully integrate a multiplayer experience into the game , a point also stated by Mastrapa who lamented the lack of online leaderboards .
The game did not initially perform well in sales when released for Windows , but according to Sidhu , sales of the game took off following the release of Peggle Extreme as part of The Orange Box ; Sidhu stated that the special version of the game helped to bring in video game players that would " never be caught dead playing a game with unicorns and rainbows " . Peggle ( both trial and full versions ) has been downloaded more than 50 million times from the Internet as of early 2009 , though PopCap has not released how many of these downloads were for full sales of the game .
Upon its release on Xbox Live Arcade , Peggle was the top @-@ selling game on the service for two weeks , and remained in the top ten applications for several weeks afterward . Within a month , over 100 @,@ 000 players were listed on the Xbox leaderboards for Peggle , though this number also includes players who purchased the game through the PopCap Arcade Volume 2 retail package , which contained the game as well . IGN editor Cam Shea ranked it eighth on his top ten list of Xbox Live Arcade games . He stated that while its theme could easily turn players off , they should not let it , as it is " It 's infectious , and most importantly , fun " according to him . In a list compiled by the IGN staff in September 2010 , Peggle was listed as the 10th best Xbox Live Arcade of all time .
The release of Peggle on iOS was extremely popular , placing in the top ten applications purchased through the App Store for the first two weeks it was available . During a weekend in June 2009 , the title was put on sale for $ 1 ( normally $ 5 ) ; the sale caused the game to become the most purchased application in the App Store . A PopCap representative stated that they made as many sales during this four @-@ day period as they had in the three weeks prior , after the game 's launch on the Store .
Peggle is considered to be an addictive game . The game is stated to have a simple premise that follows the KISS principle , but requires some amount of repeating playing to master , similar in fashion to early arcade games , leading to its addictive qualities . Peggle is also claimed to entice the user to play " just a few more minutes " . The accessibility of the game across multiple platforms is also considered to contribute to its addictiveness . MSNBC named Peggle one of the " Top 5 most addictive computer games of all time . " Despite its addictive nature , the game , like many of PopCap 's casual games , is also considered a stress reliever . A study underwritten by PopCap at East Carolina University found that across 132 subjects , Peggle was found to increase their mood by 573 % across all subjects , with a 45 % reduction in depression . Peggle along with other PopCap games were also found to help children with ADHD improve their attention span and memory recall , in a survey done by Information Solutions Group on behalf of PopCap .
Peggle was nominated for the 2007 Game Developers Choice Awards for " Best Downloadable Game " , " Best Handheld Game " ( for the iPod port ) , and " Innovation " awards . The game was also nominated as the " Best Downloadable Game " for the 2007 Interactive Achievement Awards by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . Peggle appeared as # 40 on the 2007 PC Gamer Magazine ( UK ) list of their 100 favorite computer games of all time .
= Hurricane Otis ( 2005 ) =
Hurricane Otis was a moderate hurricane that threatened the Baja California Peninsula but dissipated before landfall . Otis developed on September 28 , 2005 , off the western coast of Mexico , from a tropical wave that emerged from the western coast of Africa and traversed the Atlantic Ocean during the preceding several weeks . After attaining tropical storm status on September 29 , the storm moved in a generally northwestward direction for most of its duration . It ultimately peaked at Category 2 intensity on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale before beginning to weaken . The storm degenerated into a tropical depression on October 3 and dissipated fully on October 5 , near the coast of Baja California Sur . Preparations for the storm were completed on the Peninsula ; tropical cyclone watches and warnings were declared and numerous shelters opened . However , the storm 's effects were minimal , and limited to gusty winds with heavy rainfall . No major damage was reported .
= = Meteorological history = =
The origins of Hurricane Otis are believed to have been in a tropical wave that emerged from the west coast of Africa on September 9 . The wave moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean , spawning Tropical Depression Seventeen on September 17 . The southern portion of the wave continued westward , crossing into the eastern Pacific Ocean on September 22 . As the wave entered a monsoon @-@ like environment , convection increased on September 23 . An associated area of disorganized clouds and thunderstorms persisted off the coast of Mexico for several days , although due to wind shear and its proximity to land , short @-@ term tropical cyclone development — if any — was expected to occur slowly . On September 27 , it began to show signs of organization ; the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) remarked upon the potential for a tropical cyclone to develop within the next day . It is estimated that the system became a tropical depression at 0000 UTC on September 28 , while located about 140 miles ( 230 km ) to the south of Manzanillo , Mexico .
The depression moved slowly toward the southwest and became better organized , despite a decrease in the coverage of deep convection . By late September 28 the depression was approaching tropical storm status ; it turned to the northwest and attained winds of 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) at 0600 UTC on September 29 , at which time it was assigned the name Otis . That evening , wind shear relented and conditions became more favorable for the storm 's intensification . Convection wrapped almost fully around the center , and early on September 3 , Otis was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale . Shortly thereafter , a ragged eye feature developed ; it quickly became better defined as it entered the scope of weather radar in Cabo San Lucas .
Otis began gradually entering cooler ocean waters , although the National Hurricane Center noted in one of its discussions on the system that the environment was still warm enough to support a stronger storm . The hurricane continued drifting northwestward , and early on October 1 it reached peak intensity at Category 2 status . At the time , maximum sustained winds were at 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) and barometric pressure was recorded at 970 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 64 inHg ) . Hours later , however , it began to weaken , a trend that continued due to southwesterly wind shear and dry air . The cloud pattern associated with the hurricane deteriorated on October 2 , and the center of circulation was separated from the convective activity . Otis weakened to a tropical storm and drifted erratically toward the north @-@ northwest as a result of weak steering currents . Over increasingly cold waters , the cyclone further weakened to a depression on October 3 and consisted of a small swirl of low @-@ level clouds . It became a remnant low pressure area the next day . The system abruptly turned southeastward and drifted parallel to the coast of the Baja California Peninsula until dissipating on October 5 .
= = Preparations and impact = =
On September 30 , the first tropical cyclone watches and warnings were issued with the declaration of tropical storm warnings and hurricane watches along portions of the east and west coasts of the Baja California Peninsula . For several days the advisories were adjusted and amended , and on October 1 , a hurricane warning was posted for the west coast of Baja California , from Agua Blanca to San Andresito . By October 2 , all watches and warnings were discontinued on the east coast of the peninsula , and the remaining advisories were lifted the next day . High winds and heavy rainfall were anticipated .
In advance of the storm , the governor of Baja California Sur , Narciso Agundez , ordered emergency personnel to Comondú , Lorteo , and Mulege . Approximately 700 families fled to shelters in Cabo San Lucas ; elsewhere , an additional 200 families evacuated in San Jose del Cabo . Some residents in Miraflores and Santiago also left their homes . Agundez asked soldiers to assist the islands of Magdalena and Margarita in preparing for the storm . Five communities in Mexico , including Cabo San Lucas , declared a state of emergency . Authorities throughout the region opened numerous shelters , and in some locations , police officers went door @-@ to @-@ door asking residents to leave . The port in Cabo San Lucas was closed due to the storm 's threat , although the airport remained open .
Although the center of Otis remained offshore , tropical storm @-@ force winds were reported at higher elevations over portions of southern Baja California . At Cabo San Lucas , an automated weather station recorded a wind gust to 63 miles per hour ( 101 km / h ) on September 30 , with sustained winds of 49 miles per hour ( 79 km / h ) . There , periods of heavy rainfall mixed with fair skies as the storm passed . No damages or fatalities were reported , although some media reports indicated that the storm caused flooding in parts of the southern Baja California peninsula . Offshore , two ships reported tropical @-@ storm @-@ force winds in association with the storm : the Volendam on October 3 , and the Star Harmonia on October 1 .
= F. Emasculata =
" F. Emasculata " is the twenty @-@ second episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It first premiered on the Fox network in the United States on April 28 , 1995 . It was written by series creator Chris Carter and staff writer Howard Gordon , and directed by Rob Bowman . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " F. Emasculata " received a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 9 and was watched by 8 @.@ 5 million households . The episode received mixed reviews from television critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Scully tries to discover the cause of a mysterious illness after several men in a prison die . Meanwhile , Mulder attempts to find two escapees who could potentially spread the disease .
" F. Emasculata " was based on the actual practice of pharmaceutical companies sending scientists all over the world looking for plants and animals that could have medicinal use . The X @-@ Files director Frank Spotnitz felt that the episode 's exploding pustules were ridiculous because of their over @-@ the @-@ top nature . The Costa Rican forest at the opening was shot at the Seymour Demonstration Forest in Northern Vancouver .
= = Plot = =
In the rain forest of Costa Rica , entomologist Robert Torrance stumbles upon a decomposing boar carcass covered with dark purple pustules . As he extracts an insect from one of the pustules , it erupts , spraying him with fluid . By nightfall , Torrance himself has developed the boils and tries to radio for help . When a group of soldiers arrive the next morning , Torrance is dead .
At a prison in Dinwiddie County , Virginia , an inmate — also named Robert Torrance — receives a package containing a boil @-@ covered piece of meat . He becomes infected and dies thirty @-@ six hours later . Two other inmates , Paul and Steve , escape in a laundry cart after being sent to clean Torrance 's cell . Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) are sent to help the U.S. Marshals find them . The agents note that the FBI does not normally investigate prison escapes , and become suspicious as the prison is quarantined by the CDC and the National Guard . Mulder joins the Marshals to hunt the fugitives , while Scully stays behind to investigate the situation in the prison .
Scully learns
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, forcing her to admit she and Cook planned to re @-@ steal the mysterious money with the Chrysler . Minutes later , two of Cook 's men ambush them in the motel room , killing Blanche and injuring the driver before he manages to kill them both .
At the auto shop , the driver 's arm is bandaged from the shotgun pellets ; Shannon offers to hide the money , but the driver refuses . He hunts down Cook in a strip club , smashes his fingers with a hammer , and threatens to kill him , forcefeeding him the bullet that was given to Benicio ; Cook reveals that Nino was behind the robbery . The driver decides to return the million but Nino dismisses the offer and instead sends a hitman ( Jeff Wolfe ) to the driver 's apartment building . Entering the elevator with Irene , the driver encounters the hitman and spots his pistol . The driver kisses Irene and then brutally beats the hitman to death . Irene exits horrified and stunned .
In his pizzeria , Nino reveals to Bernie that the money was stashed at the pawn shop by a low level Philadelphia wise guy from the " East Coast mob " and since anyone tied to the robbery could lead the East Coast Mafia to them , they need to kill everyone involved . Bernie warns Nino that nobody steals from the Italian Mob . Nino becomes angered and explains how the Italian Mob has , in part due to his Jewish heritage , continually marginalized and insulted him . At the end , he convinces Bernie to follow his plan . Bernie then proceeds to murder Cook with knives from the restaurant , as he is the sole witness to their agreement . After Shannon refuses to divulge the whereabouts of the driver , Bernie kills him at the auto shop with a straight razor from his collection of blades .
The driver , disguising himself with a rubber mask from his stuntman job , follows Nino from the pizzeria to the Pacific Coast Highway and T @-@ bones Nino 's car onto a beach , then chases him from the wreck to the ocean and drowns him . The driver goes to meet Bernie at a Chinese restaurant . He makes a phone call to Irene to tell her he is leaving , saying that meeting her and Benicio was the best thing that ever happened to him . At the restaurant , Bernie promises that Irene will be safe in exchange for the money , but warns the driver must always be on the run . At his car , the driver gives Bernie the money but Bernie attempts to kill him , stabbing him in the stomach . The driver survives and fatally stabs Bernie in the neck , then drives away , abandoning the money bag alongside Bernie 's body . Irene knocks at the driver 's apartment , but gets no response . The driver is shown driving away into the night .
= = Cast = =
Ryan Gosling as The Driver
Carey Mulligan as Irene
Bryan Cranston as Shannon
Albert Brooks as Bernie Rose
Oscar Isaac as Standard Gabriel
Ron Perlman as Nino
Christina Hendricks as Blanche
Kaden Leos as Benicio
James Biberi as Cook
Jeff Wolfe as the Assassin in the Tan Suit
Russ Tamblyn as Doc
Andy San Dimas as dancer
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
The novel Drive by James Sallis was published in 2005 . Producers Marc Platt and Adam Siegel of Marc Platt Productions optioned the novel after Siegel read a review in Publishers Weekly . The driver intrigued Siegel because he was " the kind of character you rarely see anymore – he was a man with a purpose ; he was very good at one thing and made no apologies for it . " The character interested Platt , because he reminded him of movie heroes he looked up to as a child , characters typically portrayed by Steve McQueen or Clint Eastwood .
Academy Award @-@ nominated screenwriter Hossein Amini adapted the novel for the screen . He felt it was a rare book to receive from a studio because it was short , gloomy , and like a poem . Because the novel does not present a linear story but has many flashbacks and jumps around in time , Amini found the adaptation challenging . He felt the non @-@ linear structure made it " a very tricky structure " for a feature film .
A film adaptation of Drive was first announced in early 2008 , with Neil Marshall set to direct what was then being described as " an L.A.-set action mystery " that would be a starring vehicle for Hugh Jackman . Universal Studios , who had been trying to make a film version for some time , was also on board . By February 2010 , Marshall and Jackman were no longer attached to the project . When Ryan Gosling signed on as the leading role , he was allowed to choose the director . A fan of his work , the actor chose the Danish filmmaker Nicolas Winding Refn . When Refn read the first screenplay for Drive , he was more intrigued by the concept of a man having a split personality , being a stuntman by day and a getaway driver at night , than the story itself .
= = = Casting = = =
Producer Marc E. Platt contacted actor Ryan Gosling regarding Drive early on . Platt explained : “ I have this list that I ’ ve created of very talented individuals whose work inspire me – writers , directors , actors whom I have to work with before I go onto another career or do something else with my life . " Near the top of Platt 's list was Gosling , who , despite having starred in several films of diverse genres , had never starred in anything like Drive . He had always been interested in doing an action @-@ oriented project ; Gosling claimed that he was simply put off from the genre , believing that the action films of today put more focus on stunts instead of characters . Despite this , Platt heard back from the actor around 48 hours later . Gosling has stated that his strong attraction to the plot led him to take on the leading role of the unnamed driver , saying that he was drawn to the " very strong character " at its core , as well as the " powerful " romance .
In an interview with Rotten Tomatoes , Gosling was asked , " What was it about the film ? Had you read the script when Hugh Jackman and director Neil Marshall were attached to make it ? " He replied :
" I think that might be the original one I read . I read a few drafts . I read one as well where he wasn 't a stunt driver at all , which was a newer draft – maybe that 's the one Hugh Jackman had ; I 'm not sure exactly . Basically when I read it , in trying to figure out who would do something like this , the only way to make sense of this is that this is a guy that 's seen too many movies , and he 's started to confuse his life for a film . He 's lost in the mythology of Hollywood and he 's become an amalgamation of all the characters that he admires . "
Gosling was given the opportunity to choose the film 's director , a first in his career : " And I thought , ' It had to be Nicolas [ Winding Refn ] . ' There was no other choice . " Believing that the director might be intimidated by the script as it was unlike anything he had done before , Gosling had concerns about Refn 's desire to participate . Refn took on the project without hesitation .
When casting roles in his movies , Refn doesn 't watch casting tapes or have his actors audition for him . He meets with them and casts them on the spot if he feels they 're right . Drive was the first film Carey Mulligan signed on to after being nominated for an Academy Award for her role in An Education , which was directed by another Danish filmmaker , Lone Scherfig . Scherfig is a good friend of Refn and she used to babysit him when he was a child . At the time of Mulligan ’ s casting , Refn hadn ’ t seen An Education , but his wife was big fan of the film and Mulligan ’ s performance , and she urged him to cast her . In the original script , the character was a Hispanic woman name Irina . The character was changed to Irene after Mulligan was cast . While working on the film , Mulligan moved in with Refn , his wife and two daughters in their home in Los Angeles . Hossein Amini , the film ’ s screenwriter , also lived with Refn ’ s family during the duration of the film ’ s shoot . Refn and Amini made significant changes to the original script during this time .
Bryan Cranston plays the role of Shannon . Cranston was one of the first actors Winding Refn looked to cast , as he was a fan of the TV series Breaking Bad . Knowing Cranston had other opportunities , Winding Refn tried to interest him by asking how he would like to develop the role . After not hearing back , Winding Refn called him , at the very same time that Cranston was writing on a piece of paper the pros and cons of doing Drive . Moved by Winding Refn 's interest , he accepted the part . Christina Hendricks plays the small role of Blanche . " Trying to work in a more reality arena for a character like that , " Winding Refn originally auditioned porn stars for Blanche . He was unable to find anyone with the necessary acting talent . After meeting with Hendricks , he decided to cast her , feeling her " powerhouse " persona would click with the character .
Albert Brooks plays the foul @-@ mouthed , morose Bernie Rose . When Winding Refn suggested him , Gosling agreed but thought the actor would not be up for playing a character who is violent and sullen , or for appearing in a film that he did not work on himself . Brooks accepted the role to go against type and because he loved that Bernie was not a cliché . " There are six people you could always get to play this kind of part , and I like that the director was thinking outside of the box . For me , it was an opportunity to act outside the box . I liked that this mobster had real style . Also , he doesn ’ t get up in the morning thinking about killing people . He ’ s sad about it . Upset about it . It ’ s a case of , ' Look what you made me do . ' "
Nino , a key villain , is portrayed by Ron Perlman , one of the last actors to join the cast . Regarding the casting of Perlman , Winding Refn said , " The character of Nino was originally not particularly interesting , so I asked Ron why he wanted to be in my movie when he 's done so many great films . When Ron said , ' I always wanted to play a Jewish man who wants to be an Italian gangster ' , and I asked why , and he said , ' because that 's what I am – a Jewish boy from New York ' , well , that automatically cemented it for me . " Oscar Isaac portrays a Latino convict named Standard who is married to Irene and is just released from prison a week after Irene meets The driver . He found the role to be a bit unappealing and chose to turn the archetypal character into something more . He said of the role ,
" As soon as I sat down with Nicolas , he explained this universe and world of the story , so we made the character into someone interested in owning a restaurant , someone who made some wrong decisions in his life , ending up in a bad place . By making ‘ Standard ’ more specific and more interesting , we found that it made the story that more compelling . "
= = = Filming and cinematography = = =
The film was made on a production budget of about $ 15 million and shot in various parts of Los Angeles , California , beginning on September 25 , 2010 . Locations were picked by Winding Refn while Gosling drove him around the city at night . Under the director 's request , Los Angeles was picked as the shooting site due to budget concerns . Winding Refn moved into a plush Los Angeles home and insisted that the cast members and screenwriter Amini move in with him . They would work on the script and film all day , then watch films , edit or drive at night . Refn requested that the editing suite be placed in his home as well . With a shooting script of 81 pages , Winding Refn and Gosling continued to trim down dialog during filming .
Its opening chase scene involving Gosling 's character was primarily filmed by Winding Refn within the car 's interior . In an interview , Winding Refn revealed the idea for this scene was to emulate the feeling of a " diver in an ocean of sharks " , never leaving the vehicle during a car chase so that the audience can see what 's happening from the character 's point of view . Tight on money and time , he shot the scene in two days . With two different set @-@ ups prepared in the car , the director found it difficult to have mobility with the camera , so he would then switch the camera to two additional set @-@ ups nearby . As downtown Los Angeles had changed for the better , Refn avoided certain areas to preserve the gloomy atmosphere . Additionally , the scene was shot at low @-@ angles with minimal light .
One scene in the film that has no dialog is the elevator sequence , " a series of stunning visuals and graphic imagery that ’ s a prime example of how the film conveys so many ideas and emotions through images rather than words . " For this , he spoke to Gaspar Noé and asked him how he did the head @-@ smashing scene in Noé 's Irréversible ( 2002 ) . Crossing the line from romance to violence , the scene starts off with the driver and Irene tenderly kissing . What they share is really a goodbye kiss , as he then becomes a " werewolf , " violently stomping the hit @-@ man 's head in . Subsequently , Irene sees the driver in a new light . " Every movie has to have a heart — a place where it defines itself — and in every movie I 've made there 's always a scene that does that . On Drive , it was hard for me to wrap my head around it . I realized I needed to show in one situation that driver is the hopelessly romantic knight , but he 's also completely psychotic and is willing to use any kind of violence to protect innocence . But that scene was never written . As I was going along , it just kind of popped up , " Refn said . In March 2012 , Interiors , an online journal that is concerned with the relationship between architecture and film , released an issue that discussed how space is used in this scene . The issue highlights Nicolas Winding Refn 's use of constricted space and his way of creating a balance between romance and violence .
Car scenes were filmed with a " biscuit rig " , a camera car rig developed for the film Seabiscuit ( 2003 ) , which allowed stunt driver Robert Nagle to steer the car , freeing Gosling to concentrate on acting . Consistent with Winding Refn 's usual visual style , wide @-@ angle lenses were heavily used by cinematographer Newton Thomas Sigel . Handheld camerawork was avoided . Preferring to keep the film more " grounded " and authentic , he also avoided use of computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) . Inability to afford CGI due to budgeting restrictions also played a factor in this decision . Although many stunt drivers are credited , Gosling did a number of stunts himself , after completing a stunt driving car crash course . During production , Gosling re @-@ built the 1973 Chevrolet Malibu used in the film , taking it apart and putting it back together . Filming concluded on November 12 , 2010 .
Beth Mickle was hired as Drive 's production designer on Gosling 's recommendation ; they had worked together on 2006 's Half Nelson . Prior to filming , Mickle supervised a crew of 40 , routinely working 16- to 18 @-@ hour days . This was her most expensive film to date , and Mickle felt freer since , compared to Half Nelson , " there was another zero added to the budget . " The crew built the driver 's apartment building , which included a hallway and elevator that linked his unit to Irene 's . Mickle also built a strip club set and Bernie Rose 's apartment in an abandoned building . Turning a " run @-@ of @-@ the @-@ mill " Los Angeles auto body shop into a grandiose dealership was one of the most challenging . Painting the walls an electric blue color , she brought in a showroom full of vintage cars .
Using an Arri Alexa camera , the film was shot digitally . According to executive producer David Lancaster , the film contains abundant , evocative , intense images of Los Angeles that are not often seen . " From the little seen back streets of downtown LA to the dry arid outposts on the peaks of the desert landscape surrounding it , Siegel has re @-@ imagined an LA all the way down to the rocky cliffs by the sea . "
While Drive is set in the present day , it carries a heavy 1980s atmosphere that is cautiously set from beginning to end and is underlined not only by the vehicles or music and clothes , but also by its architecture . The parts of the city seen in the Valley and by downtown Los Angeles are cheap stucco and mirrored glass , often leaving out more contemporary buildings . Drab background settings include the Southern California commercial strip . As the Los Angeles Times pointed out , whenever gleaming buildings are shown , it is because they are being seen from a distance . Refn shot those scenes from a helicopter at night in Bunker Hill , Los Angeles .
= = = Style and inspiration = = =
Journalists and reviewers have called Drive a " classic Los Angeles heist @-@ gone @-@ wrong story " , a " tribute to the genre of car films " in the vein of movies like Bullitt ( 1968 ) . As a character study , Drive examines themes of " loyalty , loneliness and the dark impulses that rise up even when we try our hardest to suppress them . " It combines comic gore , film noir and B @-@ movie style and Hollywood spectacle , resulting in " a bizarre concoction ... reminiscent of David Lynch 's Mulholland Drive ... Quentin Tarantino 's Pulp Fiction , and [ with ] angst @-@ laden love scenes that would not be out of place in a Scandinavian drama " . Other comparisons have been to the works of Walter Hill , John Carpenter , Michael Mann , Nathanael West , J.G. Ballard , and Mike Davis . According to Refn , Drive is dedicated to filmmaker Alejandro Jodorowsky and includes some of Jodorowsky 's existentialism .
Drive has been called a tough , hard @-@ edged neo @-@ noir art house feature , extremely violent and very stylish , with European art and grindhouse influences . According to Refn , Drive turns into a superhero film during the elevator scene when The Driver kills the villain . Drive also references 1970s and 1980s cult hits such as The Day of the Locust ( 1975 ) and To Live and Die in L.A. ( 1985 ) . Other influences can be seen in the neon @-@ bright opening credits and the retro song picks – " a mix of tension @-@ ratcheting synthesizer tones and catchy club anthems that collectively give the film its consistent tone . " Drive 's title sequence is hot @-@ pink , which was inspired by 1983 's Risky Business ' editing table . Refn has also indicated that the film 's romance was partially inspired by the films of John Hughes .
Winding Refn 's inspiration for Drive came partly from reading Grimm 's Fairy Tales , and his goal was to make " a fairy tale that takes Los Angeles as the background , " with The Driver as the hero . To play with the common theme of fairy tales , The Driver protects what is good while at the same time killing degenerate people in violent ways . Refn was also inspired by films such as Point Blank ( 1967 ) , Two @-@ Lane Blacktop ( 1971 ) , The Driver ( 1978 ) and Thief ( 1981 ) . Jean @-@ Pierre Melville ’ s crime productions influenced the cinematography . Amini 's script propensity imposes " a kind of sideways moral code , " where even those who comply with it are almost never rewarded for their efforts , as seen when The Driver helps Standard with Irene and her son 's best interests in mind . Within their vehicles , the characters not only make escapes or commit murder , but try to obtain peace and search for romance .
The film 's main character , The Driver , has been compared to the Man With No Name , a character Clint Eastwood portrayed in the Sergio Leone Westerns , because he almost never speaks , communicating mostly non @-@ verbally . The Driver 's meagre dialogue is not designed to present him as tough , but to soften him . Winding Refn chose to give the Driver very little dialogue and instead have him drive around listening to synthpop music , taking control when it counts . One reviewer noted that what The Driver lacks in psychology , he makes up through action and stylish costuming . The Driver 's wardrobe , in particular the satin jacket with the logo of a golden scorpion on the back , was inspired by the band KISS and Kenneth Anger 's 1964 experimental film Scorpio Rising . Refn sees the former as the character 's armor and the logo a sign of protection . According to reviewer Peter Canavese , the jacket is a reference to the fable of the scorpion and the frog , mentioned in the movie , which in turn evokes the use of the fable in the Orson Welles film Mr. Arkadin .
It 's also mainly inspired by Grand theft Auto computergame series .
= = = Music = = =
Most of its ethereal electronic @-@ pop score was composed by Cliff Martinez . Refn was a particular fan of his ambient work on the Sex , Lies , and Videotape soundtrack . The score contains tracks with vintage keyboards and bluntly descriptive titles . Refn wanted electronic music for the film and to have the music occasionally be abstract so viewers can see things from the driver 's perspective . He gave composer Martinez a sampling of songs he liked and asked Martinez to emulate the sound , resulting in " a kind of retro , 80ish , synthesizer europop " . Editor Matt Newman suggested Drive 's opening credits song – " Nightcall " by French electronic musician Kavinsky .
Winding Refn wanted a score by Johnny Jewel of Desire and Chromatics , whose music was used in the film , but the studio had other plans . They instead hired Martinez at the last minute to imitate the style and feel of Jewel 's bands Chromatics and Glass Candy .
As Winding Refn was going through mixer Johnny Jewel 's catalog , he picked out " Under Your Spell " and " Tick of the Clock " because he thought of Drive being a fairytale . During Drive 's climax , " A Real Hero " ' s keynote melody , about becoming " a real human being , and a real hero " , refrains because that is when the driver changes into both those statuses ' . At first , Jewel worried that " Under Your Spell " might be too literal but soon realized it is used in Drive " in the exact same way that I was feeling it when I wrote it . He definitely got the nuance of the song , and understood what it was supposed to mean , and he wanted to give that emotion to the viewer , that same feeling . "
Thinking of music in terms of basic elements , Jewel would tell the director that for certain scenes , it should not have bass since , as an earth tone , it usually is used for a more emotional or ominous part . Jewel thought the music should be upper register and relaxing for the " dreamlike " scene . To help himself with the writing process and conjure up melodies , the producer would perform a procedure where he highlighted many phrases from the novel , then printed those words in large font and hung them on his walls or drew pictures during viewings of Drive .
The soundtrack from Drive was listed on Spin magazine 's list of " 40 Movie Soundtracks That Changed Alternative Music " .
A re @-@ scored soundtrack for the film was produced for the BBC by Zane Lowe for its television broadcast in October 2014 . The soundtrack included original music from Chvrches , Banks , Bastille , Eric Prydz , SBTRKT , Bring Me the Horizon , The 1975 and Laura Mvula .
= = Release = =
Prior to principal photography , Refn went to the 2010 Cannes Film Festival in an effort to sell the rights to Drive and released promotional posters for the film . In November 2010 , FilmDistrict acquired North American distribution rights . The owners were so eager to get their hands on Drive , they started negotiating to buy it before seeing any footage , believing it could appeal to people who enjoy a genre movie , as well as the arthouse crowd . The film had a release date of September 16 , 2011 , in the United States .
The film premiered on May 20 , in competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . At its first showing to the media , it received abundant praise and received " some of the best responses of the festival " , but one positive review said it " can 't win , won 't win " Cannes 's top prize . It was greeted with hoots and howls of joy from the media , with viewers cheering on some of the scenes featuring extreme violence . Drive also received a 15 @-@ minute standing ovation from the crowd . Xan Brooks of The Guardian called the film his guilty pleasure of the 2011 competition , labeling it an enjoyable affair . " Over the past 10 days we 've witnessed great art and potent social commentary ; the birth of the cosmos and the end of the world . Turns out what we really wanted all along was a scene in which a man gets his head stomped in a lift . They welcome it in like a long @-@ lost relation , " he wrote . The festival named Refn best director for Drive .
Drive was also screened at the Los Angeles Time 's Los Angeles Film Festival ( LAFF ) on June 20 at its gala screenings program . It was among more than 200 feature films , short projects , and music videos , from more than 30 countries , to be shown at the festival . After Red Dog 's release date was pushed up by several days , Drive replaced it as the Melbourne International Film Festival 's closing night film . Additionally , the movie was screened during FilmDistrict 's studio panel presentation at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con function . A secret screening for Drive was held at London 's Empire Big Screen during the middle of August . In September , Drive screened as a special presentation during the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival , alongside another movie starring Gosling , The Ides of March .
= = = Home media = = =
Drive was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on January 30 , 2012 ; and it was released early on iTunes , the PlayStation Store , and Xbox Live on January 17 , 2012 .
Drive was re @-@ released on a Blu @-@ ray / DVD and Digital Copy combo Mondo x SteelBook on December 2 , 2014 , as a proof of concept title for an upcoming series of collaborative releases between Justin Ishmael ( Mondo ) and Nick Coughlan ( SteelBook ) utilizing artwork by Tyler Stout .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Drive received critical acclaim upon its release in 2011 . Critics lauded Refn 's direction , the cast ( especially Gosling and Brooks ) , Martinez 's score , the visual style and action sequences , though some critics found the violence off @-@ putting . The film has an approval score of 92 % on Rotten Tomatoes based on 238 reviews and an average rating of 8 @.@ 3 out of 10 . The critical consensus states : " With its hyper @-@ stylized blend of violence , music , and striking imagery , Drive represents a fully realized vision of arthouse action . " The film also has a score of 78 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on 43 reviews indicating " generally favorable reviews " .
It was one of the highest @-@ ranked and most @-@ featured films on critics ’ year @-@ end top 10 lists . It ranked as fourth best film of the year , behind The Tree of Life , The Artist , and Melancholia on Metacritic 's tally of top 10 lists . On Movie City News ’ tally it ranked third , behind The Tree of Life and The Descendants .
The writers for the film magazine Empire listed Drive as their number one film of 2011 . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 4 out of 4 stars , declaring that Drive was “ a brilliant piece of nasty business , ” and that “ Refn is a virtuoso , blending tough and tender with such uncanny skill that he deservedly won the Best Director prize at Cannes . " It was his top film of 2011 . Richard Roeper said that " Drive is an adrenalin shot to the senses . I love this movie and as soon as it was over , I wanted to see it again . ” James Rocchi , writing for The Playlist , gave the film an A letter grade and said , " Drive works as a great demonstration of how , when there ’ s true talent behind the camera , entertainment and art are not enemies but allies . ” Both Roeper and Rocchi also placed Drive as their number one film of 2011 .
Stephanie Zacharek of Movieline complimented the film 's action and wrote that it “ defies all the current trends in mainstream action filmmaking . The driving sequences are shot and edited with a surgeon ’ s clarity and precision . Refn doesn ’ t chop up the action to fool us into thinking it ’ s more exciting than it is . ” She also admired Refn ’ s skill in handling the film ’ s violence and the understated romance between Gosling and Mulligan . Her score for the film was 9 @.@ 5 / 10 Drive was Roger Ebert 's seventh best film of 2011 . In praising the film , he wrote , “ Here is a movie with respect for writing , acting , and craft . It has respect for knowledgeable moviegoers . ” Like Zacharek , Ebert admired Drive ’ s action sequences , which were practically made and didn ’ t rely on CGI .
The Wall Street Journal ’ s Joe Morgenstern called Albert Brooks ' villainous performance " sensational " . " Prepare to be blown away by Albert Brooks , " said Peter Travers , " Brooks ' performance , veined with dark humor and chilling menace ( watch him with a blade ) , deserves to have Oscar calling . " Albert Brooks won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor . He was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Supporting Actor – Motion Picture .
Joshua Rothkopf , writing for Time Out ( New York ) , stated , " Danish director Nicolas Winding Refn ( Bronson ) has taken the opportunity to work in America and pushed it to delirious limits ; his effort , a foreigner 's impassioned take on ’ 80s @-@ synth @-@ scored romance and highway mayhem , plays like the work of a student graduating with highest honors . ” Drive was Rothkopf ’ s choice for film of the year . Salon.com 's Andrew O 'Hehir lauded Albert Brooks against @-@ type performance as the film 's villain and called it " unforgettable " . On the elevator sequence in the film , which juxtaposes romance with violence , O 'Herir commended it and proclaimed that it is a sequence that " film students will be deconstructing , shot by shot , for years to come . "
The violence of the film was off @-@ putting for some reviewers . In a negative review by Anthony Lane in The New Yorker , he wrote that Drive 's violence was far too graphic , and it ultimately was a detriment to the film . Referring to the violence , he said , " In grabbing our attention , he diverts it from what matters . The horror lingers and seeps ; the feelings are sponged away . " The Chicago Tribune 's Michael Philips felt similarly , and while he enjoyed the film early on , Drive became " one garishly sadistic set piece after another . " Additionally , Phillips thought the film relied too much on " stylistic preening " and did not have enough substance . In 2014 , The Huffington Post included Drive on its " 8 Movies From The Last 15 Years That Are Super Overrated " list .
Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a score of C − ; this was attributed to audiences feeling tricked , having expected more driving and more action based on the marketing .
= = = Top ten lists = = =
Drive was listed on many critics ’ top ten lists of 2011 .
= = = Box office = = =
Drive grossed $ 76 @,@ 175 @,@ 166 worldwide , making more than five times its 15 million dollar budget . In North America , Drive grossed a total of $ 35 @,@ 060 @,@ 689 . Drive opened in North America to $ 11 @,@ 340 @,@ 461 on the weekend of 16 September 2011 and played at 2 @,@ 866 theatres . It was one of four wide releases that opened that weekend , and came in second . Drive closed its North American theatrical run on 9 February 2012 .
In the international marketplace , Drive grossed $ 41 @,@ 114 @,@ 477 . Drive had its highest @-@ grossing box office in France , where it earned a total of € 10 @,@ 346 @,@ 427 @.@ 87 ( $ 13 @,@ 264 @,@ 311 ) . It opened in France on the weekend of 5 October 2011 at 246 theatres , eventually expanding to 360 . The film opened in second place and had the highest per @-@ screen theatre gross for the weekend € 10 @,@ 722 ( $ 13 @,@ 746 ) . Its second @-@ highest overseas gross came in the United Kingdom , where it earned a total of £ 3 @,@ 089 @,@ 790 ( $ 4 @,@ 693 @,@ 696 ) . Drive opened in the U.K. on 27 September 2
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011 at 176 theatres , eventually expanding to 190 . The film opened in Australia on October 27 , 2011 and grossed a total of $ 2 @,@ 286 @,@ 388 in the country .
= = = Accolades = = =
Drive was nominated for four British Academy Film Awards , which included Best Film , Best Direction , Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Carey Mulligan ) , and Best Editing . It was one of the most @-@ nominated films by critics ’ groups in 2011 . Albert Brooks had the most critics ’ groups nominations . Nicholas Winding Refn won the Best Director Award ( Prix de la mise en scène ) at the 64th Cannes Film Festival .
= = Soundtrack = =
Drive ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) was released in CD format to stores on September 27 , 2011 by Lakeshore Records , and owned by Cutting Edge Film Scores . Prior to that , thanks to viral reviews , such as those found on social networking website Twitter , the soundtrack sold well on iTunes , climbing as high as number four on the sales charts . The album was released on vinyl in June 2012 , by Mondo . The nineteen @-@ track album has amassed positive reviews . James Verniere of the Boston Herald graded it an A , stating , " The cool crowd isn 't just watching Drive ; they 're listening to it , too ... The Drive soundtrack is such an integral part of the experience of the film , once you see it , you can 't imagine the film without it . " AllMusic reviewer James Christopher Monger selected opening track " Nightcall " , " I Drive " , " Hammer " and " Bride of Deluxe " as highlights on it . Digital Spy 's Mayer Nissim gave it a four out of five star rating , finding it to be as important as the film itself . She stated the album beginning with non @-@ Martinez songs instead of mixing it up for a more enjoyable listening experience cost it a star .
= = = Track listing = = =
= = = Charts = = =
= Elliott Smith =
Steven Paul " Elliott " Smith ( August 6 , 1969 – October 21 , 2003 ) was an American singer , songwriter , and musician . Smith was born in Omaha , Nebraska , raised primarily in Texas , and lived for much of his life in Portland , Oregon , where he first gained popularity . Smith 's primary instrument was the guitar , though he was also proficient with piano , clarinet , bass guitar , drums , and harmonica . Smith had a distinctive vocal style , characterized by his " whispery , spiderweb @-@ thin delivery " , and used multi @-@ tracking to create vocal layers , textures , and harmonies .
After playing in the rock band Heatmiser for several years , Smith began his solo career in 1994 , with releases on the independent record labels Cavity Search and Kill Rock Stars ( KRS ) . In 1997 , he signed a contract with DreamWorks Records , for which he recorded two albums . Smith rose to mainstream prominence when his song " Miss Misery " — included in the soundtrack for the film Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ) — was nominated for an Oscar in the Best Original Song category in 1998 .
Smith suffered from depression , alcoholism , and drug dependence , and these topics often appear in his lyrics . In 2003 , aged 34 , he died in Los Angeles , California from two stab wounds to the chest . The autopsy evidence was inconclusive as to whether the wounds were self @-@ inflicted . At the time of his death , Smith was working on his sixth studio album , From a Basement on the Hill , which was posthumously completed and released in 2004 .
= = Early life = =
Steven Paul Smith was born at the Clarkson Hospital in Omaha , Nebraska , the only child to Gary Smith , a student at the University of Nebraska Medical Center , and Bunny Kay Berryman , an elementary school music teacher . His parents divorced when he was six months old , and Smith moved with his mother to Duncanville , Texas . Smith later had a tattoo of a map of Texas drawn on his upper arm and said : " I didn 't get it because I like Texas , kind of the opposite . But I won 't forget about it , although I 'm tempted to because I don 't like it there . "
Smith endured a difficult childhood and a troubled relationship with his stepfather Charlie Welch . Smith stated he may have been sexually abused by Welch at a young age , an allegation which Welch has denied . He wrote about this part of his life in " Some Song " : " How they beat you up week after week , and when you grow up you 're going to be a freak . " The name " Charlie " also appears in songs " Flowers for Charlie " and " No Confidence Man . " In a 2004 interview , Jennifer Chiba , Smith 's partner at the time of his death , said that Smith 's difficult childhood was partly why he needed to sedate himself with drugs as an adult : " He was remembering traumatic things from his childhood – parts of things . It 's not my place to say what . "
For much of his childhood , Smith 's family was a part of the Community of Christ but began attending services at a local Methodist Church . Smith felt that going to church did little for him , except make him " really scared of Hell " . In 2001 , he said : " I don 't necessarily buy into any officially structured version of spirituality . But I have my own version of it . "
Smith began playing piano at age nine , and at ten began learning guitar on a small acoustic guitar bought for him by his father . At this age he composed an original piano piece , " Fantasy " , which won him a prize at an arts festival . Many of the people on his mother 's side of the family were non @-@ professional musicians ; his grandfather was a Dixieland drummer , and his grandmother sang in a glee club .
At fourteen , Smith left his mother 's home in Texas and moved to Portland , Oregon to live with his father , then working as a psychiatrist . It was around this time that Smith began using drugs , including alcohol , with friends . He also began experimenting with recording for the first time after borrowing a four @-@ track recorder . At high school , Smith played clarinet in the school band and played guitar and piano ; he also sang in the bands Stranger Than Fiction and A Murder of Crows , billed as either Steven Smith or " Johnny Panic " . He graduated from Lincoln High School as a National Merit Scholar .
After graduation , Smith began calling himself " Elliott " , saying that he thought " Steve " sounded too much like a " jock " name , and that " Steven " sounded " too bookish " . According to friends , he had also used the pseudonym " Elliott Stillwater @-@ Rotter " during his time in the band A Murder of Crows . Biographer S. R. Shutt speculates that the name was either inspired by Elliott Avenue , a street that Smith had lived on in Portland , or that it was suggested by his then @-@ girlfriend . A junior high acquaintance of Smith speculates Smith changed his name so as not to be confused with Steve Smith , the drummer of Journey .
= = Career = =
= = = 1991 – 93 : Heatmiser = = =
Smith graduated from Hampshire College in Amherst , Massachusetts in 1991 with a degree in philosophy and political science . " Went straight through in four years " , he explained to Under the Radar in 2003 . " I guess it proved to myself that I could do something I really didn 't want to for four years . Except I did like what I was studying . At the time it seemed like , ' This is your one and only chance to go to college and you had just better do it because some day you might wish that you did . ' Plus , the whole reason I applied in the first place was because of my girlfriend , and I had gotten accepted already even though we had broken up before the first day . " After he graduated , he " worked in a bakery back in Portland with a bachelor 's degree in philosophy and legal theory " .
While at Hampshire , Smith formed the band Heatmiser with classmate Neil Gust . After Smith graduated from Hampshire , the band added drummer Tony Lash and bassist Brandt Peterson and began performing around Portland in 1992 . The group released the albums Dead Air ( 1993 ) and Cop and Speeder ( 1994 ) as well as the Yellow No. 5 EP ( 1994 ) on Frontier Records . They were then signed to Virgin Records to release what became their final album , Mic City Sons ( 1996 ) .
Around this time , Smith and Gust worked a number of odd jobs around Portland , including installing drywall , spreading gravel , transplanting bamboo trees , and painting the roof of a warehouse with heat reflective paint . The pair were also on unemployment benefits for some time , which they considered an " artist grant " .
Smith had begun his solo career while still in Heatmiser , and the success of his first two releases created distance and tension with his band . Heatmiser disbanded prior to the release of Mic City Sons , prompting Virgin to put the album out inauspiciously through its independent arm , Caroline Records . A clause in Heatmiser 's record contract with Virgin meant that Smith was still bound to it as an individual . The contract was later bought out by DreamWorks prior to the recording of his fourth album , XO .
= = = 1994 : Roman Candle = = =
His first release , Roman Candle ( 1994 ) , came about when Smith 's girlfriend at the time convinced him to send a tape of " the most recent eight songs that [ he 'd ] recorded on borrowed four @-@ tracks and borrowed guitar " to Cavity Search Records . Owner Christopher Cooper immediately requested to release the entire album of songs , which surprised Smith , as he was expecting only a deal for a seven @-@ inch record . Regarding the record , Smith said : " I thought my head would be chopped off immediately when it came out because at the time it was so opposite to the grunge thing that was popular ... The thing is that album was really well received , which was a total shock , and it immediately eclipsed [ Heatmiser ] , unfortunately . "
Smith felt his solo songs were not representative of the music Heatmiser was making : " The idea of playing [ my music ] for people didn 't occur to me ... because at the time it was the Northwest — Mudhoney and Nirvana — and going out to play an acoustic show was like crawling out on a limb and begging for it to be sawed off . "
The instrumentation of the recordings was primarily acoustic guitar , occasionally accompanied by brief electric guitar riffs or a small drum set played with brushes . Only the final track , an instrumental titled " Kiwi Maddog 20 / 20 " ( a reference to the low @-@ end fortified wine ) , had full band instrumentation .
One of Smith 's first solo performances was at the now @-@ defunct Umbra Penumbra on September 17 , 1994 . Only three songs from Roman Candle were performed , with the majority of the ten @-@ song set being B @-@ sides , Heatmiser tunes and unreleased tracks . Soon after this performance , Smith was asked to open for Mary Lou Lord on a week @-@ long U.S. tour . She later recorded one of his songs , " I Figured You Out " , which he had discarded for sounding " too much like the Eagles " .
The same year , Smith released a split 7 " single with Pete Krebs , contributing the track " No Confidence Man " as the single 's B @-@ side .
= = = 1995 – 96 : Elliott Smith and Either / Or = = =
In 1995 , Smith 's self @-@ titled album was released on Kill Rock Stars ; the record featured a style of recording similar to Roman Candle , but with hints of growth and experimentation . Though the majority of the album was recorded by Smith alone , friend and The Spinanes vocalist Rebecca Gates sang harmony vocals on " St. Ides Heaven " , and Heatmiser guitarist Neil Gust played guitar on " Single File " . Several songs made reference to drugs , but Smith explained that he used the theme of drugs as a vehicle for conveying dependence rather than the songs being about drugs specifically . Looking back , Smith felt that the album 's pervasive mood gave him " a reputation for being a really dark , depressed person " and said that he later made a conscious move toward more diverse moods in his music .
In 1996 , filmmaker Jem Cohen recorded Smith playing acoustic songs for the short film Lucky Three : An Elliott Smith Portrait . Two of these songs would appear on his next album , Either / Or , which was another Kill Rock Stars release . Either / Or came out in 1997 to favorable reviews . The album found Smith venturing further into full instrumentation , with several songs containing bass guitar , drums , keyboards , and electric guitars , all played by Smith . The album title was derived from the two @-@ volume book of the same name by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard , whose works generally deal with themes such as existential despair , angst , death , and God .
By this time , Smith 's already @-@ heavy drinking was being compounded with use of anti @-@ depressants . At the end of the Either / Or tour , some of his close friends staged an intervention in Chicago , but it proved ineffective . Shortly after , Smith relocated from Portland to Brooklyn , New York .
= = = 1997 – 98 : " Miss Misery " and the Oscars = = =
In 1996 , Smith was selected by director and fellow Portland resident Gus Van Sant to be a part of the soundtrack to his film , Good Will Hunting . Smith recorded an orchestral version of " Between the Bars " with composer Danny Elfman for the movie . Smith also contributed a new song , " Miss Misery " , and three previously released tracks ( " No Name # 3 " , from Roman Candle , and " Angeles " and " Say Yes " , from Either / Or ) . The film was a commercial and critical success , and Smith was nominated for an Academy Award for " Miss Misery " . Not eager to step into the limelight , he agreed to perform the song at the ceremony only after the producers informed him that his song would be played live that night — either by him or another musician of their choosing .
On March 5 , 1998 , Smith made his network television debut on Late Night with Conan O 'Brien performing " Miss Misery " solo on acoustic guitar . A few days later , wearing a white suit , he played an abridged version of the song at the Oscars , accompanied by the house orchestra . James Horner and Will Jennings won the award that night for best song with " My Heart Will Go On " ( sung by Celine Dion ) from the film Titanic . Smith did not voice disappointment about not winning the award .
Smith commented on the surrealism of the Oscars experience : " That 's exactly what it was , surreal ... I enjoy performing almost as much as I enjoy making up songs in the first place . But the Oscars was a very strange show , where the set was only one song cut down to less than two minutes , and the audience was a lot of people who didn 't come to hear me play . I wouldn 't want to live in that world , but it was fun to walk around on the moon for a day . "
= = = 1998 – 2000 : XO and Figure 8 = = =
In 1998 , after the success of Either / Or and " Miss Misery " , Smith signed to a bigger record label , DreamWorks Records . Around the same time , Smith fell into depression , speaking openly of considering suicide , and on at least one occasion made a serious attempt at ending his own life . While in North Carolina , he became severely intoxicated and ran off a cliff . He landed on a tree , which badly impaled him but broke his fall . When questioned about his suicide attempt , he told an interviewer , " Yeah , I jumped off a cliff , but let 's talk about something else . "
Christopher Cooper , head of Cavity Search Records ( which released Roman Candle ) , said about this time in Smith 's life , " I talked him out of thinking that he wanted to kill himself numerous times when he was in Portland . I kept telling him that he was a brilliant man , and that life was worth living , and that people loved him . " Pete Krebs also agreed : " In Portland we got the brunt of Elliott 's initial depression ... Lots of people have stories of their own experiences of staying up with Elliott ' til five in the morning , holding his hand , telling him not to kill himself . "
Smith 's first release for DreamWorks was later that year . Titled XO , it was conceived and developed while Smith wrote it out over the winter of 1997 / 1998 , night after night seated at the bar in Luna Lounge . It was produced by the team of Rob Schnapf and Tom Rothrock . XO also contained some instrumentation from Los Angeles musicians Joey Waronker and Jon Brion . It contained a more full @-@ sounding , baroque pop sound than any of his previous efforts , with songs featuring a horn section , Chamberlins , elaborate string arrangements , and even a drum loop on the song " Independence Day " . His familiar double @-@ tracked vocal and acoustic guitar style were still apparent while his somewhat personal lyrical style survived . The album went on to peak at number 104 on the Billboard 200 and number 123 on the UK Album Charts , while selling 400 @,@ 000 copies ( more than double that of each of his two Kill Rock Stars releases ) , becoming the best @-@ selling release of his career . Smith 's backing band during most of this period was the Portland @-@ based group Quasi , consisting of former bandmate Sam Coomes on bass guitar and Coomes 's ex @-@ wife Janet Weiss on drums . Quasi also performed as the opening act at many shows on the tour , with Smith sometimes contributing bass guitar , guitar , or backing vocals . On October 17 , 1998 , Smith appeared on Saturday Night Live and performed " Waltz # 2 ( XO ) " . His backing band for this appearance was John Moen , Jon Brion , Rob Schnapf , and Sam Coomes .
In response to whether the change to a bigger record label would influence his creative control , Smith said , " I think despite the fact that sometimes people look at major labels as simply money @-@ making machines , they 're actually composed of individuals who are real people , and there 's a part of them that needs to feel that part of their job is to put out good music . " Smith also claimed in another interview that he never read his reviews for fear that they would interfere with his songwriting . It was during this period that Smith appeared on Dutch television in 1998 and provided a candid interview in which he spoke of his assessment of his music career until that point :
Yeah , I don 't know . I mean , I mostly only know things are different because people ask me different questions , but I don 't feel like things are very changed . I mean , I still , I do the same things that I did before … I think about the same things , so … I 'm the wrong kind of person to be really big and famous .
As part of the Dutch television special , Smith played live versions of " Waltz # 2 ( XO ) " , " Miss Misery " , and " I Didn 't Understand " — the latter two songs were performed solely on piano , while the first song was cut short by Smith , as he explained : " I had to stop it because it 's … you know , what 's the point of playing a song badly ? It 'd be better to play it and mean it , than to just walk through it . "
Smith relocated from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1999 , taking up residence at a cabin in the Silver Lake section of town . That fall , his cover of The Beatles ' " Because " was featured in the end credits of DreamWorks ' Oscar @-@ winning drama American Beauty , and also appeared on the film 's soundtrack album .
The final album Smith completed in his lifetime , Figure 8 , was released on April 18 , 2000 . It featured the return of Rothrock , Schnapf , Brion , and Waronker and was partially recorded at Abbey Road Studios in England , with an obvious Beatles influence in the songwriting and production . The album garnered very favorable reviews , peaking at number 99 on the Billboard 200 and 37 on the UK Album Charts . The album received praise for its power pop style and complex arrangements , described as creating a " sweeping kaleidoscope of layered instruments and sonic textures " . However , some reviewers felt that Smith 's trademark dark and melancholy songwriting had lost some of its subtlety , with one reviewer likening some of the lyrics to " the self @-@ pitying complaints of an adolescent venting in his diary " .
Album art and promotional pictures from the period showed Smith looking cleaned @-@ up and put @-@ together . An extensive tour in promotion of the record ensued , book @-@ ended by television appearances on Late Night with Conan O 'Brien and the Late Show with David Letterman . However , Smith 's condition began to deteriorate as he had become addicted to heroin either towards the end of or just after the Figure 8 tour .
= = = 2001 – 02 : Addiction and scrapped recordings = = =
Around the time he began recording his final album , Smith began to display signs of paranoia , often believing that a white van followed him wherever he went . He would have friends drop him off for recording sessions almost a mile away from the studio , and to reach the location , he would trudge through hundreds of yards of brush and cliffs . He started telling people that DreamWorks was out to get him : " Not long ago my house was broken into , and songs were stolen off my computer which have wound up in the hands of certain people who work at a certain label . I 've also been followed around for months at a time . I wouldn 't even want to necessarily say it 's the people from that label who are following me around , but it was probably them who broke into my house . " During this period , Smith hardly ate , subsisting primarily on ice cream . He would go without sleeping for several days and then sleep for an entire day .
A follow @-@ up to Smith 's 2000 album was originally planned to happen with Rob Schnapf , but their sessions were abandoned . Smith also began distancing himself from manager Margaret Mittleman , who had handled him since the Roman Candle days . He finally began recording a new album with only himself and Jon Brion as producers sometime during 2001 . The pair had recorded a substantial amount of music for the album when Brion confronted Smith about his drug and alcohol abuse . Their friendship promptly ended , and Smith scrapped all of their work until that point . He later said " There was even a little more than half of a record done before this new one that I just scrapped because of a blown friendship with someone that made me so depressed I didn 't want to hear any of those songs . He was just helping me record the songs and stuff , and then the friendship kind of fell apart all of a sudden one day . It just made it kind of awkward being alone in the car listening to the songs . "
When Brion sent a bill for the abandoned sessions to DreamWorks , executives Lenny Waronker and Luke Wood scheduled a meeting with Smith to determine what went wrong with the sessions . The singer complained of intrusion upon his personal life from the label , as well as poor promotion for the Figure 8 album . The talks proved to be fruitless , and soon after , Smith sent a message to the executives , stating that if they did not release him from his contract , he would take his own life . In May 2001 , Smith set out to re @-@ record the album , mostly on his own , but with some help from David McConnell of Goldenboy . McConnell told Spin that , during this time , Smith would smoke over $ 1 @,@ 500 worth of heroin and crack per day , would often talk about suicide , and on numerous occasions tried to give himself an overdose . Steven Drozd of The Flaming Lips and Scott McPherson played a few drum tracks , Sam Coomes contributed some bass guitar and backing vocals , but almost every other instrument was recorded by Smith .
Smith 's song " Needle in the Hay " was included in Wes Anderson 's 2001 dark comedy film The Royal Tenenbaums during a suicide attempt scene . Smith was originally supposed to contribute a cover of The Beatles ' " Hey Jude " for the film , but when he failed to do so in time , Anderson had to use The Mutato Muzika Orchestra 's version of the track instead . Anderson would later say that Smith " was in a bad state " at the time .
Smith 's live performances during 2001 and 2002 were infrequent , typically in the Pacific Northwest or Los Angeles . A review of his December 20 , 2001 show at Portland 's Crystal Ballroom expressed concern over his appearance and performance : his hair was uncharacteristically greasy and long , his face was bearded and gaunt , and during his songs he exhibited alarming signs of " memory @-@ loss and butterfingers " . At another performance in San Francisco that month , the audience began shouting out lyrics when Smith could not remember them .
In the first of only three concerts performed in 2002 , Smith co @-@ headlined Northwestern University 's A & O Ball with Wilco on May 2 in Chicago . He was onstage for nearly an hour but failed to complete half of the songs . He claimed that his poor performance was due to his left hand having fallen asleep and told the audience it felt " like having stuff on your hand and you can 't get it off " . Smith 's performance was reviewed as " undoubtedly one of the worst performances ever by a musician " and an " excruciating [ … ] nightmare " . A reporter for the online magazine Glorious Noise wrote , " It would not surprise me at all if Elliott Smith ends up dead within a year . "
On November 25 , 2002 , Smith was involved in a brawl with the Los Angeles Police Department at a concert where The Flaming Lips and Beck were performing . Smith later said he was defending a man he thought the police were harassing . Assuming that Smith was homeless , the officers allegedly beat and arrested him and Chiba . The two spent the night in jail . Smith 's hand and back were injured in the incident , causing him to cancel a number of shows . Wayne Coyne , lead singer of The Flaming Lips and a friend of Smith 's , stated concern over Smith 's appearance and actions , saying that he " saw a guy who had lost control of himself . He was needy , he was grumpy , he was everything you wouldn 't want in a person . It 's not like when you think of Keith Richards being pleasantly blissed out in the corner . "
= = = 2003 : Reemergence and From a Basement on the Hill = = =
Smith had attempted to go to rehab several times , but found that he was unable to relate to the popular treatments for addicts that used a Twelve @-@ Step Program basis for treatment . " I couldn 't do the first step [ … ] I couldn 't say what you were supposed to say and mean it . " In 2002 , Smith went to the Neurotransmitter Restoration Center in Beverly Hills to start a course of treatment for his drug addiction . In one of his final interviews , he spoke about the center , " What they do is an IV treatment where they put a needle in your arm , and you 're on a drip bag , but the only thing that 's in the drip bag is amino acids and saline solution . I was coming off of a lot of psych meds and other things . I was even on an antipsychotic , although I 'm not psychotic . "
Two sold @-@ out solo acoustic concerts at Hollywood 's Henry Fonda Theater , on January 31 and February 1 , 2003 , saw Smith attempting to reestablish his credibility as a live performer . Before the show , Smith scrawled " Kali – The Destroyer " ( the Hindu goddess associated with time and change ) in large block letters with permanent ink on his left arm , which was visible to the crowd during the performance . On several songs , he was backed by a stripped @-@ down drum kit played by Robin Peringer ( of the band 764 @-@ HERO ) , and on one track , members of opening band Rilo Kiley contributed backing vocals . Smith then played two more live shows in his adopted hometown : three months later at The Derby and once at the L.A. Weekly Music Awards in June .
After his 34th birthday on August 6 , 2003 , he gave up alcohol , caffeine , red meat , refined sugar and his longtime ( sometimes abused ) regimen of psychiatric medication . Director Mike Mills had been working with Smith during his final years and described Smith 's troubles and apparent recovery : " I gave the script to him , then he dropped off the face of the earth [ … ] he went through his whole crazy time , but by the time I was done with the film , he was making From a Basement on the Hill and I was shocked that he was actually making music . "
With things improving for Smith after several troubled years , he began experimenting with noise music and worked on his girlfriend Jennifer Chiba 's iMac with
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917 , entitled With the British on the Somme . It was a favourable depiction specifically of the English soldier , somewhat contrary to the official line that tried to emphasise that this was a British war rather than an English one . A review in The Times Literary Supplement noted that Beach Thomas
rightly emphasised the feats of the English soldier ... as distinct from the Scot , the Irishman or the Colonial . This is as it should be , for the average newspaper reader of late months , even years , has been saturated with epics of different Colonials , Irish regiments and Kilted Companies ... the plain Thomas Atkins [ has been ] overlooked to a great extent for far too long .
In 1918 Northcliffe asked Beach Thomas to travel to the US . According to Beach Thomas , the rationale was that " he didn 't know what the Americans were doing , and they did not know what we were thinking " . He met with influential people such as Henry Ford , Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson during this visit .
Beach Thomas sometimes accompanied George V and the Prince of Wales on their visits to France , noting on one occasion a situation he considered reminiscent of Henry II and Thomas à Beckett :
We were walking to see a new heavy howitzer installed in its camouflage in an open grove . About us ran and skipped , appeared and disappeared , round this tree and that , the conscientious wielder of a cinema . The thing got more and more on the Prince 's nerves until the irritation was irrepressible , and he turned to me and said with a sort of angry humour : " Will no @-@ one kill that photographer ? "
Beach Thomas 's war work led to state recognition , as it did for many of the correspondents and newspaper owners ; France appointed him a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1919 and he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) in 1920 . In 1923 , Gibbs said of the KBE award , which he too received : " I was not covetous of that knighthood and indeed shrank from it so much that I entered into a compact with Beach Thomas to refuse it . But things had gone too far , and we could not reject the title with any decency . " This quandary was caused by realisation of the gulf between what they had reported and what had actually happened .
= = Later years = =
After the war , Beach Thomas stayed in Germany until 1919 and returned there in 1923 at the time of the Occupation of the Ruhr . He also undertook a tour of the world for the Daily Mail and The Times in 1922 . His main focus , however , returned to his lifelong interest in matters of the countryside , notably in his writings for The Observer from 1923 to 1956 . Beach Thomas was also a regular contributor of notes on nature , gardening and country life to The Spectator for almost 30 years , with some short breaks between 1935 and 1941 , when H. E. Bates took responsibility . In 1928 he produced a history of the magazine under the title of The Story of the ' Spectator ' , in commemoration of its centenary . He wrote many more books and articles in his later years , as well as two autobiographical books : A Traveller in News ( 1925 ) and The Way of a Countryman ( 1944 ) . Fond of peppering quotations throughout his writing , his style was considered to be clear but his hand was poor ; a profile of him in The Observer said " perhaps he gave less pleasure to those who had to decipher his handwriting . Rarely has more limpid English been conveyed in a script more obscure . "
George Orwell wrote in the Manchester Evening News :
It is uncertain whether the general public would think of Sir William Beach Thomas primarily as a war correspondent or as a naturalist , but he is in no doubt about the matter himself . The world , as he sees it , really centres round the English village , and round the trees and hedges of that village rather than the houses and the people .
Even as traditional English village living was in collapse , he saw the romanticised paternalism and general life of the village as the epitome of English society and equivalent to anything that might be found elsewhere in the world . He said that one of the aspects of village life he admired was that " comparative wealth [ there ] is admired , not envied " . He also viewed the natural world as something to be wondered at rather than scientifically examined . In his last column for The Spectator , written in September 1950 , he wrote :
The country scene is a department of art , not of science . The essential is the discovery of beauty , not of knowledge . Science comes second , and a bad second , to art . We do not listen to the nightingale in order to find out whether his song is erotic or polemic . We listen for the pleasure of the mood that the song and the scene engender . Flight matters more than its mechanics . The prime value of knowledge itself is to enlarge the circle of wonder . The chronicler does a better deed if he helps someone to enjoy the country more than if he botanises or ornithologises or entomologises or meteorologises .
In his desire to encourage a love of the countryside , especially during the Second World War , Beach Thomas was similar to other writers on rural matters , such as G. M. Trevelyan and H. J. Massingham . He described Massingham as " perhaps the best of all present writers on Rural England " and considered him among those writers who were " so fond of the past that they seem sometimes almost to despair of the future . " Malcolm Chase , a historian , says that these authors , including Beach Thomas himself , advocated an ultra @-@ conservative , socially reactionary and idealistic philosophy that formed an important part of a national debate about the future of the land and agriculture . This attitude was coupled with an increasing public interest in pastimes such as cycling , motoring and walking ; it was supported by the publication of popular , fairly cheap and colourful articles , books and maps that catered both to those pursuing such interests and those who were concerned about conservation and the effects of the influx of urban and suburban visitors . John Musty , in his comparative literary review of the works of Beach Thomas and Massingham , believes that Beach Thomas had a more " gentle touch " than Massingham , whose writings have " frequently been judged as narrow and reactionary " ; he quotes Beach Thomas as saying of the likes of Massingham that they " preach an impossible creed , albeit an attractive one . "
Much of one book , The English Landscape ( 1938 ) , had previously appeared in various issues of Country Life magazine , and in part echoed concerns raised by Clough Williams @-@ Ellis in works such as England and the Octopus ( 1928 ) . Williams @-@ Ellis believed that building on greenfield land was too great a price to pay for socio @-@ economic progress . Beach Thomas argued in favour of protecting open spaces by creating national parks , for which he thought that the coastline would be the most suitable candidate . He stressed the relationship between the people and the land and saw a need for planning control to manage human ingress into areas that remained mostly untouched . In 1934 he supported the Nature Lovers Association in their appeal to make the mountainous Snowdonia region , near the coast of North Wales , such an entity . He also supported the Commons , Open Spaces and Footpaths Preservation Society .
In 1931 Beach Thomas lamented the inability of the National Farmers Union of England and Wales to arrest what he saw as the decline of the farming industry . In A Countryman 's Creed ( 1946 ) he harked back to a lost world , perhaps even a world that was more of his imagination than it ever was fact . As F. R. Leavis had done before him , Beach Thomas sought a rural revival to curtail what he perceived to be the rapid changes to traditional modes of living that had been evident in particular in the aftermath of the First World War and which were now ideologically challenged following the substantial victory of the socialist Labour Party in the 1945 general election . The new government was a threat to Beach Thomas 's view of the world because , in the words of literary critic Robert Hemmings , it saw the countryside " as merely a giant dairy and granary for the city . "
Beach Thomas was opposed to the use of the toothed steel trap for catching rabbits , supporting the RSPCA in its efforts to outlaw the device and noting that it both inflicted unnecessary pain and was indiscriminate in nature , sometimes trapping other animals such as domesticated cattle and pet dogs .
= = Personal life and death = =
Beach Thomas married Helen Dorothea Harcourt , a daughter of Augustus George Vernon Harcourt , in April 1900 , and with her had three sons and a daughter . One of the sons was killed while serving as a naval officer during the Second World War , predeceasing his parents . Helen survived her husband , who died on 12 May 1957 at their home , " High Trees " , Gustardwood , Wheathampstead , Hertfordshire . He was buried in the village churchyard . Among the obituaries to Beach Thomas were those published in Nature and The Times .
= = Books = =
Aside from his journalism , Beach Thomas wrote and contributed to many books , all published in London and some also in places such as New York . These include :
Athletics at School ( chapter in Athletics , ed . Montague Shearman , Longmans , Green & Co . : 1898 )
Athletics ( Ward , Lock & Co . : 1901 )
The Road to Manhood ( G. Allen : 1904 )
On Taking a House ( Edward Arnold : 1905 )
From a Hertfordshire Cottage ( Alston Rivers : 1908 )
Preface to C. D. McKay 's The French Garden : a diary and manual of intensive cultivation ( Associated Newspapers : 1908 , reprinted as The French Garden In England , 1909 )
Our Civic Life ( Alston Rivers : 1908 )
The English Year ( three volumes , co @-@ authored with A. K. Collett ; T. C. & E. C. Jack , 1913 – 14 )
With the British on the Somme ( Methuen : 1917 )
Birds Through The Year ( co @-@ authored with A. K. Collett ; T. C. & E. C. Jack , 1922 )
An Observer 's Twelvemonth ( Collins : 1923 )
A Traveller in News ( Chapman and Hall : 1925 )
England Becomes Prairie ( Ernest Benn : 1927 )
The Story of the ' Spectator ' ( Methuen : 1928 )
The Happy Village ( Ernest Benn : 1928 )
Events of the Great War ( G. Routledge & Sons : 1930 )
A Letter to My Dog ( G. Routledge & Sons : 1931 )
Why the Land Dies ( Faber & Faber : 1931 )
Introduction to Land and Life : The Economic National Policy for Agriculture ( Viscount Astor and Keith Murray . , Gollancz : 1932 )
The Yeoman 's England ( A. Maclehose & Co . : 1934 )
Village England ( A. Maclehose & Co . : 1935 )
The Squirrel 's Granary : A Countryman 's Anthology ( A. Maclehose & Co . : 1936 , republished by A. & C. Black in 1942 as A Countryman 's Anthology )
Hunting England : a survey of the sport and of its chief grounds etc ( B. T. Batsford : 1936 )
The Home Counties ( chapter in Britain and the Beast , ed . Clough Williams @-@ Ellis , B. T. Batsford : 1937 )
The English Landscape ( Country Life : 1938 )
The Way of a Countryman ( M. Joseph : 1944 )
The Poems of a Countryman ( M. Joseph : 1945 )
A Countryman 's Creed ( M. Joseph : 1946 )
In Praise of Flowers ( Evans Bros. : 1948 )
The English Counties Illustrated ( Odhams : 1948 , ed . C.E.M. Joad ; chapters on Hertfordshire and Huntingdonshire )
The Way of a Dog ( M. Joseph : 1948 )
Hertfordshire ( R. Hale : 1950 )
A Year in the Country ( A. Wingate : 1950 )
Gardens ( Burke : 1952 )
Introduction to The New Forest and Hampshire in Pictures ( Odhams : 1952 )
= False catshark =
The false catshark or sofa shark ( Pseudotriakis microdon ) is a species of ground shark in the family Pseudotriakidae , and the sole member of its genus . It has a worldwide distribution , and has most commonly been recorded close to the bottom over continental and insular slopes , at depths of 500 – 1 @,@ 400 m ( 1 @,@ 600 – 4 @,@ 600 ft ) . Reaching 3 @.@ 0 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) in length , this heavy @-@ bodied shark can be readily identified by its elongated , keel @-@ like first dorsal fin . It has long , narrow eyes and a large mouth filled with numerous tiny teeth . It is usually dark brown in color , though a few are light gray .
With flabby muscles and a large oily liver , the false catshark is a slow @-@ moving predator and scavenger of a variety of fishes and invertebrates . It has a viviparous mode of reproduction , featuring an unusual form of oophagy in which the developing embryos consume ova or egg fragments released by the mother and use the yolk material to replenish their external yolk sacs for later use . This species typically gives birth to two pups at a time . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) presently lacks sufficient data to assess the conservation status of the false catshark . While neither targeted by fisheries nor commercially valuable , it is caught incidentally by longlines and bottom trawls , and its low reproductive rate may render it susceptible to population depletion .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
The false catshark was first described by Portuguese ichthyologist Félix de Brito Capelo in the Jornal do Sciências Mathemáticas , Physicas e Naturaes in 1868 . He based his account on a 2 @.@ 3 m ( 7 @.@ 5 ft ) long adult male caught off Setubal , Portugal . Brito Capelo thought the specimen resembled a member of the genus Triakis , except lacking a nictitating membrane ( though it is now known that this species does in fact have this trait ) . Thus , he assigned it to the new genus Pseudotriakis , from the Greek pseudo ( " false " ) . At the time , Triakis was classified with the catsharks , hence " false catshark " . The specific name microdon comes from the Greek mikros ( " small " ) and odontos ( " tooth " ) . Other common names for this species are dumb shark ( from its Japanese name oshizame ) and keel @-@ dorsal shark .
Pacific populations of the false catshark were once regarded as a separate species , P. acrales . However , morphological comparisons have failed to find any consistent differences between P. microdon and P. acrales , leading to the conclusion that there is only one species of false catshark . The closest relatives of the false catshark are the gollumsharks ( Gollum ) . Pseudotriakis and Gollum share a number of morphological similarities . Phylogenetic analysis using protein @-@ coding genes has found that the amount of genetic divergence between these taxa is less than that between some other shark species within the same genus . This result suggests that the many autapomorphies ( unique traits ) of the false catshark evolved relatively recently , and supports the grouping of Pseudotriakis and Gollum together in the family Pseudotriakidae .
= = Description = =
Bulky and soft @-@ bodied , the false catshark has a broad head with a short , rounded snout . The nostrils have large flaps of skin on their anterior rims . The narrow eyes are over twice as long as high , and are equipped with rudimentary nictitating membranes ; behind the eyes are large spiracles . The huge mouth is arched and bears short furrows at the corners . There are over two hundred rows of tiny teeth in each jaw , arranged in straight lines in the upper jaw and diagonal lines in the lower jaw ; each tooth has a pointed central cusp flanked by one or two smaller cusplets on either side . The five pairs of gill slits are fairly small .
The pectoral fins are small and rounded , with fin rays only near the base . The first dorsal fin is highly distinctive , being very long ( roughly equal to the caudal fin ) and low , resembling the keel of a ship ; it originates over the pectoral fin rear tips and terminates over the pelvic fin origins . The second dorsal fin is larger than , and originates ahead of , the anal fin ; both these fins are positioned very close to the caudal fin . The caudal fin has a long upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip , and an indistinct lower lobe . The dermal denticles are shaped like arrowheads with a central ridge , and are sparsely distributed on the skin . This species is typically plain dark brown in color , darkening at the fin margins . However , a few individuals are instead light gray with irregular darker mottling made from fine dots . The false catshark grows up to 3 @.@ 0 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) long and 125 kg ( 276 lb ) in weight .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Though rarely encountered , the false catshark has been caught from locations scattered around the world , indicating a wide circumglobal distribution . In the western Atlantic , it has been reported from Canada , the United States , Cuba , and Brazil . In the eastern Atlantic , it is known from the waters of Iceland , France , Portugal , and Senegal , as well as the islands of Madeira , the Azores , the Canaries , and Cape Verde . Records from the Indian Ocean have come from off Madagascar , the Aldabra Group , Mauritius , Indonesia , and Australia . In the Pacific Ocean , it has been documented from Japan , Taiwan , Indonesia , the Coral Sea , New Zealand , and the Hawaiian Islands .
Inhabiting continental and insular slopes , the false catshark mostly occurs between the depths of 500 and 1 @,@ 400 m ( 1 @,@ 600 and 4 @,@ 600 ft ) , though it has been recorded as deep as 1 @,@ 900 m ( 6 @,@ 200 ft ) . Individuals occasionally wander into relatively shallower waters over the continental shelf , perhaps following submarine canyons or suffering from an abnormal condition . The false catshark generally swims close to the sea floor and has been found at seamounts , troughs , and deepwater reefs .
= = Biology and ecology = =
The soft fins , skin , and musculature of the false catshark suggest a sluggish lifestyle . An enormous oil @-@ filled liver makes up 18 – 25 % of its total weight , allowing it to maintain near @-@ neutral buoyancy and hover off the bottom with little effort . This species likely captures prey via quick bursts of speed , with its large mouth allowing it to consume food of considerable size . It feeds mainly on bony fishes such as cutthroat eels , grenadiers , and snake mackerel , and also takes lanternsharks , squids , octopodes , and Heterocarpus shrimp . It likely also scavenges , as examination of stomach contents have found surface @-@ dwelling fishes such as frigate mackerel , needlefishes , and pufferfishes . One specimen caught off the Canary Islands had swallowed human garbage , including potatoes , a pear , a plastic bag , and a soft drink can . There is a record of a false catshark found with bite marks from a great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) .
Unusual among the ground sharks , the false catshark is viviparous with the developing embryos practicing intrauterine oophagy . Adult females have a single functional ovary , on the right , and two functional uteruses . A female 2 @.@ 4 m ( 7 @.@ 9 ft ) long was found to contain an estimated 20 @,@ 000 ova in her ovary , averaging 9 mm ( 0 @.@ 35 in ) across . During gestation , the developing embryos are initially nourished by yolk , and later transition to feeding on ova or egg fragments ovulated by the mother . Excess egg material ingested by the embryo is stored within its external yolk sac ; when close to birth , the embryo then transfers the yolk from the external yolk sac into an internal yolk sac to serve as a post @-@ birth food reserve . The typical litter size is two pups , one per uterus , though litters of four may be possible . The gestation period is probably longer than one year , possibly lasting two or three years . Newborns measure 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 5 m ( 3 @.@ 9 – 4 @.@ 9 ft ) long . Males and females probably mature sexually at around 2 @.@ 0 – 2 @.@ 6 m ( 6 @.@ 6 – 8 @.@ 5 ft ) and 2 @.@ 1 – 2 @.@ 5 m ( 6 @.@ 9 – 8 @.@ 2 ft ) long respectively .
= = Human interactions = =
The false catshark is an infrequent bycatch of longlines and bottom trawls . It has minimal economic value , though its meat , fins , and liver oil may be utilized . In Okinawa , its oil is traditionally used to seal the hulls of wooden fishing boats . Like other deepwater sharks , this species is thought to be highly susceptible to overfishing due to its slow reproductive rate . However , it is rarely caught and there is no information available on its population . Therefore , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed it as Data Deficient .
= Harry Patch ( In Memory Of ) =
" Harry Patch ( In Memory Of ) " is a song by the English alternative rock band Radiohead . The band wrote and recorded the song as a tribute to the British supercentenarian Harry Patch , the last surviving soldier to have fought in the trenches during World War I. The song was self @-@ released on 5 August 2009 as a downloadable single and sold for £ 1 from the band 's website , with all proceeds donated to The Royal British Legion .
Recorded in an abbey shortly after Patch 's death , the song consists of Thom Yorke 's singing and a string arrangement composed by Jonny Greenwood , absent of Radiohead 's typical mix of rock and electronic instrumentation . The lyrics are from the perspective of a soldier in the First World War , and include modifications of quotations from Patch . While reception to the song was generally positive , with many critics praising the song 's message , others panned the song as overly sombre . The Patch family voiced their approval of the song 's message and the band 's charitable use of the proceeds .
= = Recording and music = =
According to a post by Yorke on Radiohead 's blog Dead Air Space , " Harry Patch ( In Memory Of ) " was inspired by a " very emotional " 2005 interview with Harry Patch on the Today programme on BBC Radio 4 . Yorke wrote that " The way he talked about war had a profound effect on me . " The song was recorded live in an abbey , only a few weeks before Patch died on 25 July 2009 at the age of 111 . Along with follow @-@ up single " These Are My Twisted Words " , " Harry Patch ( In Memory Of ) " represents the earliest releases from the recording sessions that would result in Radiohead 's next album , The King of Limbs , although neither song is included on that album .
The song has no standard rock instrumentation , and instead comprises an orchestral string arrangement composed by Jonny Greenwood and Yorke 's vocals . Strings introduce the song with a series of repeated arpeggiated notes , which continue as Yorke 's singing begins . There is a bridge described as a " grim , delicately furious peak " halfway through the song . Pitchfork Media 's Mark Richardson compared the track to Gavin Bryars ' 1971 composition Jesus ' Blood Never Failed Me Yet and Samuel Barber 's 1936 Adagio for Strings . Critics from Rolling Stone , The Village Voice , and The Daily Telegraph drew comparisons between the song 's string arrangements and the score to the film There Will Be Blood , primarily composed by Greenwood ; however , Jim Fusilli of The Wall Street Journal believed that the two works " [ bear ] no resemblance " to each other . Andrea Rice of American Songwriter simply noted that the song 's style was far removed from " anything emblematic of Radiohead " .
While Radiohead has expressed anti @-@ war sentiments in the past — including a contribution to the 1995 War Child charity compilation The Help Album — " Harry Patch ( In Memory Of ) " marks the first time that a Radiohead song explicitly refers to war in its lyrics . For this reason , the song marks a departure from Yorke 's typically abstract writing . The lyrics are from the perspective of a soldier in the midst of First World War trench warfare . Several of the lines , including " Give your leaders each a gun and then let them fight it out themselves " and " The next will be chemical but they will never learn " , are adapted from quotations by Patch . Both Luke Lewis of NME and Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson of Entertainment Weekly compared the lyrics to Wilfred Owen 's First World War @-@ era poem Dulce et Decorum est . Rice referred to Yorke 's voice in the song as an " innocent and youthful falsetto " and the NME said his singing is " subdued to the point where you really need to read the lyrics " .
= = Release = =
" Harry Patch ( In Memory Of ) " premiered on BBC Radio 4 's Today programme on the morning of 5 August 2009 , one day before Patch 's burial . It became available for purchase later that day on Radiohead 's online store W.A.S.T.E. as a download for £ 1 , or US $ 1 @.@ 68 at the time of release . All proceeds from the song are donated to The Royal British Legion , a charity supporting those who are serving or have served in the British Armed Forces . The track can also be streamed from the Today section of BBC Online , where it was posted along with a description
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contributed to them being hunted . The French settlers began to clear forests using the slash @-@ and @-@ burn technique for deforestation in the 1730s , which in itself would have had a large effect on the parrot population and on the other animals that nest in tree cavities .
The grey parrots appear to have been common on Mauritius until the 1750s in spite of the pressure from humans , but since they were last mentioned by Charpentier de Cossigny in 1759 ( published in 1764 ) , they had probably become extinct shortly after this time . The grey parrots of Réunion were last mentioned in 1732 , also by Cossigny . This final account gives an insight as to how he regarded the culinary quality of parrots from Réunion :
The woods are full of parrots , either completely grey [ Mascarene grey parrot ] or completely green [ Réunion parakeet ] . They were eaten a lot formerly , the grey especially , but both are always lean and very tough whatever sauce one puts on them .
The 1648 engraving possibly depicting this species was captioned with a Dutch poem , here in English naturalist Hugh Strickland 's 1848 translation :
= Sweet Sacrifice =
" Sweet Sacrifice " is a song by American rock band Evanescence . It was released on May 25 , 2007 , as the third single from their second studio album , The Open Door . It was written by Amy Lee and Terry Balsamo while the production was handled by Dave Fortman . " All That I 'm Living For " was initially planned to be the third single , as announced at live concerts and online . However , due to requests from the band and fan reaction , Wind @-@ up reconsidered its release and announced that " Sweet Sacrifice " would be the band 's third single from The Open Door . Evanescence 's lead singer Amy Lee wrote the song about the abusive relationship that inspired all of the songs on the group 's debut record Fallen ( 2003 ) .
" Sweet Sacrifice " is a rock song written in a moderate tempo . Several critics found a metaphor to Evanescence 's former guitarist Ben Moody in the song . Upon its release , " Sweet Sacrifice " received mostly positive reviews by critics ; many deemed the song as a highlight on the album and praised Lee 's vocals , which some described as " haunting " . Although the song failed to chart as highly as the band 's previous singles , it appeared on the charts in Turkey and Germany , as well as the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . " Sweet Sacrifice " was nominated in the category for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 50th Grammy Awards . A music video for the song , directed by Paul R. Brown , was filmed in California between March 9 and March 10 , 2007 ; It contained mostly live performances . " Sweet Sacrifice " was also added on the set @-@ list on Evanescence 's The Open Door Tour .
= = Background and release = =
" Sweet Sacrifice " was written by Amy Lee and Terry Balsamo while the production was handled by Dave Fortman . It was recorded in Record Plant Studios , Los Angeles , mixed by Dave Fortman at Ocean Way Studios , Los Angeles and mastered by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound , New York . The programming was done by DJ Lethal . Talking about The Open Door , Lee said that lot of people expected the new songs on the album to be similar with " My Immortal " ( 2003 ) before adding that " ' Weight of the World ' , ' Sweet Sacrifice ' and ' All That I 'm Living For ' are so amazing to me because of the adrenaline . Especially when we play them live . " She further revealed the inspiration behind the song ,
It 's the one song on The Open Door that 's about the same abusive relationship which was the source of all the songs on Fallen . It was appropriate to put this song at the beginning , but it comes from a much stronger standpoint than Fallen . It 's not saying , " I 'm trapped in fear and somebody save me . " It 's saying , " Fear is only in our minds ... I 'm not afraid anymore . "
The band announced at live concerts and online that their upcoming third single from The Open Door would be " All That I 'm Living For , " however , due to requests from the band and fan reaction , Wind @-@ up announced that " Sweet Sacrifice " would be the band 's third single from The Open Door . The original single was released in Germany on May 25 , 2007 , featuring a basic and premium version . Elsewhere , it was scheduled for a release on May 8 , 2007 through Amazon.com but it was later canceled .
= = Composition = =
According to the sheet music published on the website Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing , " Sweet Sacrifice " is an alternative metal and gothic metal song , set in common time and performed in moderate tempo of 96 beats per minute . It is written in the key of F # minor and Lee 's vocals for the song range from the musical note of A # 3 to G5 . According to IGN 's Ed Thompson , Lee sings the lines " It 's true we 're all a little insane / But it 's so clear now that I 'm unchained " , with her " haunting vocals " . Some critics found dark lyrics like " I dream in darkness , I sleep to die , erase the silence , erase my life , our burning ashes darken the day , a world of nothingness , blow me away " accompanied with " rumbling guitars " and a string section . A writer for the website Sputnikmusic found similarities between the songs on Fallen and " Sweet Sacrifice " . The main theme for the song is getting over from an abusive relationship . Jordan Reimer of The Daily Princetonian concluded that Lee sings the lines " You know you live to break me " and " Are you still too weak to survive your mistakes ? " to Evanescence 's past guitarist Ben Moody . That was somehow echoed by Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone who said that the lyrics " One day I 'm gonna forget your name / And one sweet day , you 're gonna drown in my lost pain " are aimed at Moody .
= = Critical reception = =
Bill Lamb of the website About.com , put the song on his list of Top Tracks on The Open Door alongside " Lacrymosa " , " Call Me When You 're Sober " , " Your Star " and " Good Enough " . In his review of The Open Door , Ed Thompson of IGN , highlighted the song as the " best track " on the album and put it on his list " Definitely Download " . The Washington Post 's Richard Harrington wrote that " There 's no shortage of soaring , dynamic rockers on ' The Open Door , ' including ' Sweet Sacrifice , ' " among others . Brendan Butler of Cinema Blend concluded that " Call Me When You 're Sober and " Sweet Sacrifice " were the only " radio @-@ friendly " songs on the album before adding that " those are the only songs that don 't excruciatingly wane after a minute . "
Sara Berry of St. Louis Post @-@ Dispatch wrote " the CD 's opening track , ' Sweet Sacrifice , ' features disquieting lines like ' I dream in darkness / I sleep to die / Erase the silence / Erase my life . ' The lyrics are par for the course on this lineup of overwhelmingly melancholy compositions . Still , it 's well @-@ executed music , and it 's an ideal soundtrack for life 's moodier moments . " Jon Dolan of the magazine Entertainment Weekly found the song to be a " bruising breakup lament that turns into an anthem of freedom . " Giving the song a negative review , Alex Nun of musicOMH wrote that " Sweet Sacrifice " was " a turgid attempt to recapture past glories , the heard @-@ before riffs and shockingly average vocals act as a slap from the proverbial wet fish . " The song was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 50th Grammy Awards .
= = Promotion = =
= = = Music video = = =
A music video directed by Paul R. Brown was filmed in Burbank , California between March 9 and March 10 , 2007 . The music video leaked onto the Internet on April 4 , 2007 , after briefly being available for digital download on iTunes Store . It initially premiered on Yahoo ! Music on April 5 . The video was compared with the psychological thriller film directed by Tarsem Singh , The Cell ( 2000 ) . Lee said that the main inspiration is " like we 're in the walls of our minds , sort of " . During an interview with MTV News , she further revealed the concept of the video , " It 's mostly live performance . It 's not so much fluff and flying and tricks and wolves and stuff . It 's more really just about the song , and that is unique for us . We usually do crazy stuff . It 's gonna be sort of like a video within the video . Since the song is our heaviest single , we really wanted to focus on mostly performance but still have something about it that 's really unique . And I think [ Paul ] really hit the nail on the head . " The video starts with Lee laying on a couch and as the song progresses , she starts singing the lyrics " It 's true , we 're all a little insane , but it 's so clear now that I am unchained " while getting up from it . She wears a red dress and red make @-@ up on her face . Later another scenes , show her singing in a room similar to The Cell , while the band is performing in another room .
= = = Live performances and usage in media = = =
" Sweet Sacrifice " was part of the set list during the band 's second worldwide The Open Door Tour ( 2006 ) . Some of the performances included those in The Great Saltair in Saltair , Utah on October 25 , 2006 , and on April 4 , 2007 in Dunkin ' Donuts Center in Providence , Rhode Island . It was later played live at the Sydney Entertainment Centre in Sydney , Australia on March 29 , 2012 . The song is used in the direct @-@ to @-@ video film Smokin ' Aces 2 : Assassins ' Ball .
= = Track listing = =
There are two versions of the single that have been released , they have different photos by Amy V. Cooper .
Basic Maxi CD ( Part 1 )
" Sweet Sacrifice " ( Album version ) - 3 : 05
" Weight of the World " ( Live from Tokyo ) - 3 : 44
Premium Maxi CD ( Part 2 )
" Sweet Sacrifice " ( Album version ) - 3 : 05
" Weight of the World " ( Live from Tokyo ) - 3 : 44
" Sweet Sacrifice " ( Radio mix ) - 3 : 03
Interview with Amy Lee and John LeCompt * - 5 : 07
Note
( * ) The interview was filmed for AOL Music at SonyBMG Studios in New York on August 3 , 2006 . It touches on the creative process of recording The Open Door as well as Lee and LeCompt 's musical opinions .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits for " Sweet Sacrifice " are taken from The Open Door liner notes .
= = Chart performance = =
On the German Singles Chart , " Sweet Sacrifice " peaked at number 75 , where it stayed one week . However , the song fell out of the chart on July 8 , 2007 , spending a total of 4 weeks on the chart . It also peaked at number 11 on the Turkish Singles Chart , and number 24 on Billboard 's Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks .
= = Release history = =
= John Le Mesurier =
John Le Mesurier ( / lə ˈmɛʒərər / , born John Elton Le Mesurier Halliley ; 5 April 1912 – 15 November 1983 ) was an English actor . He is perhaps best remembered for his comedic role as Sergeant Arthur Wilson in the BBC television situation comedy Dad 's Army ( 1968 – 77 ) . A self @-@ confessed " jobbing actor " , Le Mesurier appeared in more than 120 films across a range of genres , normally in smaller supporting parts .
Le Mesurier became interested in the stage as a young adult and enrolled at the Fay Compton Studio of Dramatic Art in 1933 . From there he took a position in repertory theatre and made his stage debut in September 1934 at the Palladium Theatre in Edinburgh in the J. B. Priestley play Dangerous Corner . He later accepted an offer to work with Alec Guinness in a John Gielgud production of Hamlet . He first appeared on television in 1938 as Seigneur de Miolans in the BBC broadcast of The Marvellous History of St Bernard . During the Second World War Le Mesurier was posted to British India , as a captain with the Royal Tank Regiment . He returned to acting and made his film debut in 1948 , starring in the second feature comedy short Death in the Hand , opposite Esme Percy and Ernest Jay . He undertook a number of roles on television in 1951 including Educating Archie alongside Tony Hancock .
Le Mesurier had a prolific film career , appearing mostly in comedies , usually in roles portraying figures of authority such as army officers , policemen and judges . As well as Hancock 's Half Hour , Le Mesurier appeared in Hancock 's two principal films , The Rebel and The Punch and Judy Man . In 1971 Le Mesurier received his only award : a British Academy of Film and Television Arts " Best Television Actor " award for his lead performance in Dennis Potter 's television play Traitor ; it was one of the few lead roles he played during the course of his career .
He took a relaxed approach to acting and felt that his parts were those of " a decent chap all at sea in a chaotic world not of his own making " . Le Mesurier was married three times , most notably to the actress Hattie Jacques . A heavy drinker of alcohol for most of his life , Le Mesurier died in 1983 , aged 71 , from a stomach haemorrhage , brought about by a complication of cirrhosis of the liver . After his death , critics reflected that , for an actor who normally took minor roles , the viewing public were " enormously fond of him " .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Le Mesurier was born John Elton Le Mesurier Halliley , in Bedford on 5 April 1912 . His parents were Charles Elton Halliley , a solicitor , and Amy Michelle ( née Le Mesurier ) , whose family were from Alderney in the Channel Islands ; both families were affluent , with histories of government service or work in the legal profession . While John was an infant the family settled in Bury St Edmunds , in West Suffolk . He was sent to school , first to Grenham House in Kent , and later to Sherborne School in Dorset where one of his fellow @-@ pupils was Alan Turing . Le Mesurier disliked both schools intensely , citing insensitive teaching methods and an inability to accept individualism . He later wrote : " I resented Sherborne for its closed mind , its collective capacity for rejecting anything that did not conform to the image of manhood as portrayed in the ripping yarns of a scouting manual " .
From an early age Le Mesurier had been interested in acting and performing ; as a child he had frequently been taken to the West End of London to watch Ralph Lynn and Tom Walls perform in the popular series of farces at the Aldwych Theatre . These experiences fuelled an early desire to make a career on the stage . After leaving school he was initially persuaded to follow his father 's line of work , as an articled clerk at Greene & Greene , a firm of solicitors in Bury St Edmunds ; in his spare time he took part in local amateur dramatics . In 1933 he decided to leave the legal profession , and in September of that year enrolled at the Fay Compton Studio of Dramatic Art ; a fellow @-@ student was Alec Guinness , with whom he became close friends . In July 1934 , the studio staged their annual public revue in which both Le Mesurier and Guinness took part ; among the judges for the event were John Gielgud , Leslie Henson , Alfred Hitchcock and Ivor Novello . Le Mesurier received a Certificate of Fellowship , while Guinness won the Fay Compton prize . After the revue , rather than remain at the studio for further tuition Le Mesurier took an opportunity to join the Edinburgh @-@ based Millicent Ward Repertory Players at a salary of £ 3.10s ( £ 3 @.@ 50 ) a week .
= = = Career = = =
= = = = 1934 – 46 = = = =
The Millicent Ward repertory company typically staged evening performances of three @-@ act plays ; the works changed each week , and rehearsals were held during the daytime for the following week 's production . Under his birth name John Halliley , Le Mesurier made his stage debut in September 1934 at the Palladium Theatre in Edinburgh in the J. B. Priestley play Dangerous Corner , along with three other newcomers to the company . The reviewer for The Scotsman thought that Le Mesurier was well cast in the role . Appearances in While Parents Sleep and Cavalcade were followed by a break , as problems arose with the lease of the theatre . Le Mesurier then accepted an offer to appear with Alec Guinness in a John Gielgud production of Hamlet , which began in Streatham in the spring of 1935 and later toured the English provinces . Le Mesurier understudied Anthony Quayle 's role of Guildenstern , and otherwise appeared in the play as an extra .
In July 1935 , Le Mesurier was hired by the Oldham repertory company , based at the Coliseum Theatre ; his first appearance with them was in a version of the Wilson Collison play , Up in Mabel 's Room ; he was sacked after one week for missing a performance after oversleeping . In September 1935 , he moved to the Sheffield Repertory Theatre to appear in Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary , and also played Malvolio in Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night . Le Mesurier later commented on the slow progress of his career : " had I known it was going to take so long , I might well have given the whole thing up " . In 1937 he joined the Croydon Repertory Theatre , where he appeared in nine productions in 1936 and 1937 . During this period Le Mesurier changed his professional name from John Halliley to John Le Mesurier ; his biographer Graham McCann observes that " he never bothered , at least in public , to explain the reason for his decision " . Le Mesurier used his new name for the first time in the September 1937 production of Love on the Dole .
Le Mesurier first appeared on television in 1938 , thus becoming one of the medium 's pioneering actors . His initial appearance was in a production of The Marvellous History of St Bernard in which he appeared as Seigneur de Miolans in a play adapted from a 15th @-@ century manuscript by Henri Ghéon . Alongside the television appearance , he continued to appear on stage in Edinburgh and Glasgow with the Howard and Wyndham Players , at least until late 1938 when he returned to London and re @-@ joined Croydon Repertory Theatre . His second spell with the troupe ended a few months later when , from May to October 1939 he appeared in Gas Light , first in London and subsequently on tour . The reviewer in The Manchester Guardian considered that Le Mesurier gave " a faultless performance " , and that " the character is not overemphasised . One may praise it best by saying that Mr. Le Mesurier gives one a really uncomfortable feeling in the stomach " .
From November to December 1939 , Le Mesurier toured Britain in a production of Goodness , How Sad , during which time he met the director 's daughter , June Melville , whom he married in April 1940 . After spending January and February 1940 in French Without Tears at the Grand Theatre in Blackpool , he returned to London where he was employed by the Brixton Theatre , appearing in a series of productions . In his time in repertory , Le Mesurier took on a variety of roles across a number of genres ; his biographer Graham McCann observed that his range included " comedies and tragedies , thrillers and fantasies , tense courtroom dramas and frenzied farces , Shakespeare and Ibsen , Sheridan and Wilde , Molière and Shaw , Congreve and Coward . The range was remarkable " .
In September 1940 Le Mesurier 's rented home was hit by a German bomb , destroying all his possessions , including his call @-@ up papers . In the same bombing raid , the theatre in Brixton in which he was working was also hit . A few days later he reported for basic training with the Royal Armoured Corps ; in June 1941 he was commissioned into the Royal Tank Regiment . He served in Britain until 1943 when he was posted to British India where he spent the rest of the war . Le Mesurier later claimed that he had had " a comfortable war , with captaincy thrust upon me , before I was demobbed in 1946 " .
= = = = 1946 – 59 = = = =
On his return to Britain , Le Mesurier returned to acting , although he initially struggled for work , finding only a few minor roles . In February 1948 he made his film debut in the second feature comedy short Death in the Hand , which starred Esme Percy and Ernest Jay . He followed this with equally small roles in the 1949 film Mother Riley 's New Venture — although his name was misspelt on the credits as " Le Meseurier " — and the 1950 crime film Dark Interval . During the same period he also frequently appeared on stage in Birmingham .
Le Mesurier undertook a number of roles on television in 1951 , including that of Doctor Forrest in The Railway Children , the blackmailer Eduardo Lucas in Sherlock Holmes : The Second Stain , and Joseph in the nativity play A Time to be Born . In the same year Tony Hancock joined Le Mesurier 's second wife , Hattie Jacques ( the couple had married in 1949 following his divorce from June Melville earlier that year ) in the radio series Educating Archie . Le Mesurier and Hancock became friends ; they would often go for drinking sessions around Soho , where they ended up in jazz clubs . When Hancock left Educating Archie in 1954 to work on his own radio show , Hancock 's Half Hour , he maintained his friendship with Le Mesurier , and Jacques joined the cast for the fourth series of Hancock 's show , in 1956 .
In 1952 , as well as appearing in the films Blind Man 's Bluff and Mother Riley Meets the Vampire , Le Mesurier also appeared as the doctor in Angry Dust at the New Torch Theatre , London . Parnell Bradbury , writing in The Times , thought Le Mesurier had played the role extraordinarily well , although Harold Hobson , writing in The Sunday Times , thought that " the trouble with Mr. John Le Mesurier 's Dr. Weston is that he approaches the man too snarlingly ... [ it is ] a notion of genius that would be unacceptable anywhere outside Victorian melodrama " . In 1953 , he had a role as a bureaucrat in the short film The Pleasure Garden , which won the Prix de Fantasie Poetique at the Cannes Film Festival in 1954 . After a long run of small roles in second features , his 1955 portrayal of the registrar in Roy Boulting 's comedy Josephine and Men , " jerked him out of the rut " , according to Philip Oakes .
Following his appearance in Josephine and Men , John and Roy Boulting cast Le Mesurier as a psychiatrist in their 1956 Second World War film , Private 's Progress . The cast featured many leading British actors of the time , including Ian Carmichael and Richard Attenborough . Dilys Powell , reviewing for The Sunday Times , thought that the cast was " embellished " by Le Mesurier 's presence , among others . Later in 1956 Le Mesurier again appeared alongside Attenborough , with small roles in Jay Lewis 's The Baby and the Battleship and Roy Boulting 's Brothers in Law , the latter which also featured Carmichael and Terry @-@ Thomas . He was also active in television , in a variety of roles in episodes of Douglas Fairbanks Presents , a series of short dramas .
Le Mesurier 's friendship with Tony Hancock provided a further source of work when Hancock asked him to be one of the regular supporting actors in Hancock 's Half Hour , when it moved from radio to television . Le Mesurier subsequently appeared in seven episodes of the show between 1957 and 1960 , and then in two episodes of a follow @-@ up series entitled Hancock . In 1958 he appeared in ten films , among them Roy Boulting 's comedy Happy Is the Bride , about which Dilys Powell wrote in The Sunday Times : " [ M ] y vote for the most entertaining contributions ... goes to the two fathers , John Le Mesurier and Cecil Parker " . In 1959 , the busiest year of his career , Le Mesurier took part in 13 films , including I 'm All Right Jack , which was critically and commercially the most successful of Le Mesurier 's credited films that year , although he also had an uncredited role as a doctor in Ben @-@ Hur .
= = = = 1960 – 68 = = = =
Le Mesurier appeared in nine films in 1960 , as well as nine television programmes , including episodes of Hancock 's Half Hour , Saber of London and Danger Man . His work the following year included a part in Peter Sellers 's directorial debut Mr. Topaze , a film which failed both critically and commercially . He provided the voice of Mr. Justice Byrne in a recording of excerpts from the transcript of R v Penguin Books Ltd . — the court case concerning the publication of D. H. Lawrence 's Lady Chatterley 's Lover — which also featured Michael Hordern and Maurice Denham . J.W. Lambert , reviewing for The Sunday Times , wrote that Le Mesurier gave " precisely the air of confident incredulity which the learned gentleman exhibited in court " . Later that year he played Hancock 's office manager in the first of Tony Hancock 's two principal film vehicles , The Rebel .
In 1962 he appeared in Wendy Toye 's comedy film We Joined the Navy before teaming up again with Peter Sellers in Only Two Can Play , Sidney Gilliat 's film of the novel That Uncertain Feeling by Kingsley Amis ; Powell noted with pleasure " the armour of his gravity pierced by polite bewilderment " . She compared Le Mesurier with the well @-@ known American straight @-@ face comedian , John McGiver . After appearing in another Sellers film in 1962 — Waltz of the Toreadors — Le Mesurier joined him in the 1963 comedy The Wrong Arm of the Law . Powell again reviewed the pair 's film , commenting that " I thought I knew by now every shade in the acting of John Le Mesurier ( not that I could ever get tired of any of them ) ; but there seems a new shade here " . In the same year he appeared in a third Sellers film , The Pink Panther , as a defence lawyer , and in the second Tony Hancock vehicle , The Punch and Judy Man . Le Mesurier played Sandman in the latter film ; Powell wrote that the role " allowed a gentler and subtler character than usual " . He also appeared in a series of advertisements for Homepride flour in 1964 , providing the voice @-@ over for the animated character Fred the Flourgrader ; he continued as the voice until 1983 .
In a change from his usual comedic roles , Le Mesurier portrayed the Reverend Jonathan Ives in Jacques Tourneur 's 1965 science fiction film , City Under the Sea , before returning to comedy in Where the Spies Are , a comedy @-@ adventure film directed by Val Guest , which starred David Niven . In 1966 Le Mesurier also played the role of Colonel Maynard in the ITV sitcom George and the Dragon , with Sid James and Peggy Mount . The programme ran to four series between 1966 and 1968 , totalling 26 episodes . He also took a role in four episodes of a Coronation Street spin @-@ off series , Pardon the Expression , in which he starred opposite Arthur Lowe .
= = = = 1968 – 77 = = = =
In 1968 Le Mesurier was offered a role in a new BBC situation comedy playing an upper @-@ class Sergeant Arthur Wilson in Dad 's Army , although he was the second choice after Robert Dorning . Le Mesurier was unsure about taking the part as he was finishing the final series of George and the Dragon and did not want another long @-@ term television role . He was persuaded both by an increase in his fee — to £ 262 10s ( £ 262 @.@ 50 ) per episode — and by the casting of his old friend Clive Dunn as Corporal Jones . Le Mesurier was initially unsure of how to portray his character , and was advised by series writer Jimmy Perry to make the part his own . Le Mesurier decided to base the character on himself , later writing that " I thought , why not just be myself , use an extension of my own personality and behave rather as I had done in the army ? So I always left a button or two undone , and had the sleeve of my battle dress slightly turned up . I spoke softly , issued commands as if they were invitations ( the sort not likely to be accepted ) and generally assumed a benign air of helplessness " . Perry later observed that " we wanted Wilson to be the voice of sanity ; he has become John " .
Nicholas de Jongh , in a tribute written after Le Mesurier 's death , suggested that it was in the role of Wilson that Le Mesurier became a star . His interaction with Arthur Lowe 's character Captain George Mainwaring was described by The Times as " a memorable part of one of television 's most popular shows " . Tise Vahimagi , writing for the British Film Institute 's Screenonline , agreed , and commented that " it was the hesitant exchanges of one @-@ upmanship between Le Mesurier 's Wilson , a figure of delicate gentility , and Arthur Lowe 's pompous , middle class platoon leader Captain Mainwaring , that added to its finest moments " . Le Mesurier enjoyed making the series , particularly the fortnight the cast would spend in Thetford each year filming the outside scenes . The programme lasted for nine series over nine years , and covered eighty episodes , ending in 1977 .
During the filming of the series in 1969 , Le Mesurier was flown to Venice over a series of weekends to appear in the film Midas Run , an Alf Kjellin @-@ directed crime film that also starred Richard Crenna , Anne Heywood and Fred Astaire . Le Mesurier became friends with Astaire during the filming and they often dined together in a local cafe while watching horse @-@ racing on television . In 1971 Norman Cohen directed a feature film of Dad 's Army ; Le Mesurier also appeared as Wilson in a stage adaptation , which toured the UK in 1975 – 76 . Following the success of Dad 's Army , Le Mesurier recorded the single " A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square " with " Hometown " on the reverse side ( the latter with Arthur Lowe ) . This , and an album , Dad 's Army , featuring the whole cast , was released on the Warner label in 1975 .
In between the annual shooting of Dad 's Army , Le Mesurier acted in films , including the role of the prison governor opposite Noël Coward in the 1969 Peter Collinson @-@ directed The Italian Job . The cinema historian Amy Sargeant likened Le Mesurier 's role to the " mild demeanour " of his Sergeant Wilson character . In 1970 , Le Mesurier appeared in Ralph Thomas 's Doctor in Trouble as the purser ; he also made an appearance in Vincente Minnelli 's On a Clear Day You Can See Forever , a romantic fantasy musical .
In 1971 Le Mesurier played the lead role in Dennis Potter 's television play Traitor , in which he portrayed a " boozy British aristocrat who became a spy for the Soviets " ; his performance won him a British Academy of Film and Television Arts " Best Television Actor " award . Writing for the British Film Institute , Sergio Angelini considered " Le Mesurier is utterly compelling throughout in an atypical role " . Chris Dunkley , writing in The Times , described the performance as " a superbly persuasive portrait , made vividly real by one of the best performances Mr Mesurier [ sic ] has ever given " . The reviewer for The Sunday Times agreed , saying that Le Mesurier , " after a lifetime supporting other actors with the strength of a pit @-@ prop , gets the main part ; he looks , sounds and feels exactly right " . Reviewing for The Guardian , Nancy Banks @-@ Smith called the role " his Hamlet " , and said that it was worth waiting for . Although delighted to have won the award , Le Mesurier commented that the aftermath proved " something of an anticlimax . No exciting offers of work came in " .
Le Mesurier made a cameo appearance in Val Guest 's 1972 sex comedy Au Pair Girls , and starred alongside Warren Mitchell and Dandy Nichols in Bob Kellett 's The Alf Garnett Saga . In 1974 he played a police inspector in a similar Val Guest comedy , Confessions of a Window Cleaner , alongside Robin Askwith and Antony Booth . The following year he also narrated Bod , an animated children 's programme from the BBC ; there were thirteen episodes in total .
= = = = 1977 – 83 = = = =
In 1977 Le Mesurier portrayed Jacob Marley in a BBC television adaptation of A Christmas Carol , which starred Michael Hordern as Ebenezer Scrooge ; Sergio Angelini , writing for the British Film Institute about Le Mesurier 's portrayal , considered that " although never frightening , he does exert a strong sense of melancholy , his every move and inflection seemingly tinged with regret and remorse " . In 1979 he portrayed Sir Gawain in Walt Disney 's Unidentified Flying Oddball , directed by Russ Mayberry , and co @-@ starring Dennis Dugan , Jim Dale and Kenneth More . The film , an adaptation of Mark Twain 's novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court , was hailed by Time Out as " an intelligent film with a cohesive plot and an amusing script " and cited it as " one of the better Disney attempts to hop on the sci @-@ fi bandwagon " . The reviewers praised the cast , particularly Kenneth More 's Arthur and Le Mesurier 's Gawain , which they said were " rather touchingly portrayed as friends who have grown old together " .
Le Mesurier played The Wise Old Bird in the 1980 BBC Radio 4 series The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy and appeared on the same station as Bilbo Baggins in the 1981 radio version of The Lord of the Rings . In the spring of 1980 he took the role of David Bliss alongside Constance Cummings — as Judith Bliss — in a production of Noël Cow
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payment of 20 @,@ 000 DMs , to retain " the rights to all the discovered or purchased documents or notes in the hand of Adolf Hitler ... which have so far not yet been published " .
After twelve diaries had been delivered to Gruner + Jahr , Heidemann informed his employers that the price had risen from 85 @,@ 000 DMs to 100 @,@ 000 DMs per diary ; the reason given by Heidemann was that the East German general smuggling the diaries was now having to bribe more people . The additional money was retained by Heidemann and not passed on to Kujau . The journalist was starting to lead a profligate lifestyle on his illicit profits , including two new cars ( a BMW convertible and a Porsche , for a combined total of 58 @,@ 000 DMs ) , renting two new flats on Hamburg 's exclusive Elbchaussee , and jewellery . He also spent considerable sums acquiring new Nazi memorabilia . Some were genuine , such as Wolff 's SS honour dagger ; others were purchased from Kujau , including 300 forged oil paintings , drawings and sketches Kujau claimed were by Hitler . Other items , carrying notes by Kujau attesting to their authenticity , included a gun described as that used by Hitler to commit suicide , and a flag identified as the Blutfahne ( " Blood Flag " ) , carried in Hitler 's failed Munich Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 , and stained by the blood of Nazis shot by police .
The purchases of the diaries continued throughout mid to late 1981 : Gruner + Jahr gave Heidemann 345 @,@ 000 DMs on 29 July , and a further 220 @,@ 000 DMs a week later , which brought the total up to 1 @.@ 81 million DMs since the start of the year . This sum had purchased 18 diaries for the company . Schulte @-@ Hillen , the new managing director , signed an authorisation for a further million DMs for future purchases . Just over two weeks later he signed a further authorisation for 600 @,@ 000 DMs after Heidemann told him that the cost of the diaries had now risen to 200 @,@ 000 DMs each ; Heidemann also passed on the news that there were more than 27 diaries .
In mid @-@ December 1982 the author and Holocaust denier David Irving was also involved in tracking the existence of diaries written by Hitler . Priesack had previously told Irving of the existence of one of the diaries with a collector in Stuttgart . In a visit to Priesack to assess his collection of Nazi documents , Irving found out Stiefel 's phone number , from which he worked out the address ; he also obtained photocopies of some of the diary pages from Priesack . Irving visited Stiefel unannounced and tried to find out the name of the source , but the collector misled him as to the origin . Irving examined Priesack 's photocopies and saw a number of problems , including spelling mistakes and the change in writing style between certain words .
= = Initial testing and verification ; steps towards publication = =
In April 1982 Walde and Heidemann contacted Josef Henke and Klaus Oldenhage of the Bundesarchiv ( German Federal Archives ) and Max Frei @-@ Sulzer , the former head of the forensic department of the Zürich police , for assistance in authenticating the diaries . They did not specifically mention the diaries , but referred generally to new material . They also did not give the forensic specialists an entire diary , but removed one page only . For comparison purposes they also provided the experts with other samples of Hitler 's writing , a handwritten draft for a telegram : this was from Heidemann 's own collection and had also been forged by Kujau . Within days Walde provided further documents for comparison — all Kujau forgeries . Walde then flew to the US and commissioned Ordway Hilton , another forensic expert . None of those involved were experts in examining Nazi documents , and Hilton could not read German . Stern 's management were too bound up in a secretive approach to be open about their source , or to provide the experts with a complete diary , which would have led to a more thorough examination of wider material . From the samples provided , the experts concluded that the handwriting was genuine . Hilton subsequently reported that " there was just no question " that both documents he had were written by the same person , whom he assumed to be Hitler .
The purchase of the diaries continued , and by June 1982 Gruner + Jahr possessed 35 volumes . In early 1983 the company took the decision to work towards a publication date for the diaries . To ensure wide readership and to maximise their returns , Stern issued a prospectus to potentially interested parties , Newsweek , Time , Paris Match and a syndicate of papers owned by Murdoch . Stern rented a large vault in a Swiss bank . They filled the space with Nazi memorabilia and displayed various letters and manuscripts .
The first historian to examine the diaries was Hugh Trevor @-@ Roper , who was cautious , but impressed with the volume of documentation in front of him . As the background to the acquisition was explained to him he became less doubtful ; he was falsely informed that the paper had been chemically tested and been shown to be pre @-@ war , and he was told that Stern knew the identity of the Wehrmacht officer who had rescued the documents from the plane and had stored them ever since . By the end of the meeting he was convinced that the diaries were genuine , and later said " who , I asked myself , would forge sixty volumes when six would have served his purpose ? " In an article in The Times on 23 April 1983 he wrote :
I am now satisfied that the documents are authentic ; that the history of their wanderings since 1945 is true ; and that the standard accounts of Hitler 's writing habits , of his personality , and even , perhaps , of some public events may , in consequence , have to be revised .
The day after Trevor @-@ Roper gave his opinion of authenticity , Rupert Murdoch and his negotiation team arrived in Zürich . A deal was provisionally agreed for $ 2 @.@ 5 million for the US serialisation rights , with an additional $ 750 @,@ 000 for British and Commonwealth rights . While the discussions between Murdoch and Sorge were taking place , the diaries were examined by Broyle and his Newsweek team . After lengthy negotiation Broyle was informed that the minimum price Stern would consider was $ 3 million ; the Americans returned home , informing Hensmann that they would contact him by phone in two days . When Broyle contacted the Germans he offered the amount , subject to authentication by their chosen expert , Gerhard Weinberg . In 1952 Weinberg , a cautious and careful historian , had written the Guide to Captured German Documents , for use by the US military ; the work is described by Hamilton as definitive in its scope of the subject . Weinberg travelled to Zürich and , like Trevor @-@ Roper , was impressed and reassured by the range of items on show ; he was also partly persuaded by Trevor @-@ Roper 's endorsement of the diaries ' authenticity . Weinberg commented that " the notion of anyone forging hundreds , even thousands of pages of handwriting was hard to credit " .
Newsweek verbally accepted Hensmann 's offer and he in turn informed Murdoch , giving him the option to raise his bid . Murdoch was furious , having considered the handshake agreement in Zürich final . On 15 April 1983 Murdoch , with Mark Edmiston , the president of Newsweek , met Schulte @-@ Hillen , who , unexpectedly and without explanation , went back on all the previous verbal — and therefore , to his mind , non @-@ binding — agreements and told them the price was now $ 4 @.@ 25 million . Murdoch and Edmiston refused to accede to the new price and both left . The managers of Stern , with no publishing partners , backtracked on their statements and came to a second deal with Murdoch , who drove the price down , paying $ 800 @,@ 000 for the US rights , and $ 400 @,@ 000 for the British and Australian rights . Further deals were done in France with Paris Match for $ 400 @,@ 000 ; in Spain with Grupo Zeta for $ 150 @,@ 000 ; in the Netherlands for $ 125 @,@ 000 ; in Norway for $ 50 @,@ 000 ; and in Italy with Panorama for $ 50 @,@ 000 . Newsweek did not enter into a deal and instead based their subsequent stories on the copies of the diaries they had seen during the negotiation period .
= = Released to the news media ; the Stern press conference = =
On 22 April 1983 a press release from Stern announced the existence of the diaries and their forthcoming publication ; a press conference was announced for 25 April . On hearing the news from Stern , Jäckel stated that he was " extremely sceptical " about the diaries , while his fellow historian , Karl Dietrich Bracher of the University of Bonn also thought their legitimacy unlikely . Irving was receiving calls from international news companies — the BBC , The Observer , Newsweek , Bild Zeitung — and he was informing them all that the diaries were fakes . The German Chancellor , Helmut Kohl , also said that he could not believe the diaries were genuine . The following day The Times published the news that their Sunday sister paper had the serialisation rights for the UK ; the edition also carried an extensive piece by Trevor @-@ Roper with his opinion on the authenticity and importance of the discovery . By this stage the historian had growing doubts over the diaries , which he passed on to the editor of The Times , Charles Douglas @-@ Home . The Times editor presumed that Trevor @-@ Roper would also contact Giles at The Sunday Times , while Trevor @-@ Roper thought that Douglas @-@ Home would do so ; neither did . The Sunday paper thus remained oblivious of the growing concerns that the diaries might not be genuine .
On the evening of 23 April the presses began rolling for the following day 's edition of The Sunday Times . After an evening meeting of the editorial staff , Giles phoned Trevor @-@ Roper to ask him to write a piece rebutting the criticism of the diaries . He found that the historian had made " a 180 degree turn " regarding the diaries ' authenticity , and was now far from sure that they were real . The paper 's deputy editor , Brian MacArthur , rang Murdoch to see if they should stop the print run and re @-@ write the affected pages . Murdoch 's reply was " Fuck Dacre . Publish " .
On the afternoon of the 24 April , in Hamburg for the press conference the following day , Trevor @-@ Roper asked Heidemann for the name of his source : the journalist refused , and gave a different story of how the diaries had been acquired . Trevor @-@ Roper was suspicious and questioned the reporter closely for over an hour . Heidemann accused the historian of acting " exactly like an officer of the British army " in 1945 . At a subsequent dinner the historian was evasive when asked by Stern executives what he was going to say at the announcement the following day .
At the press conference both Trevor @-@ Roper and Weinberg expressed their doubts at the authenticity , and stated that German experts needed to examine the diaries to confirm whether the works were genuine . Trevor @-@ Roper went on to say that his doubts sprung from the lack of proof that these books were the same ones as had been on the crashed plane in 1945 . He finished his statement by saying that " I regret that the normal method of historical verification has been sacrificed to the perhaps necessary requirements of a journalistic scoop . " The leading article in The Guardian described his public reversal as showing " moral courage " . Irving , who had been described in the introductory statement by Koch as a historian " with no reputation to lose " , stood at the microphone for questions , and asked how Hitler could have written his diary in the days following the 20 July plot , when his arm had been damaged . He denounced the diaries as forgeries , and held aloft the photocopied pages he had been given from Priesack . He asked if the ink in the diaries had been tested , but there was no response from the managers of Stern . Photographers and film crews jostled to get a better picture of Irving , and some punches were thrown by journalists while security guards moved in and forcibly removed Irving from the room , while he shouted " Ink ! Ink ! " .
= = Forensic analysis and the uncovering of the frauds = =
With grave doubts now expressed about the authenticity of the diaries , Stern faced the possibility of legal action for disseminating Nazi propaganda . To ensure a definitive judgment on the diaries , Dr Hagen , one of the company 's lawyers , passed three complete diaries to Dr Henke at the Bundesarchiv for a more complete forensic examination . While the debate on the diaries ' authenticity continued , Stern published its special edition on 28 April , which provided Hitler 's purported views on the flight of Hess to England , Kristallnacht and the Holocaust . The following day Heidemann again met with Kujau , and bought the last four diaries from him .
On the following Sunday — 1 May 1983 — The Sunday Times published further stories providing the background to the diaries , linking them more closely to the plane crash in 1945 , and providing a profile of Heidemann . That day , when The Daily Express rang Irving for a further comment on the diaries , he informed them that he now believed the diaries to be genuine ; The Times ran the story of Irving 's U @-@ turn the following day . Irving explained that Stern had shown him a diary from April 1945 in which the writing sloped downwards from left to right , and the script of which got smaller along the line . At a subsequent press conference Irving explained that he had been examining the diaries of Dr Theodor Morell , Hitler 's personal doctor , in which Morell diagnosed the Führer as having Parkinson 's disease , a symptom of which was to write in the way the text appeared in the diaries . Harris posits that further motives may also have played a part — the lack of reference to the Holocaust in the diaries may have been perceived by Irving as supporting evidence for his thesis , put forward in his book Hitler 's War , that the Holocaust took place without Hitler 's knowledge . The same day Hagen visited the Bundesarchiv and was told of their findings : ultraviolet light had shown a fluorescent element to the paper , which should not have been present in an old document , and that the bindings of one of the diaries included polyester which had not been made before 1953 . Research in the archives also showed a number of factual errors . The findings were partial only , and not conclusive ; more volumes were provided to aid the analysis .
When Hagen reported back to the Stern management , an emergency meeting was called and Schulte @-@ Hillen demanded the identity of Heidemann 's source . The journalist relented , and provided the provenance of the diaries as Kujau had given it to him . Harris describes how a bunker mentality descended on the Stern management as , instead of accepting the truth of the Bundesarchiv 's findings , they searched for alternative explanations as to how post @-@ war whitening agents could have been used in the wartime paper . The paper then released a statement defending their position which Harris judges was " resonant with hollow bravado " .
While Koch was touring the US , giving interviews to most of the major news channels , he met Kenneth W. Rendell , a handwriting expert in the studios of CBS , and showed him one of the volumes . Rendell 's first impression was that the diaries were forged . He later reported that " everything looked wrong " , including new @-@ looking ink , poor quality paper and signatures that were " terrible renditions " of Hitler 's . Rendell concludes the diaries were not particularly good fakes , calling them " bad forgeries but a great hoax " . He states that " with the exception of imitating Hitler 's habit of slanting his writing diagonally as he wrote across the page , the forger failed to observe or to imitate the most fundamental characteristics of his handwriting . "
On 4 May fifteen volumes of the diaries were removed from the Swiss bank vault and distributed to various forensic scientists : four went to the Bundesarchiv and eleven went to the Swiss specialists in St Gallen . The initial results were ready
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Later that year Charles Hamilton published the second book to investigate the forgeries : The Hitler Diaries . In 1992 the story of the diaries was adapted to the big screen by Helmut Dietl , in his satirical German @-@ language film Schtonk ! . The film , which starred Götz George as Heidemann and Uwe Ochsenknecht as Kujau , won three Deutscher Filmpreis awards , and nominations for a Golden Globe and an Academy Award .
In 2004 one of the diaries was sold at auction for € 6 @,@ 400 to an unknown buyer ; the remainder were handed over by Stern to the Bundesarchiv in 2013 , not as a memento of the Nazi past , but as an example of news media history . One of the Sunday Times journalists involved in the story , Brian MacArthur , later explained why so many experienced journalists and businessmen " were so gullible " about the authenticity of the diaries :
... the discovery of the Hitler diaries offered so tempting a scoop that we all wanted to believe they were genuine . Once hoist with a deal , moreover , we had to go on believing in their authenticity until they were convincingly demonstrated as forgeries . ... The few of us who were in on the secret fed in the adrenalin : we were going to write the most stunning scoop of our careers .
= Prisoners of the Sun =
Prisoners of the Sun ( French : Le Temple du Soleil ) is the fourteenth volume of The Adventures of Tintin , the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé . The story was serialised weekly in the newly established Tintin magazine from September 1946 to April 1948 . Completing an arc begun in The Seven Crystal Balls , the story tells of young reporter Tintin , his dog Snowy , and friend Captain Haddock as they continue their efforts to rescue the kidnapped Professor Calculus by travelling through Andean villages , mountains , and rain forests , before finding a hidden Inca civilisation .
Prisoners of the Sun was a commercial success and was published in book form by Casterman the year following its conclusion . Hergé continued The Adventures of Tintin with Land of Black Gold , while the series itself became a defining part of the Franco @-@ Belgian comics tradition . The two @-@ part adventure was adapted into the 1969 film , Tintin and the Temple of the Sun by Belvision Studios , the first feature @-@ length animated Tintin film . Prisoners of the Sun has also been adapted into two episodes of the 1990s television series The Adventures of Tintin , a video game , and a 2001 musical stage production .
= = Synopsis = =
The synopsis continues a plot begun in The Seven Crystal Balls .
Young reporter Tintin , his dog Snowy , and friend Captain Haddock arrive in Callao , Peru . There , they plan to intercept the arrival of the Pachacamac , a ship carrying their friend Professor Calculus , who is being held by kidnappers . Tintin boards the ship and learns from Chiquito , the former assistant of General Alcazar and one of the abductors , that Calculus is to be executed for wearing a bracelet belonging to the mummified Incan king Rascar Capac .
Tintin barely escapes the ship with his life , and he and Haddock alert the authorities ; but the abductors evade the police and take Calculus to the Andes mountains . Tintin and Haddock pursue them to the mountain town of Jauga , where they board a train that is sabotaged in an attempt to kill them . When they attempt to investigate the whereabouts of Calculus , the local Indios prove to be peculiarly tight @-@ lipped . But then Tintin befriends a young Quechua boy named Zorrino after saving him from Spaniard bullies . A mysterious man observes this act of kindness and gives Tintin a medallion , telling him that it will save him from danger . Zorrino informs Tintin that Calculus is taken to the Temple of the Sun , which lies deep within the Andes , and offers to take them there .
After many hardships - including being pursued by four Indios who try their best to leave them stranded or dead - Tintin , Haddock , and Zorrino reach the Temple of the Sun , finding it to be a surviving outpost of the Inca civilisation . They are brought before the Prince of the Sun , flanked by Chiquito and Huascar , the mysterious man Tintin encountered in Jauga . Zorrino is saved from harm when Tintin gives him Huascar 's medallion , but Tintin and Haddock are sentenced to death by the Inca prince for their sacrilegious intrusion . The prince tells them they may choose the hour that Pachacamac , the Sun god , will set alight the pyre on which they will be executed .
Tintin and Haddock end up on the same pyre as Calculus . Tintin has , however , chosen the hour of their death to coincide with a solar eclipse , and with a little play @-@ acting , the terrified Inca believe that Tintin can command the Sun . The Inca prince implores Tintin to make the Sun show its light again . At Tintin 's command , the Sun returns , and the three are quickly set free . Afterwards , the Prince of the Sun tells them that the seven crystal balls used on the Sanders @-@ Hardiman expedition members , who had excavated Rascar Capac 's tomb , contained a " mystic liquid " obtained from coca that plunged them into a deep sleep . Each time the Inca high priest cast his spell over seven wax figures of the explorers , he could use them as he willed as punishment for their sacrilege . Tintin convinces the Inca prince that the explorers wished only to make known to the world the splendours of their civilisation . The Inca prince orders Chiquito to destroy the wax figures and at that moment in Europe the seven explorers awaken . After swearing an oath to keep the temple 's existence a secret , Tintin , Haddock and Calculus head home , while Zorrino remains with the Inca , having accepted an offer to live among them .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Amidst the German occupation of Belgium during World War II , Hergé had accepted a position working for Le Soir , the largest circulation French language daily newspaper in the country . Confiscated from its original owners , the German authorities permitted Le Soir to reopen under the directorship of Belgian editor Raymond de Becker , although it remained firmly under Nazi control , supporting the German war effort and espousing anti @-@ Semitism . Joining Le Soir on 15 October 1940 , Hergé was aided by old friend Paul Jamin and the cartoonist Jacques Van Melkebeke . Some Belgians were upset that Hergé was willing to work for a newspaper controlled by the then occupying Nazi administration , although he was heavily impressed by the size of Le Soir 's readership , which reached 600 @,@ 000 . Faced with the reality of Nazi oversight , Hergé abandoned the overt political themes that had pervaded much of his earlier work , instead adopting a policy of neutrality . Without the need to satirise political types , entertainment producer and author Harry Thompson observed that " Hergé was now concentrating more on plot and on developing a new style of character comedy . The public reacted positively . "
As with two previous stories , The Secret of the Unicorn and Red Rackham 's Treasure , Hergé developed the idea of a twofold story arc , resulting in the two @-@ part The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners of the Sun . Hergé planned for the former story to outline a mystery , while the latter would see his characters undertake an expedition to solve it . His use of an ancient mummy 's curse around which the narrative revolved was inspired by tales of a curse of the pharaohs which had been unearthed during the archaeologist Howard Carter 's 1922 discovery of Pharaoh Tutankhamun 's tomb . This was not the first time that Hergé had been inspired by this tabloid story , having previously done so when authoring Cigars of the Pharaoh .
The story began serialisation in Le Soir under the title of Les Sept Boules de Cristal on 16 December 1943 . It was , however , interrupted on 2 September 1944 , as Brussels was liberated from German occupation by the Allied forces on 3 September , upon which Le Soir immediately ceased publication . Hergé had been forced to abandon the story after 152 strips , equivalent to fifty pages of the later published book volume . The story had been left hanging after the scene in which Tintin leaves the hospital after seeing the seven members of the expedition enduring a simultaneous fit . Three days later the entire staff were fired and a new editorial team introduced . In October 1945 , Hergé was approached by Raymond Leblanc , a former member of a conservative Resistance group , the National Royalist Movement ( MNR ) , and his associates André Sinave and Albert Debaty . The trio were planning on launching a weekly magazine for children . Leblanc , who had fond childhood memories of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , thought Hergé would be ideal for it . Hergé agreed , and Leblanc obtained clearance papers for him , allowing him to work .
= = = Influences = = =
Hergé had adopted the idea of a person abducted into a lost Incan city from Gaston Leroux 's 1912 novel , The Bride of the Sun , in which the idea of a solar eclipse also appeared . In turn , the idea of European explorers discovering a lost city had been found in both H. Rider Haggard 's She : A History of Adventure ( 1887 ) and Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar ( 1916 ) . His use of the eclipse may also have been influenced by accounts claiming that Christopher Columbus subdued a revolt of indigenous groups in Jamaica in 1503 using knowledge of a solar eclipse that had been predicted by Giovanni Muller 's 1474 calendar .
Hergé 's principal source of information about the Andes was Charles Wiener 's 1880 book Pérou et Bolivie ( " Peru and Bolivia " ) , which contained 1 @,@ 100 engravings from which Hergé could base his own illustrations . In this way , small details about Andean costume and material culture were accurately copied . Part of the ceremonial costume worn by the Incan priest was based upon a colour painting of Mexican Aztecs produced by Else Bostelmann for the National Geographic Society which Hergé had a copy of in his files . He ensured that his depiction of the Peruvian trains was accurate by basing them upon examples found in a two @-@ volume picture encyclopedia of railways published by Librarie Hachette in 1927 .
Hergé sent his assistant , Edgar P. Jacobs , to the Cinquantenaire Museum to study its collections of Incan material , and also used Jacobs as a model for several of the poses that characters adopt in the story . He had a striped poncho specially made , which he then asked Jacobs to model . Hergé later concluded that the scene in which Tintin hoodwinked the Inca with his knowledge of the sun was implausible , suggesting that solar worshipers with a keen knowledge of astronomy like the Inca would have been well aware of the sun and its eclipses .
= = = Publication = = =
Prisoners of the Sun was the first of The Adventures of Tintin to be serialised in its entirety in the new Tintin magazine . On the magazine 's launch day of 26 September 1946 , readers who had been without Tintin for two years now received two pages per week in full colour under the title La Temple du Soleil ( The Temple of the Sun ) . It began on what is now page 50 of the previous book The Seven Crystal Balls and included two pages outlining the crystal ball mystery , presented as if it were a press cutting . With Jacobs , Hergé completed the cover of the first issue and finished off The Seven Crystal Balls prior to embarking on Prisoners of the Sun , although Hergé included both under the title of The Temple of the Sun . To lessen his workload , a portion of the two pages of Hergé 's strip was an explanatory block of text about Inca society , titled " Qui étaient les Incas ? " ( " Who were the Incas ? " ) . Covering issues such as geography , history , and religion , each block was signed in Tintin 's name .
In May 1947 , the collaboration between Hergé and Jacobs ended after an argument . Hergé had been jealous of the immediate success of Jacobs ' Blake and Mortimer series , and had turned down Jacobs ' request that he be credited as co @-@ creator of the new Adventures of Tintin .
On 17 June 1947 , serialisation of the story paused after Hergé disappeared . Doctors diagnosed him as suffering from a mental breakdown as a result of overwork , and to recover he spent time in retreat at the Abbey of Notre @-@ Dame @-@ de @-@ Scourmont . In a letter to his wife Germaine , Hergé wrote , " Life has spoilt me ... I no longer draw like I breathe , as I used to not so long ago . Tintin is no longer me ... my Boy Scout spirit has been badly damaged . " He followed this with a holiday to Gland on Lake Geneva , Switzerland with Germaine . Editors of Tintin magazine posted a sarcastic notice in the magazine stating that " Our friend Hergé is in need of a rest . Oh , don 't worry , he 's fine . But in refusing to marshal his forces to bring you a new episode of The Temple of the Sun each week , our friend is a little over @-@ worked . " He disappeared again in early 1948 , this time for six weeks , again to Gland , but according to biographer Pierre Assouline he was accompanied by a young , married woman , with whom he was having an extra @-@ marital affair . Angered by his absence , the editorial board decided to command other artists and writers to continue the story , a threat which made Hergé return to work .
While writing Prisoners of the Sun , Hergé decided that he wanted to move to Argentina , and focused his attention on completing all outstanding commissions so that he could focus on his emigration . He enlisted the aid of Van Melkebeke , Guy Dessicy , and Frans Jageneau to help finish Prisoners ; they gathered at his home on the Avenue Delleur and produced many of the backgrounds within the story . He also employed his friend Bernard Heuvelmans to help devise the ending of the story ; he paid Heuvelmans 43 @,@ 000 Belgian francs for doing so . Ultimately , Hergé changed his mind about moving to Argentina for reasons that remain unknown . Serialisation of Prisoners of the Sun culminated on 22 April 1948 . As with previous adventures , the title had also been serialised in the French Catholic newspaper Cœurs Vaillants , from 30 November 1947 .
= = = Republication = = =
After the story arc finished serialisation , the publishing company Casterman divided it into two volumes , Les Sept Boules de Cristal and Le Temple du Soleil , which they released in 1948 and 1949 respectively . To fit into the 62 @-@ page format , a number of scenes were deleted from the story 's publication in book form . These included a scene in which Tintin chases away a cat aboard the Pachacamac , Haddock drawing a picture of Tintin on a wall , Haddock chewing coca provided by Zorrino , Tintin shooting a jaguar , and Haddock discovering gold nuggets under the Temple of the Sun but being unable to take them back with him . British Tintin expert Michael Farr noted that none of these scenes were " integral to the narrative " , and that their removal improved its structure . The reformatting also led to an error in the depiction of the solar eclipse . In the original magazine serialisation , Hergé had depicted the moon moving across the sun in the correct direction for the Southern Hemisphere ; for the book publication , the drawings had been altered , with the moon now moving in the incorrect direction .
The book was banned by the Peruvian authorities because , in the map of South America contained within it , a region whose ownership was disputed by Peru and Ecuador was shown as being part of the latter country .
= = Critical analysis = =
Michael Farr described both The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners of the Sun as " classic middle @-@ period Tintin " , commenting on their " surprisingly well @-@ balanced narrative " and the fact that they exhibited scant evidence of Hergé 's turbulent personal life . He felt that the inclusion of paranormal elements to the story did nothing to make the narrative less convincing , and observes Hergé 's recurring depiction of his character 's disturbing dreams . Farr opined that the Inca costumes were drawn with " a care and flamboyance that would do great credit to a major opera house production " , while the Andean landscapes were " worthy of a Cecil B. DeMille film spectacular " . Hergé biographer Benoît Peeters noted that Prisoner of the Sun was one of the Adventures to have " most caught the imagination " , something that he attributed to its " exceptional setting or the strength of the plot " .
Harry Thompson noted that , like Red Rackham 's Treasure , Prisoners of the Sun was " an epic journey conditioned by the suspense of not knowing what will happen at the end " ; although he thought that , unlike Red Rackham 's Treasure , it " successfully transfers the fear of its unknown adversaries from the first part of the adventure into the second " . He also thought that , despite all the tribulations Hergé faced while creating it , " the pacing , the retention of suspense right to the end , and the fine balance of humour and drama " do not betray the story 's troubled development .
Jean @-@ Marc Lofficier and Randy Lofficier believed that the two @-@ story arc represents " one more leap forward in Hergé 's graphic and narrative skills " as a result of the transition to full colour double pages as the initial means of publication . They thought that this improvement was particularly evident in the scenes of the trek through the Andes in Prisoners of the Sun . They stated that with Prisoners of the Sun , the story had switched into " Hitchcockian thriller mode " , a similar technique that Hergé had adopted into a number of previous adventures . They described the character of Zorrino as " basically a Peruvian version " of Chang Chong @-@ Chen , a character introduced to the series in The Blue Lotus . They described the story as " a philosophical parable , perhaps a hidden reflection of Hergé 's spiritual yearnings " ; in this way anticipating the themes that he would make use of in Tintin in Tibet . Ultimately , they awarded both halves of the story arc five out of five .
Literary critic Tom McCarthy identified elements within the story that he believed reflected recurring themes within The Adventures of Tintin . He thought that the appearance of Rascar Capac 's jewels reflected Hergé 's use of jewellery as a theme throughout the series , and that the scene in which Tintin commands the sun god to do his bidding reflects a wider theme throughout the series in which " sacred authority " manifests through voice . The scene in which Haddock causes an avalanche of snow by sneezing reflected what McCarthy considered a wider theme of the danger of sound , while Zorrino 's decision to stay among the Inca was interpreted as a reflection of a wider theme of adoption . Commenting on the execution scene , McCarthy believed that it represented Haddock being " sacrificed on the altar of his own illegitimacy " , a concept that he felt had been echoed throughout the series .
In his psychoanalytical study of the Adventures of Tintin , the literary critic Jean @-@ Marie Apostolidès believed that The Seven Crystal Balls – Prisoners of the Sun arc reflects a confrontation between civilisations , and between the sacred and the secular . He described the Quechuan society depicted by Hergé as a " totalitarian theocracy " , noting that the Tintin of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets and Tintin in the Congo would have approved of such a political system . He then drew comparisons between the Incan Prince of the Sun and the Syldavian King Muskar XII in King Ottokar 's Sceptre , noting that in both the monarch is threatened by losing a treasured cultural artefact to foreigners . Apostolidès also believed that the eclipse scene reflects a change in the power relations between the sacrificed ( Tintin ) and the sacrificer ( the Inca prince ) . Commenting on Tintin 's dream sequence in which he dreams of Calculus , Haddock , and the Thompsons , Apostolidès believed that it reflected a " latent homosexual desire " , comparing it with the dream sequence in The Crab with the Golden Claws .
= = Adaptations = =
In 1969 , the animation company Belvision Studios , which had produced the 1956 – 57 television series Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin , released its first feature @-@ length animated film , Tintin and the Temple of the Sun , adapted from the Seven Crystal Balls @-@ Prisoners of the Sun story arc . Produced by Raymond Leblanc and directed by Eddie Lateste , it was written by Lateste , the cartoonist Greg , Jos Marissen , and Laszló Molnár . Music was by François Rauber and Zorrino 's song was composed by Jacques Brel .
In 1991 , a second animated series based upon The Adventures of Tintin was produced , this time as a collaboration between the French studio Ellipse and the Canadian animation company Nelvana . Prisoners of the Sun was the twelfth story to be adapted and was divided into two thirty @-@ minute episodes . Directed by Stéphane Bernasconi , the series has been praised for being " generally faithful " to the original comics , to the extent that the animation was directly adopted from Hergé 's original panels .
In 1997 , the French company Infogrames released a video game based on The Seven Crystal Balls @-@ Prisoners of the Sun story arc , titled Prisoners of the Sun .
In 2001 , The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners of the Sun were adapted into a theatrical musical , Kuifje – De Zonnetempel ( Tintin – The Temple of the Sun ) , which premiered in Dutch at the Stadsschouwburg in Antwerp , the Netherlands , on 15 September . Adapted for the stage by Seth Gaaikema and Frank Van Laecke , the production was directed by Dirk de Caluwé and included music by Dirk Brossé , featuring Tom Van Landuyt in the role of Tintin . Didier Van Cauwelaert adapted the musical into French , and it then premiered a year later in Charleroi as Tintin – Le Temple du Soleil . From there , the production was scheduled for Paris in 2003 but was cancelled . It returned for a brief run in Antwerp on 18 October 2007 .
= Cross Game =
Cross Game ( クロスゲーム , Kurosu Gēmu ) is a romantic comedy baseball manga series by Mitsuru Adachi that was serialized by Shogakukan in Weekly Shōnen Sunday between May 11 , 2005 ( issue 22 / 23 ) and February 17 , 2010 ( issue 12 ) . It is collected in 17 tankōbon volumes , with the final volume published in April 2010 , shortly after the end of the anime series . It received the 54th Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen manga in 2009 , and has been praised internationally as quietly brilliant and a great success . The series was adapted as a 50 @-@ episode anime television series that aired on the TV Tokyo network from April 5 , 2009 to March 28 , 2010 . The first episode of the anime , which covers the time frame of the first volume of the manga , received high praise , even outside Japan .
Cross Game is the story of Ko Kitamura and the four neighboring Tsukishima sisters , Ichiyo , Wakaba , Aoba , and Momiji . Wakaba and Ko were born on the same day in the same hospital and are close enough that Wakaba treats Ko as her boyfriend , though nothing is officially declared , while Aoba , one year younger than them , hates how Ko is " taking " her sister away from her . After Wakaba dies , Ko and Aoba slowly grow closer as they strive to fulfill Wakaba 's final dream of seeing them play in the high school baseball championship in Koshien Stadium .
The manga is divided into multiple parts . Part One , which consists of volume one , is a prologue that takes place while the main characters are in elementary school , ending with Wakaba 's death . Part Two starts four years later with Ko in his third year of junior high and continues into the summer of his third year of high school . Part Three continues the story without a break , ending with Ko and Aoba traveling to Koshien .
= = Plot = =
At the start of Part One , Ko Kitamura , son of the owner of Kitamura Sports , lives in the same neighborhood as the batting center run by the Tsukishima family . Due to their proximity and the relationship between their businesses , the Kitamura and Tsukishima families have been close for many years , and their children go back and forth between the two homes . Because Ko and Wakaba are the same age and always together , Aoba is jealous of all the time Ko spends with her older sister . Aoba is a natural pitcher with excellent form , and Ko secretly trains to become as good as she is , even while publicly showing little interest in baseball . Then Wakaba dies in a swimming accident at a summer camp during fifth grade .
Part Two starts with Ko in his third year of junior high , as he continues training in secret . When he enters Seishu High School , he joins the baseball club along with his childhood friends , Akaishi and Nakanishi . However , the interim principal ( the regular principal is on medical leave ) has brought in a new head coach , and he in turn brings in transfer students from other schools as ringers just to play baseball . This team , led by their star , Yūhei Azuma , is the clear favorite of the school . Because the three friends refuse to take evaluation tests to join the first @-@ string team , they are placed on the second @-@ string " portable " team under the former head coach , Maeno , who has to use the Seishu Junior High School field for practice . This causes a rivalry between the two parts of the team . In the first summer practice scrimmage between them , the portable team loses by only a narrow margin .
During the summer vacation , while the first @-
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on the conduct of the war , published in 1900 , was titled An Absent @-@ Minded War . Kipling was offered a knighthood within a few weeks of publication of the song but declined , as he declined all offers of State honours . Historian Stephen M. Miller wrote in 2007 , " Kipling almost single @-@ handedly restored the strong ties between civilians and soldiers and put Britain and its army back together again . "
A performance of " The Absent @-@ Minded Beggar March " on 21 July 1900 at The Crystal Palace was Sullivan 's last public appearance , and the composer died four months later . " The Absent @-@ Minded Beggar " remained popular throughout the three @-@ year war and for years after the war ended . It became a part of popular culture of the time , with its title becoming a popular phrase and cartoons , postcards and other humorous representations of the character of the absent @-@ minded beggar becoming popular . The song is performed in John Osborne 's 1957 play The Entertainer .
The song is still heard on re @-@ issues of early recordings and on post World War II recordings by Donald Adams and others . In 1942 , George Orwell noted that " The phrase " killing Kruger with your mouth " ... was current till very recently " . In 2010 , a Kipling conference , called " Following The Absent @-@ minded Beggar " was held at the School of the Humanities of the University of Bristol , organised by Dr. John Lee , that included lectures and an exhibition of memorabilia and documents relating to the poem and song .
= = Lyrics = =
= Andriyivskyy Descent =
Andriyivskyy Descent ( Ukrainian : Андріївський узвіз , Andriyivs ’ kyi uzviz , literally : Andrew 's Descent ) is a historic descent connecting Kiev 's Upper Town neighborhood and the historically commercial Podil neighborhood . The street , often advertised by tour guides and operators as the " Montmartre of Kiev " , is a major tourist attraction of the city .
The descent , 720 metres ( 2 @,@ 360 ft ) in length , is constructed of laid cobblestones . It winds down steeply around the Zamkova Hora hill , ending near the Kontraktova Square in the Podil . The Andriyivskyy Descent is marked by a couple historic landmarks , including the Castle of Richard the Lionheart , the 18th century baroque Saint Andrew 's Church , famed Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov 's house , and numerous other monuments .
Recent talk of the descent 's reconstruction has been going since 2006 , when a local grassroots organization aimed at saving the Andriyivskyy Descent collected more than 1 @,@ 000 signatures to petition local authorities to take action on the descent 's reconstruction . On June 23 , 2009 , the Kiev City Council administration approved the reconstruction of the Andriyivskyi Descent , which was officially announced a year earlier by Mayor Leonid Chernovetsky . The exact timeline for reconstruction has not yet been adopted , although the reconstruction 's budget has been drafted in the city 's 2010 budget .
= = Description = =
The Andriyivskyy Descent begins on the summit of the Starokyivska Hora ( Old Kiev mountain ) near the ornate late @-@ baroque Saint Andrew 's Church ( which gave the street its current name ) . The street continues on down and descends to the Podil district where it ends at the Kontraktova Square . In the past times , the descent was known as the Borychiv Descent mentioned as " Borichev uvoz " ( Old East Slavic : Боричев увоз ) by Nestor the Chronicler in his Primary Chronicle and in the 12th century poem , The Tale of Igor 's Campaign ( Slovo o polku Ihorevim ) . The descent 's current name is derived from the 18th century , at the time when the Saint Andrew 's Church was erected atop the hill .
In the 18th and 19th centuries , the street was mainly inhabited by merchants and craftspeople . Although they are long gone due to the sweeping demographic changes in Kiev during times of the late Russian Empire and the Soviet Union , the street is once again thriving thanks to its unique topology , architecture , rich history and also many gift shops and small art galleries showcasing various paintings and sculptures by Ukrainian artists . The descent is one of the favorite spots for tourists . It is also notable for the many festivals it holds , including various art festivals and the Kiev Day celebrations on the last weekend of May .
The street 's location in the city and its landmark attraction has made it lately a highly prestigious area , with several new luxurious restaurants . However , the descent 's sewer and water systems have not been upgraded within the past 100 years , thereby underlining the need for a new system to be installed . Although , city authorities have not yet scheduled a new sewer project system to be installed .
= = History = =
The descent , located between two hills , is the shortest passageway from the historic Old or Upper Town ( Ukrainian : Князівська Гора ; Kniazivs ’ ka Hora ) to the commercial Podil neighborhood . One of the hills , known as Uzdyhal ’ nytsia , was the place where pre @-@ Christian idols once stood ( see : Baptism of Kiev ) , and another hill , called Zamkova Hora , served as a castle hill during the Middle Ages . For many centuries , this passageway was very steep and inconvenient , that 's the reason why there are were not any settlements for a long time . The first buildings were erected here only in the 17th century , and the first apartment buildings began appearing towards the end of the 19th century .
In 1711 , by the order of then @-@ Governor of Kiev , the route between the Zamkova and Andriyivskyy mountains were expanded , thus allowing traffic to become more suitable for horses and wagon carriages . The Andriyivskyy Descent was renamed in 1920 in honor of young revolutionary Georgiy Liver . In 1944 , it was decided to return the street to its prior name ; in 1957 , the street was renamed back to Andreevsky Spusk — the Russian variant of Andriyivskyy Descent . In the 1980s , the Andriyivskyy Descent received a thorough reconstruction after years of disrepair .
On April 9 , 2012 , construction workers began demolishing legally protected historic structures , even though earlier that year , their safety was guaranteed at several news conferences and the buildings themselves were included in scale models of the " renovated " descent . The destruction of the buildings took place under the guise of " reconstruction " efforts , which began in October 2011 . Preliminary reports indicate that the buildings directly across from , and next to the Museum of Bulhakov , ( Buildings 10a , 10b , and 9 / 11 ) were all razed to the ground . The land was being redeveloped to make room for a new office and business complex to house Rinat Akhmetov 's Kyiv operations .
Several hundred protestors , including boxer / politician Vitali Klitschko , gathered outside the main Kyiv office of Akhmetov ’ s SCM Holdings . On April 12 , Akhmetov claimed he had canceled plans to build a multi @-@ story business center in the buildings ’ place , promising instead to build a cultural center and restore the facades .
= = Attractions = =
The Andriyivskyi Descent contains numerous historic attractions and museums . The 18th century baroque Saint Andrew 's Church ; the late 19th century Mikhail Bulgakov 's house @-@ museum ; the 20th century Castle of Richard the Lionheart ; the Museum of One Street , chronicling the Andriyivskyy Descent 's history ; and numerous other monuments attract tourists and Kievans alike to the area .
= = = Saint Andrew 's Church = = =
Another attraction of the Andriyivskyy Descent is the baroque Saint Andrew 's Church . It is located atop a hill overlooking the Podil neighborhood from the Andriyivskyy Descent . The idea to construct the Saint Andrew 's Church came from the Russian Tsaress Elizabeth Petrovna . When she visited Kiev in 1747 – 1754 , she laid the foundation brick of the church with her own hand , after which the church was constructed , to a design by the imperial architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli .
As the Tsaress planned to take personal care of the church , the church has no parish , and there is no belltower to call the congregation to divine service . But she died before the construction ended , so the church was never cared for by Elizabeth Petrovna . After Elizabeth 's death , the Kiev court took no interest maintaining in the church , last consecrated in 1767 . Later , there were not enough funds to maintain the church , which left the maintaining of the church to private and voluntary funds , such as Andrey Muraviov .
In 1963 , Rastrelli 's original plans for the building were found in Vienna , Austria . This made it possible to reconstruct the original images on the building . The plan of restoration was carried out in the 1970s , overlooked by the main architect @-@ restorer , V. Korneyeva . Since 1968 , the church has been opened as a museum to tourists and visitors . The church is now owned by the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church .
= = = Castle of Richard the Lionheart = = =
The " Castle of Richard the Lionheart " house was built from 1902 – 1904 . It was originally supposed to be called Orlov House in reference to its constructor Dmitry Orlov . But because its owner failed to clear the house construction with the city 's authorities , a major scandal arose . Viktor Nekrasov named the building " The Castle of Richard the Lionheart " , after the 12th century English king in his book . It has been established that the modernized Gothic fronts were practically copied from a published design for a Saint Petersburg building by the architect R. Marfeld . But the stunning relief of Andriyivskyy Descent softened the effect of this plagiarism .
The cellar of the building contained a barber 's shop , a grocery store and a butcher shop . The remaining premises were used as apartments for rent . When Dimitri Orlov died in 1911 while building a railroad in the Russian Far East , his widow , left with five children , had to sell off the house to pay her family 's debts . In 1983 , renovation works were started on the building to convert it into a hotel . Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 , various reconstruction works have been largely unsuccessful . As of 2009 , the Castle of Richard the Lionheart still stands empty and fenced off in renovation .
= = = Mikhail Bulgakov 's house = = =
Mikhail Bulgakov , a famous Kiev @-@ born Russian writer , and his family lived on the street at two different houses in the early @-@ 20th century . In Bulgakov 's novel The White Guard the author vividly describes the street and house ( he calls it Aleksey Descent - " Alekseevskiy Spusk " ) in the turbulent times of the 1917 Russian Revolution . The address , at No.13 Andriyivskyy Descent is still commonly called the Bulgakov House and displays a plaque with the address the writer used in his book ( No.13 Alekseevsky Spusk ) ( see image ) . Popular writer 's statue is also installed near museum .
A museum was opened inside the preserved building to mark the 100th birthday of Mikhail Bulgakov on May 15 , 1991 . The upper floor of the museum houses an exhibition of various Bulgakov objects , and the lower floor contains thematic exhibitions . The house , built in 1888 and designed by architect N. Gardenin , was thoroughly renovated before the opening of the museum . A memorial plaque with Bulgakov 's portrait is now hanging on the front of the building .
= = = One Street Museum = = =
The One Street Museum is another main attraction of the Andriyivskyy Descent , which houses many of the historic items of the descent , containing more than 6 @,@ 500 exhibits . They include information about the Saint Andrew 's Church , the castle of Richard Lionheart , and the many other buildings of the Descent .
Also , the museum has a unique collection of various works by Ukrainian philologist P. Zhitetsky , Arabist and professor of the Kiev University T. Kezma , journalist and public figure A.Savenko , Ukrainian writer G.Tyutyunnyk , which have lived in the house No. 34 in the different periods of the twentieth century . Another important part of the collection in the museum is the memorabilia of professors of Kiev Theological Academy A. Bulgakov , S. Golubev , P. Kudryavtsev , F. Titov , A.Glagolev , famed doctors Th . Janovsky and D. Popov , and other prominent local figures .
The museum also has a large collection of antique books . Book relics of the exposition include a famous Trebnik of the Metropolitan of Kiev Petro Mohyla , rare editions of works written by professors and graduates of the Kyiv @-@ Mohyla Academy , unique books written by the Ukrainian Walter Scott , M.Grabovsky , the Defender of Orthodoxy , A.Muravyov , and the works of Mikhail Bulgakov published in his lifetime .
= = = Monuments = = =
The Andriyivskyy Descent also has a number of monuments . One of them is the monument to Yaroslav the Wise , the Grand Prince of Novgorod and Kiev , which depicts him holding a model of the Saint Sophia Cathedral . Another is the monument to Pronya Prokopovna and Svirid Golohvastov , which was unveiled in 1989 , depicting two characters , Pronya Prokopovna and Svirid Golohvastov , from the play Chasing Two Rabbits , which was written by Mykhailo Starytskyi . Another main monument on the street is dedicated to the famous Ukrainian poet and artist Taras Shevchenko , located to the right of the monument to Yaroslav the Wise . Most recently , a monument to Mikhail Bulgakov was opened on the Andriyivskyy Descent , the first dedicated to the writer in the former Soviet Union .
= = Legends = =
During its long history , the Andriyivskyy Descent has a couple of legends surround it .
One legend states that when Andrew the Apostle visited the uninhabited mountains in the mid @-@ stream of the Dnieper River ( today 's Andriyvskyy Descent area ) , he put up a cross atop of the hill where the descent starts and prophesied a foundation of a great Christian city . Since that time , wooden churches sprang up around in the vicinity , completing his prophecy .
According to another legend , there was once a sea where the Dnieper River now flows . When Saint Andrew came to Kiev and erected a cross on the place where the Saint Andrew 's Church now stands , the sea went away . The only part that remained of the sea is under the mountain on which Kiev sits today . When the church was built there in the 18th century , a spring opened under the altar . The church has no bells , because , according to the legend , when the first bell strikes , the water can revive again and flood the left bank of Kiev .
= = Panorama = =
= Peng Dehuai =
Peng Dehuai ( Peng Te @-@ huai ; simplified Chinese : 彭德怀 ; traditional Chinese : 彭德懷 ; pinyin : Péng Déhuái ; Wade – Giles : P 'eng2 Te2 @-@ huai2 ) ( October 24 , 1898 – November 29 , 1974 ) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader , and served as China 's Defense Minister from 1954 to 1959 . Peng was born into a poor peasant family , and received several years of primary education before his family 's poverty forced him to suspend his education at the age of ten , and to work for several years as a manual laborer . When he was sixteen , Peng became a professional soldier . Over the next ten years Peng served in the armies of several Hunan @-@ based warlord armies , raising himself from the rank of private second class to major . In 1926 Peng 's forces joined the Kuomintang , and Peng was first introduced to communism . Peng participated in the Northern Expedition , and supported Wang Jingwei 's attempt to form a left @-@ leaning Kuomintang government based in Wuhan . After Wang was defeated , Peng briefly rejoined Chiang Kai @-@ shek 's forces before joining the Chinese Communist Party , allying himself with Mao Zedong and Zhu De .
Peng was one of the most senior generals who defended the Jiangxi Soviet from Chiang 's attempts to capture it , and his successes were rivaled only by Lin Biao . Peng participated in the Long March , and supported Mao Zedong at the Zunyi Conference , which was critical to Mao 's rise to power . During the 1937 – 1945 Second Sino @-@ Japanese War , Peng was one of the strongest supporters of pursuing a ceasefire with the Kuomintang in order to concentrate China 's collective resources on resisting the Japanese Empire . Peng was the senior commander in the combined Kuomintang @-@ Communist efforts to resist the Japanese occupation of Shanxi in 1937 ; and , by 1938 , was in command of 2 / 3 of the Eighth Route Army . In 1940 , Peng conducted the Hundred Regiments Offensive , a massive Communist effort to disrupt Japanese logistical networks across northern China . The Hundred Regiments Offensive was modestly successful , but political disputes within the Communist Party led to Peng being recalled to Yan 'an , and he spent the rest of the war without an active command . After the Japanese surrendered , in 1945 , Peng was given command of Communist forces in Northwest China . He was the most senior commander responsible for defending the Communist leadership in Shaanxi from Kuomintang forces , saving Mao from being captured at least once . Peng eventually defeated the Kuomintang in Northwest China , captured huge amounts of military supplies , and actively incorporated the huge area , including Xinjiang , into the People 's Republic of China .
Peng was one of the few senior military leaders who supported Mao 's suggestions to involve China directly in the 1950 –
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Peng was still in command of China 's armed forces when Mao ordered the shelling of Jinmen ( Quemoy ) and Matsu , islands off the coast of Fujian that were still held by the Kuomintang , in the late summer and autumn of 1958 . Peng developed a strategy with his Chief of Staff , Su Yu , to bombard the islands so intensely that the morale of their defenders would collapse , eventually leading to the islands ' surrender . After the islands ' surrender , the PLA would then use the islands to launch attacks against Taiwan . The saturated shelling of the islands included over half the artillery in China , and began on August 28 . The attack included a coordinated effort to cut off the islands ' air and sea supply lines .
The campaign ran into unexpected difficulties , and did not achieve its objectives . The Soviet Union did not give explicit support to the operation , and the United States provided air and sea cover to Kuomintang supply ships up to within three miles of the Chinese coast . Kuomintang fighter jets shot down thirty @-@ seven PRC fighters ( while only losing three themselves ) , and Nationalist artillery and naval bombardments destroyed fourteen PRC ships . Peng had quietly opposed the operation since its beginning , and began to gradually end hostilities after the PLA encountered serious difficulties , announcing a series of intermittent ceasefires before eventually halting the campaign in late October . Su Yu was blamed for the disaster and replaced with another ally of Peng 's , General Huang Kecheng . Peng 's position was not directly affected , but his personal prestige suffered , and the practical effects of his efforts to modernize China 's armed forces were called into question within the PLA . Su was accused of directing the aborted attack on Matzu and withdrawing troops from North Korea without authorization , and of secretly taking orders from the USSR . The conflict between Su and Peng lingered throughout Peng 's life , and Su was not rehabilitated until after his death .
= = Fall from power = =
= = = The Great Leap Forward = = =
In the autumn of 1957 Mao suggested a nationwide programme of mass collectivization , in which China 's farmers would be forcibly relocated to large agricultural communes and all private property would be eliminated . Mao 's theories on mass collectivization became the basis of the Great Leap Forward , a national economic plan that began in 1958 which caused a man @-@ made famine across the country that lasted for several years . By 1959 , tens of millions of people had starved to death . From October – December 1958 , the economic system in the countryside broke down as farmers refused to go to work in the fields , raided government granaries for food , and in Guangdong , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangxi , Sichuan , and Qinghai , rebelled . In December 1958 China 's leaders quietly decided to reverse the policies of the Great Leap .
Peng did not oppose Mao 's collectivizations in the first phase of the Great Leap , from late 1957 – early 1958 , but he increasingly opposed it from spring @-@ winter 1958 , as the problems which Mao 's policies had caused became more evident . In February 1958 Peng gave a speech for the fortieth anniversary of the Soviet Red Army , in which he suggested increased military cooperation between China and the Soviet Union . Mao opposed this suggestion , and began grooming Lin Biao as a viable successor to Peng for the position of Defense Minister . As part of the Great Leap Forward , Mao ordered the formation of a national militia that was controlled by Party members and independent of the PLA , eventually training and arming tens of millions of civilians .
Peng made regular inspection tours of the Chinese provinces after becoming Defense Minister in 1953 . In a tour on Guangzhou in April 1958 , he openly criticized Mao , saying " The Chairman talks all the time about more , faster , better , and more economical results . That is annoying . What does he want with chanting these liturgies all the time ? " On an inspection tour through Gansu in October 1958 , Peng observed many of the problems associated with the Great Leap Forward . Mature crops were left to die in the field because all of the young men had been drafted to operate primitive backyard furnaces . When Peng asked an old peasant why no one was collecting the harvest , he received the answer : " unless the centre sends down a great comrade , one cannot stand up against this storm . " On the same tour Peng heard complaints that household utensils were being melted down for " steel " , and that houses and orchards were cut and torn down in order to provide fuel for the backyard furnaces . In a subsequent tour through his native province of Hunan , later in 1958 , Peng observed the same problems associated everywhere with the Great Leap Forward : serious food shortages ; hungry children and babies ; elders who expressed bitterness and anger ; and arrogant , boasting Party cadres who administered local economic reforms . During his inspection tours through China in the fall of 1958 , Peng composed a poem that summarized his attitude towards the Great Leap Forward :
Grain scattered on the ground , potato leaves withered ;
Strong young people have left to make steel ;
Only children and old women reap the crops ;
How can they pass the coming year ?
Allow me to raise my voice for the people !
谷撒地 ， 薯叶枯
青壮炼铁去
收禾童与姑
来年日子怎么过
请为人民鼓咙胡
At an enlarged Politburo meeting in Shanghai , held from March 25 – April 1 , Peng openly criticized Mao in the Chairman 's presence for the first time , accusing him of " taking personal command " of national politics and disregarding the collective leadership of the Chinese government and the Party . Mao responded with vague criticisms of Peng , which Peng said was " provocative " . From April 24 – June 15 Peng left on a goodwill military tour through Eastern Europe . Peng met with Khrushchev on May 24 , and was criticized during the Cultural Revolution for having criticized Mao 's leadership to the Soviet leader , but the evidence that Peng criticized Mao to Khrushchev is very circumstantial , and Mao did not mention this during his efforts to have Peng purged . Peng 's absence from China during the seven weeks that he was abroad allowed Mao to freely spread negative rumors discrediting Peng within the Party , and to develop consensus among other senior Party leaders to oppose Peng when he returned .
= = = The Lushan Conference = = =
The Eighth Plenum of the Eighth CCP Central Committee was held in the scenic resort town of Lushan , Jiangxi , on July 2 , 1959 , to discuss Party members ' positions on the Great Leap Forward . Mao opened the conference by encouraging Party members to " criticize and offer opinions " on the government 's " mistakes and shortcomings " , and he promised that he would not attack any member personally as a " rightist " or " counter @-@ revolutionary " for any opinions expressed at the conference . Peng had returned to China just previous to the conference after spending seven weeks abroad and was not planning on attending the conference , but Mao personally phoned Peng and invited him to attend . Peng obeyed Mao and travelled to Lushan to participate in the conference .
Peng participated in group meetings in the early portion of the conference , gaining consensus among his peers for criticizing the widespread practice of inaccurately reporting agricultural statistics , and emphasizing that " everybody had a share of responsibility , including Comrade Mao Zedong " . Peng bluntly criticized the hesitation of senior Party members to disagree with the Party leadership , implying that many Party leaders were cowardly for following orders that they knew were not in the best interests of the Chinese people . After gaining the consensus of several of his peers , Peng developed his opinions more systematically , but was hesitant to bring up the full range of his criticisms in public . Peng discussed his thoughts with several other senior Party leaders ( notably the CCP Secretary of Hunan , Zhou Xiaozhou ( 周小舟 ) ) , and Peng 's colleagues encouraged Peng to visit Mao privately in order to win Mao 's support for a reversal of the policies of the Great Leap Forward . Peng visited Mao 's quarters on the night of July 13 , but found Mao asleep , and wrote Mao a " letter of opinion " articulating Peng 's ideas instead . Peng delivered the letter to Mao on the morning of July 14 , but Mao did not read the letter until July 17 . Later on July 17 Mao had Peng 's letter widely circulated among the other delegates at the conference . Peng did not intend his letter to be widely read and attempted to prevent its circulation , but was not successful . Most other senior leaders , including Liu Shaoqi , Zhou Enlai , and Deng Xiaoping , supported Peng 's position before Mao began to attack it , indicating that they shared Peng 's views and that they did not see Peng 's letter as an attack on the Chairman .
In Peng 's letter , Peng compared himself to the courageous but tactless Han dynasty general Zhang Fei . Because of Mao 's appreciation of Zhang 's enemy , Cao Cao , Mao interpreted this as implying a confrontational relationship . Peng criticized the poor allocation of labour across China , especially the inefficient , country @-@ wide practice of forcing farmers to work in backyard furnaces . He criticized the nationwide famine and severe shortage of cotton , and stated that the Chinese people were justified in demanding change from the present conditions . Peng blamed the problems of the Great Leap on what he called " problems in our way of thinking and style of work " , especially the tendency for Party administrators to submit exaggerated production reports , and for Party bureaucrats to accept these figures uncritically . Peng blamed the mistakes of the Party on a culture of " petty bourgeois fanaticism " , a tendency to believe in achieving change through blindly encouraging mass movements , and claimed that the acceptance of this culture had led to the Party leadership forgetting " the mass @-@ line and the style of seeking truth from facts " , which Peng believed had led to the Communist victories over the Japanese and Kuomintang . Peng criticized Mao 's policy of " putting politics in command " , substituting economic principles and productive work for political objectives .
Mao 's decision to have Peng 's letter widely circulated completely changed the direction of the conference . On July 21 , Zhang Wentian gave an independent , supplementary speech attacking Mao 's policies , and the same day a majority of delegates expressed their approval of Peng 's letter , making it an official conference document . Mao interpreted the letter as a personal attack , and began to defend himself on July 23 , attacking Peng and those who disagreed with his policies . Mao defended his commune system by claiming that " until now , not a single commune has collapsed " . He attacked Peng and those who shared his political opinions as " imperialists " " bourgeoisie " , and " rightists " , and associated their positions with other Communist leaders who had led failed oppositions to Mao 's leadership , including Li Lisan , Wang Ming , Gao Gang , and Rao Shushi . Mao brought up an ultimatum , stating that , if the delegates of the conference sided with Peng , Mao would split the Communist Party , retreating into the countryside and leading the peasants to " overthrow the government " . The other senior leaders of the Communist Party , including Zhou Enlai and Liu Shaoqi , were unwilling to risk splitting the Party , and sided with Mao in opposing Peng 's position .
From August 2 , the conference debated whether Peng should be disciplined , what punishment Peng should receive , and for what reasons . On August 16 the conference passed two resolutions . The first resolution condemned Peng as the leader of an " anti @-@ Party clique " , and called for Peng 's removal from the positions of Defense Minister and Vice @-@ Chairman of the Military Commission . The resolution did not eject Peng from the Communist Party , and it allowed Peng to retain his position in the Politburo , but he was excluded from Politburo meetings for years . The second resolution recognized Mao 's dominance within the Party and subtly called for an end to the policies of the Great Leap Forward . After Mao had rallied the rest of the Party against him , Peng 's options were limited to stubbornly standing his ground , engaging in a humiliating self @-@ criticism , or suicide . After private discussion with other senior leaders , Peng considered the prestige of Mao and the unity of the Party and agreed to make a self @-@ criticism , which was publicly reviewed at the conference , in which he admitted that he had made " severe mistakes " associated with his " rightist viewpoint " , that he had been a follower of Li Lisan and Wang Ming , and in which he openly implicated his supporters in his " mistakes " . After the conference , Peng said privately to Zhou Enlai regarding his self @-@ criticism : " For the first time in my life , I have spoken out against my very heart ! " Mao purged most of Peng 's supporters from important offices following the conference , almost completely isolating Peng politically for the rest of his life . Peng later reflected that he was confused that Mao could have interpreted his private letter as a political attack , and wondered why , after thirty years of working together , Mao could not have discussed the matter privately with him , if Peng had indeed made the mistakes Mao claimed he did .
= = Later life = =
In September 1959 Mao replaced Peng as Defense Minister with Lin Biao , effectively ending Peng 's military career . Peng was relocated to a suburb of Beijing , forfeiting his Marshal 's uniform and military decorations . Lin reversed Peng 's reforms , abolishing all signs and privileges of rank , purging officers considered sympathetic to the USSR , directing soldiers to work part @-@ time as industrial and agricultural labourers , and indoctrinating the armed forces in Mao Zedong Thought . Lin 's system of indoctrination made it clear that the Party was clearly in command of China 's armed forces , and Lin ensured that the army 's political commissars enjoyed great power and status in order to see that his directives were followed . Lin implemented these reforms in order to please Mao , but privately was concerned that they would weaken the PLA . Lin used his position as Minister of Defense to flatter Mao by using the army to promote Mao 's personality cult throughout China , devising and running a number of national Maoist propaganda campaigns based on the PLA . The most successful of Lin 's efforts to promote Mao 's personality cult was the " learn from Lei Feng " campaign , which Lin began in 1963 .
= = = Partial rehabilitation = = =
After his forced retirement , Peng lived alone , under constant surveillance from the Central Guard Unit of the PLA , accompanied by a secretary and a bodyguard . His wife remained in Beijing ; and , due to her work as the Party secretary of Beijing Normal University , was only able to visit infrequently . Peng 's guards prevented curious local farmers from visiting Peng , until Peng threatened to complain to Mao . Peng 's niece , Peng Meikui , visited frequently , and the two became close . Peng spent most of his free time renovating his home , gardening , and studying Marxist theory , agriculture , and economics . Peng was not completely purged : even though he could not participate in government meetings or decision @-@ making bodies , he still received and read all documents distributed to the members of the Politburo and State Council , which he was technically still a member of . In 1960 Peng attended the funeral of Lin Boqu .
In 1960 – 1961 , the effects of Mao 's economic policies continued to produce widespread economic collapse , improving Peng 's reputation among Party leaders who secretly believed that Mao 's policies were a mistake , and who desired to reverse them . Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi led Party efforts to revive the Chinese economy , and cultivated Peng 's friendship as part of a wider effort to gain widespread support for their activities . In November – December 1961 Peng received permission to leave his residence for the first time since 1959 in order to conduct an inspection tour of Hunan . Peng found the conditions there even worse than in 1959 ; and , in a January 1962 conference of 7 @,@ 000 Party leaders to determine Party economic policies , repeated most of the criticisms that he had made at Lushan . On June 16 , 1962 , Peng submitted a document , his " Letter of 80 @,@ 000 Words " , to Mao and the Politburo , in which he gave a full account of his life , admitted to several " mistakes " , defended himself against most of the accusations made against him at the Lushan Conference , requested to be readmitted to decision @-@ making government bodies , and sharply criticized the economic policies of the Great Leap Forward . In his letter Peng first wrote one of his most widely quoted sayings : " I want to be a Hai Rui ! " The efforts of Liu and Deng to rehabilitate Peng further were not initially successful . Peng was not allowed to attend the Tenth Plenum of the Eighth CCP Central Committee , held in September 1962 , and the efforts to reverse the verdict on Peng made at the Lushan Conference failed . From 1962 – 1965 , Peng continued to live in relative obscurity , though he was no longer under house arrest .
After Mao Zedong purged Peng in 1959 , Mao appointed Marshal He Long to the head of an office to investigate Peng 's past in order to find additional reasons to criticize Peng . He accepted the position but was sympathetic to Peng , and stalled for over a year before submitting his report . Mao 's prestige weakened when it became widely known that Mao 's Great Leap Forward had been a disaster , and He eventually presented a report that was positive , and which attempted to vindicate Peng .
In September 1965 Mao agreed to rehabilitate Peng by promoting him to a position managing the industrial development of Southwest China , a project known as the Third Front . Peng initially refused this position , so Mao called him personally , and convinced Peng to accept it by suggesting that the condemnation of Peng at the Lushan Conference may have been a mistake . Peng was then appointed " Deputy Commander of the Great Third Line of Construction in Southwest China " and " Third Secretary of the Control Commission of the CCP 's Southwest Bureau " . In practice , Peng 's responsibilities were to oversee the industrial development of Sichuan , Guizhou , Yunnan , and Tibet , with a focus on developing military industries and logistical networks . These positions were far below what Peng 's position had been before 1959 , but signaled his return to national politics . Peng worked energetically until August 1966 , when the beginning of the Cultural Revolution had him recalled to Chengdu and the first Red Guards began patrolling the streets , violently attacking their perceived enemies . Peng 's bodyguards warned him to avoid contact with the Red Guards , but Peng disregarded their advice , saying : " a CCP member does not have to be afraid of the masses . " Peng 's disregard for personal danger and his confidence in the Chinese Communist Party made him one of the Cultural Revolution 's first victims .
= = = Persecution during the Cultural Revolution = = =
Peng was one of the first public figures singled out for persecution in 1966 by the Cultural Revolution Group . The Party Secretariat attempted to shield Peng , but Mao 's wife , Jiang Qing , took a personal interest in Peng 's persecution and directed Red Guards in Sichuan to find Peng in Chengdu , arrest him , and deliver him to Beijing to be persecuted . Local Red Guards in Chengdu were not enthusiastic to follow these orders : they visited Peng 's house on December 22 , 1966 and attempted to intimidate Peng by informing him of the recent arrests of some of his friends and comrades , and of the imminent arrests of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping . Because of local Red Guards ' lack of enthusiasm to carry out Jiang Qing 's orders , a more radical Red Guard leader , Wang Dabin , arrived in Chengdu on December 24 , and denounced his local comrades as " rightists " and " traitors " for delaying Peng 's arrest . The Red Guards then abducted Peng in the early morning of December 25 , put him in chains , and ransacked his house . Peng 's bodyguards arrived to save Peng at around 4 : 00 AM , but were already too late .
Prime Minister Zhou Enlai made an effort to save Peng by placing him under PLA surveillance . On December 25 , Zhou 's office ordered the Red Guards who had abducted Peng to accompany members of the PLA from Chengdu , to deliver Peng to Beijing by train ( instead of by plane , because the airports in Sichuan had been taken over by Red Guards ) , and then to deliver Peng to the Beijing PLA garrison . After the party arrived in Beijing , Wang Dabin successfully directed Red Guards under his command to delay the PLA unit scheduled to take possession of Peng , and succeeded in keeping Peng from being saved .
In January 1967 Peng was taken to his first " struggle session " , in which he was paraded in chains before several thousand jeering Red Guards , wearing a large paper dunce cap and with a wooden board hung from his neck , on which his " crimes " were written . In the fall Peng was held at a PLA military prison outside of Beijing , and was allowed to receive extra clothing . In July Mao and Lin Biao , cooperating with Jiang Qing 's faction , ordered the PLA to form an " investigation group " to determine Peng 's " crimes " , so that Peng could be more thoroughly humiliated in future struggle sessions . Peng 's jailers attempted to force Peng to confess that he was a " great warlord " , a " great ambitionist " , and a " great conspirator " who had " crept into the Party and the Army " . Peng refused to confess to these accusations or to " surrender to the masses " , so his jailers strapped Peng to the floor of an unlit cell , and did not allow him to stand or sit up , drink water , rise to go to the toilet , or move in his sleep for several days . After Peng still refused to " confess " , his jailers began routinely beating him , breaking several ribs , injuring his back , and damaging his internal organs , especially his lungs . Peng 's violent " interrogations " lasted over ten hours a day , but his interrogators were replaced every two hours in order to keep them from developing any sympathy for Peng ( a practice pioneered by Stalinist secret police in the 1930s ) . Peng was " interrogated " in this way over 130 times . During interrogations he shouted denials to the Red Guards who beat him , and it is reputed that he pounded the table so hard that the cell walls shook .
In late July 1967 , following the failed Wuhan Uprising , Party leaders decided that Peng should be used as an example by publicly humiliating him by name at a national level . On July 31 , an article appeared that was distributed nationally , and which directed the nation to take part in vilifying him . In this article , Peng was called a " capitalist " , a " great ambitionist and great conspirator " who had " always opposed Chairman Mao " , and who was " the representative of the greatest capitalist @-@ roader [ Liu Shaoqi ] in the army " . The article accused Peng of conspiring with foreign countries , allying with " imperialists , revisionists , and counter @-@ revolutionaries " , and waging " a wild attack against the Party " . The campaign of national vilification against Peng lasted several months , until late 1967 . On August 16 another article stated that Peng " was never a Marxist " , but that he had instead been a " capitalist great warlord " who had " crept into the Party and into the army ... we have to struggle against him until he falls , until he breaks down , until he stinks . " CCP propagandists made an effort to discredit Peng 's military career by portraying it as a long string of failures , except for those battles that were supposedly directed closely by Mao Zedong , and to convince the Chinese people that Peng was a subhuman villain who should be destroyed without compassion or mercy .
In August 1967 , Peng was taken to a " struggle meeting " , which was held in a stadium attended by 40 @,@ 000 PLA soldiers . At this meeting , Peng was led in chains to a stage , where he was forced to kneel for several hours while he listened to soldiers repeatedly denouncing him for his " crimes " . At the end of the meeting , Lin Biao personally appeared to the soldiers , where he addressed the assembled soldiers and Peng , who was still kneeling . Lin gave a speech in which he denounced Peng as a villainous element who must be purged , and that it was " in the interest of the whole Party , the whole army , and the whole people of the whole country " to persecute Peng so severely . Lin then addressed Peng directly , stating : " If you reform yourself , all right , if not , it is all right too . But of course we hope you reform yourself . " It is not known whether Peng eventually broke down and " confessed " at the rally .
Peng was imprisoned for the rest of his life . In 1969 the Party formed a " special investigation group " to reach a verdict in his case . Peng 's jailers then forced Peng to write a full biography of his life many times , but they did not believe that he ever fully confessed his " crimes " . Peng was then subjected to constant violent " interrogations " throughout most of 1970 , until a special military tribune sentenced Peng to life imprisonment . The sentence was immediately approved by Lin Biao 's General Chief of Staff , Huang Yongsheng .
After the 1971 Lin Biao incident , the military attempted to improve Peng 's living conditions , but the years of deprivation and torture from 1967 – 1970 had seriously weakened his physical health , and from late 1972 until his death Peng was seriously ill , probably with tuberculosis , thrombosis , or both . Peng was briefly hospitalized in 1973 before being returned to prison , the first time that he had been outside of prison since 1967 . Peng 's niece , Peng Meikui , visited Peng in the hospital and convinced his jailers to allow an operation , but the nature and results of this operation are unknown . Peng 's medical condition deteriorated further in 1974 ; but , because of direct orders from Mao not to treat him , he received no substantial medical aid . Peng died at 3 : 35 PM on November 29 , 1974 . His last wish was to see the sun and trees outside the windows of his hospital room ( the windows were covered with newspaper ) , but this request was denied . Peng Meikui was allowed to view Peng 's body for twenty minutes , but was then removed . Peng 's body was quickly cremated , and his ashes were sent to Chengdu , identified only by a note that read : " No. 327 – Wang Chuan , from Chengdu . "
= = Posthumous rehabilitation = =
The leadership of the CCP successfully concealed Peng 's death for several years , and successfully convinced the only civilian witness , Peng Meikui , not to tell anyone of Peng 's death . Peng 's former bodyguards did not learn of Peng 's death until 1976 . Peng 's wife , Pu Anxiu , had also been arrested by Red Guards and " sentenced " to a " labour reform camp " , where she remained until 1975 , when she was released to settle as a farmer in North China . She did not find out about Peng 's death until she was allowed to return to Beijing , in 1978 , when the news was first publicly disclosed .
Mao died in 1976 ; and , following a brief power struggle , Peng 's former ally , Deng Xiaoping , emerged as the paramount leader of China . One of Deng 's first political goals was to rehabilitate Party members who had been condemned and persecuted during the Cultural Revolution . By 1978 , many people , led by General Huang Kecheng ( who had been a comrade of Peng 's since Peng rebelled against the Kuomintang in 1928 ) were agitating for Peng 's posthumous rehabilitation . The Chinese government formally reversed the " erroneous " verdict of Peng during the Third Plenum of the Eleventh CCP Central Committee , held from December 18 – 22 , 1978 . Deng gave a speech announcing Peng 's rehabilitation , stating :
He was courageous in battle , open and straightforward , incorruptible and impeccable , and strict towards himself . He cared about the masses , and was never concerned about his own advantage . He was never afraid of difficulties , neither of carrying heavy loads . In his revolutionary work , he was dilligent , honest , and he had an utmost sense of responsibility .
Deng 's speech also stated that Mao 's decision in 1959 , which vilified Peng as the leader of an " anti @-@ Party clique " , had been " entirely wrong " , and that it had " undermined intra @-@ Party democracy " . From January 1979 , the Party encouraged historians and those who had known Peng to produce many memoirs , historical stories , and articles praising and remembering Peng . In 1980 the Intermediate Court of Justice in Wuhan sentenced Wang Dabin , the Red Guard who had directed Peng 's arrest in 1966 , to nine years in prison for " the persecution and torture of Comrade Peng Dehuai " . In 1986 , an " autobiography " , Memoirs of
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later , took the lead immediately afterwards , and retained that lead to the end . The Birmingham Daily Post picked out Hallam and Caesar Jenkyns for praise , was disappointed by Fred Wheldon , " usually the bright particular star of the front rank " , and suggested that Jack Oliver would be a success " when he has lost a little superfluous flesh " .
On the Sunday , Jenkyns was involved in an incident after he and an acquaintance staked a quart of beer on a bicycle race . Solihull Police Court later heard how , after Jenkyns lost the race , he knocked his opponent off his bicycle , hit another man , and returned to the public house where he struck a third man in the face . He was convicted on three counts of assault , and fined 20s plus costs on each count . In the following day 's visit to Everton , Small Heath had Oliver and Charles Partridge to thank for the score being restricted to 5 – 0 .
The new grandstand was open for the first home match of the season , against Bolton Wanderers , and those spectators not distracted by the visit to the city of the Duke and Duchess of York ( the future George V and Queen Mary ) saw a much improved performance from the forwards that produced a 2 – 1 win with goals from Frank Mobley and Wheldon . The visit to Wolverhampton Wanderers ended in defeat by the same score . Oliver conceded a penalty kick for a foul on Charlie Reynolds , Wheldon equalised before half @-@ time , and Wolverhampton regained the lead straight after the interval .
" The surprise of Saturday 's football " came when a late goal from Hands was enough to beat Preston North End , though there was a suggestion in the press that the team would do well to moderate their tactics , which " were not of the gentlest " . For Preston 's visit to Coventry Road the following weekend , the club applied for a licence to sell alcohol within the ground , as it was the only First Division club without such a licence . The application was refused , the licensing magistrate " remarking that if the public wanted drink they could go outside to get it . "
The Leicester Chronicle suspected that " it will be a long time , perhaps , before we have another match so keenly contested " . The visitors scored early on , but Small Heath 's shoot @-@ on @-@ sight policy produced goals for Hands , after a clash with Mobley left Preston goalkeeper James Trainer on the floor , and for Wheldon , before Edward Brueton , deputising in goal for the injured Partridge , let in a soft goal just before half @-@ time . The second half brought " more finesse and less vigour " from the home side , but Preston grew stronger , took the lead , and Small Heath " appeared to be done with " . Then Trainer could only turn Mobley 's lob in off the post , the same player gave his side the lead , but " before the Small Heath contingent had finished congratulating one another " , " North End charging down the field finely from the centre kick scored again before the whistle sounded " to make the final score 4 – 4 . Match receipts totalled nearly £ 250 , a ground record .
After Wolverhampton Wanderers took a three @-@ goal lead at Coventry Road , the Daily Post suggested that Caesar Jenkyns must have spent the interval " exhorting his men to make a famous effort " , for " they responded nobly to his appeal " . Adopting a strategy of all @-@ out attack , running the ball upfield at full speed before crossing to as many of the forwards as could converge on goal , they scored four times in 25 minutes to demoralise the opposition and win the match . The quality of Hands ' movement and crosses was singled out for particular praise . Small Heath then played West Bromwich Albion in a benefit match for Fred Wheldon , who had first played for the club on trial in 1890 , and since signing , before the 1890 – 91 season , had not missed a game in League or FA Cup . Hands and triallist goalkeeper Charlie Williams of Swindon Town were injured during the game , and unfortunately for the beneficiary , only 2 @,@ 000 spectators turned up .
A creditable performance in a losing cause at Burnley , marred only by the forwards ' lack of composure in front of goal , was followed by the visit of Aston Villa . Bob Gordon scored early , but thereafter was marked out of the game by Jenkyns . Villa had the better of the first half but Wheldon tied the scores from a penalty kick just before half @-@ time ; just after , the home side took the lead with " a determined and characteristic rush " , but Dennis Hodgetts equalised , again from a penalty . The defences , Partridge and Jenkyns for Small Heath and the Villa backs in particular , had the best of the remaining time , and the match was drawn . After only four games , gate receipts , including the £ 450 paid by that day 's 14 @,@ 600 spectators , already amounted to half that of the preceding season . Small Heath finished October with a 2 – 2 draw on a waterlogged pitch at Stoke which left them in ninth place in the League .
= = = November – December = = =
Three goals behind in the first 20 minutes , Small Heath had fought back to level terms when a powerful shot from Everton 's Alex Latta was given as a goal , despite having gone well wide , the referee believing it had passed through a hole in the net . William McGregor , former president of the League , suggested that it " was the worst decision he had seen since the establishment of the goal @-@ nets " , and Latta himself agreed that the ball had gone wide . The crowd were unimpressed – " ironical shouts of ' Goal ' were the reception of any shots by Everton , of good or bad quality , that followed " – until with ten minutes left , Jenkyns tied the scores with a header from a free kick . While confirming that the result had to stand , the League appointed a committee to look into the circumstances of the phantom goal , and issued an instruction to referees to " inspect and observe the condition " of goalnets before each match in the future .
In contrast , Small Heath put on " a very indifferent display " in losing 4 – 1 at West Bromwich Albion . They scored twice , very much against the run of play , to come back from 2 – 0 down to beat Stoke 4 – 2 , and their good fortune continued at Bolton Wanderers . The home goalscorer , Alex Paton , left the field injured before half @-@ time , goalkeeper John Willie Sutcliffe was insistent that Jack Hallam 's equaliser had been punched into the goal – Hallam was equally insistent that it had not – and after Wheldon scored Small Heath 's winner , the referee ended the game a few minutes early . Bolton applied to the League for the match to be replayed because of the short time – the referee admitted to having ended the game 2 ½ minutes early , though not the 5 alleged by Bolton – but the result stood .
Unusually , Small Heath led at half @-@ time at home to Sheffield United . Charlie Letherbarrow , in only his second appearance for the club , scored after ten minutes and again approaching the interval to regain the lead . Between the two legitimate scores , he hit a swerving shot which looped up off the chest of goalkeeper William Foulke and into the net , but the referee judged that the ball had been played in from behind the goal @-@ line . In the second half , Wheldon converted a penalty kick when Foulke pushed Hallam out of the way as he attempted to reach a cross from Tommy Hands , and Letherbarrow completed his hat @-@ trick as Small Heath won 4 – 1 . Jack Oliver received a good reception when he returned to his former club – Small Heath were introduced as " Oliver 's team " – but Sunderland took no pity , winning 7 – 1 . At Liverpool , an exciting game produced a 3 – 1 defeat . The three home forwards worked as one , putting extra pressure on the centre of the visiting midfield , and the defence was unable to hold them out . The game was rough at times , Liverpool 's Joe McQue attracting particular attention because of an incident in the corresponding match the previous season when Caesar Jenkyns was sent off for his violent reaction to McQue kicking Frank Mobley in the abdomen .
Playing a close @-@ passing game that made them better able to cope with the high winds and blizzards that had caused the postponement of several League matches , Nottingham Forest earned themselves a Christmas bonus of 10s a man for inflicting Small Heath 's first home defeat of the season . Boxing Day produced a 2 – 0 defeat to a Sheffield Wednesday team playing a better all @-@ round game , and the next day , Small Heath beat a touring Scottish Borderers side 11 – 1 . Injury deprived Small Heath of four regular first @-@ team players for the last game of the year , at home to Liverpool , and both Tilson Pritchard and Ernie Moore made their debuts at full @-@ back . Jenkyns moved back to play behind the other half @-@ backs to protect the understandably nervous reserves , and once the nerves wore off , Pritchard in particular " could scarcely be improved upon . " Mobley opened the scoring in the first half , and with the wind behind them in the second half , Small Heath won 3 – 0 to go into the new year in 10th place in the League .
= = = January – February = = =
On a hard pitch in very cold weather , Small Heath had already conceded twice at Blackburn Rovers before Billy Ollis was injured midway through the first half and played no further part . The visitors put up a fight , but the numerical disavantage was too much for them and the final score of 9 – 1 remains the club 's joint @-@ record defeat . With no competitive fixture scheduled for the next two weeks , the club undertook a tour . Their opening match , in Plymouth , was the first visit of a professional club to the south @-@ west of England . The Home Park club had ambitions to bring professional league football to the region , and in front of a crowd of 4 @,@ 000 their team performed well before conceding three second @-@ half goals . Small Heath 's tour ended with a 2 – 1 defeat at Manchester City , and they returned to a celebratory dinner in honour of the club 's promotion to the First Division . The chairman presented medals to the players , congratulated them on their showing thus far , and proposed a toast to their health , in the hope that a full @-@ strength team might be available by the next League match in ten days time .
In a " remarkable encounter " , Burton Swifts led 3 – 2 at half @-@ time in the Birmingham Senior Cup first round . Their second goal was something of a freak , as an errant clearance by Purves was met on the volley and returned into the net by Davie Willocks . Swifts took a two @-@ goal lead for a third time before Small Heath drew level , after which they " pressed hotly , but were kept out until twenty seconds from the finish , and when extra time seemed inevitable , Walton headed the ball through amidst great cheering " and the referee blew the final whistle .
A visit to the Brine Baths at Droitwich Spa failed to help the players adjust to Nottingham Forest 's pitch , which had been flooded when the River Trent burst its banks a few days before . They conceded two early goals , but " kept up a strong pressure " thereafter , and the Birmingham Daily Post suggested that " the forwards played magnificently , and had the half @-@ backs supported them a little more efficiently they might have broken down even the stalwart defence " of the home club . The Nottinghamshire Guardian had predicted that Forest " should have but little difficulty in disposing of Small Heath " , but later admitted that the latter " gave the Forest a far better game than had generally been anticipated . "
February opened with the FA Cup tie at home to West Bromwich Albion . Albion scored first , charging both ball and goalkeeper into the net , and doubled their lead after a misunderstanding between Oliver and Jenkyns . Half an hour into the game , Wheldon made a " characteristic " dribble , his shot was parried and Walton scored from the rebound . The pitch was very muddy , but the Small Heath forwards persisted with a close @-@ passing game when " a kick and a rush would have served better " , and although " the Birmingham enthusiasts nearly shouted themselves hoarse in encouraging the Heathens " , there were no more goals . A collection was taken at the match for the families of the 77 miners killed in flooding at the Diglake Colliery , at Audley , Staffordshire .
Joe Fountain made his debut against Sunderland as a late replacement for Wheldon , whose sister had died on the morning of the match . On a slippery pitch " thickly strewn with chaff and hayseeds " , Small Heath fell a goal behind in a first half dominated by the defences of both teams . The special training undertaken by the home side in preparation for the match took effect , as " in the closing stages they looked winners all over " , and Sunderland had goalkeeper Ned Doig to thank for restricting the scoring to just Tommy Hands ' equaliser . The attendance of 15 @,@ 000 was nearly double the highest recorded in previous seasons .
Both clubs having been eliminated from the FA Cup , Small Heath arranged a friendly with Notts County , refereed by the Test cricketer and former England international footballer Billy Gunn , which gave them an opportunity to try out reserve players Jack Jones and Alec Leake . On a hard , snow @-@ covered pitch , Billy Walton scored all three goals in a 3 – 3 draw , but the attendance of under a thousand , though understandable because of the weather conditions , was disappointing . Jones made his competitive debut , standing in for the injured Hallam , as Small Heath again struggled in muddy conditions and , for the fourth time this season , lost to West Bromwich Albion .
Reserve Tom Watson replaced Partridge in goal and Hallam returned to the forward line for the second round of the Birmingham Cup , at home to Wolverhampton Wanderers . Wheldon scored with two minutes left to take the lead , but the Wanderers still had time to tie the scores at 3 – 3 . After consulting both captains , the referee ordered half @-@ an @-@ hour 's extra time , but Wanderers , whose players had already returned to the dressing @-@ rooms , refused to play , so Jenkyns claimed the game for Small Heath .
= = = March – April = = =
After seven defeats in the last nine League matches , Small Heath did little in the draw with Blackburn Rovers to allay the prospect of the relegation test matches . Numerous chances were wasted . According to the Birmingham Daily Post , " not one of the forwards seemed capable of administering a sharp kick " , and " have themselves to blame for not securing a victory " . With five matches remaining , they were in 11th position in the League , but only two points clear of the test match zone .
On a lighter note , the annual theatrical sports , hosted in conjunction with the Prince of Wales Theatre , featured a fancy @-@ dress procession from the city centre to the Coventry Road ground for athletic events including sprint and 440 @-@ yard ( 400 m ) races for the footballers ( won by Caesar Jenkyns and Teddy Jolly respectively ) , a skipping race for the ladies of the theatre , sack race ( won by Harry Lupino ) and egg @-@ and @-@ spoon race open to all , and a handicap race for the members of the orchestra – the handicap being that they had to carry their instruments . The entertainment finished with a football match between Small Heath F.C. and a theatre XI , refereed by music hall artiste Vesta Tilley . Despite the cold wind and intermittent snow , the event attracted 8 @,@ 000 spectators and raised £ 100 for each of three local hospitals .
Small Heath withdrew their claim to the Birmingham Cup match , and the Birmingham Association ordered a replay , again at Coventry Road . This time round , Small Heath held on to their 3 – 2 lead . The League match at home to Sheffield Wednesday was one of several victims of the weather . The referee had initially passed the ground fit for play , but continued heavy rain turned the pitch into a quagmire and forced a late postponement . Derby County took what the local newspaper described as " the last chance the County had of escaping the test matches " , scoring three times in the first 15 minutes as they beat Small Heath by five goals to three .
Caesar Jenkyns , who " has been playing so well with Small Heath this season that his selection as centre half was a foregone conclusion " , " proved himself clever in tackling the English forwards and often getting the ball from them " , as Wales drew with England at Queen 's Club . In the semi @-@ final of the Birmingham Cup , a weakened Small Heath team lost to West Bromwich Albion in a rough game . Albion 's Tom Hutchinson was accompanied off the field by a policeman when sent off for injuring Charles Partridge , and during extra time , Charlie Perry was carried off with a leg injury .
The players went to Malvern for special training before the home game with Burnley . Joe Fountain was an " excellent " stand @-@ in for the injured Tommy Hands at outside left and Jenkyns was " a tower of strength " as Wheldon scored the only goal of a scrappy game to bring Small Heath 's points total to 22 with three matches left . The Daily Post predicted that 24 would be enough to avoid the test matches . On Easter Monday , Hands returned to the team for the last home League match of the season , a goalless draw with Sheffield Wednesday in which both teams had numerous chances to score .
At Derby , County took the lead after 17 minutes when an attempted clearance by Jenkyns was turned into his own net , and increased it to 4 – 0 in the second half before Frank Mobley broke away to score a late consolation . As the players were leaving the field , they were verbally abused by a section of the crowd , who believed the play had been unnecessarily rough . Jenkyns , who appeared to be singled out for particular abuse , grabbed one of the spectators by the throat . Other players separated the pair , and the police became involved . After an investigation , the club committee decided to suspend Jenkyns for the rest of the season , and release him thereafter . The Dart suggested that " the supporters of this club praise the executive for their maintenance of discipline and decorum " . Jack Oliver took over the captaincy and Teddy Jolly played at centre @-@ half for the Birmingham Charity Cup semi @-@ final , in which Small Heath finally beat West Bromwich Albion at the sixth attempt .
In their last game of the League season , away to Sheffield United , Small Heath scored first when Foulkes ' attempted clearance rebounded off his teammate Walter Hill into the net , and Mobley extended the lead after a break down the left by Hands . Although United came close to scoring from a second @-@ half scrimmage when the ball appeared to cross the line , Small Heath held on to ensure their First Division survival with an unexpected victory .
After overturning a two @-@ goal deficit to beat Woolwich Arsenal 4 – 3 in a friendly at Plumstead , Small Heath took on Aston Villa in their last match of the season , the final of the Birmingham Charity Cup . Unfortunately for the charities , the weather was poor and the attendance low , but those spectators present saw an exciting game . Wheldon scored first with a fierce shot that entered the net off the goalkeeper and the underside of the bar , then Bob Chatt equalised from a free kick and Charlie Athersmith outpaced Oliver and his parried shot was forced over the line . Mobley tied the scores with a long shot , but in the second half with the wind behind them , Villa scored three times to Jack Hallam 's one to take the match 5 – 3 .
= = Summary and aftermath = =
Small Heath conceded more goals than any other team in the division , but finished 12th of 16 , thus avoiding the risk of relegation via the test matches . Despite the misgivings of the Daily Post that " it cannot be expected that eleven or twelve men will stand the strain of a season 's work amongst the first division clubs " , no member of the first @-@ choice team missed more than four League matches . Bill Purves and Billy Ollis were ever @-@ present , Ollis for the third season running , and Fred Wheldon missed a match for the first time in five years . Ten other men appeared at least once . Frank Mobley was leading scorer , with 13 goals , followed by Wheldon with 11 ; no other player reached double figures .
Apart from Caesar Jenkyns , who signed for Woolwich Arsenal where he was appointed captain , all the regular first @-@ team players remained with the club . Goalkeeper Joe Fall signed from Newton Heath for a fee reported as £ 20 , and defender Harry Haynes joined from Wolverhampton Wanderers . The Dart thought that Jenkyns would be missed " a great deal more than some of [ the ] supporters imagine " , and that apart from Fall , who was expected to be " a big improvement " on Partridge , the 1895 – 96 team would be noticeably weaker than that of the season just ended .
= = Squad statistics = =
This table includes appearances and goals in nationally organised competitions – the Football League and FA Cup – only . For a description of the playing positions , see Formation ( association football ) # 2 – 3 – 5 ( Pyramid ) .
= = Match details = =
For consistency , attendances and goalscorers ' names in the League and FA Cup match details tables are sourced from Matthews ' Complete Record . Information in contemporary newspaper reports could , and often did , differ . League positions are sourced from Statto .
= = = Football League First Division = = =
= = = FA Cup = = =
= = = Birmingham Senior Cup = = =
= = = Mayor of Birmingham 's Charity Cup = = =
= = = Other matches = = =
= Richard Garnons Williams =
Not to be confused with the rugby union and rugby league footballer of the 1940s and ' 50s Dickie Williams
Not to be confused with the Australian rugby league footballer Richard Williams ( rugby league )
Colonel Richard Davies Garnons Williams ( 15 June 1856 – 27 September 1915 ) was a British Army officer and Welsh rugby union player who represented Wales , Brecon and Newport . He played in the first Wales international rugby union match in 1881 .
Garnons Williams became an officer in the British Army in 1876 , and retired from regular service in 1892 , though he continued to serve in a voluntary capacity until 1906 . Already aged 58 at the outbreak of the First World War , he rejoined the army and was killed in action in 1915 .
= = Early life and family = =
Richard Garnons Williams was born on 15 June 1856 in Llowes , Radnorshire , the second child of the Reverend Garnons Williams of Abercamlais , Powys , and his wife Catherine Frances , the daughter of Fenton Hort , of Leopardstown , Dublin , and sister of Fenton John Anthony Hort . Garnons Williams was educated at Magdalen College School , Oxford before being prepared for University by private tuition in Wimbledon , Surrey . He then went to Trinity College , Cambridge , in October 1874 .
His siblings were Reverend Arthur , Richard Davies , Captain Aylmer Herbert , Gerald , Katharine Frances Helena , Annabella Mary , Hugh , who died an infant , Mark Penry Fenton , and Mary Elizabeth . Aylmer Herbert joined the Royal Navy in 1871 and , after receiving his commission in 1880 , served until his retirement in 1902 , having reached the rank of captain . He then took command of the training ship HMS Cornwall until 1904 when he was appointed to command the Lancashire Navy League Sea Training Home at Liscard . He died on 8 February 1916 aged 58 . Gerald was married in April 1892 to Minnie Lilian Court , the youngest daughter of Major Henry Court of Iverfarne , Buckinghamshire . Mark Penry was Fleet Surgeon aboard HMS Hampshire and died when his vessel was wrecked in 1916 .
Richard Garnons Williams married Alice Jessie Bircham on 8 January 1885 . They had a daughter , Barbara , who married Captain Hume Buckley Roderick of the Welsh Guards on 9 November 1916 . Her husband was killed in action on the Western Front in 1917 . She was herself serving in France at the time .
= = Rugby = =
After going up to Trinity College , Garnons Williams represented Cambridge at rugby , but did not win a Blue . He played three matches for Newport RFC in 1880 , after he had joined the army : against Manchester Rangers ( 2 October ) , Gloucester ( 4 December ) , and Cardiff ( 18 December ) . In 1881 he was selected to represent Wales in its first ever match , against England on 19 February at Blackheath . The challenge to England came from Richard Mullock of Newport , who was not an official of the South Wales Football Union , but wanted to bring Wales up to the same level as the other home nations , rather than settle for playing against English and Irish provincial teams . England , for its part , had recently beaten Ireland by two tries and two goals to none , and the previous season had become the first winners of the Calcutta Cup by beating Scotland by three tries and two goals to one goal . The date offered to Mullock by the English Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) , 19 February , coincided with a match for the South Wales Cup between Llanelli and cup holders Swansea , thereby limiting Mullock 's selection options . England won by eight goals to nil . It was Garnons Williams ' only appearance for Wales .
International appearance
= = Military career = =
Deciding to follow a military career Garnons Williams was accepted into the Royal Military College Sandhurst , and is also recorded as representing the Sandhurst rugby team . He completed his officer training in 1876 , and was commissioned as a sub @-@ lieutenant on 26 February . He was posted to the 38th Regiment of Foot , promoted lieutenant on 17 January 1877 , and with his army rank ( but not regimental seniority ) backdated to his original commission as sub @-@ lieutenant , and a month later , on 17 February 1877 , transferred to the 7th Regiment of Foot .
By February 1885 he had been promoted to captain , and his unit had been renamed the Royal Fusiliers ( City of London Regiment ) . On 10 January 1887 he was appointed adjutant of the 4th Battalion of the regiment , the Militia unit of the regiment . A regular officer was normally given this post in Militia units to organise training and generally maintain standards . His posting lasted the usual 5 years . He then retired from the regular army on 4 May 1892 . On 8 August 1894 he was commissioned major in the 1st ( Brecknockshire ) Volunteer Battalion , South Wales Borderers , and on 1 November 1895 was appointed Brigade Major for the South Wales Brigade of the Volunteer Force . On 12 July 1899 he was granted the honorary rank of lieutenant colonel . He resigned his Volunteer commission on 26 May 1906 , retaining his rank and with permission to continue wearing his uniform .
= = = First World War = = =
He rejoined the British Army shortly after the outbreak of World War I and was posted to his original regiment , joining the 12th ( Service ) Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers as a major on 26 September 1914 . He was promoted temporary lieutenant colonel on 3 October 1914 , and transferred back to the South Wales Borderers to command the Brecknockshire Battalion . He was later posted back to 12th Royal Fusiliers , and , according to official sources , was killed on 25 September 1915 while leading his battalion at the Battle of Loos . He is commemorated on the Loos Memorial to the Missing . At 59 years of age , he was the eldest of the 13 Wales international players to be killed during the war .
A soldier under the command of Colonel Garnons Williams wrote an account of his commanding officer 's death , which puts the date of his death as 27 September . Col Garnons Williams was in temporary command of the 12th Royal Fusiliers when on 25 September he led his battalion in an attack on German trenches . However , the flanks were exposed and on 27 September , Garnons Williams gave the order to retreat . He was at that moment shot in the head from a house nearby . The soldier who gave the account said : " I was very sorry for him , as we could not have had a better , braver officer . He was with us all the time in the front trench , and looked after us as well as he could ; no man could have done better . Nobody could get back to him . " The following evening , the battalion was relieved , Garnons Williams being declared officially wounded and missing in action , unofficially reported killed .
= Helen Mayo =
Helen Mary Mayo , OBE ( 1 October 1878 – 13 November 1967 ) was an Australian medical doctor and medical educator , born and raised in Adelaide . In 1896 , she enrolled at the University of Adelaide , where she studied medicine . After graduating , Mayo spent two years working in infant health in England , Ireland and India . She returned to Adelaide in 1906 , starting a private practice and taking up positions at the Adelaide Children 's Hospital and Adelaide Hospital . In 1909 , she co @-@ founded the School for Mothers , where mothers could receive advice on infant health . This organisation , which became the Mothers ' and Babies ' Health Association in 1927 , eventually established branches across South Australia and incorporated a training school for maternal nurses . In 1914 , after unsuccessfully campaigning for the Children 's Hospital to treat infants , Mayo co @-@ founded the Mareeba Hospital for infants .
In addition to her medical achievements , Mayo participated in a number of other organisations . She was heavily involved in the University of Adelaide , serving on the university council from 1914 to 1960 ( the first woman in Australia to be elected to such a position ) and establishing a women 's club and boarding college there . She was also the founder of the Adelaide Lyceum Club , an organisation for professional women . Mayo died on 13 November 1967 , with the Medical Journal of Australia attributing the success of South Australia 's infant welfare system to her efforts .
= = Early life and education = =
Helen Mary Mayo was born in Adelaide , Australia on 1 October 1878 . She was the eldest of the seven children of George Gibbes Mayo , a civil engineer , and Henrietta Mary Mayo , née Donaldson , and granddaughter of George Mayo , a prominent Adelaide doctor . Her formal education commenced at the age of 10 , when she began receiving regular lessons with a tutor . At the age of 16 , she was enrolled in the Advanced School for Girls on Grote Street ( the forerunner of the Adelaide High School ) , from which she matriculated after one year , at the end of 1895 .
Despite never having heard of female doctors , from an early age Mayo had been set on pursuing a career in medicine . However , Edward Rennie , then a professor at the University of Adelaide advised Helen 's father that she was too young to commence study in Medicine , so in 1896 , Mayo enrolled in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Adelaide . The death of her younger sister Olive at the end of her first year of study meant that Mayo was unable to sit her final exams for that year , and when she repeated her first year in 1897 , she failed two of her five subjects ( Latin and Greek ) . Having gained her father 's permission , Mayo enrolled in medicine in 1898 . She was a distinguished medicine student , coming top of her class and winning the Davis Thomas scholarship and the Everard Scholarship in her fourth and fifth years of study , respectively .
= = Medical career = =
Upon her graduation in at the end of 1902 , Mayo took up a position as a resident medical officer at the Adelaide Hospital . In February 1904 , she left for England to
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an interview for the New York Post , she explained the album to be about " the war against self ... against your inner being " , and said of her hiatus , " I 've always taken my time between albums . I 'm a performing artist - recording is secondary to me . My performances are what drive me . It 's like my therapy . I like to write a lot while I 'm on the road before I even think about recording . " Badu also said that she now had a relevant message to express for listeners and was no longer struggling with a creative block .
= = Recording = =
For New Amerykah Part One , Badu collaborated principally with Questlove , Madlib , 9th Wonder , Karriem Riggins , James Poyser , audio engineer Mike " Chav " Chavarria , and the members of musical group Sa @-@ Ra , who made production and lyrical contributions to most of the tracks . She later explained choosing which producers to work with , saying " All of these people have a reputation for being visionaries and knowing them well , I felt ' Okay , now it 's time to put together a project that not only takes us to another place , another dimension , but highlights these sights . ' And that 's what I had in mind for this project " .
Badu began recording New Amerykah Part One at Luminous Sound Recording in Dallas , where she was assisted by Chavarria in recording vocals and basic tracks to 2 @-@ tracks . Her vocal harmonies were recorded to a Studer A820 ½ -inch , an Analog Playback Tape machine , using RMG magnetic tape . Poyser , who was heavily involved as musician and producer in all of Badu 's previous work , had his role on the album reduced amicably to accommodate her minimalist , beat @-@ driven approach in production . He discussed Badu 's direction for the album in an interview for Shook , stating " she wanted a dirtier , more organic underground hip hop sound . So she dealt with cats that brought that sound to the table . "
Additional recording sessions and programming took place at Sa @-@ Ra 's Cosmic Dust Studio . Sa @-@ Ra member Om 'mas Keith remarked on Badu 's role at their studio , " Sometimes she ’ d come through and pick a skeletal and other times the beats would get made right then and there . " Keith played instruments such as the Fender Rhodes , Roland Juno @-@ 106 , and Roland SH @-@ 101 . Of all her collaborators , Badu only let Husayn write lyrics for her on the album . Husayn said that because Badu had not allowed anyone to do this before , " she had to go through some personal things to come to the point where she 'd let somebody write for her in the manner that we did . It was spontaneous but at the same time there was structure to it . It might not have the right expression , or the right enunciation . Writing is so personal . That was a big thing . "
= = = Electric Lady sessions = = =
Badu subsequently held recording sessions at Electric Lady Studios in New York City , where the album was completed . In her interview for Remix , she elaborated on the recording process , stating " Everything that the producers e @-@ mailed me I put into GarageBand . Then we would try to duplicate it at Electric Lady . I did vocals on my laptop , babies crying and everything . I also EQ 'd the tracks using effects like GarageBand 's Vocal Reflection . " Badu worked with audio engineers Chris Bell , Tom Soares , and Chavarria , who had spent numerous hours with Badu listening to her previous albums , including her 1997 debut Baduizm and its 2000 follow @-@ up Mama 's Gun , and older albums such as The Dark Side of the Moon ( 1973 ) by progressive rock band Pink Floyd and Innervisions ( 1973 ) by Stevie Wonder . They worked with the producers ' emailed music and embellished their own 2 @-@ tracks by using Pro Tools to incorporate live instrumentation such as bass , guitar , flutes , percussion , and keyboards . Contributing musicians included vocalist Georgia Anne Muldrow , trumpeter Roy Hargrove , vibraphonist Roy Ayers , guitarist Omar Rodríguez @-@ López , and vocalist Bilal .
Inspired by Badu 's creativity and their time listening to music , Chavarria added special effects and delays to the tracks by using and manipulating a variety of plug @-@ ins and guitar pedals , subsequently reworking effects frequency and modulation parameters . Chavarria said they were able to expand on the producers ' tracks rather than change them , because " Erykah made this record to display to the world that there is this whole group of producers out there who are outside of the mainstream making great music . " Badu said of the approach , " I work in layers . The first layer is the track . The second layer is the songs . The third would be the musicians who add a certain nuance . And when they play , they play like they are a sample . Or we take a piece of what they played , and we sample and loop it . "
Along with a talking drum , Badu used tuning forks when recording New Amerykah Part One to evoke a certain feeling through its frequency , a practice she had done on her previous albums : " Each tuning fork has a certain vibrational energy that is conducive to a feeling or a color or a smell . They 're related to different chakras in the body , too . Some may make you feel good or sexy or conscious of what you 're saying . " The album was mastered at Electric Lady Studios in February 2008 . Before it was edited down to 11 tracks , New Amerykah Part One was originally intended as a double album , with 18 songs over two discs .
= = = Vocal production = = =
At Electric Lady , Badu applied a multifaceted approach to recording her vocals and opted against editing them in post @-@ production . Using her voice impressionistically , her vocals were characterized by high scales , varied frequencies , wide intervals , and time @-@ stretched harmonies . Chavarria , who engineered the vocals with Badu , remarked on her singing , " Her voice has so many frequencies , from a subharmonic of her tonic to a thin raspiness , and she wants to hear all of that . " Badu used a Shure SM57 dynamic microphone , finding it to have enough bottom for her voice type , and cut vocal takes while situated between two speakers in the studio 's control room with the monitor mix playing . She explained this setting to be more comfortable , noting the ability to hear herself sing and hold the microphone when moving around . Badu preferred to sing in one take rather than edit different takes together : " When I do vocals , I am singing with a certain volume in my voice . I am singing the double and triple harmonies at different volumes . You don 't have to adjust it ; I have already done it . We mix as we go , so by the time we put the vocals to ½ -inch tape , I know it . If you touch a damn thing , I will know it . "
To adjust to potential audio feedback and leakage and obtain a usable take , Chavarria tried having Badu sit in an overstuffed chair six feet behind the mixing console and use alternate microphones such as a Neumann M 269 or AEA R44 ribbon microphone with Sony MDR @-@ V900 headphones into a Furman headphone mixer . However , Badu felt she could not perceive all of her voice 's frequencies with the headphones and often discarded them to move towards the studio monitors . He also considered situating her in an equilateral triangle with the two speakers , one of which would be placed out of phase in order to have the leakage cancel itself . However , according to him , the mic has to be stationary , while Badu " likes to hold the mic like an MC . She is at home as a live performer . " He said of working around audio spills and adapting to Badu 's methods , " We worked to make her vocals fit into the track , phase @-@ wise ... What did work was to keep the monitors fairly low and turn the microphone out of phase , and we would move her around the room until she found a spot where the leakage was reasonable and where she felt comfortable and could hear herself . But just as often she would just sit in that chair behind the board in the A Room . "
= = Music and lyrics = =
The album 's music is a dense , stylistic amalgam that primarily incorporates funk , soul , and hip hop genres , as well as jazz and electronica . The New Yorker called it " a politically charged neo @-@ soul suite with cutting @-@ edge production " , while Nelson George described the record as " a complicated mesh of soul , electro sounds and references , simple and obscure ... a musically challenging album that owes much to Radiohead and Curtis Mayfield " . Expanding of the loose , jam @-@ oriented style of Worldwide Underground , it features groove @-@ based instrumentation , murky tones , hip hop musical phrasing , eccentric interludes , and various beats , digital glitches , and samples . Sputnikmusic 's Nick Butler said the album " moved beyond the ideas and conventions that have defined neo @-@ soul over the past decade . " Greg Kot wrote that , " Like her peers D 'Angelo ( with Voodoo in 2000 ) , Common ( Electric Circus in 2002 ) and the Roots ( Phrenology in 2002 ) , Badu has made a record that defies efforts to categorize it . " He remarked that its " murkier , funkier vibe " draws on the " hypnotic funk " of early 1970s albums such as Miles Davis 's On the Corner ( 1972 ) , Herbie Hancock 's Sextant ( 1973 ) , and Sly & the Family Stone 's There 's a Riot Goin ' On ( 1971 ) .
Similar to Voodoo and On the Corner , New Amerykah Part One emphasizes sound and mood over choruses and verses . The album is unified by a musical theme , with songs sequenced together and typified by ominous musical elements , minor @-@ key melodies , and atmospheric beats . Songs on the album also incorporate experimental hip hop backing tracks and other hip hop elements in a surrealistic manner . The majority of the beats are dark , blunted , and hazy , and have been noted by music writers as conveying an urban soundscape and feeling of paranoia . Lauren Carter of the Boston Herald said the songs often have " the feel of a seance " . Most of them were either produced or co @-@ written by members of Sa @-@ Ra , who were known for their sonically dissonant music , characterized by eccentric chord placements and off @-@ time beats . Sasha Frere @-@ Jones believed the record " isn 't so much hip @-@ hop as it is a reorganization of the historical flotsam and jetsam that were recycled and turned into hip @-@ hop . "
Lyrically , New Amerykah Part One is an esoteric concept album with sociopolitical themes and mostly downbeat subject matter . It features more impersonal topics and social commentary than on Badu 's previous work . Its subject matter deals with social concerns and struggles within the African @-@ American community , exploring topics such as institutional racism , religion , poverty , urban violence , the abuse of power , complacency , drug addiction , and nihilism . Badu said she wrote about " poor families , the undermining of the working class , the so @-@ called minority . " According to New York critic Nitsuh Abebe , the record 's main theme was the struggle for African Americans to determine their cultural identity in light of the " Civil Rights and post @-@ Civil Rights " era . In Ratliff 's opinion , the album 's subject matter has been explored before by Mayfield , Marvin Gaye , and Funkadelic , which " suggests that little has changed in nearly 40 years , and perhaps ... that 's her point . " Quentin B. Huff from PopMatters believed that like Suzanne Vega 's 2007 album Beauty & Crime , New Amerykah Part One also incorporated " a post @-@ 9 / 11 worldview , plus a few shots of community spirit , individual growth , pleas for social activism and spiritual enlightenment , and ... the realities of death . " He felt that like the " clash in musical styles " , some songs " seem committed to having America honor " the promise of the American Dream for African @-@ Americans , while other songs " seem to reject the promise , or at least the idea that the promise can be fulfilled without considerable effort " .
Badu 's songwriting was characterized by pointillism , stream of consciousness , and scenic narrative . Her lyrics are alternately overtly political and deeply personal , interlaced with Five Percenter notions and references to the Nation of Islam . Badu expresses a motherly perspective and feelings of dismay and empathy for the subjects in the songs . Charles Aaron commented that " a sense of history and maternal compassion ... grounds even her most oblique forays . " Abebe wrote similarly , " her keen writing about people " gives songs " much of their shape " and views that her candor helps communicate the album 's " social concerns , which could otherwise sound like a laundry list of black @-@ community struggles " .
= = = Songs = = =
The opening track " Amerykahn Promise " samples the 1977 song " The American Promise " by American band RAMP as its backing track . The original song was co @-@ written and produced by Roy Ayers , who gave Badu the original master tape for her to rework on her album . Ayers and Edwin Birdsong were inspired to write the song by President Lyndon B. Johnson 's 1965 speech " The American Promise " , which called for justice and equal rights in the United States . " Amerykahn Promise " features explicit political satire , with themes of disfranchisement and the hindrance of the American Dream . Its tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek subject matter portrays America as a land of broken promises . The song opens with a blaxploitation trailer blurb , saying " more action , more excitement , more everything " , and features an improvisatory funk vamp , RAMP vocalists Sibel Thrasher and Sharon Matthews , and an authoritative male voice , performed by Keith . The authoritative character is portrayed as a circus @-@ barker whose smoke and mirrors presentation of the American Dream leads to contentious dialogue with Badu . A female voice at the end of the song asks , " Has anyone seen my 42 laws ? " , an arcane allusion to the 42 divine laws of ancient Egyptian goddess Maat .
Produced by Madlib , " The Healer " is an ode to hip hop culture and a proclamation of its scope . It opens with a brief snippet from a song by Malcolm McLaren featuring the World 's Famous Supreme Team . Frere @-@ Jones notes " bells , unidentifiable knocks , a lonesome instrument that might be a sitar , or a guitar , and lots of empty space " in the musical backdrop , adding that " the music flirts with total stasis , though it still has an audible beat . " Badu 's lyrics , delivered in an incantation style , make reference to various names of God , including Allah , Jehovah , Yahweh , Jah , and Rastafari , while asserting hip hop to be " bigger than " social institutions such as religion and government . She explained the lyrics and religious references , saying " to me , hip @-@ hop is felt in all religions - it has a healing power . I 've recently been to Palestine , Jerusalem , Africa and a bunch of other places , and everyone is listening to hip @-@ hop . There 's something about that kicking snare sound that all kinds of people find meaning in . " The autobiographical song " Me " discusses Badu 's thoughts and feelings about her life , including the struggle of growing as a public figure . She mocks others ' perception of her , which she has explained as " everything you can see of Erykah Badu — the Ankhs , the powers , the 5 Percenters , the mysteries , it ’ s all true . The lies ; it ’ s all true . Had two babies with different daddies . Thirty @-@ six years old and addicted to a variety of spending . " The song 's jazz conclusion has Badu singing about her mother 's life and resilience in unison with a muted trumpet .
" Soldier " was written by Badu immediately after receiving Riggins ' beat for the song . He said Badu wanted it to have a sound similar to J Dilla and his Detroit hip hop scene , which Riggins was inspired by : " A lot of producers from Detroit have a certain sound , and I think it just comes from being in the city . " Its sociopolitical lyrics have Badu expressing sympathy and solidarity for those facing oppression , with references to police corruption , black @-@ on @-@ black crime , and Hurricane Katrina . " The Cell " was produced by Husayn and features a lively , choral style and hard bop feel . Titled as a metaphor for both heredity and confinement , the song is a tableau of crime , drugs , and desperation in urban decay , streamlined by a stark story about Brenda , a character who falls victim to her environment . Cited by Chavarria as the album 's most effects @-@ heavy track , " Twinkle " features a futuristic sound , a convoluted beat , and abstract aural elements such as white noise bursts , high @-@ pitched voices , abrasive instruments , and layers of twinkling keyboard bass . The lyrics lament the plight of the Black community and the cyclical effects on African Americans by the various failures of American social institutions such as the health care , education , and prison systems . Badu raps in the song 's verse , " Children of the matrix be hittin ’ them car switches / Seen some virgin Virgos hanging out with Venus bitches " , followed by her singing , " They don ’ t know their language , they don ’ t know their God " . Over humming keyboards , the closing minutes of the song feature a speech in the ancient African language of Mdw Ntchr , followed by a speaker 's rant inspired by actor Peter Finch 's own rant in the 1976 film Network . The speaker angrily laments the state of the world and the complacency of people . Philadelphia Weekly 's Craig D. Linsey likened " Twinkle " to a denser version of Marvin Gaye 's 1971 song " Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) " .
" Master Teacher " was conceived by Georgia Anne Muldrow on her Rhodes piano at Sa @-@ Ra 's Cosmic Dust Studio with Badu present and was originally intended for one of their albums . Its idyllic music blends mellow soul and glitchy hip hop , featuring a chopped sample of Curtis Mayfield 's 1972 song " Freddie 's Dead " . The song 's lyrics envision a higher degree of African @-@ American identity . Its vocalists ask in refrain , " What if there was no niggas , only master teachers ? " , and answering " I stay woke " , with Badu responding " I 'm in the search of something new / Search inside me , searching inside you " . Midway through the song , Poyser 's keyboards lower the music 's tempo , with a fluid , jazzy sound . " That Hump " concerns the topic of drug dependency . The closing track " Telephone " is a tribute to J Dilla , who died in 2006 from complications with blood disorder , and has themes of sorrow and hope . It serves as a departure from the preceding songs ' edgier musical direction , featuring soft melodies and an acoustic feel similar to Badu 's live sound . The song opens with the sound of ominous sirens , referencing J Dilla 's 2006 album Donuts . The song 's lyrics are based on a story told to Badu by J Dilla 's mother on the day of his death . Poyser explained in an interview , " Dilla 's mom told Erykah about one day when he was telling her about this dream he had where Ol 'Dirty was telling him to get on a different color bus and giving him directions home " . According to Poyser , the song 's music was inspired by Dilla 's passing :
We were in the studio right after Dilla ’ s funeral and we were working on stuff for the Edith Funker album . The focus there was more emotional than sonic . It was just feeling Dilla . It was something that wasn ’ t thought out , it just naturally took place . We were sitting there and we just started jamming and the song just happened instantly .
The hidden track " Honey " is a percussive , lighthearted love song that contains a sample of singer Nancy Wilson 's 1978 song " I 'm in Love " . The track opens with a reprise of " Amerykahn Promise " , with an announcer saying , " We hope you enjoyed your journey
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that the singer appears to have improved her vocals with regard to " experimentation " , which she cites as being evident on " Half of Me " , as well as " Diamonds " and " Stay " . Ellis also noted that co @-@ writer Emeli Sandé 's " candid and immediate charm " is present on the song , and described it as the " perfect " ending to the album . Concluding her opinion of the song , Ellis wrote that " Half of Me " is delivered in a " firm and steady voice " which is filled with irony , as she feels that Rihanna is saying no one truly knows who she is and that is half the fun of working her out , but is in no way " remorseful " about letting people in completely :
You know me / I 'm the life of the party
Beautiful people surround me / Everybody falling in love
Oh , you know me / Everybody knows that I ’ m crazy
Sticks and stones , they never break me
And I 'm the type that don 't give a fuck
And that 's just the half of it .
= = Reception = =
Jim Farber for New York Daily News wrote that Unapologetic contains more ballads than what Rihanna 's previous albums have featured , and further noted that " Half of Me " " proves the star can be as evocative as she is provocative " . Christina Lee of website Idolator wrote that there are two songs on the album which show " how ubiquitous she ’ s [ Rihanna ] become " , " Love Without Tragedy / Mother Mary " and " Half of Me " . A reviewer for Billboard was surprised at how many " heartfelt ballads " are included on the album , and listed " Half of Me " as one of the examples . Michael Gallucci for PopCrush wrote that " Half of Me " , along with " Pour It Up " , are songs for the " haters " . He further wrote that the singer pushes the track as she has an " agenda " , but criticised the use of " fuck " , which he points out as being used in the majority of Unapologetic 's tracks . Upon the release of Unapologetic , " Half of Me " charted in several territories due to strong digital downloads . It debuted on the Irish Singles Chart at number 84 on November 22 , 2012 . On November 25 , 2012 , the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 75 , and the UK R & B Chart at number ten . In Switzerland , the song debuted at number 46 . It also debuted at number 96 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording
Recorded at Roc the Mic Studios , New York City .
Vocals recorded at R Studios , Los Angeles , CA .
Mixed at Larrabee Studios , Burbank , CA .
Personnel
Songwriting – Emeli Sandé , Shahid Khan , Mikkel S. Eriksen , Tor Erik Hermansen
Production – StarGate , Naughty Boy
Recording – Mikkel S. Eriksen , Miles Walker
Vocal recording – Marcus Tovar , Kuk Harrell
Vocal production – Kuk Harrell
All instrumentation and programming – Mikkel S. Eriksen , Tor Erik Hermansen , Shahid Khan , Emeli Sandé
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unapologetic , Def Jam Recordings , SRP Records .
= = Charts = =
= Downloaded ( Battlestar Galactica ) =
" Downloaded " is the eighteenth episode of the second season of the reimagined Battlestar Galactica television series . It aired originally on the Sci Fi Channel on February 24 , 2006 .
The episode takes place alongside the rest of the re @-@ imagined series , with 49 @,@ 579 human survivors left in the Fleet . The episode primarily details the lives of two specific Cylon models after their apparent destruction who were declared Cylon heroes . One model is " Caprica @-@ Six " , the copy of Number Six who was responsible for disabling the Colonial defense system prior to the events of the miniseries . The other model is Sharon " Boomer " Valerii , a sleeper agent who was a member of the crew of Galactica .
The concept of a Cylon @-@ centric episode was proposed long before the episode aired , in an episode which would have seen the Cylons discuss their equivalent of the " Final Solution " . " Downloaded " instead focuses on showing the personality of the Cylon race , in particular , Caprica @-@ Six and Boomer . The episode was universally well @-@ received despite its unconventional format .
= = Plot = =
The episode primarily takes place on Cylon @-@ occupied Caprica . After the Fall of the Twelve Colonies , the copy of Number Six ( Tricia Helfer ) that was responsible for disabling the Colonial defense system ( affectionately known as " Caprica @-@ Six " ) and Sharon " Boomer " Valerii ( Grace Park ) were both " downloaded " : a standard Cylon practice of rebirth which takes place if a model is to perish , and have both been hailed as Cylon heroes due to their efforts in infiltrating human society .
Both are having difficulties in adjusting to life on Caprica . In particular , Caprica @-@ Six is having visions of Gaius Baltar ( James Callis ) that only she can see , much like Baltar 's visions of Caprica @-@ Six , and Boomer is having problems accepting her Cylon nature to the point of the denial , even in danger of being " boxed " , which means storing a Cylon 's memories without consciousness out of its body . Number Three ( Lucy Lawless ) asks Caprica @-@ Six to help Boomer in this regard . However , when Caprica @-@ Six starts to associate more with Boomer , they both realize that the holocaust the Cylons effected was a sin .
Caprica @-@ Six and Boomer are next shown conversing with Number Three . While the three move up a stairwell , explosives set by the resistance led by Samuel T. Anders ( Michael Trucco ) detonate , trapping Anders , Three , Boomer , and Caprica @-@ Six in a parking garage . While Anders is originally shielded and hidden by the blast , Caprica @-@ Six is injured , so much so that Number Three tries to euthanize her before finding Anders , whom she tries to kill instead . Number Three goads the other survivors so much that Caprica @-@ Six kills her and forms a pact with Boomer to attempt to change Cylon opinion of humans .
The episode 's secondary plot takes place on Galactica . The copy of Number Eight that defected from the Cylons gives birth by cesarian section to a baby who she and Karl Agathon ( Tahmoh Penikett ) call " Hera " . However , President Laura Roslin , and her secretary , Tory Foster , and Dr. Cottle conspire to fake Hera 's death fearing what would happen if the Cylons knew the child lived . President Roslin also did not want Hera to be raised by her Cylon mother , Sharon , whom she still does not trust . At the end of the episode , the child is given to a woman who believes the child was born on Pegasus , while Helo and Chief Tyrol ( Aaron Douglas ) scatter the ashes they believe to be Hera 's into space .
= = Production = =
The concept of a Cylon @-@ perspective episode was originally proposed for an episode called " The Raid " , which would have consisted on a Cylon meeting not unlike the Wannsee Conference , but was dropped as the equivalent " final solution " had already happened during the miniseries . Nevertheless , Sci @-@ Fi liked the concept , and commissioned this episode .
A major theme of the episode is the humanization of " Caprica @-@ Six " – while Caprica @-@ Six shows her manipulative streak in parts of the episode , in particular during her conversation in the beach @-@ side house with Boomer , the destruction of the Twelve Colonies and her love of Baltar have somewhat changed her psychology . Conversely , Boomer shows resistance to her Cylon nature . Series creator Ronald D. Moore found the scene that took place in Boomer 's apartment interesting as it showed a major amount of her backstory . It also serves the purpose of Boomer 's denial that her memories were manufactured , and that the Cylons are more passive than humans . Another major subplot is the " Virtual Baltar " only visible by Caprica @-@ Six , which Moore commented was a " delicious symmetry " to Baltar 's " Virtual Six " . Both were intended to show how the couple had been changed through experience , in particular , the events of the miniseries .
Several scenes were cut from the episode . Of these , the most notable is an entire subplot centering on Gina and D 'Anna kidnapping Hera Agathon , which was excised as Moore felt there would be " too many Cylons " .
The production team also had significant problems with the scenes in the parking garage , and how to avoid the anatopism of contemporary cars being found on Caprica . In order to avoid this , the production team used cars mostly found in Eastern Europe , for the purpose that the audience would not immediately recognise the types of cars , but still to keep a sense of realism .
= = Reception = =
Ronald D. Moore stated that " Downloaded " is his favorite episode of the series , and especially admired the acting of Park , Helfer , and Callis , the latter especially for his change in role . Jacob Clifton of Television Without Pity gave the episode an " A + " rating . Keith McDuffee of TV Squad commented that the episode was " perfect " , and made up for any issues he had about the show before the episode . He found the storyline concerning the birth of Hera Agathon , the hybrid baby , a " clever twist " , and appreciated the episode 's general Cylon perspective . The Chicago Tribune appreciated Park , Helfer , and Lawless ' acting and the appearance of Dr. Cottle , and concluded by saying that it was well @-@ crafted and added to the " deftly drawn moral confusion " over whether the Cylons were good or evil . The episode was nominated by the World Science Fiction Society for the 2007 Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form , an award that was won by the Doctor Who episode " The Girl in the Fireplace " .
= Wind =
Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale . On the surface of the Earth , wind consists of the bulk movement of air . In outer space , solar wind is the movement of gases or charged particles from the Sun through space , while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical elements from a planet 's atmosphere into space . Winds are commonly classified by their spatial scale , their speed , the types of forces that cause them , the regions in which they occur , and their effect . The strongest observed winds on a planet in the Solar System occur on Neptune and Saturn . Winds have various aspects , an important one being its velocity ; another the density of the gas involved ; another its energy content or wind energy .
In meteorology , winds are often referred to according to their strength , and the direction from which the wind is blowing . Short bursts of high speed wind are termed gusts . Strong winds of intermediate duration ( around one minute ) are termed squalls . Long @-@ duration winds have various names associated with their average strength , such as breeze , gale , storm , and hurricane . Wind occurs on a range of scales , from thunderstorm flows lasting tens of minutes , to local breezes generated by heating of land surfaces and lasting a few hours , to global winds resulting from the difference in absorption of solar energy between the climate zones on Earth . The two main causes of large @-@ scale atmospheric circulation are the differential heating between the equator and the poles , and the rotation of the planet ( Coriolis effect ) . Within the tropics , thermal low circulations over terrain and high plateaus can drive monsoon circulations . In coastal areas the sea breeze / land breeze cycle can define local winds ; in areas that have variable terrain , mountain and valley breezes can dominate local winds .
In human civilization , wind has inspired mythology , influenced the events of history , expanded the range of transport and warfare , and provided a power source for mechanical work , electricity and recreation . Wind powers the voyages of sailing ships across Earth 's oceans . Hot air balloons use the wind to take short trips , and powered flight uses it to increase lift and reduce fuel consumption . Areas of wind shear caused by various weather phenomena can lead to dangerous situations for aircraft . When winds become strong , trees and man @-@ made structures are damaged or destroyed .
Winds can shape landforms , via a variety of aeolian processes such as the formation of fertile soils , such as loess , and by erosion . Dust from large deserts can be moved great distances from its source region by the prevailing winds ; winds that are accelerated by rough topography and associated with dust outbreaks have been assigned regional names in various parts of the world because of their significant effects on those regions . Wind also affects the spread of wildfires . Winds can disperse seeds from various plants , enabling the survival and dispersal of those plant species , as well as flying insect populations . When combined with cold temperatures , wind has a negative impact on livestock . Wind affects animals ' food stores , as well as their hunting and defensive strategies .
= = Causes of wind = =
Wind is caused by differences in the atmospheric pressure . When a difference in atmospheric pressure exists , air moves from the higher to the lower pressure area , resulting in winds of various speeds . On a rotating planet , air will also be deflected by the Coriolis effect , except exactly on the equator . Globally , the two major driving factors of large @-@ scale wind patterns ( the atmospheric circulation ) are the differential heating between the equator and the poles ( difference in absorption of solar energy leading to buoyancy forces ) and the rotation of the planet . Outside the tropics and aloft from frictional effects of the surface , the large @-@ scale winds tend to approach geostrophic balance . Near the Earth 's surface , friction causes the wind to be slower than it would be otherwise . Surface friction also causes winds to blow more inward into low pressure areas . A new , controversial theory suggests atmospheric gradients are caused by forest induced water condensation resulting in a positive feedback cycle of forests drawing moist air from the coastline .
Winds defined by an equilibrium of physical forces are used in the decomposition and analysis of wind profiles . They are useful for simplifying the atmospheric equations of motion and for making qualitative arguments about the horizontal and vertical distribution of winds . The geostrophic wind component is the result of the balance between Coriolis force and pressure gradient force . It flows parallel to isobars and approximates the flow above the atmospheric boundary layer in the midlatitudes . The thermal wind is the difference in the geostrophic wind between two levels in the atmosphere . It exists only in an atmosphere with horizontal temperature gradients . The ageostrophic wind component is the difference between actual and geostrophic wind , which is responsible for air " filling up " cyclones over time . The gradient wind is similar to the geostrophic wind but also includes centrifugal force ( or centripetal acceleration ) .
= = Measurement = =
Wind direction is usually expressed in terms of the direction from which it originates . For example , a northerly wind blows from the north to the south . Weather vanes pivot to indicate the direction of the wind . At airports , windsocks indicate wind direction , and can also be used to estimate wind speed by the angle of hang . Wind speed is measured by anemometers , most commonly using rotating cups or propellers . When a high measurement frequency is needed ( such as in research applications ) , wind can be measured by the propagation speed of ultrasound signals or by the effect of ventilation on the resistance of a heated wire . Another type of anemometer uses pitot tubes that take advantage of the pressure differential between an inner tube and an outer tube that is exposed to the wind to determine the dynamic pressure , which is then used to compute the wind speed .
Sustained wind speeds are reported globally at a 10 meters ( 33 ft ) height and are averaged over a 10 ‑ minute time frame . The United States reports winds over a 1 ‑ minute average for tropical cyclones , and a 2 ‑ minute average within weather observations . India typically reports winds over a 3 ‑ minute average . Knowing the wind sampling average is important , as the value of a one @-@ minute sustained wind is typically 14 % greater than a ten @-@ minute sustained wind . A short burst of high speed wind is termed a wind gust , one technical definition of a wind gust is : the maxima that exceed the lowest wind speed measured during a ten @-@ minute time interval by 10 knots ( 19 km / h ) . A squall is a doubling of the wind speed above a certain threshold , which lasts for a minute or more .
To determine winds aloft , rawinsondes determine wind speed by GPS , radio navigation , or radar tracking of the probe . Alternatively , movement of the parent weather balloon position can be tracked from the ground visually using theodolites . Remote sensing techniques for wind include SODAR , Doppler lidars and radars , which can measure the Doppler shift of electromagnetic radiation scattered or reflected off suspended aerosols or molecules , and radiometers and radars can be used to measure the surface roughness of the ocean from space or airplanes . Ocean roughness can be used to estimate wind velocity close to the sea surface over oceans . Geostationary satellite imagery can be used to estimate the winds throughout the atmosphere based upon how far clouds move from one image to the next . Wind engineering describes the study of the effects of the wind on the built environment , including buildings , bridges and other man @-@ made objects .
= = Wind force scale = =
Historically , the Beaufort wind force scale ( Created by Beaufort ) provides an empirical description of wind speed based on observed sea conditions . Originally it was a 13 @-@ level scale , but during the 1940s , the scale was expanded to 17 levels . There are general terms that differentiate winds of different average speeds such as a breeze , a gale , a storm , tornado , or a hurricane . Within the Beaufort scale , gale @-@ force winds lie between 28 knots ( 52 km / h ) and 55 knots ( 102 km / h ) with preceding adjectives such as moderate , fresh , strong , and whole used to differentiate the wind 's strength within the gale category . A storm has winds of 56 knots ( 104 km / h ) to 63 knots ( 117 km / h ) . The terminology for tropical cyclones differs from one region to another globally . Most ocean basins use the average wind speed to determine the tropical cyclone 's category . Below is a summary of the classifications used by Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers worldwide :
= = = Enhanced Fujita scale = = =
The Enhanced Fujita Scale ( EF Scale ) rates the strength of tornadoes in the United States based on the damage they cause . Below is that scale .
= = = Station model = = =
The station model plotted on surface weather maps uses a wind barb to show both wind direction and speed . The wind barb shows the speed using " flags " on the end .
Each half of a flag depicts 5 knots ( 9 @.@ 3 km / h ) of wind .
Each full flag depicts 10 knots ( 19 km / h ) of wind .
Each pennant ( filled triangle ) depicts 50 knots ( 93 km / h ) of wind .
Winds are depicted as blowing from the direction the barb is facing . Therefore , a northeast wind will be depicted with a line extending from the cloud circle to the northeast , with flags indicating wind speed on the northeast end of this line . Once plotted on a map , an analysis of isotachs ( lines of equal wind speeds ) can be accomplished . Isotachs are particularly useful in diagnosing the location of the jet stream on upper level constant pressure charts , and are usually located at or above the 300 hPa level .
= = Wind power = =
Wind energy is the kinetic energy of the air in motion . The kinetic energy of a packet of air of mass m with velocity v is given by ½ m v2 . To find the mass of the packet passing through an area A perpendicular its velocity ( which could be the rotor area of a turbine ) , we multiply its volume after time t has passed with the air density ρ , which gives us m = A v t ρ . So , we find that the total wind energy is :
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Differentiating with respect to time to find the rate of increase of energy , we find that the total wind power is :
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Wind power is thus proportional to the third power of the wind velocity .
= = = Theoretical power captured by a wind turbine = = =
Total wind power could be captured only if the wind velocity is reduced to zero . In a realistic wind turbine this is impossible , as the captured air must also leave the turbine . A relation between the input and output wind velocity must be considered . Using the concept of stream tube , the maximal achievable extraction of wind power by a wind turbine is 59 % of the total theoretical wind power ( see : Betz ' law ) .
= = = Practical wind turbine power = = =
Further insufficiencies , such as rotor blade friction and drag , gearbox losses , generator and converter losses , reduce the power delivered by a wind turbine . The basic relation that the turbine power is ( approximately ) proportional to the third power of velocity remains .
= = Global climatology = =
Easterly winds , on average , dominate the flow pattern across the poles , westerly winds blow across the mid @-@ latitudes of the earth , polewards of the subtropical ridge , while easterlies again dominate the tropics .
Directly under the subtropical ridge are the doldrums , or horse latitudes , where winds are lighter . Many of the Earth 's deserts lie near the average latitude of the subtropical ridge , where descent reduces the relative humidity of the air mass . The strongest winds are in the mid @-@ latitudes where cold polar air meets warm air from the tropics .
= = = Tropics = = =
The trade winds ( also called trades ) are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics towards the Earth 's equator . The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere . The trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical cyclones that form over the world 's oceans . Trade winds also steer African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean into the Caribbean Sea , as well as portions of southeast North America .
A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind that lasts for several months within tropical regions . The term was first used in English in India , Bangladesh , Pakistan , and neighboring countries to refer to the big seasonal winds blowing from the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea in the southwest bringing heavy rainfall to the area . Its poleward progression is accelerated by the development off a heat low over the Asian , African , and North American continents during May through July , and over Australia in December .
= = = Westerlies and their impact = = =
The Westerlies or the Prevailing Westerlies are the prevailing winds in the middle latitudes between 35 and 65 degrees latitude . These prevailing winds blow from the west to the east , and steer extratropical cyclones in this general manner . The winds are predominantly from the southwest in the Northern Hemisphere and from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere . They are strongest in the winter when the pressure is lower over the poles , and weakest during the summer and when pressures are higher over the poles .
Together with the trade winds , the westerlies enabled a round @-@ trip trade route for sailing ships crossing the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans , as the westerlies lead to the development of strong ocean currents on the western sides of oceans in both hemispheres through the process of western intensification . These western ocean currents transport warm , sub tropical water polewards toward the polar regions . The westerlies can be particularly strong , especially in the southern hemisphere , where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the flow pattern to amplify , which slows the winds down . The strongest westerly winds in the middle latitudes are within a band known as the Roaring Forties , between 40 and 50 degrees latitude south of the equator . The Westerlies play an important role in carrying the warm , equatorial waters and winds to the western coasts of continents , especially in the southern hemisphere because of its vast oceanic expanse .
= = = Polar easterlies = = =
The polar easterlies , also known as Polar Hadley cells , are dry , cold prevailing winds that blow from the high @-@ pressure areas of the polar highs at the north and south poles towards the low @-@ pressure areas within the Westerlies at high latitudes . Unlike the Westerlies , these prevailing winds blow from the east to the west , and are often weak and irregular . Because of the low sun angle , cold air builds up and subsides at the pole creating surface high @-@ pressure areas , forcing an equatorward outflow of air ; that outflow is deflected westward by the Coriolis effect .
= = Local considerations = =
= = = Sea and land breezes = = =
In coastal regions , sea breezes and land breezes can be important factors in a location 's prevailing winds . The sea is warmed by the sun more slowly because of water 's greater specific heat compared to land . As the temperature of the surface of the land rises , the land heats the air above it by conduction . The warm air is less dense than the surrounding environment and so it rises . This causes a pressure gradient of about 2 millibars from the ocean to the land . The cooler air above the sea , now with higher sea level pressure , flows inland into the lower pressure , creating a cooler breeze near the coast . When large @-@ scale winds are calm , the strength of the sea breeze is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the land mass and the sea . If an offshore wind of 8 knots ( 15 km / h ) exists , the sea breeze is not likely to develop .
At night , the land cools off more quickly than the ocean because of differences in their specific heat values . This temperature change causes the daytime sea breeze to dissipate . When the temperature onshore cools below the temperature offshore , the pressure over the water will be lower than that of the land , establishing a land breeze , as long as an onshore wind is not strong enough to oppose it .
= = = Near mountains = = =
Over elevated surfaces , heating of the ground exceeds the heating of the surrounding air at the same altitude above sea level , creating an associated thermal low over the terrain and enhancing any thermal lows that would have otherwise existed , and changing the wind circulation of the region . In areas where there is rugged topography that significantly interrupts the environmental wind flow , the wind circulation between mountains and valleys is the most important contributor to the prevailing winds . Hills and valleys substantially distort the airflow by increasing friction between the atmosphere and landmass by acting as a physical block to the flow , deflecting the wind parallel to the range just upstream of the topography , which is known as a barrier jet . This barrier jet can increase the low level wind by 45 % . Wind direction also changes because of the contour of the land .
If there is a pass in the mountain range , winds will rush through the pass with considerable speed because of the Bernoulli principle that describes an inverse relationship between speed and pressure . The airflow can remain turbulent and erratic for some distance downwind into the flatter countryside . These conditions are dangerous to ascending and descending airplanes . Cool winds accelerating through mountain gaps have been given regional names . In Central America , examples include the Papagayo wind , the Panama wind , and the Tehuano wind . In Europe , similar winds are known as the Bora , Tramontane , and Mistral . When these winds blow over open waters , they increase mixing of the upper layers of the ocean that elevates cool , nutrient rich waters to the surface , which leads to increased marine life .
In mountainous areas , local distortion of the airflow becomes severe . Jagged terrain combines to produce unpredictable flow patterns and turbulence , such as rotors , which can be topped by lenticular clouds . Strong updrafts , downdrafts and eddies develop as the air flows over hills and down valleys . Orographic precipitation occurs on the windward side of mountains and is caused by the rising air motion of a large @-@ scale flow of moist air across the mountain ridge , also known as upslope flow , resulting in adiabatic cooling and condensation . In mountainous parts of the world subjected to relatively consistent winds ( for example , the trade winds ) , a more moist climate usually prevails on the windward side of a mountain than on the leeward or downwind side . Moisture is removed by orographic lift , leaving drier air on the descending and generally warming , leeward side where a rain shadow is observed . Winds that flow over mountains down into lower elevations are known as downslope winds . These winds are warm and dry . In Europe downwind of the Alps , they are known as foehn . In Poland , an example is the halny wiatr . In Argentina , the local name for downsloped winds is zonda . In Java , the local name for such winds is koembang . In New Zealand , they are known as the Nor 'west arch , and are accompanied by the cloud formation they are named after that has inspired artwork over the years . In the Great Plains of the United States , the winds are known as a chinook . In California , downsloped winds are funneled through mountain passes , which intensify their effect , and examples into Santa Ana and sundowner winds . Wind speeds during downslope wind effect can exceed 160 kilometers per hour ( 99 mph ) .
= = Average wind speeds = =
As described earlier , prevailing and local winds are not spread evenly across the earth , which means that wind speeds also differ by region . In addition , the wind speed also increases with the altitude .
= = = Wind power density = = =
Nowadays , a yardstick used to determine the best locations for wind energy development is referred to as wind power density ( WPD ) . It is a calculation relating to the effective force of the wind at a particular location , frequently expressed in terms of the elevation above ground level over a period of time . It takes into account wind velocity and mass . Color coded maps are prepared for a particular area are described as , for example , " mean annual power density at 50 meters . " The results of the above calculation are included in an index developed by the National Renewable Energy Lab and referred to as " NREL CLASS . " The larger the WPD calculation , the higher it is rated by class . At the end of 2008 , worldwide nameplate capacity of wind @-@ powered generators was 120 @.@ 8 gigawatts . Although wind produced only about 1 @.@ 5 % of worldwide electricity use in 2009 , it is growing rapidly , having doubled in the three years between 2005 and 2008 . In several countries it has achieved relatively high levels of penetration , accounting for approximately 19 % of electricity production in Denmark , 10 % in Spain and Portugal , and 7 % in Germany and the Republic of Ireland in 2008 . One study indicates that an entirely renewable energy supply based on 70 % wind is attainable at today 's power prices by linking wind farms with an HVDC supergrid.Wind power has expanded quickly , its share of worldwide electricity usage at the end of 2014 was 3 @.@ 1 % .
= = Shear = =
Wind shear , sometimes referred to as windshear or wind gradient , is a difference in wind speed and direction over a relatively short distance in the Earth 's atmosphere . Wind shear can be broken down into vertical and horizontal components , with horizontal wind shear seen across weather fronts and near the coast , and vertical shear typically near the surface , though also at higher levels in the atmosphere near upper level jets and frontal zones aloft .
Wind shear itself is a microscale meteorological phenomenon occurring over a very small distance , but it can be associated with mesoscale or synoptic scale weather features such as squall lines and cold fronts . It is commonly observed near microbursts and downbursts caused by thunderstorms , weather fronts , areas of locally higher low level winds referred to as low level jets , near mountains , radiation inversions that occur because of clear skies and calm winds , buildings , wind turbines , and sailboats . Wind shear has a significant effect during take @-@ off and landing of aircraft because of their effects on control of the aircraft , and was a significant cause of aircraft accidents involving large loss of life within the United States .
Sound movement through the atmosphere is affected by wind shear , which can bend the wave front , causing sounds to be heard where they normally would not , or vice versa . Strong vertical wind shear within the troposphere also inhibits tropical cyclone development , but helps to organize individual thunderstorms into living longer life cycles that can then produce severe weather . The thermal wind concept explains how differences in wind speed with height are dependent on horizontal temperature differences , and explains the existence of the jet stream .
= = Usage of wind = =
= = = History = = =
As a natural force , the wind was often personified as one or more wind gods or as an expression of the supernatural in many cultures . Vayu is the Hindu God of Wind . The Greek wind gods include Boreas , Notus , Eurus , and Zephyrus . Aeolus , in varying interpretations the ruler or keeper of the four winds , has also been described as Astraeus , the god of dusk who fathered the four winds with Eos , goddess of dawn . The Ancient Greeks also observed the seasonal change of the winds , as evidenced by the Tower of the Winds in Athens . Venti are the Roman gods of the winds . Fūjin is the Japanese wind god and is one of the eldest Shinto gods . According to legend , he was present at the creation of the world and first let the winds out of his bag to clear the world of mist . In Norse mythology , Njörðr is the god of the wind . There are also four dvärgar ( Norse dwarves ) , named Norðri , Suðri , Austri and Vestri , and probably the four stags of Yggdrasil , personify the four winds , and parallel the four Greek wind gods . Stribog is the name of the Slavic god of winds , sky and air . He is said to be the ancestor ( grandfather ) of the winds of the eight directions .
Kamikaze ( 神風 ) is a Japanese word , usually translated as divine wind , believed to be a gift from the gods . The term is first known to have been used as the name of a pair or series of typhoons that are said to have saved Japan from two Mongol fleets under Kublai Khan that attacked Japan in 1274 and again in 1281 . Protestant Wind is a name for the storm that deterred the Spanish Armada from an invasion of England in 1588 where the wind played a pivotal role , or the favorable winds that enabled William of Orange to invade England in 1688 . During Napoleon 's Egyptian Campaign , the French soldiers had a hard time with the khamsin wind : when the storm appeared " as a blood @-@ stint in the distant sky " , the natives went to take cover , while the French " did not react until it was too late , then choked and fainted in the blinding , suffocating walls of dust . " During the North African Campaign of the World War II , " allied and German troops were several times forced to halt in mid @-@ battle because of sandstorms caused by khamsin ... Grains of sand whirled by the wind blinded the soldiers and created electrical disturbances that rendered compasses useless . "
= = = Transportation = = =
There are many different forms of sailing ships , but they all have certain basic things in common . Except for rotor ships using the Magnus effect , every sailing ship has a hull , rigging and at least one mast to hold up the sails that use the wind to power the ship . Ocean journeys by sailing ship can take many months , and a common hazard is becoming becalmed because of lack of wind , or being blown off course by severe storms or winds that do not allow progress in the desired direction . A severe storm could lead to shipwreck , and the loss of all hands . Sailing ships can only carry a certain quantity of supplies in their hold , so they have to plan long voyages carefully to include appropriate provisions , including fresh water .
For aerodynamic aircraft which operate relative to the air , winds affect groundspeed , and in the case of lighter @-@ than @-@ air vehicles , wind may play a significant or solitary role in their movement and ground track . The velocity of surface wind is generally the primary factor governing the direction of flight operations at an airport , and airfield runways are aligned to account for the common wind direction ( s ) of the local area . While taking off with a tailwind may be necessary under certain circumstances , a headwind is generally desirable . A tailwind increases takeoff distance required and decreases the climb gradient .
= = = Power source = = =
Historically , the ancient Sinhalese of Anuradhapura and in other
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Caribbean and Florida , primarily since the 1970s . Similar dust plumes originate in the Gobi Desert , which combined with pollutants , spread large distances downwind , or eastward , into North America .
There are local names for winds associated with sand and dust storms . The Calima carries dust on southeast winds into the Canary islands . The Harmattan carries dust during the winter into the Gulf of Guinea . The Sirocco brings dust from north Africa into southern Europe because of the movement of extratropical cyclones through the Mediterranean Sea . Spring storm systems moving across the eastern Mediterranean Sea cause dust to carry across Egypt and the Arabian peninsula , which are locally known as Khamsin . The Shamal is caused by cold fronts lifting dust into the atmosphere for days at a time across the Persian Gulf states .
= = = Effect on plants = = =
Wind dispersal of seeds , or anemochory , is one of the more primitive means of dispersal . Wind dispersal can take on one of two primary forms : seeds can float on the breeze or alternatively , they can flutter to the ground . The classic examples of these dispersal mechanisms include dandelions ( Taraxacum spp . , Asteraceae ) , which have a feathery pappus attached to their seeds and can be dispersed long distances , and maples ( Acer ( genus ) spp . , Sapindaceae ) , which have winged seeds and flutter to the ground . An important constraint on wind dispersal is the need for abundant seed production to maximize the likelihood of a seed landing in a site suitable for germination . There are also strong evolutionary constraints on this dispersal mechanism . For instance , species in the Asteraceae on islands tended to have reduced dispersal capabilities ( i.e. , larger seed mass and smaller pappus ) relative to the same species on the mainland . Reliance upon wind dispersal is common among many weedy or ruderal species . Unusual mechanisms of wind dispersal include tumbleweeds . A related process to anemochory is anemophily , which is the process where pollen is distributed by wind . Large families of plants are pollinated in this manner , which is favored when individuals of the dominant plant species are spaced closely together .
Wind also limits tree growth . On coasts and isolated mountains , the tree line is often much lower than in corresponding altitudes inland and in larger , more complex mountain systems , because strong winds reduce tree growth . High winds scour away thin soils through erosion , as well as damage limbs and twigs . When high winds knock down or uproot trees , the process is known as windthrow . This is most likely on windward slopes of mountains , with severe cases generally occurring to tree stands that are 75 years or older . Plant varieties near the coast , such as the Sitka spruce and sea grape , are pruned back by wind and salt spray near the coastline .
Wind can also cause plants damage through sand abrasion . Strong winds will pick up loose sand and topsoil and hurl it through the air at speeds ranging from 25 miles per hour ( 40 km / h ) to 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) . Such windblown sand causes extensive damage to plant seedlings because it ruptures plant cells , making them vulnerable to evaporation and drought . Using a mechanical sandblaster in a laboratory setting , scientists affiliated with the Agricultural Research Service studied the effects of windblown sand abrasion on cotton seedlings . The study showed that the seedlings responded to the damage created by the windblown sand abrasion by shifting energy from stem and root growth to the growth and repair of the damaged stems . After a period of four weeks the growth of the seedling once again became uniform throughout the plant , as it was before the windblown sand abrasion occurred .
= = = Effect on animals = = =
Cattle and sheep are prone to wind chill caused by a combination of wind and cold temperatures , when winds exceed 40 kilometers per hour ( 25 mph ) , rendering their hair and wool coverings ineffective . Although penguins use both a layer of fat and feathers to help guard against coldness in both water and air , their flippers and feet are less immune to the cold . In the coldest climates such as Antarctica , emperor penguins use huddling behavior to survive the wind and cold , continuously alternating the members on the outside of the assembled group , which reduces heat loss by 50 % . Flying insects , a subset of arthropods , are swept along by the prevailing winds , while birds follow their own course taking advantage of wind conditions , in order to either fly or glide . As such , fine line patterns within weather radar imagery , associated with converging winds , are dominated by insect returns . Bird migration , which tends to occur overnight within the lowest 7 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 100 m ) of the Earth 's atmosphere , contaminates wind profiles gathered by weather radar , particularly the WSR @-@ 88D , by increasing the environmental wind returns by 15 knots ( 28 km / h ) to 30 knots ( 56 km / h ) .
Pikas use a wall of pebbles to store dry plants and grasses for the winter in order to protect the food from being blown away . Cockroaches use slight winds that precede the attacks of potential predators , such as toads , to survive their encounters . Their cerci are very sensitive to the wind , and help them survive half of their attacks . Elk have a keen sense of smell that can detect potential upwind predators at a distance of 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 800 m ) . Increases in wind above 15 kilometers per hour ( 9 @.@ 3 mph ) signals glaucous gulls to increase their foraging and aerial attacks on thick @-@ billed murres .
= = = Sound generation = = =
Wind causes the generation of sound . The movement of air causes movements of parts of natural objects , such as leaves or grass . These objects will produce sound if they touch each other . Even a soft wind will cause a low level of environmental noise . If the wind is blowing harder , it may produce howling sounds of varying frequencies . This may be caused by the wind blowing over cavities , or by vortices created in the air downstream of an object . Especially on high buildings , many structural parts may be a cause of annoying noise at certain wind conditions . Examples of these parts are balconies , ventilation openings , roof openings or cables .
= = Related damage = =
High winds are known to cause damage , depending upon their strength . Infrequent wind gusts can cause poorly designed suspension bridges to sway . When wind gusts are at a similar frequency to the swaying of the bridge , the bridge can be destroyed more easily , such as what occurred with the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940 . Wind speeds as low as 23 knots ( 43 km / h ) can lead to power outages due to tree branches disrupting the flow of energy through power lines . While no species of tree is guaranteed to stand up to hurricane @-@ force winds , those with shallow roots are more prone to uproot , and brittle trees such as eucalyptus , sea hibiscus , and avocado are more prone to damage . Hurricane @-@ force winds cause substantial damage to mobile homes , and begin to structurally damage homes with foundations . Winds of this strength due to downsloped winds off terrain have been known to shatter windows and sandblast paint from cars . Once winds exceed 135 knots ( 250 km / h ) , homes completely collapse , and significant damage is done to larger buildings . Total destruction to man @-@ made structures occurs when winds reach 175 knots ( 324 km / h ) . The Saffir @-@ Simpson scale and Enhanced Fujita scale were designed to help estimate wind speed from the damage caused by high winds related to tropical cyclones and tornadoes , and vice versa .
Australia 's Barrow Island holds the record for the strongest wind gust , reaching 408 km / h ( 253 mph ) during tropical cyclone Olivia on 10 April 1996 , surpassing the previous record of 372 km / h ( 231 mph ) set on Mount Washington ( New Hampshire ) on the afternoon of 12 April 1934 . The most powerful gusts of wind on Earth were created by nuclear detonations . The blast wave is similar to a strong wind gust over the ground . The largest nuclear explosion ( 50 – 58 megatons at an altitude of about 13 @,@ 000 feet ( 4 @,@ 000 m ) ) generated a 20 bar blast pressure at ground zero , which is similar to a wind gust of 3 @,@ 100 miles per hour ( 5 @,@ 000 km / h ) .
Wildfire intensity increases during daytime hours . For example , burn rates of smoldering logs are up to five times greater during the day because of lower humidity , increased temperatures , and increased wind speeds . Sunlight warms the ground during the day and causes air currents to travel uphill , and downhill during the night as the land cools . Wildfires are fanned by these winds and often follow the air currents over hills and through valleys . United States wildfire operations revolve around a 24 @-@ hour fire day that begins at 10 : 00 a.m. because of the predictable increase in intensity resulting from the daytime warmth .
= = In outer space = =
The solar wind is quite different from a terrestrial wind , in that its origin is the sun , and it is composed of charged particles that have escaped the sun 's atmosphere . Similar to the solar wind , the planetary wind is composed of light gases that escape planetary atmospheres . Over long periods of time , the planetary wind can radically change the composition of planetary atmospheres .
The fastest wind ever recorded is coming from the accretion disc of the IGR J17091 @-@ 3624 black hole . Its speed is 20 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 miles per hour ( 32 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 km / h ) , which is 3 % of the speed of light .
= = = Planetary wind = = =
The hydrodynamic wind within the upper portion of a planet 's atmosphere allows light chemical elements such as hydrogen to move up to the exobase , the lower limit of the exosphere , where the gases can then reach escape velocity , entering outer space without impacting other particles of gas . This type of gas loss from a planet into space is known as planetary wind . Such a process over geologic time causes water @-@ rich planets such as the Earth to evolve into planets like Venus . Additionally , planets with hotter lower atmospheres could accelerate the loss rate of hydrogen .
= = = Solar wind = = =
Rather than air , the solar wind is a stream of charged particles — a plasma — ejected from the upper atmosphere of the sun at a rate of 400 kilometers per second ( 890 @,@ 000 mph ) . It consists mostly of electrons and protons with energies of about 1 keV . The stream of particles varies in temperature and speed with the passage of time . These particles are able to escape the sun 's gravity , in part because of the high temperature of the corona , but also because of high kinetic energy that particles gain through a process that is not well @-@ understood . The solar wind creates the Heliosphere , a vast bubble in the interstellar medium surrounding the Solar System . Planets require large magnetic fields in order to reduce the ionization of their upper atmosphere by the solar wind . Other phenomena caused by the solar wind include geomagnetic storms that can knock out power grids on Earth , the aurorae such as the Northern Lights , and the plasma tails of comets that always point away from the sun .
= = On other planets = =
Strong 300 kilometers per hour ( 190 mph ) winds at Venus 's cloud tops circle the planet every four to five earth days . When the poles of Mars are exposed to sunlight after their winter , the frozen CO2 sublimates , creating significant winds that sweep off the poles as fast as 400 kilometers per hour ( 250 mph ) , which subsequently transports large amounts of dust and water vapor over its landscape . Other Martian winds have resulted in cleaning events and dust devils . On Jupiter , wind speeds of 100 meters per second ( 220 mph ) are common in zonal jet streams . Saturn 's winds are among the Solar System 's fastest . Cassini – Huygens data indicated peak easterly winds of 375 meters per second ( 840 mph ) . On Uranus , northern hemisphere wind speeds reach as high as 240 meters per second ( 540 mph ) near 50 degrees north latitude . At the cloud tops of Neptune , prevailing winds range in speed from 400 meters per second ( 890 mph ) along the equator to 250 meters per second ( 560 mph ) at the poles . At 70 ° S latitude on Neptune , a high @-@ speed jet stream travels at a speed of 300 meters per second ( 670 mph ) .
= Reculver =
Reculver is a village and coastal resort about 3 miles ( 5 km ) east of Herne Bay in south @-@ east England , in a ward of the same name , in the City of Canterbury district of Kent . It once occupied a strategic location at the north @-@ western end of the Wantsum Channel , a sea lane that separated the Isle of Thanet and the Kent mainland until the late Middle Ages . This led the Romans to build a small fort there at the time of their conquest of Britain in 43 AD , and , starting late in the 2nd century , they built a larger fort , or castrum , called Regulbium , which later became one of the chain of Saxon Shore forts . The military connection resumed in the Second World War , when the sea off Reculver was used for testing Barnes Wallis 's bouncing bombs .
By the 7th century Reculver had become a landed estate of the Anglo @-@ Saxon kings of Kent . The site of the Roman fort was given over for the establishment of a monastery dedicated to St Mary in 669 AD , and King Eadberht II of Kent was buried there in the 760s . During the Middle Ages Reculver was a thriving township with a weekly market and a yearly fair , and it was a member of the Cinque Port of Sandwich . The settlement declined as the Wantsum Channel silted up , and coastal erosion claimed many buildings constructed on the soft sandy cliffs . The village was largely abandoned in the late 18th century , and most of the church was demolished in the early 19th century . Protecting the ruins and the rest of Reculver from erosion is an ongoing challenge .
The 20th century saw a revival as local tourism developed and there are now two caravan parks . The census of 2001 recorded 135 people in the Reculver area , nearly a quarter of whom were in caravans at the time . The Reculver coastline is within a Site of Special Scientific Interest , a Special Protection Area and a Ramsar site , including most of Reculver Country Park , which itself includes much of Bishopstone Cliffs local nature reserve . While nationally scarce plants and insects are found there , the location is also important for migrating birds and is of significant geological interest .
= = History = =
= = = Toponymy = = =
The earliest recorded form of the name , Regulbium , dates from the early 5th century or before and is Celtic in origin , meaning " at the promontory " or " great headland " ; in Old English this became corrupted to Raculf , sometimes given as Raculfceastre , giving rise to the modern " Reculver " . The form " Raculfceastre " includes the Old English place @-@ name element " ceaster " , which frequently relates to " a [ Roman ] city or walled town " .
= = = Prehistoric and Roman = = =
Stone Age flint tools have been washed out from the cliffs to the west of Reculver , and a Mesolithic tranchet axe was found near the centre of the Roman fort in 1960 . This was probably an accidental loss , rather than suggesting a human settlement , evidence for which begins with late Bronze Age and Iron Age ditches . These indicate an extensive settlement , where a Bronze Age palstave and Iron Age gold coins have been found . This was followed by a " fortlet " built by the Romans during their conquest of Britain , which began in 43 AD , and the existence of a Roman road leading to Canterbury , about 8 @.@ 5 miles ( 13 @.@ 7 km ) to the south @-@ west , indicates a Roman presence at Reculver from then onwards . A full @-@ size fort , or castrum , was started late in the 2nd century . This date is derived in part from a reconstruction of a uniquely detailed plaque , fragments of which were found by archaeologists in the 1960s . The plaque effectively records the establishment of the fort , since it commemorates the construction of two of its principal features , the basilica and the sacellum , or shrine , both being parts of the headquarters building , or principia :
this [ was ] the first time the inscribed phrase aedes principiorum [ could ] be ... identified with the official shrine of [ a Roman military ] headquarters building , hitherto unmentioned in any inscription ... [ It was ] also the first certain ... application of the name basilica to [ this element of the building ] .
These structures were found by archaeologists , together with probable officers ' quarters , barracks and a bath house . A Roman oven found 200 feet ( 61 m ) south @-@ east of the fort was probably used for drying food such as corn and fish ; its main chamber measured about 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) by 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 8 m ) overall .
The fort was located on a low hill at what was then the north @-@ eastern extremity of mainland Kent , overlooking the sea lane later known as the Wantsum Channel , which lay between it and the Isle of Thanet : the fort 's location thus allowed observation from the fort on all sides , including the sea . It was probably built by soldiers of the Cohors I Baetasiorum , originally from Lower Germany , who had previously served at the Roman fort of Alauna at Maryport in Cumbria at least until the early 180s , since tiles recovered from the fort are stamped " CIB " . The Notitia Dignitatum , a Roman administrative document from the early 5th century , also records the presence of the Cohors I Baetasiorum at Reculver , then known as Regulbium . There must also have been a harbour nearby in Roman times , and , though this has not yet been found , it was probably near to the fort 's southern or eastern side .
The walls of the fort originally stood about 14 @.@ 8 feet ( 4 @.@ 5 m ) high and were 10 feet ( 3 m ) thick at their base , reducing to 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) at the top ; they were reinforced internally by an earthen bank . The entrance to the fort 's headquarters building faced north , indicating that the main gate was on the north side , facing the eponymous promontory and the sea . The north wall has been lost to the sea , along with the adjoining part of the east wall and most of the west wall ; the east wall is most complete and includes the remains of the eastern gateway and guard post . Parts of the surviving walls are all that remains of the fort above ground , and all have suffered from stone @-@ robbing , especially near the south @-@ western corner . The walls were originally faced with ragstone , but very little of this remains : otherwise only the cores of the walls are visible , consisting mostly of flint and concrete and standing only 8 @.@ 6 feet ( 2 @.@ 6 m ) high at their highest .
Roman forts were normally accompanied by a civilian settlement , or vicus : at Reculver this lay outside the north and west sides of the fort , much of it in areas now lost to the sea , and was extensive , perhaps covering " some ten hectares [ 25 acres ] in all . " In 1936 R.F. Jessup noted that " a Roman building with a hypocaust and tesselated [ floor once ] stood considerably to the northward of the fort " : this structure had been observed by the 17th- to 18th @-@ century antiquarian John Battely , and was probably " an external bath house ... relating to [ an early phase of ] the fort . " In the same area Battely described " several cisterns " between 10 and 12 feet ( 3 – 3 @.@ 7 m ) square , lined with oak planks and sealed at the bottom with puddled clay . He believed that these were for storing rainwater , and noted that a Roman strigil , which would have been used in a bath house , had been found in a similar cistern at Reculver ; he also observed that " such a multitude [ of cisterns ] has been discovered , almost in our memory , as proves that the ancient inhabitants of the place were very numerous . " In the 20th century twelve wells of the Roman period were identified to the west of the fort , ten of which were square ; all were cut into the hard layer of sandstone below the soft sandstone of the Thanet Beds , thus tapping into the water table . These and other 20th @-@ century finds from the Roman period extend to 1 @,@ 120 feet ( 341 @.@ 4 m ) west of the fort , and date to a period between 170 and 360 , roughly coinciding with the period of occupation at the fort itself .
At least 10 infant burials were found within the fort , all of babies , of which six were associated with Roman buildings : five sets of infant remains were found within the foundations and walls of buildings , as were coins dating from 270 – 300 AD . It was suspected that more such burials might be found in the walls of a building in the south @-@ western area of the fort if it were excavated further . A baby 's feeding bottle was also found in an excavated floor within 10 feet ( 3 m ) of one of the infant skeletons , though it may have been un
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. In the first , training focused on the individual crew members . In the second , training involved the whole crew , who would conduct training together . The third and final phase saw the group 's crews training together , with formation flying and practice combat missions . Until the end of 1943 , each phase of training was conducted at a different base .
Heavy Bomb Groups Trained at Wendover Army Air Base
= = = Fighter training = = =
In April 1944 , the role of Wendover Army Air Base changed with the arrival from Louisiana of P @-@ 47 fighters of the 72nd Fighter Wing . The program ended in September after three groups , totalling 180 men , had been trained .
= = = 509th Composite Group = = =
In June 1943 , preparations began for the operational use of atomic bombs . Although not as suitable for the atomic mission as the British Avro Lancaster with its cavernous 33 @-@ foot ( 10 m ) bomb bay , Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr . , the director of the Manhattan Project , and General Henry H. Arnold , the Chief of United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) , wanted to use an American plane , if this was at all possible , so the Boeing B @-@ 29 Superfortress was chosen , even though it required substantial modification . The modification project was codenamed Silverplate , but this codename eventually came to identify the training and operational aspects of the program as well .
Arnold selected Lieutenant Colonel Paul Tibbets , an officer with a distinguished combat record in Europe and North Africa , who had expert knowledge of the B @-@ 29 as one of its test pilots , to form and train a group to deliver atomic bombs . Tibbets chose the Wendover over Great Bend , Kansas , and Mountain Home , Idaho , as the location for his training program . It was remote , which was good for secrecy and security , but within reasonable distance by air from the Manhattan Project 's Site Y , at Los Alamos , New Mexico , and the Salton Sea Naval Auxiliary Air Station , where bombing tables for the mission would be prepared . The base was given the code name " Kingman " , and became the Manhattan Project 's Site K. The activity to assemble , modify and flight test prototype bombs was named " Project W @-@ 47 " .
On 14 September 1944 , the 393d Bomb Squadron arrived at Wendover from its former base at Fairmont Army Air Base , Nebraska , where it had been an operational training unit ( OTU ) with the 504th Bombardment Group since 12 March . When its parent group deployed to the Marianas in early November 1944 , the squadron was assigned directly to the Second Air Force until creation of the 509th Composite Group on 17 December 1944 . As part of the formation of the 509th , about 800 people stationed at the field , were transferred to the new group . To make the 509th Composite Group as self @-@ contained as possible , other units were assigned , including the 390th Air Service Group , with the 603d Air Engineering and 1027th Materiel Squadrons ; the 320th Troop Carrier Squadron , known as the " Green Hornet Airlines " ; the 1395th Military Police Company , and later the 1st Ordnance Squadron . A Manhattan Project unit , the 1st Technical Detachment , was attached to the group .
The 216th Army Air Forces Base Unit ( Special ) constructed prototype atomic weapons ( without nuclear material ) and drop tested them . Little was known about the flight characteristics of the prototype atom bomb designs and how the fusing mechanism would work . In February 1945 , a Flight Test Section was created within the 216th Army Air Forces Base Unit to carry out testing with prototype bombs in the shape of the Little Boy and Fat Man bombs . It was originally equipped with five Silverplate B @-@ 29s , three flight crews and five maintenance crews . To help out with an increasingly demanding schedule , four crews from the 393d Bombardment Squadron were made available . The Flight Test Section carried out 24 drop tests in June and 30 in July . About two thirds of the June tests were with Fat Man shapes and the rest with Little Boy ones . In July , all but four of the tests were with Fat Man shapes , some with explosive @-@ filled Pumpkin bombs . Test drops were carried out at Wendover , at the Naval Ordnance Test Station at Inyokern , and at the Salton Sea Naval Auxiliary Air Station . Testing continued up to the last minute , with the Fat Man firing unit , known as the X @-@ unit , only being successfully tested at Wendover on 4 August , and a final test of the X @-@ unit was carried out six days later .
The aircrews trained continuously until May . Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert pumpkin bombs before Tibbets declared his group combat @-@ ready . The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group received movement orders and moved by rail on 26 April 1945 to its port of embarkation at Seattle , Washington . On 6 May the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas , while group materiel was shipped on the SS Emile Berliner . An advance party of the air echelon flew by C @-@ 54 to North Field , Tinian , between 15 and 22 May . It was joined by the ground echelon on 29 May 1945 , marking the group 's official change of station . It was from Tinian that it carried out the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki .
The 216th Army Air Forces Base Unit moved to Oxnard Field in September 1945 , where it was transferred to the Manhattan District 's 9812th Technical Services Unit on 17 December 1945 . Oxnard was later designated Sandia Base . The Special Ordnance Detachment took with it its special tools and equipment , and even some of its buildings . The test program resumed at Sandia in January 1946 .
= = = JB @-@ 2 Testing = = =
In early September 1944 , a detachment of the Special Weapons Branch , Wright Field , Ohio , arrived at Wendover with thirteen Republic @-@ Ford JB @-@ 2 flying bombs . The JB @-@ 2 was a United States copy of the Nazi V @-@ 1 flying bomb , which was reverse @-@ engineered from malfunctioning wrecks of V @-@ 1s recovered in England . The United States JB @-@ 2 was different from the German V @-@ 1 in only the smallest of dimensions . At Wendover , a launch ramp was constructed for the JB @-@ 2 , engineered from plans developed from aerial photographs of ramps used by the Germans in the Low Countries . In addition to the ground launch ramp , a B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress was modified to be able to carry the jet bomb underneath a wing and air launch it . Numerous tests were conducted and an initial production order was 1 @,@ 000 units was made by the Army , with subsequent planned production of 1 @,@ 000 per month . The fortunes of war in Europe in the spring of 1945 led to the decision to use the JB @-@ 2 in the Pacific Theater , to be used as part of Operation Downfall , the planned invasion of Japan . The sudden end of the war in September 1945 led to the curtailment of the JB @-@ 2 program and the weapon was never used in combat .
= = Postwar use = =
The training of B @-@ 29 aircrews and the testing of prototype atom bombs was the last major contribution of Wendover Field during World War II . After war 's end , some crew training continued , but at a reduced level . For a while , B @-@ 29s which had returned from the Marianas were flown to Wendover for storage . In the summer of 1946 , the Ogden Air Technical Service Command at Hill Army Air Field north of Salt Lake City assumed jurisdiction over all operations at Wendover Field except engineering and technical projects .
Wendover played a key role in the postwar weapons development industry with three areas being developed . The first was further testing of the JB @-@ 2 Loon flying bomb . In the case of the second area , the B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress , obsolete as a combat aircraft , was being tested to fly remotely . Gliding bombs , based on captured technology from the wartime Henschel Hs 293 German radio @-@ controlled glide bomb were being developed that could be controlled by radar or radio . The third consisted of bombs that could be controlled by the launching plane . The historic GAPA ( ground to air pilotless aircraft ) Boeing project resulted in the first supersonic flight of an American Air Force vehicle on 6 August 1946 . In March 1947 , the Air Proving Ground Command research programs were moved to Alamogordo Army Airfield , New Mexico . As a result , 1 @,@ 200 personnel from Wendover Field were moved to New Mexico from Utah and were relocated to Alamogordo to conduct guided missile research projects . Three ongoing projects were transferred : Ground @-@ to @-@ Air Pilotless Aircraft ( GAPA ) , JB @-@ 2 Loon flight testing , and ASM @-@ A @-@ 1 Tarzon gliding bomb .
Transferred to the Strategic Air Command ' Fifteenth Air Force in March 1947 . With the establishment of the U.S. Air Force as an independent service later that year , the installation was renamed Wendover Air Force Base in 1947 , but while bombardment groups deploying on maneuvers used the bombing range , the rest of the base remained unused . It was inactivated in 1948 and declared surplus , although retained in a caretaker status . The Air Materiel Command assumed responsibility for the base in July 1950 , placing it under the jurisdiction of Ogden Air Material Area at Hill Air Force Base . Between 1950 and 1954 , the base was manned by a skeleton crew of thirteen . The buildings deteriorated . Some were removed , some demolished , and some burned down .
Tactical Air Command ( TAC ) reactivated the base under the Ninth Air Force on 1 October 1954 , and tactical units deployed there for exercises , utilizing the base for the next four years . TAC invested several million dollars renovating the base facilities , and constructed new targets on the range . But only 331 personnel were assigned to the base in 1956 . The base was deactivated again in December 1957 . It transferred back to Ogden on 1 January 1958 and renamed Wendover Air Force Auxiliary Field , while the range was renamed Hill Air Force Range in 1960 , and inactivated in August 1961 .
The base was reactivated on 15 July 1961 , but the only personnel based there were a fifteen @-@ man firefighting detachment . By 1962 , when the base was again deactivated , only 128 of the original 668 buildings remained . The General Services Administration ( GSA ) wanted to sell the base to the town of Wendover , leaving only the bombing ranges and radar site with the Air Force . The base was renamed Decker Field , and again declared surplus in 1972 . The base continued to be used occasionally for training by Air National Guard units , and the firefighting detachment remained until 1977 .
Wendover was officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 1 July 1975 . The entire facility was declared surplus in 1976 , and on 9 July 1976 , the water system and its annexes were transferred to the city of Wendover , Utah . The GSA deeded most of the base , including runways , taxiways , hangars , hospital complex , and several warehouses to Wendover for a civil airport on 15 August 1977 . The Air Force retained about 86 acres ( 35 ha ) of the cantonment area and 164 acres ( 66 ha ) of the radar site .
Beginning in 1980 the 4440th Tactical Fighter Training Group began holding regular exercises known as Red Flag from Nellis AFB , Nevada . These exercises used Wendover , with over 9 @,@ 000 men and women deployed to Decker Field , Utah . About 5 @,@ 200 sorties were flown , representing over 9 @,@ 500 flying hours . Red Flag exercises at Wendover were discontinued after 1986 . The U.S. Air Force relinquished the remainder of Decker Field to the town of Wendover in 1992 .
= = Current uses = =
As of 2015 , this former Air Force Base is used as a civil airport , with an unusually long runway for such a facility ( there are two 8 @,@ 000 ' long runways ) . Wendover is one of the most intact World War II training airfields . It is also one of the most historic . The airfield is very isolated in northwest Utah , sitting in the middle of a vast wasteland miles away from any major population center . It is probably for this reason , and the dry hot climate , that much of the airfield remains today . Still @-@ extant facilities include the vast runway system , numerous ramps , taxiways , dispersal pads , and most of the original hangars ( including the Enola Gay B
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: " Nothing doing , the old Emperor is ill and the Heir Apparent will not go to Bosnia . " When Emperor Franz Joseph 's health recovered the operation was a " go " again . Tankosić gave the assassins one FN Model 1910 pistol . They practiced shooting a few rounds of scarce and expensive .380 ACP pistol ammunition in a park near Belgrade .
The rest of the weapons were finally delivered on 26 May . The three assassins from Belgrade testified that Major Tankosić , directly and through Ciganović , not only provided six hand grenades and four new Browning FN Model 1910 automatic pistols with .380 ACP ammunition , but also money , suicide pills , training , a special map with the location of gendarmes marked , knowledge of contacts on a clandestine tunnel used to infiltrate agents and arms into Austria @-@ Hungary , and a small card authorizing the use of that tunnel . Major Tankosić confirmed to the journalist and historian Luciano Magrini that he provided the bombs and pistols and was responsible for training Princip , Grabež , and Čabrinović and that he ( Tankosić ) initiated the idea of the suicide pills .
= = = Tunnel = = =
Princip , Grabež , and Čabrinović left Belgrade by boat on 28 May and traveled along the Sava River to Šabac where they handed the small card to Captain Popović of the Serbian Border Guard . Popović , in turn , provided them with a letter to Serbian Captain Prvanović , and filled out a form with the names of three customs officials whose identities they could assume and thereby receive discounted train tickets for the ride to Loznica , a small border town .
When Princip , Grabež , and Čabrinović reached Loznica on 29 May , Captain Prvanović summoned three of his revenue sergeants to discuss the best way to cross the border undetected . While waiting for the sergeants to arrive , Princip and Grabež had a falling out with Čabrinović over Čabrinović 's repeated violations of operational security . Čabrinović handed over the weapons he was carrying to Princip and Grabež . Princip told Čabrinović to go alone to Zvornik , make an official crossing there using Grabež 's ID card and then go on to Tuzla and link back up .
On the morning of 30 May Prvanović 's revenue sergeants assembled and Sergeant Budivoj Grbić accepted the task and led Princip and Grabež by foot to Isaković 's Island , a small island in the middle of the Drina River that separated Serbia from Bosnia . They and their weapons reached the island on 31 May . Grbić passed the terrorists and their weapons to the agents of the Serbian Narodna Odbrana for transport into Austro @-@ Hungarian territory and from safe @-@ house to safe @-@ house . Princip and Grabež crossed into Austria @-@ Hungary on the evening of 1 June . Princip and Grabež and the weapons were passed from agent to agent until on 3 June they arrived in Tuzla . They left the weapons in the hands of the Narodna Odbrana agent Miško Jovanović and rejoined Čabrinović .
The Narodna Odbrana agents reported their activities to the Narodna Odbrana President , Boža Janković , who in turn reported to the then Serbian Caretaker Prime Minister Nikola Pašić . The report to Pašić added the name of a new military conspirator , Serbian Major Kosta Todorović , Boundary Commissioner and Director of Serbian Military Intelligence Services for the frontier line from Rada to Ljubovija . Pašić 's handwritten notes from the briefing ( estimated by Dedijer to have taken place on 5 June ) included the nickname of one of the assassins ( " Trifko " Grabež ) and also the name of Major Tankosić . The Austrians later captured the report , Pašić 's handwritten notes , and additional corroborating documents .
Čabrinović 's father was a Sarajevo police official . In Tuzla , Čabrinović bumped into one of his father 's friends , Sarajevo Police Detective Ivan Vila , and struck up a conversation . By coincidence , Princip , Grabež and Čabrinović boarded the same train for Sarajevo as Detective Vila . Čabrinović inquired of the detective the date of Franz Ferdinand 's visit to Sarajevo . The next morning , Čabrinović passed on the news to his fellow assassins that the assassination would be on 28 June .
On arriving in Sarajevo on 4 June , Princip , Grabež , and Čabrinović went their separate ways . Princip checked in with Ilić , visited his family in Hadžici and returned to Sarajevo on 6 June taking up residence at Ilić 's mother 's house with Ilić . Grabež joined his family in Pale . Čabrinović moved back into his father 's house in Sarajevo .
On 14 June , Ilić went to Tuzla to bring the weapons to Sarajevo . Miško Jovanović hid the weapons in a large box of sugar . On 15 June , the two went separately by train to Doboj where Jovanović handed off the box to Ilić . Later that day , Ilić returned to Sarajevo by train , being careful to transfer to a local train outside Sarajevo and then quickly transfer to a tram to avoid police detection . Once at his mother 's house , Ilić hid the weapons in a suitcase under a sofa . Then , on approximately 17 June , Ilić traveled to Brod ( Dedijer puts it on 16 June , but trial records put it on 18 June ) . Questioned at trial , Ilić gave a confused explanation of the reason for his trip , first saying he had gone to Brod to prevent the assassination and then saying he had returned to Sarajevo from Brod to prevent the assassination . Dedijer puts forward the thesis ( citing Bogijević ) that Ilić went to Brod to meet an emissary of Apis , Djuro Ŝarac , who had instructions to cancel the assassination and then later Rade Malobabić was dispatched from Serbia to Sarajevo to reauthorize the assassination .
= = = Eve of the attacks = = =
Ilić began handing out the weapons on 27 June . Until 27 June Ilić had kept the identities of the assassins from Belgrade secret from those he had recruited locally and vice versa . Then , that night , as Mehmedbašić told Albertini : " On the eve of the outrage Ilić introduced me to Princip in a Sarajevo café with the words ' Mehmedbašić who to @-@ morrow is to be with us . ' " The three sent a postcard to Black Hand Provincial Director for Bosnia @-@ Herzegovina Vladimir Gaćinović in France .
The following morning , on 28 June 1914 , Ilić positioned the six assassins along the motorcade route . Ilić walked the street , exhorting the assassins to bravery .
= = Assassination = =
= = = Motorcade = = =
On the morning of 28 June 1914 , Franz Ferdinand and his party proceeded by train from Ilidža Spa to Sarajevo . Governor Oskar Potiorek met the party at Sarajevo station . Six automobiles were waiting . By mistake , three local police officers got into the first car with the chief officer of special security ; the special security officers who were supposed to accompany their chief got left behind . The second car carried the Mayor and the Chief of Police of Sarajevo . The third car in the motorcade was a Gräf & Stift 28 / 32 PS open sports car with its top folded down . Franz Ferdinand , Sophie , Governor Potiorek , and Lieutenant Colonel Count Franz von Harrach rode in this third car . The motorcade 's first stop on the preannounced program was for a brief inspection of a military barracks . According to the program , at 10 : 00 a.m. , the motorcade was to leave the barracks for the town hall by way of the Appel Quay .
Security arrangements within Sarajevo were limited . The local military commander , General Michael von Appel , proposed that troops line the intended route but was told that this would offend the loyal citizenry . Protection for the visiting party was accordingly left to the Sarajevo police , of whom only 60 were on duty on the day of the visit .
= = = Bombing = = =
The motorcade passed the first assassin , Mehmedbašić . Danilo Ilić had placed him in front of the garden of the Mostar Cafe and armed him with a bomb . Mehmedbašić failed to act . Ilić placed Vaso Čubrilović next to Mehmedbašić , arming him with a pistol and a bomb . He too failed to act . Further along the route , Ilić placed Nedeljko Čabrinović on the opposite side of the street near the Miljacka River arming him with a bomb .
At 10 : 10 am , Franz Ferdinand 's car approached and Čabrinović threw his bomb . The bomb bounced off the folded back convertible cover into the street . The bomb 's timed detonator caused it to explode under the next car , putting that car out of action , leaving a 1 @-@ foot @-@ diameter ( 0 @.@ 30 m ) , 6 @.@ 5 @-@ inch @-@ deep ( 170 mm ) crater , and wounding 16 – 20 people .
Čabrinović swallowed his cyanide pill and jumped into the Miljacka river . Čabrinović 's suicide attempt failed , as the cyanide only induced vomiting , and the Miljacka was only 13 cm deep due to the hot , dry summer . Police dragged Čabrinović out of the river , and he was severely beaten by the crowd before being taken into custody .
The procession sped away towards the Town Hall leaving the disabled car behind . Cvjetko Popović , Gavrilo Princip , and Trifun Grabež failed to act as the motorcade passed them at high speed .
= = = Town Hall reception = = =
Arriving at the Town Hall for a scheduled reception , Franz Ferdinand showed understandable signs of stress , interrupting a prepared speech of welcome by Mayor Fehim Curčić to protest : " Mr. Mayor , I came here on a visit and I am greeted with bombs . It is outrageous . " Duchess Sophie then whispered into Franz Ferdinand 's ear , and after a pause , Franz Ferdinand said to the mayor : " Now you may speak . " He then became calm and the mayor gave his speech . Franz Ferdinand had to wait as his own speech , still wet with blood from being in the damaged car , was brought to him . To the prepared text he added a few remarks about the day 's events thanking the people of Sarajevo for their ovations " as I see in them an expression of their joy at the failure of the attempt at assassination . "
Officials and members of the Archduke 's party discussed what to do next . The archduke 's chamberlain , Baron Rumerskirch , proposed that the couple remain at the Town Hall until troops could be brought into the city to line the streets . Governor @-@ General Oskar Potiorek vetoed this suggestion on the grounds that soldiers coming straight from maneuvers would not have the dress uniforms appropriate for such duties . " Do you think that Sarajevo is full of assassins ? " he concluded .
Franz Ferdinand and Sophie gave up their planned program in favor of visiting the wounded from the bombing , at the hospital . Count Harrach took up a protective position on the left @-@ hand running board of Franz Ferdinand ’ s car . This is confirmed by photographs of the scene outside the Town Hall . At 10 : 45 a.m. , Franz Ferdinand and Sophie got back into the motorcade , once again in the third car . In order to avoid the city center , General Oskar Potiorek decided that the royal car should travel straight along the Appel Quay to the Sarajevo Hospital . However , the driver , Leopold Lojka , took a right turn into Franz Josef Street . The reason for this is that Potiorek 's aide Eric ( h ) von Merrizzi was in the hospital , and was therefore unable to give Lojka the information about the change in plans and the driving route . The Sarajevo Chief of Police Edmund Gerde ( who had earlier repeatedly protested about the lack of security precautions for the visit ) was asked to tell the drivers of the new route but in the confusion and tensions of the moment neglected to do so .
= = = Fatal shooting = = =
After learning that the first assassination attempt had been unsuccessful , Princip thought about a position to assassinate the Archduke on his return journey , and decided to move to a position in front of a nearby food shop ( Schiller 's delicatessen ) , near the Latin Bridge . At this point the Archdukes ' motorcade turned off the Appel Quay , mistakenly following the original route which would have taken them to the National Museum . Governor Potiorek , who was sharing the second vehicle with the Imperial couple , called out to the driver to reverse and take the Quay to the hospital . Driver Lojka stopped the car close to where Princip was standing , prior to backing up . The latter stepped forward and fired two shots from a distance of about one and a half metres ( 5 feet ) using
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Polish nation and pilgrimage ) , but his part three of Dziady ( 1832 ) cast Słowacki 's stepfather , professor Bécu , in the role of a villain . In a letter to his mother Słowacki wrote that immediately after reading that work he was ready to challenge Mickiewicz for a duel ; that did not come to pass but from that moment on , Słowacki would see Mickiewicz as his main rival . Few days later , antagonized by worsening reception of his works among the Polish émigré community in Paris , including sharp criticism from Mickiewicz , Słowacki left on a trip to Geneva , Switzerland . The French authorities denied him the right to return to France as part of a larger program to rid the country of the potentially subversive Polish exiles who had settled there .
From 1833 @-@ 36 , he lived in Switzerland . A third volume of his poems , published in 1833 and containing works from the period of the Uprising , was far more nationalist in tone , and won more recognition in his homeland . At the same time , he wrote several works featuring romantic themes , and beautiful scenery , such as W Szwajcarii ( In Switzerland ) , Rozłączenie ( Separation ) , Stokrótki ( Daisies ) and Chmury ( Clouds ) .
In 1834 he published the drama Kordian , a romantic drama , illustrating the soul searching of the Polish people in the aftermath of the failed insurrection ; this work is considered one of his best creations .
In 1836 , Słowacki left Switzerland and embarked on a journey that started in Italy . In Rome he met and befriended Zygmunt Krasiński , the third of the Three Bards . Krasiński is also considered the first serious literary critic of Słowacki 's work . Słowacki would dedicate several of his works , including Balladyna , to Krasiński . From Rome , Słowacki went to Naples and later , to Sorrento . In August he left for Greece ( Corfu , Argos , Athens , Syros ) , Egypt ( Alexandria , Cairo , El Arish ) and the Middle East , including the Holy Land ( Jerusalem , Bethlehem , Jericho , Nazareth ) and neighboring territories ( Damascus , Beirut ) . It was a journey Słowacki described in his epic poem Podróż do Ziemi Świętej z Neapolu ( " Travel to the Holy Land from Naples " ) ; his other works of that period inclucded the poem Ojciec zadżumionych ( The Father of the Plague @-@ stricken ) , Grób Agamemnon ( Agamemnon 's Grave ) , Rozmowa z piramidami ( A talk with the pyramids ) , Anhelli and Listy poetyckie z Egiptu ( Poetic Letters from Egypt ) . In June 1837 he returned to Italy , settling briefly in Florence , and moved back to Paris in December 1838 .
In 1840 Mickiewicz was elected to the position of professor of Slavic literature at Collége de France ; it was one of the events that cemented his position over Słowacki in the Polish émigré community . The rivalry between the two Bards for primacy would continue till the ends of lives . In 1841 Słowacki traveled briefly to Frankfurt , but Paris would become his main home till his death . In 1840 and 1841 he wrote two notable dramas : Mazepa , the only of his dramas that was put on stage during his lifetime , and Fantazy , published posthumously , well received by critics . Over the next few years Słowacki wrote and published many works , including Testament mój ( My Last Will ) , in which he described his faith that his works would endure after his death .
Between 1841 and 1846 , he published Beniowski , considered by some his best lyrical poetry . Starting as a story of a historical figure , it developed into a discussion of the poet 's own life and opinions . In 1842 he joined the religious @-@ philosophical group , Koło Sprawy Bożej ( Circle of God 's Cause ) , led by Andrzej Towiański . This group included , among others , Mickiewicz . Towiański 's influence is credited with a new , mystical current in Słowacki 's works , seen in works such as the poem Beniowski and the drama Ksiądz Marek ( Father Mark ) . Słowacki left the Circle a year later , in 1843 .
In the summers of 1843 and 1844 Słowacki traveled to Pornic , a resort on the Atlantic coast in Brittany . It was there , in 1844 , that he wrote Genezis z Ducha ( Genesis from the Spirit ) . This work introduced his own philosophical system that would have a visible influence on his works in his last decade . Around 1839 Słowacki put his capital into the Parisian stock market . He was a shrewd investor who earned enough from the investments to dedicate his life to his literary career ; he was also able to pay the costs of having his books published .
= = = Last years = = =
In the late 1840s Słowacki attached himself to a group of like @-@ minded young exiles , determined to return to Poland and win its independence . One of his friends was the pianist and composer Frédéric Chopin . Others included enthusiasts of his work , such as Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński , Józef Alojzy Reitzenheim and Józef Komierowski . Despite poor health , when he heard about the events of the Spring of Nations , Słowacki traveled with some friends to Poznań , then under Prussian control , hoping to participate in the Wielkopolska Uprising of 1848 . He addressed the National Committee ( Komitet Narodowy ) in Poznań on 27 April . " I tell you " , he declared as the rebels faced military confrontation with the Prussian Army , " that the new age has dawned , the age of holy anarchy . " But by 9 May , the revolt was crushed .
Arrested by the Prussian police , Słowacki was sent back to Paris . On his way there , he passed through Wrocław , where in mid @-@ June he was reunited with his mother , whom he had not seen for almost twenty years . He returned to Paris in July 1848 . His poem Papież Słowiański ( The Slavic Pope ) , published in late 1848 , gained new fame a century later when it seemed to foretell the 1978 ascent of Karol Wojtyła to the throne of St. Peter as Pope John Paul II . His final dramas ( Zawisza Czarny , Samuel Zborowski ) , attempted to explain history of Poland through Słowacki 's genesic philosophy . In March 1849 , Słowacki , his health failing , was visited three times by another Polish writer and poet , Cyprian Norwid , who later wrote about his visits in Czarne kwiaty ( Black Flowers ) . Up to his final days , Słowacki was writing poetry ; a day before his death he dictated passages of his final work , Król @-@ Duch ( King @-@ Spirit ) . This grandiose , visionary @-@ symbolic poem , " summary of the entire Romantic culture " , Słowacki 's masterpiece , weaving together Poland 's history and its contemporary political and literary thought , was never finished .
Słowacki died in Paris on 3 April 1849 from tuberculosis , and on 5 April he was buried in the Montmartre Cemetery in Paris . He never married . Only about 30 people attended his funeral . Krasiński , although estranged from Słowacki in the last few years , wrote of the funeral :
Słowacki 's tombstone at Montmartre was designed by his friend and executor of his last will , painter Charles Pétiniaud @-@ Dubos ; it did not weather the passage of time well however , and in 1851 a new , similar tombstone was put in place , this one designed by Polish sculptor Władysław Oleszczyński . In 1927 Słowacki 's remains were moved to Wawel Cathedral in Poland , but an empty grave still remains at Montmartre .
= = Work = =
Słowacki was a prolific writer ; his collected works ( Dzieła wszystkie ) were published in 17 volumes . His legacy includes 25 dramas and 253 works of poetry . He wrote in many genres : dramas , lyrical poems , literary criticism , letters , journals and memoirs , fragments of two novels , and a political brochure ; he was also a translator . His letters to his mother are among the finest letters in all Polish literature .
Although the majority of his works were in Polish , he tried his hand at several works in French language ( Le roi de Landawa , Beatrice Cenci ) . Many of his works were published only posthumously , often under arbitrary titles , as Słowacki never named them himself . He also left notes on works that he never began or never completed . Słowacki is also considered the father of modern Polish drama .
Polish literary historian Włodzimierz Szturc divides Słowacki 's work into four periods : Wolter 's circle ( pseudoclassicism ) , Christian ethic , Towiański 's ethic and genesic ethic . Other scholars offer slightly different periodizations ; for example dividing his works into a classical period , a Swiss period , a Parisian period and a genesis period . Jarosław Ławski combines Towiański 's period with the genesic ones , speaking of a " mystical " period . Overall , Słowacki 's early work was influenced by Byron and Shakespeare , and included works that was often historical in nature , like ( as in Maria Stuart or Mindowe ) , or exotic , Oriental locales ( as in Arab ) . His work took on a more patriotic tone following the failed November Insurrection of 1830 – 1831 . His final works are heavy in mystical and philosophical undertones . In the 1840s he developed his own philosophy , or mystical system , with works such as Król @-@ Duch and Genesis z Ducha being an exposition of his philosophical ideas ( " genesic philosophy " ) according to which the material world is an expression of an ever @-@ improving spirit capable of progression ( transmigration ) into constantly newer forms . As Ławski notes , his philosophical works can transcend clear boundaries of simple literary genres .
Słowacki 's works , situated in the period of romanticism in Poland , contain rich and inventive vocabulary , including many neologisms . They use fantasy , mysticism and symbolism and feature themes related to Poland 's history , essence of Polishness , and relation to a larger universe . Ławski , enumerating the main characteristics of Słowacki 's writings , notes first that he was a " creationist " , in the sense of creating new meanings and words ( many of his characters bear names he invented himself , such as Kordian ) . Second , he notes that Słowacki was not only inspired by works of others , from poets and writers to scholars and philosophers , but that his texts were often a masterful , ironic @-@ grotesque polemic with other creators . For example , Słowacki was so impressed by Antoni Malczewski 's Maria that he wrote a sequel to it , Jan Bielecki . Likewise , Kordian is seen as building on William Shakespeare 's Hamlet , and as Słowacki 's response to Mickiewicz 's Dziady . This Ławski calls " ivy @-@ like imagination " , comparing Słowacki 's approach to that of an ivy , growing around works of others and reshaping them into new forms in a sophisticated literary game . Third , Słowacki was a master of irony ; he used it not only on others , but on himself , and even on irony itself – the " irony of irony " .
= = Legacy = =
After his death , Słowacki acquired the reputation of a national prophet . He is now considered to be one of the " Three Bards " ( wieszczs ) of Polish literature . Słowacki was not a very popular figure in Paris , nor among his contemporaries . He wrote many dramas , which can be seen as his favorite genre , yet he was a playwright who never saw any of his work performed on stage ( only Mazepa was staged during his lifetime , and not in his presence ) . His works , written in Polish , dense with Slavic myths , philosophy and symbols , were difficult to translate to other languages . Słowacki 's unpopularity among other Polish émigrés can be attributed to his unwillingness to pander to contemporary tastes ; and in particular , his refusal to comfort his compatriots , shaken by the loss of Polish statehood and the failure of the November Uprising . Słowacki 's ironic and sometimes pessimistic attitude was not appreciated by his contemporaries , nor was his denial of Polish uniqueness .
Whereas Mickiewicz followed the Messianic tradition and in Konrad suggested that Poland 's fate was in the hands of God , Słowacki 's Kordian questioned whether his country was not instead a plaything of Satan . However , the same work has God and the Angels watching over Poland and the Earth . In Anhelli , Słowacki 's describes the tragic fate of Polish exiles in Siberia , painting a gloomy vision of Poland 's destiny ; the same topic was taken by Mickiewicz in the Books of the Polish Nation and of the Polish Pilgrimage as a call for Poles to spread hope and spirituality across Europe . While a small circle of his friends talked about his wit , perseverance and inspiration , in popular memory he was a " sickly man of weak character " , egocentric , bitter due to his failed rivalry with Mickiewicz . Mickiewicz himself wrote of Słowacki 's work as a " beautiful church , but without God inside " .
After his death , Słowacki gained a cult @-@ like status in Poland ; in particular , in the cultural center of Kraków . Several obituaries and longer articles appeared in the Polish press upon Słowacki 's death . His works , many of them published posthumously for the first time , found growing acceptance among a new generation ; an 1868 work noted that " Słowacki took the fancy of the Polish youth . He was its singer , its spiritual leader in the full meaning of the term " . Through undoubtedly a poet of the romantic era , he was increasingly popular among the positivists and the authors of the Young Poland period in the late 1800s and early 1900s . His works were popularized by other writers , such as Adam Asnyk and Michał Bałucki , and his dramas were shown in theaters . He became a major literary figure for the new generation of Polish writers . He also became respected abroad ; a 1902 English language book edited by Charles Dudley Warner noted that " the splendid exuberance of his thought and fancy ranks him among the great poets of the nineteenth century " .
In 1927 , some eight years after Poland had regained independence , the Polish government arranged for Słowacki 's remains to be transferred from Paris to Wawel Cathedral , in Kraków . He was interred in the Crypt of the National Bards , beside Mickiewicz . Słowacki 's interment at Waweł Cathedral was controversial , as many of his works were considered heretical by Polish Catholic @-@ Church officials . It took almost two decades and the backing of Józef Piłsudski , for whom Słowacki was a favorite poet , to obtain the Church 's agreement to interring Słowacki at Wawel Cathedral . At the 1927 ceremony , Piłsudski commanded :
Several streets and schools in modern Poland bear Juliusz Słowacki 's name . Three parks are dedicated to him : in Bielsko @-@ Biała , in Łódź and in Wrocław . ( Polish ) There are several monuments of Juliusz Słowacki , including ones in Warsaw ( 2001 ) and Wrocław ( 1984 ) .
Among the most notable landmarks bearing his name is the Juliusz Słowacki Theatre in Krak
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ów , and the Juliusz Slowacki Museum in Kremenets , Ukraine , opened in 2004 at his family 's former manor house . In 2009 the Polish Sejm ( parliament ) declared that year , the two @-@ hundredth anniversary of Słowacki 's birth , to be the Year of Juliusz Słowacki .
= = Selected works = =
= = = Drama = = =
Balladyna ( 1835 , published 1839 , performed 1862 )
Fantazy ( 1841 , published 1866 , performed 1867 )
Horsztyński ( 1835 , published 1866 , performed 1871 )
Kordian ( 1833 , published 1834 , performed 1899 )
Ksiądz Marek ( Father Marek , 1843 , published same year , performed 1901 )
Książę niezłomny ( The Constant Prince , after Pedro Calderón de la Barca , 1843 , published 1844 , performed 1874 )
Lilla Weneda ( 1839 , published 1840 , performed 1863 )
Maria Stuart ( 1830 , performed 1862 )
Mazepa ( 1839 , published 1840 , performed in Hungarian 1847 , performed in Polish 1851 )
Sen srebny Salomei ( The Silver Dream of Salomea , 1843 , published 1844 , performed 1900 )
Samuel Zborowski ( 1845 , published 1903 , performed 1911 )
= = = Poetry = = =
Anhelli ( 1838 )
Arab ( 1830 )
Lambro , powstańca grecki ( Lambro , a Greek insurgent , 1833 )
Beniowski ( 1841 – 1846 )
Genezis z Ducha ( Genesis from the Spirit , 1844 )
Godzina myśli ( An Hour of Thought , 1832 – 1833 )
Hugo . Powieść krzyżacka ( Hugo . Teutonic Order Novel , 1830 )
Król @-@ Duch ( The Spirit King , portions published 1847 , published in full 1925 )
Ojciec zadżumionych ( The Father of the Plague @-@ stricken , 1838 )
Podróż do ziemi świętej ( " Voyage to the Holy Land " , 1866 )
Testament mój ( My Last Will , 1839 – 1840 )
W Szwajcarii ( In Switzerland , 1835 , published 1839 )
Wacław ( 1838 )
= Rhode Island Route 37 =
Route 37 , also known as the Lincoln Avenue Freeway , is a numbered state highway running 3 @.@ 47 miles ( 5 @.@ 58 km ) in Providence County and Kent County , Rhode Island , United States . The route is a nominally east – west freeway for its entire length . Route 37 serves the cities of Cranston and Warwick and is also a major east – west freeway in the Providence metropolitan area , linking T. F. Green Airport with Interstate 295 . The western terminus of Route 37 is an at @-@ grade intersection with Natick Avenue in Cranston . The freeway has numbered interchanges with I @-@ 295 , Rhode Island Route 2 , Pontiac Avenue , and I @-@ 95 before terminating at a trumpet interchange with U.S. Route 1 in Warwick .
Originally conceived as a freeway linking Scituate with suburban Warwick , the proposed alignment of Route 37 was later shortened to an alignment linking I @-@ 295 with I @-@ 95 . Construction on the freeway began in 1963 and was completed by 1969 . An eastward extension across upper Narragansett Bay was proposed in 1966 ; this proposal would have extended Route 37 north to I @-@ 195 and I @-@ 295 in Attleboro , Massachusetts , completing a beltway around the city of Providence . This extended route was approved and given the I @-@ 895 designation in 1968 , but the extension was ultimately canceled by the Rhode Island Department of Transportation ( RIDOT ) . In the 1980s , Route 37 was included in proposals for an eastward extension of Interstate 84 from Hartford , Connecticut to Rhode Island , but this alignment was also canceled . RIDOT has long @-@ range plans to extend Route 37 east to Route 117 in Downtown Warwick , but plans for a westward extension have been abandoned .
= = Route description = =
Route 37 begins at an at @-@ grade intersection with Natick Avenue in the city of Cranston ; Natick Avenue is an unnumbered road that is used to access Rhode Island Route 51 ( Phenix Avenue ) . Shortly after the intersection with Natick Avenue , Route 37 begins to head in a northeastern direction and has its first numbered exit at a cloverleaf interchange with I @-@ 295 . The interchange is signed as Exits 1A @-@ B from Route 37 west , but both the northbound and southbound lanes of I @-@ 295 are served via a single on @-@ ramp from Route 37 east . After the junction with I @-@ 295 , Route 37 passes through a densely settled region of Cranston and passes over Route 5 on a single @-@ span bridge . After passing under Glen Hills Drive , the freeway turns to head in a southwestern direction before intersecting Route 2 at a cloverleaf interchange signed as Exits 2A @-@ B.
After the interchange with Route 2 , Route 37 passes over Power Road before intersecting with Pontiac Avenue , an unnumbered , four @-@ lane highway in Cranston . The interchange , numbered as Exit 3 , is the only one along the length of Route 37 that does not have a suffixed exit number in either direction . Shortly after Exit 3 , Route 37 crosses over the Pawtuxet River and enters the city of Warwick . In Warwick , the freeway has a complicated interchange with I @-@ 95 that is signed as Exits 4A @-@ B. From westbound Route 37 , exit 4B is a right @-@ hand exit that is used to access I @-@ 95 north , while exit 4A is a left @-@ hand exit that is used to access I @-@ 95 south . Both ramps from eastbound Route 37 are right @-@ hand exits .
After the I @-@ 95 interchange , Route 37 widens to three lanes in each direction . The freeway crosses Jefferson Boulevard and Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor railroad on twin @-@ span bridges and passes to the north of the Lincoln Park Cemetery before interchanging with US 1 at exits 5A @-@ B. The freeway terminates at a trumpet interchange with US 1 , with the two left @-@ hand lanes defaulting onto US 1 north and the right @-@ hand lane serving US 1 south , which connects to T. F. Green Airport .
= = History = =
= = = Construction of the freeway = = =
The origins of Route 37 date back to 1956 , when the Rhode Island Department of Public Works ( RIDPW ) included the Route 37 Expressway on its list of proposed freeways for the state of Rhode Island . The freeway was originally proposed to begin at Route 116 in Hope , a village of Scituate , and extend east through Cranston to Route 117 in Warwick . The route would also have connections with the proposed I @-@ 295 in Cranston and I @-@ 95 in Warwick .
In 1959 , RIDPW approved construction of the expressway , amending the proposed route to an alignment extending roughly from I @-@ 295 to a junction with Route 10 ( Huntington Expressway ) in Warwick ; Route 10 would be extended south to Warwick as part of the plan . The routing was officially designated as Route 37 , but was also referred to as the " Lincoln Avenue Freeway " after a local road in Warwick that the new route would bypass . RIDPW originally planned to begin construction in 1960 , but it was delayed until 1963 due to ongoing construction projects with I @-@ 95 and I @-@ 195 in Providence . Route 37 was routed through mostly undeveloped land in the cities of Warwick and Cranston , and in 1969 , the construction of the freeway to an interchange with US 1 in Warwick was completed . The proposed southern extension of Route 10 was ultimately canceled by RIDPW .
= = = Proposed extensions = = =
In 1966 , Route 37 was included in a proposal to extend I @-@ 295 across Narragansett Bay to make a full beltway around the city of Providence . The plan , which was approved by both RIDPW and the Massachusetts Highway Department ( MassHighway ) , involved extending Route 37 eastward from its existing terminus at US 1 across Narragansett bay via a new bridge that would connect Warwick with the town of Barrington . The expressway would then head northward into the town of Warren , intersecting I @-@ 195 in the town of Swansea after crossing into Massachusetts . Eventually , the freeway would connect with I @-@ 295 at its existing northern terminus in Attleboro , Massachusetts .
In 1969 , the Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) designated the proposed expressway as I @-@ 895 instead of the originally proposed I @-@ 295 . The expressway was planned to extend the existing Route 37 by 24 @.@ 4 miles ( 39 @.@ 3 km ) , and was scheduled to be completed by 1975 . In 1971 , however , the expressway 's original routing was canceled due to community opposition in the towns of Barrington and Warren and concerns that a new bridge across Upper Narragansett Bay would interfere with aviation traffic at T. F. Green Airport . In 1971 , RIDOT submitted a new proposed alignment for I @-@ 895 that utilized the Jamestown and Newport Bridges in southern Newport County and bypassed Barrington and Warwick altogether , but the interstate was ultimately canceled in 1982 .
In 1981 , ten years after the eastern extension of Route 37 was canceled , RIDOT began planning studies for a western extension of the freeway . The expressway was included in a proposal to extend I @-@ 84 eastward from Hartford , Connecticut to Providence ; more northern alignments for the freeway had been rejected due to concerns of potential damage to the Scituate Reservoir . The southern routing of I @-@ 84 , which would have utilized Route 37 and terminated in Warwick , largely bypassed the reservoir 's watershed . In 1982 , however , I @-@ 84 was officially canceled by RIDOT after studies indicated that the southern alignment was not a feasible alternative .
= = = Recent history = = =
In June 2006 , erosion resulting from heavy rains exposed human remains near the westbound lanes of Route 37 in Cranston . Subsequent drainage improvements to the freeway led to the discovery of human remains from more than 70 individuals buried in late 19th and early 20th centuries . Archaeological research indicated that the portion of Route 37 in Cranston between Exits 2 and 3 was inadvertently constructed over a portion of the State Farm Cemetery in the 1960s . The cemetery 's wooden burial markers had deteriorated by the time Route 37 was constructed , and environmental studies that would have indicated the location of the cemetery were not conducted prior to the expressway 's construction . In late 2006 , the remains of 71 individuals were exhumed from the site of the previous cemetery and re @-@ interred at the State Institution Cemetery in Warwick . On July 14 , 2009 , RIDOT hosted a memorial service for the 71 people re @-@ interred in Warwick .
= = Future = =
In 1992 , RIDOT reviewed plans for an eastern extension of Route 37 . The department conducted planning studies on two proposed freeway alignments that would extend Route 37 into Downtown Warwick . The first proposal continued the freeway southeast from US 1 to Airport Road for 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) , while the second proposal extended the freeway east for 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) , intersecting Route 117 and Route 117A in the village of Hoxsie before terminating at Route 117 ( West Shore Road ) . The first option was ultimately dropped by RIDOT after studies indicated the routing would interfere with aviation traffic at T. F. Green Airport . The freeway extension to Route 117 , however , remains on RIDOT 's long @-@ term plans .
= = Exit list = =
= Armenian Revolutionary Federation =
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( ARF ) ( classical Armenian : Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն , ՀՅԴ ) , also known as Dashnaktsutyun ( in a short form , " Dashnak " ) , is an Armenian nationalist and socialist political party founded in 1890 in Tiflis , Russian Empire ( now Tbilisi , Georgia ) in 1890 by Christapor Mikaelian , Stepan Zorian , and Simon Zavarian . The party operates in Armenia , Nagorno @-@ Karabakh and in countries where the Armenian diaspora is present , notably in Lebanon , where the party is represented in the parliament as part of the March 8 alliance .
The ARF has traditionally advocated democratic socialism and is a full member of the Socialist International since 2003 , which it had originally joined in 1907 . It possesses the largest number of members from the political parties present in the Armenian diaspora , having established affiliates in more than 20 countries . Compared to other Armenian parties which tend to primarily focus on educational or humanitarian projects , the ARF is the most politically oriented of the organizations and traditionally has been one of the staunchest supporters of Armenian nationalism . The party campaigns for the recognition of the Armenian Genocide and the right to reparations . It also advocates the establishment of United Armenia , partially based on the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 .
The ARF became active within the Ottoman Empire in the early 1890s with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian @-@ populated areas of the empire . ARF members formed fedayi groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance . The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a " free , independent and unified " Armenia , although they sometimes set aside this goal in favor of a more realistic approach , such as advocating autonomy .
In 1918 , the party was instrumental in the creation of the First Republic of Armenia , which fell to the Soviet communists in 1920 . After its leadership was exiled by the communists , the ARF established itself within Armenian diaspora communities , where it helped Armenians preserve their cultural identity . After the fall of the USSR , it returned to Armenia , where it now again has a significant presence as a major party in Armenia 's parliament . Prior to Serzh Sargsyan 's election as president of Armenia and for a short time thereafter , the ARF was a member of the governing coalition , even though it nominated its own candidate in the presidential elections .
ARF then reentered Sargsyan 's cabinet in February 2016 in what was defined as a " long @-@ term political cooperation " agreement with the Republican Party by means of which the ARF would share responsibility for all government policies .
= = Early history = =
In the late 19th century , Eastern Europe and Russia became the hub of small groups advocating reform in Armenian @-@ populated areas in the Ottoman Empire . In 1890 , recognizing the need to unify these groups in order to be more efficient , Christapor Mikaelian , Simon Zavarian and Stepan Zorian created a new political party called the " Federation of Armenian Revolutionaries " ( Հայ Յեղափոխականների Դաշնակցութիւն , Hay Heghapokhakanneri Dashnaktsutyun ) , which would eventually be called the " Armenian Revolutionary Federation " or " Dashnaktsutiun " in 1890 .
The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party at one point had agreed to join as well , seeing that the ARF 's political ideology was socialism . However , the Hunchakians claimed the new party was not Marxist enough and withdrew from the union . The original aim of the ARF was to gain autonomy for the Armenian @-@ populated areas in the Ottoman Empire . The party began to organize itself in the Ottoman Empire in the early 1890s and held its first major meeting in Tiflis , Russian Empire , in 1892 . At that meeting , the party adopted a decentralized modus operandi according to which the chapters in different countries were allowed to plan and implement policies in tune with their local political atmosphere . The party set its goal of a society based on the democratic principles of freedom of assembly , freedom of speech , freedom of religion and agrarian reform .
= = = Russian Empire = = =
The ARF gradually acquired significant strength and sympathy among Russian Armenians . Mainly because of the ARF 's stance towards the Ottoman Empire , the party enjoyed the support of the central Russian administration , as tsarist and ARF foreign policy had the same alignment until 1903 . On June 12 , 1903 , the tsarist authorities passed an edict to bring all Armenian Church property under imperial control . This was faced by strong ARF opposition , because the ARF perceived the tsarist edict as a threat to the Armenian national existence . As a result , the ARF leadership decided to defend Armenian churches by dispatching militiamen who acted as guards and by holding mass demonstrations .
In 1905 – 06 , the Armenian @-@ Tatar massacres broke out during which the ARF became involved in armed activities . Some sources claim that the Russian government incited the massacres in order to reinforce its authority during the revolutionary turmoil of 1905 . The first outbreak of violence occurred in Baku , in February 1905 . The ARF held the Russian authorities responsible for inaction and instigation of massacres that were part of a larger anti @-@ Armenian policy . On May 11 , 1905 , Dashnak revolutionary Drastamat Kanayan assassinated Russian governor general Nakashidze , who was considered by the Armenian population as the main instigator of hate and confrontation between the Armenians and the Tatars . Unable to rely on government forces to protect their interests and properties , the Armenian bourgeoisie turned to the ARF for protection . The Dashnak leaders argued that , given employment discrimination against Armenian workers in non @-@ Armenian concerns , the defence provided to the Armenian bourgeoisie was essential to the safekeeping of employment opportunities for Armenian laborers . The Russian Tsar 's envoy in the Caucasus , Vorontsov @-@ Dashkov , reported that the ARF bore a major portion of responsibilities for perpetrating the massacres . The ARF , however , argued that it helped to organize the defence of the Armenian population against Muslim attacks . The blows suffered at the hands of the Dashnakist fighting squads proved a catalyst for the consolidation of the Muslim community of the Caucasus . During that period , the ARF regarded armed activity , including terror , as necessary for the achievement of political goals .
In January 1912 , 159 ARF members , being lawyers , bankers , merchants and other intellectuals , were tried before the Russian senate for their participation in the party . They were defended by then @-@ lawyer Alexander Kerensky , who challenged much of the evidence used against them as the " original investigators had been encouraged by the local administration to use any available means " to convict the men . Kerensky succeeded in having the evidence reexamined for one of the defendants . He and several other lawyers " made openly contemptuous declarations " about this discrepancy to the Russian press , which was forbidden to attend the trials , and this in turn greatly embarrassed the senators . The Senate eventually opened an inquiry against the chief magistrate who had brought the charges against the Dashnak members and concluded that he was insane . Ninety @-@ four of the accused were acquitted , while the rest were either imprisoned or exiled for varying periods , the most severe being six years .
= = = Persian Empire = = =
The Dashnaktsutiun held a meeting on April 26 , 1907 , dubbed the Fourth General Congress , at which ARF leaders such as Aram Manukian , Hamo Ohanjanyan and Stepan Stepanian discussed their engagement in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution . They established that the movement was one that had political , ideological and economic components and was thus aimed at establishing law and order , human rights and the interests of all working people . They also felt that it would work for the benefit and interest of Armenian @-@ Iranians . The final vote was 25 votes in favour and one absentia .
From 1907 to 1908 , during the time when the Young Turks came to power in the Ottoman Empire , Armenians from the Caucasus , Western Armenia , and Iran started to collaborate with Iranian constitutionalists and revolutionaries . Political parties , notably the Dashnaktsutiun , wanted to influence the direction of the revolution towards greater democracy and to safeguard gains already achieved . The Dashnak contribution to the fight was mostly military , as it sent some of its well known fedayees to Iran after the guerrilla campaign in the Ottoman Empire ended with the rise of the Young Turks . A notable ARF member already in Iran was Yeprem Khan , who had established a branch of the party in the country . Yeprem Khan was highly instrumental in the Constitutional revolution of Iran . After the Persian national parliament was shelled by the Russian Colonel Vladimir Liakhov , Yeprem Khan rallied with Sattar Khan and other revolutionary leaders in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran against Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar . Relations between Sattar Khan and the ARF oscillated between amity and resentment . Sometimes he was viewed as being ignorant , while at other times he was dubbed a great hero . Nonetheless , the ARF came to collaborate with him and alongside Yeprem Khan posted many victories including the capture of Rasht in February 1909 . At the end of June 1909 , the fighters arrived in Tehran and after several battles , took over the Majles building and the Sepahsalar mosque . Yeprem Khan was then appointed chief of Tehran police . This caused tensions between the Dashnaks and Khan . `
= = = Ottoman Empire = = =
= = = = Abdul Hamid Period ( 1894 – 1908 ) = = = =
The ARF became a major political force in Armenian life . It was especially active in the Ottoman Empire , where it organized or participated in many revolutionary activities . In 1894 , the ARF took part in the Sasun Resistance , supplying arms to the local population to help the people of Sasun defend themselves against the Hamidian purges . In June 1896 , the Armenakans organized the Defense of Van in the province of Van , where Ottoman Hamidieh soldiers were to attack the city . The Armenakans , assisted by members of the Hunchakian and ARF parties , supplied all able @-@ bodied men of Van with weapons . They rose to defend the civilians from the attack and subsequent massacre .
To raise awareness of the massacres of 1895 – 96 , members of the Dashnaktsutiun led by Papken Siuni , occupied the Ottoman Bank on August 26 , 1896 . The purpose of the raid was to dictate the ARF 's demands of reform in the Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire and to attract European attention to their cause since the Europeans had many assets in the bank . The operation caught European attention but at the cost of more massacres by Sultan Abdul Hamid II .
The Khanasor Expedition was performed by the Armenian militia against the Kurdish Mazrik tribe on July 25 , 1897 . During the Defense of Van , the Mazrik tribe had ambushed a squad of Armenian defenders and massacred them . The Khanasor Expedition was the ARF 's retaliation . Some Armenians consider this their first victory over the Ottoman Empire and celebrate each year in its remembrance .
On March 30 , 1904 , the ARF played a major role in the Sasun Uprising . The ARF sent arms and fedayi to defend the region for the second time . Among the 500 fedayees participating in the resistance were top figures such as Kevork Chavush , Sepasdatsi Murad and Hrayr Djoghk . They managed to hold off the Ottoman army for several months , despite their lack of fighters and firepower .
In 1905 , members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation organized the Yıldız Attempt , an assassination attempt on Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the capital of the Ottoman Empire , Constantinople ( modern day Istanbul ) . The Yıldız Attempt failed to assassinate the Sultan because the timed bomb missed its target by a few minutes . The Dashnaksutiun also lost one of its founders , Kristapor Mikaelian , in an accidental explosion during the planning of the operation .
= = = = Young Turk Revolution ( 1908 – 14 ) = = = =
Two of the largest revolutionary groups trying to overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid II had been the ARF and the Committee of Union and Progress , a group of mostly European @-@ educated Turks . In a general assembly meeting in 1907 , the ARF acknowledged that the Armenian and Turkish revolutionaries had the same goals . Although the Tanzimat reforms had given Armenians more rights and seats in the parliament , the ARF hoped to gain autonomy to govern Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire as a " state within a state " . The " Second congress of the Ottoman opposition " took place in Paris , France , in 1907 . Opposition leaders including Ahmed Riza ( liberal ) , Sabahheddin Bey , and ARF member Khachatur Maloumian attended . During the meeting , an alliance between the two parties was officially declared . The ARF decided to cooperate with the Committee of Union and Progress , hoping that if the Young Turks came to power , autonomy would be granted to the Armenians .
In 1908 , Abdul Hamid II was overthrown during the Young Turk Revolution , which launched the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire . Armenians gained more seats in the 1908 parliament , but the reforms fell short of the greater autonomy that the ARF had hoped for . The Adana massacre in 1909 also created antipathy between Armenians and Turks , and the ARF cut relations with the Young Turks in 1912 .
= = = World War I and the Armenian Genocide = = =
In 1915 , Dashnak leaders were deported and killed alongside other Armenian intellectuals during a purge by Ottoman officials against the leaders of the empire 's Armenian communities . The ARF , maintaining its ideological commitment to a " Free , Independent , and United Armenia " , led the defense of the Armenian people during the Armenian Genocide , becoming leaders of the successful Van Resistance . Jevdet Bey , the Ottoman administrator of Van , tried to suppress the resistance by killing two Armenian leaders ( Ishkhan and Vramian ) and trying to imprison Aram Manukian , who had risen to fame and gained the nickname " Aram of Van " . Moreover , on April 19 , he issued an order to exterminate all Armenians , and threatened to kill all Muslims who helped them .
About 185 @,@ 000 Armenians lived in Vaspurakan . In the city of Van itself , there were around 30 @,@ 000 Armenians , but more Armenians from surrounding villages joined them during the Ottoman offensive . The battle started on April 20 , 1915 , with Aram Manukian as the leader of the resistance , and lasted for two months . In May , the Armenian battalions and Russian regulars entered the city and successfully drove the Ottoman army out of Van . The Dashnaktsutiun was also involved in other less @-@ successful resistance movements in Zeitun , Shabin @-@ Karahisar , Urfa , and Musa Dagh . After the end of the Van resistance , ARF leader Aram Manukian became governor of the Administration for Western Armenia and worked to ease the sufferings of Armenians .
At the end of World War I , members of the Young Turks movement considered executors of the Armenian Genocide by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation were assassinated during Operation Nemesis .
= = = Republic of Armenia ( 1918 – 1920 ) = = =
As a result of the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917 , the Armenian , Georgian , and Muslim leaders of the Caucasus united to create the Transcaucasian Federation in the winter of 1918 . The Treaty of Brest @-@ Litovsk had drastic consequences for the Armenians : Turkish forces reoccupied Western Armenia . The federation lasted for only three months , eventually leading to the proclamation of the Republics of Armenia , Georgia , and Azerbaijan . The negotiators for Armenia were from the ARF .
With the collapse of the Transcaucasian Federation , the Armenians were left to fend for themselves as the Turkish army approached the capital of Yerevan . At first , fearing a major military defeat and massacre of the population of Armenia , the Dashnaks wanted to evacuate the city of Yerevan . Instead , the Military Council headed by Colonel Pirumian decided that they would not surrender and would confront the Turkish army . The opposing armies met on May 28 , 1918 , near Sardarapat . The battle was a major military success for the Armenian army as it was able to halt the invading Turkish forces . The Armenians also stood their ground at the Battle of Kara Killisse and at the Battle of Bash Abaran . The creation of the First Republic of Armenia was proclaimed on the same day of the Battle of Sardarapat , and the ARF became the ruling party . However , the new state was devastated , with a dislocated economy , hundreds of thousands of refugees , and a mostly starving population .
During this period , in May 1918 , this group committed a massacre in Guba in Azerbaïdjan killing 3 000 civilians including Muslims , Mountain Jews and Lezgians .
The ARF , led by General Andranik , tried several times to seize Shusha ( known as Shushi by Armenians ) , a city in Karabakh . Just before the Armistice of Mudros was signed , Andranik was on the way from Zangezur to Shusha , to control the main city of Karabakh . Andranik 's forces got within 26 miles ( 42 km ) of the city when the First World War ended , and Turkey , along with Germany and Austria @-@ Hungary , surrendered to the Allies . British forces ordered Andranik to stop all military advances , assuring him that the conflict would be solved with the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 . Andranik , not wanting to antagonize the British , retreated to Goris , Zangezur .
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation had a strong presence in the DRA government . Most of the important government posts , such as prime minister , defence minister and interior minister were controlled by its members .
The DRA wanted to recover the country 's economy , and create new rules and regulations , but the situation required it
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patriotic street plays including Put Down Your Whip . The troupe fled Shanghai before it fell to the Japanese , traveling and performing for the next three years under harsh conditions through central and southwest China .
In 1941 , Chen arrived in Chongqing , China 's wartime capital , where he joined the China Film Studio and the Central Cinematography Studio run by the Nationalist government . However , he mainly worked in theatre , directing plays written by Wu Zuguang , Xia Yan , and Chen Baichen . His most impressive wartime contribution was the staging of Qu Yuan , a famous 1942 play by Guo Moruo . In 1942 , he also published Rules of Cinema , which is considered the first comprehensive Chinese book on film theory .
= = Between WWII and 1949 = =
After the Japanese surrender in 1945 , Chen returned to Shanghai . He joined the China Film No. 2 Studio that was newly established by the Nationalist government . He wrote and directed the film Far Away Love , whose premiere in Shanghai 's Huanghou Theatre on 18 January 1947 was considered a landmark event in postwar Chinese cinema . The film starred prominent actors and actresses such as Zhao Dan , Qin Yi , and Wu Yin , and the Ministry of Defence put uniformed soldiers under Chen 's command for the filming . It was the first in a series of controversial epics on the social turmoil caused by the war . In late 1947 , he made another film Rhapsody of Happiness , written by Chen Baichen .
After moving to the Kunlun Film Company , a new private studio , Chen directed Women Side by Side ( also translated as Three Women or Female Fighters ) in early 1949 . Chen and the famous playwright Tian Han cowrote the screenplay . The film is his most famous and it is considered his masterpiece .
= = People 's Republic of China = =
After the founding the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , Chen directed two more films : Inescapable ( 1950 ) and Work Is Beautiful ( 1951 ) . But he worked mostly in administrative positions , serving as a member of the National People 's Congress , and general manager of Tianma Film Studio from 1957 until 1966 .
In the 1950s Chen was appointed director for the upcoming film Li Shizhen . However , due to his insistence that the director , rather than government administrators , have artistic control , he was dismissed and the film was directed by his friend Shen Fu .
In the early 1960s , Chen spent three years preparing to make a film about the life of Lu Xun , starring Zhao Dan , Yu Lan , and Sun Daolin , but the film was cancelled by the Shanghai 's Communist Party Chief Ke Qingshi for political reasons .
Like many other intellectuals , Chen was imprisoned during the Cultural Revolution ( 1966 – 76 ) . After being rehabilitated at the end of the period , Chen returned to work for the Shanghai Film Studio , where he was responsible for artistic quality . He and Chen Baichen worked together for three years to make the historical film Da Feng Ge , based on the Han Dynasty palace intrigues of Empress Lü Zhi after the death of Emperor Gaozu . However , the film was again cancelled by high @-@ ranking politicians , as it was reminiscent of the political struggles after the death of Chairman Mao Zedong . Chen Baichen had a heart attack on hearing news of the cancellation , while Chen Liting , then almost 70 years old , retired from filmmaking .
In 2008 , Chen Liting 's biography by Xia Yu ( 夏瑜 ) , titled Far Away Love after his film , was published by China Film Publishing House ( ISBN 9787106029890 ) . He was awarded a prize by Chinese President Hu Jintao for making " exceptional contributions to the art of drama " .
On the morning of 27 August 2013 , Chen Liting died at Huadong Hospital in Shanghai at the age of 102 .
= = Family = =
Chen Liting married Mao Yinfen ( 毛吟芬 ) during the Great Leap Forward . After nearly 40 years of marriage , she died on 18 September 1998 . The couple had one child , a daughter named Chen Maoni ( 陈毛妮 ) , who emigrated to the United States .
= Gorgeous ( Kanye West song ) =
" Gorgeous " is a song by American hip hop recording artist Kanye West from his fifth studio album , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy ( 2010 ) . The track features a hook provided by Kid Cudi , a recording artist formerly signed to West 's label GOOD Music , and a rap verse provided by the Wu @-@ Tang Clan member Raekwon . The song was written by West , Cudi , Raekwon , No I.D. , Mike Dean and Rhymefest , and was produced by West , No I.D. and Dean . It contains elements of The Turtles 's cover version of the song " You Showed Me " . " Gorgeous " received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who generally praised the intricacy of the production , the quality of the guest features and the rock music inspired aesthetic of the song . Several critics cited West 's verses as a highlight of the track , complimenting his lyricism and delivery .
Before its release , West premiered an a cappella version of the song in the form of a freestyle rap on Funkmaster Flex 's Hot 97 radio show . Despite not being released as a single , the song appeared on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . Cudi and West performed the song live at SXSW , and West performed the track at the Lollapalooza musical festival . " Gorgeous " was also utilized in West 's short film Runaway .
= = Background = =
The majority of My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy was recorded in Oahu , Hawaii , including " Gorgeous " . Following several media controversies , West decided to record his next album in a reclusive manner only working with artists he considered himself familiar with . The song features rapper and occasional singer Kid Cudi , a performer West once described as his favorite artist . The two had previously collaborated on West 's fourth album 808s & Heartbreak , an album that served as a big influence on Cudi . As a friend of West , Cudi was invited to Hawaii to listen to recording sessions of the album . One day when Cudi was hanging around the studio , he overheard the composition of " Gorgeous " , which he was overwhelmed by . He asked immediately to be featured on the track . While a majority of the artists who worked on the album passed their time playing games of basketball , Cudi smoked marijuana and worked @-@ out on a treadmill in preparation of the recording of his lines . On the recording of the song , Cudi mused ;
“ Gorgeous was one of those records that , as soon as I heard the beat , I was like , ‘ Man , this is the one . This is that ' This Can ’ t Be Life ' Kanye beat . This is that classic ‘ [ Kan ] Ye beat . I want to be on this . ’ I came up to him , and I was like , ‘ Man , are you working on this record ? Are you working on this beat ? ’ He goes , ‘ Yeah … do you got an idea for it ? ’ I was like , ‘ Yeah , I might . I didn ’ t . I was lying like a motherfucker . I was like , ‘ Yeah , man , I want to get on this joint . ”
Cudi commented that the way the song was recorded was similar to the way prior collaborations between the two were recorded ; West will bounce ideas off of other writers and gauge their reaction before going forward with any of his own ideas . In an interview with MTV Cudi commented , " that 's always our collab formula , and that 's just how ' Gorgeous ' came about . He just kind of told me what he was trying to say , I threw out some words , we rearranged words , and we came out with a bunch of different options before we come up with the hook . "
It was announced that Raekwon of the Wu @-@ Tang Clan would also be featured on the song , who West had invited to Hawaii . Raekwon initially had no interest in working with West musically , and originally only went to Hawaii to share some insight with him . According to the rapper , a lot of artists in the music industry refuse to be honest and give genuine advice because they don 't want to help their competition , comparing the mentality to a group of crabs in a barrel . One of the reasons for Raekwon 's desire to give West advice was because the frontman of the Wu @-@ Tang Clan , RZA , spoke positively of West . RZA stated that West embodied the mentality of the Wu @-@ Tang Clan , and praised his skills as a producer . RZA was a part of the recording sessions for the album in Hawaii , and contributed to the production of songs " Dark Fantasy " and " So Appalled " . Eventually after being impressed by West himself , Raekwon decided to collaborate with West on several tracks , including " Gorgeous " . Raekwon described West as a hard worker , and stated that the " first thing I can tell you about Kanye West is that he 's a hard worker . When you look at him , you can tell that he still has that whole hip @-@ hop thing in his bones . "
= = Composition = =
" Gorgeous " is a bluesy , rock @-@ driven song that features West 's thoughts on social injustice . Other topics such as sexual exploitation and social disillusionment are expressed throughout the track . It contains elements of The Turtles 's cover version of the song " You Showed Me " , which is where the guitar riff is derived . The song opens with a melodic electric guitar chord , erupting into the hook provided by Cudi . The production style found within the song is noticeably more subdued than average West compositions , quietly playing aongside the lush guitar playing . West muses about social issues and comments on his past critics , rapping at a modest pace over the guitar @-@ driven production . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times commented on West 's lyrical presentation on the track and compared him to rapper Jay @-@ Z , writing " on ' Gorgeous ' he sneers at the competition , ' you blowing up ? / that ’ s good / fantastic ' , maybe the iciest blow @-@ off since ' Jay @-@ Z ’ s You got a little dough ? That ’ s cool with me . ' " Sputnikmusic 's Channing Freeman felt that the song was " broodingly slow " and that it was " driven by piano chords and a questing electric guitar . " Dan Vidal of URB commented on the intricacy of the lyrics :
" On ' Gorgeous , ' he treats his distorted vocals as if they were another instrument to be blended seamlessly into the mix alongside the muted electric guitar @-@ riff . He spits : Penitentiary chances , the devil dances / and eventually answers to the call of autumn / all them fallin ’ , for the love of ballin ’ / get caught with 30 rocks , the cop look like Alec Baldwin . This track is an excellent microcosm of the album because it exemplifies the pinnacle of Ye ’ s visionary talent . ”
The line " choke a South Park writer with a fishstick " is a reference to the South Park episode " Fishsticks " which parodied West . While he enjoyed the episode , it reportedly hurt his feelings . MTV highlighted the full verse , which goes ; " but this pimp is at the top of Mount Olympus / Ready for the world 's games / This is my Olympics / We make ' em say ' ho ' cause the game is so pimpish / Choke a ' South Park ' writer with a fish stick . " The line " What 's a black beetle anyway , a roach ? " is a reference to The Beatles .
= = Reception = =
The song attracted widespread praise by music critics , many of whom ranked it among West 's best songs . Pitchfork Media 's Ryan Dombal compared elements of the song to the rock band The Strokes , and stated that it contained some of the best lyrics ever written by West . Dan Vidal of URB largely praised the track , writing that it was an excellent song overall , though wrote that " in my personal opinion , I don ’ t really think Kid Cudi can sing ; and I ’ m not sure why his generally off @-@ key caterwauling is appealing to people , but here it ’ s hypnotically on point – matching perfectly with the track ’ s imposing tone . " MTV wrote that the song featured West at his most boastful lyrically , musing that " while his lyrics are razor sharp , the production here is softer , resulting in a melodic finger wag to his naysayers rather than searing jabs . " David Amidon of PopMatters praised the performance by West on the song but felt that neither guest appearance ultimately left much of an impression . On the other hand , Sputnikmusic 's Channing Freeman felt that both Cudi and Raekwon fit perfectly on the guitar @-@ driven track .
Rolling Stone writer Rob Sheffield wrote " nobody else is making music this daring and weird " and described the song as " spooky space funk " . The Washington Post 's Chris Richards stated " West 's moment of post @-@ Beatles anxiety comes during ' Gorgeous , ' a song that moans and groans with a dark urgency that permeates this album . " Entertainment Weekly 's Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson described the song as " narcissistic " and noted West 's insults of his critics in the song . Alex Denney of NME praised West 's sense of humor on the song and praised the guitar work . Andrew Martin of Prefix Magazine called West 's first verse on the song a " bilious rant about racial inequality " . AbsolutePunk 's Drew Beringer stated that West sounded angry on the song , and viewed that it contained some of his best lyrics . Andrew Barber of Complex stated that the track had several quotable lines , and commented that West was a " frontrunner " for hip @-@ hop 's best producers and rappers combinations . Barber called Cudi 's hook excellent , and mused that the " guitar riff on the beat will stay stuck in your head for days . " The song charted at 23 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart as reported by Billboard , however it only spent one week on the chart . The song also appeared on the South Korean Gaon Chart at 86 .
= = Marketing = =
The song was also featured during the third scene of Runaway , a 35 @-@ minute music video directed by West set to music from My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . The song plays during the scene where Selita Ebanks ' character inspects around the garden , interacting with the animals and plants , while Kanye watches her from inside . Cudi and West performed the song together at the SXSW musical festival . During the 2011 Lollapalooza festival in Chile , " Gorgeous " was featured on the setlist . West also performed an a cappella version of the song during a concert in New York . A case of pre @-@ release promotion was exhibited when West , performed a freestyle of the song on Hot 97 . The lyrics from the freestyle later became " Gorgeous " . West performed the freestyle alongside Pusha T , a rapper signed to his GOOD Music Label .
= = Chart positions = =
= Hawaii hotspot =
The Hawaii hotspot is a volcanic hotspot located near the namesake Hawaiian Islands , in the northern Pacific Ocean . One of the most well @-@ known and heavily studied hotspots in the world , the Hawaii plume is responsible for the creation of the Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain , a chain of volcanoes over 5 @,@ 800 kilometres ( 3 @,@ 600 mi ) long . Four of these volcanoes are active , two are dormant , and more than 123 are extinct , many having since been ground beneath the waves by erosion as seamounts and atolls . The chain extends from south of the island of Hawaiʻi to the edge of the Aleutian Trench , near the eastern edge of Russia . While most volcanoes are created by geological activity at tectonic plate boundaries , the Hawaii hotspot is located far from plate boundaries . The classic hotspot theory , first proposed in 1963 by John Tuzo Wilson , proposes that a single , fixed mantle plume builds volcanoes that then , cut off from their source by the movement of the Pacific Plate , become increasingly inactive and eventually erode below sea level over millions of years . According to this theory , the nearly 60 ° bend where the Emperor and Hawaiian segments of the chain meet was caused by a sudden shift in the movement of the Pacific Plate . In 2003 , fresh investigations of this irregularity led to the proposal of a mobile hotspot theory , suggesting that hotspots are mobile , not fixed , and that the 47 @-@ million @-@ year @-@ old bend was caused by a shift in the hotspot 's motion rather than the plate 's .
Ancient Hawaiians were the first to recognize the increasing age and weathered state of the volcanoes to the north as they progressed on fishing expeditions along the islands . The volatile state of the Hawaiian volcanoes and their constant battle with the sea was a major element in Hawaiian mythology , embodied in Pele , the deity of volcanoes . After the arrival of Europeans on the island , in 1880 – 1881 James Dwight Dana directed the first formal geological study of the hotspot 's volcanics , confirming the relationship long observed by the natives . 1912 marked the founding of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory by volcanologist Thomas Jaggar , initiating continuous scientific observation of the islands . In the 1970s , a mapping project was initiated to gain more information about the complex geology of Hawaii 's seafloor .
The hotspot has since been tomographically imaged , showing it to be 500 to 600 km ( 310 to 370 mi ) wide and up to 2 @,@ 000 km ( 1 @,@ 200 mi ) deep , and olivine and garnet @-@ based studies have shown its magma chamber is approximately 1 @,@ 500 ° C ( 2 @,@ 730 ° F ) . In its at least 85 million years of activity the hotspot has produced an estimated 750 @,@ 000 km3 ( 180 @,@ 000 cu mi ) of rock . The chain 's rate of drift has slowly increased over time , causing the amount of time each individual volcano is active to decrease , from 18 million years for the 76 @-@ million @-@ year @-@ old Detroit Seamount , to just under 900 @,@ 000 for the one @-@ million @-@ year @-@ old Kohala ; on the other hand , eruptive volume has increased from 0 @.@ 01 km3 ( 0 @.@ 002 cu mi ) per year to about 0 @.@ 21 km3 ( 0 @.@ 050 cu mi ) . Overall , this has caused a trend towards more active but quickly @-@ silenced , closely spaced volcanoes — whereas volcanoes on the near side of the hotspot overlap each other ( forming such superstructures as Hawaiʻi island and the ancient Maui Nui ) , the oldest of the Emperor seamounts are spaced as far as 200 km ( 120 mi ) apart .
= = Theories = =
Tectonic plates generally focus deformation and volcanism at plate boundaries . However , the Hawaii hotspot is more than 3 @,@ 200 kilometers ( 1 @,@ 988 mi ) from the nearest plate boundary ; while studying it in 1963 , Canadian geophysicist J. Tuzo Wilson proposed the hotspot theory to explain these zones of volcanism so far from regular conditions , a theory that has since come into wide acceptance .
= = = Wilson 's stationary hotspot theory = = =
Wilson proposed that small , long lasting , exceptionally hot areas of magma exist under the Earth 's surface ; these heat centers create thermally active mantle plumes , which in turn sustain long @-@ lasting volcanic activity . This " mid @-@ plate " volcanism builds peaks that rise from relatively featureless sea floor , initially as seamounts as later as fully @-@ fledged volcanic islands . Plate tectonics cause the local tectonic plate ( in the case of the Hawaii hotspot , the Pacific Plate ) to slowly slide over the hotspot , carrying its volcanoes with it without affecting the plume . Over hundreds of thousands of years , the magma supply for the volcano is slowly cut off , eventually going extinct . No longer active enough to overpower erosion , the volcano slowly sinks beneath the waves , becoming a seamount once again . As the cycle continues , a new volcanic center manifests , and a volcanic island arises anew . The process continues until the mantle plume itself collapses .
This cycle of growth and dormancy strings together volcanoes over millions of years , leaving a trail of volcanic islands and seamounts across the ocean floor . According to Wilson 's theory , the Hawaiian volcanoes should be progressively older and increasingly eroded the further they are from the hotspot , and this is easily observable ; the oldest rock in the main Hawaiian islands , that of Kauaʻi , is about 5 @.@ 5 million years old and deeply eroded , while the rock on Hawaiʻi island is a comparatively young 0 @.@ 7 million years of age or less , with new lava constantly erupting at Kīlauea , the hotspot 's present center . Another consequence of his theory is that the chain 's length and orientation serves as a record direction and speed of the Pacific Plate 's movement . A major feature of the Hawaiian trail is a sudden 60 ° bend at a 40- to 50 @-@ million @-@ year @-@ old section of its length , and according to Wilson 's theory , this is evidence of a major change in plate direction , one that would have initiated subduction along much of the Pacific Plate 's western boundary . This part of the theory has recently been challenged , and the bend might be attributed to the movement of the hotspot itself .
Geophysicists believe that hotspots originate at one of two major boundaries deep in the Earth , either a shallow interface in the lower mantle between an upper convecting layer and a lower non @-@ convecting layer , or a deeper D ' ' ( " D double @-@ prime " ) layer , approximately 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) thick and immediately above the core @-@ mantle boundary . A mantle plume would initiate at the interface when the warmer lower layer heats a portion of the cooler upper layer . This heated , buoyant , and less @-@ viscous portion of the upper layer would become less dense due to thermal expansion , and rise towards the surface as a Rayleigh @-@ Taylor instability . When the mantle plume reaches the base of the lithosphere , the plume heats it and produces melt . This magma then makes its way to the surface , where it is erupted as lava .
Arguments for the validity of the hotspot theory generally center on the steady age progression of the Hawaiian islands and nearby features : a similar bend in the trail of the Macdonald hotspot , the Austral – Marshall Islands seamount chain , located just south ; other Pacific hotspots following the same age @-@ progressed trend from southeast to northwest in fixed relative positions ; and seismologic studies of Hawaii which show increased temperatures at the core – mantle boundary , evidencing a mantle plume .
= = = Shallow hotspot theory = = =
Another hypothesis is that melting anomalies form simply as a result of lithospheric extension , which allows pre @-@ existing melt to rise to the surface . These melting anomalies are called " hotspots " in plume theory , but this name pre @-@ supposes the mantle source is unusually hot , a feature that has not been confirmed by observation . In the case of the Emperor @-@ Hawaiian seamount chain , the Pacific plate boundary system was very different at ~ 80 Ma , when the Emperor seamount chain began to form . There is evidence that the chain started on a spreading ridge ( the Pacific @-@ Kula Ridge ) that has now been subducted at the Aleutian trench . The locus of melt extraction migrated off the ridge and into the plate interior , leaving a trail of volcanism behind it . This migration may have occurred because this part of the plate was extending in order to accommodate intraplate stress . Thus , a long @-@ lived region of melt escape was sustained . Seismic tomography does not support the plume hypothesis . Notwithstanding the numerous papers that have been published citing seismological evidence for a plume in the region , these proposed plumes are all in different places , many of them tilting at high angles and in different directions , and some of them thousands of kilometers from the Big Island . No reliable image of a mantle plume extending down to the core – mantle boundary has been obtained .
= = = Moving hotspot theory = = =
The most heavily challenged element of Wilson 's theory is whether or not hotspots are indeed fixed relative to the overlying tectonic plates . Drill samples , collected by scientists as far back as 1963 , suggest that the hotspot may have drifted over time , at the relatively rapid pace of about 4 centimeters ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) per year during the late Cretaceous and early Paleogene eras ( 81 @-@ 47 Mya ) ; in comparison , the Mid @-@ Atlantic Ridge spreads at a rate of 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 0 in ) per year . In 1987 , a study published by Peter Molnar and Joann Stock found that the hotspot does move relative to the Atlantic Ocean ; however , they interpreted this as the result of the relative motions of the North American and Pacific plates rather than that of the hotspot itself .
In 2001 the Ocean Drilling Program ( since merged into the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program ) , an international research effort to study the world 's seafloors , funded a two @-@ month expedition aboard the research vessel JOIDES Resolution to collect lava samples from four submerged Emperor seamounts . The project drilled Detroit , Nintoku , and Koko seamounts , all of which are in the far northwest end of the chain , the oldest section . These lava samples were then tested in 2003 , suggested a mobile Hawaiian hotspot and a shift in its motion as the cause of the bend . Lead scientist John Tarduno told National Geographic :
The Hawaii bend was used as a classic example of how a large plate can change motion quickly . You can find a diagram of the Hawaii – Emperor bend entered into just about every introductory geological textbook out there . It really is something that catches your eye . "
Despite the large shift , the change in direction was never recorded by magnetic declinations , fracture zone orientations or plate reconstructions ; nor could a continental collision have occurred fast enough to produce such a pronounced bend in the chain . To test whether or not the bend was a result of a change in direction of the Pacific Plate , scientists analyzed the lava samples ' geochemistry to determine where and when they formed . Age was determined by the radiometric dating of radioactive isotopes of potassium and argon . Researchers estimated that the volcanoes formed during a period 81 million to 45 million years ago . Tarduno and his team determined where the volcanoes formed by analyzing the rock for the magnetic mineral magnetite . While hot lava from a volcanic eruption cools , tiny grains within the magnetite align with the Earth 's magnetic field , and lock in place once the rock solidifies . Researchers were able to verify the latitudes at which the volcanoes formed by measuring the grains ' orientation within the magnetite . Paleomagnetists concluded that the Hawaiian hotspot had drifted southward sometime in its history , and that , 47 million years ago , the hotspot 's southward motion greatly slowed , perhaps even stopping entirely .
= = History of study = =
= = = Ancient Hawaiian = = =
The possibility that the Hawaiian islands became older as one moved to the northwest was suspected by ancient Hawaiians long before Europeans arrived . During their voyages , seafaring Hawaiians noticed differences in erosion , soil formation , and vegetation , allowing them to deduce that the islands to the northwest ( Niʻihau and Kauaʻi ) were older than those to the southeast ( Maui and Hawaii ) . The idea was handed down the generations through the legend of Pele , the fiery Hawaiian Goddess of Volcanoes .
Pele was born to the female spirit Ha
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beautiful and melodious track , courtesy the tantalising acoustic guitar , violin and flute sounds " , and praised Nisar 's rendition of it .
Track listing
= = Release = =
Kumari 21F was released worldwide on 20 November 2015 ; its release clashed with those of Cheekati Raajyam , the Telugu version of Thoongaa Vanam and the 24th James Bond film Spectre . Kumari 21F was released in 350 screens in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana , 50 screens in other parts of India , and 90 screens in international markets . Abhishek Pictures acquired the theatrical distribution rights for the Guntur , Krishna , East , West and Nellore areas . Dil Raju acquired the theatrical rights for the Nizam region . New York @-@ based company Creative Cinemas acquired the film 's United States theatrical distribution rights , making it their debut in film distribution in the international market .
The film was screened in 22 screens across Tamil Nadu , including 12 in Chennai . It received an " A " ( Adults only ) certificate from the Central Board of Film Certification , which asked the makers to trim a lip @-@ kissing sequence and mute several objectionable lines of dialogue , and suggested a few cuts . Regarding the Board 's decision against unrestricted viewing , Sukumar said , " Even a father was once a young boy . I think this story gives him the space to both identify with his feelings as a young man and to understand what his son or daughter might be going through " .
= = = Marketing = = =
One of the first @-@ look posters released in October 2015 was alleged to have been plagiarised from the Russian magazine Chai @-@ llot . After the film 's first @-@ look teaser was released by N. T. Rama Rao Jr . , the makers announced a dubsmash challenge . Interested female participants were asked to search for an audio clip uploaded by the film 's team and upload it on their Facebook pages . They were asked to e @-@ mail the link or send a message on Facebook . The first 500 participants won invitations to the soundtrack launch event and 21 participants with most likes on their videos shared the stage with the film 's cast and crew at the event . One winner was crowned " Kumari 21F " and received a special gift .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Karthik Keramalu of CNN @-@ IBN gave Kumari 21F 3 @.@ 5 stars out of 5 and called it a " surprisingly good " film , adding , " The emotions of the leads are true and it rightly says that at the end of the day trust is all that matters and nothing else comes into the picture " . Sify gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and called it a " coming @-@ of @-@ age story told in bold manner with an unusual climax " , and praised the film 's music and cinematography . Siddharth Rao of The Times of India also gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and stated , " In an industry where a damsel @-@ in @-@ distress @-@ wooed @-@ and @-@ saved @-@ by @-@ an @-@ angry @-@ young @-@ man is the norm , this is a refreshing film which provokes some thought " . Rao also said , " The best part is the way that the film 's climax is presented ; the director Surya Pratap has definitely done a very mature job " .
The Hans India also gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and stated , " Sukumar popularly known as a creative director in the industry , has once again come out with an unusual story . The film may disappoint normal audience but it will surely entertain the youth audience " . Suresh Kavirayani of Deccan Chronicle gave the film 3 stars out of 5 , called it a " [ b ] old and beautiful " one and praised the performances and the film 's climax . Giving 2 @.@ 75 stars out of 5 , Behindwoods also called the film " [ b ] old and beautiful " and stated , " Kumari 21F starts off as a feel good romantic film , shifts gears slowly and gets very intense towards the end ... Sukumar must be credited for having given us a memorable character that would be talked about for years . You don ’ t find such bold female characters in Telugu cinema often . "
Y. Sunita Chowdary of The Hindu called the film " [ r ] egressive and cliched " , and stated , " It 's not enough if a canvas boasts of the biggest names in the industry , the content should be simple and progressive " . She called the performances " strong and authentic " . A. Harini Prasad of The New Indian Express called Kumari 21F a " Lacklustre Love Story " and stated , " Though the basic theme is enticing , the story @-@ telling fails to impress . Raj Tharun ’ s performance and the climax , which is gripping , are probably the only things that could drive you to the theaters " .
= = = Box office = = =
Kumari 21F debuted with an average occupancy of 80 % globally ; it grossed more than ₹ 30 million with a distributor share of more than ₹ 20 million , out of which approximately ₹ 56 @,@ 69 @,@ 014 was collected from Guntur , Krishna , East , West and Nellore areas . It collected US $ 27 @,@ 153 from 80 screens in the US on the first day . In its first weekend , Kumari 21F grossed ₹ 85 million with a distributor share of ₹ 55 million at the AP / Nizam box office . According to trade analyst Taran Adarsh , it grossed US $ 149 @,@ 752 ( ₹ 9 @.@ 9 million ) in its first weekend at the North American box office . The first weekend global gross and share figures stood at ₹ 105 @.@ 8 million and ₹ 63 @.@ 4 million respectively . It collected US $ 188 @,@ 457 ( ₹ 12 @.@ 5 million ) at the US box office in its first weekend , becoming one of the highest grossing Telugu films of the year there .
In ten days , Kumari 21F grossed ₹ 174 million and collected a distributor share of ₹ 106 @.@ 6 million at the AP / Nizam box office . It grossed ₹ 23 million with a distributor share of ₹ 0 @.@ 85 million at the Karnataka box office . The ten @-@ day global gross figure stood at ₹ 210 million and Kumari 21F was declared a profitable venture . After losing screens to Size Zero and Shankaraabharanam , Kumari 21F collected US $ 3 @,@ 190 from eight screens in the US and its 17 @-@ day total stood at US $ 252 @,@ 151 ( ₹ 16 @.@ 8 million ) . Its US screen count was reduced to four in its fourth week and the 24 @-@ day US revenue was US $ 253 @,@ 961 ( ₹ 17 million ) . With this , Kumari 21F secured the tenth position in the list of the ten highest @-@ grossing Telugu films of the year at the US box office .
In its lifetime , Kumari 21F grossed ₹ 380 million and earned a distributor share of ₹ 180 million worldwide . It was declared a commercial success based on the return on distributor 's investment of ₹ 100 million and became the 12th highest grossing Telugu film of the year .
= Fly on the Wall ( song ) =
" Fly on the Wall " is a song recorded by American recording artist Miley Cyrus for her second studio album , Breakout ( 2008 ) . It was released as the third and final single from the album on February 27 , 2009 by Hollywood Records . The song contains pop rock , dance @-@ pop and synthpop elements . The song 's lyrics have been interpreted in a number of ways , such as a description of an abusive boyfriend . In actuality , Cyrus says the song describes paparazzi and their extensive personal privacy invasions .
The song received critical praise , with several critics claiming it defied teen pop expectations and was Breakout 's best track . Despite only reaching number eighty @-@ four on the United States chart Billboard Hot 100 , " Fly on the Wall " performed better commercially in various European regions . " Fly on the Wall " reached its highest international peak on the UK Singles Chart , at number sixteen . The single 's music video was directed by Philip Andelman and premiered on FNMTV . The " Thriller " inspired video takes place mainly in a parking garage in which Cyrus encounters and attempts to escape the paparazzi . Cyrus promoted the song through several venues , including a performance on her second headlining tour , the Wonder World Tour , that incorporated a short segment of the " Thriller " dance . Cyrus also performed the song in the Gypsy Heart Tour . The song , along with " Start All Over " and " " Who Owns My Heart " are the only singles released by Cyrus that haven 't been certified at least platinum in the United States .
= = Background = =
The song 's lyrics , written by Cyrus , Antonina Armato , Tim James and Devrim Karaoglu , have been mistakenly interpreted in a variety of ways . The song 's protagonist sings in first person perspective while condemning an unspecified subject for wanting to invade her privacy . The majority of reviewers thought the protagonist was referring to a " controlling boyfriend " . Ben Ratliff of The New York Times sided with the boyfriend , and believed the song 's protagonist was " bullying some poor boy for the sin of wanting to know what she talks about with her friends . " Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe believed the song could have described a number of subjects , such as " a former boyfriend , the media , and even her fans . " However , in an interview with Jocelyn Vena of MTV News , Cyrus said the song was about " the media " and " how they think they know everything about [ her ] , when they don 't . They want to be a fly on my wall and watch [ her ] 24 / 7 . " Cyrus elaborated on the concept in an interview with Nancy O 'Dell of Access Hollywood . She stated ,
" Paparazzi . I wrote it for the media , always feeling like they need to be in my life . Sometimes they just wish that they could blend in and be there all the time . And that they might know me a little bit better if they were in my house , in my room and my different places . So , it 's like going to different spots and trying to get away from them and it 's not going away like little annoying flies . "
= = Composition = =
" Fly on the Wall " is a pop rock song with strong uses of electric guitars , keyboards and soprano vocals . Influences derive from electronic music and industrial music . It is set in common time with a moderately fast rock tempo of 143 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of G minor . Cyrus ' vocals spans two octaves , from G3 to D5 . The song has the following chord progression , G5 — D — Gm7 . The song 's chorus has the use of a vocal hook ; the hook sings , " fly on the wall " .
= = Critical reception = =
" Fly on the Wall " received critical acclaim . Heather Phares of Allmusic said the song was a " G @-@ rated version " of Britney Spears ' song " Toxic " and provided hints of Cyrus ' future musical direction . Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe said " Fly on the Wall " was a change of pace for Cyrus and called it " the album 's most interesting tune . " Mikael Wood of The Los Angeles Times said the song is a result of regular Walt Disney Company standards , yet " the CD 's best cut . " Along with " Full Circle , " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said the song was a " more worthy " follow @-@ up to " See You Again . " Mordechai Shinefield of The Village Voice stated the song was " blazingly brilliant " and that it was " the best , angriest song [ on Breakout ] . " Johnny Dee of Virgin Media said the song and " 7 Things " were " feisty pop belters " that would encourage a long @-@ term career . Ratliff negatively compared " Fly on the Wall " to the Pussycat Dolls and said that although Cyrus ' voice is generally rich with a deep range , it became " pinched and stingy " in the single . However , he also said the song was " teen @-@ accurate " .
= = Chart performance = =
For the week ending August 9 , 2008 , " Fly on the Wall " charted at number 69 on Hot Digital Songs due to the release of Breakout , but failed to reach the Billboard Hot 100 ; the following week , the song completely fell from the sales chart . During late 2008 , the song reached its peak on several US charts , reaching number 72 in Hot 100 Airplay , and 64 in the Pop 100 and Pop 100 Airplay . For the week ending January 10 , 2009 , the song debuted and peaked at number 83 in the Hot 100 due to airplay , falling from the chart in the succeeding week . In the Canadian Hot 100 , the peaked and debuted at number 73 on the week ending August 9 , 2008 due to digital downloads . It then ascended and descended the Canadian Hot 100 before reaching its last week , ending on February 7 , 2009 .
The song was more successful in European nations . For the week ending January 1 , 2009 , " Fly on the Wall " debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 90 . Throughout January and February 2009 , the song moved up , finding new peaks for four consecutive weeks . For the week ending February 28 , the song ascended to number sixteen and became Cyrus ' second best charting single in the United Kingdom . It then slid several spots down , until its last week on the singles chart at number 86 , for the week ending April 4 . In the European Hot 100 , " Fly on the Wall " peaked at number fifty @-@ seven on the week ending March 7 , 2009 and spent a total of five weeks on the chart . For the week ending January 29 in the Irish Singles Chart , the song debuted at number 49 . Weeks later , the song reached its peak at number 23 before falling off the chart on March 12 . In Austria , the song debuted and peaked on the week ending March 18 at number 57 and fell from the chart after two weeks . It spent seven weeks on the German Singles Chart , where it debuted and peaked at 62 .
= = Music video = =
In an interview with MTV News , director Philip Andelman explained that Cyrus was already determined to poke fun at the paparazzi when she contacted him for a " Fly on the Wall " music video . Andelman did not want to create " something too serious " and worked to give the video a " playful " aspect . Cyrus elaborated on the concept of the music video in an interview with Nancy O 'Dell of Access Hollywood . Cyrus said ,
" The concept is kind of ' Thriller ' -esque [ sic ] . It 's kind of like where the paparazzi become these zombies and they 're all like attacking me . And my boyfriend is trying to save me , but I don 't know if he 's a paparazzi too . So , it 's like me trying to hide and get away . It 's really fun , but I 'm escaping from my boyfriend and escaping from the paparazzi and trying to find my way through the whole video . "
The video commences with a short segment of dramatic music . It then focuses on Cyrus , wearing a white tank top , jeans , boots and a black leather jacket , and her boyfriend leaving a movie theater and discussing the movie they saw . Suddenly , Cyrus ' boyfriend begins to cough as a full moon emerges from behind the clouds . Cyrus is confused , then horrified as she watches him transform into a paparazzi , and runs away from him as he shouts " Miley , come here ! I just want a couple of shots ! " and tries to snap pictures of her . The music of " Fly on the Wall " begins as Cyrus runs into a parking garage and tries to hide behind a pillar and a black Mercedes @-@ Benz SLR McLaren . As soon as Cyrus tries to move away from the car , a mob of paparazzi begins to chase her with their cameras . Throughout much of the video , Cyrus runs and hides from the mob . Clips interspaced throughout the video feature her in a long silver shirt and jeans singing and dancing in front of the Mercedes . Eventually , Cyrus is cornered by the paparazzi . She is scared , but then surprised and perplexed when the mob unexpectedly begins to dance in a synchronized manner . Her boyfriend , appearing normal , then arrives in the Mercedes to rescue her . Inside the car , Cyrus describes her strange encounter with the paparazzi to him . Unknown to Cyrus , her boyfriend has planted a video camera in the car ; the music video concludes with a shot of the website he posts the video on beneath the headline , " Miley Cyrus Bugs at Paparazzi ! ! ! " The music video to " Fly on the Wall " was first seen on December 5 , 2008 on MTV 's FNMTV . The video is inspired by Michael Jackson 's iconic music video , " Thriller " , but trades zombies for paparazzi . MTV also compared the " Fly on the Wall " video for those for " Circus " by Britney Spears and " Rumors " by Lindsay Lohan .
= = Live performances = =
Cyrus first performed the song at the opening ceremony of the 2008 Disney Channel Games on May 4 , 2008 . The performance had Cyrus in a red coat and was later used a promotional music video on Disney Channel . On May 17 , 2008 , she performed the song at the 2008 Zootopia . On July 18 , 2008 the song was performed in a concert series for Good Morning America along with " Breakout , " " 7 Things " and " Bottom of the Ocean . " During the performance , Cyrus wore a plaid shirt , mini @-@ shorts and boots . On August 1 , 2008 , Cyrus performed " Fly on the Wall " on FNMTV . On November 21 , it was sung at the 2008 American Music Awards . A critic from ABC stated that Cyrus " fearlessly embraced new creative directions " with her performance of " Fly on the Wall . " On November 25 , Cyrus performed the song on the season finale of Dancing with the Stars . On New Year 's Eve of 2008 , Cyrus wore a white T @-@ shirt , pants , boots and a plaid jacket to present FNMTV 's New Year 's Special with Pete Wentz . She opened the episode by performing the song , paired with " 7 Things . " On January 19 , 2009 , the song was performed at the Kids ' Inaugural : " We Are the Future " event in celebration of Barack Obama 's inauguration . For the event , she had an abundance of background dancers , and Cyrus wore a casual patterned gray T @-@ shirt , black pants , and boots . She also performed the song in London in an Apple Store . The set , with some songs by Cyrus ' father , was sold exclusively by the United Kingdom iTunes Store as an extended play titled iTunes Live from London . On June 7 , 2009 at the twentieth annual A Time for Heroes Celebrity Carnival , Cyrus performed " Fly on the Wall " .
" Fly on the Wall " was one of the songs on the set list of Cyrus ' first international concert tour , the Wonder World Tour . The performance began with two overhead screens displaying a frog catching a fly while two acrobats scaled imaginary walls . Cyrus and her dancers then emerged from a green tractor to begin the song . She wore an extravagant white dress with a feathered back and used elaborate choreography . At one point during the performance , Cyrus unexpectedly flew over the crowd for a few seconds . At the conclusion , Cyrus and her background dancers grouped together to perform a segment of the dance from Michael Jackson 's " Thriller " music video . She performed it at the Rock in Rio concert in Lisbon , Portugal on May
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Alderson was placed in charge of the 1st Mounted Division and all troops in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk but was soon requested for command of the newly formed First Canadian Contingent due to his experience in South Africa commanding Canadian troops . Personally selected by Sir Sam Hughes , Canadian Minister of Militia , Alderson met the first shipments of Canadian troops in October and almost immediately came into conflict with their minister . Hughes had preceded his men and insisted that the Canadian contingent was not only fully trained and battle ready but also equipped with the best weaponry available . Alderson however saw his charges differently , commenting on the poor quality of the politically appointed officers , the low degree of training and the operational problems of the Ross rifle , a weapon personally approved by Hughes .
Training his new charges on Salisbury Plain , Alderson made some headway in toughening his troops encamped in the wet , autumn weather and dismissing the officers appointed by Hughes who had proved ineffectual . When Hughes ' representative in England , Colonel John Wallace Carson , secured preferential accommodation for the Canadian soldiers at the expense of a British brigade , Alderson refused the barracks and in doing so , made both Carson and Hughes into determined enemies . Carson wrote to the Canadian Prime Minister Robert Laird Borden that Alderson " does not treat our men with a firm iron hand covered with the velvet glove which their special temperaments require " .
Dispatched to France in February 1915 , the Canadian Division was briefly initiated to trench warfare on the periphery of the Battle of Neuve Chapelle before being attached to the British 2nd Army under Sir Horace Smith @-@ Dorrien in the Belgian town of Ypres . It was in front of Ypres on 22 April that the Canadians bore the brunt of the most furious German attack of the year . In the afternoon at 5 @.@ 00 pm the Germans began heavy shelling of the French trenches and the Canadians and the French Algerian troops stationed next to them saw a fog traveling across no @-@ mans land , covering the advance of German forces . The fog was chlorine gas , the first occasion in which this substance had been used in warfare . The Algerians broke and fled , suffering over 6 @,@ 000 casualties in a matter of minutes and the Canadians were consequently forced to defend twice the length of their front line in the face of a new and deadly weapon . Although the Canadian Division held on for more than two days , much ground was lost and the Division had themselves suffered over 50 % casualties , nearly 6 @,@ 000 men .
For Alderson the battle had been a failure : although his troops had held , he had found himself out of touch with the front line and unable to get accurate information about the situation . At one stage he had been commanding 33 battalions across several miles of front line with no central co @-@ ordination and great confusion between his distant headquarters and the trenches . In addition to his personal failings however , the Ross rifles had proven almost useless in battle and some of Alderson 's officer corps had performed poorly . In particular Brigadier @-@ General Richard Turner , commander of the 3rd Brigade , and Turner 's brigade @-@ major , Colonel Garnet Hughes , the son of Sam Hughes , caused much havoc when on the second day of the battle , they unilaterally withdrew the 3rd Brigade from the front line , opening up a 4 @,@ 000 @-@ yard gap through which the Germans threatened the entire Ypres Salient . Colonel John Carson however , who reported personally to Hughes , downplayed the difficulties and blamed the heavy casualties on Alderson 's leadership , indicating that the Division had only been saved from annihilation by the actions of Turner and Hughes .
= = = Ross rifle controversy = = =
Alderson 's situation worsened at the Battle of Festubert in May 1915 , when the Canadian Division failed to make any headway and suffered nearly 2 @,@ 500 casualties . Another operation a month later , the Second Battle of Givenchy , cost 366 casualties for no appreciable gain . Again , Alderson was not solely at fault in these actions and he remained popular with British Army Headquarters , Prime Minister Borden and with his men , resulting in promotion to command the entire Canadian Expeditionary Force when a second Division arrived late in 1915 . Despite this popularity , Sam Hughes continued to hold a grudge against Alderson and opposed him in political circles , taking offense at Alderson 's refusal to accept promotions made by Hughes or Carson of untried Canadian officers and instead promoting veteran British officers in their place . The main area of argument between the two men however was again over the Ross rifle .
By early 1916 it had become clear to all serving on the front lines that the Ross was useless in the filthy conditions of the trenches and its incompatibility with the British Lee – Enfield rifle meant that the Canadian troops were continually running out of ammunition . Hughes however had invested great political capital in the weapon and refused to countenance a switch to the British @-@ made alternative . This issue reached a head when Alderson , newly knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath , circulated a document listing ten deficiencies with the rifle and claiming 85 % of Canadian soldiers no longer wished to use it . Hughes was furious at Alderson 's defiance and sent letters to 281 senior military figures backing the Ross and attacking Alderson 's character . Alderson responded by ordering all subordinate commanders to prepare reports on the efficiency of the Ross rifle . Carson sent a copy of this order back to Hughes , along with a note from Turner that " action is being delayed too long as regards Alderson " .
Turner had his own reasons for wanting Alderson gone , following the Battle of St @-@ Eloi in April 1916 . After British troops had taken a large crater near the ruins of the Belgian town of St Eloi , a brigade of Turner 's division was ordered to hold the gain against German counter @-@ attacks . Due to dreadful management of the Canadian forces by Turner and Brigadier @-@ General Huntly Ketchen , German soldiers overran the crater , causing 1 @,@ 400 Canadian casualties and retaking the land around the crater , negating the gains made at heavy cost just a few days before . Sir Herbert Plumer , the commander of British 2nd Army who had overall responsibility for the front , demanded Ketchen 's immediate dismissal and when Turner claimed that if Ketchen was dismissed he would resign , Alderson sought his dismissal as well . Both officers were supporters of Sam Hughes , who made it clear in no uncertain terms to Commander in Chief Sir Douglas Haig that if Turner went then Haig could no longer rely on Canadian support .
Haig 's solution to this diplomatic crisis was a compromise . Alderson was transferred to the nominal post of Inspector @-@ General of Canadian Forces and the highly effective Sir Julian Byng replaced him in command of the Canadian Expeditionary Force , supported by Sir Arthur Currie , who had succeeded Alderson in command of the 1st Canadian Division . In exchange , Haig finally got rid of the Ross rifle , all Canadian troops being reissued Lee – Enfields in preparation for the upcoming Battle of the Somme . Alderson was not made aware of the purely nominal nature of his position until later , when he requested a staff car and was informed that he was no longer entitled to one . In September 1916 , Alderson became Inspector of Infantry in the British Army , a position he retained until 1920 , when he retired from active service at the age of 61 .
= = Retirement = =
Alderson enjoyed an active retirement , becoming Colonel Commandant of the Royal West Kent Regiment and pursuing hunting and yachting with fervour , being an active member of the South Shropshire Hunt and Royal Norfolk and Suffolk Yacht Club . He was also very concerned that the growing popularity of motor sports would result in the demise of these traditional pastimes and expended much energy promoting them . After living the last few years of his life on a houseboat moored in Oulton Broad , he died in December 1927 of a sudden heart attack at Lowestoft and was buried at Chesterton , Oxfordshire , survived by his wife . She later arranged for his private papers to be given to the nation and they are currently stored at British Library and the National Archives of Zimbabwe .
= = Reputation = =
Alderson retained strong feelings about his treatment at the hands of Hughes and his allies , commenting to a friend that " Canadian politics have been too strong for all of us " . Nonetheless , he was well liked by the men he commanded and was remembered in The Times on his death as " An Englishman of a fine type " and that " the affection which he inspired in all who knew him was great " . The Dictionary of Canadian Biography recalls him as " A decent , honourable , unimaginative man , [ who ] had been more faithful to the interests of Canadian soldiers than their own minister " .
Another biographer , Tabitha Marshall , wrote ( 2014 ) that the conflict between Hughes and Alderson " likely affected not only his career but also his place in Canadian history . While his successors as Canadian Corps Commander , Byng and Currie , are well remembered , Alderson is relatively unknown to Canadians . "
Alan Clark 's work " The Donkeys " ( 1961 ) , detailing alleged British command incompetence in 1915 , contains a photograph of Alderson decorating a Canadian soldier , captioned " Donkey Decorates Lion " , alleging he was decorating the unnamed soldier for bravery at the Second Battle of Ypres . In fact , the photograph had been taken the following year , on 9 March 1916 , " near Locre " ( Loker ) , Belgium .
= = Namesake = =
The name Mount Alderson was given in 1915 to one of the peaks in the Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta , Canada .
= = Works = =
With the Mounted Infantry and the Mashonaland Field Force , 1896 , 1898
The Counter @-@ attack , 1898
Pink and Scarlet or Hunting as a School for Soldiering William Heinemann , 1900
Lessons from 100 notes made in peace and war , 1908
= Albany City Hall =
Albany City Hall is the seat of government of the city of Albany , New York . It houses the office of the mayor , the Common Council chamber , the city and traffic courts , as well as other city services . The current building was designed by Henry Hobson Richardson in his particular Romanesque style and opened in 1883 at 24 Eagle Street between Corning Place ( then Maiden Lane ) and Pine Street . It is a rectangular , three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ story building with a 202 @-@ foot ( 62 m ) tall tower at its southwest corner . The tower contains one of the only municipal carillons in the country .
Albany 's first city hall was the Stadt Huys , built by the Dutch at the intersection of Broadway and Hudson Avenue probably in the 1660s , though possibly earlier . It was probably replaced around 1740 with a larger building , which continued to be known as the Stadt Huys . In 1754 , the Stadt Huys was the location of the Albany Congress , where Benjamin Franklin presented the Albany Plan of Union , the first proposal to unite the British American colonies . In 1797 Albany was declared the state capital of New York and the New York Legislature made its home in Albany 's city hall . In 1809 the Legislature opened the first New York State Capitol and Albany 's government moved in with the Legislature . After purchasing a plot of land at the eastern terminus of Washington Avenue , across Eagle Street from the capitol , the city government moved into a new city hall designed by Philip Hooker in 1832 .
In 1880 , Hooker 's city hall was destroyed by fire and a new design was commissioned by Henry Richardson ; the building opened in 1883 . The new city hall still stands and is a fine example of Richardson 's unique Romanesque style . Architectural critics consider the building to have been designed around the high point of Richardson 's career . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 4 , 1972 .
= = Former city halls = =
Albany has had multiple buildings dedicated to being the seat of city government over its history . However , historians disagree on details of many of the earlier structures , namely , when they were built .
= = = Stadt Huys = = =
Albany 's original city hall , the Stadt Huys ( / ˈstæt ˈhaɪs / ; Dutch for " city hall " ; sometimes written Stadt Huis ) may have been built as early as 1635 . Evidence from the journals of Wouter van Twiller , Director of New Netherland ( 1633 – 1638 ) , suggests that at least some type of punitory building was built on the site during his term in office . George Howell and Jonathan Tenney , in their book Bi @-@ centennial History of Albany , claim that reports from 1646 state the building was a substantial ( at least for its time ) three @-@ story structure , with the lower floor built of stone and used as a jail . However Albany historian Cuyler Reynolds claims the Stadt Huys was not built until 1673 . All sources agree that it stood at the northeast corner of today 's Hudson Avenue and Broadway , the current site of the SUNY System Administration Building . The Stadt Huys officially became city hall when the Dongan Charter incorporated Albany into a city in 1686 . An engraving of a 1695 map of Albany clearly identifies the Stadt Huys at the northeast corner of present @-@ day Hudson Ave and Broadway .
It is probable that a new city hall was built on the site of the Stadt Huys around 1740 ; historians at the New York State Museum ( NYSM ) claim it was 1741 . Growing tired of increasingly cramped space , the city government was able to secure funds from the provincial government to construct a new city hall on the same site . This building was also commonly known as the Stadt Huys , even though it was a completely new structure and the English had been in control of New York for more than 75 years . The NYSM describes the new Stadt Huys as a three @-@ story brick structure , adding that it was a " more substantial building " than its predecessor . This new building was the third @-@ largest building in Albany , surpassed only by the local Dutch church ( though not the one that stands today ) and Fort Albany . The roof of the new structure was gabled and was topped with a cupola and belfry . Howell and Tenney claim that the original Stadt Huys was in use for at least 160 years ( meaning a replacement structure would not have been needed until 1795 at the earliest ) , which is in disagreement with the idea that a new Stadt Huys was built in the 1740s .
In 1754 , the Stadt Huys was the site of the Albany Congress ; Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania presented the Albany Plan of Union there . This was the first formal proposal to unite the British American colonies . The Plan of Union 's original intention was to unite the colonies in defense against aggressions of the French to the north ; it was not an attempt to become independent from the auspices of the British crown . Although it was never adopted by the British Parliament , it was an important precursor to the United States Constitution . A month prior to the meeting , Franklin published his Join , or Die political cartoon , an infamous graphical representation of the Plan of Union .
During the Revolutionary War , city hall was home to the Albany Committee of Correspondence ( the political arm of the local revolutionary movement ) , which took over operation of Albany 's government in 1775 and eventually expanded its power to control all of Albany County ( which at that time was the largest county in the colony , extending far past its current borders ) . Tories and prisoners of war were often jailed in city hall alongside common criminals . Following the war , city hall was an occasional meeting place of the newly formed New York Legislature , in addition to being home to the city and county governments , the jail , courts , and local registry .
In 1797 Albany was declared the official capital of the state and the Legislature made city hall its home until the first state capitol was opened in 1809 . In an effort to move public buildings away from the bustling and expanding waterfront , the new capitol was located atop the State Street hill , on the same land the current building now stands . City surveyor Simeon De Witt , in his 1794 plan of the city , set aside this land as a public square . Also included on this map are depictions of city hall and the new city jail , located at State and Eagle Streets . In 1809 , Albany city government moved with the Legislature into the new capitol and remained there until a new city hall was opened in 1832 . The old Stadt Huys was eventually demolished after a fire in 1836 .
= = = 1832 city hall = = =
In an effort to move city and county government functions out of the state capitol , the city purchased a plot of land to build on in 1832 . They chose a spot on the edge of De Witt 's public square , along Eagle Street at the eastern terminus of Lion Street ( later renamed Washington Avenue ) ; the land was bought from St. Peter 's Church for $ 10 @,@ 295 @.@ 95 ( $ 244 @,@ 000 in modern dollars ) . The design of the new city hall was done by Albany architect Philip Hooker . The cornerstone was laid by Mayor John Townsend amid a Masonic ceremony , however the date of this event is in dispute . The building was completed in 1832 at a cost of about $ 92 @,@ 000 ( $ 2 @.@ 18 million in modern dollars ) . The new city hall was a Greek Revival structure , built of white marble with an entrance porch supported by four Doric columns . On the roof was a gilded dome . The interior was simple , with little ornamentation , though a full @-@ length statue of Alexander Hamilton stood in the center of the upper hall , between the Court room and the Common Council Chamber . Upon one side of this hall was a bas @-@ relief of DeWitt Clinton , with a view of a primitive canal @-@ boat in the distance , and on the opposite wall was a similar figure of Sir Walter Scott . The building was destroyed by fire on February 10 , 1880 . Plans for a replacement city hall quickly developed .
= = Current city hall = =
Following the 1880 fire , Henry Richardson quickly secured the commission for the replacement city hall after a limited competition between six architects and architectural firms . Richardson had been a frequent visitor to Albany over the prior four years , having been one of the lead architects on the state capitol . The budget was limited to $ 185 @,@ 000 ; Richardson 's design came in at $ 184 @,@ 000 . However the appointed public committee upped the price to $
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30 , 2008 , Amerisports Companies LLC entered into an agreement to sell the Sounds to MFP Baseball , a New York @-@ based group of investors consisting of Masahiro Honzawa , Steve Posner , and Frank Ward . Keeping the team in Nashville was one of the PCL 's top criteria for approval of the sale . The transaction received final approval from Major League Baseball and the PCL on February 26 , 2009 . MFP made significant renovations to Greer Stadium while it continued to explore building a new downtown ballpark for the club .
Rebounding from their 2008 campaign , the 2009 Sounds achieved a 75 – 69 record under new manager Don Money . Despite a winning record and spending the majority of the season in first place , the Sounds finished the season two games behind their cross @-@ state rivals , and eventual league champions , the Memphis Redbirds . The 2010 season proved to be reminiscent of the previous campaign . Though Nashville finished the year with a winning 77 – 67 record , it was only good enough to place fourth ( last ) in the division .
Sounds right fielder Caleb Gindl became the third player in team history to hit for the cycle when he accomplished the feat on July 10 , 2011 . Center fielder Logan Schafer garnered national media attention when he initiated a triple play on August 20 , 2011 , against the Omaha Storm Chasers . What made the rare occurrence even more unusual is that the ball first bounced off Schafer 's glove and head before landing in his glove for the first out . He then returned the ball to the infield where second baseman Eric Farris and first baseman Mat Gamel completed the triple play by stepping on their respective bases . Nashville ended the year with a 71 – 73 record , placing third in the American North Division .
Managed by Mike Guerrero , the Sounds finished the 2012 season in second place with a losing 67 – 77 record , sixteen games behind first @-@ place Omaha . Nashville set a franchise record low win – loss record in 2013 . The 57 – 87 season eclipsed the previous franchise record ( 59 – 81 ) set in 2008 . Despite this performance , pitcher Johnny Hellweg won the PCL Pitcher of the Year Award , and Guerrero was selected for the Mike Coolbaugh Award in recognition for his contributions to the game .
Prior to the 2014 season , the Sounds , Metro Nashville , and the State of Tennessee entered into an agreement to build a new ballpark to replace Greer Stadium at the beginning of the 2015 season . On August 27 , 2014 , the Sounds hosted the final game at Greer Stadium , an 8 – 5 loss to the Sacramento River Cats . In his only plate appearance , Nashville catcher Lucas May struck out swinging with a full count and the bases loaded to end the game . The announced attendance at the game was a standing @-@ room @-@ only crowd of 11 @,@ 067 , the first sellout since 2010 , and the largest crowd since 2007 . The team , led by veteran minor league manager Rick Sweet , finished the season with a 76 – 67 record , in second place , two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half games behind the Memphis Redbirds . Jimmy Nelson , the Brewers ' top prospect at the start of the season , was elected PCL Pitcher of the Year ; he received all but one of the votes .
= = = = Athletics era ( 2015 – present ) = = = =
Nashville entered into a four @-@ year player development contract , a working agreement between a major and minor league baseball team , with the Oakland Athletics that runs from 2015 through 2018 . The Sounds also adopted a new color scheme , set of logos , and uniforms before the season . The team hired sports design firm Brandiose to create their new visual identity . At one point , the firm was asked to explore new team names which included " Platinums " , " Hits " , " FireFlies " , " Picks " , " DrumSticks " , and " Roosters . " Nashville chose to stick with the Sounds moniker , but elected to embrace a new color scheme that originally included Broadway Burnt Orange , Sunburst Tan , Neon Orange , and Cash Black . However , the team returned to the previous red and black color scheme with the addition of platinum silver as an accent color before the start of the season following mixed feedback from team fans . The new logos incorporated elements that reflect Nashville 's " Music City " moniker , such as guitars , guitar picks , and a guitar 's sound hole , as well as neon signs such as those in the city 's Broadway entertainment district .
The start of the 2015 season marked the first time that the Sounds played at the new downtown First Tennessee Park . The Sounds defeated the Colorado Springs Sky Sox , 3 – 2 in 10 innings , in the inaugural home opener in front of an announced paid attendance of 10 @,@ 459 . Prior to the game , Mayor Karl Dean threw out the ceremonial first pitch . " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " was performed by Charles Esten ( a star of the television series Nashville ) , who also sang at the park 's ribbon @-@ cutting ceremony earlier in the day . Under manager Steve Scarsone , Nashville finished their first season as an A 's affiliate in third place with a 66 – 78 record .
Barry Zito , who won the American League Cy Young Award in 2002 , made his return to professional baseball with the Sounds in 2015 after sitting out the 2014 season . Zito was lauded by his Nashville teammates for embracing the Triple @-@ A lifestyle and for his commitment to the team : charting pitches between starts , coaching first base , and even buying dinner for the entire team on his birthday .
The Sounds added the Country Legends Race , similar to major league mascot races , such as the Sausage Race and Presidents Race , to its between @-@ innings entertainment in 2016 . In the middle of the fifth inning , people in oversized foam caricature costumes depicting country musicians Johnny Cash , George Jones , and Reba McEntire race around the warning track from center field , through the visiting bullpen , and to the home plate side of the first base dugout .
= = Season @-@ by @-@ season results = =
= = Rivals = =
Nashville 's chief rivals have been those based in Memphis , Tennessee . Located approximately 200 miles ( 320 km ) to the south west and connected to Nashville by Interstate 40 , Memphis has fielded several teams which have competed in the same leagues as Nashville 's teams since the late 19th century . The Sounds entered the rivalry when they joined the Southern League in 1978 . Nashville played in the West Division against the Memphis Chicks . In 1979 , the Chicks won the first half of the division and the Sounds won the second half . In the best @-@ of @-@ three division finals , the Sounds defeated the Chicks in two out of three games before going on to win the Southern League Championship . Memphis and Nashville each won the first and second halves , respectively , of the 1980 season . This time , however , Memphis won the Western Division title , defeating Nashville in three out of four games . The teams met again under the same circumstances in 1981 . The Sounds swept the Chicks in three straight games to win the Western Division finals .
The interstate rivalry was interrupted when Nashville moved to the American Association in 1985 , but was renewed when the Sounds joined the Pacific Coast League in 1998 . The Sounds and the Memphis Redbirds were division rivals in the American Conference East Division from 1998 to 2004 , the American Conference North Division from 2005 to 2013 , and the American Conference Southern Division since 2014 . In 2009 , Memphis clinched the American Conference North Division title , finishing the season just two games ahead of Nashville which spent the majority of the season in first place . Similarly , Nashville finished the 2014 season two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half games behind Memphis after having led the division for most of the season .
From 2012 to 2015 , the two teams competed in the I @-@ 40 Cup Series , a season @-@ long , 16 @-@ game series between the clubs . Whichever of the two won the most games played between them was declared the winner and received a trophy cup to keep until the next season . The losing team donated game tickets to a charity selected by the winner . The Sounds won the inaugural 2012 contest ( 9 – 7 ) , and Memphis won the 2013 series ( 7 – 9 ) . The teams tied the 2014 and 2015 series ( both 8 – 8 ) ; the Redbirds retained the title in both instances . The teams discontinued the trophy cup , friendly wager , and promotional references to the Series after 2015 .
As of the completion of the 2015 series , Memphis leads the all @-@ time series against Nashville with a record of 897 – 872 ( .507 ) . This record encompasses all 91 years of competition in the original Southern League , Southern Association , Southern League , and Pacific Coast League . Nashville , however , leads the all @-@ time 18 @-@ year PCL series with a record of 154 – 132 ( .538 ) .
= = Ballparks = =
= = = Herschel Greer Stadium ( 1978 – 2014 ) = = =
The Sounds originally played at Herschel Greer Stadium from 1978 through 2014 . The ballpark , which still stands , is located on the grounds of Fort Negley , an American Civil War fortification approximately two miles ( 3 km ) south of downtown Nashville . The venue experienced numerous expansions and contractions after its completion in 1978 , but seated 10 @,@ 300 spectators during its final 2014 season . Its best known feature is the giant 115 @.@ 6 foot ( 35 @.@ 2 m ) guitar @-@ shaped scoreboard behind the left field wall .
Following the construction of newer , relatively luxurious minor league ballparks , Greer Stadium had fallen below the standards set for Triple @-@ A stadiums by professional baseball in 1990 . At the time , owner Larry Schmittou tried to convince the city to approve a new ballpark , but was unsuccessful . Throughout the 2000s , the team continued in its attempts to gather approval and financing for a new ballpark to replace Greer . At one point , a new stadium , First Tennessee Field , was planned for construction on the west bank of the Cumberland River in downtown . Disagreements over who would pay for the ballpark repeatedly pushed back opening day at the field , and eventually resulted in the cancellation of the project altogether . In the meantime , numerous upgrades and repairs , including over $ 3 @.@ 5 million worth of improvements from 2008 to 2009 , were made to Greer in order to preserve its functionality until a new stadium could be built . A deal for such a new ballpark was achieved in late 2013 . The Sounds played their final game at Greer on August 27 , 2014 .
= = = First Tennessee Park ( 2015 – present ) = = =
The Sounds ' current home ballpark is First Tennessee Park , which opened on April 17 , 2015 . It is located in downtown Nashville at the location of the former Sulphur Dell ballpark . Construction on the $ 47 million stadium began with a ceremonial groundbreaking on January 27 , 2014 . The stadium has a fixed seating capacity of 8 @,@ 500 people , but can accommodate up to 10 @,@ 000 people with additional berm seating . The stadium features wide concourses with direct views of the playing field . Its design , which incorporates the use of musical and baseball imagery , is meant to connect the park with the city 's entertainment and sports heritage .
Like Greer Stadium before it , one of First Tennessee Park 's most recognizable features is a 142 by 55 foot ( 43 by 17 m ) guitar @-@ shaped scoreboard beyond the right @-@ center field wall . Unlike Greer 's guitar , which was only able to display basic in @-@ game information such as the line score , count , and brief player statistics , the new , larger version is also capable of displaying colorful graphics and animations , the batting order , fielding positions , expanded statistics , and player photographs .
= = Uniforms = =
Nashville 's current uniforms , which were adopted in 2015 , use a similar color scheme to that which was used from 1998 through 2014 . The palette consists of red , black , and platinum silver . Additionally , new uniforms and logos incorporate elements that reflect Nashville 's " Music City " moniker . Home uniforms consist of white jerseys with single lines of red piping around the sleeve openings and up the front going around the neck . The word " Sounds " is sewn on the chest in red letters surrounded by platinum silver and black which resemble the sound holes on a guitar . A patch of a red , silver , black , and white guitar shown hitting a baseball is located on the left sleeve . An Oakland Athletics elephant logo is sewn on the right sleeve . The player 's last name is sewn on the back in black block characters , and his number is displayed below his name in red sound @-@ hole lettering with a silver border and black drop shadow . White pants with a single line of red piping going up the sides are worn with black belts and black socks . The home cap is solid black with the primary " N " guitar pick logo . Batting helmets are glossy black with the same " N " pick logo .
Road uniforms are identical to those worn for home games with only a few exceptions : jerseys and pants are made from gray material , " Nashville " is written across the chest instead of " Sounds " , pants have no pinstripes , and the cap bears a guitar pick logo with an " S " in place of an " N " . The team wears an alternate jersey for all Friday games and occasionally on the road . These black mesh jerseys are similar to the home and road versions , but with " Music City " written across the chest , no names on the back , and " Nashville " sewn in red letters under the Athletics sleeve logo . They are usually worn with a cap with the letters " MC " , for " Music City " , over a guitar pick . The batting practice cap is solid red with the guitar patch on the front .
A second set of alternate uniforms honoring the 1978 Sounds are worn for Thursday home games in conjunction with Throwback Thursday promotions . The jerseys , similar to those worn by the 1978 team , are white pullover v @-@ necks with bands of red , white , and blue around the neck , with larger bands at the sleeve openings . The word " Sounds " is written across the chest in red @-@ on @-@ blue music note @-@ like script , with the player 's number below the team name on the player 's left chest in blue block characters surrounded by red . The right sleeve bears a " Slugger " patch . White pants are worn with blue belts and blue stirrups . The cap is blue with a red brim , displaying an " N " styled like a music note in white , bordered by red . The team wears camouflage jerseys paired with the home pants and home caps for all Sunday home games as a part of Military Sundays . The jerseys feature a desert camouflage pattern incorporating brown , sand , and light tan . With the addition of an American flag on the left sleeve , the same " Sounds " wordmark , front numbers , and back numbers as appear on home uniforms are printed on these jerseys .
= = = Past = = =
The team has utilized two color palettes prior to its current color scheme . The original colors , used from 1978 to 1998 , consisted of red , white , and blue . From 1998 to 2014 , the Sounds used a black and red palette similar to the club 's current colors . Both color schemes were used in the 1998 season during the transition from one to the other .
From 1978 to 1986 , the team wore pullover v @-@ neck jerseys made of white fabric , for home games , gray , for road games , and red or blue , for use as alternates . Bands of red , white , and blue were worn around the neck , with larger bands at the sleeve openings ( the blue jerseys had one white band and two red bands ) . The word " Sounds " was written across the chest in red @-@ on @-@ blue music note @-@ like script . Numbers , but not names , were sewn on the back of jerseys . The team 's pants were white and also displayed small red , white , and blue stripes down the legs and larger stripes around the waistband . Similar gray pants were worn for road games . Beginning in 1984 , numbers were also located on the front of jerseys on the player 's left chest , below the team name . The team wore a blue cap with a red brim , displaying an " N " styled like a music note in white , bordered by red ; this was the official team cap from 1978 through the mid @-@ 1990s .
From 1987 to 1998 , the team wore button up jerseys made of white fabric , for home games , and gray , for road games . The design of the home jerseys remained the same as their previous uniforms . The word " Sounds " was still written across the chest in blue music note @-@ like script , with a red border ; though , the font was changed briefly from 1987 to 1988 . Numbers were present on the front of jerseys below the team name on the player 's left chest in blue block characters surrounded by red . The back of the jersey carried the player 's number ; during some years , names were also present . Road grays had " Nashville " written across the chest and were missing the tri @-@ color bands at both the neck and sleeves . During this time , the team also added a blue mesh v @-@ neck jersey with the red and white guitar swinger logo on the left chest . The wide tri @-@ color stripes were dropped from the pants and were replaced by a blue belt . The Sounds continued to wear the original red @-@ billed blue cap with all uniforms until approximately 1993 when a new cap was introduced . The new all @-@ blue cap added the guitar @-@ swinger logo to accompany the " N. " The two caps were worn interchangeably through 1998 .
The team switched to a red and black color scheme over the course of the 1998 and 1999 seasons . In the latter season , uniforms consisted of pinstriped pants and jerseys , with black sleeves bearing a music note logo on the left sleeve . There was also an alternate jersey made of red fabric with black and gray trim around the sleeve opening and a music note logo on the left chest . Another alternate , made of black material , had red and white trim at the sleeve openings and a similar music note logo on the left chest .
In 2003 , the team switched to solid white pants and jerseys for home games . These jerseys had " Sounds " written across the chest in red script surrounded by black , had red and black piping around sleeve openings , around the neck , and along the row of buttons going up the chest , a music note logo on the left sleeve , and numbers on the front of jerseys below the team name . Pants had the same piping going down the legs on the outside . From 2006 to 2012 , similar jerseys without sleeves or player 's number on the front were worn . Players wore these vest @-@ like jerseys over black T @-@ shirts of varying sleeve lengths . Player 's names were written on the back in black block characters ; numbers were also displayed in large red characters surrounded by black . Road jerseys initially bared " Sounds " across the chest , but were later changed to " Nashville " ; these usually lacked the player 's name on the back . A Milwaukee Brewers logo was added to the front left shoulder in 2007 . The official home and road caps were black with a red and white music note logo on the front .
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013 to 2014 , team jerseys were made of mesh @-@ like material with black underarm sections at the armpits and a single line of black piping going down the sleeves and across the shoulders to the neck . A Brewers logo was sewn on the left sleeve . On home jerseys , the word " Sounds " was written across the chest in red script surrounded by black . The player 's name was displayed on the back in black block characters ; numbers were also shown in large red characters surrounded by black . Road jerseys were the same , but with " Nashville " across the chest , red underarm sections and sleeve piping in place of black , and no name on the back . The team 's alternate uniforms from 2010 to 2014 were similar to these jerseys , except they were made of red material with black underarm sections and sleeve piping . " Sounds " was written across the chest in white script surrounded by black . A Brewers logo was located on the front of the left shoulder . Numbers , in white surrounded by black , were sewn on the back in block characters .
= = Radio and television = =
During the opening season of 1978 , Nashville Sounds games were broadcast on WMTS 96 @.@ 3 FM by announcer and station owner , Monte Hale . He died following the inaugural season , after which Bob Jamison was hired for the 1979 season . Nashville @-@ native and future sports talk show host George Plaster served as a color commentator from 1980 to 1981 and 1985 to 1986 . Jamison remained the voice of the Sounds through 1990 when he was hired as the radio broadcaster for the California Angels . For the 1991 season , the Sounds hired former Huntsville Stars and Iowa Cubs broadcaster Steve Carroll . After 1995 , Carroll left to become the radio voice of the NHL 's Philadelphia Flyers and , later , the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim .
Steve Selby served as the lead broadcaster for the Sounds from 1996 to 1999 . Chuck Valenches , a former assistant broadcaster , was promoted to the role of lead broadcaster at the beginning of 2000 . Stu Paul was the Sounds ' play @-@ by @-@ play broadcaster for the 2010 and 2011 seasons . Since 2012 , Jeff Hem has been the team 's lead broadcaster . All Sounds home and road games are broadcast on WPRT 102 @.@ 5 FM or its sister station , WQZQ 94 @.@ 9 FM . Live audio broadcasts are also available online through the team 's website .
Games can be viewed through the MiLB.TV subscription feature of the official website of Minor League Baseball , with audio provided by a radio simulcast . Sounds home games were regularly televised by WZTV from 1982 to 1992 . A few games were also aired by WNPX in 1999 . From 2005 to 2008 , a monthly television program , called Sounds On Demand , aired throughout Middle Tennessee via Comcast cable , and was also available " On Demand " through Comcast Digital Cable programming . The 30 @-@ minute show , hosted by Chuck Valenches , featured player interviews , team news , tips from players on how to play the game , and other related content .
= = Mascots = =
The Nashville Sounds ' mascot is an anthropomorphic rooster named Booster . He is bright red with yellow legs , beak , comb , and palms and yellow and orange tail feathers resembling flames . He wears the same style jerseys as the team with the number zero on the back . He made his debut on April 17 , 2015 , at the Sounds ' first game at First Tennessee Park . The name refers to " boosting " or building enthusiasm for the team , while the costume is a play on Nashville hot chicken .
The first Sounds mascot was introduced during the team 's inaugural 1978 season . Homer Horsehide , whose name was selected in a naming contest , resembled their major league affiliate 's mascot — Mr. Red of the Cincinnati Reds . The character was human in appearance , with the exception of an oversized anthropomorphized baseball in place of a human head . The mustachioed mascot donned a uniform identical to that of Sounds players .
From 1995 to 1996 , a lime @-@ green dinosaur named Champ was the team 's mascot . Following altercations with team management and league personnel during games , Champ , vis @-@ à @-@ vis his performer , did not return for the 1997 season .
An anthropomorphic cougar named Ozzie was the team 's mascot from 1997 to 2014 . The original Ozzie came from the Class A Kane County Cougars minor league team , which had an extra mascot uniform . The surplus cougar outfit was sent to Nashville , and , after building a fan following during Ozzie 's first season , team management decided to make him the permanent mascot . In 1997 , the Ozzie costume was identical to the brown cougar costume which is still in use by Kane County . In 1998 , a new yellow costume was introduced . Ozzie wore the same style of uniform as the team , but with no hat . Ozzie was retired when the Sounds left Greer Stadium in 2014 , although he continued to make appearances during the 2014 to 2015 off @-@ season .
= = Faith Nights = =
In addition to promotions that are synonymous with minor league baseball like giveaways , theme nights , fireworks nights , and discounted ticket or concessions nights , the Nashville Sounds also host what are called Faith Nights . In 2002 , the Sounds became the first sports team to host Faith Night promotions . These Christian @-@ based promotional evenings include pre @-@ game concerts from Christian music artists , Bible @-@ themed bobblehead giveaways , and testimonials from players about their faith . Artists who performed at Nashville 's Greer Stadium include Jars of Clay , Hawk Nelson , and Matthew West . Chris August , Plumb , and Citizen Way have performed at First Tennessee Park . Brent High , then Vice President of Sales for the Sounds , and Mike Snider , the president and owner of Third Coast Sports , an entertainment and sports marketing firm in Nashville , are credited with developing the promotion .
Since their inception , Faith Nights have been among the top @-@ ten most @-@ attended games each season . During Faith Nights in 2004 , the Sounds experienced a 93 % increase in attendance over their average season attendance for non @-@ Faith Night dates ; over 500 church groups attended these games . That fall , the team partnered with the Nashville Area Habitat for Humanity to build a home for a family in need . The team raised more than $ 45 @,@ 000 from donations and 10 % of ticket proceeds on Faith Nights .
The promotion has since been adopted by at least 40 other minor league teams . It has also been used by major league teams such as the Atlanta Braves and St. Louis Cardinals . Teams from the National Football League and National Basketball Association have also shown interest in holding Faith Night promotions . The program has garnered national media attention for the Sounds from The New York Times and National Public Radio .
= = Roster = =
= = Achievements = =
= = = Awards = = =
Fourteen men have won league awards in recognition for their performance while with the Sounds . Three players have won league Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) awards . Steve Balboni ( 1980 ) and Brian Dayett ( 1982 ) won the Southern League MVP Award , and Magglio Ordóñez ( 1997 ) won the American Association MVP Award . Ten players have won Pitcher of the Year honors . Bruce Berenyi ( 1978 ) , Geoff Combe ( 1979 ) , Andy McGaffigan ( 1980 ) , Jamie Werly ( 1981 ) , and Stefan Wever ( 1982 ) were selected for the Southern League Most Outstanding Pitcher Award . Chris Hammond ( 1990 ) and Scott Ruffcorn ( 1994 ) won the American Association Most Valuable Pitcher Award . R.A. Dickey ( 2007 ) , Johnny Hellweg ( 2013 ) , and Jimmy Nelson ( 2014 ) were selected for the Pacific Coast League Pitcher of the Year Award . Jeff Abbott ( 1996 ) and Magglio Ordóñez ( 1997 ) won the American Association Rookie of the Year Award . Ordóñez is the only Sounds player to win multiple league awards .
Sixty @-@ four players have been selected for midseason All @-@ Star teams . Of those players , Joey Vierra ( 1992 and 1995 ) , Drew Denson ( 1993 – 94 ) , and Vinny Rottino ( 2007 – 08 ) are the only players to have been selected twice while playing for Nashville . Three players have been chosen as the MVP for midseason All @-@ Star games : Duane Walker ( 1979 ) , Ray Durham ( 1994 ) , and Magglio Ordóñez ( 1997 ) . Of the 49 players who have been named to postseason All @-@ Star teams , only Duane Walker ( 1979 in two positions ) and Jeff Abbott ( 1996 – 97 ) have been selected twice .
= = = Retired numbers = = =
Nashville has honored two of its players by retiring their uniform numbers . When a number is retired , only the player with the retired number can wear that number if he returns to that team as a player or coach . This ensures that the number will be associated with one player of particular importance to the team . The team displays its retired numbers on the front of the press box at First Tennessee Park .
= = = Hall of Famers = = =
Two members of the Sounds have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame . Hoyt Wilhelm , who served as the team 's pitching coach from 1982 to 1984 , was elected in 1985 . Shortstop Barry Larkin , who was elected in 2012 , made two appearances with the Sounds during a rehabilitation assignment in 1989 .
The Sounds are also represented in the Southern League Hall of Fame . Larry Schmittou , who helped bring baseball to Nashville in 1978 and was the principal owner through 1996 , was inducted in 2016 .
= = Managers = =
Over the course of 38 seasons , the Nashville Sounds have employed 26 managers . The duties of the team manager include team strategy and leadership on and off the field . Three managers have guided the team to win their league 's championship . George Scherger ( 1979 ) and Johnny Oates ( 1982 ) led the team to win the Southern League Championship . Frank Kremblas ( 2005 ) led the team to win the Pacific Coast League Championship . Trent Jewett is the longest @-@ tenured manager in team history , having managed the team for 624 games from 1998 to 2000 and 2003 to 2004 .
= Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich MiG @-@ 9 =
The Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich MiG @-@ 9 ( Russian : Микоян и Гуревич МиГ @-@ 9 , USAF / DOD designation Type 1 , NATO reporting name : Fargo ) was the first turbojet fighter developed by Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich in the years immediately after World War II . It used reverse @-@ engineered German BMW 003 engines . Categorized as a first generation jet fighter , it was moderately successful , but suffered from persistent problems with engine flameouts when firing its guns at high altitudes due to gun gas ingestion . A number of different armament configurations were tested , but nothing solved the problem . Several different engines were evaluated , but none were flown as the prototype of the MiG @-@ 15 promised superior performance .
A total of 610 aircraft were built , including prototypes , and they entered service in 1948 with the Soviet Air Forces . At least 372 were transferred to the People 's Liberation Army Air Force in 1950 to defend Chinese cities against air raids by the Nationalist Chinese and train the Chinese pilots in jet operations . The MiG @-@ 9 was quickly replaced by the MiG @-@ 15 , and three are known to survive .
= = Development = =
= = = Origins = = =
In February 1945 , the Council of People 's Commissars ordered the Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich ( MiG ) OKB to develop a single @-@ seat jet fighter to be equipped with two German BMW 003 engines . Intended to destroy bombers , the aircraft was to be equipped with a single 57 @-@ millimeter ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) or 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) gun , plus two 23 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 9 in ) guns . A more detailed directive was issued on 9 April setting out requirements that the aircraft should have a maximum speed of 900 kilometers per hour ( 559 mph ) at sea level and a speed of 910 km / h ( 565 mph ) at an altitude of 5 @,@ 000 meters ( 16 @,@ 400 ft ) . It should be able to climb to that altitude in four minutes or less and it should have a maximum range of 820 kilometers ( 510 mi ) . Three prototypes were ordered to be ready for flight tests by 15 March 1946 .
The OKB chose a " pod @-@ and @-@ boom " layout for their new fighter , the I @-@ 300 ( also called the izdeliye F ( model or product F ) by the OKB ) because it offered the advantages of improved landing performance and better visibility from the cockpit when landing , but it had some drawbacks like the unfamiliar tricycle arrangement of the landing gear , protecting the rear fuselage from the jet exhaust , and where to place the aircraft 's armament . The all @-@ metal aircraft had unswept , mid @-@ mounted wings with two prominent air intakes in the nose . Its two @-@ spar wings were fitted with slotted flaps and Frise ailerons . Its powerplant comprised two RD @-@ 20 turbojets , which were Soviet @-@ manufactured versions of the BMW 003 . The two engines were located behind the cockpit in the lower fuselage , with the exhaust exiting under the tail unit . A steel laminate heatshield was installed on the bottom of the rear fuselage to protect it from the exhaust gasses . There were four bag @-@ type fuel tanks in the fuselage and three in each wing , providing a total internal fuel capacity of 1 @,@ 625 liters ( 429 US gallons ) . The cockpit was not pressurized . The planned armament consisted of a 57 mm NL @-@ 57 cannon mounted in the centerline engine intake bulkhead and two 23 mm Nudelman @-@ Suranov NS @-@ 23 autocannon mounted on the lower lip of the air intakes . The N @-@ 57 gun was provided with 28 rounds and the two NS @-@ 23 cannon had 80 rounds each .
Construction of the three prototypes began in late 1945 and the first prototype began manufacturer 's testing on 30 December . The ground testing revealed that the engine exhaust caused a low @-@ pressure area under the rear fuselage which caused the fighter to tilt tail @-@ down during engine tests . The rigidly mounted heatshield caused the underside of the rear fuselage to deform because the steel and the duralumin skin of the fuselage had different expansion ratios when heated . The rear fuselage and the heatshield were both redesigned to eliminate these problems . On 23 March the prototype was trucked to the Flight Research Institute ( LII ) ' s airfield at Ramenskoye to begin preparations for flight testing .
According to aviation historian Bill Gunston , on 24 April 1946 representatives from Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich and the Yakovlev OKB tossed a coin to determine which aircraft would be the first Soviet jet to fly . ( MiG had brought the I @-@ 300 , and Yakovlev the Yak- ( 3 ) -15 . ) MiG won and the I @-@ 300 's first flight lasted six minutes . These early flights revealed problems with the stability of the aircraft and vibration problems with the new articulated heatshield . It was stiffened before the twelfth flight , but that only partially cured the problem . The first aircraft crashed , killing the pilot , during a demonstration in front of high @-@ ranking officials on 11 July when the attachment lugs of the wing leading edge fairings failed and they hit the horizontal stabilizers . The remaining two prototypes began flight testing the following month , but preparations for the 7 November parade commemorating the October Revolution delayed the start of the State acceptance trials until 17 December . Meanwhile , the horizontal stabilizer of the second prototype disintegrated during flight , but the pilot was able to land the aircraft safely . Another such incident happened to the third prototype in February 1947 and forced the tail to be reinforced .
The aircraft was given the service designation of MiG @-@ 9 ( internal OKB designations of I @-@ 301 and izdeliye FS ) and a small batch of ten aircraft , equipped with original German engines , was ordered during 1946 from Factory No. 1 in Kazan before flight testing was completed . They were intended to be used in the parade , but bad weather forced the cancellation of their flypast . Two of them were assigned to participate in the state acceptance trials while others were used as testbeds for various programs . The trials were concluded in June and the MiG @-@ 9 generally met the performance goals set by the Council of People 's Commissars . The test pilots found the fighter easy and simple to fly . Defects noted during testing were that the engines flamed out when firing the cannon at high altitudes due to gun gas ingestion , no ejection seat was fitted , nor were air brakes or a fire suppression system . The fuel tanks were not self @-@ sealing and no armor was provided for the pilot . Despite these drawbacks , the MiG @-@ 9 was ordered into production at Factory No. 1 before the acceptance tests were completed as the Soviet leadership believed that its shortcomings could be rectified during production . A batch of 50 aircraft , 40 single @-@ seat fighters and 10 two @-@ seat trainers , were ordered in late 1946 to participate in the 1947 May Day parade . In recognition of their accomplishment Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich were awarded the Stalin Prize in 1947 .
The two @-@ seat trainer had the internal OKB designations of I @-@ 301T and izdeliye FT and the first prototype was converted from one of the " parade " aircraft during 1946 . Its fuel capacity had to be reduced by one third to make room for the second tandem cockpit . Dual controls were fitted as was an intercom to allow the instructor and student to communicate in the air . Each man had an ejection seat designed after that used by the Germans in their Heinkel He 162 fighter . This aircraft was delivered on 17 January 1947 , although flight testing was not completed until 5 April . The ejection seats were not tested in the air , but they required extensive testing on the ground to ensure the proper operation of the seat . State acceptance trials were not completed until 2 June and the aircraft was rejected because of the poor visibility from the rear cockpit . A second aircraft was completed on 15 July and the visibility from the rear cockpit was improved by replacing the original bulletproof windscreen with a larger glass plate , reshaping the canopy 's side panels , and removing a partition between the cockpits . This aircraft was fitted with air brakes in the wings and two 260 @-@ litre ( 57 imp gal ; 69 US gal ) drop tanks hung under its wingtips . It passed its state acceptance trials later in 1947 and was recommended for production with the service designation of UTI MiG @-@ 9 . The ejection seats were extensively tested during 1948 and approved for use , but by this time the aircraft was deemed obsolete and there was no point in building a training version .
The order for 50 aircraft placed in 1946 was modified to 48 single seaters and one aircraft for the OKB itself , all lacking armament . They were manufactured in March – April 1947 with the standard armament of one 37 mm Nudelman N @-@ 37 autocannon , with 40 rounds , and two 23 mm Nudelman @-@ Suranov NS @-@ 23 guns , but the production line shut down afterward to incorporate some of the desired changes . These included reinforcement and enlargement of the vertical tail to improve lateral stability ; air brakes were added on the wings and the fuel system was improved . The underside of the rear fuselage was recontoured to smooth the air flow of the engine exhaust and air suction inside the fuselage was eliminated . Production restarted and a total of 243 single seaters were completed during the remainder of the year . 250 fighters and 60 trainers were scheduled to be built in 1948 , but production was disrupted by preparations to begin manufacture of the vastly superior MiG @-@ 15 later that year . Only 302 fighters were delivered that year before production ceased .
The fourth and fifth aircraft of the parade batch were used in flight tests to eliminate the engine flameout problem from late 1947 through early 1948 . They were fitted with a prominent rectangular hollow vane on the barrel of the N @-@ 37 cannon that was nicknamed the " butterfly " ( bahbochka ) . This allowed all three cannon to be fired simultaneously at altitudes up to 10 @,@ 100 meters ( 33 @,@ 100 ft ) , but the fin disintegrated after only 813 shots , which could be very dangerous if the debris from the fin was ingested by the engines . An additional problem was that the fin hampered the directional stability of the aircraft and caused it to yaw after 3 – 5 shots . Another attempt to fix the problem was made in the I @-@ 302 ( izdeliye FP ) , a modification of a production aircraft , that moved the N @-@ 37 to the port side of the aircraft , but this was apparently not successful either . Other attempts to ameliorate the problem included fitting a muzzle brake on the N @-@ 37 as well as extending its barrel , but nothing worked .
= = = Alternative engines = = =
The I @-@ 305 ( izdeliye FT ) was a MiG @-@ 9 airframe with a single Lyulka TR @-@ 1 turbojet of 1 @,@ 500 kgf ( 15 kN ; 3 @,@ 300 lbf ) that replaced the pair of RD @-@ 20 turbojets . The armament was rearranged with the 23 mm cannon moved to each side of the fuselage , even with the N @-@ 37 gun in the centerline bulkhead ; the latter 's ammunition supply was increased to 45 rounds . The aircraft was intended to have a pressurized cockpit and its overall weight was reduced to 4 @,@ 500 kilograms ( 9 @,@ 900 lb ) . The engine , however , was not ready for testing and the aircraft 's development was cancelled after the prototype MiG @-@ 15 began flight testing in early 1948 .
In mid @-@ 1946 , the Council of Ministers ordered the development of a MiG @-@ 9 with afterburning versions of the RD @-@ 20 , based on the BMW 003S engine . These engines had a maximum power of 1 @,@ 000 – 1 @,@ 050 kgf ( 9 @.@ 8 – 10 @.@ 3 kN ; 2 @,@ 200 – 2 @,@ 300 lbf ) and were intended to increase the aircraft 's speed to 920 km / h ( 570 mph ) at sea level and 950 km / h ( 590 mph ) at 5 @,@ 000 meters ( 16 @,@ 000 ft ) . The OKB was directed to build two prototypes , with a 45 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) gun replacing the N @-@ 37 , that would begin flight tests in April 1947 . The OKB added 12 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 47 in ) armor plates fore and aft to protect the pilot and he was provided with a bulletproof windscreen , but no other changes were made to the aircraft . The I @-@ 307 ( izdeliye FF ) was ready for flight testing a month late and had to use German engines because the Soviet @-@ built versions had not yet been tested . Manufacturer 's flight tests were completed on 21 June and the fighter began its state acceptance trials on 2 August , after its engines were replaced , but crashed on 19 August . The second prototype was converted from the fifth aircraft of the parade batch and retained the butterfly used during its earlier gun trials . It was given the same cockpit armor and windscreen as the first prototype , but it used Soviet @-@ built RD @-@ 20F ( later RD @-@ 21 ) engines . It began its flight trials in December and it demonstrated a top speed of 947 km / h ( 588 mph ) at an altitude of 3 @,@ 000 meters ( 9 @,@ 843 ft ) and 928 km / h ( 577 mph ) at 5 @,@ 200 meters ( 17 @,@ 100 ft ) , but no further development work was done . Some late @-@ production aircraft received this engine .
Another prototype equipped with RD @-@ 21 engines and a pressurized cockpit was completed in June 1947 . It was known internally as the I @-@ 307 ( izdeliye FR ) and was given the service designation of MiG @-@ 9M . The armament was rearranged in another attempt to ameliorate the gun gas ingestion problem with the N @-@ 37 being mounted on the starboard side of the fuselage and the two NS @-@ 23s on the port side , well aft so that the gun barrels did not protrude beyond the air intake . This caused the cockpit to be moved forward slightly which gave the pilot a better view when landing . The number of fuel tanks was reduced to five , but the aircraft 's total capacity remained the same . It made its first flight in July , but the factory flight tests were not completed until early 1948 . Despite a top speed of 965 km / h ( 600 mph ) at 5 @,@ 000 meters ( 16 @,@ 000 ft ) , it failed its state acceptance tests . The reasons given were that the engines continued to flame out if they were run at low rpm at altitudes above 8 @,@ 000 meters ( 26 @,@ 000 ft ) , the mounts for the cannon were not fully developed and the workmanship of the pressurized cockpit was low . The real reason was that the aircraft was inferior to the MiG @-@ 15 already in flight testing .
Another re @-@ engined version of the MiG @-@ 9 was the I @-@ 320 ( izdeliye FN ) . It had an imported Rolls @-@ Royce Nene I centrifugal @-@ flow turbojet rated at 2 @,@ 230 kgf ( 21 @.@ 9 kN ; 4 @,@ 900 lbf ) and the armament was rearranged yet again in another attempt to eliminate the gas ingestion problem . The N @-@ 37 cannon was moved to the underside of the fuselage and the NS @-@ 23 guns were moved to each side of the fuselage as in the I @-@ 305 , although none of the gun barrels protruded past the lips of the air intakes . Construction began in late 1947 , but it was never completed as the MiG @-@ 15 prototype used the same engine and had a higher performance .
One MiG @-@ 9 ( izdeliye FK ) was modified in 1949 to serve as a testbed for the Raduga KS @-@ 1 Komet air @-@ launched anti @-@ shipping cruise missile . A second unpressurized cockpit was built in line with the trailing edge of the wing for the guidance system operator . The aircraft was fitted with two radars , a K @-@ 1M target illumination radar in a prominent bullet @-@ shaped fairing above the air intakes and an aft @-@ looking radar mounted in a cigar @-@ shaped fairing at the top of the vertical stabilizer . This latter system was intended to test the mid @-@ course guidance system of the launching aircraft and the guidance systems of the missile . Signals from the K @-@ 1M radar were received in small bullet @-@ shaped fairings on the leading edges of the wings . The aircraft served in this role for four years , until the missile passed its state acceptance trials in 1952 – 53 .
= = Service = =
The MiG @-@ 9 was flown in Soviet service by fighter regiments in the 1st , 7th , 14th , 15th , and 16th Air Armies . These last two were based near Kaliningrad and in East Germany respectively . In addition , the 177th Fighter Regiment of the 303rd Air Division near Yaroslavl flew the aircraft in 1949 .
Six divisions of MiG @-@ 9s , each with two regiments of 31 aircraft , were transferred to China in November – December 1950 for air defense and training duties . The 17th Guards Fighter Division ( GIAD ) defended Shenyang , the 20th Fighter Division ( IAD ) guarded Tangshan , and the 65th IAD protected Guangzhou . The 144th IAD defended Shanghai , the 309th guarded Gongzhuling and the 328th IAD protected Peking . These units later handed their aircraft over to the 6th , 7th , 12th , 14th , 16th , and 17th Fighter Divisions of the People 's Liberation Army Air Force when their training was complete . The Chinese considered sending their MiG @-@ 9s to Korea in 1951 under Soviet pressure , but reconsidered when the PLAAF commanders reported that they believed that it would be better to retrain MiG @-@ 9 pilots on MiG @-@ 15s .
= = Versions = =
I @-@ 300 Prototype , three built
MiG @-@ 9 ( FS ) I @-@ 301 - the only production variant , RD @-@ 20 or RD @-@ 21 engines
MiG @-@ 9 ( FP ) I @-@ 302 - one prototype with the N @-@ 37 cannon moved to the side of the fuselage
MiG @-@ 9 ( FL ) I @-@ 305 - one prototype with Lyul 'ka TR @-@ 1 engine , not completed
MiG @-@ 9 ( FF ) I @-@ 307 - two prototypes with afterburning RD @-@ 20F or RD @-@ 21 engines
MiG @-@ 9 ( FN ) I @-@ 320 - one prototype with a Rolls @-@ Royce Nene engine , not completed
MiG @-@ 9L ( FK ) - one aircraft modified to test the avionics for the Raduga KS @-@ 1 Komet air @-@ launched anti @-@ shipping cruise missile
MiG @-@ 9M ( FR ) I @-@ 308 - one prototype with RD @-@ 21 engines
UTI MiG @-@ 9 ( FT ) I @-@ 301T - Two @-@ seat training aircraft , only two built
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Gabon in September 2003 extended the known range of this martin . More than 300 birds were found with hundreds of rosy bee @-@ eaters in the Omboué area and the newly established Iguéla National Park , and a mixed flock with rosy bee @-@ eaters at Loango National Park in Gabon was estimated at 100 @,@ 000 birds in total . In January 2010 , 250 martins were seen at a new location in Bakoumba , and single birds were observed in hirundine flocks near Moanda , at Mounana , and at Lekoni . Despite sightings of large flocks and a population which may exceed 100 @,@ 000 , the species is classed by the IUCN as Data Deficient due to the lack of detailed information on its range and numbers .
This species is protected under national laws in the DRC ( Loi portant réglémentation de la chasses , 1985 ) . and Gabon ( Loi d 'orientation en matière des eaux et forêts , 1982 and Loi relative à la protection et à l 'amélioration de l 'environnement , 1993 ) , and by regional legislation in Nigeria , which does not have national wildlife laws . The Nigerian laws are based directly on older colonial era laws which includes a number of species , such as this martin , which are not native to the country . The African river martin is not a protected species in the Republic of Congo .
In the 1950s , this martin was caught and eaten in large quantities in the DRC by the local population , and this practice could be increasing . The African river martins and the bee @-@ eaters with which they share their colonies are dug out of the breeding burrows for food . Breeding colonies in river sandbars are liable to flooding , but thousands of birds were breeding on the grasslands east of Gamba as recently as 2005 .
= Don 't Bother =
" Don 't Bother " is a song performed by Colombian singer @-@ songwriter Shakira , taken from her seventh studio album and second English @-@ language album , Oral Fixation , Vol . 2 . The song was released on October 4 , 2005 , by Epic Records as the lead single from the album . The song was written by Shakira , Lauren Christy , Graham Edwards and Scott Spock , and was produced by Shakira . " Don 't Bother " is a rock @-@ influenced song in which Shakira assures her former lover that she does not need his sympathy and can move on without him .
Upon its release , " Don 't Bother " received generally mixed reviews from music critics , who praised Shakira 's vocals but felt that the lyrics of the song were strange . Commercially , the track fared well on record charts , entering the top ten in countries including Austria , Germany , Italy , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . In the United States , the song peaked at number 42 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and at number 25 on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart . " Don 't Bother " was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for digital downloads of 500 @,@ 000 units . An accompanying music video for the song was directed by Jaume de Laiguana , and features Shakira tormenting her former lover by crushing his car in a wrecking yard . For additional promotion , Shakira performed the song on a number of award and reality shows . It was also included in the setlist of her Oral Fixation Tour .
= = Background and composition = =
" Don 't Bother " was written by Shakira and American pop music production trio The Matrix , which is composed of Lauren Christy , Graham Edwards , and Scott Spock . Shakira also produced the song . Similar to her seventh studio album Oral Fixation , Vol . 2 , ( 2005 ) , " Don 't Bother " musically shifts to a more rock styled composition as compared to Shakira 's previous releases . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is published in the key of E minor ( Relative key G major is in the chorus ) and has a moderate rock tempo of 130 beats per minute . Shakira 's vocal range on the song spans from the key of E3 to E5 . Through the lyrics of the song , Shakira urges her former lover not to " bother " feeling sorry for her after he chose another woman over her . She promises him that he " won ’ t ever see me [ Shakira ] cry " and that she will move on in her life without him . The song contains a spoken bridge in which Shakira lists a number of things she could do to make him stay with her , such as " move ( ing ) to a communist country " , but admits that they would not have an effect on him . Pam Avoledo from Blogcritics found the theme of the song similar to the one in Shakira 's 2002 single " Objection ( Tango ) " . Shakira described the song as a feminist anthem , saying :
" I think ' Don 't Bother ' has a lot of pain in it as a song , but also a lot of humour and sarcasm . Yes , it is a way of exorcising all of these feelings , a form of catharsis , getting rid of all of those emotions that torture us women at some point in our lives "
The song was issued by Epic Records as the lead single from Oral Fixation , Vol 2 and was premiered on October 9 , 2005 , in the United States by AOL Music 's First Listen initiative . The single saw its worldwide physical release on October 4 , 2005 . The single was made available for digital download on the iTunes Store on October 18 , 2005 .
= = Critical reception = =
The song received generally mixed reviews from music critics . Matt Cibula from PopMatters praised its theme and Shakira 's " furious and sexual and self @-@ mocking " vocal delivery , but found the song " strange " and " internally inconsistent " . Alexis Petridis from the The Guardian complimented the unpredictable nature of the song , although he also noted that the lyrics at times suggested a " faltering grasp of English " . Edward Oculicz from Stylus Magazine gave it a positive review , calling the song 's chorus " bruised " and " anthemic " and the lyrics " impossible for native speakers to emulate " . Pam Avoledo from Blogcritics was also positive towards the song , noting improvement in Shakira 's vocal delivery and calling them " brassy yet sensitive " . Spencer D. from IGN Music felt the highlight to the song was Shakira 's spoken bridge , saying that it lets the " light tinges of her accent roll of her tongue and present her as herself rather than the obvious result of previous pop matrons " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic picked the song as a highlight from the album .
= = Chart performance = =
In Austria , the song entered the singles chart at number 17 and peaked at number six , spending a total of 24 weeks on the chart . In Finland , the song entered and peaked at number four on the chart , becoming Shakira 's highest peaking single in the region since " Whenever , Wherever " , ( 2001 ) . Its stay in the chart , however , was very short and lasted for only a week . " Don 't Bother " reached number five on the singles chart in Hungary , and also peaked at number six on the airplay chart . In Italy , the song performed moderately well , entering the chart at number 12 and peaking at number eight ; it spent a total of 11 weeks on the chart . In Norway , the song narrowly missed the top five by peaking at number six . In Switzerland , the song entered the chart at number 10 and peaked at number eight ; it stayed on the chart for a long period of 31 weeks . In the United Kingdom , the song debuted and peaked at number nine on the singles chart , spending a total of five weeks on the chart . It was Shakira 's first single since " Objection ( Tango ) " ( 2002 ) , to chart in the country .
In the United States , " Don 't Bother " narrowly missed charting inside the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart by peaking at number 42 . It spent a total of nine weeks on the chart . On the Mainstream Top 40 chart , it peaked at number 25 and spent a total of 10 weeks on the chart . In the US , the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 500 @,@ 000 units .
= = Music video = =
The accompanying music video for " Don 't Bother " was directed by Jaume de Laiguana , who had previously collaborated with Shakira on the video for " No " , and was released on November 15 , 2005 . The video begins with a man parking his sports car in front of a house and proceeding to enter it . Shakira is seen lying on a bed in the house and the man comes up and lies beside her , indicating that they are a couple . As soon as the man falls asleep , Shakira wakes up and lies atop the man and begins to caress him and bite and whisper in his ear a few times , although he does not wake up . Shakira takes the keys of the man 's car and drives it to a wrecking yard . The video then interludes to scenes of Shakira sexually romancing the man in a shower . The scene then changes back to the wrecking yard , where Shakira begins playing a pink guitar . After the spoken bridge of the song , Shakira places her partner 's car in a car crusher , which soon commences demolishing it . The man reacts in a similar manner to the car being crushed and begins experiencing continuous body jerks and spasms , indicating a connection between his car and his body . After the car is fully destroyed , Shakira leaves the man unconscious on the bed , exits the house , and begins walking on the street triumphantly . Shakira explained the usage of the car symbolism in the video , saying that " A man 's car is like an extension of their ego and their manhood . I thought this would be a video that would make women say , ' Yeah , yeah ! ' and it would make men feel " .
Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine positively reacted to the video and found it " rich with symbolism " . Shakira revealed that a nun from a Catholic high school she had attended was angered by the video by saying that " One of the nuns is looking for me after seeing the " Don 't Bother " video " .
= = Live performances = =
Shakira performed " Don 't Bother " live for the first time at the 2005 MTV Europe Music Awards ceremony held on November 3 , 2005 , where she also won the award for " Best Female Artist " . On December 10 , 2005 , she performed the song along with " La Tortura " on Saturday Night Live . While headlining at the 2007 Live Earth concert held in Hamburg on July 7 , 2007 , Germany , Shakira performed " Don 't Bother " along with three other songs . She performed the song at Rock in Rio held at Madrid , Spain , on July 4 , 2008 . " Don 't Bother " was included in the concert setlist of her Oral Fixation Tour , which was launched to promote the albums Fijación Oral , Vol . 1 and Oral Fixation , Vol . 2 .
= = Track listings = =
CD single
" Don 't Bother " – 4 : 17
" No " ft . Gustavo Cerati ( Album Version ) – 4 : 45
" Don 't Bother " ( Jrsnchz Main Mix ) – 5 : 34
" No " ft . Gustavo Cerati ( Music video )
Digital download
" Don 't Bother " – 4 : 17
= = Charts and certifications = =
= Chat Moss =
Chat Moss is a large area of peat bog that makes up 30 per cent of the City of Salford , in Greater Manchester , England . North of the Manchester Ship Canal and River Mersey , five miles ( 8 km ) to the west of Manchester , it occupies an area of about 10 @.@ 6 square miles ( 27 @.@ 5 km2 ) .
As it might be recognised today , Chat Moss is thought to be about 7 @,@ 000 years old , but peat development seems to have begun there with the ending of the last ice age , about 10 @,@ 000 years ago . The depth of peat ranges from 24 to 30 feet ( 7 to 9 m ) . A great deal of reclamation work has been carried out , particularly during the 19th century , but a large @-@ scale network of drainage channels is still required to keep the land from reverting to bog . In 1958 workers extracting peat discovered the severed head of what is believed to be a Romano @-@ British Celt , possibly a sacrificial victim , in the eastern part of the bog near Worsley .
Much of Chat Moss is now prime agricultural land , although farming in the area is in decline . A 228 @-@ acre ( 92 ha ) area of Chat Moss , notified as Astley and Bedford Mosses , was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1989 . Along with nearby Risley Moss and Holcroft Moss , Astley and Bedford Mosses has also been designated as a European Union Special Area of Conservation , known as Manchester Mosses .
Chat Moss threatened the completion of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway , until George Stephenson , with advice from East Anglian marshland specialist Robert Stannard , succeeded in constructing a railway line through it in 1829 ; his solution was to " float " the line on a bed of bound heather and branches topped with tar and covered with rubble stone . The M62 motorway , completed in 1976 , also crosses the bog , to the north of Irlam .
= = History = =
Chat Moss may be named after St Chad , a 7th @-@ century bishop of Mercia , but as it was once part of a great tree @-@ edged lake , as evidenced by the numerous wood remains in the lower levels of the peat , it is perhaps more likely that the name stems from the Celtic word ced , meaning wood . Chat Moss could also derive from Ceatta , an Old English personal name and mos , a swamp or alternatively the first element could be the Old English ceat meaning a piece of wet ground . It was recorded as Catemosse in 1277 and Chatmos in 1322 . Moss is the local name for a peat bog .
Daniel Defoe visited the area in 1724 , on his way from Warrington to Manchester :
From hence ( Warrington ) , on the road to Manchester , we pass 'd the great bog or waste call 'd Chatmos , the first of that kind that we see in England ... The surface , at a distance , looks black and dirty , and is indeed frightful to think of , for it will bear neither horse or man , unless in an exceeding dry season , and then not so as to be passable , or that any one should travel over them ... What nature meant by such a useless production , ' tis hard to imagine ; but the land is entirely waste , excep ... for the poor cottagers fuel , and the quantity used for that is very small .
Peat bogs sometimes burst their boundaries , particularly after being subjected to heavy rainfall , and this seems to have happened with Chat Moss in the 16th century . John Leland , writing during the reign of King Henry VIII , described one such event :
Chat Moss brast up within a mile of Mosley Haul , and destroied much grounde with mosse thereabout , and destroyed much fresh @-@ water fishche thereabout , first corrupting with stinkinge water Glasebrooke , and so Glasebrooke carried stinkinge water and mosse into Mersey water , and Mersey corrupted carried the roulling mosse , part to the shores of Wales , part to the isle of Man , and some unto Ireland .
Chat Moss presented a significant challenge to the engineers constructing the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1826 because of the difficulty in providing a solid base for the track , in particular at a location known as Blackpool Hole . George Stephenson was the engineer in charge of the project , and his initial idea was to dump enough spoil in the bog so that it would reach the bottom . This approach turned out to be impractical however , as the liquidity of the bog allowed the spoil to flow away from where the track was to be laid . The eventual solution , to build the line on a " floating " wood and stone foundation , was hailed as a " great triumph of engineering " . The first train ran through Chat Moss in 1830 , and the line is still in use today .
= = = Reclamation = = =
The first attempt at reclaiming Chat Moss took place at the start of the 19th century . In 1793 William Roscoe began work on reclaiming the smaller Trafford Moss , now part of Trafford Park . By 1798 that work was sufficiently advanced for Roscoe to enter into a lease of part of Chat Moss from the de Trafford family , but no reclamation work was carried out until 1805 .
Reclamation methods varied somewhat during the 19th century , but three basic operations featured ; constructing drains at appropriate intervals ; building a system of roads to allow access to the land so that
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materials such as clay , lime or marl could be dumped on it , to give it body ; and fertilising the land by adding manure , often in the form of the euphemistically named night soil , collected from neighbouring towns .
The reclamation of Chat Moss and Trafford Moss was innovative in that instead of constructing roads to give access for the material to be dumped onto the bog , a movable light railway was developed . Narrow gauge track – which allowed the weight of the wagons to be spread evenly across an area of the bog – was temporarily laid down and then picked up and relaid elsewhere as needed . Roscoe was declared bankrupt in 1821 , but the reclamation work continued under the stewardship of others who took over his leasehold interest , amongst them William Baines , the anti @-@ Corn Law MP and owner of the Leeds Mercury newspaper .
Between 1831 and 1851 , the population of nearby Manchester increased by more than 150 per cent , putting considerable pressure on refuse disposal . The problem was exacerbated by a gradual switch from the 1870s onwards from the older cesspit methods of sewage disposal to pail closets , which required regular emptying . By the 1880s , Manchester was producing more than 200 @,@ 000 tons ( 203 @,@ 209 t ) of refuse annually , about 75 per cent of that being night soil . In 1895 , Manchester Corporation purchased 2 @,@ 502 acres ( 1 @,@ 013 ha ) of Chat Moss known as Chat Moss Estate from Sir Humphrey de Trafford , with a view to using the moss as a refuse disposal site . The final price paid by the corporation was £ 137 @,@ 531 7s 1d ( £ 14 @.@ 3 million as of 2016 ) .
Refuse was carried on barges down the Manchester Ship Canal as far as Boysnope Wharf , where it was loaded onto a light railway system to be taken into the moss for dumping . Farmers on Chat Moss were legally required by their tenancy agreements to accept a specified amount of refuse on their land , and were even obliged to pay for it . Farmers could themselves undertake reclamation work , with the land reclaimed being incorporated into their tenancies . An agreement dated 1905 , between Manchester Corporation and Plant Cottage Farm , shows that the corporation agreed to supply 300 tons ( 305 t ) of refuse per acre free of charge for the first year , with the tenant being obliged to accept 12 tons ( 12 t ) of refuse per acre each year thereafter . The dumping of night soil on Chat Moss ended in 1923 , but general refuse continued to be dumped on a diminishing scale until it finally ended in 1966 .
Once drained , stabilised and fertilised , Chat Moss became prime agricultural land , supplying Manchester with salad and other vegetables . The drainage channels , still required today , give the area its distinctive flat landscape broken up by ditches instead of hedges or walls . Even after all of the reclamation work that has taken place , parts of the area remain remote and bleak .
A scheme was devised during the Second World War to protect major cities from enemy bombing by lighting decoy fires on nearby open land . Manchester was protected by four of these Starfish sites as they were known , two of them on Chat Moss . RAF Balloon Command was responsible for the administration and manning of the sites , which were fully operational by 23 January 1941 . Each consisted of an air raid shelter for the crew along with various devices to simulate street lighting and the explosions of incendiary bombs . The effectiveness of the decoy sites is uncertain , and they were closed in 1943 .
= = = Worsley Man = = =
In August 1958 , workmen digging peat in an area of Chat Moss near Worsley discovered a severed head and called the police . It was initially believed that the head had been in the bog for less than a year , and so a search was conducted for more remains , but nothing was found . After X @-@ rays and chemical tests , it was determined that the head had been in the bog for at least 100 years . An inquest was held into the man 's death , at which the coroner returned an open verdict , and the head was put in the care of the Manchester Medical School .
The discovery of the nearby Lindow Man in 1984 generated renewed interest in bog bodies , and in 1987 what had become known as Worsley Man was re @-@ examined . The inspection revealed a wound behind the right ear , fractures to the top of the skull , and a cut through the vertebra where he had been decapitated . The remains of a garotte were also found around his neck , all of which was suggestive of a ritual killing rather than an accidental death , perhaps related to the Celtic cult of the severed head . The condition of the tooth pulp suggested that Worsley Man was 20 – 30 years old at the time of his death , which radiocarbon dating of a fragment of preserved soft tissue indicated was during the late Iron Age , some time around 120 AD , identifying him as a Romano @-@ British Celt . Worsley Man is now in the care of the Manchester Museum .
= = Geography and ecology = =
At 53 ° 27 ′ 46 ″ N 2 ° 25 ′ 54 ″ W ( 53 @.@ 4629 , -2.4316 ) , Chat Moss lies at the southern edge of the Lancashire Plain , an area of Bunter sandstones overlaid with marls laid down during the Late Triassic period . Those rocks are themselves overlaid by a layer of boulder clay deposited during the last ice age , about 10 @,@ 000 years ago . The combination of the flat topography and the underlying clay resulted in extensive peat bogs developing along the Mersey Valley , and overflowing beyond the valley . The bogs in the area between the River Glaze in the west , and Worsley and Eccles in the east , to the north of what was the River Irwell – now the Manchester Ship Canal – are known collectively as Chat Moss .
Chat Moss is a lowland raised bog . In areas where drainage is poor , water @-@ logging can slow down plant decomposition , producing peat , which over the years can raise the level of the bog above that of the surrounding land . The moss occupies an area of about 10 @.@ 6 square miles ( 27 @.@ 5 km2 ) , and is about 5 miles ( 8 km ) long , about 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) across at its widest point , lying 75 feet ( 23 m ) above sea level . Chat Moss lies mainly in Salford , but extends into Wigan . By the 1990s , an estimated 72 per cent of the bog had been reclaimed , most of it for agriculture . About 230 acres ( 93 ha ) of degraded bog remain , with 766 acres ( 310 ha ) of undamaged peat deposits in four former peat extraction sites . The peat varies in depth between 24 feet ( 7 m ) and 30 feet ( 9 m ) .
The main bog mosses found in the peat of Chat Moss are Sphagnum cuspidatum , S. imbricatum , and S. acutifolia . The peat up to about 7 feet ( 2 m ) from the surface is mainly humidified S. acutifolia , with fresher S. imbricatum peat nearer the surface .
A 228 @-@ acre ( 92 ha ) area of Chat Moss , to the north of the Liverpool – Manchester railway line , notified as Astley & Bedford Mosses , was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1989 . Astley & Bedford Mosses , along with Risley Moss and Holcroft Moss , is also a European Union designated Special Area of Conservation , known as Manchester Mosses .
The major habitats in the moss are bog , heathland , woodland and acidic grassland , subject to varying degrees of wetness depending on the local drainage . The remaining areas of bog are dominated by common cottongrass Eriophorum angustifolium and hare 's @-@ tail cottongrass E. vaginatum . Bog mosses are more scarce , but Sphagnum cuspidatum , S. recurvum , S. tenellum , S. fimbriatum and S. subnitens occur in patches . As the peat has become drier , areas have been taken over by purple moor grass Molinia caerulea and by downy birch Betula pubescens . The moss also supports several bird species , and is particularly important for wintering raptors such as the hen harrier Circus cyaneus cyaneus , the short @-@ eared owl Asio flammeus and the merlin Falco columbarius , along with breeding species such as the curlew Numenius arquata and the long @-@ eared owl Asio otus . There is a large heronry in Botany Bay Wood , the largest area of woodland in Greater Manchester .
The domestic and industrial waste dumped on Chat Moss resulted in very high levels of heavy metals such as lead and copper in the soil , raising concerns that crops grown there may pose a health risk . The high pH of the peaty soil limits the mobility of the metals however , and prevents them being taken up by crops .
= = Economy = =
Chat Moss makes up the largest area of prime farmland in Greater Manchester , but farming on the moss is in decline . In 2003 , it was reported that of the 54 farms on the moss , occupying 3 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 214 ha ) , almost half the area of the bog , only three were growing vegetables . Others had turned to arable farming , turf growing or horse livery instead of salad and vegetable crops . Chat Moss also contains the largest block of semi @-@ natural woodland in Greater Manchester .
Most of the area is now Green Belt , placing restrictions on the kinds of developments that can take place . There are areas of commercial peat extraction , but Salford City Council is seeking to return at least some back to wet mossland . Planning permission for peat extraction expired at the end of 2010 . At a meeting held on 30 June 2011 Salford Council decided not to renew the permission , and on 1 August obtained a court order prohibiting any further extraction pending an appeal by the companies involved . A public inquiry concluded in 2012 supported the council 's decision , and commercial peat extraction on Chat Moss ceased .
= = Cultural references = =
In 1994 the British composer Peter Maxwell Davies , who was born in Salford , wrote a seven @-@ minute tone poem for school orchestra , titled Chat Moss . Chat Moss was also the subject of a ceiling painting produced as the result of a research project jointly funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Board and Arts Council England . The project was a collaboration between artist Derek Hampson and geographer Gary Priestnall . Hampson chose Chat Moss as their subject because of its 19th @-@ century historical significance as the site of the world 's first passenger railway and its " anti @-@ picturesque appearance " , a " nondescript landscape of stumpy trees and expanses of grass " . The 40 @-@ square @-@ metre ( 430 sq ft ) artwork , painted on more than 100 ceiling tiles , was exhibited in November 2004 at the REDUX Gallery in London .
= 2nd Army Group ( Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) =
The 2nd Army Group was a Royal Yugoslav Army formation commanded by Armijski đeneral Milutin Nedić during the German @-@ led Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 during World War II . It consisted of the 1st and 2nd Armies , comprising four infantry divisions , one horsed cavalry division , one horsed cavalry regiment , and two brigade @-@ strength infantry detachments . It was responsible for the defence of the border with Hungary from Slatina to the Tisza river .
The 2nd Army Group was not directly attacked during the first few days of the invasion , but events to the east and west of its deployment area resulted in successive orders to withdraw to the lines of the Drava and Danube then the Sava . On 10 April , the crumbling defences of the 4th Army on the left flank of the 1st Army Group had been penetrated by the German 8th Panzer Division , which then turned east and drove into the left flank of the 1st Army Group on the following day . By the end of that day , the Germans had effectively routed the 2nd Army Group . Remnants continued to fight along the line of the Sava until early on 14 April , but mass surrenders began that day with tens of thousands of Yugoslav soldiers being taken into captivity by the Germans during their drive on Sarajevo in the centre of the country . The Yugoslav High Command unconditionally surrendered in Belgrade effective at 12 : 00 on 18 April .
= = Composition = =
The 2nd Army Group was commanded by Armijski đeneral Milutin Nedić , and consisted of the 1st Army , commanded by Armijski đeneral Milan Rađenković , and the 2nd Army , commanded by Armijski đeneral Dragoslav Miljković . The 1st Army consisted of one infantry division , one horsed cavalry division , and two brigade @-@ strength infantry detachments , and was supported by artillery , anti @-@ aircraft artillery , and air reconnaissance elements of the Royal Yugoslav Air Force . The 2nd Army consisted of three infantry divisions and one horsed cavalry regiment , supported by artillery , anti @-@ aircraft artillery and border guards , with air reconnaissance support . The 2nd Army Group did not control any additional support units , and had several units with a significant proportion of Croat soldiers .
= = Deployment = =
The deployment plan for 2nd Army Group saw the 1st Army in the Bačka region between the Danube and the Tisza , with formations centred around the towns of Sombor , Bačka Topola and Senta , with the 3rd Cavalry Division held in depth , south of the Danube in the Fruška Gora region . The 2nd Army deployment plan saw it in the Baranya and Slavonia regions between Slatina and the Danube , with its formations positioned south of the Drava from just east of Slatina to Valpovo , and around the towns of Osijek and Vinkovci . Of the formations of the 2nd Army Group , two infantry divisions of the 2nd Army were partly mobilised , while the remaining two infantry divisions , the 3rd Cavalry Division , and the two brigade @-@ strength infantry detachments had only commenced mobilisation . To the right of the 1st Army Group was the 6th Army , an independent formation that was responsible for the defence of the Yugoslav Banat region east of the Tisza . The boundary with the 6th Army ran just to the east of the Tisza to the confluence with the Danube , then south across the Sava through Obrenovac . On the left flank of the 2nd Army Group was the 1st Army Group , which was responsible for the defence of northwestern Yugoslavia , along the Yugoslav – Hungarian west of Slatina , Yugoslav – Reich and Yugoslav – Italian borders . The army group boundary ran from just east of Slatina through Požega towards Banja Luka .
= = Operations = =
The 2nd Army Group faced the Hungarian 3rd Army across the border , and during the first few days after the commencement of the invasion , there were exchanges of fire with Hungarian border guards , but the Yugoslavs faced no direct attacks along the 2nd Army Group sector . Neither the 1st Army Group nor the Hungarians were ready for full @-@ scale fighting , as they were still mobilising and deploying their forces . On 9 April , due to German successes elsewhere in Yugoslavia , the 6th Army on the right flank of the 2nd Army Group was ordered to withdraw south of the Danube and deploy on a line facing east to defend against an attack from the direction of Sofia , Bulgaria . 2nd Army Group also received orders to withdraw south of the line of the Drava and Danube . 1st Army began to withdraw , and on the same day elements were approaching the Danube crossing . The headquarters of the 2nd Army issued orders to evacuate Baranja and reinforce the left flank .
The following day , the situation deteriorated significantly when the German XLI Motorised Corps crossed the Yugoslav – Romanian border into the Yugoslav Banat and struck the 6th Army , halting its withdrawal and disrupting its ability to organise a coherent defence behind the Danube . Also on 10 April , the main thrust of the XLVI Motorised Corps of the 2nd Army , consisting of the 8th Panzer Division leading the 16th Motorised Infantry Division , crossed the Drava at Barcs in the 4th Army sector . The 8th Panzer Division turned southeast between the Drava and Sava rivers , and meeting almost no resistance and with strong air support , reached the left flank of the 2nd Army at Slatina by evening , despite poor roads and bad weather .
Later that day , as the situation was becoming increasingly desperate throughout the country , Dušan Simović , who was both the Prime Minister and Yugoslav Chief of the General Staff , broadcast the following message :
All troops must engage the enemy wherever encountered and with every means at their disposal . Don 't wait for direct orders from above , but act on your own and be guided by your judgement , initiative , and conscience .
The bulk of the 1st Army were able to cross the Danube and began to prepare defences , and the 2nd Army was able to evacuate Baranja and organise a defence of the left flank of the 2nd Army Group , now threatened by the 8th Panzer Division , but Croat reservists began to desert their units , significantly reducing the combat power of the 2nd Army . By the evening of 10 April , the 2nd Army Group was ordered to withdraw from these positions and form a defensive line behind the Sava from Debrc to the confluence with the Vrbas river , for which one or two days would be needed . On the night of 10 / 11 April , the whole 2nd Army Group continued its withdrawal , but units of the 2nd Army on the left flank of the 1st Army that included significant numbers of Croats began to dissolve due to the fifth column activities of the fascist Ustaše and their sympathisers .
At dawn on 11 April , Hungarian forces , consisting with the Mobile , IV and V Corps of Altábornagy ( Lieutenant General ) Elemér Gorondy @-@ Novák 's 3rd Army , crossed the Yugoslav border north of Osijek and near Subotica , overcame Yugoslav border guards and advanced on Subotica and Palić . The XLVI Motorised Corps continued to push east south of the Drava , with the 8th Panzer Division capturing Našice , Osijek on the Drava , and Vukovar on the Danube , followed by the 16th Motorised Infantry Division which advanced east of Našice , despite bridge demolitions and poor roads . The 8th Panzer Division had effectively routed the 2nd Army Group by 11 April . On the same day , Messerschmitt Bf 110s of I Group of the 26th Heavy Fighter Wing ( German : Zerstörergeschwader 26 , ZG 26 ) destroyed several 1st Air Reconnaissance Group Breguet 19s at Ruma . The rest were flown to Bijeljina , but all of the air reconnaissance assets of the 2nd Army Group were destroyed the following day when I / ZG 26 swept over the airfield in one of the most effective attacks of the campaign . On the night of 11 / 12 April , the 8th Panzer Division captured Sremska Mitrovica on the Sava at 02 : 30 , destroyed a bridge over the Danube at Bogojevo , and advanced on Lazarevac about 20 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) south of Belgrade . These advances delayed the withdrawal of the 2nd Army Group south of the Sava .
By 12 April , the withdrawal of the 2nd Army Group was being threatened from the left flank , and by this time , according to the Polish historian Andrzej Krzak , 2nd Army had " no combat importance at all " . On the right flank , 6th Army attempted to regroup while being pressed by the 11th Panzer Division as it drove towards Belgrade . West of Belgrade , remnants of the 2nd Army Group tried to establish a line along the Sava , but XLVI Motorised Corps had already captured the bridges . When elements of the 8th Panzer Division captured Zemun without a fight , they captured 1st Army 's rear area units . On 12 April , the 1st Army 's 3rd Cavalry Division counter @-@ attacked at Šabac and pushed the Germans back across the Sava . The Hungarians pursued the 1st Army south , and occupied the area between the Danube and the Tisza meeting virtually no resistance . Serb Chetnik irregulars fought isolated engagements , and the Hungarian General Staff considered irregular resistance forces to be their only significant opposition . The Hungarian 1st Parachute Battalion captured canal bridges at Vrbas and Srbobran . This , the first airborne operation in Hungarian history , was not without incident . The battalion 's aircraft consisted of five Italian @-@ made Savoia @-@ Marchetti SM.75 transport aircraft formerly belonging to the civilian airline MALERT , but pressed into service with the Royal Hungarian Air Force ( Hungarian : Magyar Királyi Honvéd Légierő , MKHL ) at the start of the European war . Shortly after takeoff from the airport at Veszprém @-@ Jutas on the afternoon of 12 April , the command plane , code E @-@ 101 , crashed with the loss of 20 or 23 lives , including 19 paratroopers . This was the heaviest single loss suffered by the Hungarians during the Yugoslav campaign . Meanwhile , Sombor was captured against determined Chetnik resistance , and Subotica was also captured .
On the evening of 12 April , elements of the SS Motorised Infantry Division Reich , under command of XLI Motorised Corps , crossed the Danube in pneumatic boats and captured Belgrade without resistance . About the same time , most of the elements of XLVI Motorised Corps that were approaching Belgrade from the west were redirected away from the capital , but part of the 8th Panzer Division continued their thrust to capture the Sava bridges to the west of Belgrade , and entered the city during the night . The rest of the 8th Panzer Division turned southeast and drove towards Valjevo to link up with the left flank of the First Panzer Group southwest of Belgrade . The 16th Motorised Infantry Division was redirected south across the Sava , and advanced toward Zvornik .
= = Fate = =
On 13 April , the Hungarians occupied Baranja without resistance , and pushed south through Bačka to reach the line of Novi Sad and the Great Bačka Canal . Early on 14 April , the remnants of 2nd Army Group continued to fight against the 8th Panzer Division and 16th Motorised Infantry Division along the Sava . On 14 and 15 April , tens of thousands of Yugoslav soldiers were taken prisoner by the Germans during their drive on Sarajevo in the centre of the country , including 30 @,@ 000 around Zvornik and 6 @,@ 000 around Doboj . On 15 April , the 8th and 14th Panzer Divisions entered Sarajevo . After a delay in locating appropriate signatories for the surrender document , the Yugoslav High Command unconditionally surrendered in Belgrade effective at 12 : 00 on 18 April .
= = = Books = = =
= = = Journals and papers = = =
= = = Web = = =
= Italian ironclad Ruggiero di Lauria =
Ruggiero di Lauria was an ironclad battleship built in the 1880s for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) . She was the lead ship of the Ruggiero di Lauria class , which included two other ships , Francesco Morosini and Andrea Doria . Ruggiero di Lauria , named for the medieval Sicilian admiral Ruggiero di Lauria , was armed with a main battery of four 17 @-@ inch ( 432 mm ) guns , was protected with 17 @.@ 75 @-@ inch ( 451 mm ) thick belt armor , and was capable of a top speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) .
The ship 's construction period was very lengthy , beginning in August 1881 and completing in February 1888 . She was quickly rendered obsolescent by the new pre @-@ dreadnought battleships being laid down and , as a result , her career was limited . She spent her career alternating between the Active and Reserve Squadrons , where she took part in training exercises each year with the rest of the fleet . The ship was stricken from the naval register in 1909 and converted into a floating oil tank . She was used in this capacity until 1943 , when she was sunk by bombs during World War II . The wreck was eventually raised and scrapped in 1945 .
= = Design = =
Ruggiero di Lauria was 105 @.@ 9 meters ( 347 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 19 @.@ 84 m ( 65 @.@ 1 ft ) and an average draft of 8 @.@ 29 m ( 27 @.@ 2 ft ) . She displaced 9 @,@ 886 metric tons ( 9 @,@ 730 long tons ; 10 @,@ 897 short tons ) normally and up to 10 @,@ 997 t ( 10 @,@ 823 long tons ; 12 @,@ 122 short tons ) at full load . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of compound steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by eight coal @-@ fired , cylindrical fire @-@ tube boilers . Her engines produced a top speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) at 10 @,@ 591 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 898 kW ) . She could steam for 2 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 200 km ; 3 @,@ 200 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 507 – 509 officers and men .
Ruggiero di Lauria was armed with a main battery of four 17 in ( 432 mm ) / 27 guns , mounted in two pairs en echelon in a central barbette . She carried a secondary battery of two 6 in ( 152 mm ) / 32 guns , one at the bow and the other at the stern , and four 4 @.@ 7 in ( 119 mm ) / 32 guns . As was customary for capital ships of the period , she carried five 14 in ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes submerged in the hull . She was protected by belt armor that was 17 @.@ 75 in ( 451 mm ) thick , an armored deck that was 3 in ( 76 mm ) thick , and her conning tower was armored with 9 @.@ 8 in ( 249 mm ) of steel plate . The barbette had 14 @.@ 2 in ( 361 mm ) of steel armor .
= = Service history = =
Ruggiero di Lauria was laid down at the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia shipyard on 3 August 1881 and launched on 9 August 1884 . She was not completed for another three and a half years , her construction finally being finished on 1 February 1888 . Because of the rapid pace of naval technological development in the late 19th century , her lengthy construction period meant that she was an obsolete design by the time she entered service . The year after she entered service , the British began building the Royal Sovereign class , the first pre @-@ dreadnought battleships , which marked a significant step forward in capital ship design . In addition , technological progress , particularly in armor production techniques — first Harvey armor and then Krupp armor — rapidly rendered older vessels like Ruggiero di Lauria obsolete .
The ship served with the 1st Division of the Active Squadron during the 1893 fleet maneuvers , along with the ironclad Lepanto , which served as the divisional flagship , the torpedo cruisers Euridice and Monzambano , and four torpedo boats . During the maneuvers , which lasted from 6 August to 5 September , the ships of the Active Squadron simulated a French attack on the Italian fleet . In 1895 , Ruggiero di Lauria , the ironclad Sardegna , and the torpedo cruiser Partenope were assigned to the 2nd Division of the Italian fleet in the Reserve Squadron . At the time , the ships of the Reserve Squadron were based
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1st overall , in the 2009 KHL Junior Draft by SKA Saint Petersburg . He participated at the Devils rookie camp in July 2009 . He has been compared with centres Nicklas Bäckström and John Madden .
At the beginning of the 2009 – 10 season , Djurgården participated in the Nordic Trophy pre @-@ season tournament . In the second game , Josefson scored a hat trick and added two assists against the Malmö Redhawks . At the end of the group stage , Josefson was the scoring leader with five goals and seven points . He scored his first points for the regular season , three assists , in the Elitserien premiere away against HV71 . Djurgården lost the game 7 – 6 , but on 20 October , Josefson would get his revenge when he scored the game @-@ winning goal in the 3 – 2 victory over HV71 20 . This was also his first goal of the regular season . Josefson missed six Elitserien games due to the World Junior Hockey Championship , but was back in the roster against Timrå IK on 9 January . He recorded an assist against Rögle BK on 30 January , which was his 17th point of the season , putting him ahead of last season 's total . At the end of the regular season , Josefson had scored 8 goals and 20 points in 43 games . The 2009 – 10 playoffs were Josefson 's first Elitserien playoffs , and he played almost every game missing the first two semifinal games against Linköpings HC due to illness . Djurgården lost the finals 4 – 2 to HV71 . Josefson re @-@ signed with Djurgården for another year on 27 April . Despite this and an oral guarantee the club received from Josefson 's agent Peter Wallén that Josefson would stay , Josefson signed with the New Jersey Devils on 14 May 2010 .
= = = New Jersey Devils = = =
Josefson participated in the pre @-@ season camp with the Devils in September , but was assigned to their American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Albany Devils after the camp . Josefson was called up to the Devils on 14 October 2010 , and made his NHL debut the next day , in a 3 – 2 victory against Colorado Avalanche at the Prudential Center . Josefson was slashed on his left hand and later fell on the same hand during the game against San Jose Sharks on 27 October , this caused a ligament in his thumb to tear , and forced him to undergo surgery . At last , Josefson returned from his injury on 7 January 2011 , when the Albany Devils played against the Charlotte Checkers . Josefson scored his first NHL goal against Al Montoya of the New York Islanders on 12 March 2011 . The Devils failed to reach the playoffs and Josefson ended up with three goals and ten points in 28 regular season games .
In the fifth game of the 2011 – 12 season , Josefson broke his right clavicle after crashing shoulder first into the boards . He underwent surgery the following day on 22 October 2011 , and was expected to be sidelined for three or four months . On 3 April 2012 in a game against the Islanders , Josefson bumped awkwardly into Jay Pandolfo resulting in a broken left wrist . He returned to the lineup on 21 May 2012 in the fourth game of the Eastern Conference Finals against Rangers and played a total of six games in the 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs , scoring one point .
= = International play = =
Josefson played in his first IIHF sanctioned tournament when he was part of Sweden 's team at the 2008 IIHF World U18 Championships . He managed to score a hat @-@ trick in the first game against Belarus . He left the team in the morning before the fourth game due to an accident in which his father and uncle had been exposed to carbon monoxide poisoning . He made his second appearance at the U18 Championship the following year , at the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships , where he also took the role as alternate captain . He managed to score three goals and seven points in six games . Josefson was a part of Sweden 's national junior team at the 2009 World Junior Championships . He played in all of Sweden 's six games but did not score any points . A few months later he yet again played for Sweden in the U18 Championship but could not help his team go further than fifth place in the tournament .
Josefson participated in the World Junior Championship for the second time when he was named for Team Sweden by head coach Pär Mårts for the 2010 World Junior Championships , along with fellow Djurgården team @-@ mates Daniel Brodin and Marcus Krüger . He scored his first goal of the tournament and the first goal of the game against Austria in the preliminary rounds . He scored two additional goals in Sweden 's 7 – 1 victory over Finland in the last game of the preliminary rounds . Josefson , who also had three assists in the tournament , had six points in total .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
= = = International = = =
= 2015 Amstel Gold Race =
The 2015 Amstel Gold Race was the 50th edition of the Amstel Gold Race one @-@ day race . It took place on 19 April and was the eleventh race of the 2015 UCI World Tour . The Amstel Gold Race is part of the Ardennes classics season , although it takes place in the Limburg region of the Netherlands rather than in the Belgian Ardennes . It takes place in the week before La Flèche Wallonne and Liège – Bastogne – Liège , the other principal Ardennes classics . The defending champion in the 2015 edition of the race was Philippe Gilbert , who had won the race three times and had also won the 2012 world championships on a very similar course .
The race took place on a 258 kilometres ( 160 mi ) route centred on the town of Valkenburg ; the route included 34 short climbs , several of which were repeated . The decisive climb was the Cauberg , the fourth ascent of which came within 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) of the finishing line . The race typically suits puncheurs .
After several attacking groups were caught , the decisive action came on the final ascent of the Cauberg . A small group formed after the climb and sprinted for the race victory . The sprint was won by Michał Kwiatkowski , the reigning world champion ; it was his first road race victory since he won the world championships . Alejandro Valverde ( Movistar Team ) was second , with Michael Matthews ( Orica – GreenEDGE ) third .
= = Teams = =
The Amstel Gold Race is part of the UCI World Tour , which meant that the 17 UCI WorldTeams were automatically invited and obliged to send a team . The race organisers also made eight wildcard invitations to UCI Professional Continental teams . The peloton was therefore made up of 25 teams . With eight riders on each team , a total of 200 riders were entered . Two of these , IAM Cycling 's Dries Devenyns and Thomas Degand , were forced to pull out before the start ( Degand with a stomach upset and Devenyns with a sore back ) , so 198 riders started the race .
= = Route = =
The 258 @-@ kilometre ( 160 mi ) route of the 2015 Amstel Gold Race began in Maastricht and left the city towards the north . The riders passed through the towns of Bunde and Geulle on their way to the first climbs of the day . The first climb of the day was the Slingerberg ; the peloton then passed through Beek and climbed the Adsteeg . These climbs came within the first 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) of racing . The route then turned south through Meerssen , where the riders climbed the third climb , the Lange Raarberg , then east in the direction of Heerlen . The course turned , however , before they reached Heerlen , first heading south across the climb of the Bergseweg , then west . At this point , the route entered a series of circuits around the town of Valkenburg . The riders climbed the Sibbergrubbe and the Cauberg for the first time . The first climb of the Cauberg came after 54 kilometres ( 34 mi ) .
The first of the loops around Valkenburg was the longest at 101 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 63 @.@ 1 mi ) . The riders first climbed the Geulhemmerberg as they left Valkenburg , then turned south @-@ east . The next 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) contained no categorised climbs , though the roads were far from flat . The next climb , the Wolfsburg , came after 78 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 48 @.@ 5 mi ) and was followed quickly by the first climb of the Loorberg . The route then briefly turned north , before turning south again on the outskirts of Gulpen . The next climb , the Schweibergerweg , came after 92 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 57 @.@ 5 mi ) of racing , with the Camerig 6 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) later . The riders then entered a short circuit around the town of Vaals , where the Drielandenpunt , the Gemmenich and the Vijlenerbos came within 9 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) of one another . The route then returned to Gulpen along the same roads , with the Eperheide the only categorised climb . In Gulpen , the route crossed the Gulpenerberg , then turned east to cross the Plettenberg and the Eyserweg . The riders then reached Simpelveld , where they turned west again towards Valkenburg . The final part of the loop took the peloton across the climb of Huls and the Vrakelberg . As they entered Valkenburg , the riders climbed the Sibbergrubbe and the Cauberg for the second time . As the riders crossed the finish line in Valkenburg , they had completed 168 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 104 @.@ 5 mi ) and had 99 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 62 @.@ 0 mi ) remaining .
The second loop was shorter than the first at 71 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 44 @.@ 3 mi ) . It again began with the climb of the Geulhemmerberg , then travelled through the outskirts of Maastricht . The route again turned north , this time to climb the Bemelerberg , before another turn to the south @-@ east towards Beutenaken . The route re @-@ used several of the roads that made up the first loop : the riders climbed the Loorberg for the second time , then turned north for the second climb of the Gulpenerberg . From this point , the peloton took a different route towards Valkenburg , which included the climbs of the Kruisberg , the Eyserbosweg , the Fromberg and the Keutenberg . On this loop , the riders did not climb the Sibbergrubbe but proceeded directly to the third climb of the Cauberg . This was seen as a moment when an early attack might succeed and came with 21 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 13 @.@ 1 mi ) remaining .
The final loop was the shortest of the day at 18 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 11 @.@ 5 mi ) . The riders climbed the Geulhemmerberg for the third time , then the Bemelerberg for the second time . This was the penultimate climb of the day . The final climb was a fourth ascent of the Cauberg . At the base of the climb , there were 2 @,@ 600 metres ( 8 @,@ 500 ft ) remaining . The climb itself is 900 metres ( 3 @,@ 000 ft ) in length , with an average gradient of 7 % and a maximum gradient of 12 % . At the top of the climb , there were approximately 1 @,@ 700 metres ( 5 @,@ 600 ft ) of fairly flat roads to the finish line in Berg en Terblijt .
= = Pre @-@ race favourites = =
The Amstel Gold Race has been won in the past by riders who have attacked a long distance from the finish line . This happened as recently as 2013 , when Roman Kreuziger attacked shortly after the penultimate climb of the Cauberg . Normally , however , the race is decided on the final ascent of the Cauberg ; in the 2014 edition , Philippe Gilbert ( BMC Racing Team ) attacked midway up the climb and was able to take a solo victory . As there is a flat section after the climb , there is also an opportunity for riders dropped on the Cauberg to rejoin any escapees and to bring the race together for a sprint finish . The race was therefore expected to suit puncheurs , especially those who were also able to defend a solo lead ahead of a chasing group .
Gilbert , the defending champion , was the main favourite for the race . As well as his 2014 victory , he had won the race in 2010 and 2011 ; he also won the 2012 world championships road race , which was raced on a very similar course . Gilbert had demonstrated good form by coming third the previous week in the Brabantse Pijl . Several other former champions took part in 2014 : Kreuziger ( Tinkoff – Saxo ) , Enrico Gasparotto ( Wanty – Groupe Gobert ) , Damiano Cunego ( Nippo – Vini Fantini ) , Fränk Schleck ( Trek Factory Racing ) , Stefan Schumacher and Davide Rebellin ( both CCC – Sprandi – Polkowice ) .
Alejandro Valverde ( Movistar Team ) , who had come fourth in 2014 , was also among the major favourites and was in strong form following three stage wins during the Volta a Catalunya . Michał Kwiatkowski ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) , the current world champion , Joaquim Rodríguez ( Team Katusha ) and Michael Matthews ( Orica – GreenEDGE ) were also considered to have a strong chance of winning the race . Matthews in particular was the favourite to win any small bunch sprint if a group came together after the Cauberg .
= = Race report = =
An early breakaway was formed by six riders after more than 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) , after the climb of the Lange Raarberg . The six riders were Laurens De Vreese ( Astana ) , Jan Polanc ( Lampre – Merida ) , Timo Roosen ( LottoNL – Jumbo ) , Linus Gerdemann ( Cult Energy Pro Cycling ) , Johan Van Zyl ( MTN – Qhubeka ) and Mike Terpstra ( Team Roompot ) . The peloton initially hesitated in letting the break escape , but soon relented and the leading group 's advantage grew to approximately 10 minutes by the time they reached Mechelen after 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) of racing . The peloton was led by BMC Racing Team and CCC – Sprandi – Polkowice . There were several crashes during this phase of the race ; Jelle Vanendert ( Lotto – Soudal ) , who was second in 2014 , and Lieuwe Westra ( Astana ) were among the riders forced to abandon the race . As the riders crossed the finish line for the second time , with 99 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 62 @.@ 0 mi ) remaining , they had a lead of approximately six minutes as the riders in the peloton began to chase .
On the second loop around Valkenburg , Movistar Team came to the front of the peloton to chase the breakaway in support of Alejandro Valverde . They reduced the breakaway 's lead to four minutes and briefly broke a small group free on the descent from the Bemelerberg , but a mechanical problem for Valverde forced them to stop chasing and bring him back to the front of the peloton . As the riders came to the end of the loop , three riders had been dropped from the breakaway and the group 's lead was under a minute . The first attacks from the peloton came on the Eyserbosweg , with David Tanner ( IAM Cycling ) and Simon Clarke ( Orica – GreenEDGE ) attacking and forming a lead group . A second group attacked , made up of Tony Martin ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) , Vincenzo Nibali and Diego Rosa ( both Astana ) , Wilco Kelderman ( LottoNL – Jumbo ) , Damiano Caruso ( BMC ) and Alex Howes ( Cannondale – Garmin ) . With 37 kilometres ( 23 mi ) remaining , Clarke and Tanner had an 11 @-@ second lead over the second group , with the peloton a further 24 seconds behind . The original breakaway , meanwhile , had been caught .
Kelderman missed a corner shortly afterwards and was forced to ride through a field to rejoin the race ; he was unable to catch up with the leading riders . The two groups came together shortly afterwards , although there was some disagreement in the group about the riders ' commitment to the breakaway attempt . Rosa and Caruso crashed on a corner , reducing the group to five riders , while Movistar were again leading the chasing peloton . The group was caught with 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) remaining . Clarke then attacked again , but was caught 7 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) later . One final attack was made by Jakob Fuglsang ( Astana ) and Greg Van Avermaet ( BMC Racing Team ) ; Van Avermaet refused to assist Fuglsang in setting the pace and they were soon caught . The peloton was therefore all together for the final ascent of the Cauberg .
In 2014 , Samuel Sánchez ( then BMC ) had attacked at the foot of the Cauberg on behalf of his teammate Philippe Gilbert , whose subsequent attack allowed him to take the race victory . BMC attempted to replicate this strategy with an attack from Ben Hermans in the same place as Sánchez 's . Gilbert 's attack , however , was less successful than his 2014 effort : although most riders were dropped , Michael Matthews was able to hold his wheel . Michał Kwiatkowski was chasing alone at this point . Valverde bridged across to Gilbert and Matthews , with another 15 riders joining the group shortly afterwards . Kwiatkowski was a long way behind with 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) remaining , but was able to stay in the slipstream of the other riders and recover from the climb . He then began a long sprint and was able to keep the rest of the group behind him . Valverde finished second , with Matthews third . Kwiatkowski 's win was his first win in the rainbow jersey of the world champion .
= = Results = =
= = Post @-@ race analysis = =
= = = Riders ' reactions = = =
Kwiatkowski 's win was his first road race victory since his victory at the 2014 world championships ( his only other 2015 victory was in the prologue individual time trial at the 2015 Paris @-@ Nice ) . He also became the fourth rider to win the Amstel Gold Race while wearing the rainbow jersey ; the others were Eddy Merckx , Jan Raas and Bernard Hinault . He described the race as " an amazing day " and said that it " [ put ] the dot on the i " following the Etixx – Quick @-@ Step team 's second @-@ place finishes at the Tour of Flanders and the Paris – Roubaix .
BMC were praised for their tactics after the race , despite Gilbert 's failure to repeat his victory ; his tenth @-@ place finish was his worst result in several years . Gilbert attributed his failure to stay away from the chasing pack in part to the lack of a tailwind on the final flat section after the Cauberg , while his reputation as the main favourite for the race also worked to his disadvantage . Valverde , meanwhile , was delighted at his second @-@ place finish , which was the best result of his career at the Amstel Gold Race , declaring himself " happy with second " and looking forward to the remainder of the Ardennes classics .
= = = UCI World Tour rankings = = =
After winning 80 points for his victory in the race , Kwiatkowski moved up from thirteenth place to fourth place in the UCI World Tour rankings . His total of 195 points left him 108 points behind the leader , Richie Porte ( Team Sky ) . Valverde also moved into the top ten of the World Tour rankings . Etixx – Quick @-@ Step moved ahead of Team Sky to take the lead in the teams ' ranking ; Australia remained in the lead of the nations ' rankings .
= Pilot ( Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ) =
" Pilot " is the pilot and first episode of the first season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) , revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they investigate a super @-@ powered man and the hacktivist group the Rising Tide . It is the first television episode to be set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The episode was written by series creators Joss Whedon , Jed Whedon , and Maurissa Tancharoen , and was directed by Joss Whedon .
The episode was ordered in 2012 , after Joss Whedon wrote and directed Marvel 's The Avengers , and was filmed in early 2013 in Los Angeles , California , with some additional filming in Paris , France . Clark Gregg reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , and is joined by principal cast members Ming @-@ Na Wen , Brett Dalton , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , and Elizabeth Henstridge . Cobie Smulders guest stars , reprising her role of Maria Hill from The Avengers , with previous Whedon collaborators J. August Richards and Ron Glass also guest starring . Emphasis was put on consistency and continuity with the MCU films , and some elements are reused from the films throughout the episode , most notably extremis . The visual effects for the episode were nominated at the Visual Effects Society Awards .
" Pilot " originally aired on ABC on September 24 , 2013 , and according to Nielsen Media Research , was watched by 12 @.@ 12 million viewers , the highest ratings received by the first episode of a drama series since 2009 . The episode received a mostly positive response from critics , who praised Joss Whedon 's involvement and Richards ' performance , but were disappointed that the episode did not reach the standard of the MCU films . The use of the name ' Rising Tide ' received backlash from a real life group of the same name .
= = Plot = =
After the events of Iron Man 3 , Mike Peterson is out with his son , Ace , when the top floor of a nearby building explodes . Peterson uses enhanced strength to save a trapped woman from the building , and is filmed doing so by Skye , a member of the hacktivist group the Rising Tide . S.H.I.E.L.D. deputy director Maria Hill interviews Grant Ward for a new team under Agent Phil Coulson , who is officially dead . Coulson assigns Ward level 7 security clearance , and reveals the team 's first mission is to investigate the Rising Tide . Coulson also recruits the reluctant Agent Melinda May , who had previously retired from field duty .
Skye meets with Peterson and warns him about S.H.I.E.L.D. ’ s penchant for covering up superhero based events . She is shortly arrested by Coulson , and placed in the S.H.I.E.L.D. team 's mobile base of operations ( a plane nicknamed " The Bus " ) . During questioning Coulson slowly begins to gain her trust , and she reveals her limited knowledge of the mysterious Project Centipede and the location of the explosion ; Agents Leo Fitz and Jemma Simmons go to investigate the scene .
Peterson returns to the factory he was recently fired from , and injures his former boss , calling him the " bad guy " and himself the " hero " . Peterson then visits the woman he saved in the hospital , who is actually the doctor that gave him his abilities by implanting the Centipede device in his arm . She warns him against revealing his abilities to the public , which would be against the wishes of her backers . Fitz and Simmons discover from a damaged Centipede device , found at the explosion scene , that it combines several previously known sources of superpowers , including extremis , and it was the unstable extremis within a previous Centipede @-@ created superhero that had caused the explosion .
Peterson abducts Skye and makes her delete his and Ace 's personal information from the government 's systems , though she manages to warn the team at the same time . The two are tracked to a train station by Coulson 's team and a gunman sent by Peterson 's doctor . May takes out the gunman , and Ward shoot ’ s Peterson with an advanced stun gun developed by Fitz and Simmons , which stabilizes his extremis . Afterwards , Coulson is offering Skye a place on his team when a call for an " 0 @-@ 8 @-@ 4 " comes in .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
In August 2012 , ABC ordered a pilot from Joss Whedon , who wrote and directed The Avengers , for a series set within the MCU . Paul Lee , president of ABC , compared the pilot to the series Once Upon a Time , in terms of budgetary and technological ambition , and spoke of his excitement for the crossover potential with the larger film universe . " Pilot " was executive produced by Joss Whedon , Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , Jeffrey Bell and Jeph Loeb .
= = = Writing = = =
Joss Whedon said that his previous television shows were based on ensembles , with S.H.I.E.L.D. being based in part on the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode " The Zeppo " . That episode highlighted a lesser seen character , which was something he wanted to achieve with the character of Agent Phil Coulson . It was written by Whedon , along with his brother Jed Whedon and sister @-@ in @-@ law Maurissa Tancharoen . At the same time , he was writing the script for Avengers : Age of Ultron , which meant that he could use the series to explain the resurrection of Coulson rather than trying to include it in that film . Whedon revealed that he received notes from ABC on things to change in the pilot , but noted that the network was encouraging and excited about the project , so " you take the notes . You don ’ t take all of them . But you never walk in expecting not to get any . " At San Diego Comic @-@ Con 2013 , Tancharoen talked about telling a Marvel story on a television budget , calling it a challenge but noting that the series is " looking at it through a different lens " , telling the human stories in the superhuman universe , with Coulson , who was the human , grounded character in the films , leading a team of ' real people ' , albeit extremely skilled people .
= = = Casting = = =
In October 2012 , a casting sheet for five lead roles was sent out . Later that month , at the New York Comic Con , Joss Whedon , Kevin Feige and Clark Gregg announced that Gregg , who previously portrayed the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Iron Man , Iron Man 2 , Thor , and Marvel 's The Avengers , as well as the Marvel One @-@ Shots short films The Consultant and A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor 's Hammer , would be reprising his role as agent Phil Coulson in the pilot . Toward the end of the month , actress Ming @-@ Na Wen was cast as agent Melinda May . In November 2012 , Elizabeth Henstridge and Iain De Caestecker were cast as agents Jemma Simmons and Leo Fitz , respectively . Later in November , newcomer Brett Dalton was cast as agent Grant Ward , while in December
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Jersey in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act . By then the trust still had a 70 % market share of the refined oil market but only 14 % of the U.S. crude oil supply . The court ruled that the trust originated in illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies . These included , among many others , Continental Oil , which became Conoco , now part of ConocoPhillips ; Standard of Indiana , which became Amoco , now part of BP ; Standard of California , which became Chevron ; Standard of New Jersey , which became Esso ( and later , Exxon ) , now part of ExxonMobil ; Standard of New York , which became Mobil , now part of ExxonMobil ; and Standard of Ohio , which became Sohio , now part of BP . Pennzoil and Chevron have remained separate companies .
Rockefeller , who had rarely sold shares , held over 25 % of Standard 's stock at the time of the breakup . He and all other stockholders received proportionate shares in each of the 34 companies . In the aftermath , Rockefeller 's control over the oil industry was somewhat reduced but over the next 10 years , the breakup also proved immensely profitable for him . The companies ' combined net worth rose fivefold and Rockefeller ’ s personal wealth jumped to $ 900 million .
= = Colorado Fuel and Iron = =
In 1902 , facing cash flow problems , John Cleveland Osgood turned to George Jay Gould a principle stockholder of the Denver and Rio Grande for a loan . Gould , via Frederick Taylor Gates , Rockefeller 's financial adviser , brought John D. Rockefeller in to help finance the loan . Analysis of the company 's operations by John D. Rockefeller , Jr. showed a need for substantially more funds which were provided in exchange for acquisition of CF & I 's subsidiaries such as the Colorado and Wyoming Railway Company , the Crystal River Railroad Company , and possibly the Rocky Mountain Coal and Iron Company . Control was passed from the Iowa Group to Gould and Rockefeller interests in 1903 with Gould in control and Rockefeller and Gates representing a minority interests . Osgood left the company in 1904 and devoted his efforts to operating competing coal and coke operations .
= = = Strike of 1913 – 14 and the Ludlow Massacre = = =
The strike , called in September 1913 , by the United Mine Workers over the issue of union representation , was against coal mine operators in Huerfano and Las Animas counties in southern Colorado where the majority of CF & I 's coal and coke production was located , and was fought by the coal mine operators association and its steering committee which included Welborn , president of CF & I , who was spokesman for the coal operators . Lamont Montgomery Bowers , Rockefeller 's man , remained in the background . Few of the miners actually belonged to the union or participated in the strike call , but the majority honored it . Scabs were threatened and sometimes attacked . Both sides purchased substantial arms and ammunition . Striking miners were forced to abandon their homes in company towns and lived in tent cities erected by the union such as the tent city at Ludlow , a railway stop north of Trinidad .
Under the protection of the National Guard , some miners returned to work and some strikebreakers imported from the eastern coalfields joined them as Guard troops protected their movements . In February 1914 a substantial portion of the troops were withdrawn , but a substantial contingent remained at Ludlow . On April 20 , 1914 , a general fire @-@ fight occurred between strikers and troops . The camp burned , and 15 women and children in the camp were burned to death .
Costs to both mine operators and the union were high . Due to reduced demand for coal resulting from an economic downturn many of CF & I 's coal mines never reopened and many men were thrown out of work . The union was forced to discontinue strike benefits in February 1915 . There was destitution in the coal fields . With the help of funds from the Rockefeller Foundation relief programs were organized by the Colorado Committee on Unemployment and Relief , a state agency created by Governor Carlson , offering work to unemployed miners building roads and doing other useful projects .
The casualties suffered at Ludlow were successfully labeled a massacre and mobilized public opinion against the Rockefellers and the coal industry . The United States Commission on Industrial Relations conducted extensive hearings singling out John D. Rockefeller , Jr. and the Rockefellers ' relationship with Bowers for special attention . Bower was relieved of duty and Welborn restored to control in 1915 and industrial relations improved .
Initially following the massacre , Rockefeller denied any responsibility and minimized the seriousness of the event . When testifying on the Ludlow Massacre , and asked what action he would have taken as Director , John D. Rockefeller stated , " I would have taken no action . I would have deplored the necessity which compelled the officers of the company to resort to such measures to supplement the State forces to maintain law and order . " Rockefeller admitted that he had made no attempt to bring the militiamen to justice .
= = Illnesses and death = =
In his 50s Rockefeller suffered from moderate depression and digestive troubles and , during a stressful period in the 1890s , developed alopecia , a condition that causes the loss of some or all body hair . By 1901 he did not have a hair on his body , and he began wearing wigs . The hair never grew back , but his other health complaints subsided as he lightened his workload .
Rockefeller died of arteriosclerosis on May 23 , 1937 , less than two months shy of his 98th birthday , at The Casements , his home in Ormond Beach , Florida . He was buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland .
= = Personal life = =
= = = Family = = =
Against long circulating speculations that his family has French roots , genealogists proved the German origin of Rockefeller and traced them back to the early 17th century . Thereupon Johann Peter Rockenfeller ( baptized 27 September 1682 in the Protestant church of Rengsdorf ) immigrated in 1723 from Altwied ( today a district of Neuwied , Rhineland @-@ Palatinate ) with three children to North America and settled down in Germantown , Pennsylvania .
The name Rockenfeller ( from Rockenfeld ) refers to a deserted place Rockenfeld ( English : distaff field ) in the district of Neuwied . Even today there are numerous inhabitants in this region with the surname Rockenfeller .
= = = Marriage = = =
In 1864 , Rockefeller married Laura Celestia " Cettie " Spelman ( 1839 – 1915 ) , daughter of Harvey Buell Spelman and Lucy Henry . They had four daughters and one son together . He said later , " Her judgment was always better than mine . Without her keen advice , I would be a poor man . "
Elizabeth " Bessie " Rockefeller ( August 23 , 1866 – November 14 , 1906 )
Alice Rockefeller ( July 14 , 1869 – August 20 , 1870 )
Alta Rockefeller ( April 12 , 1871 – June 21 , 1962 )
Edith Rockefeller ( August 31 , 1872 – August 25 , 1932 )
John Davison Rockefeller , Jr . ( January 29 , 1874 – May 11 , 1960 )
The Rockefeller wealth , distributed as it was through a system of foundations and trusts , continued to fund family philanthropic , commercial , and , eventually , political aspirations throughout the 20th century . John Jr . ' s youngest son David Rockefeller was a leading New York banker , serving for over 20 years as CEO of Chase Manhattan ( now part of JPMorgan Chase ) . Second son , Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller , was Republican governor of New York and the 41st Vice President of the United States . Fourth son Winthrop Aldrich Rockefeller served as Republican Governor of Arkansas . Grandchildren Abigail Aldrich " Abby " Rockefeller and John Davison Rockefeller III became philanthropists . Grandson Laurance Spelman Rockefeller became a conservationist . Great @-@ grandson John Davison " Jay " Rockefeller IV served from 1985 until 2015 as a Democratic Senator from West Virginia and as a former governor of West Virginia , and another , Winthrop Paul Rockefeller , served ten years as Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas .
= = = Religious views = = =
John D. Rockefeller was born in the New York state area known as the Burned @-@ over district amidst the Second Great Awakening ; an evangelical revival which drew masses to various Protestant churches — especially Baptist and Methodist ones — urging believers to follow such ideals as hard work , prayer and good deeds to build " the Kingdom of God on Earth " .
Early in his life , he regularly went with his siblings and mother Eliza to the local Baptist church — the Erie Street Baptist Church ( later the Euclid Avenue Baptist Church ) — belonging to the Triennial Convention ( 1907 @-@ 1950 called the Northern Baptist Convention ; modern American Baptist Churches USA ) . His mother was deeply religious and disciplined , and had a major influence on him in religious matters . During church service , his mother would urge him to contribute his few pennies to the congregation . He came to associate the church with charity . A Baptist preacher once encouraged him to " make as much money as he could , and then give away as much as he could " . Later in his life , Rockefeller recalled : " It was at this moment , that the financial plan of my life was formed " . Money making was considered by him a god @-@ given gift .
A devout Northern Baptist , Rockefeller would read the Bible daily , attend prayer meetings twice a week and even led his own Bible study with his wife . Burton Folsom Jr. has noted , he sometimes gave tens of thousands of dollars to Christian groups , while , at the same time , he was trying to borrow over a million dollar to expand his business . His philosophy of giving was founded upon biblical principles . He truly believed in the biblical principle found in Luke 6 : 38 , " Give , and it will be given to you . A good measure , pressed down , shaken together and running over , will be poured into your lap . For with the measure you use , it will be measured to you . "
Rockefeller would support Baptist missionary activity , fund universities , and heavily engage in religious activities at his Cleveland , Ohio church . While traveling the South , he would donate large sums of money to churches belonging to the Southern Baptist Convention , various Black churches , as well as other Christian denominations . One time , he paid for a slave 's freedom and gave to a Roman Catholic orphanage . As he grew rich , his donations became more generous , especially to his church in Cleveland .
= = = Rumors = = =
At the height of John D. Rockefeller 's power as monopolist there were the first rumors that the family are said to guard as an " embarrassing secret " . Joseph Pulitzer offered a reward of $ 8 @,@ 000 for information about John 's father Bill aka " Doc Rockefeller " , by whom was only known that he was alive under a false name . However , the journalists could not find him before his death , and only two years later the whole story was published .
Bill , who traveled as a mountebank across the country , sometimes a glad @-@ handing huckster or occasionally as " herbal doctor " , although he had no legitimate medical training , abandoned his family around 1855 , but remained legally married to Eliza up to her death . He adopted the name William Levingston and married , as a bigamist in Norwich , Ontario , Margaret L. Allen ( 1834 – 1910 ) , without issue . He died in 1906 and his tomb was paid from the property of his second wife .
= = Philanthropy = =
Rockefeller 's charitable giving began with his first job as a clerk at age 16 , when he gave six percent of his earnings to charity , as recorded in his personal ledger . By the time he was twenty , his charity exceeded ten percent of his income . Much of his giving was church @-@ related . His church was later affiliated with the Northern Baptist Convention , which formed from American Baptists in the North with ties to their historic missions to establish schools and colleges for freedmen in the South after the American Civil War . Rockefeller attended Baptist churches every Sunday ; when traveling he would often attend services at African @-@ American Baptist congregations , leaving a substantial donation . As Rockefeller 's wealth grew , so did his giving , primarily to educational and public health causes , but also for basic science and the arts . He was advised primarily by Frederick Taylor Gates after 1891 , and , after 1897 , also by his son .
He was influenced by a meeting with Swami Vivekananda , who urged him to use more of his philanthropy to help the poor and distressed people .
Rockefeller believed in the Efficiency Movement , arguing that : " To help an inefficient , ill @-@ located , unnecessary school is a waste ... it is highly probable that enough money has been squandered on unwise educational projects to have built up a national system of higher education adequate to our needs , if the money had been properly directed to that end . "
Rockefeller and his advisers invented the conditional grant , which required the recipient to " root the institution in the affections of as many people as possible who , as contributors , become personally concerned , and thereafter may be counted on to give to the institution their watchful interest and cooperation " .
In 1884 , Rockefeller provided major funding for a college in Atlanta for African @-@ American women , which became Spelman College ( named for Rockefeller 's in @-@ laws who were ardent abolitionists before the Civil War ) . The oldest existing building on Spelman 's campus , Rockefeller Hall , is named after him . Rockefeller also gave considerable donations to Denison University and other Baptist colleges .
Rockefeller gave $ 80 million to the University of Chicago under William Rainey Harper , turning a small Baptist college into a world @-@ class institution by 1900 . He also gave a grant to the American Baptist Missionaries foreign mission board , the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society in establishing Central Philippine University , the first Baptist and second American university in Asia , in 1905 in the Philippines .
Rockefeller 's General Education Board , founded in 1903 , was established to promote education at all levels everywhere in the country . In keeping with the historic missions of the Baptists , it was especially active in supporting black schools in the South . Rockefeller also provided financial support to such established eastern institutions as Yale , Harvard , Columbia , Brown , Bryn Mawr , Wellesley and Vassar .
On Gates ' advice , Rockefeller became one of the first great benefactors of medical science . In 1901 , he founded the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City . It changed its name to Rockefeller University in 1965 , after expanding its mission to include graduate education . It claims a connection to 23 Nobel laureates . He founded the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission in 1909 , an organization that eventually eradicated the hookworm disease , which had long plagued rural areas of the American South . His General Education Board made a dramatic impact by funding the recommendations of the Flexner Report of 1910 . The study had been undertaken by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching ; it revolutionized the study of medicine in the United States .
Rockefeller created the Rockefeller Foundation in 1913 to continue and expand the scope of the work of the Sanitary Commission , which was closed in 1915 . He gave nearly $ 250 million to the foundation , which focused on public health , medical training , and the arts . It endowed Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health , the first of its kind . It also built the Peking Union Medical College in China into a notable institution . The foundation helped in World War I war relief , and it employed William Lyon Mackenzie King of Canada to study industrial relations . In the 1920s , the Rockefeller Foundation funded a hookworm eradication campaign through the International Health Division . This campaign used a combination of politics and science , along with collaboration between healthcare workers and government officials to accomplish its goals .
Rockefeller 's fourth main philanthropy , the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Foundation , was created in 1918 . Through this , he supported work in the social studies ; this was later absorbed into the Rockefeller Foundation . In total Rockefeller donated about $ 550 million .
Rockefeller became well known in his later life for the practice of giving dimes to adults and nickels to children wherever he went . He even gave dimes as a playful gesture to wealthy men , such as tire mogul Harvey Firestone .
= = Florida home = =
Henry Flagler , one of the co @-@ founders of Standard Oil along with Rockefeller , bought the Ormond Hotel in 1890 , located in Ormond Beach , Florida , two years after it opened . Flagler expanded it to accommodate 600 guests and the hotel soon became one in a series of Gilded Age hotels catering to passengers aboard Flagler 's Florida East Coast Railway . One of Flagler 's guests at the Ormond Hotel was his former business partner John D. Rockefeller , who first stayed at the hotel in 1914 . Rockefeller liked the Ormond Beach area so much that after four seasons at the hotel , he bought an estate in Ormond Beach called " The Casements " . It would be Rockefeller 's winter home during the latter part of his life . Sold by his heirs in 1939 , it was purchased by the city in 1973 and now serves as a cultural center and is the community 's best @-@ known historical structure .
= = Legacy = =
Rockefeller had a long and controversial career in the oil industry followed by a long career in philanthropy . His image is an amalgam of all of these experiences and the many ways he was viewed by his contemporaries . These contemporaries include his former competitors , many of whom were driven to ruin , but many others of whom sold out at a profit ( or a profitable stake in Standard Oil , as Rockefeller often offered his shares as payment for a business ) , and quite a few of whom became very wealthy as managers as well as owners in Standard Oil . They also include politicians and writers , some of whom served Rockefeller 's interests , and some of whom built their careers by fighting Rockefeller and the " robber barons " .
Biographer Allan Nevins , answering Rockefeller 's enemies , concluded :
The rise of the Standard Oil men to great wealth was not from poverty . It was not meteor @-@ like , but accomplished over a quarter of a century by courageous venturing in a field so risky that most large capitalists avoided it , by arduous labors , and by more sagacious and farsighted planning than had been applied to any other American industry . The oil fortunes of 1894 were not larger than steel fortunes , banking fortunes , and railroad fortunes made in similar periods . But it is the assertion that the Standard magnates gained their wealth by appropriating " the property of others " that most challenges our attention . We have abundant evidence that Rockefeller 's consistent policy was to offer fair terms to competitors and to buy them out , for cash , stock , or both , at fair appraisals ; we have the statement of one impartial historian that Rockefeller was decidedly " more humane toward competitors " than Carnegie ; we have the conclusion of another that his wealth was " the least tainted of all the great fortunes of his day . "
Biographer Ron Chernow wrote of Rockefeller :
What makes him problematic — and why he continues to inspire ambivalent reactions — is that his good side was every bit as good as his bad side was bad . Seldom has history produced such a contradictory figure .
Notwithstanding these varied aspects of his public life , Rockefeller may ultimately be remembered simply for the raw size of his wealth . In 1902 , an audit showed Rockefeller was worth about $ 200 million — compared to the total national GDP of $ 24 billion then . His wealth continued to grow significantly ( in line with U.S. economic growth ) after as the demand for gasoline soared , eventually reaching about $ 900 million on the eve of the First World War , including significant interests in banking , shipping , mining , railroads , and other industries . According to the New York Times obituary , " it was estimated after Mr. Rockefeller retired from business that he had accumulated close to $ 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 out of the earnings of the Standard Oil trust and out of his other investments . This was probably the greatest amount of wealth that any private citizen had ever been able to accumulate by his own efforts . " By the time of his death in 1937 , Rockefeller 's remaining fortune , largely tied up in permanent family trusts , was estimated at $ 1 @.@ 4 billion , while the total national GDP was $ 92 billion . According to some methods of wealth calculation , Rockefeller 's net worth over the last decades of his life would easily place him as the wealthiest known person in recent history . As a percentage of the United States ' GDP , no other American fortune — including those of Bill Gates or Sam Walton — would even come close .
Rockefeller , at the age of 86 , penned the following words to sum up his life :
= Donde Quiera Que Estés =
" Donde Quiera Que Estés " ( English : " Wherever You Are " ) is a duet recorded by American Latin pop quintet the Barrio Boyzz and American Tejano singer Selena . Released on the Barrio Boyzz ' album of the same name , " Donde Quiera Que Estés " was written by K. C. Porter , Miguel Flores , Desmond Child , and produced by A.B. Quintanilla III , Domingo Padilla and Bebu Silvetti . The lyrics explore feelings felt after a breakup between first @-@ time lovers who hope that their love will one day return . " Donde Quiera Que Estés " is a dance pop song with influences from hip @-@ hop music .
Before the recording sessions , the Barrio Boyzz and Selena were unaware of each other until EMI Latin acquainted them to record the song . After filming the music video for the song in New York , the Barrio Boyzz and Selena went on a mini @-@ tour throughout Texas and Mexico . The song peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for six consecutive weeks . It eventually became the sixth most performed Latin song of 1994 in the United States . " Donde Quiera Que Estés " was nominated for Vocal Duo of the Year at the 1994 Tejano Music Awards . The song was a critical success with music journalist favoring its musical composition .
= = Background and production = =
" Donde Quiera Que Estés " was written by American music producers K. C. Porter , Miguel Flores , and Desmond Child for EMI Latin 's project . The record company wanted the Barrio Boyzz and Selena to record the tune , the two were unaware of each other and were acquainted to record the song . Selena 's sister and drummer of Selena y Los Dinos , Suzette Quintanilla said in a 2002 interview that " [ the other company ] were like " well who is Selena ? " and vice versa " who is the Barrio Boyzz ? " , we weren 't too familiar with them . " Selena flew to New York with her mother Marcella Quintanilla to record and film the song with the Barrio Boyzz . The song was produced by Selena 's brother – record producer A.B. Quintanilla , American hip @-@ hop producer Domingo Padilla , and Argentine musician and producer Bebu Silvetti . The song was included in the 1993 sophomore album of the same name by the Barrio Boyzz , the album was later certified platinum ( Latin field ) for shipments of 100 @,@ 000 units in the United States . According to El Salvador ( El Mundo ) , Jose Behar , then @-@ president of EMI Latin , initially wanted to expand the Barrio Boyzz and Selena 's exposure from two different regions of the United States where they were relatively unknown .
On March 31 , 1995 , Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar , her friend and former manager of the singer 's Selena Etc. boutiques . At the time of her death , Selena was working on a crossover album that marketed her as an American solo pop artist . The Barrio Boyzz were asked to re @-@ record the song into a bilingual duet with Selena entitled " Wherever You Are " . The song was added to the track listing of Dreaming of You ( 1995 ) , which was later certified 35 × platinum ( Latin field ) for shipments of 3 @.@ 5 million units in the United States .
= = Composition and chart history = =
" Donde Quiera Que Estés " is a Spanish @-@ language dance pop song with influences of hip @-@ hop music . It is performed in a moderate groove with a tempo of 90 beats per minute . Both the Spanish and English versions are performed in E minor and the musical instruments used in the recording are the piano and drums . The song makes use of scat singing , which were absent from the Spanish version . The lyrics explored feelings of a couples ending relationship , though both hope that their love will soon return .
The song was released onto U.S. radios on 22 January 1994 and debuted at number 20 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart on the week ending 5 February 1994 . The song jumped to number six in the second week and to number three on the following week . John Lannert of Billboard called " Donde Quiera Que Estés " a " fast @-@ climbing " song and predicted it — along with Los Fugitivos ' song " La Loca " — to have outperform Ana Gabriel 's chart topper " Luna " in the following week . The song fell to number four on the week ending 26 February 1994 , it reclaimed the third position the following week for two consecutive weeks . On 26 March 1994 , " Donde Quiera Que Estés " peaked at number one on the chart and remained atop the chart for six consecutive weeks . This gave the Barrio Boyzz their second consecutive number one song , with their first being " Cerca de Ti " which peaked at number one on the week ending 18 December 1993 . " Donde Quiera Que Estés " provided Selena her first number one song in two years , her first number one was " Buenos Amigos " with Alvaro Torres , which peaked at number one on 6 June 1992 . " Donde Quiera Que Estés " knocked Gloria Estefan 's " Mi Buen Amor " , which was logged atop the chart for two consecutive weeks .
In its fourth week at number one , " Donde Quiera Que Estés " scored a " commanding point bulge " and its score at the time didn 't seem to be diminishing . In its fifth week , Lannert pointed out that La Mafia 's " Vida " song was vastly approaching the number one spot , however , he predicted that the song should remain at number one for one more week before being dethroned .
= = Critical reception and legacy = =
The song was nominated for Vocal Duo of the Year at the 1994 Tejano Music Awards , where the Barrio Boyzz and Selena performed the track . John Lannert of Billboard called " Donde Quiera Que Estés " a " pop / dance monster " during its reign on the top of Latin charts in 1994 . After Selena 's death , Lannert wrote a retrospective article on the singer for Billboard released on 10 June 1995 , he called " Donde Quiera Que Estés " a " pop duet smash " . After Selena was inducted into the Billboard Latin Music Hall of Fame on that same issue , Lannert allude the song as being a " rhythmic pop number " . On his album review of Dreaming of You , Paul Verna of Billboard called the track a " smash collaboration " . Marco Torres wrote in the Houston Press that " Donde Quiera Que Estés " is " probably the best music video of all time " . He further wrote that Selena " showcases her pop @-@ princess qualities by teaming up with New York City Latino pop group [ the ] Barrio Boyzz " . Torres also states that " this song about first loves is the perfect balance of harmony , sultry whispers and Selena 's ability to turn an otherwise mediocre song into a spectacular hit . " The Argus @-@ Press believed that " Donde Quiera Que Estés " and Selena 's subsequent single " Amor Prohibido " , were added on Dreaming of You to " show how her style grew . " Reviewing " Wherever You Are " , Howard Cohen and Fernando Gonzalez of The Day , called the track a hip @-@ hop number .
Salsa singers Isidro Infante and La Elite covered the song for the tribute album Familia RMM Recordando a Selena ( 1996 ) . For the live televised tribute concert Selena ¡ VIVE ! in April 2005 , Aleks Syntek and Fey performed and recorded the song . It was later made available for the album of the concert , released on 10 May 2005 . Syntek later re @-@ released the song for his compilation album 3 Décadas de Duetos ( 2012 ) . In March 2010 , the music video for " Donde Queira Que Estés " and other Selena music videos formed part of a tribute to mark the fifteenth anniversary of the singer 's death . It was broadcast to 42 million homes nationwide on Music Choice On Demand in the United States for a limited time .
= = Charts = =
= = = Weekly charts = = =
= = Personnel = =
Music video
Laurice Bell — director
Jose Behar ( EMI Latin ) — producer
Desmond Charles ( Tango Productions ) — producer
Donde Quiera Que Estés
Selena — vocals
the Barrio Boyzz — vocals , scats
Joe Ojeda — piano
Chris Pérez — electric guitar
Suzette Quintanilla — drums
A.B. Quintanilla — producer
Domingo Padilla — producer
Bebu Silvetti — producer
K. C. Porter — composer
Miguel Flores — composer
Desmond Child — composer
Lisette Lorenzo — art direction
= Italian cruiser Calatafimi =
Calatafimi was a torpedo cruiser of the Partenope class built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s . She was built by the Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando shipyard ; her keel was laid in July 1891 , she was launched in May 1894 , and was commissioned in December 1895 . Her main armament were her five torpedo tubes , which were supported by a battery of eleven small @-@ caliber guns . Calatafimi spent most of her career in the main Italian fleet , where she was primarily occupied with training exercises . The ship was sold in March 1907 and broken up for scrap .
= = Design = =
Calatafimi was 73 @.@ 1 meters ( 239 ft 10 in ) long overall and had a beam of 8 @.@ 22 m ( 27 ft 0 in ) and an average draft of 3 @.@ 48 m ( 11 ft 5 in ) . She displaced 839 metric tons ( 826 long tons ; 925 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by four coal @-@ fired locomotive boilers . Specific figures for Calatafimi 's engine performance have not survived , but the ships of her class had top speeds of 18 @.@ 1 to 20 @.@ 8 knots ( 33 @.@ 5 to 38 @.@ 5 km / h ; 20 @.@ 8 to 23 @.@ 9 mph ) at 3 @,@ 884 to 4 @,@ 422 indicated horsepower ( 2 @,@ 896 to 3 @,@ 297 kW ) . The ship had a cruising radius of about 1 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 300 km ; 2 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 96 and 121 personnel .
Calatafimi was armed with a main battery of one 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) / 40 gun and six 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) / 43 guns mounted singly.α She was also equipped with three 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) / 20 guns in single mounts . Her primary offensive weapon was her six 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 1 @.@ 6 in ( 41 mm ) thick ; her conning tower was armored with the same thickness of steel plate .
= = Service history = =
The new cruiser was originally to have been named Tersicore , but she was renamed Calatafimi the day construction began . The last member of her class , Calatafimi was laid down on 15 September 1891 at the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia ( Royal Dockyard in Castellammare di Stabia ) , and was launched on 18 March 1893 . After fitting @-@ out work was completed , the ship was commissioned into the fleet on 16 January 1894 . The following year , she was assigned to the 2nd Division of the Permanent Squadron , which included her sister ship Euridice , the ironclad battleship Francesco Morosini , and the protected cruiser Etruria . The Squadron was based at La Spezia at the time , though Calatafimi was stationed primarily in Taranto and Naples , along with most of the other torpedo cruisers of the Italian fleet . In 1895 , unrest in the Ottoman Empire that killed hundreds of foreign nationals prompted several of the European great powers to send an international fleet to pressure the Ottomans into compensating the victims . In November , a small Italian squadron sent to Smyrna to join the fleet in there ; Calatafimi was mobil
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, Jenny revives , takes a small spaceship , and takes off into the unknown to become an explorer like her father .
In the accompanying Doctor Who Confidential episode , David Tennant ( who portrays the Doctor ) refers to her as " another member of that race , or something closely akin to it . " In the episode itself the Doctor says to Jenny , " You 're an echo , that 's all . A Time Lord is so much more . A sum of knowledge , a code , shared history , shared suffering " , but later accepts her as his daughter , saying " You 're going to be more than great ; you 're going to be amazing " . Jenny 's ' death ' is shown during " Journey 's End " when the Doctor recalls those who have died while helping him , as he did not know she revived .
= = Characterisation = =
= = = Character creation = = =
While it is well established within Doctor Who that the Doctor once had a family — his first incarnation having travelled with his granddaughter , Susan — this fact has been seldom referenced in the show . As executive producer Russell T Davies stated , when discussing the creation of Jenny as the Doctor 's newest family member : " In the current series once or twice we 've had fleeting little mentions , he said to Rose in the TARDIS in " Fear Her " that he 'd been a father once . And now obviously this story , it 's not a natural , biological daughter , you could argue , but this really brings him face to face with fatherhood . "
Regarding the creation of the character Jenny , series producer Phil Collinson explained , " It came out of a desire to keep pushing David , and keep taking him in new directions , and keep challenging him , really . To suddenly find himself with a member of family is kind of one of the biggest challenges you could give him , so I 'm chuffed we did it . " Tennant has agreed that giving the character a daughter was " an interesting , emotional , dramatic place for the character to go , " while the episode 's writer , Stephen Greenhorn , has spoken of the manner in which creating Jenny allowed the show to broach " aspects of the Doctor 's past life that we don 't often get to discuss , about his previous family that he had and lost in the Time War . " Steven Moffat suggested that the character lives in the episode 's conclusion .
= = = Casting = = =
Before being cast as Jenny , Georgia Moffett had previously auditioned for a smaller role in Doctor Who episode " The Unicorn and the Wasp " . Phil Collinson revealed that : " As soon as we saw her , we realised there was a much bigger and better part later on in the series ... so Georgia kindly waited until the time was right . " Coverage of her casting focused on the fact that Moffett is the daughter of Peter Davison , who played the Doctor 's fifth incarnation — as the Radio Times stated : " a Doctor 's daughter is playing the Doctor 's Daughter " . Moffett has described how , after Davison filmed the 2007 Children in Need segment " Time Crash " , in which the Fifth Doctor briefly returned to meet the Tenth Doctor , her father called her to inform her : " Right , now it 's your go . " Discussing Moffett 's casting as Jenny , both actors relayed their amusement at the character 's first line being " Hello , Dad , " with Davison describing his own daughter playing the Doctor 's daughter as " kind of surreal " . He has denied that there was any nepotism involved in the casting process , explaining , " She got it off her own bat . I would love to get another part in Doctor Who , I 'm certainly not going to get her one first . " Moffett has praised her character and the episode in which she appeared , asserting that : " If I 'd had to write my ideal part in an episode of Doctor Who it would have been that script . " She has also expressed a desire to return to the role , calling on the show 's producers to " Bring Jenny back . Please ! "
= = = Characteristics = = =
Over the course of the episode " The Doctor 's Daughter " , the character of Jenny undergoes marked change . Moffett explained : " She starts off not being particularly likeable but by the end she 's learned a lot from her experiences and from The Doctor . She becomes something that he 's very proud of . " Initially , Jenny is portrayed as an " action hero " character , described by series producer Phil Collinson as : " a warrior . [ ... ] She 's born to fight . She 's born to use weapons , she 's born to karate chop and kick her feet " , and by episode writer Stephen Greenhorn as : " a kind of manufactured soldier , with a kinda pre @-@ programming towards aggression and war . " Shortly after her creation within the episode , the character explains that she was born knowing just " How to fight , and how to die . "
Learning from the Doctor , Jenny begins to adapt her ideology . Moffett explained that her character : " begins to become much more like the Doctor , and much more like a Time [ lord ] , " describing the episode as " a journey , " over the course of which Jenny learns to use her fighting skills " in the right way , " developing morals as she grows on a personal level . Executive producer Russell T Davies has discussed the Doctor 's initial reluctance to accept Jenny as his daughter , explaining , " It 's awful for him in that this daughter is everything he wouldn 't be ; she 's a soldier , she 's got military protocols downloaded into her brain , she can fight , and she wants to fight , that 's the important thing , that she thinks killing is fine . " Greenhorn asserts that as the character develops , " You can see the Doctorishness in her . And you can see that actually , the reason he would warm to that is because he begins to recognise there are elements in her that are strong in him as well . " Concluding the character 's development over the course of the episode , Moffett surmised , " By the end of it , they 've both realised that they want to be a little bit more like the other one , and admire that in each other . "
= = Reception = =
Martin Anderson of Den of Geek ! has suggested that the creation of a daughter character for the Doctor was a move designed to lay to rest decades long speculation that the Doctor himself might one day regenerate into a female form . He describes the act of reviving the character at the end of the episode as " a pretty cheap trick " , but asserts that ; " this is outshone by the big surprise at Jenny 's career @-@ choice at the conclusion of The Doctor 's Daughter . Wow . " Newsround 's Lizo Mzimba opines that Moffett 's appearance as Jenny is " superb " , while Doctor Who producer Phil Collinson has hailed the introduction of Jenny as the Doctor 's daughter : " One of the best pre @-@ title sequences we 've ever had . " Despite reviewing the episode " The Doctor 's Daughter " poorly as a whole , Digital Spy 's Ben Rawson @-@ Jones argues that Jenny " deserved a stronger narrative context for her debut " , and that Georgia Moffett portrayed the character with " the right spirit , arrogance and compassion that befits a sprog of the Time Lord . "
Ian Berriman , writing for SFX , is somewhat more critical of the character , stating : " we 're not given much time to get to know Jenny ( and you always suspect she 's a redshirt ) , so her " death " is not as affecting as it could have been . " The Stage 's Mark Wright is similarly critical of the character and her conception , writing : " I 'll admit to feeling cheated that she isn 't the real thing and it 's a bit of techno @-@ gubbins malarkey to give the Doctor something to emote against . I don 't quite buy the bond that springs up between the Doctor and Georgia Moffett 's Jenny ( a name she is given rather quickly ) . She is a genetically engineered soldier with military tactics and skills programmed in , and knows what to do with a gun , much to the Doctor 's horror . But why does he care , she isn 't really his daughter ? "
Anderson , Berriman , Wright , and The Times ' Andrew Billen all speculate that the character is likely to return to the series in the future , with Anderson assessing that the episode 's ending left " vast scope " for the return of the character in her own spin @-@ off : " Moffett herself has the obvious credentials due to her real @-@ life dad , and she 's certainly young , attractive and athletic enough to cross quite a few barriers in viewer demographics . " Billen adds : " If Jenny [ ... ] does not spin off into , at least , her own comic books , I shall be surprised . "
Georges Jeanty , artist of the comic series Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight , felt that the character of Jenny was a homage to Joss Whedon 's influential character Buffy Summers ( Sarah Michelle Gellar ) , from Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Jeanty returned the favour by modelling Buffy 's outfit in Season Eight # 32 after Jenny 's outfit in " The Doctor 's Daughter " .
= 2011 NBA lockout =
The 2011 NBA lockout was the fourth lockout in the history of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The owners began the work stoppage upon expiration of the 2005 collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) . The 161 @-@ day lockout began on July 1 , 2011 and ended on December 8 , 2011 . It delayed the start of the 2011 – 12 regular season from November 1 to December 25 , and it reduced the regular season from 82 to 66 games . The previous lockout in 1998 – 99 had shortened the season to 50 games . During the lockout , teams could not trade , sign or contact players , and players could not access NBA team facilities , trainers , or staffs .
Negotiations between the owners , led by commissioner David Stern , and the players , led by director Billy Hunter and president Derek Fisher of the labor union National Basketball Players Association ( NBPA ) , began in early 2011 and continued through November . The main issues dividing both sides were the division of revenue and the structure of the salary cap and luxury tax . Owners proposed to reduce the players ’ share of basketball related income ( BRI ) from 57 % to 47 % , but the players countered with 53 % of BRI . Owners wanted to implement a hard salary cap and a harsher luxury tax , hoping to increase competition among teams , whereas players wanted to keep the current soft salary cap structure intact .
As both sides failed to reach an agreement , the NBA canceled the preseason and all games through December . On November 14 , the players dissolved the union , allowing them to file antitrust lawsuits against the league . On November 26 , both sides reached a tentative agreement to end the lockout . The new CBA calls for a revenue split of 49 @-@ to @-@ 51 @.@ 2 % and a flexible salary cap structure with harsher luxury tax . After the tentative deal was reached , owners allowed players to have voluntary workouts at team sites starting December 1 . After the deal was ratified on December 8 , training camps , trades and free agency began the next day . During the lockout , some players signed contracts to play in other countries , mostly in Europe and Asia , with most of them having the option to return upon the lockout 's conclusion . The lockout also affected the economy due largely to NBA cities losing revenue generated by games as well as television networks losing ratings and advertisement revenue .
= = Chronology = =
July 1 , 2011 : The lockout begins .
September 23 , 2011 : The NBA canceled training camp , which was to begin October 3 , and the first week of preseason games , which were to run October 9 through 15 .
October 4 , 2011 : The NBA canceled the remainder of the preseason .
October 10 , 2011 : The first two weeks of the regular season canceled .
October 28 , 2011 : All games through November 30 canceled .
November 14 , 2011 : The NBPA dissolves labor union into a trade association .
November 15 , 2011 : The NBA canceled all games through December 15 . Players filed antitrust lawsuits against the NBA in California and Minnesota federal courts .
November 26 , 2011 : The NBA owners and players reached a tentative agreement to end the lockout .
December 1 , 2011 : The NBPA re @-@ formed as a union .
December 8 , 2011 : The new CBA is ratified , officially ending the lockout .
December 25 , 2011 : NBA season begins .
= = Background = =
After the previous lockout , which shortened the 1998 – 99 season from 82 to 50 games , a six @-@ year deal between the owners , led by commissioner David Stern , and the players , led by director Billy Hunter and president Patrick Ewing of the labor union National Basketball Players Association ( NBPA ) , was reached . As the CBA was set to expire on June 30 , 2005 , the two sides began to negotiate in early 2005 . There were several issues obstructing the new agreement , which included adding an age limit for rookies , toughening the existing drug @-@ testing program and limiting the length of long @-@ term contracts . However , negotiations went smoothly and the two sides were able to reach a deal in June 2005 , avoiding the lockout . That deal guaranteed players 57 percent of basketball @-@ related income ( BRI ) and lasted for six years , until June 30 , 2011 . A year after signing the deal , eight owners signed a petition requesting Stern address the disparity between small @-@ market and large @-@ market teams . They wrote that " the hard truth is that our current economic system works only for larger @-@ market teams and a few teams that have extraordinary success ... The rest of us are looking at significant and unacceptable annual financial losses . "
Derek Fisher succeeded Ewing as NBPA president in 2006 . In early 2011 , negotiations on a new CBA began . The league claimed that it was losing $ 300 million a year ( 22 out of 30 teams were losing money last season ) and proposed to reduce 40 % of players ' salary ( about $ 800 million ) and institute a hard salary cap ( at $ 45 million per team ) as opposed to a soft cap ( at $ 58 million ) currently in use . The union disputed those figures and steadfastly opposed those changes . Hunter said that he was advising players to prepare for a lockout . In May 2011 , the NBPA filed a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) , accusing the league of negotiating in bad faith by failing to provide critical financial data to the union and repeatedly threatening to lock out players . The NBA quickly rejected the complaint , saying that the league complies fully with federal labor laws . The union also considered the option of decertification , which allows players to file an antitrust lawsuit against the NBA .
With time winding down , negotiations continued in May and June . On the salary cap , the owners , in their newest proposal , call for a system called the " flex cap " that limits payroll at $ 62 million but penalizes teams if the teams payroll exceeds the league 's average payroll of that season . The union argued that it is still a hard cap because the ceiling would kick in eventually . On salary reduction , players offered to cut $ 500 million over the next five years ( their share of BRI would be reduced from 57 to 54 @.@ 3 percent ) . The owners instead proposed to cut $ 2 billion over the next 10 years .
As a last @-@ ditch effort to avert a lockout , owners and players met again on June 30 , 2011 , to negotiate , but both sides failed to reach a resolution on key issues like salary cap and BRI splits . Both Stern and Hunter said that the two sides remained far apart . The owners demanded a larger share , claiming that they were losing money . The players , on the other hand , were willing to make concessions , but they refused to completely cave in to owners ' demands . Negotiations broke off , and the CBA expired at midnight .
= = Lockout = =
= = = Initial months = = =
The lockout was officially started by the owners on July 1 , 2011 , during which , teams could not trade , sign or contact players , and players could not access NBA team facilities , trainers or staffs . Negotiations resumed at an August 1 bargaining session , but it fell apart after three hours . On August 2 , 2011 , the NBA filed two unfair labor practice claims against the NBPA , one at the NLRB and another at a federal district court in New York . The league accused the players of being uncooperative in negotiations by threatening to dissolve their union and file antitrust lawsuits . Hunter , in a statement released by the union , called the lawsuits " without merit " and that the union would seek to dismiss it in court . On August 4 , Hunter said that he thought the entire 2011 – 12 season would likely be canceled .
The NBPA and the owners returned to negotiate again on August 31 with a sense of urgency . No specifics were disclosed although both sides hoped to meet again soon . " Everyone loses if we don 't reach an agreement , that 's something that I think has always been understood , " said union president Derek Fisher . " I will say we are not apart in terms of an agreed urgency on getting a deal done , " said NBA deputy commissioner Adam Silver .
The union and owners met again on September 13 but the negotiation soon collapsed . The salary cap structure remained the main source of disagreement . Owners wanted to create a hard cap for team payroll . The union wanted to keep the current structure intact , referring to it as a " blood issue " . Players were willing to cut salary only if owners agree to compromise on the salary cap . But owners were unwilling to concede , saying that there must be a system in place that allows all teams to compete . Five of the sports agents — Arn Tellem , Bill Duffy , Mark Bartelstein , Jeff Schwartz and Dan Fegan — who represent one @-@ third of NBA players spoke with each other about decertifying the union . They believed owners have most of the leverage in negotiation and viewed decertification as a way for players to take control . Hunter said however that players have not considered decertification at this point .
On September 15 , Fisher sent an email to 400 @-@ plus players asking for unity . In the email , he said that recent meetings were " effective " . He suggested that the failure of having a deal was not due to disagreement between players and owners , but due to disagreement among owners . Fisher also used the opportunity to counter agents ' suggestion of disbanding the union , saying that they were not making " a drastic move that leaves players without a union " . According to sources , there was indeed disagreement among the owners . Some thought players ' proposal of taking 52 % of BRI was fair , and were willing to compromise on things like tying players ' future earnings to NBA 's future revenue growth and maintaining current salary level . Cavaliers ' Dan Gilbert and Suns ' Robert Sarver were among the hardliners who oppose the deal while Knicks ' James Dolan and the Lakers ' Jerry Buss were among the group in favor of it . Stern denied that there was a rift among owners the following day , saying , " I don 't know what the basis of Derek 's belief is . "
= = = Cancellations = = =
On September 23 , 2011 , the NBA canceled training camp , which was to begin October 3 , and the first week of preseason games , which were to run October 9 through 15 . The incident marks only the second time in league history that games have been lost to a labor stoppage . Both the owners and the union had planned to meet on September 30 in New York and pledged to continue through the weekends if progress was being made . A source close to the situation leaked to ESPN that Stern plans to threaten the cancellation of the season if no deal is made , but the union sees this as a scare tactic and not a serious threat . Commentators speculated that Stern wants to put pressure on the players and prevent negotiation from dragging through the fall . The meeting on September 30 was tense as Dwyane Wade reportedly yelled at Stern after he pointed his finger at Wade . The players nearly stormed out , but they remained in the meeting only after Hunter asked them to . Stern also backed down from his earlier threat that he would cancel the season if there is no deal .
On October 4 , the NBA canceled the remainder of the preseason . Stern said the league would lose $ 200 million by canceling the preseason , and warned that the first two weeks of the season would be in jeopardy if no deal is reached by October 10 . The players proposed that they receive 53 % of BRI , while the owners countered with 47 % . The two sides then discussed a 50 – 50 split of BRI , with the owners offering the players 49 % of BRI with incentives that would raise the value to 51 % . The players countered by asking for 51 % , which would increase to 53 percent using those same incentives . It was rejected by the owners . Attempts for the sides to meet on October 7 failed . The union said the NBA demanded a 50 – 50 revenue split prior to the meeting , while the league refuted making any such demands . After talks on October 9 and 10 , the two sides were unable to reach a deal and Stern subsequently canceled the first two weeks of regular @-@ season games , which were originally scheduled to begin on November 1 . BRI remained the main issue , but other differences included luxury tax , player contract length , and the mid @-@ level exception . The owners proposed a $ 2 tax for every $ 1 that a team spends above the tax threshold for player salaries . The tax would rise to as high as $ 4 for every $ 1 above the limit for teams that are repeat offenders . The previous CBA in comparison called for a $ 1 tax for every $ 1 over the limit . The players refused to accept a hard salary cap , which they felt the more punitive luxury taxes would effectively create . Stern said the owners felt a harsher luxury tax would make the league more competitive . Wade countered that a small @-@ market team like the San Antonio Spurs had won multiple championships . Andrew Zimbalist , an economist at Smith College , said that " the statistical correlation between payroll and win percentage is practically nonexistent " in the NBA . ESPN.com concluded that a team 's draft efficiency accounted for 34 % of its winning percentage in the past decade , while payroll showed only a 7 % correlation . The New York Times noted that a fairer system was needed for the small @-@ market teams , but the league 's popularity historically relied on predictably successful teams with multiple superstars .
NBPA leaders met with around 30 players on October 14 and stressed unity . Washington Wizards player JaVale McGee left the meeting early and told reporters there were some players " saying that they 're ready to fold " , but the majority was united . McGee later denied mentioning that players were ready to fold , but his comment was recorded by reporters . Fisher said McGee had " no ability to make that statement " based on the limited time he spent at the meeting .
Owners and players met again on October 18 – 20 for 30 hours of talks over three days . They met before a federal mediator , George Cohen — the director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service . Cohen tried unsuccessfully to resolve the 2011 NFL lockout . At the conclusion of the meetings , the sides remained split on the revenue split and the structure of the salary cap . The league proposed a 50 – 50 split of BRI , and the players proposed a range that would allow them as low as 50 % of BRI to a maximum of 53 % , depending on the league 's revenues . Gilbert told the players to trust that the salary cap issues could be resolved if they accepted the 50 – 50 proposal . Hunter responded , " I can 't trust your gut . I got to trust my own gut . " Silver and San Antonio Spurs owner Peter Holt told reporters that the players refused to negotiate after the 50 – 50 proposal . Fisher told the press " that you guys were lied to " by the owners . Hunter said the owners told them , " Take it or leave it . " Cohen decided that there was " no useful purpose " to continue mediation . Tentative agreements were reached on smaller issues , allowing a one @-@ time exemption for teams to waive players without counting against the salary cap , granting teams an annual exemption to waive players and prorate the impact to the salary cap over multiple years , and a mid @-@ level exception of $ 5 million .
Hunter characterized the small @-@ market owners as being inflexible in negotiation . However , The New York Times wrote that the views of individual owners " cannot be easily categorized by market size , revenue , personal wealth or championship aspirations . " Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban , whose team is in the fifth @-@ largest market and has one of the highest payrolls , and Portland Trail Blazers owner Paul Allen , the 23rd @-@ wealthiest person in America , are as interested as small @-@ market owners in changing the economy of the NBA in an effort to increase competition . While owners of profitable teams like Buss and Dolan are willing to accept modest changes to the CBA , they remain united with the small @-@ market teams based on concerns for the league 's long @-@ term health .
Despite the earlier cancellation announcement , the players and the league hoped that a full 82 @-@ game schedule could be salvaged if a deal is reached in time . On October 28 , Stern announced the cancellation of all games through November 30 after negotiations regarding division of revenue ended without an agreement . He said that Hunter was unwilling " to go a penny below 52 % " on BRI , while Hunter said , " We made a lot of concessions , but unfortunately at this time it 's not enough . " Stern indicated that an 82 @-@ game season was no longer possible . He added that tentative agreement was reached for maximum contract lengths of five years for players staying with their teams or four years when signing with another team .
Reports of division among players and owners surfaced . Jason Whitlock of Foxsports.com wrote that Fisher was privately working with Stern on the 50 – 50 split and that Hunter confronted Fisher about the issue . Fisher and Stern denied a private meeting took place . In a letter to the players , Fisher called the reports " absurd " and demanded " a retraction for the libelous and defamatory stories " through his attorneys . Hunter said his " relationship with Derek is very good . There was no confrontation . " Fisher , as union president , is not empowered to make unilateral decisions for the union . While Fisher believed a 50 – 50 deal could be considered , Hunter maintained that the owners should never " make the same or more than the players . " Miami Heat owner Micky Arison , one of the owners willing to settle with players , responded to a fan complaining about greedy owners and players on Twitter , saying that " You are barking at the wrong owner . " He was fined $ 500 @,@ 000 by Stern , five times larger than any previous amount against an owner for publicly commenting on the labor situation . Washington Wizards owner Ted Leonsis and Charlotte Bobcats owner Michael Jordan had been fined $ 100 @,@ 000 each for public comments on the lockout . Leonsis had commented about the owners ' desire for a hard salary cap , while Jordan told an Australian newspaper that the league 's business model was " broken " , citing the owners ' desire for revenue sharing . A group of 10 to 14 hardline owners , led by Jordan , wanted to cap the players ' share of BRI at 50 % and as low as 47 . During the labor dispute in 1998 , then @-@ player Jordan told Washington Wizards then @-@ owner Abe Pollin , " If you can ’ t make a profit , you should sell your team . " Whitlock called Jordan a " sellout " wanting " current players to pay for his incompetence . " He cited Jordan 's executive decisions to draft disappointing players Kwame Brown and Adam Morrison .
In early November , about 50 players renewed talks of union decertification if the union went lower than 52 @.@ 5 % of BRI or agreed to additional restrictions on contracts , salary @-@ cap exceptions , or free agency . Decertifying would require that 30 % of the union — about 130 players — sign a petition , allowing an election under the auspices of the NLRB by all NBPA members to decertify with a simple majority . The NLRB traditionally does not consider a decertification petition while a charge is pending , such as the NBPA 's unfair labor practice charges filed in August .
The owners and players union met on November 6 , and they were joined again by federal mediator Cohen . The players proposed that they receive 51 % of BRI , with a 1 % portion taken out for retired players . The owners offered a " band " that would pay the players 49 to 51 % , depending on revenue growth . Jeff Kessler , the union ’ s attorney , said the league 's proposal was really 50 @.@ 2 % and called the possibility of reaching 51 % an " illusion . " The league also proposed restrictions for teams that pay the luxury tax , banning them from sign and trade deals and limiting their use of the mid @-@ level exception . They also proposed a " repeater tax " for teams that exceed the tax threshold thrice in a five @-@ year span . Stern issued an ultimatum , giving the players until November 9 to accept the deal before it is lowered to 47 % BRI and a flex salary cap .
On November 15 , the NBA canceled all games through December 15 .
= = = Dissolving the union = = =
The union rejected the offer on November 9 and asked for another bargaining session . The two sides met again as the deadline passed . After two days of negotiation , the owners put forth a revised final offer and said that they were done bargaining . If accepted by the players , Stern hoped to start a 72 @-@ game season in mid December . On November 14 , the union rejected the last offer and dissolved the union . The NBPA was converted into a trade association , enabling the players as individual employees to participate in a class action antitrust lawsuit against the league , calling the lockout an illegal group boycott . Attorney David Boies , who represented the NFL owners in their 2011 lockout , agreed to represent the players and join Keesler , who also represented the players in the NFL lockout . On November 15 , one group of NBA players ( including Carmelo Anthony , Chauncey Billups , Kawhi Leonard , and Leon Powe ) filed an antitrust lawsuit against the NBA in a California federal court , while another ( including Anthony Tolliver , Ben Gordon , Caron Butler and Derrick Williams ) filed their own suit against the NBA in a Minnesota federal court . November 15 was also the day players were to receive their first paychecks if the season was played .
On November 21 , the California lawsuit was dropped in order to merge with the Minnesota lawsuit . Boies hoped that the move would speed up the process since the courts will likely merge the suits as they are similar complaints seeking the same outcome . The league has until December 5 to respond in court .
= = = Settlement = = =
On November 23 , the league and the players agreed to resume negotiating on November 25 . On November 26 , after 15 hours of talks , a tentative deal was reached . The NBPA re @-@ formed as a union on December 1 , receiving support from over 300 players , exceeding the requirement for at least 260 signatures . Signature cards were sent to the roughly 440 players on rosters at the end of the previous season , as well as to the 60 rookies drafted in 2011 and to players who signed at least two 10 @-@ day contracts . The re @-@ formation enabled further negotiations with the league on secondary issues such as the age limit for the NBA draft and rules on players being sent to and recalled from the NBA D @-@ League . The players and owners concluded their voting on the deal on December 8 , when the deal was ratified , and the lockout ended after 161 days . The owners approved the deal by a 25 – 5 vote , while 86 % of the more than 200 players who voted approved the deal . Miami Heat 's Micky Arison and Dallas Mavericks ' Mark Cuban are the two owners who have publicly disclosed that they voted against the new CBA .
The players would receive 51 @.@ 2 % of BRI in 2011 – 12 , with a 49 @-@ to @-@ 51 band in subsequent years . Teams are allowed a one @-@ time amnesty exemption to waive one player and remove him from the team 's salary cap . The player could be claimed off waivers by the highest bidder ; the waiving team would be responsible for the remaining salary without it counting against their cap . In a rule dubbed the " Derrick Rose Rule " after the 2011 NBA Most Valuable Player Award winner , a player finishing his rookie contract could be re @-@ signed at up to 30 % of his team 's salary cap — an increase from the previous CBA 's 25 % — if he was either a two @-@ time All @-@ Star starter , twice voted All @-@ NBA Team , or won an MVP award . The maximum salary for a player otherwise would remain unchanged at 25 , 30 , or 35 % of the salary cap , depending on the player 's years of service .
= = = Racial comments = = =
Bryant Gumbel on his HBO Real Sports show in October likened Stern 's role in the lockout to a " modern plantation overseer , treating NBA men as if they were his boys ... keeping the hired hands in their place . " The NBA owners are predominantly white , while the players are mostly black . ESPN noted that William C. Rhoden in his book $ 40 Million Slaves had earlier dealt with the topic of players as " slaves " in spite of earning millions of dollars . Stern dismissed Gumbel 's comments as " an occupational hazard " of being the NBA commissioner . In early November , NBPA attorney Jeff Kessler criticized the owners ' " take it or leave it " bargaining approach : " instead of treating the players like partners , they ’ re treating them like plantation workers . " Hall of Famer Magic Johnson called the comments " ridiculous " and defended Stern 's record of promoting blacks . ESPN The Magazine said that the NBPA did not condone Kessler 's statements , and they had intentionally avoided getting involved with Gumbel 's earlier remarks . Kessler later apologized for his comments .
= = = Impact = = =
The revised season schedule with 16 fewer regular @-@ season games and a reduced pre @-@ season caused an estimated loss of $ 400 million for both the team owners and the players . According to CNBC , the average player lost $ 220 @,@ 000 after the first missed paycheck on November 15 . However , each player did receive $ 100 @,@ 000 from the NBA to compensate for salaries falling below the 57 % BRI level in 2010 – 11 . As of October 25 , an estimated 400 NBA jobs were lost due to layoffs and attrition since the lockout — around 200 in the league office and another 200 among the 30 teams . As the lockout dragged on toward the holiday season , many NBA arenas workers felt the effect . Many of them worked part @-@ time in order to supplement their income or to simply pay bills and they were unable to recover lost wages that resulted from cancelled games .
= = Players ' alternatives = =
= = = Going overseas = = =
The players union encouraged players to find work overseas , hoping owners would offer better deals if they saw players having more options . Josh Childress , who played for Greek team Olympiacos before returning to the NBA in 2010 , said he would not consider playing overseas during the lockout . He cited concerns with reliability of getting paid , differences in coaching styles , and lower standards of business travel compared to the NBA . The International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) announced on July 29 that it
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ABC , described Findeisen as looking " like a ragdoll " after the fall . Former ski jumper Jeff Hastings , co @-@ commentating , said : " I 'm feeling a little sick to my stomach , Al ... I can 't believe this . I 've never seen ski flying like this ... So many falls . " Findeisen was barely conscious and had to be stretchered away , later going into cardiac arrest but surviving .
In the next round of the competition , Berg attempted another jump but was not as fortunate this time : he fell out of the air , just as before , and crashed almost identically to Findeisen . One of Berg 's skis , which had come loose after impact and was still attached to his foot , flailed around and hit him in the face – exposed due to his goggles detaching – as he was sliding to a stop . His injuries , including concussion and a broken ACL , were career @-@ ending . At this point , Trautwig began calling into question the nature of the sport : " Jeff , we talk about the fear and why the ski flyers are scared ... I 'm really starting to ask , why we 're here and why they 're doing it . "
Ski flying endured a tentative era beginning in 1987 , when Piotr Fijas set a world record of 194 m ( 636 ft ) in Planica . With height over the hills and inrun speeds at an all @-@ time high ( Pavel Ploc reached 115 @.@ 6 km / h ( 71 @.@ 8 mph ) off the table in Harrachov in 1983 ) , as well as distances approaching 200 m ( 660 ft ) , the FIS took a stance against record @-@ hunting for safety reasons . From Felder 's world record in 1986 onwards , the FIS implemented a rule in which distance points would not be awarded beyond 191 m ; the jump would still count , but no points further than that could be achieved . Per this rule , Fijas ' jump was officially scaled down to 191 m by the FIS , but the KOP group ( led by the organisers in Kulm , Oberstdorf and Planica ) independently recorded the actual figure . Neither Kulm nor Planica would hold a ski flying event for several years , leaving Oberstdorf and Vikersund to host the Ski Flying World Championships in 1988 and 1990 , respectively . At those events , world record distances and major incidents were avoided .
= = = 1990s = = =
= = = = New safety measures = = = =
The dangers of the sport were still on full display at the 1992 Ski Flying World Championships in Harrachov , where Andreas Goldberger suffered a similar crash to the ones which occurred in Kulm in 1986 . On the first day of the event , a few seconds into his jump , dangerous wind conditions forced Goldberger to lose control at a height of around 9 m and a speed of more than 107 @.@ 4 km / h ( 66 @.@ 7 mph ) , sending him plummeting face @-@ first onto the hill below . He was taken by helicopter to a hospital , having sustained a broken arm and collarbone . František Jež also crashed , but was able to walk away with some help .
The second and final day was stopped and cancelled due to worsened weather , culminating in a high @-@ speed fall on the outrun by Christof Duffner after he landed an unofficial , world record @-@ equalling jump of 194 m . Goldberger 's efforts from earlier in the event were enough to earn him a silver medal behind eventual winner Noriaki Kasai , who became the first non @-@ European Ski Flying World Champion . Goldberger was able to return to top @-@ level competition within less than a year .
Protective wind nets by the side of the hill were later installed in Harrachov for 1996 to minimise the effects of crosswind , along with major reprofiling of the slope to comply with FIS safety regulations . This reprofiling – particularly at the hill 's highest point , known as the ' knoll ' – was critical in reducing the fearsome height reached by athletes after takeoff , estimated to be 15 – 18 m ( 49 – 59 ft ) in 1980 . Thanks to these modifications , athletes no longer jumped with as much height as before and no major accidents have occurred in Harrachov since 1992 .
Speaking about his experience at the 1983 Ski Flying World Championships in Harrachov , Mike Holland said :
Climbing over the knoll , I thought ' this is SO damned high , I shouldn 't be this high . ' Since I wasn 't ready for such height and speed , I threw out my arms at the end of the flight and let myself down 4 m ( 13 ft ) short of the world record .
= = = = Technique changes : parallel to V @-@ style = = = =
It was during this time that the entire sport of ski jumping underwent a significant transition in technique . Until the early 1990s nearly all athletes used the Däscher technique or parallel style , in which the skis were held close together and parallel to each other . This had been the norm since the 1950s , evolving into a modified variation in the 1980s with the skis pointed diagonally off to the side in a crude attempt to increase surface area . However , this came largely at the expense of stability and balance , akin to ' walking a tightrope ' in mid @-@ air and leaving athletes at the mercy of the elements . Akimoto , Findeisen , Berg and Goldberger 's accidents were all caused by unpredictable gusts of wind which made them lose control at the highest and fastest stage of their jumps , exacerbated by an outdated technique ill @-@ suited to the new extremes of ski flying , as well as the prevalence of older hills featuring very steep slopes .
In the late 1980s and early 1990s , Jan Boklöv pioneered the V @-@ style : skis were instead spread outwards in an aerodynamic " V " shape , with the athlete 's body lying much flatter between them . This created more surface area and lift , instantly enabling distances of up to ten per cent further . It also had a favourable effect of granting more stability in the air , although the peak speed was some 10 km / h ( 6 @.@ 2 mph ) slower than the parallel style . At first this new technique was looked upon unfavourably by the judges , who made it an issue to downgrade style points for those who used it . Nevertheless , within a few years , with Boklöv having won the 1988 – 89 Ski Jumping World Cup season and other athletes promptly adopting the technique , the judges ' stance quietly eased and the V @-@ style became the standard still used today .
The technique itself had a transitional period of its own , going from a narrower " V " in the early 1990s – retaining some features of the parallel style – to a much wider one at the end of the decade . Some athletes ( such as Tommy Ingebrigtsen ) preferred to cross the back of the skis to exaggerate the " V " angle , while others ( such as Kazuyoshi Funaki and Jakub Janda ) leaned even more forward so that their body lay almost flat between the skis ; both variations remain in use . The V @-@ style was still not immune to failure if the air pressure under one ski was lost , but the results were much less catastrophic than with the parallel style ; the latter had resulted in more head @-@ first landings , whereas the V @-@ style saw somewhat ' safer ' landings on the back or shoulders .
= = = = Breaking the 200 metre barrier = = = =
In 1994 , ski flying returned to a newly independent Slovenia , where the hill in Planica had been reprofiled with the aim of allowing for jumps of more than 200 m . The FIS was strongly against this and initially threatened to cancel the event on the grounds that its regulations on hill design had been violated . Negotiations between the organisers in Planica and the FIS managed to defuse the situation , allowing that year 's Ski Flying World Championships to take place . Before the event , Espen Bredesen said : " Of course I want to be the first [ to reach 200 m ] , but I think that 210 m ( 690 ft ) or 215 m ( 705 ft ) are also possible . "
With all athletes having switched to the V @-@ style , the sport was about to reach one of its biggest ever milestones . During the training round on the opening day of the event , Martin Höllwarth jumped 196 m ( 643 ft ) to edge the world record ever closer to 200 m . This was the first time a world record had been set using the V @-@ style , meaning Piotr Fijas ' was the last to use the parallel style . Andreas Goldberger then got tantalisingly close to the magic number when he landed at 202 m ( 663 ft ) but failed to maintain his balance as he squatted down and touched the snow with his hands , rendering his jump an unofficial world record . The official honours went to Toni Nieminen only a short time later , who cleanly landed a history @-@ making jump of 203 m ( 666 ft ) to claim both the world record and the achievement of being the first ever ski jumper to break the 200 m barrier .
On the next day during the second training round , Christof Duffner almost had his moment of glory when he jumped 207 m ( 679 ft ) , but fell upon landing just as he had done two years earlier in Harrachov . In that same training round , Espen Bredesen claimed the world record for himself with a clean jump of 209 m ( 686 ft ) . The restrictive rule concerning jumps beyond 191 m , in place since 1986 , was subsequently abolished by the FIS . However , as the rule was still in place at the time of Nieminen and Bredesen 's jumps , their additional distances were nullified . This handed Jaroslav Sakala the Ski Flying World Championship at the end of the event , which was shortened to only a single competition round due to strong winds forcing cancellation of the other .
In 2014 , Nieminen spoke about the jump that cemented his name in the history books :
It was the kind of jump in which , even when arriving [ at the bottom of the hill ] in the landing position and not knowing at all what lies ahead , I remember that my legs were trembling . That 's how terrified I was . ... Overcoming your own fears is the best feeling . The nature of the sport is that one has to challenge themselves . That 's why this jump has remained a highlight of my career .
= = = = Planica dominates = = = =
Beginning with Fijas 's world record in 1987 , Planica enjoyed a very long period of exclusivity . Much like in the 1930s and 1940s , no other hills would come close to reclaiming the accolade for 24 years , despite nearly all receiving K @-@ point upgrades to 185 m . Only Ironwood remained unchanged at K145 , staging its last event to date in 1994 with a hill record of 158 m ( 518 ft ) shared between Werner Schuster and Mathias Wallner . Since then , the hill has served as a popular tourist attraction in which sightseers are able to access the top of the inrun via an elevator . In 2013 , following almost two decades of disuse as a sporting venue , it was announced that the hill at Copper Peak would be renovated as the world 's largest ski jumping hill , additionally capable of staging summer events .
With eight years between Fijas and Höllwarth 's world records , it was the longest drought of unbroken records since that of Tauno Luiro from 1951 was broken by Jože Šlibar in 1961 . The margin between Höllwarth and Nieminen 's world records was 7 m ( 23 ft ) , the largest since Sepp Weiler and Dan Netzell in 1950 , which was 8 m ( 26 ft ) . In Planica the world record was broken a further four times in the 1990s , ending with Tommy Ingebrigtsen jumping 219 @.@ 5 m ( 720 ft ) in 1999 to send ski flying into the new millennium .
= = = 2000s – present = = =
Further changes in technique , equipment and hill profiles have seen the world record increase by almost 50 m ( 160 ft ) within 21 years . In 2000 , the world record in Planica was improved by 5 @.@ 5 m ( 18 ft ) , with jumps of 224 @.@ 5 m ( 737 ft ) by Thomas Hörl and 225 m ( 738 ft ) by Andreas Goldberger . The latter stood for three years until being equalled by Adam Małysz in 2003 , but his achievement was only temporary . On the same day , and in a span of the next four , Matti Hautamäki set three consecutive world records of 227 @.@ 5 m ( 746 ft ) , 228 @.@ 5 m ( 750 ft ) and 231 m ( 758 ft ) , much like Matti Nykänen had done in 1984 . When interviewed soon after the event , Hautamäki said that " The longer one stays in the air , the more fun it is . "
Before the 2004 Ski Flying World Championships , the hill was renamed to Letalnica bratov Gorišek ( " Flying hill by brothers Gorišek " ) . In 2005 , Planica continued its dominance of ski flying when the world record was shattered four times on the same day . Tommy Ingebrigtsen , Bjørn Einar Romøren and Matti Hautamäki all traded records , with Romøren emerging victorious with a jump of 239 m ( 784 ft ) to claim the final figure . Some minutes after that , having already captured his second consecutive Ski Jumping World Cup title , Janne Ahonen went for broke by stretching out a jump of 240 m ( 790 ft ) but fell from a dangerous height and landed hard on flat ground ; his world record was rendered unofficial . Ahonen half @-@ jokingly said in a 2009 interview that had he not brought his jump down earlier than intended , he would have reached 250 m ( 820 ft ) , at which point " I would be a dead man . [ laughs ] " In the aftermath of the event and following numerous near @-@ flat ground landings , it became clear that ski flying had once again outgrown an older hill – which last saw an upgrade twelve years prior – and needed enlarging in the years to come .
= = = = Hill renovations and breaking the 250 metre barrier = = = =
In 2005 , almost immediately after the Planica event , talks were under way to upgrade the hill in Vikersund . This became a reality in mid @-@ 2010 , when the FIS announced major rule changes at the 47th International Ski Congress in Antalya , Turkey to allow for even larger ski flying hills to be constructed . Vikersund was the first to undergo renovation to increase its K @-@ point from 185 m to 195 m ( 640 ft ) , making it the largest flying hill in the world and the only one equipped for floodlit night events . Janez Gorišek , known for his expertise in ski flying hill design , was the leader of this project . The new facility was given a rousing introduction at its opening event in 2011 , when Johan Remen Evensen jumped 243 m ( 797 ft ) and 246 @.@ 5 m ( 809 ft ) , returning the world record to Vikersund for the first time since 1967 . This was a ' trial ' event staged before the 2012 Ski Flying World Championships , which went on to draw a crowd of 60 @,@ 000 .
Another modification in Vikersund ( this time to K200 ) resulted in the coveted 250 m barrier being reached in 2015 , with Peter Prevc landing a clean jump right on the mark to claim another historic milestone in the sport . Prevc 's glory was short @-@ lived when Anders Fannemel broke this figure only a day later , landing a jump of 251 @.@ 5 m ( 825 ft ) to set the current world record . At the same event , prior to Fannemel 's jump , Dmitry Vassiliev crashed hard at 254 m ( 833 ft ) after exceeding the hill size boundary in an almost identical way to Janne Ahonen in Planica a decade earlier ; this gave Vassiliev unofficially the furthest distance ever reached in ski flying to date .
Also in 2015 , both Kulm and Planica finished upgrading their hills from K185 to K200 . All three aforementioned hills – Planica , Kulm and Vikersund – are now equipped for jumps exceeding 240 m , as well as having improved facilities for athletes and spectators . Although the new hills are much larger than ever before , most of them feature longer and less steeply angled slopes , designed purely for the V @-@ style and with the knowledge of 80 years ' worth of world record progression . Inrun tables have also been placed further back from the knoll and flight curves made shallower in order to allow athletes to glide more efficiently along the contour of the slope . This has significantly reduced such precarious heights over the knoll as was the case in the early 1990s and prior : in that era , athletes who knew only of the parallel style would aim to jump in an upward trajectory off the table , reaching vast heights but at the expense of distance . Furthermore , rather than glide , they instead plummeted towards the slope . However , compared to Vikersund , Planica is still extremely steep in the flight phase .
Anticipating a renewed world record rivalry , organisers in Vikersund have welcomed the healthy competition with Planica . Regarding the new hill in Kulm , Andreas Goldberger remarked that world records should not be expected there because of its different design and shorter hill profile . Oberstdorf is scheduled to receive an upgrade from K185 to K200 in time for the 2017 World Cup season and 2018 Ski Flying World Championships , leaving Harrachov ( K185 ) as the only hill having not been renovated since the 1990s .
At the end of the 2015 World Cup season , FIS race director Walter Hofer commented that the world record had reached its limit on the newest hills , and that no further expansion to their size was expected in the near future . He also noted in 2011 that the FIS rules on hill sizes would likely remain unchanged for another decade . Despite this , Janez Gorišek is said to have made plans for a 300 m ( 980 ft ) hill in Planica , albeit put on hold until the FIS rules are again changed . Anders Fannemel has said he believes 252 m ( 827 ft ) is the limit in Vikersund , but that the world record can be broken again in Planica .
= = Differences to ski jumping = =
Unlike ski jumping , which can be contested in the summer on specially equipped hills , ski flying is strictly a winter sport and not part of the Winter Olympics ; no world records have therefore been set at the games . Also in contrast to ski jumping , athletes are not able to practice on ski flying hills out @-@ of @-@ season as they are used only for competition events . Among the Alpine countries , there is an unwritten gentlemen 's agreement forbidding athletes under the age of eighteen to participate in ski flying events .
Rather than being considered a separate sport on its own , ski flying is essentially an offshoot of ski jumping involving larger hills and longer distances . According to former US ski jumping coach Larry Stone , " It 's the same thing , just bigger . You 're going faster and flying higher . ... Basically , it 's just a real big jump . " Today , the term " ski flying " itself has evolved to be used only for jumps in the region of 170 m ( 560 ft ) or further , with 200 – 240 m ( 660 – 790 ft ) being the competitive standard . By comparison , the longest ever distance from a ski jumping hill is 152 m ( 499 ft ) , set at Mühlenkopfschanze ( " Mühlenkopf hill " ) in Willingen , Germany . Distances of around 90 – 140 m ( 300 – 460 ft ) are the standard on most ski jumping hills .
= = = Hills = = =
The main difference between ski flying and ski jumping pertains to hill design , as mandated by the FIS . Historically , hills with a K @-@ point ( German : Konstruktionspunkt ) or main landing zone of more than 145 m ( 476 ft ) were classed as ski flying hills . As jumping distances increased by the decade , so did a small number of unique hills at locations seeking to outdo each other in a friendly rivalry for world record honours . Since 1980 , there have only been five of these hills in Europe and one in the US .
On all modern ski flying hills the K @-@ point is set between 185 – 200 m ( 607 – 656 ft ) , with a hill size of 205 – 225 m ( 673 – 738 ft ) ; far greater than the largest ski jumping hills , which only have K @-@ points of up to 125 – 130 m ( 410 – 427 ft ) and a hill size of 140 – 145 m ( 459 – 476 ft ) . The angle of the hill in the landing zone is between 33 @.@ 2 – 35 degrees . Seven ski flying hills in total were constructed between 1934 and 1980 . Six are currently active , but only five of them as flying hills :
There have been a number of proposed ski flying hills , most of which never reached the construction stage . Two were planned in Finland , in Kemijärvi and Ylitornio , but neither projects were realized after their inception in 2007 . In Norway , prior to the renovation of Vikersund , there were serious talks about constructing a new ski flying hill at Rødkleiva in Oslo . The most recent proposal has come from China , together with German architects Graft , who are in the development stages of a ski jumping and flying hill complex at the Wangtiane ski resort in the Changbai Mountains .
= = = Events = = =
The first Ski Flying World Championships were held in Planica in 1972 and have been staged biennially at all hills ( except Ironwood ) since 1988 . The event replaced various incarnations of International Ski Flying Week , which ran from 1953 to 1989 . Gold , silver and bronze medals are awarded after two competitions , with the total points winner receiving the title of Ski Flying World Champion . A team competition was introduced in 2004 , in which medals are also awarded .
Ski flying events outside of the World Championships are a regular feature on the Ski Jumping World Cup calendar , usually taking place on two or three hills only . Because athletes almost always participate in both disciplines , points scored in ski flying also count towards the Ski Jumping World Cup standings . Since 1991 , an additional title and trophy – the Ski Flying World Cup – has been awarded at the end of each season to the overall points winner of solely ski flying competitions , even if only one was contested . In contrast to the Ski Flying World Championships , the Ski Flying World Cup is a season @-@ long contest . The former can be considered equivalent to the Ski Jumping World Championships , in that both are one @-@ off events staged during the Ski Jumping World Cup season , but are isolated from it ; therefore , points from neither are included as part of the World Cup standings .
= = Rules and technique = =
Ski flyers take off at speeds of 98 – 109 km / h ( 61 – 68 mph ) , flying as high as 6 – 9 m ( 20 – 30 ft ) above the hill , accelerating to around 120 – 130 km / h ( 75 – 81 mph ) before landing , and spending up to nine seconds in the air ; all these figures are considerably less in ski jumping . David Goldstrom , longtime commentator for British Eurosport , once described the appearance of ski flying as that of " flying like a bird " .
= = = Event organisation = = =
The FIS ' race director ' and ' jury ' are a core team of personnel in charge of the entire event . Walter Hofer has been the FIS chief race director of ski flying and ski jumping events since 1992 . Miran Tepeš , himself a former ski jumper , is the assistant race director and second @-@ in @-@ command to Hofer . Spectators at the venue watching from large screen displays , as well as viewers watching on TV , are able to see on @-@ screen graphics provided by the FIS . These graphics , which have significantly evolved in detail over the decades , display a multitude of information : an athlete 's name and nationality , their photo , bib number , traffic light status , wind speed and direction , distance jumped , personal best distance , judges ' scores , points achieved , and competition rank .
= = = The inrun = = =
A ski jump or ski flight begins from the ' inrun ' , a ramp structure at the top of the hill in the form of a tower or set naturally against the hill formation . Access to this area is via ski lift or on foot . The inrun is 113 – 133 @.@ 8 m ( 371 – 439 ft ) in length , inclined at an angle of 35 – 39 degrees . Since the late 1980s , when the V @-@ style began enabling jumps dangerously close to flat ground , the full length of a ski flying inrun has never been used due to safety reasons . At the bottom of the inrun – specifically the very tip or edge of the structure – is the ' table ' , which is set at a height of 2 @.@ 42 – 4 @.@ 75 m ( 7 @.@ 9 – 15 @.@ 6 ft ) above the hill surface . Contrary to popular misconception , the table is actually declined downwards instead upwards , with the angle of decline set between 10 @.@ 5 – 11 @.@ 25 degrees .
= = = Pre @-@ takeoff phase = = =
Near the top of the inrun , there is a ' start gate ' – a metal or wooden beam – on which an athlete sits and awaits their signal to jump via a set of traffic lights ( green , yellow and red ) . These lights are operated directly by Miran Tepeš . An athlete may enter the gate when yellow is shown . If red is shown after this point , the wind conditions will have been deemed unfavourable for a safe jump : the athlete must then carefully exit the gate as they had entered it and await another opportunity to jump . Failure to dismount the gate within ten to fifteen seconds of being shown a red light , or jumping without having been given the signal to go , will disqualify the athlete .
Wind speed is measured in metres per second ( m / s ) in the form of head- , tail- and crosswind components . In ski flying there are ten separate wind sectors that are measured along the hill , with five on each side ; in ski jumping there are seven or less sectors . A hard limit , or " corridor of tolerance " , of 3 m / s ( 9 @.@ 8 ft / s ) is permitted at any time : if this is exceeded , all pending jumps are halted until the wind settles to an acceptable level . Weather conditions must be optimal in order to jump competitively and safely , therefore they are actively monitored by the jury , who continuously collaborate with the race directors in making decisions on how an event will progress . The resulting delays may last anywhere from under a minute , to many minutes depending on how variable the conditions are observed to be .
The position of the start gate determines the inrun speed , creating a difference of as much as 10 km / h ( 6 @.@ 2 mph ) depending on whether the gate is set higher ( thereby lengthening the inrun ) or lower ( shortening the inrun ) ; the difference in height between individual gates is 0 @.@ 5 m ( 1 @.@ 6 ft ) . Based on the jury 's decision , the gate position – of which there are several available numbers – is subject to being adjusted accordingly , including between each jump . In especially tricky conditions , athletes may sometimes be forced to enter and exit the gate multiple times before they are permitted to jump .
If conditions are normal and a green light is shown , the athlete 's coach – who is situated in a coaches ' section lower down the inrun with a flag in hand – gives them the final signal to go . Once given this signal , the athlete must commit to their jump within ten seconds or else risk disqualification : they are not allowed to exit the gate from whence they came . To begin descending the inrun , they drop down from the gate to a crouching position , upon which speed is rapidly picked up within seconds via built @-@ in tracks into which the skis are slotted . This streamlined crouch minimises air resistance along the inrun , and a further effort is made to reduce friction by not allowing the skis to bump too much against the sides of the tracks . Speed is measured from the table using a speed gun .
No ski poles are used , and no assistance from others ( such as a push from the gate ) is allowed . In heavy snow conditions the tracks can become clogged up , which reduces inrun speed and may cause an unpredictable descent for athletes . Event personnel standing by the sides of the inrun are often assigned to use leaf blowers to prevent the tracks from clogging up with snow .
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= = Takeoff and transition phase = = =
Moments before being propelled off the table , the athlete undergoes a sudden increase in g @-@ force due to the curvature – or ' compression ' – of the bottom of the inrun . They then initiate a very powerful , explosive jump that requires great leg strength . At this very instant , they adopt their own unique aerodynamic flying position in what is called the ' transition ' ; all of this taking place in only a tenth of a second . Timing is crucial and there is very little margin for error at this phase : a jump that begins too early or late off the table can mean the difference between an excellent , average or poor effort . Each athlete has their own method of generating as much inrun speed as possible , depending on such intricacies as crouch depth , hip angle , arm placement , or how far the torso is positioned over the knees . Body weight is also a factor ( see power @-@ to @-@ weight ratio ) , which has led to some athletes ' health becoming an issue over the years .
The most challenging stage of the takeoff is carrying the speed from the decline of the inrun with sufficient height over the ' knoll ' , and achieving the correct trajectory down the slope . The knoll is the highest point of the hill itself , from which it begins to slope downwards ; on modern ski flying hills the table is placed considerably far back from the knoll , so as to reduce the steepness of the flight curve . A skilled athlete is able to aggressively ' snap ' into the transition so as to clear the knoll with ease , thereby allowing them to focus completely on using their specialised aerodynamic flying technique to maximise distance further down the hill . Athletes of the highest skill level can consistently compensate for any lack of inrun speed with perfect timing off the table and an excellent transition .
However , there is a fine line between aggressiveness and over @-@ aggressiveness at takeoff . One of the most common mistakes made by athletes , including those at world class level , is to raise the ski tips too much during the transition : this excessive angle of attack causes the skis to act more as a spoiler than an efficient aerodynamic device , resulting in more height than distance . In a well @-@ executed jump , athletes will spend several seconds longer in the air than in ski jumping – up to five seconds more – which requires a different level of skill in order to sustain flight for a longer period , and showcases how the role of aerodynamics is magnified in ski flying . Not all athletes who excel in ski jumping are able do so in ski flying ( see the section on specialists ) .
= = = Flight phase and equipment = = =
Once the athlete has taken flight , characteristics similar to that of a glider come into force . Ski flyers are able to cover such tremendous distances and land safely primarily due to the skis they use , which are substantially wider and longer than their cross @-@ country or Alpine skiing counterparts . Each ski is attached securely at the front of the boot ; the heel , under which there is a wedge , is then attached to the ski using a hinged binding peg with a maximum length of 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) , allowing the athlete to spread the skis wide apart and lean forward into their preferred aerodynamic position . Much like aircraft wings , the skis are flexible to an extent , resulting in them bending significantly upon takeoff . Maintaining stability in the air is paramount : a loss of balance or pressure under the skis can lead to disaster ( see the section on accidents ) .
Skilful use of headwind and thermal updrafts along various sections of the hill is used to generate additional lift , creating pressure under the oversized skis and enabling athletes to effectively ride on a ' cushion of air ' . A reasonable amount of headwind is favourable to a long jump as it has the effect of delaying the athlete 's descent back onto the hill , whereas a tailwind or no wind at all is considered highly unfavourable and tends to shorten a jump by pushing the athlete downwards towards the hill too early . In particular , the presence of a tailwind forms one of the most challenging aspects of clearing the knoll and achieving a competitive distance . Conversely , in ideal headwind conditions , an athlete can ' catch ' an updraft along the middle of the hill – which always involves some degree of luck – and use it to glide even further than normal , making for an impressive visual effect for spectators .
To further aid athletes in gliding as aerodynamically as possible , they wear a one @-@ piece fabric bodysuit more similar to a wingsuit than a ski suit . This bodysuit is loose @-@ fitting and generates yet more lift , but the amount of slack is stringently regulated by the FIS so as to not allow for excessive bagginess and thereby reducing its wingsuit- , sail- or parachute @-@ like properties . In the early 2000s , bodysuits had reached exceptionally baggy proportions , resulting in humorous comparisons to flying squirrels . A ban on these baggy suits came into effect soon after , and today the level of slack for bodysuits is measured by FIS scrutineers before and after each jump : if the amount is exceeded , that athlete is disqualified due to an ' equipment violation ' .
= = = Landing phase and distance measurement = = =
The ultimate aim is to land on , or ideally surpass , a line marked across the hill called the ' K @-@ point ' , ' critical point ' , or ' calculation line ' . In order to attain the most points from the style judges , athletes strive for a ' Telemark ' landing : instead of landing with simply both feet together , one foot is placed clearly in front of the other ( without sliding , so as to ' cheat ' ) , both feet held no more than four ski widths ' apart , and the body held stable with a straight back and arms outstretched . This pose must be maintained until the ' outrun ' – a line at the very end of the hill , where the slope has fully flattened out – is reached . The exact placement of landing is measured between the athlete 's front and back feet . Failing to make a Telemark landing results in a loss of style points . Considerably more points are lost if a landing fails before the outrun line , such as falling over or touching the ground with any part of the body except the feet .
Distance is measured from the edge of the table to the placement of landing by increments of 0 @.@ 5 m . This is done using electronic and video monitoring systems together with event personnel assigned to observe jumps by the side of the hill , known as ' distance measurers ' . If enough jumps are deemed to be too far beyond the hill size , or near the ' fall line ' ( determined by the jury ) – where the slope begins to flatten out – an immediate meeting is held between the jury and race director , which usually results in the start gate being lowered so as to check inrun speeds and therefore distances . For spectators and judges , increments of 5 m are clearly indicated by rows of fir across the hill ; a painted red line is used for the K @-@ point , and a dashed red line for the hill size . Both sides of the hill are also marked highly visible in red to indicate the ' landing zone ' , while the point beyond the hill size is marked in green on the sides .
= = Scoring and judging = =
= = = Distance points = = =
Ski flying uses the same points system as ski jumping , but with two differences . In ski jumping , an athlete who reaches the K @-@ point receives 60 points as a base mark for distance ; in ski flying it is 120 . For every metre beyond the K @-@ point , ' bonus points ' are awarded . In ski jumping , a metre has a value of 2 points for ' normal ' hills and 1 @.@ 8 points for ' large ' hills ; in ski flying , a metre is instead worth 1 @.@ 2 points . These bonus points are then added to those received from reaching the K @-@ point . Conversely , failing to reach the K @-@ point will result in a deduction of points from the base mark to the same aforementioned values . Examples :
If an athlete lands a jump of 190 m ( 620 ft ) on a ski flying hill with a K @-@ point of 185 m , they will receive 126 points : 120 for reaching the K @-@ point , plus 6 bonus points for 5 m ( 16 ft ) beyond that ( 5 × 1 @.@ 2
= 6 )
If an athlete lands a jump of 187 @.@ 5 m ( 615 ft ) on a K200 hill , they will receive 105 points : from 120 which would have been the K @-@ point , their failure to reach it by 12 @.@ 5 m ( 41 ft ) results in minus 15 distance points ( 12 @.@ 5 × 1 @.@ 2 =
15 )
= = = Style points = = =
Another crucial element of scoring are ' style points ' awarded by the judges . Five representatives are selected from different countries , who are situated in an observation tower by the side of the hill . They each award points up to 20 , in increments of 0 @.@ 5 , based on stylistic merit :
An athlete 's skis should be kept flat , steady and symmetrical during flight , avoiding excessive ' paddling ' or an inward cant
Good balance , an efficient body position and posture should be maintained with minimal arm movement
The landing should be in a Telemark manner
If a Telemark landing is not made , 2 style points are deducted
If a landing is made but fails before the outrun line , a maximum of 5 style points must be deducted
Notably , both the highest and lowest judges ' scores are omitted to cancel out any discrepancy , giving a maximum of 60 style points . A perfect jump on a K200 hill would therefore garner a minimum of 180 points ( 120 distance points + 60 style points ) or more , depending on bonus points . However , such a scenario is only an example and not representative of the highly variable nature of the sport . Gaining one or more scores of 20 is very rare , and five is extremely rare . Generally , a good to excellent jump can be expected to receive judges ' scores of 18 to 19 @.@ 5 . While a lower score for style puts an athlete at the risk of being less competitive , this may be mitigated or even nullified if they have attained substantial bonus points for distance .
= = Event details = =
A ski flying event consists of several preliminary stages , culminating in a competition ( s ) to decide a winner and subsequent order . Within an event there are up to three competitions – individual , and sometimes team – all taking place on separate days . These competitions are contested somewhat differently depending on whether an event is staged as part of the Ski Flying World Championships or Ski Flying World Cup . In both events , a ' training ' round takes place on the opening day , as well as a ' trial ' round before each competition ; these non @-@ scoring rounds are essentially practice or warm @-@ up sessions , and athlete participation is optional .
= = = Individual competitions = = =
= = = = Ski Flying World Championships = = = =
In this event there is a qualification round on the opening day , in which 40 to 70 athletes each jump once to ensure their place for the rest of the event 's two individual competitions . 40 of these places are available in the first competition ( compared to 50 in the similar Ski Jumping World Championships ) , which is narrowed down to 30 for the second competition . The order of jumps – or ' starting order ' – in the qualification round is based on the athletes ' current rank within the Ski Jumping World Cup standings in ascending order of points , with the leader ( who is assigned a distinctive yellow bib ) going last . A unique feature of the World Cup , which applies to all ski flying and ski jumping events , is that the top ten ranked athletes are in a ' pre @-@ qualified ' bracket : their place in the event is already secure , so their jump is entirely optional .
The competition itself is composed of two rounds . In round one , all 40 qualified athletes complete a single jump in the aforementioned World Cup order . After points for distance and style are achieved , only the top 30 scorers from the first round proceed to the second , while the rest are eliminated from the event . In round two , the starting order is instead based solely on the points gained in the first round : the lowest scoring athlete jumps first , while the leader has the very last jump of the competition . The athlete with the most points from both rounds wins that competition . For the second competition , the starting order for round one uses the results from the first competition – no longer based on World Cup ranking – with athletes again jumping in ascending order of points . After the second ( and final ) round , the athlete with the most points accumulated from both competitions is declared the Ski Flying World Champion .
= = = = Ski Flying World Cup = = = =
Events under the Ski Flying World Cup have several differences to the World Championships . Much like in the Ski Jumping World Cup , there are usually one or two individual competitions ( rarely three , as was the case in both Vikersund and Planica during the 2016 season ) , with a qualification round before each one . If there are two competitions , qualification for the second one takes place on the same day . The limit of 40 places per competition still applies ( unless a cancelled ski jumping competition is rescheduled to a flying hill ) , but unlike the Ski Flying World Championships , if an athlete fails to qualify for one competition they still have the opportunity to make a fresh start and qualify for the others .
Also unlike the World Championships , which uses in @-@ competition points throughout the event , the Ski Flying World Cup uses post @-@ competition points which mirror that of the Ski Jumping World Cup ( see scoring system ) . These points contribute towards both Ski Flying and Ski Jumping World Cup standings ; the former is effectively a ' mini season ' within the latter . If the very last competition of a World Cup season takes place on a ski flying hill , only 30 athletes will participate , with no elimination process after the first round .
To have a chance of winning a World Cup competition , two consistently good jumps must be made . If an athlete finds themselves in an uncompetitive position after the first round , their challenge in the second round is to make up ground through distance and style points , as well as attrition . For an athlete who had a poor jump in round one , it is possible for them to climb up the order in round two with an excellent jump , and if other competitors fall by the wayside . Conversely , a high @-@ scoring athlete may lose their advantage from round one if their second jump is not up to par .
= = = Cancellations = = =
A common situation in ski jumping , and especially ski flying due to the magnified risks overall , arises when unfavourable weather conditions cause a competition to be cut short or cancelled completely ; it is also not uncommon for an entire event to be cancelled . Reasons include strong winds , a lack of ( or too much ) snow , and poor visibility for athletes or judges . In the case of a shortened competition , the scores from the first round – if completed – are used to determine the final result . This is called a single @-@ round competition and still counts towards both the Ski Flying and Ski Jumping World Cup . For the World Championships , if one of the two competitions is cancelled , the final result will be based on the competition that took place .
= = = Team competitions = = =
As in ski jumping , team competitions are often included at ski flying events . These are contested as part of the World Cup , but points instead count towards a separate Nations Cup for teams ; athletes ' individual World Cup standings are unaffected . A national team is made up of four athletes selected by their head coach . There can be upwards of eight teams from different countries , providing they are able to field a full team of four .
Just like individual competitions , there are two rounds , but with a difference . Each round is divided into four rotations , in which a member of every team jumps once in the same order . Points are scored the same as they are in individual competitions ; however an athlete 's points for a jump are instead added to their team 's total tally . Teams are narrowed down to eight for the second round based on points scored , with the same four athletes jumping in their order of rotation as before .
In the very last rotation , the order of teams to jump switches to that of the points tally going in ; the athlete on the leading team jumps last . The winning team is the one with the most points at the end of the competition , after which the top three final teams ( or more in the event of a tie ) participate in a podium ceremony .
= = Specialists = =
A number of athletes have been regarded as ski flying specialists for their ability to consistently produce very long jumps and often world records . Those who are currently active with notable ski flying achievements include :
Anders Fannemel – current world record holder with 251 @.@ 5 m ; 15 jumps over 230 m ( 750 ft ) and 3 jumps over 240 m .
Peter Prevc – 2016 World Champion ; first to land a jump of 250 m ; current hill record holder in Kulm and on the Planica flying hill ; 33 jumps over 230 m and 12 jumps over 240 m , both by far the most of anyone .
Robert Kranjec – 2012 World Champion ; acknowledged as an expert in the discipline ; has scored 6 out of his 7 World Cup wins on ski flying hills ; 17 jumps over 230 m and 3 jumps over 240 m .
Noriaki Kasai – 1992 World Champion ; current Japanese national record holder with 240 @.@ 5 m ( 789 ft ) ; 9 jumps over 230 m and 2 jumps over 240 m .
Stefan Kraft – current Austrian national record holder with 246 @.@ 5 m ; 14 jumps over 230 m and 4 jumps over 240 m .
Jurij Tepeš – ski flying expert with 14 jumps over 230 m and 2 jumps over 240 m .
Gregor Schlierenzauer – 2008 World Champion and runner @-@ up in 2010 ; 11 jumps over 2
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flying has centred around Slovenia . The first ever recorded jumps of over 100 and 200 m , together with a total of 41 world records , have been set on two different hills in the Alpine valley of Planica : Bloudkova velikanka , which has since been re @-@ established as a ski jumping large hill , and its successor Letalnica bratov Gorišek , dubbed the " monster hill " . Since 1997 , with very few exceptions , the Ski Jumping World Cup has traditionally held its season finale in Planica . This takes place usually on Letalnica , but is occasionally moved to Bloudkova ( most recently in 2014 , during renovation at Letalnica ) .
Slovenian athletes have also been highly successful in Planica , albeit only recently . They have held a near @-@ lockout on the top spot since 2012 , when Robert Kranjec won the individual competition . In 2013 , Slovenia won the team competition with Kranjec , Jurij Tepeš , Peter Prevc and Andraž Pograjc ; Tepeš also won the individual competition . The Slovenian team repeated their victory in 2015 with Kranjec , Tepeš , Prevc and Anže Semenič , much to the delight of 30 @,@ 000 fans ; Prevc and Tepeš won the individual competitions , each gaining a highly rare five scores of 20 from the judges . Slovenian success continued in the 2016 event , with Kranjec winning one competition and Prevc two . The four @-@ day event drew a total of 110 @,@ 000 spectators .
= = Accidents = =
Due to the extreme speeds and heights involved , coupled with potentially hazardous and unpredictable wind conditions , ski flying has long had a reputation for being highly dangerous . It has been described as an extreme sport , and in terms such as " simply insane " and the " gnarlier , even more dangerous , faceplant @-@ ridden cousin " of ski jumping . Indeed , many serious accidents ( known as " falls " or " crashes " ) have occurred throughout its history on almost every hill :
= = = Flat @-@ ground landings = = =
As jumps have increased in distance , occasionally the absolute hill limit – named the ' fall line ' – is exceeded . This is known as " landing on the flat " or " out @-@ jumping the hill " , which occurs when an athlete jumps too far beyond the safety of the slope and lands on flat ground :
= = Television coverage = =
As of 2015 :
Austria : ORF
Finland : MTV3
Germany : ZDF
Norway : NRK
Poland : TVP
Slovenia : RTV Slovenija
UK : British Eurosport
US : ABC ( 1970s – 80s )
= = In other media = =
From 1970 to 1998 , Vinko Bogataj 's crash in Oberstdorf was featured prominently on the opening montage of ABC 's Wide World of Sports in the United States
The career of Walter Steiner was documented in the 1974 film , The Great Ecstasy of Woodcarver Steiner , by filmmaker Werner Herzog
= = Gallery = =
= Wendi Richter =
Wendi Richter ( born September 6 , 1961 ) is a retired American professional wrestler . She began her professional wrestling career in companies such as the National Wrestling Alliance , where she teamed with Joyce Grable , with whom she held the NWA Women 's World Tag Team Championship twice . In the 1980s , she joined the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . She held the WWF Women 's Championship twice and feuded with The Fabulous Moolah over the title . She was also involved in a storyline with singer Cyndi Lauper called the " Rock ' n ' Wrestling Connection . " Richter , however , left the WWF after losing the championship in controversial fashion . She then worked in the World Wrestling Council and American Wrestling Association , where she held both companies ' women 's titles .
= = Professional wrestling career = =
= = = Training ( 1979 @-@ 1983 ) = = =
Wendi Richter was trained at The Fabulous Moolah 's Lillian Ellison School of Professional Wrestling by Lelani Kai , Judy Martin and Joyce Grable and made her professional debut in 1979 . In early 1982 , Richter tag teamed with Moolah against Velvet McIntyre and Princess Victoria for three matches for the World Wide Wrestling Federation . Richter was later paired with Joyce Grable , with whom she also trained for six weeks , to form a tag team called The Texas Cowgirls . In late 1982 , they wrestled in a series of matches in Canada 's Stampede Wrestling against Velvet McIntyre and Judy Martin . She continued her feud with McIntyre in Bill Watts ' Mid @-@ South Wrestling Association , where she was defeated twice . Richter and Grable continued their rivalry with McIntyre and Martin into April 1983 in Verne Gagne 's American Wrestling Association . In May , the team reformed in Stampede Wrestling in matches against McIntyre and Penny Mitchell . The team also won the NWA Women 's World Tag Team Championship twice .
= = = World Wrestling Federation = = =
= = = = Rock ' n ' Wrestling = = = =
Richter returned stateside signing with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) in late 1983 . In April 1984 , Richter teamed with Peggy Lee for a series of matches with old rivals Velvet McIntyre and Princess Victoria . WWF owner Vince McMahon brought in Cyndi Lauper for a feud with Lou Albano ( who had appeared as Lauper 's dad in her Girls Just Want to Have Fun music video ) . As a result , in a match , Albano seconded WWF Women 's Champion Fabulous Moolah , while Lauper was in the corner of Wendi Richter . Richter defeated Moolah at MTV 's The Brawl to End it All for the Women 's Championship on July 23 , 1984 , with Richter lifting her own shoulder off the canvas during a double @-@ pinfall situation while Moolah 's shoulders remained down . With the win , she ended what was billed as the longest championship reign in professional wrestling history ( Moolah 's 28 @-@ year reign as recognized by the WWF ; in reality she had lost the title several times between 1956 and 1978 , and Richter 's win had in reality only ended a nearly seven @-@ year reign by Moolah as champion ) . The broadcast of the women 's match earned MTV its largest ratings in history up to that point . This match was also the beginning of the " Rock ' n ' Wrestling Connection " , an era that combined both music and professional wrestling . Richter faced Moolah 's protégé , Leilani Kai , who defeated Richter for the title , in early 1985 at The War to Settle the Score . She regained the title at the first WrestleMania one month later . While wrestling for the WWF , Richter referred to herself as " 150 pounds of twisted steel and sex appeal " . Richter was also animated for a CBS Saturday morning cartoon , Hulk Hogan 's Rock ' n ' Wrestling . In addition , she appeared in Lauper 's music video for " She Bop " .
= = = = The Original Screwjob = = = =
In 1985 , after losing and then regaining the title from rival Leilani Kai at the inaugural WrestleMania , Richter was scheduled to defend her women 's title at Madison Square Garden on November 25 of that same year against a mysterious masked opponent known only as The Spider . During the match , The Spider broke from the pre @-@ scripted events and pinned Richter 's shoulders to the mat . The referee — who was in on the plan — delivered a swift three count , despite Richter kicking out after a count of one . Richter ignored the bell and continued to attack the Spider , unmasking the new champion to reveal that it was The Fabulous Moolah in disguise .
It was reported that the plan to rid Richter of the title was concocted by WWF Chairman Vince McMahon , who brought in Moolah after Richter refused to sign a new contract with the WWF . Richter , however , claims she was still under her original five @-@ year contract , but that she regularly had disagreements with McMahon about her compensation . She also claims that when she arrived at the arena that day , she was surprised to find Moolah backstage , as she never showed up to events at which she was not scheduled to wrestle . After the match , an infuriated Richter left the arena in her wrestling gear , took a cab to the airport , and booked herself on a flight out of New York . Afterward , she never spoke to Moolah again .
= = = Independent circuit ( 1987 @-@ 2005 ) = = =
Upon leaving the WWF , Richter wrestled in Puerto Rico , Japan , and throughout the United States in independent promotions . In Puerto Rico 's World Wrestling Council , she traded the WWC Women 's Championship with Monster Ripper , holding the belt twice : once in May 1987 and once in July 1987 .
Richter surfaced in the American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) in 1987 to challenge champion Madusa Miceli for the AWA Women 's Championship , winning the title in December 1988 . On December 13 , 1988 , she participated in a mixed tag team match at SuperClash III with partners The Top Guns ( Ricky Rice and Derrick Dukes ) against Badd Company ( Paul Diamond and Pat Tanaka ) and Madusa Miceli . Richter 's team won the match when she pinned Miceli .
On January 29 , 2005 , Richter appeared at WrestleReunion in an eight @-@ woman tag team match ( teaming with Bambi , Malia Hosaka , and Jenny Taylor wrestling against Sherri Martel , Peggy Lee Leather , Krissy Vaine , and Amber O 'Neal . In August of that same year , Richter appeared at the second WrestleReunion event , WrestleReunion 2 , in a six @-@ person tag team match .
= = = Life after wrestling and WWE Hall of Fame ( 2005 @-@ present ) = = =
In the years after her retirement , Richter was uninvolved with wrestling . In a 2005 shoot interview , she expressed disgust towards the portrayal of women in the WWE product , and was still hurt over her WWF exit . In 2010 , Richter was offered induction in the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2010 , which she accepted . She was inducted by Roddy Piper . In contrast of her shoot interviews , her speech spoke fondly of her wrestling career and how the WWE Divas thanked her for her influence . Richter 's speech ended joyfully , exclaiming " Girls Just Wanna Have Fun ! "
On the June 16 , 2012 episode of Raw , Richter appeared in a in @-@ ring segment along with Cyndi Lauper , Roddy Piper and then @-@ Diva 's Champion Layla as part of the " 1000th episode " buildup . Piper expressed his gratitude to Richter and Lauper for their " Rock ' N Wrestling " angle and presented Lauper with a gold record , with which she eventually hit Heath Slater , who at the time had a gimmick of insulting veteran Superstars before getting his comeuppance .
= = Personal life = =
Wendi Richter grew up in Dallas , Texas , and before she entered the world of professional wrestling , she worked on her family 's ranch and took part in rodeo competitions . She attended Bossier High School , where she participated in volleyball , track , and cross @-@ country . She later majored in computer programming at Dallas 's Draughon 's Business College . In the 1980s , she moved to Crystal River , Florida .
After leaving the business , Richter worked as a real estate agent . She also returned to school for 13 years , earning a degree in physical therapy and a Master 's degree in occupational therapy . Aside from therapy , Richter competes in dog shows , including the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show . She was once married to Hugo Savinovich , an announcer for the WWF .
= = In wrestling = =
Finishing moves
Sitout DDT
Signature moves
Powerbomb
Swinging arm wrench facebuster
Managers
Cyndi Lauper
Entrance music
" Girls Just Want to Have Fun " by Cyndi Lauper
" She Bop " by Cyndi Lauper
= = Championships and accomplishments = =
American Wrestling Association
AWA Women 's Championship ( 1 time )
Cauliflower Alley Club
Other honoree ( 1993 )
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA Women 's World Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) - with Joyce Grable
National Wrestling Federation
NWF Women 's Championship ( 1 time )
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2012
World Wrestling Council
WWC Women 's Championship ( 2 times )
World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment
WWF Women 's Championship ( 2 times )
WWE Hall of Fame ( Class of 2010 )
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Worst Match of the Year ( 1984 ) vs. The Fabulous Moolah on July 23
= James Crumley ( footballer ) =
James Brymer Crumley ( 17 July 1890 – 1981 ) , also known as Jamie , Jim or Jimmy Crumley , was a Scottish footballer who played as a goalkeeper .
A native of Dundee , Crumley began his football career with Junior club Harp , from where he moved into the senior ranks , spending the 1911 – 12 Scottish League season with Dundee Hibernian . He played in America for two seasons , then returned to Scotland where he kept goal for Central League team Arbroath before serving with the Royal Engineers during the First World War . He resumed his football career with a brief return to Dundee Hibs , then moved south of the border to play for Swansea Town , initially in the Southern League and then for three seasons in the English Football League . This was followed by a year with Bristol City , two seasons with Darlington , whom he helped gain promotion to the Second Division , and three years with Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic where he finished his career .
= = Personal life = =
Crumley was born in Dundee in 1890 , the son of William Ferguson Crumley , a tinsmith . His older brother , Bob Crumley , also played professionally as a goalkeeper , and was in the Dundee team that won the 1910 Scottish Cup Final , defeating Clyde after two replays . The passenger list when he sailed for America in 1912 listed his occupation as that of blacksmith . During the First World War , Crumley joined the Royal Engineers . By mid @-@ 1915 , he was a section corporal stationed near Dundee , and he went to reach the rank of sergeant and served in France . He was twice mentioned in despatches , and was wounded and affected by shell shock .
He married Eva Caroline Camamile at All Saints ' Church , Winthorpe , Nottinghamshire , in 1921 . In 1932 , while working as traffic manager for a lorry firm , Crumley suffered head injuries when the lorry he was travelling in struck a stationary vehicle ; his two colleagues were killed . At the time , he was living in the Kensington district of London . His death at the age of 90 was registered in the second quarter of 1981 in the Merton registration district , which covers the London Borough of Merton .
= = Football career = =
= = = Early career = = =
Crumley joined Dundee Hibernian from Junior club Harp in September 1911 . The Courier thought the club had " done a good stroke of business " in recruiting " without doubt one of the finest goalkeepers in the district " . He went straight into the team for the Second Division visit to Albion Rovers on 16 September , and missed only one match between then and the end of the season . He did not re @-@ sign for the new season , because he intended to go to America to play football , but before he left in October , he appeared for Vale of Atholl in the Qualifying Cup .
While in America he was reported to have played for a variety of clubs , including Paterson Rangers , IRT Strollers , for whom he appeared on the losing side in the ( New York ) Metropolitan League Cup , and New York Celtic . He was selected in goal for the New York State Amateur League representative eleven to face the National Association Football League on New Year 's Day 1914 ; his team lost 3 – 1 . In June of that year , he returned to Scotland on the SS California . The liner ran aground off the coast of Ireland with more than a thousand passengers aboard , all of whom had to be transferred to other vessels to complete their crossing .
Bob Crumley had captained Central League club Arbroath in the 1913 – 14 season , but when his work restricted his availability , he recommended the club try his brother instead . Crumley " worthily upheld his reputation " , appearing in 31 of the 32 matches played in all competitions . During the First World War , Crumley played for his regimental team , and for English clubs Nottingham Forest and Swindon Town , when his military duties allowed .
= = = Post @-@ war career = = =
Dundee Hibs had retained his registration ever since he left the club in 1912 , and he resumed playing for them in March 1919 . He signed on again for the 1919 – 20 Eastern League season , and his performances attracted attention from clubs outside Scotland . On 20 December 1919 , he signed for Swansea Town , then a Southern League club , for a fee reported to be over £ 200 . Crumley himself received a share of the fee as well as wages of £ 6 a week , and the Dundee People 's Journal wished him well : " A cheery personality in the pavilion and out of it , James Crumley deserves the best , for he 's a tip @-@ top player , and a ' sport ' in victory and defeat alike . "
He went straight into the first team for the Christmas fixtures against Bristol Rovers ; although Swansea conceded three goals in the away match , the Cambrian Daily Leader stated that " one could not improve on Crumley as a goalie . " The following March , he was selected to keep goal for a Southern League Welsh XI against their English counterparts . Swansea were elected to the Football League in 1920 , when a new Third Division was formed from the majority of the previous season 's Southern League First Division clubs . Crumley played early in the season , but did not keep his place . A year later , the Sunday Post suggested he had " improved wonderfully since the opening of last season " , but although he remained with Swansea until 1923 , he played mainly for the reserve team .
Crumley joined Bristol City , newly promoted to the Second Division for 1923 – 24 , as a backup to Frank Vallis . By 13 October , with Bristol City already bottom of the table and both Vallis and Robert Goddard already tried in goal , Crumley made his debut in a 1 – 1 draw with Southampton . According to the Western Daily Press , he had nothing to do , so " we [ had ] yet to learn ... how good he is when asked to meet League requirements " . He kept his place for the next match , a 1 – 0 defeat to Fulham , in which he exhibited a tendency to rush off his line when he should not , but that was his last appearance in the League side .
= = = Later career = = =
When Andy Greig was released by Third Division North club Darlington in June 1924 for financial reasons , Crumley signed as his replacement ; his brother had kept goal for the club when they played in the North @-@ Eastern League before the war . Crumley was ever @-@ present as Darlington won the division and consequent promotion to the Second Division . Although the record @-@ breaking goalscoring of Davie Brown attracted most attention , Crumley 's contribution to his club 's success was generally appreciated . A profile in the Derby Daily Telegraph at the start of the new season described him as " not as tall as some goalkeepers , but his sense of anticipation is highly developed , while his judgment is good , hands safe , and his clearances pronounced . " Performances such as that in a draw with Chelsea in October 1925 , when " practically every report of the match , in which two goals were divided , declared Crumley as one of the best on the field " , led to speculation about his possible selection for the Scotland national team , yet two weeks after the Chelsea match , after 55 consecutive first @-@ team appearances , he was dropped to the reserves in favour of John Maughan . The two shared goalkeeping duties for the remainder of the season , Crumley making 24 league appearances . He was not included on Darlington 's retained list , and signed for Third Division South club Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic .
Crumley began his Bournemouth career as reserve , but was in the first team by mid @-@ September . According to the Daily Express , it was due to Crumley 's " heroic efforts " that Coventry City 's score was restricted to six , but in October , he scored an own goal in a draw with Merthyr Town and then fumbled a cross to gift Exeter City a goal . He and Jock Robson each made 42 appearances in league matches over their first two seasons , after which Crumley was retained for 1928 – 29 but used mainly as backup for Peter McSevich . Crumley retired at the end of that season , having made
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over 5 @,@ 000 times from official websites during its first week of release , and over one million times illegally . French newspaper Ouest @-@ France gave a rather negative review of the song , saying " " Fuck Them All " is done to revive the provocative aura which is the singer 's business ( ... ) . [ The song ] amounts with a bit of confusion , between outrageously precious rhymes and vulgar slogans against male hegemony . ( ... ) With a hint of sulphur as a supplement , it is a choir of young boys who sings ' fuck them all ' in the chorus " . The single was deemed " unconvincing " in another article of the same newspaper . However , there were also more positive reviews . According to TV Magazine , the single is " catchy both through its provocative title and its quite blooming lyrics " . Despite being highly critical of the album Avant que l 'ombre ... , Swiss magazine L 'Hebdo stated : " Very good time surprisingly succeeded , " Fuck Them All " furiously avenges all women sacrificed on the altar of male conquest " . As for Novak , " we can only applaud this bold choice " . The song and the remixes were rated at 2 @.@ 5 stars by Allmusic .
= = Chart performance = =
In France , released only as a CD single on 14 March 2005 , " Fuck Them All " entered the chart at number two five weeks later , after selling 26 @,@ 688 units , being unable to dislodge Ilona Mitrecey 's hit " Un Monde parfait " , which topped the chart that week . Élia Habib , an expert on French charts , said : " For " Fuck Them All " , to succeed in persisting on the podium , it will have to count on a broader basis of support than that of her traditional fans , [ because they are ] sufficiently numerous to send the single of their idol in the top 10 in its first week of release , but not to retain it inside the following weeks , as the last superstar 's singles had regularly proved it , except " Les Mots " and " C 'est une belle journée " , which were general public hits " . In the following four weeks , the single dropped in the chart , then jumped from number 21 to number three on 3 April 2005 , selling 14 @,@ 701 units that week , through the releases of the CD maxi and vinyl . Then , the song started to fall again off the chart , remaining in the top 50 for 11 weeks and on the top 100 for 19 weeks . Certified Silver by the Syndicat National de l 'Édition Phonographique on 25 May 2005 , " Fuck Them All " was the 70th best @-@ selling single of 2005 .
In Belgium , the single entered the Ultratop 50 Singles Chart on 24 March at number three , then moved up to peak at number two and spent a total of eight weeks in the top ten and 14 weeks on the chart . " Fuck Them All " was the 26th best selling single in 2005 . In Switzerland , the single debuted at its peak of number 14 on 27 March 2005 and immediately dropped , although as in France previously , it climbed again on 1 May thanks to CD maxi and vinyl 's sales , then began to drop again and remained on the chart for a total of 16 weeks , which was Farmer 's longest single chart trajectory on the Swiss Singles Chart at that time . The song began at a peak of number six on the chart edition of 2 April 2005 of the European Hot 100 Singles , then dropped .
= = Formats and track listings = =
These are the formats and track listings of single releases of " Fuck Them All " :
CD single
CD maxi — Digipack
CD maxi — International
7 " maxi / 7 " maxi — Promo — Limited edition ( 500 )
Digital download
7 " maxi — Monoface , promo - Limited edition ( 200 )
CD single — Promo / CD single — Promo — Luxury envelope
DVD — Promo
= = Official versions = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
These are the credits and the personnel as they appear on the back of the single :
= = Charts and sales = =
= = Release history = =
= All I Want Is You ( album ) =
All I Want Is You is the debut studio album by American R & B recording artist Miguel . After signing a record deal with the Jive Records label ByStorm Entertainment in 2007 , Miguel recorded the album with producers Dre & Vidal , Fisticuffs , Happy Perez , State of Emergency , and Salaam Remi . It was shelved by Jive for two years after legal issues with Miguel 's former production company .
All I Want Is You was eventually released on November 30 , 2010 , selling poorly at first . With the help of its subsequent singles , the album became sleeper hit on the Billboard 200 and sold 404 @,@ 000 copies by September 2012 . It also received positive reviews ; critics found some of the music inconsistent but praised Miguel 's singing / songwriting abilities while drawing comparisons to American recording artist Prince . Miguel toured in promotion of the album as a supporting act for the singers Usher and Trey Songz .
= = Background and music = =
In 2007 , Miguel was signed Jive Records @-@ imprint label ByStorm Entertainment . He subsequently recorded All I Want Is You , but legal issues with his former production company prevented the album from being released for two years . Miguel continued working with various underground acts and writing songs for mainstream recording artists , including Johnson & Jonson , Asher Roth , Jaheim , and Usher . Recording sessions for the album took place at Black Mango Studios in Van Nuys , California , Germano Studios in New York City , Glenwood Studios and Instrument Zoo in Miami , Florida , Studio 609 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and The Gym in Los Angeles , California .
According to Jason Newman from MTV Buzzworthy , All I Want Is You is " a diverse album rooted in R & B and hip @-@ hop , thoughtfully laced with elements of classic rock , funk and electro " . Marc Hogan from Spin said it featured neo soul music , while AllMusic critic David Jeffries described it as a " slick " and " sexy " synthesis of influences from Prince , Kanye West , and electro . " Girl Like You " and " Hard Way " feature aggressive hip hop beats , while " Pay Me " and " To the Moon " explore European electronic music and EDM , respectively . The album 's first half features two romantic songs , an interlude , a song about a prostitute , and another about a quickie . The closing track " My Piece " uses a " piece " - " peace " homonym . Jeffries said the album featured Miguel 's " sly sense of humor " . On " Sure Thing " , Miguel sang about loyalty in a passionate committed relationship .
= = Release and reception = =
All I Want Is You was released by Bystorm Entertainment and Jive , on November 30 , 2010 . It sold poorly at first ; in its first week , the album charted at number 109 on the Billboard 200 and sold 11 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . After falling off the chart for three weeks , it re @-@ entered and climbed the chart for 22 weeks , before peaking at number 37 on May 14 , 2011 . The album became a sleeper hit , and by September 2012 , it had sold 404 @,@ 000 copies , according to Nielsen SoundScan .
According to Miguel , Jive marketed him as a " typical R & B artist " during their promotion of All I Want Is You : " That album was a huge learning experience . I left the marketing of my album and me as an artist up to the discretion of the label ... I can 't really blame them for [ that ] , because that 's what they know . But that 's not what my lifestyle was . " Four singles were released from the album : the title track " All I Want Is You " , " Sure Thing " , " Quickie " , and " Girls Like You " . As the title track gradually received radio airplay , Miguel began touring as a supporting act for Usher and Trey Songz . By May 2011 , " All I Want Is You " and " Sure Thing " had reached a combined digital / mobile sales of over 825 @,@ 000 units .
In a review for About.com , Mark Edward Nero gave All I Want Is You three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of five stars and said Miguel " somehow managed to vocally glide across each " of the different styles he explored in music that was nonetheless rooted in R & B. He deemed the record imperfect but devoid of a poor song . B. Wright from Vibe found the music inconsistent and " schizophrenic " but praised Miguel 's singing and songwriting abilities while determining the record was " worth the purchase price " . In a three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half star review , Slant Magazine 's Matthew Cole said the second half of songs was " less stimulating " on an album that " blends slick , radio @-@ friendly R & B with Prince @-@ aping theatrics , both refracted around a sense of humor that , surreal and sexually unsubtle , would have to make [ Prince ] proud " . Cole also compared Miguel to singer Kelis , " whose work has an undeniably commercial cunning to it , but who never fails to imbue her pop confections with real personality " .
Reviewing All I Want Is You for MSN Music in 2012 , Christgau gave it a " B + " and believed Miguel " front @-@ loaded his Prince @-@ channeling debut " with " five hooky tracks " that were " followed by six pleasant tracks and capped by two hooky novelties " . He viewed the song " Teach Me " as " a treasure hidden in the middle " and " supplicant 's " song , " unprecedented " in " a genre that makes its nut promising untold pleasures " . He credited Miguel for " laying out the truth that , as Norman Mailer put it in one of the few useful sex tips in his orgasm @-@ mad canon , ' the man as lover is dependent upon the bounty of the woman . ' Who knows what pleases her ? She does , she alone , and Miguel craves to be let in on that shifting and enthralling secret . " He nonetheless critiqued that the song lacked a first @-@ rate hook that would have made it an R & B classic in the vein of Marvin Gaye 's " Sexual Healing " and " Use Me " by Bill Withers .
= = Track listing = =
Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Personnel = =
= = Charts = =
= The Thin Red Line ( 1998 film ) =
The Thin Red Line is a 1998 American ensemble epic war film written and directed by Terrence Malick . Based on the novel by James Jones , it tells a semi @-@ fictionalized version of the Battle of Mount Austen , which was part of the Guadalcanal Campaign in the Pacific Theater of World War II . It portrays soldiers of C Company , 1st Battalion , 27th Infantry Regiment , 25th Infantry Division , played by Sean Penn , Jim Caviezel , Nick Nolte , Elias Koteas and Ben Chaplin . Although the title may seem to refer to a line from Rudyard Kipling 's poem " Tommy " , from Barrack @-@ Room Ballads , in which he calls foot soldiers " the thin red line of heroes " , referring to the stand of the 93rd Regiment in the Battle of Balaclava of the Crimean War , it is in reality a quote from James Jones 's book which reads , " they discover the thin red line that divides the sane from the mad ... and the living from the dead ... "
The film marked Malick 's return to filmmaking after a 20 @-@ year absence . It stars Nick Nolte , Adrien Brody , George Clooney , John Cusack , Woody Harrelson , Elias Koteas , Jared Leto , John C. Reilly and John Travolta . Reportedly , the first assembled cut took seven months to edit and ran five hours . By the final cut , footage of the performances by Bill Pullman , Lukas Haas , and Mickey Rourke had been removed ( although one of Rourke 's scenes was included in the special features outtakes of the Criterion Blu @-@ ray and DVD release ) . The film was scored by Hans Zimmer , and shot by John Toll . Principal photography took place in New Zealand , and Australia in the state of Queensland .
The film grossed $ 98 million against its $ 52 million budget . Critical response was generally strong and the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Cinematography , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score and Best Sound Mixing . It won the Golden Bear at the 1999 Berlin International Film Festival . Martin Scorsese ranked it as his second favorite film of the 1990s on At the Movies . Gene Siskel called it " the greatest contemporary war film I 've seen " .
A previous film adaptation of the novel was released in 1964 .
= = Plot = =
U.S. Army Private Witt goes AWOL from his unit and lives among the carefree Melanesian natives in the South Pacific . He is found and imprisoned on a troop carrier by his company First Sergeant , Welsh . The men of C Company , 1st Battalion , 27th Infantry Regiment , 25th Infantry Division have been brought to Guadalcanal as reinforcements in the campaign to secure Henderson Field and seize the island from the Japanese . As they wait in a Navy transport , they contemplate their lives and the invasion . Battalion commander Lieutenant Colonel Tall talks with Brigadier General Quintard about the invasion and its importance .
C Company lands on Guadalcanal unopposed and marches to the interior of the island , encountering natives and evidence of the Japanese presence . They arrive near Hill 210 , a key Japanese position . The Japanese have placed a bunker with machine guns at the top of the hill and any attempt to climb the hill will be cut down .
A brief shelling of the hill begins the next day at dawn . C Company attempts to capture the hill but is repelled by gunfire . Among the first killed is one of the platoon leaders , Second Lieutenant Whyte . During the battle , a squad led by Sergeant Keck hides behind a swell safe from enemy fire to wait for reinforcements . Keck reaches for a grenade but accidentally pulls the pin and dies in the process . Lieutenant Colonel Tall orders the company commander , Captain James Staros , to take the bunker by frontal assault , at whatever cost . Staros refuses and Tall decides to join Staros on the front line to see the situation . The Japanese resistance seems to have lessened , and Tall 's opinion of Staros seems to have been sealed . Private Witt , having been assigned punitively as a stretcher bearer , asks to rejoin the company , and is allowed to do so .
A small detachment of men performs a reconnaissance mission on Tall 's orders to determine the strength of the Japanese bunker . Private Bell reports there are five machine guns in the bunker . He joins another small team of men ( including Witt ) , led by Captain John Gaff , on a flanking mission to take the bunker . The operation is a success and C Company overruns one of the last Japanese strongholds on the island . The Japanese they find are largely malnourished , dying and put up little resistance .
For their efforts the men are given a week 's leave : the airfield where they are based comes under enemy artillery bombardment ; Bell receives a letter from his wife informing him that she has fallen in love with someone else and wishes to divorce ; Captain Staros is relieved of his command by Lieutenant Colonel Tall , who deems him too soft for the pressures of combat and suggests that he apply for reassignment and become a lawyer in the J
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in March , the HVO , reinforced by HV troops , pushed the JNA and the VRS south from the town and captured the towns of Modriča and Derventa by the end of May . The capture of Derventa also severed the last road available to the Bosnian Serbs spanning VRS @-@ controlled western Bosnia around Banja Luka and the VRS @-@ held territory in the east of the country , adjacent to Serbia . That prevented the supply of Banja Luka as well as the bulk of the territory gained by the Republic of Serbian Krajina ( RSK ) and Croatian Serbs in Croatia since the initial phase of the Croatian War of Independence .
The loss of the road link caused substantial supply problems in Banja Luka and the surrounding area , and resulted in a VRS counterattack against the HVO and HV forces in the area . At the same time , the VRS and the JNA captured Doboj and Bosanski Šamac to the east and south of the HVO / HV advance . In June , the VRS 1st Krajina Corps initiated preliminary operations against the HVO / HV @-@ held area around Derventa , attempting to improve VRS positions needed to launch a major attack there . By 20 July , the VRS captured the villages of Kotorsko and Johovac north of Doboj and achieved the main objective of the preliminary advance .
The deaths of twelve newborn babies in Banja Luka hospital due to a shortage of incubator bottled oxygen were an immediate cause for the action .
= = Offensive = =
= = = Order of Battle = = =
According to Croatian author Jerko Zovak , the VRS deployed 40 @,@ 800 troops at the beginning of Operation Corridor 92 , and the force was increased to 54 @,@ 660 by the end of the initial phase of the offensive . The VRS tasked the 1st Krajina Corps with the main effort of the offensive . The corps and the operation were under command of General Momir Talić . The RSK also contributed troops to the offensive , and these forces were commanded directly by the RSK Interior Minister , Milan Martić .
According to Zovak , the HVO and the HV had 20 @,@ 000 troops in the region at the outset of the VRS offensive , but the troop levels declined to about 5 @,@ 000 by October . Those forces were commanded by HV Major General Petar Stipetić . The troops under his command , organised as Operational Group Posavina , included the 101st and 103rd Brigades of the HVO and elements of a large number of HV units . According to Stipetić , those included the bulk of the 108th Infantry Brigade based in Slavonski Brod , and fragments of the 109th , 111th , 123rd and 127th Brigades based in Vinkovci , Rijeka , Požega and Virovitica , as well as several Osijek @-@ based units . The 3rd Guards Brigade was also instructed to deploy to Bosanski Brod , but the order was cancelled before the unit had been moved . The piecemeal nature of the deployment , and the refusal of further units to fight in the area , was a consequence of the Croatian Defence Minister Gojko Šušak 's order that only volunteers could be deployed to Bosnia and Herzegovina . According to Stipetić , a parallel chain of command existed in respect of the 108th Infantry Brigade , which remained under the control of civilian authorities in Slavonski Brod , the Croatian city just across the Sava from Bosanski Brod .
= = = Timeline = = =
On 24 June , the 1st Krajina Corps of the VRS began the offensive codenamed Operation Corridor 92 . Its first objective was to break through the HVO and HV @-@ held positions between Modriča and Gradačac , and link up with the East Bosnian Corps . The secondary effort consisted of attacks towards Derventa and Bosanski Brod . The first objective was achieved after two days of heavy combat on 26 June . Afterwards , the VRS advanced towards Modriča and captured the town on 28 June . The secondary advances , facing considerably stiffer resistance by the HVO and the HV , gained little ground .
The second phase of the offensive was launched on 4 July . It comprised VRS advances towards Derventa , Bosanski Brod and Odžak , aiming to reach the Sava and thereby the border with Croatia , north of the three towns . Derventa was quickly captured on 4 – 5 July and the VRS continued to roll back the HVO and the HV troops . On 12 July , the VRS captured Odžak and arrived at the riverside near the town two days later . By that time , VRS troops had advanced 10 to 15 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 to 9 @.@ 3 miles ) , and reached a position within 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 miles ) of Bosanski Brod . The HVO and the HV were reduced to a bridgehead around the town .
In August and September , the VRS launched several attacks against the Bosanski Brod bridgehead for little gain . In mid @-@ September , the HVO and the ARBiH deployed near Brčko , further to the east , attacked the same east – west road the VRS aimed to secure through Operation Corridor 92 . The counterattack managed to capture a section of the road south of Orašje , at the eastern end of the Brčko corridor . However , the VRS restored its control of the road quickly thereafter .
Another push against Bosanski Brod was launched on 27 September . The advance initially had moderate success , until 4 October when the VRS rebalanced its forces , changing the sector of the bridgehead against which the 1st Krajina Corps was concentrated . The move managed to disrupt the HVO and HV defences and the VRS achieved a breakthrough , capturing Bosanski Brod on 6 October . In response , the HV and the HVO withdrew their troops and equipment in an orderly fashion , and the bridge spanning the Sava between the town and Slavonski Brod was demolished on 7 October .
= = Aftermath = =
In mid @-@ October and early November 1992 , the HVO briefly cut the Brčko corridor south of Orašje two more times . In turn , the VRS launched a major offensive against the HVO @-@ held bridgehead at Orašje . After some initial success , the VRS offensive failed and the HVO drove the attacking force back to the positions they had held prior to the advance . Aiming to improve the security of the Brčko corridor , units of the VRS 1st Krajina and East Bosnian Corps turned south of Brčko , and advanced 2 to 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 to 1 @.@ 9 miles ) against defences held by the HVO and the ARBiH . That last push widened the Brčko corridor to just 3 kilometres at its narrowest point .
During the offensive , which captured 760 square kilometres ( 290 square miles ) of territory , the VRS and its allies lost 413 troops killed and a further 1 @,@ 509 wounded . According to Zovak , the HV sustained losses of 343 killed and 1 @,@ 996 wounded , while the HVO lost 918 killed and 4 @,@ 254 injured during the fighting that took place in the region between April and October . In the same period , the city of Slavonski Brod came under bombardment from VRS artillery and aircraft . A total of 11 @,@ 651 artillery shells and fourteen 9K52 Luna @-@ M rockets were fired against the city , and 130 bombs were dropped from the air , resulting in the deaths of 116 civilians . According to German historian Marie @-@ Janine Calic , the VRS used ethnic cleansing to break the resistance of the local population and claim the area it termed the " corridor of life " because of its high strategic value .
The outcome of the battle shocked the Croatian commander and later resulted in speculation about its cause . Stipetić blamed the 108th Infantry Brigade for the collapse of the Bosanski Brod bridgehead and the failure of the defence . He claimed the brigade had been pulled back from the battlefield by civilian authorities in Slavoniski Brod and thought the outcome of the battle was predetermined by the Graz agreement of the Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat leaders , Radovan Karadžić and Mate Boban . His view regarding the Graz agreement is echoed by British historian Marko Attila Hoare , who claims that the area conceded by the Croats during Operation Corridor 92 was traded for western Herzegovina . While some sources have proposed that the area was traded for the JNA @-@ held Prevlaka Peninsula near Dubrovnik , a Central Intelligence Agency analysis concluded that there is no direct evidence of such arrangements .
Conversely , Croatian historian Davor Marijan concluded that the battle was too complex for the HV and especially for the HVO . He also pointed out that the HV and HVO suffered from ineffective command structures and poor intelligence , noting that they had failed to detect the presence of the VRS 16th Motorised and the 1st Armoured Brigades early on . Marijan also claims the HV had demobilised ten infantry brigades shortly before the battle , and his view is supported by Colonel General Novica Simić , commander of the VRS 16th Motorised Brigade , assigned to Tactical Group 1 , which had been established by the 1st Krajina Corps to carry out the offensive .
In 2001 – 03 , three Bosnian Serb officials were tried by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia for war crimes committed after the capture of Bosanski Šamac . The defendants , Blagoje Simić , Miroslav Tadić and Simo Zarić , were charged with unlawful arrest , detention , beatings , torture , forced labour , deportation and forcible transfer . The three were found guilty , and the convictions upheld in the appeals process . Simić was sentenced to 15 years in prison , while Tadić and Zarić received prison terms of eight and six years respectively .
= Lotto ( The Office ) =
" Lotto " is the third episode of the eighth season of the American comedy television series The Office . It was written by Charlie Grandy and directed by cast member John Krasinski . The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on October 6 , 2011 . The episode guest stars Mark Proksch as Nate and Hugh Dane as Hank the security guard .
The series — presented as if it were a real documentary — depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , the entire warehouse staff quits after winning the lottery , leaving Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) and Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) to scramble for replacements while Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) , Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) , and Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) temporarily get a taste of the warehouse life .
" Lotto " received mixed reviews from television critics , with many enjoying Andy and Darryl 's interaction . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was viewed by 5 @.@ 82 million viewers and received a 3 @.@ 2 rating / 8 percent share among adult between the ages of 18 and 49 , marking a slight drop in the ratings from the previous episode , " The Incentive " .
= = Plot = =
The six warehouse workers win $ 950 @,@ 000 in a lottery pool , and quit in a celebratory fashion of running through the office , making a mess and mooning the staff . Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) was originally part of the pool but stopped when he was promoted , and falls into a depression , unable to find any motivation to work and further dismayed when his ex @-@ wife 's response to him not winning is to ask for the phone number of his pool @-@ winner friend Glenn . Everyone else speculates how they would spend a hypothetical lottery score , with Jim and Pam ultimately deciding to fuse their two main ideas into one for a lovely brownstone located in the great outdoors .
Andy orders Darryl to hire replacements for the warehouse staff , but Darryl is wallowing in his depression and neglects to even look at the applications . With an order due out for one of Phyllis Lapin @-@ Vance 's ( Phyllis Smith ) most important clients , Andy asks for volunteers to step in for the day and make sure that the order is shipped out . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) , Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) , and Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) take over the process , but do not know how to use the heavy @-@ lifting equipment and balk at the notion of carrying all the heavy boxes by hand . Upon Kevin 's suggestion , they create an oil luge to slide the boxes across the floor resulting in a lot of damaged inventory . They retool Kevin 's idea throughout the day , resulting in still more damaged inventory , and Phyllis ultimately loses the client .
A melancholic Darryl finally assembles a conference room meeting with several potential new hires , but utters several discouraging remarks about the job and exits , leaving Andy alone to take charge of the process . Andy does not know what he 's doing and all of the applicants walk out . Darryl blames himself for the failure and demands that Andy fire him , leaving Andy baffled and with no choice but to handle the hiring of new warehouse staff himself .
Andy assembles three applicants : a bodybuilder from Oscar Martinez 's ( Oscar Nunez ) gym , Dwight 's building handyman Nate , and a PhD candidate who can only work two days a week . Darryl demands anew to be fired , then switches gears : he tells Andy to give him the manager job , saying he deserves it and wants that or a pink slip . Andy then steps up and bluntly tells Darryl he not only is not going to do that , but Darryl was not even the runner @-@ up to Andy in the selection process . As he brings up Darryl 's short temper , his hiring of the unqualified Glenn , and his loss of interest in taking business education courses , Darryl finally snaps out of his funk and listens to him . Andy tells Darryl that Jo Bennett loved him and saw something in him , and he simply stopped striving after that . He convinces Darryl to stay on board , and Darryl says he will assemble a new warehouse staff using a combination of his picks and one or two of Andy 's applicants .
= = Production = =
" Lotto " was written by co @-@ executive producer and series writer Charlie Grandy . The episode was directed by cast member John Krasinski , who portrays Jim Halpert . This was the second episode directed by Krasinski for the series , after sixth season episode " Sabre " . The episode guest stars Mark Proksch as Nate . Proksch initially appeared in " Sex Ed " , and was hired by Dwight to be a handyman around the office . This entry was rated TV @-@ PG in the United States during its original broadcast on television .
The Season Eight DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include Jim and the others trying to get the truck into the warehouse door but getting the truck stuck instead , Dwight trying to use Kevin as a bumper on the oil track , and Phyllis , Toby , and Ryan revealing what they would do if they won the lottery .
= = Cultural references = =
Pam tells Jim that in his lottery fantasy " we 're Stephen King characters " , due to his desire to live in Maine . During one sequence , the scene begins in media res when Jim and Dwight are having a conversation about the films Message in a Bottle and The Postman , both of which involve Kevin Costner . Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) mentions that , if he won the lottery , he would spend most of his money on launching his true crime podcast , called The Flenderson Files . During one part , Andy is sad when no one in the office appears to be a fan of Bob Newhart .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
In its original American broadcast on NBC , " Lotto " was viewed by 5 @.@ 82 million viewers and received a 3 @.@ 2 rating / 8 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 2 percent all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 8 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked an 11 percent drop from the previous episode , " The Incentive " which made it one of the lowest @-@ rated episodes of the series , slightly higher than the first season episode , " Health Care " .
= = = Reviews = = =
" Lotto " received mixed reviews from television critics . HitFix reviewer Alan Sepinwall wrote highly of the serious dialogue in the episode , noting that " if there 's been a consistent element to
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form . Ponsford and Fairfax both fell ill and as a result Jackson was included in the team for the Third Test at Leeds . He scored one run in his only innings while Bradman made a then @-@ record Test score of 334 . Jackson was omitted for the Fourth Test , but a century against Somerset helped him to force his way back into the side for the Fifth and deciding Test at The Oval .
In this match Jackson , batting down the order , played a brave innings on a dangerous wicket facing hostile bowling from Larwood . He took repeated blows on the body while scoring a valuable 73 runs . He shared a stand of 243 with Bradman , who scored 232 , and Australia won the Test by an innings and 39 runs to regain The Ashes . Overall , Jackson 's tour was modest , scoring 1 @,@ 097 runs at an average of 34 @.@ 28 with only one hundred , made against Somerset . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack , in its report on the 1930 Australians , described Jackson as the " ... great disappointment of the team ... with [ his ] well @-@ deserved reputation for grace of style ... at no time did people in England see the real Jackson . "
On return to Australia for the 1930 – 31 season , Jackson was selected for the first four Tests against the West Indies . After scoring 70 not out in the First Test in Adelaide , his form tapered away and managed only 124 runs at an average of 31 @.@ 00 for the first four Tests , resulting in his omission for the Fifth and final Test in Sydney . In Jackson 's absence , the West Indies defeated Australia for the first time in a Test . The West Indies captain Jackie Grant , in a daring move , declared his team 's innings closed twice in order to catch the home team on a " sticky wicket " . Jackson , in his capacity as twelfth man , came in as a runner for an injured batsman on the final afternoon , making what was to be his final appearance in first @-@ class cricket .
It was during this Australian season , during a match in Brisbane , that Jackson was introduced to Phyllis Thomas , a trained ballet dancer , who later became his fiancée . In March 1931 , Jackson felt his health had recovered sufficiently to join an exhibition tour of Far North Queensland , led by Alan Kippax . He found the tour exhausting , with arduous travel and damp weather , but played well enough to top the aggregate with over 1 @,@ 100 runs at an average of 93 @.@ 00 . In a letter to his childhood friend and New South Wales team @-@ mate , Bill Hunt , he wrote , " Our tour of North Queensland has now concluded and thank goodness ! ... I would never make this trip again unless I was guaranteed ₤ 100 , and that 's not enough ! "
= = Illness and death = =
Jackson began the 1931 – 32 season in form and seemingly in good health , scoring 183 for Balmain in grade cricket against Gordon . He was selected for the NSW team to play Queensland in Brisbane . Before the match commenced , Jackson collapsed after coughing up blood and was rushed to hospital . Jackson believed he was suffering from influenza and he was discharged after five days , when he returned to Sydney . Within a week of his return , the Board of Control arranged for Jackson to be admitted to a sanatorium at Wentworth Falls in the Blue Mountains . After a few months at the sanatorium , Jackson moved into a cottage at nearby Leura to be cared for by his sister .
= = = Tuberculosis = = =
Seeking treatment for psoriasis , Jackson travelled to Adelaide in July 1932 . During his time there , he felt well enough to have an occasional training session in the nets . At the same time , a confidential report was sent to the New South Wales Cricket Association confirming that Jackson had , " ... pneumonary tuberculosis with fairly extensive involvement of the lungs . " He returned to Leura and made plans to move to Brisbane , in the belief that the warmer climate would aid his recovery and to be closer to Phyllis .
In Brisbane , Jackson offered his services to grade club Northern Suburbs , against the advice of his doctors . Despite suffering from a chronic shortness of breath , he averaged 159 @.@ 66 over seven innings and drew record crowds to the club 's matches . The media and public were keen to see him selected for the early tour matches against the touring English team ; however , medical advice prevented his inclusion . Jackson took work as a sales assistant at a sports depot and wrote a column for the Brisbane Mail . He wrote extensively on the Bodyline tactics employed by the English team during the summer . Jackson insisted that Bodyline was legitimate , held no threat to the game , and that it could be combatted — a minority view in Australia at that time .
= = = Death = = =
In early February 1933 , Jackson collapsed after playing cricket and was admitted to hospital . Aware of the serious nature of his illness and the possibility of his death , Jackson and Phyllis announced their engagement . As the Brisbane Test between Australia and England began , Jackson suffered a severe pulmonary hemorrhage . His parents made their way to Brisbane to see him and many members of the English and Australian teams visited him in hospital during his last days . On 16 February 1933 , Jackson became the youngest Test cricketer to die until Manjural Rana in 2007 .
Jackson 's body was transported back to Sydney by train , which also carried the Australia and England teams for the next Test . Thousands of mourners lined the streets of Sydney for his funeral and the pallbearers were Woodfull , Ponsford , McCabe , Bert Oldfield , Vic Richardson and Bradman . He was buried at the Field of Mars cemetery and a public subscription was raised to install a headstone on his gravesite . The headstone , reading simply He played the game , was unveiled by the Premier of New South Wales Bertram Stevens .
= = Style = =
Jackson was seen as a stylish and elegant batsman , with a genius for timing and placement . His footwork was light and his supple wrists allowed him to steer the ball square and late . He held the bat high on the handle and his cover drive was executed with balletic grace . He was seen as possessing the comely movement and keenness of eye of the great batsman of cricket 's Golden Age , Victor Trumper . Bradman described Jackson as " tall and slim , rather lethargic and graceful in his movements " . Jackson professed a love of applying the maximum velocity to the ball with a minimum of effort . His one identifiable fault was an occasional failing outside off @-@ stump , being prone to unnecessarily dab at away @-@ swingers and being caught in the slips cordon .
His contemporaries noted his classical style . The journalist A.R.B. Palmer described his cover drive as " ... perfectly balanced and true ... the bat seems a whip in his hands . " Clem Hill , the former Australian captain , noted Jackson 's sparkling footwork , watching close enough to notice that his toes turned in as he walked . Like Kippax , whose style was uncannily similar , Jackson wore his shirt @-@ sleeves almost down to his wrists . This was not in imitation but to conceal the blemishes on his arms caused by psoriasis . Kippax was not seen by some as the best person to imitate , with Charles Kelleway critical of Jackson 's flourishes , wishing he would not be so , " ... cramped in copying other batsman 's styles " .
Inevitably , he was compared to his New South Wales and Australian team @-@ mate , Bradman . In contrast to Jackson , Bradman made not even a pretence of being a stylist . A writer , comparing the two after Jackson 's Test début , stated that Bradman had " forced his way to the top by sheer natural ability , a straight bat , cool cheerful temperament , determination and enterprise " , but Jackson was " the finished batsman , the batsman who knows one stroke for each ball ... [ and ] executes that stroke with an artistry that has no parallel to this day " . Before the 1930 tour of England , experts such as Frank Woolley , Percy Fender and Maurice Tate rated Jackson as more likely to succeed in English conditions ; Bradman was seen as too unorthodox or even cross @-@ batted for softer English wickets .
= USS Texas ( 1892 ) =
USS Texas was a second @-@ class battleship built by the United States in the early 1890s , the first American battleship commissioned and the first ship named in honor of the state of Texas to be built by the United States . Built in reaction to the acquisition of modern armored warships by several South American countries , Texas was meant to incorporate the latest developments in naval tactics and design . This includes the mounting of her main armament en echelon to allow maximum end – on fire and a heavily – armored redoubt amidships to ensure defensive strength . However , due to the state of U.S. industry at the time , Texas 's building time was lengthy and by the time she was commissioned , she was already out – of – date . Nevertheless , she and her near – sister USS Maine were considered advancements in American naval design .
Texas developed a reputation as a jinxed or unlucky ship after several accidents early in her career ; she consequently earned the nickname " Old Hoodoo " . These mishaps included problems during construction , a grounding off Newport , Rhode Island , and flooding shortly afterwards while at dock in New York City . In the last , she settled to the bottom with her gun deck awash and several crew members drowned . She also received significant damage to her hull in drydock after being raised . Her reputation improved with her service in the Spanish – American War , when she blockaded the coast of Cuba and fought in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba .
After the war , Texas returned to peacetime duty , interrupted by several refits . She became the station ship in Charleston , South Carolina by 1908 and was renamed San Marcos in 1911 to allow her name to be used by a new battleship . She became a target ship that same year and was sunk in shallow water in Chesapeake Bay . She was used as a gunnery target through World War II and was finally demolished in 1959 because her remains were considered a navigational hazard .
= = Design and description = =
= = = Background = = =
The delivery of the Brazilian battleship Riachuelo in 1883 and the acquisition of other armored warships by Brazil , Argentina , and Chile shortly afterward alarmed the United States government , as the Brazilian Navy was now the most powerful in the Western Hemisphere . The United States Navy now felt capable only of defending its own ports . The Chairman of the House Naval Affairs Committee , Congressman Hilary A. Herbert characterized the situation thusly : " if all this old navy of ours were drawn up in battle array in mid @-@ ocean and confronted by the Riachuelo it is doubtful whether a single vessel bearing the American flag would get into port . "
The Navy Advisory Board , confronted with the possibility of hostile ironclads operating off the American coast , began planning for a pair of ships to protect that coast in 1884 . Both had to fit within existing docks and had to have a shallow draft to enable them to use all the major American ports and bases . They had to have a minimum speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) and were to displace about 6 @,@ 000 long tons ( 6 @,@ 100 t ) . They were both optimized for end @-@ on fire and had their gun turrets sponsoned out over the sides of the ship and echeloned to allow them to fire across the deck , much like the battleships Riachuelo and Aquidabã . The first ship , laid down for the then – traditional cruiser mission of battleship substitute on overseas deployment and armed with four 10 in ( 250 mm ) guns , became Maine . The other , armed with two 12 in ( 300 mm ) guns , became Texas .
The Navy Department conducted an international design competition for Texas and the winner was the Naval Construction & Armament Co. of Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness , England . The winning design placed Texas 's forward turret on the port side and her aft turret to starboard . The need for cross @-@ deck fire caused the superstructure to be separated into three pieces to allow for each gun to fire between the sections of the superstructure . This significantly limited the gun 's ability to fire to the opposite beam as the superstructure still restricted each gun 's arc of fire . Furthermore , neither the deck nor the superstructure was reinforced to withstand the muzzle blast as the gun fired , as demonstrated during the Battle of Santiago de Cuba when her starboard deck was damaged .
Even five years before Texas was complete , the blast effects from end @-@ on fire were considered prohibitive and en echelon mounting of main guns was abandoned in European navies . This made Texas 's armament arrangement obsolete . The then @-@ new Board on Construction considered a thorough re @-@ design which would have placed Texas 's main guns on the centerline , either in two single turrets or one twin turret , and the heavy redoubt eliminated . Construction by this time was too far advanced for such a plan , however , and Navy Secretary Benjamin Tracy limited the Board to detail improvements .
= = = General characteristics = = =
Texas was 308 feet 10 inches ( 94 @.@ 1 m ) long overall . She had a beam of 64 feet 1 inch ( 19 @.@ 5 m ) and a maximum draft of 24 feet 6 inches ( 7 @.@ 5 m ) . She displaced 6 @,@ 315 long tons ( 6 @,@ 416 t ) at full load as built . Her hull had two wing compartments on each side of her machinery spaces as well as a centerline longitudinal watertight bulkhead separating the engines and boilers . Asymmetric flooding of the wing compartments posed a grave danger to her stability . Her double bottom protected most of her hull and extended up the side to the lower edge of the armor deck . She had a metacentric height of 2 @.@ 54 feet ( 0 @.@ 8 m ) and was fitted with a ram bow .
= = = Propulsion = = =
Texas 's machinery was built by the Richmond Locomotive and Machine Works of Richmond , Virginia . She had two inverted vertical triple expansion steam engines with a total designed output of 8 @,@ 610 indicated horsepower ( 6 @,@ 420 kW ) . Each engine drove one propeller shaft . Four double @-@ ended Scotch marine boilers provided steam to the engines at a working pressure of 175 psi ( 1 @,@ 210 kPa ; 12 @.@ 3 kgf / cm2 ) . On trials , she reached a speed of 17 @.@ 8 knots ( 33 @.@ 0 km / h ; 20 @.@ 5 mph ) , exceeding her contract speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) . She carried a maximum load of 877 short tons ( 796 t ) of coal . She carried two Edison electric dynamos to power her searchlights and provide interior lighting .
= = = Armament = = =
Texas 's main armament consisted of two 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) / 35 caliber Mark I guns mounted in single Mark 2 hydraulically powered turrets inside her armored redoubt . These guns had a maximum elevation of 15 ° and could depress to − 5 ° . Eighty rounds per gun were carried . They fired a 870 @-@ pound ( 394 @.@ 6 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 100 ft / s ( 640 m / s ) to a range of about 12 @,@ 000 yards ( 11 @,@ 000 m ) at maximum elevation . The fixed rammers were below and outside the turrets . Initially , they could only be loaded at one positions , dead @-@ ahead and at 0 ° elevation , but they were modified to load at all angles of train just before the start of the Spanish – American War .
Four of the six 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns were mounted in casemates in the hull and the other two were mounted on the main deck in open pivot positions . The two main deck guns were 35 @-@ caliber weapons , while the casemate guns were 30 @-@ caliber guns . Data are lacking , but they could probably depress to − 7 ° and elevate to + 12 ° . They fired shells that weighed 105 pounds ( 47 @.@ 6 kg ) with a muzzle velocity of about 1 @,@ 950 ft / s ( 590 m / s ) . They had a maximum range less than 9 @,@ 000 yd ( 8 @,@ 200 m ) when fired at maximum elevation .
The antitorpedo boat armament consisted of 12 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) six @-@ pounder guns ( of unknown type ) in casemates spaced along the hull . They fired a shell weighing about 6 lb ( 2 @.@ 7 kg ) at a muzzle velocity of about 1 @,@ 765 ft / s ( 538 m / s ) at a rate of 20 rounds per minute . Their range was less than 8 @,@ 700 yd ( 8 @,@ 000 m ) . Two 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss five @-@ barrel revolving guns each were mounted on the fore and aft superstructures . In addition , two 37 @-@ mm Driggs @-@ Schroeder one @-@ pounder guns were mounted in each fighting top . They fired a shell weighing about 1 @.@ 1 lb ( 0 @.@ 50 kg ) at a muzzle velocity of about 2 @,@ 000 ft / s ( 610 m / s ) to a range about 3 @,@ 500 yd ( 3 @,@ 200 m ) . They had a rate of fire of about 30 rounds per minute .
Texas carried four 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes , all above water . One tube each was in the bow and stern and another on each side , towards the rear of the hull . She was originally intended to carry two small steam torpedo boats , each with a one @-@ pounder gun , and a trainable torpedo tube , but they were cancelled after the poor performance of the boat built for the Maine .
= = = Armor = = =
The main waterline belt , made of Harvey armor , had a maximum thickness of 12 inches and tapered to 6 inches ( 152 mm ) at its lower edge . It was 188 feet ( 57 @.@ 3 m ) long and covered the machinery spaces . It was 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) high , of which 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) was above the design waterline . It angled inwards for 17 feet ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) at each end , thinning to 8 inches ( 203 mm ) , to provide protection against raking fire . It sloped downwards to meet the top of the protective deck . It was 2 inches ( 51 mm ) thick and sloped downwards at the ends of the ship . It also sloped downwards to the sides , but its thickness increased to 3 inches ( 76 mm ) . A 12 @-@ inch thick diagonal armored citadel on the gun deck protected the turret machinery and the supports of the conning tower . The deck above it was two inches thick .
The sides of the circular turrets were 12 inches thick and they had 1 inch ( 25 mm ) thick roofs . The conning tower had 9 @-@ inch ( 23 cm ) walls . Turret hoists , voicepipes and electrical leads were protected by armored tubes . The lateral hydraulic pipes that ran along the underside of the gun deck were initially unprotected , but armored tubes were installed to protect them during Texas 's 1902 refit . Along the center of the ship , they were one inch thick , but increased to two inches closer to the sides of the ship .
No light armor was fitted above the main belt or at either end of the ship . This made Texas highly vulnerable to rapid – fire guns using high – explosive shells . This was not considered a significant threat at the time Texas was designed but would become so within a few years .
= = Construction = =
Texas was authorized by the U.S. Congress on 3 August 1886 . The start of construction was delayed for nearly eight months over concerns about her stability and general characteristics . Her keel was laid down on 1 June 1889 , at Portsmouth , Virginia , by the Norfolk Navy Yard . She was launched on 28 June 1892 , sponsored by Miss Madge Houston Williams , granddaughter of Sam Houston ; and commissioned on 15 August 1895 , with Captain Henry Glass in command .
= = Service = =
= = = Early years = = =
When drydocked in the New York Navy Yard for the first time after her trials several structural flaws came to light . The floors had buckled their brackets and the cement near the keel had cracked . Her floor brackets were reinforced with 4 in × 4 in ( 10 cm × 10 cm ) angle iron and the cement was repaired . But this raised issues regarding her structural integrity so a Board of Survey in January 1896 was formed to evaluate her condition and suggest improvements . The Board determined that further strengthening of her hull was needed , but the exact measures taken are not known , although they would cost $ 39 @,@ 450 and take 100 working days . However , the Board wished to know what effect these changes would have on the draft , stability , and metacentric height of the Texas . The Board received a reply on 4 February that they would increase her displacement by 30 @.@ 99 long tons ( 31 @.@ 49 t ) , deepen her draft by less than 2 in ( 51 mm ) and raise her metacentric height to 2 @.@ 76 ft ( 0 @.@ 84 m ) .
The ship ran aground near Newport , Rhode Island in September 1896 . Operator error combined with signal failure were blamed . A few officers , including future Governor of Guam Alfred Walton Hinds , were publicly reprimanded . While under repairs in New York , the yoke that secured the main injection valve in the starboard engine room broke on 9 November 1896 . Water pressure unseated the valve and allowed the compartment to flood as the receiving pipe had earlier been removed for repair . Leaks in the watertight doors , voicepipes and holes in the bulkheads for electrical cables allowed the flooding to spread to the other engine and boiler rooms , the coal bunkers adjacent to them , as well as most of the magazines and shell rooms . The ship settled to the bottom , but the water was so shallow as to aid salvage efforts . By the 11th most of the water had been pumped out , but she was still drawing too much water to enter the drydock . An estimated 300 short tons ( 270 t ) of coal would have to be removed to lighten Texas enough to enter the drydock .
After repairs Texas was assigned to the North Atlantic Squadron , and patrolled the Eastern Seaboard of the United States . In February 1897 , she left the Atlantic for a brief cruise to the Gulf coast ports of Galveston , Texas , and New Orleans . She arrived in Galveston , Texas on 16 February 1897 and anchored in 6 fathoms ( 36 ft ; 11 m ) of water . The local pilot assured her captain that this was the best berth in the harbor for a ship of Texas 's length . However a strong tide swung her around onto a mud bank and held there . She was not able to get herself off and even the assistance of the U.S. Revenue Steamer Galveston was to no effect . Late the next day she was hauled off by the use of her port anchor and a tug . These two incidents gave her a reputation as being a jinxed or unlucky ship and earned her the nickname " Old Hoodoo " .
She returned to the Eastern Seaboard in March 1897 and remained there until the beginning of 1898 . During this period , her bow and stern torpedo tubes were removed in June 1897 and additional telescopic sights were added to her turret roofs between 14 July and 12 August . At the beginning of 1898 , she visited Key West , Florida , and the Dry Tortugas en route to Galveston for a return visit , which she made in mid @-@ February . Returning to the Atlantic via the Dry Tortugas in March , she arrived in Hampton Roads on 24 March and resumed duty with the North Atlantic Squadron .
= = = Spanish – American War = = =
Early in the spring , war between the United States and Spain erupted over conditions in Cuba and the supposed Spanish destruction of the battleship Maine in Havana harbor in February 1898 . By 18 May , under the command of Captain J. W. Philip , Texas was at Key West , readying to prosecute that war .
On 21 May , the battleship arrived off Cienfuegos , Cuba , with the Flying Squadron to blockade the Cuban coast . After a return to Key West for coal , Texas arrived off Santiago de Cuba on 27 May . She patrolled off that port until 11 June , when she made a reconnaissance mission to Guantánamo Bay in support of the Marine landings there . The next day the Texas landed three field pieces and two M1895 Colt – Browning machine guns at the request of the Marine expeditionary commander , Lt. Col. Robert W. Huntington . For the next five weeks , the Texas patrolled between Santiago de Cuba and Guantánamo Bay . On 16 June , the warship joined the cruiser Marblehead for a bombardment of the fort on South Toro Cay in Guantánamo Bay . The two ships opened fire just after 14 : 00 and ceased fire about an hour and 16 minutes later , having reduced the fort to impotency .
On 3 July , she was steaming off Santiago de Cuba when the Spanish Fleet under Admiral Cervera attempted to escape past the American Fleet . Texas took four of the enemy ships under fire immediately . While the battleship 's main battery pounded the armored cruisers Vizcaya and Cristobal Colon , her secondary battery joined Iowa , Gloucester , and Indiana in battering two torpedo @-@ boat destroyers .
" The two Spanish destroyers fell out of the action quickly and beached themselves , damaged heavily . One by one , the larger enemy warships also succumbed to the combined fire of the American Fleet . Each , in turn , sheered off toward shore and beached herself . Thus , Texas and the other ships of the Flying Squadron annihilated the Spanish Fleet . " Texas was lightly damaged during the battle by a single 6 in ( 152 mm ) high explosive shell that hit her on the starboard side above the main deck , immediately forward of the ash hoist . Fragments from the shell badly damaged the ash hoist and destroyed the doors of both air shafts and the adjacent bulkheads . Splinters riddled much of the adjacent structure as well .
" The defeat of Cervera 's Fleet helped to seal the doom of Santiago de Cuba . The city fell to the besieging American forces on 17 July , just two weeks after the great American naval victory . The day after the surrender at Santiago , Spain sought peace through the good offices of the French government . Even before the peace protocol was signed in Washington , DC , on 12 August , American ships began returning home . Texas arrived in New York on 31 July . Captain Philip was promoted to Commodore on 10 August 1898 . "
" In late November , Texas moved south to Hampton Roads where she arrived on 2 December . The warship resumed her peacetime routine patrolling the Atlantic coast of the United States . Though her primary field of operations once again centered on the northeastern coast , she also made periodic visits to such places as San Juan , Puerto Rico , and Havana , Cuba , where her crew could view some of the results of their own ship 's efforts in the recent war . "
= = = Post @-@ war service = = =
Texas was decommissioned for a lengthy refit on 3 November 1900 at the Norfolk Navy Yard but was commissioned again on 3 November 1902 . During this refit , her funnel and topmasts were raised . Furthermore , the protection for her 12 in ( 300 mm ) ammunition hoists was doubled and her broadside torpedo tubes were removed . On one voyage to New Orleans , Louisiana in February 1904 , Texas could only make 13 @.@ 9 knots ( 25 @.@ 7 km / h ; 16 @.@ 0 mph ) under forced draft . During 1904 her armament was upgraded when she exchanged her four 6 in ( 150 mm ) / 30 cal guns for more powerful 35 @-@ caliber weapons and two one @-@ pounder guns were landed . She served as flagship for the Coast Squadron until 1905 , and remained assigned to it after its commander shifted his flag .
Texas was briefly decommissioned between 11 January 1908 and 1 September 1908 . By 1908 she had become the station ship at Charleston , South Carolina . By 1910 , she had lost her 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) revolving cannon and one more one @-@ pdr gun in exchange for two additional six @-@ pounder guns . Regarded as obsolete by 1911 , she was relegated for use as a gunnery target to allow the Navy to evaluate the effects of modern shells on armored and unarmored parts of the ship , the probabilities of underwater hits and their depths , the effects of shock loads on pipes , etc . , the flammability of the ship 's fittings and the direction in which shells were pointing when striking at long range . As part of this evaluation , she was fully fitted out and only items which normally would have been allowed to be removed before action and those items added to her for service as a station ship were removed . Dummies were also rigged to evaluate the effects of hits on the crew . It is uncertain if her ammunition and powder remained on board for the tests . Preparing Texas for these tests cost $ 29 @,@ 422 @.@ 70 .
= = = San Marcos = = =
" On 15 February 1911 , her name was changed to San Marcos to allow the name Texas to be assigned to Battleship No. 35 . " She was sunk in shallow water in Tangier Sound in Chesapeake Bay on 21 – 22 March 1911 by gunfire from the battleship New Hampshire . No detailed examination was made afterward , but it was noted that there were so many holes below the waterline that the water in the forward and rear compartments generally took on the motion of the outside water . The interior above the waterline was generally demolished . She was used as a target for a torpedo experiment on 6 April . " On 10 October 1911 , her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register . " A cage mast , a duplicate of those used on the Florida @-@ class dreadnoughts , was built atop the San Marcos 's remains in 1912 and tested against 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) shells fired by the monitor Tallahassee from a range of 1 @,@ 000 yards ( 910 m ) on 21 August 1912 . Although the mast had been knocked down by nine hits , it was considered to have withstood the fire exceedingly well .
San Marcos was used for gunnery practice throughout World War II , although generally as an anchor for a canvas target screen , but she was finally deemed a threat to navigation . Tons of explosives were used to demolish her upperworks and drive her hull deep into the mud ; by January 1959 , they were successful and she remains there today .
= = Gallery = =
= = Awards = =
Spanish Campaign Medal
Cuban Pacification Medal
= Eckwersheim derailment =
On 14 November 2015 , a TGV train derailed in Eckwersheim , Alsace , France , while performing commissioning trials on the second phase of the LGV Est high @-@ speed rail line , which was scheduled to open for commercial service five months later . The derailment resulted in 11 deaths among those aboard , while the 42 others aboard the train were injured . It was the first fatal derailment in the history of the TGV and the third derailment since the TGV entered commercial service in 1981 .
The test train was traveling eastbound on the southern track when it entered a curve at 265 km / h ( 165 mph ) — which was 89 km / h ( 55 mph ) above its assigned speed — causing the rear bogie of the lead power car to derail to the left ( outside of curve ) due to centrifugal forces . The lead power car separated from the rest of the train , and the rear of the lead power car struck the concrete parapet on the abutment to a bridge over the Marne – Rhine Canal . The power car slid along the left parapet of the bridge and overturned , sliding down the embankment and coming to a rest 150 metres ( 490 ft ) beyond the end of the bridge . Cars 2 – 7 derailed before the bridge and travelled off the embankment with enough speed to overshoot the canal and come to rest 80 – 130 m ( 260 – 430 ft ) beyond the beginning of the bridge . Cars 8 – 9 came to rest on the east bank of the canal and the rear power car ended up partially submerged in the canal . According to investigators , late braking , which led to the train entering the curve at excessive speed , was the immediate cause of the accident . Criminal and technical investigations are ongoing . French national rail operator SNCF suspended test trials at high speeds until the lessons learned from the investigation were integrated into testing process .
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irrevocably divided , the followers of Mirza Yahya tried to discredit Bahá 'u'lláh to the Ottoman authorities , accusing him of causing agitation against the government . While an investigation cleared Bahá 'u'lláh , it did bring to the attention of the government that Bahá 'u'lláh and Mirza Yahya were propagating religious claims , and , fearing that this might cause future disorder , they decided to again exile the ' Bábí ' leaders . A royal command was issued in July 1868 condemning the Bábís to perpetual imprisonment and isolation in far @-@ flung outposts of the Ottoman Empire — Famagusta , Cyprus for Mirza Yahya and his followers , and `Akká , in Ottoman Palestine , for Bahá 'u'lláh and his followers .
The Bahá 'ís , including Bahá 'u'lláh and his family , left Adrianople on 12 August 1868 , and , after a journey by land and sea through Gallipoli and Egypt , arrived in `Akká on 31 August and were confined in the barracks in the citadel in the city . The inhabitants of `Akká were told that the new prisoners were enemies of the state , of God and his religion , and that association with them was strictly forbidden . The first years in `Akká imposed very harsh conditions with everyone becoming sick , and eventually three Bahá 'ís dying . It was also a very trying time for Bahá 'u'lláh : Mirzá Mihdí , Bahá 'u'lláh 's son , was suddenly killed at the age of twenty @-@ two when he fell through a skylight while pacing back and forth in prayer and meditation . After some time , the people and officials began to trust and respect Bahá 'u'lláh , and thus the conditions of the imprisonment were eased and eventually , after the Sultan 's death , he was allowed to leave the city and visit nearby places . From 1877 until 1879 Bahá 'u'lláh lived in the house of Mazra 'ih . Dr. Thomas Chaplin , director of a British Hospital in Jerusalem visited Bahá 'u'lláh in April 1871 and sent a letter to the editor printed in The Times in October . This seems to be the first extended commentary on Bahá 'u'lláh in western newspapers .
= = Final years = =
The final years of Bahá 'u'lláh 's life ( 1879 – 1892 ) were spent in the Mansion of Bahjí , just outside `Akká , even though he was still formally a prisoner of the Ottoman Empire . During his years in `Akká and Bahjí , since `Abdu 'l @-@ Bahá , his eldest son , had taken care of the organizational work , Bahá 'u'lláh was able to devote his time to writing , and he produced many volumes of work including the Kitáb @-@ i @-@ Aqdas , his book of laws . His other works included letters outlining his vision for a united world , as well as the need for ethical action ; he also composed many prayers .
In 1890 , the Cambridge orientalist Edward Granville Browne had an interview with Bahá 'u'lláh in this house . After this meeting he wrote his famous pen @-@ portrait of Bahá 'u'lláh :
In the corner where the divan met the wall sat a wondrous and venerable figure , crowned with a felt head @-@ dress of the kind called táj by dervishes ( but of unusual height and make ) , round the base of which was wound a small white turban . The face of him on whom I gazed I can never forget , though I cannot describe it . Those piercing eyes seemed to read one 's very soul ; power and authority sat on that ample brow ; while the deep lines on the forehead and face implied an age which the jet @-@ black hair and beard flowing down in indistinguishable luxuriance almost to the waist seemed to belie . No need to ask in whose presence I stood , as I bowed myself before one who is the object of a devotion and love which kings might envy and emperors sigh for in vain !
On 9 May 1892 , Bahá 'u'lláh contracted a slight fever which grew steadily over the following days , abated , and then finally resulted in his death on 29 May 1892 . He was buried in the shrine located next to the Mansion of Bahjí .
= = Claims = =
Bahá 'u'lláh stated that he was a messenger of God , and he used the term Manifestation of God to define the concept of an intermediary between humanity and God . In the Bahá 'í writings , the Manifestations of God are a series of interrelated personages who speak with a divine voice and who reflect the attributes of the divine into the human world for the progress and advancement of human morals and civilization . The Manifestations of God , as explained by Bahá 'u'lláh , are not incarnations of God , but have a two @-@ fold station ; one which is the divine in that they reveal God 's attributes , but not God 's essence , and one which is human in that they represent the physical qualities of common man , and have human limitations . Bahá 'u'lláh wrote that God will never manifest his essence into the world .
In Bahá 'u'lláh 's writings he writes in many styles including cases where he speaks as if he was instructed by God to bring a message ; in other cases he writes as though he is speaking as God directly .
Some have interpreted Bahá 'u'lláh 's writing style to conclude that Bahá 'u'lláh had claimed divinity . Bahá 'u'lláh , however , states himself that the essence of God will never descend into the human world . Statements where Bahá 'u'lláh speaks with the voice of God are meant that he is not actually God , but that he is speaking with the attributes of God .
Bahá 'u'lláh declared , as the most recent Manifestation of God , that he was the " Promised One " of all religions , fulfilling the messianic prophecies found in world religions . He stated that his claims to being several messiahs converging in one person were the symbolic , rather than literal , fulfilment of the messianic and eschatological prophecies found in the literature of the major religions . Bahá 'u'lláh 's eschatological claims constitute six distinctive messianic identifications : from Judaism , the incarnation of the " Everlasting Father " from the Yuletide prophecy of Isaiah 9 : 6 , the " Lord of Hosts " ; from Christianity , the " Spirit of Truth " or Comforter predicted by Jesus in his farewell discourse of John 14 @-@ 17 and the return of Christ " in the glory of the Father " ; from Zoroastrianism , the return of Shah Bahram Varjavand , a Zoroastrian messiah predicted in various late Pahlavi texts ; from Shi 'a Islam the return of the Third Imam , Imam Husayn ; from Sunni Islam , the return of Jesus ( Isa ) ; and from Bábism , He whom God shall make manifest .
While Bahá 'u'lláh did not himself directly claim to be either the Hindu or Buddhist messiah , he did so in principle through his writings . Later , `Abdu 'l @-@ Bahá stated that Bahá 'u'lláh was the Kalki avatar , who in the classical Hindu Vaishnavas tradition is the tenth and final Avatar ( great incarnation ) of Vishnu who will come to end The Age of Darkness and Destruction . Bahá 'ís also believe that Bahá 'u'lláh is the fulfilment of the prophecy of appearance of the Maitreya Buddha , who is a future Buddha who will eventually appear on earth , achieve complete enlightenment , and teach the pure Dharma . Bahá 'ís believe that the prophecy that Maitreya will usher in a new society of tolerance and love has been fulfilled by Bahá 'u'lláh 's teachings on world peace . Bahá 'u'lláh is believed to be a descendant of a long line of kings in Persia through Yazdgerd III , the last monarch of the Sasanian Dynasty ; he also asserted to be a descendant of Abraham through his third wife Keturah .
= = Succession = =
After Bahá 'u'lláh died on 29 May 1892 , the Will and Testament of Bahá 'u'lláh named his son `Abdu 'l @-@ Bahá as Centre of the Covenant , successor and interpreter of Bahá 'u'lláh 's writings , and the appointment was readily accepted by almost all Bahá 'ís , since the appointment was written and unambiguous , and `Abdu 'l @-@ Bahá had proved himself a capable and devoted assistant . However , the appointment given to `Abdu 'l @-@ Bahá was a cause of jealousy within Bahá 'u'lláh 's family . Bahá 'u'lláh had also stated that another one of his sons Mírzá Muhammad `Alí was to be subordinate and second in rank after `Abdu 'l @-@ Bahá . Mírzá Muḥammad `Alí , however , insisted that `Abdu 'l @-@ Bahá was exceeding his powers , and started a rebellion , at first covert , and then public to discredit `Abdu 'l @-@ Bahá . Mírzá Muḥammad `Alí 's actions , however , were rejected by the majority of the Bahá 'ís . Due to this conflict , `Abdu 'l @-@ Bahá later ex @-@ communicated his brother as a covenant @-@ breaker . The conflict was not long lived ; after being alienated by the Bahá 'í community , Muhammad Ali died in 1937 with a handful of followers .
= = Works = =
Bahá 'u'lláh wrote many books , tablets and prayers , of which only a fraction have been translated into English . There have been 15 @,@ 000 works written by him identified ; many of these are in the form of short letters , or tablets , to Bahá 'ís , but he also wrote larger pieces including the Book of Certitude , the Hidden Words and the Gems of Divine Mysteries . The total volume of his works are more than 70 times the size of the Qur 'an and more than 15 times the size of the Old and New Testaments of the Bible .
The books and letters written by Bahá 'u'lláh cover religious doctrine , the proclamation of his claims , social and moral teachings as well as Bahá 'í laws ; he also wrote many prayers . Jináb @-@ i @-@ Fádil @-@ i @-@ Mázindarání , analyzing Baha 'u'llah 's writings , states that he wrote in the different styles or categories including the interpretation of religious scripture , the enunciation of laws and ordinances , mystical writings , writings about government and world order , including letters to the kings and rulers of the world , writings about knowledge , philosophy , medicine , and alchemy , writings calling for education , good character and virtues , and writing about social teachings . All of his works are considered by Bahá 'ís to be revelation , even those that were written before his announcement of his prophetic claim . Some of his better known works that have been translated into English include Gleanings , the Hidden Words , the Kitáb @-@ i @-@ Aqdas and the Kitáb @-@ i @-@ Íqán .
= = Photographs and imagery = =
There are two known photographs of Bahá 'u'lláh , both taken at the same occasion in 1868 while he was in Adrianople ( present @-@ day Edirne ) . The one where he looks at the camera was taken for passport purposes and is reproduced in William Miller 's book on the Bahá 'í Faith . Copies of both pictures are at the Bahá 'í World Centre , and one is on display in the International Archives building , where the Bahá 'ís view it as part of an organized pilgrimage . Outside of this experience Bahá 'ís prefer not to view his photos in public , or even to display any of them in their private homes , and Bahá 'í institution strongly suggests to use an image of Bahá 'u'lláh 's burial shrine instead .
Bahá 'u'lláh 's image is not in itself offensive to Bahá 'ís . However , Bahá 'ís are expected to treat the image of any Manifestation of God with extreme reverence . According to this practice , they avoid depictions of Jesus or of Muhammad , and refrain from portraying any of them in plays and drama . Copies of the photographs are displayed on highly significant occasions , such as six conferences held in October 1967 commemorating the hundredth anniversary of Bahá 'u'lláh 's writing of the Suriy @-@ i @-@ Mulúk ( Tablet to the Kings ) , which Shoghi Effendi describes as " the most momentous Tablet revealed by Bahá 'u'lláh " . After a meeting in Adrianople , the Hands of the Cause traveled to the conferences , " each bearing the precious trust of a photograph of the Blessed Beauty ( Bahá 'u'lláh ) , which it will be the privilege of those attending the Conferences to view . "
The official Bahá 'í position on displaying the photograph of Bahá 'u'lláh is :
There is no objection that the believers look at the picture of Bahá 'u'lláh , but they should do so with the utmost reverence , and should also not allow that it be exposed openly to the public , even in their private homes .
While the above passage clarifies that it is considered disrespectful to display his photograph to the public , regarding postings on other websites the Bahá 'í World Centre has written :
For Bahá 'ís , the photograph of Bahá 'u'lláh is very precious and it should not only be viewed but also handled with due reverence and respect , which is not the case here [ on a non @-@ Bahá 'í web site ] . Thus , it is indeed disturbing to Bahá 'ís to have the image of Bahá 'u'lláh treated in such a disrespectful way . However , as the creator of the site is not a Bahá 'í , there is little , if anything , that can be done to address this matter . We hope these comments have been of assistance . "
= = Explanatory notes = =
= = Works cites = =
= Vitold Belevitch =
Vitold Belevitch ( 2 March 1921 – 26 December 1999 ) was a Belgian mathematician and electrical engineer of Russian origin who produced some important work in the field of electrical network theory . Born to parents fleeing the Bolsheviks , he settled in Belgium where he worked on early computer construction projects . Belevitch is responsible for a number of circuit theorems and introduced the now well @-@ known scattering parameters .
Belevitch had an interest in languages and found a mathematical derivation of Zipf 's law . He also published on machine languages . Another field of interest was transmission lines , where he published on line coupling . He worked on telephone conferencing and introduced the mathematical construct of the conference matrix .
= = Early life = =
Belevitch was born 2 March 1921 in Terijoki , Karelia , now incorporated into Russia , but at the time part of Finland . Belevitch 's parents were Russian and his mother was an ethnic Pole . They were attempting to flee from their home in Petrograd ( St Petersburg ) in Russia to escape the Bolshevik revolution , which Belevitch 's father opposed . Belevitch 's heavily pregnant mother succeeded in crossing the border into Finland and continued on to Helsinki after Vitold was born , where the birth was registered . She headed for Helsinki because her husband 's father was principal of the Russian school there . Belevitch 's father was arrested before he could follow and was deported to Siberia , where he died without ever seeing his son .
In 1926 Belevitch , while still a small child , emigrated with his mother to Belgium .
= = Education = =
Belevitch was educated in French in Belgium , until July 1936 at the Notre @-@ Dame de la Paix College at Namur . In 1937 , aged 16 , he enrolled at the Université Catholique de Louvain where he studied electrical and mechanical engineering , graduating in 1942 . Belevitch gained his PhD in applied sciences at the same university in 1945 . His sponsor was Charles Manneback and his second advisor was Wilhelm Cauer , the founder of the field of network synthesis .
From 1953 until 1985 Belevitch lectured at the university . He taught circuit theory and other mathematical subjects related to electrical science . In 1960 he became a special professor ( buitengewoon hoogleraar ) . Although Belevitch worked as an electrical engineer , his primary interest was mathematics , especially algebra . There was a tradition in Belgium of the most gifted mathematicians entering engineering rather than pure mathematics or physics . Belevitch showed his mathematical leanings by preferring the use of blackboard and chalk to any audio @-@ visual aids during lectures . He even lectured in this way when presenting the opening lecture to a large audience at an international conference at the IEE in London .
= = Career = =
After graduating in 1942 , Belevitch joined the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company ( BTMC ) in Antwerp , originally part of the International Bell Telephone Company headquartered in Brussels but , along with their other European holdings , sold to International Telephone and Telegraph ( ITT ) in 1925 . At BTMC Belevitch became head of the transmission department . It was here that he came into contact with Wilhelm Cauer who became a great influence on him . Cauer was one of the leading circuit theorists of the day and at the time worked for Mix & Genest in Berlin , a sister company under the ITT umbrella . Cauer died during the Second World War but Belevitch long after continued to consider his works to be the highest authority on matters of circuit theory .
From 1951 Belevitch was involved in the design of electronic computers which BTMC were developing for the Belgian government . The purpose of this program was to " catch up " with the advances made in the English @-@ speaking world during the war . It resulted in the construction of the Machine mathématique IRSIA @-@ FNRS . From 1952 Belevitch represented the electrical engineering aspect of this project . In 1955 Belevitch became director of the Belgian Computing Centre ( Comité d 'Étude et d 'Exploitation des Calculateurs Électroniques ) in Brussels which operated this computer for the government . Initially , only the 17 @-@ rack prototype was operational . One of the first tasks to which it was put was the calculation of Bessel functions . The full 34 @-@ rack machine was moved from Antwerp and put into service in 1957 . Belevitch used this machine to investigate transcendental functions .
In 1963 Belevitch became head of the newly formed Laboratoire de Recherche MBLE ( later Philips Research Laboratories Belgium ) under the Philips director of research Hendrik Casimir in Eindhoven . This facility specialised in applied mathematics for Philips and was heavily involved in computing research . Belevitch stayed in this post until his retirement in November 1984 .
Belevitch died on 26 December 1999 . He is survived by a daughter , but not his wife .
= = Works = =
Belevitch is best known for his contributions to circuit theory , particularly the mathematical basis of filters , modulators , coupled lines , and non @-@ linear circuits . He was on the editorial board of the International Journal of Circuit Theory from its foundation in 1973 . He also made major contributions in information theory , electronic computers , mathematics and linguistics .
Belevitch dominated international conferences and was prone to asking searching questions of the presenters of papers , often causing them some discomfort . The organiser of one conference at Birmingham University in 1959 made Belevitch the chairman of the session in which the organiser gave his own presentation . It seems he did this to restrain Belevitch from asking questions . Belevitch stopped attending conferences in the mid @-@ 1970s with the exception of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems in Montreal in 1984 in order to receive the IEEE Centennial Medal .
= = = Circuit theory = = =
= = = = Scattering matrix = = = =
It was in his 1945 dissertation that Belevitch first introduced the important idea of the scattering matrix ( called repartition matrix by Belevitch ) . This work was reproduced in part in a later paper by Belevitch , Transmission Losses in 2n @-@ terminal Networks . Belgium was occupied by Nazi Germany for most of World War II and this prevented Belevitch from any communication with American colleagues . It was only after the war that it was discovered that the same idea , under the scattering matrix name , had independently been used by American scientists developing military radars . The American work by Montgomery , Dicke and Purcell was published in 1948 . Belevitch in his work had applied scattering matrices to lumped circuits and was certainly the first to do so , whereas the Americans were concerned with the distributed circuits used at microwave frequencies in radar .
Belevitch produced a textbook , Classical Network Theory , first published in 1968 which comprehensively covered the field of passive one @-@ port , and multiport circuits . In this work he made extensive use of the now @-@ established S parameters from the scattering matrix concept , thus succeeding in welding the field into a coherent whole . The eponymous Belevitch 's theorem , explained in this book , provides a method of determining whether or not it is possible to construct a passive , lossless circuit from discrete elements ( that is , a circuit consisting only of inductors and capacitors ) that represents a given scattering matrix .
= = = = Telephone conferencing = = = =
Belevitch introduced the mathematical concept of conference matrices in 1950 , so called because they originally arose in connection with a problem Belevitch was working on concerning telephone conferencing . However , they have applications in a range of other fields as well as being of interest to pure mathematics . Belevitch was studying setting up telephone conferencing by connecting together ideal transformers . It turns out that a necessary condition for setting up a conference with n telephone ports and ideal signal loss is the existence of an n × n conference matrix . Ideal signal loss means the loss is only that due to splitting the signal between conference subscribers – there is no dissipation within the conference network .
The existence of conference matrices is not a trivial question , they do not exist for all values of n . Values of n for which they exist are always of the form 4k + 2 ( k integer ) but this is not , by itself , a sufficient condition . Conference matrices exist for n of 2 , 6 , 10 , 14 , 18 , 26 , 30 , 38 and 42 . They do not exist for n of 22 or 34 . Belevitch obtained complete solutions for all n up to 38 and also noted that n = 66 had multiple solutions .
= = = = Other work on circuits = = = =
Belevitch wrote a comprehensive summary of the history of circuit theory . He also had an interest in transmission lines , and published several papers on the subject . They include papers on skin effects and coupling between lines ( " crosstalk " ) due to asymmetry .
Belevitch first introduced the great factorization theorem in which he gives a factorization of paraunitary matrices . Paraunitary matrices occur in the construction of filter banks used in multirate digital systems . Apparently , Belevitch 's work is obscure and difficult to understand . A much more frequently cited version of this theorem was later published by P. P. Vaidyanathan .
= = = Linguistics = = =
Belevitch was educated in French but continued to speak Russian to his mother until she died . In fact , he was able to speak many languages , and could read even more . He studied Sanskrit and the etymology of Indo @-@ European languages .
Belevitch wrote a book on human and machine languages in which he explored the idea of applying the mathematics of information theory to obtain results regarding human languages . The book highlighted the difficulties for machine understanding of language for which there was some naive enthusiasm amongst cybernetics researchers in the 1950s .
Belevitch also wrote a paper , On the Statistical Laws of Linguistic Distribution , which gives a derivation for the well @-@ known empirical relationship , Zipf 's law . This law , and the more complex Mandelbrot law , provide a relationship between the frequency of word occurrence in languages and the word 's rank . In the simplest form of Zipf 's law , frequency is inversely proportional to rank . Belevitch expressed a large class of statistical distributions ( not only the normal distribution ) in terms of rank and then expanded each expression into a Taylor series . In every case Belevitch obtained the remarkable result that a first order truncation of the series resulted in Zipf 's law . Further , a second @-@ order truncation of the Taylor series resulted in Mandelbrot 's law . This gives some insight into the reason why Zipf 's law has been found experimentally to hold in such a wide variety of languages .
= = = Control systems = = =
Belevitch played a part in developing a mathematical test for determining the controllability of linear control systems . A system is controllable if it can be moved from one state to another through the system state space in a finite time by application of control inputs . This test is known as the Popov @-@ Belevitch @-@ Hautus , or PBH , test . There is also a PBH test for determining the observability of a system – that is , the ability to determine the state of a system in finite time solely from the system 's own outputs .
The PBH test was originally discovered by Elmer G. Gilbert in 1963 , but Gilbert 's version only applied to systems that could be represented by a diagonalizable matrix . The test was subsequently generalised by Vasile M. Popov ( in 1966 ) , Belevitch ( in Classical Network Theory , 1968 ) and Malo Hautus in 1969 .
= = IEEE and honours = =
Belevitch was a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) and was vice @-@ chair of the Benelux section when it was formed in 1959 . He was awarded the IEEE Centennial Medal , and in 1993 , the Society Award ( now called Mac Van Valkenburg Award ) of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society . He was also a member of the North Rhine @-@ Westphalian Academy of Sciences .
Belevitch received an honorary doctoral degree in 1975 from the Technical University of Munich , and another from the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Switzerland , in 1978 . He was also rewarded with Belgian royal medals .
Since 2003 , the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society has instituted a Vitold Belevitch award for work in circuit theory . The award is presented biennially at the European Conference on Circuit Theory & Design .
= = Selected publications = =
Belevitch was a prolific publisher with around 4000 pages of scientific output . He was publishing throughout his career right up to , and beyond , his retirement in 1984 .
= = = Books = = =
Langage des Machines et Langage Humain , Bruxelles : Office de publicité , 1956 OCLC 8998282 ( in French ) .
Théorie des Circuits de Télécommunication , Louvain : Librairie Universitaire , 1957 OCLC 3531476 ( in French ) .
Théorie des Circuits Nonlinéaires en Régime Alternatif : Redresseurs , Modulateurs , Oscillateurs , Louvain : Uystpruyst , 1959 OCLC 637334683 ( in French ) .
Classical Network Theory , San Francisco : Holden @-@ Day , 1968 OCLC 413916 .
= = = Journal articles = = =
" Extension of Norton 's method of impedance transformation to band @-@ pass filters " , Electrical Communication , vol.24 , no.1 , pp. 59 – 65 , March 1947 .
" Insertion loss and effective phase shift in composite filters at cut @-@ off frequencies " , Electrical Communication , vol.24 , no.2 , pp. 192 – 194 , June 1947 .
" Transmission losses in 2n @-@ terminal networks " , Journal of Applied Physics , vol.19 , No. 7 , pp. 636 – 638 , 1948 .
" Development in the design of filters " , Electrical Communication , vol.26 , no.1 , pp. 84 – 98 , March 1949 .
" Theory of 2n @-@ terminal networks with application to conference telephony " , Electrical Communication , vol.27 , no.3 , pp. 231 – 244 , September 1950 .
" Topics in the design of insertion loss filters " , IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory , vol.2 , iss.4 , pp. 337 – 346 , December 1955 .
" Théorie de l 'information et statistique linguistique " , Académie Royale de Belgique : Bulletin de la Classe des Sciences , series 5 , vol.42 , pp. 419 – 436 , 1956 . ( in French )
" On the statistical laws of linguistic distribution " , Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles , vol.3 , iss.73 , pp. 310 – 326 , 1959 ISSN 0037 @-@ 959X . ( in French )
" Summary of the history of circuit theory " , Proceedings of the IRE , vol.50 , iss.5 , pp. 848 – 855 , May 1962 .
" Factorization of scattering matrices with applications to passive network synthesis " , Philips Research Reports , vol.18 , pp. 275 – 317 , 1963 ISSN 0031 @-@ 7918 .
" Interpolation matrices " , Philips Research Reports , vol.25 , pp. 337 – 369 , 1970 ISSN 0031 @-@ 7918 .
" On the realizability of non @-@ rational positive real functions " , International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications , vol.1 , iss.1 , pp. 17 – 30 , March 1973 .
" Theory of the proximity effect in multiwire cables " , Philips Research Reports , vol.32 , pp. 16 – 43 , 96 @-@ 177 , 1977 ISSN 0031 @-@ 7918 .
" The Gauss hypergeometric ratio as a positive real function " , SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis , vol.13 , pp. 1024 – 1040 , 1982 .
" Ideal rectifier n @-@ ports are solvable " , International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications , vol.15 , iss.2 , pp. 171 – 180 , April 1987 .
= Noble train of artillery =
The noble train of artillery , also known as the Knox Expedition , was an expedition led by Continental Army Colonel Henry Knox to transport heavy weaponry that had been captured at Fort Ticonderoga to the Continental Army camps outside Boston , Massachusetts during the winter of 1775 – 1776 .
Knox went to Ticonderoga in November 1775 , and , over the course of three winter months , moved 60 tons of cannons and other armaments by boat , horse and ox @-@ drawn sledges , and manpower , along poor @-@ quality roads , across two semi @-@ frozen rivers , and through the forests and swamps of the lightly inhabited Berkshires to the Boston area . Historian Victor Brooks has called Knox 's exploit " one of the most stupendous feats of logistics " of the entire American Revolutionary War .
The route by which Knox moved the weaponry is now known as the Henry Knox Trail , and the states of New York and Massachusetts have erected markers along the route .
= = Background = =
Shortly after the American Revolutionary War broke out with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775 , Benedict Arnold , a militia leader from Connecticut who had arrived with his unit in support of the Siege of Boston , proposed to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety that Fort Ticonderoga , on Lake Champlain in the Province of New York , be captured from its small British garrison . One reason he gave to justify the move was the presence at Ticonderoga of heavy weaponry . On May 3 , the committee gave Arnold a Massachusetts colonel 's commission and authorized the operation .
The idea to capture Ticonderoga had also been raised to Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys in the disputed New Hampshire Grants territory ( present @-@ day Vermont ) . Allen
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took ten weeks .
= = Arrival = =
When the equipment began to arrive in the Boston area , Washington , seeking to end the siege , formulated a plan to draw at least some of the British out of Boston , at which point he would launch an attack on the city across the Charles River . Pursuing this plan , he placed cannons from Ticonderoga at Lechmere 's Point and Cobble Hill in Cambridge , and on Lamb 's Dam in Roxbury . These batteries opened fire on Boston on the night of March 2 , while preparations were made to fortify the Dorchester Heights , from which cannons could threaten both the city and the British fleet in the harbor . On the night of March 4 , Continental Army troops occupied this high ground .
British General William Howe first planned to contest this move by assaulting the position , but a snowstorm prevented its execution . After further consideration , he decided instead to withdraw from the city . On March 17 , British troops and Loyalist colonists boarded ships and sailed for Halifax , Nova Scotia .
Henry Knox went on to become the chief artillery officer of the Continental Army , and later served as the first United States Secretary of War .
= = Legacy = =
To commemorate Knox 's achievement , at the time of its sesquicentennial ( 150th anniversary ) , the states of New York and Massachusetts both placed historical markers along the route he was believed to have taken at the time . In 1972 , markers in New York were moved when new information surfaced about the train 's movements between Albany and the state boundary . Most of the markers in Massachusetts are along a route the train was assumed to take , given the sparsity of documentation and what was known about roads in Massachusetts at the time .
Fort Knox , an Army post in Kentucky most famous for being the site of the United States Bullion Depository , was named after Henry Knox .
= Charizard =
Charizard , known in Japan as Lizardon ( リザードン , Rizadon ) , is a Pokémon species in Nintendo and Game Freak 's Pokémon franchise . Created by Ken Sugimori , Charizard first appeared in the video games Pokémon Red and Blue and subsequent sequels . They have later appeared in various merchandise , spinoff titles and animated and printed adaptations of the franchise . Shin @-@ ichiro Miki , the actor who voices James in the original Japanese version of the Pokémon anime , voices Charizard in both the Japanese and English @-@ language versions of the anime . An orange , draconic Pokémon , Charizard is the evolved form of Charmeleon , which is the evolved form of Charmander . It has two other forms , which are its Mega Evolution : Mega Charizard X and Mega Charizard Y.
Charizard is featured in the Pokémon anime series with the most recurring being from the main character , Ash Ketchum . It is featured in printed adaptations such as Pokémon Adventures , in the possession of Blue , one of the main characters . Charizard appears in Pokémon Origins with main character Red as its trainer . Charizard has received positive reception from the media , with GamesRadar describing it as " hands @-@ down one of the coolest Pokémon out there " . Charizard is the version mascot of Pokémon Red and FireRed versions , and makes an appearance on the boxarts of Pokémon Stadium , Pokémon Ranger , Pokémon Mystery Dungeon : Red Rescue Team , and Pokémon Mystery Dungeon : Explorers of Sky .
= = Concept and characteristics = =
Charizard was one of several different character choices conceived by Game Freak 's character development team and finalized by Ken Sugimori for the first generation of Pocket Monsters games Red and Green , which were localized outside Japan as Pokémon Red and Blue . Originally called " Lizardon " in Japanese , Nintendo decided to give the various Pokémon species " clever and descriptive names " related to their appearance or features when translating the game for western audiences as a means to make the characters more relatable to American children . As a result , they were renamed " Charizard " , a combination of the words " charcoal " or " char " and " lizard " . During an interview , Pokémon Company president Tsunekazu Ishihara stated Charizard was expected to be popular with North American audiences because of their preference for strong , powerful characters .
Whereas its pre @-@ evolutions Charmander and Charmeleon are ground @-@ bound lizard like creatures , Charizard resembles a large traditional European dragon . Despite the resemblance , Charizard is explicitly a Fire / Flying @-@ type , not a Dragon @-@ type , except in its " Mega Charizard X " form ; however , it can learn Dragon @-@ type attacks . Charizard have two wings that are blue , while the back is orange , as with the most of its body . Its belly and soles are cream @-@ colored , while their eyes are light blue in color . The video games describe Charizard as having wings that can carry them close to an altitude of 4 @,@ 600 feet , flying proudly around the sky and constantly seeking for powerful opponents to quarrel with . They can breathe intense flames that can melt any material , but will never torch a weaker foe . If Charizard become angry , the flame at the tip of their tail can flare up in a whitish @-@ blue color . Because of their reckless behavior , Charizard are known to unintentionally cause wildfires . When Charizard is Mega Evolved , it can take on one of two forms . In its " X " form , it gains the Dragon type , and its color scheme changes from orange and cream to black and blue . In its " Y " form , its appearance gets sharper with pointed horns and wings , and it is able to fly much higher .
= = Appearances = =
= = = In video games = = =
Charizard made its video game debut in 1996 with the Japanese release of Pokémon Red and Blue . It is available only through Pokémon evolution from the starter Pokémon , Charmander . In Pokémon Gold , Silver , and Crystal , and their remakes , Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver , Charizard is used by Red , who acts as the games ' final boss . Charizard is one of several Pokémon in Pokémon X and Y that will able to use the new Mega Evolution mechanic , becoming either Mega Charizard X or Mega Charizard Y. It was given a Mega Evolution about one and a half years into the development of Pokémon X and Y. Charmander ( along with Bulbasaur and Squirtle ) was added to the game in a significant role in order to allow players to experience Charizard 's Mega Evolution .
Charizard has made appearances in many other Pokémon games . It appears in Pokémon Mystery Dungeon : Blue Rescue Team and Red Rescue Team on a team with an Alakazam and Tyranitar , who play a significant role in the story . In Pokémon Ranger , Charizard is a boss Pokémon who becomes attached to the player 's character and assists him or her throughout the game . Charizard returns in Pokémon Ranger : Guardian Signs as another boss character . It is also one of the photographable Pokémon in Pokémon Snap , as well as a non @-@ playable character in PokéPark Wii : Pikachu 's Adventure and its sequel , PokéPark 2 : Wonders Beyond .
Charizard has appeared many times throughout the Super Smash Bros. series . Charizard first appears as a non @-@ playable character in Super Smash Bros. and Super Smash Bros. Melee , as one of the Pokémon which can appear if a player throws a Poké Ball . In Super Smash Bros. Brawl , Charizard is now playable , under the command of the Pokémon Trainer . The Trainer has a Squirtle and an Ivysaur , all three of which can be switched between ; unlike the other fighters , these Pokémon become fatigued and consequently weaker , and must be switched out long enough to recover . Charizard 's moves include Rock Smash , Flamethrower , and Fly . Charizard is playable as a stand @-@ alone character in for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U , where his new Final Smash is transforming into Mega Charizard X. Charizard also appears as a playable fighter in Pokkén Tournament .
= = = In anime = = =
In the anime , the most notable Charizard is one Ash Ketchum has had since he was a Charmander abandoned by his former owner Damian . Ash 's Charmander evolved into Charmeleon during a battle against an army of Exeggutor , and his personality changed completely , becoming a disobedient Pokémon and fighting when and how he pleased . Charmeleon evolved when Ash summoned him for protection from wild prehistoric Pokémon ; when an Aerodactyl attacked him and carried Ash off , Charmeleon evolved to fight the Aerodactyl and rescue Ash . Charizard still didn 't obey Ash , preferring to sleep , and only battled Pokémon that would pose a challenge , but Charizard helped Ash reach his goals , particularly against Gym Leader Blaine . Sadly , Charizard 's disobedience to Ash then led to costing him the Kanto League . Charizard became loyal during the Orange Islands arc after Ash battled a trainer with a Poliwrath and Charizard was frozen solid . Because of Ash 's continuous self @-@ sacrificing efforts to save Charizard from certain death , he began to obey Ash and defeated the Poliwrath in a rematch . He remained on Ash 's team and contributed to his wins in the Orange League and parts of Johto . He eventually stayed behind in the Charizific Valley , a reserve where wild Charizard battle and train to become stronger . This was likely due to meeting Charla , a female Charizard for whom he developed a fondness . Charizard , like many of Ash 's other Pokémon , returns on a temporary basis to battle at Ash 's side , typically when Ash faces a particularly powerful Pokémon . Charizard has saved Ash 's life on more than one occasion , as seen in the film Spell of the Unown , where he battled against Entei after arriving in the nick of time to prevent Ash and Pikachu from falling to their deaths , having flown over from the Charizific Valley after originally seeing a live broadcast from Ash running after Entei who had kidnapped Ash 's mother , Delia Ketchum . Charizard returned during the Johto Pokémon League and defeated Gary 's Blastoise , who had a type advantage over Charizard . Charizard also returned for Ash 's first Battle Frontier battle , where he took on Articuno at the Battle Factory and won thanks to an unorthodox strategy . During the Best Wishes series Charizard officially rejoined Ash 's team while Ash was exploring the Unova ( Isshu ) region . Upon meeting Ash again , he gave his trainer a Flamethrower to the face much to everyone 's surprise . Charizard also developed a fierce rivalry with Iris 's Dragonite so much so that both Ash and Iris agreed to have a battle . During the battle which originally began on the ground but later ascended skywards when both Pokémon took to the skies , it was shown that Charizard had learnt Wing Attack , Slash , and Dragon Tail but despite the two Pokémon having something of a very fierce rivalry with one another , N immediately called the battle off after realizing that Dragonite had injured its right arm . Charizard stayed with all of Ash 's Pokémon sans Pikachu at Professor Oak 's laboratory when Ash leaves Kanto once more for the faraway Kalos region . Charizard is one of Ash 's strongest Pokémon .
Another Charizard appears in Pokémon X and Y , under the ownership of Alain . This Charizard can Mega Evolve into Mega Charizard X and has shown to be powerful by defeating 10 Mega Evolutions in a row and defeating Ash 's Greninja , who had a type advantage .
Charizard has its own DVD that contains three episodes featuring it : " Attack of the Prehistoric Pokémon " , " Charizard Chills " , " Charizard 's Burning Ambition " . This DVD is part of the 10th Anniversary Box Set ; in the Box Set 's " 10 Most Wanted Pokémon " countdown Charizard is listed as the third most wanted , beaten only by Pikachu and Jigglypuff .
In the anime spin @-@ off , Pokémon Origins , another Charizard appears under the ownership of Red , Ash 's video game counterpart , where it started off as Red 's starter Pokémon . After winning many battles , it eventually evolved into Charmeleon , and later Charizard . Red 's Charizard helped it 's trainer defeat Team Rocket , win the Pokémon League , as well as help Red capture the elusive Pokémon , Mewtwo . During its battle against Mewtwo , Red 's Charizard learned Mega Evolution , where it evolved into Mega Charizard X. Red 's Charizard is the first Pokémon to Mega @-@ Evolve in an anime .
= = = In printed adaptations = = =
In Pokémon : Pikachu Shocks Back which loosely parallels the storyline of the anime , Ash catches a Charmander , and it ultimately becomes a Charizard and battles in the Pokémon League tournament . Despite his catch , he has trouble controlling it . Ash brings Charizard to the Orange Islands and trains it diligently since the near @-@ disaster . He then uses it to battle Dragonite in the final showdown with the Orange Crew Supreme gym leader Drake .
In the Pokémon Adventures manga , Blue receives a Charmander from his grandfather Professor Oak . It evolves into a Charmeleon , and when Blue is possessed by a Gastly in the Lavender Tower , so is Charmeleon . Blue 's Charmeleon is eventually released from its possession only to be faced down by an Arbok , owned by Koga . Charmeleon tricked Koga by using a zombie Psyduck to deflect Arbok 's acid attack before literally slicing the Arbok in half with his tail . Blue later appears with an evolved Charizard and gains access to Saffron City by helping to disable a barrier created by a Mr. Mime . Later , Red and Blue face off against Koga 's Articuno and are frozen by its Ice Beam , but they ultimately defeat the Team Rocket Executive with Charizard 's Flamethrower . It then teams up with Red 's newly evolved Venusaur , Saur , and Green 's Blastoise , Blasty , to defeat Sabrina 's monster Pokémon . They end Team Rocket 's control of Saffron City , splitting apart the three birds in the process .
Blue 's Charizard re @-@ appeared during the final match of the ninth Pokémon League , against his longtime rival Red . Despite the type advantage , Charizard battles against Saur and is nearly knocked out . As the battle progresses the two trainers send out their first Pokémon to battle again , when Saur binds Charizard from attacking . Suddenly , thunderclouds form from the attacks of Poli and Pika , and Saur submerges a vine into the cloud , shocking Charizard and knocking it out . When the " FireRed and LeafGreen " volume of the manga began the original protagonists – Red , Blue , and Green – return to fight the newly formed Team Rocket and the Deoxys under their power . The three trainers become trapped inside the Trainer Tower in the Sevii Islands , battling the main computer of the building and the Deoxys Divides . After struggling to co @-@ ordinate Blasty , Saur , and Charizard , the three trainers manage to focus the angle of the three powerful attacks – Blast Burn , Hydro Cannon , and Frenzy Plant – to free Mewtwo , who in turn destroys the Trainer Tower .
Charizard appeared as the main Pokémon in the short novel , Charizard Go ! Adapted by Tracey West , the novelisation retells Ash 's journey with his Charmander , and it reaches its climax as Ash and Charizard battle in the Pokémon League at the Indigo Plateau against his good friend Ritchie . The story covers Ash and his companions finding the abandoned Charmander , the battles in which Charmeleon did not listen to Ash , and Charizard 's battle against Blaine 's Magmar . Charizard Go ! is the sixth novel in the Pokémon Chapter Books series . Another chapter novel , All Fired Up : Pokémon the Johto Journeys , adapted by Jennifer Johnson , covers the portion of Ash 's journey near Violet City and the Characific Valley . In the novel , Ash wonders if Charizard should leave his team forever ; it covers the capture of Ash 's Cyndaquil , his new fire Pokémon .
= = Reception and legacy = =
Charizard has been featured in lines of soft toys and action figures in the Pokémon franchise , made by Hasbro , and Tomy . In 2004 , the " Charizard Medium Plush " was part of a major recall of 13 plush toys due to a manufacturing fault where tips of needles were being found with the stuffing . This caused Tomy to replace the toys with compensation or replacements . Charizard appears often in the Pokémon Trading Card Game , most notably in the series ' initial release . Cards featuring the character have been stated to be the most desired of the series , quickly rising to high prices amongst collectors and retailers . These cards overpowered and knocked out opponents in one hit . In 2005 , search engine Yahoo ! reported Charizard as one of the top Pokémon @-@ related web searches .
Described by the media as " a lean , ferocious , fire @-@ breathing dragon [ ... ] sleek , powerful , and utterly destructive " , Charizard has been noted as one of the franchise 's most popular characters . Retailers have attributed the high sales of merchandise related to the character to the popularity of the character 's dragon @-@ like design with children . Interviewed children have stated similar ; they attributed its appeal to its " cool looking " appearance and associating the character with the concepts of stubbornness and power . The book Rebuilding Attachments With Traumatized Children stated psychiatrists utilized the character as an empowered character traumatized children who were fans of the Pokémon series could relate to . The book Pikachu 's Global Adventure : The Rise and Fall of Pokémon cited Charizard as popular with older male children who tend to be drawn to " tough or scary " characters , and compared the character 's evolution from Charmander into Charizard with the loss of " cuteness " as one leaves childhood .
IGN editor " pokemonofthedaychick " called Charizard " certainly the most popular and perhaps the most well @-@ balanced of any of the current starting Pokemon " . GamesRadar 's Brett Elston described Charizard as " hands @-@ down one of the coolest Pokémon out there " , heavily praising its character design and calling it " one of the coolest " designs of the entire series . GamesRadar editor Raymond Padilla stated " Charizard was an awesome Pokemon back in the day and still an excellent choice more than a decade after it was introduced . " UGO.com described Charizard as a " winged , dragon @-@ like creature " which is " able to breathe fire and smash opponents into red @-@ tinged goo " , but states that in Brawl it is " as slow as Bowser " and " lacks the coolness factor of Mario 's arch @-@ nemesis . "
Authors Tracey West and Katherine Noll called Charizard the best Fire type Pokémon and the third best Pokémon overall . They wrote that there was nothing else that could better fit that spot and that " it has won our hearts and had us cheering for more . " 1UP editor Kat Bailey expressed concern about which Pokémon could follow the player in Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver , stating " allowing popular favorites like Charizard would go over quite well " . The Daily Cardinal editor Kyle Sparks called Charizard " the most dominant Pokémon in the whole universe , a force of sheer strength " . In a poll conducted by IGN , it was voted as the best Pokémon , where the staff commented about remembering being torn between choosing Blastoise and Charizard at the start of the game . In a poll by Official Nintendo Magazine , Charizard was voted as the best Fire @-@ type Pokémon . They stated " not only is Charizard your favourite fire Pokémon but it is probably one of the most popular ' mon of all time " . Kotaku editor Patricia Hernandez criticized Charizard 's Y Mega Evolution for not differing enough from Charizard 's original design , while praising Mega Charizard X for changing color , and turning Charizard into a dragon @-@ type . Gameinformer ranked Charizard the " coolest " Pokémon out of the original 151 , describing it as " Powerful , gigantic , and imposing " . They further commented that " Pikachu may be the one you recognize , but Charizard is the one you want . "
= Blue Gardenia ( album ) =
Blue Gardenia is a 2001 album by Etta James , released through the record label Private Music . It was produced by John Snyder , who had worked with James on five of her previous studio albums . Blue Gardenia contains thirteen jazz standards from the 1930s , 1940s and 1950s . All of the standards were arranged by pianist Cedar Walton , with the exception of " Love Letters " , which was arranged by Josh Sklair . Between November 2000 and February 2001 , Snyder and Walton assembled musicians to record tracks while James was recovering from a flu ; her vocals were added following her recovery . In addition to Walton , artists appearing on the album included Red Holloway on tenor saxophone and Dorothy Hawkins , James ' mother , who provided vocals on the title track . Hawkins died in May 2002 , less than a year after the album 's release .
James promoted the album by touring throughout the United States leading up to and following its release . Critical reception of the album was positive overall . The album reached number one on Billboard 's Top Jazz Albums chart .
= = Composition = =
Blue Gardenia contains thirteen jazz standards from the 1930s , 1940s and 1950s arranged by pianist Cedar Walton , with the exception of " Love Letters " , which was arranged by Josh Sklair . The album was produced by John Snyder , who had produced five of James ' past studio albums : The Right Time ( 1992 ) , Mystery Lady : Songs of Billie Holiday ( 1994 ) , Time After Time ( 1995 ) , 12 Songs of Christmas ( 1998 ) and Heart of a Woman ( 1999 ) . Between November 2000 and February 2001 , Snyder and Walton assembled a group of jazz musicians to record tracks for the album in the absence of James , who was suffering from the flu . A few months later , James recorded vocals following her recovery . AllMusic 's Jonathan Widran described the album as having an " old school big band flavor " with a " bed of simmering brass " ; instrumentation included bass , flugelhorn , guitar , piano , percussion , tenor saxophone , trombone and trumpet .
The album opens with a rendition of Clyde Otis ' " This Bitter Earth " , a song popularized by Dinah Washington and later added to Aretha Franklin 's repertoire , followed by " He 's Funny That Way " ( Neil Moret , Richard A. Whiting ) . Both tracks include improvisations by Walton on piano . According to Dorothy Hill , blues editor for Jazz Now , listeners can hear James " murmuring admiration " for Walton 's piano work in the background of " He 's Funny That Way " . " In My Solitude " , originally by Duke Ellington , features a " passionate " interlude by Red Holloway on tenor saxophone . Other standards appearing on the album include " There Is No Greater Love " ( Isham Jones , Marty Symes ) , Joe Greene 's " Don 't Let the Sun Catch You Crying " , and " Love Letters " , originally written by Edward Heyman and Victor Young . Sklair arranged the latter song and performed on guitar ; also featured is Rick Baptist on flugelhorn . " These Foolish Things " , originally written by Harry Link , Holt Marvell and Jack Strachey , previously appeared on James ' 1995 album of the same name . Harold Arlen and Johnny Mercer 's " Come Rain or Come Shine " is followed by " Don 't Worry ' bout Me " ( Rube Bloom , Ted Koehler ) . Leading up to the album 's close are Arthur Hamilton 's " Cry Me a River " , " Don 't Blame Me " ( Dorothy Fields , Jimmy McHugh ) , and " My Man " which features a trombone solo by George Bohannon . The album 's closing and title track features vocals by James ' mother , Dorothy Hawkins .
= = Reception = =
Critical reception of Blue Gardenia was positive overall . Jonathan Widran wrote a positive review for the album , complimenting Walton 's arrangements and the featured soloists . Widran also said that each track allowed James to " explore both tenderness and guttural emotions " and that James ' mother 's contributions to the title track provided a " unique touch that [ added ] emotional dimension to an already emotionally rich affair " . Music critic Robert Christgau awarded the album an " A – " rating and wrote that James " [ lets ] the songs do the talking and [ leaves ] you to wonder whether her modest melodic variations bespeak sly musicality or weathered pipes . " Isaac Guzman of the New York Daily News thought that the album showcased James ' ability to " get inside the gentle nuances of classic torch songs and ballads " . Dorothy Hill noted the blues sound of the album and the " ache " in James ' voice . She complimented the performances by the guest musicians appearing on the album , including Hawkins , whose vocal contribution Hill called " unpolished but alluring " .
Billboard 's Bill Holland called James and the material on Blue Gardenia a " near @-@ perfect fit " after noting her " hit @-@ or @-@ miss relationship with standards " in the past . Holland felt that Walton 's arrangements were designed for a singer with a " less robust style " , but considered " Blue Gardenia " and " Cry Me a River " to be " riveting " . Lorraine Ali 's review for Newsweek called Blue Gardenia a " smooth cocktail " , suggesting that James ' vocal performance reflected her difficult past . Dave Nathan of All About Jazz concluded that " James may have slowed a bit when it comes to technical skills . But the fervency , the soul and the passion not only are still there , but have grown keener with age . This is an album of more than an hour of from the heart singing by one of the great ones and is recommended . "
= = Track listing = =
" This Bitter Earth " ( Clyde Otis ) – 4 : 20
" He 's Funny That Way " ( Neil Moret , Richard A. Whiting ) – 6 : 00
" In My Solitude " ( Eddie DeLange , Duke Ellington , Irving Mills ) – 5 : 16
" There Is No Greater Love " ( Isham Jones , Marty Symes ) – 5 : 18
" Don 't Let the Sun Catch You Crying " ( Joe Greene ) – 5 : 18
" Love Letters " ( Edward Heyman , Victor Young ) – 3 : 59
" These Foolish Things " ( Harry Link , Holt Marvell , Jack Strachey ) – 5 : 14
" Come Rain or Come Shine " ( Harold Arlen , Johnny Mercer ) – 5 : 39
" Don 't Worry '
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So that while they do not compose a homogeneous text , held together by the rhetorical power of a narrative voice , and in fact are anything but homogeneous , these texts bear the presence of the editor in these discrete marks and indications .
= = Themes = =
= = = Language = = =
The novel revolves around a central theme of language — written and spoken , truth and myth — and the power inherent in all of its forms , a power that is often only present in the deconstruction of communication . González Echevarria argues that " Dr. Francia 's fear of the pasquinade , his abuse of [ Patiño , ] his constant worry about writing all stem from the fact that he has found and used the power implicit in language itself . The Supreme defines power as being able to do through others what we are unable to do ourselves : language , being separate from what it designates , is the very embodiment of power , for things act and mean through it without ceasing to be themselves . Dr. Francia has also realized that he cannot control language , particularly written language , that it has a life of its own that threatens him . "
The significance of linguistic domination is present in the novel . Paraguay is the most bilingual country in Latin America where , as of 1962 , 52 % spoke the indigenous language Guaraní as well as Spanish , only 5 % only spoke Spanish , whereas 43 % spoke only Guaraní which is essentially a language of oral culture . As Roa Bastos claims , " this inevitably leads the Paraguayan writer to the necessity of creating a literature that goes beyond literature , of speaking against the word , or writing against writing . " At the time of I , the Supreme the majority of the people spoke Guaraní while Spanish was the dominant political language . Francia himself was known for his support of Guaraní and his " persecution of the Spanish @-@ speaking elite " . As Deiner argues , " El Supremo is aware of the difficulties of incorporating rural and underclass Paraguayans into the national political system , even though he is sympathetic toward them . But the common person , the Guarani speaker , remains unheard . Roa Bastos cleverly demonstrates this political isolation / marginalization by constantly introducing Guaraní phrases , phrases which are incomprehensible to most readers , phrases from a spoken , not written language . The phrases are there in a sort of ghostly form , hanging in air , denying full participation in the novel to the reader , and thus causing the reader to empathize with real world Paraguayan citizens who are denied political participation by their political rulers . "
= = = Power = = =
The novel 's format , its various multiple sources , its manipulation of linear time and its inclusion of supernatural elements ( talking dogs and meteor rifles , for example ) all serve to deconstruct the idea of absolute power , by creating an ambiguity between fact and myth , between Dr Francia and the Supreme , and between Roa Bastos and the Compiler . Francia places himself above all power and history : " I don 't write history . I make it . I can remake it as I please , adjusting , stressing , enriching its meaning and truth . " Yet in the Compiler 's notes and retelling of events , the novel is presented as a genuine version of history , one that contradicts and questions the Supreme 's . In their collectivity , they deny the illusion of absolute power , whether the power is that of Francia the dictator or Roa Bastos the writer . This ambiguity between myth and fact is elaborated on at the end of the novel in the fictional debate over the Supreme 's remains ; it questions the nature of national political myth , and how heroes and villains are created in it and where the Supreme falls into those categories after being portrayed as both by Roa Bastos . As Deiner poses the question raised by the novel , " Is he to be portrayed as a valiant leader who held the country together in the face of enormous external aggression , or as a despot who laid the basis for almost two centuries of exploitation of Paraguay ’ s peoples by its leaders ? " The answer is not so much of importance to the novel , so much as the fact that the question itself exists , thereby confirming the power of writing over so called " absolute " power .
On a more basic level , the novel also has political themes to it . As John Deiner writes , " I , The Supreme is a surprisingly political novel . It is a commentary on Paraguay 's first great political leader [ . . . ] and a condemnation of the country 's last , General Alfredo Stroessner . " Deiner contends that the political system and occurrences in I , the Supreme are symbolic of those of other Paraguayan leaders . Suggesting the book is connected to more recent leaders of Paraguay , Deiner writes " although ostensibly a fictionalized account of the life of El Supremo , the novel is also a thinly disguised attack on the politics and rule of Alfredo Stroessner , [ the dictator ] ruling Paraguay at the time I , the Supreme was published ( in exile ) in 1974 . " In summary , Deiner suggest that the novel " serves as the quintessential example of the personalist dictator model of Latin American political systems . Francia 's was one of the earliest versions of this model , and Stroessner 's was one of the last personalist dictator regimes . "
= = Reception = =
Gerald Martin observes that " the publication of I the Supreme in 1974 was an exceptional cultural phenomenon . " He goes on to note that Roa Bastos 's novel " was more immediately and unanimously acclaimed than any novel since One Hundred Years of Solitude , and critics seemed to suspect that its strictly historical importance might be even greater than that of García Márquez 's fabulously successful creation . "
The Stroessner government did not react kindly to this or others of Roa Bastos 's writings . On a rare visit to Paraguay from France in 1982 , he was denounced as a " Marxist subversive " and became " one of the three citizens forbidden to return . "
Outside Paraguay , Roa Bastos 's works never became best @-@ sellers like those of other members of the Boom such as Gabriel García Márquez or Mario Vargas Llosa , yet as a recognition of his literary prestige he was awarded the Miguel de Cervantes Prize in 1989 . This is the most prestigious literary award in the Spanish @-@ speaking world , and honors the lifetime achievement of an outstanding writer in the Spanish language .
And in the English @-@ speaking world , the British critic Bernard Levin said about reading I , the Supreme upon its translation in 1986 that " he had read the book with an exhilaration similar to ' climbing Everest twice in one weekend . ' " Michiko Kakutani , writing for the New York Times , also remarked in that year that " however cumbersome and rhetorical I The Supreme may often feel , the novel remains a prodigious meditation not only on history and power , but on the nature of language itself . "
Also in 1986 Carlos Fuentes , for the New York Times , wrote of Roa Bastos : " He is his country 's most eminent writer ; his works are few , self @-@ contained ( very Paraguayan ) and brilliantly written . Yet his masterpiece , I the Supreme , which first came out in Spanish in 1974 and finally reaches the English @-@ reading public now , in a masterly translation by Helen Lane , is the kind of summa that absorbs everything that the writer has done before . This is Mr. Roa Bastos ' dialogue with himself through history and through a monstrous historical figure whom he has to imagine and understand if he is ever to imagine and understand himself and his people . "
About the 12 year delay between the book 's initial publication in Spanish and its translation into English , Fuentes reports that Roa Bastos said : " The book has been published in almost all the principal languages of the world , including Japanese and Chinese . [ . . . ] In Europe , it has only not been translated into Finnish and Albanian . " He also stated that " he was intrigued that Americans ' would start with the work of mine considered the most difficult . ' "
= Star Wars : The Force Unleashed =
Star Wars : The Force Unleashed is a LucasArts action @-@ adventure video game and part of the The Force Unleashed project . It was initially developed for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , Wii , and Xbox 360 consoles and on the iOS , second @-@ generation N @-@ Gage , Nintendo DS , PlayStation Portable , and Java @-@ equipped mobile phone handhelds .
The game was released in North America on September 16 , 2008 , in Australia and Southeast Asia on September 17 , and in Europe on September 19 . LucasArts released downloadable content for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles . An Ultimate Sith Edition of the game , containing new and all previously released expanded content , was released in November 2009 , which also came out on Mac OS and Microsoft Windows .
The project bridges the first two Star Wars trilogies , acting as an origin story for both the united Rebel Alliance and the Galactic Civil War depicted in the Original Trilogy . The game introduces a new protagonist , " Starkiller " , as Darth Vader 's secret apprentice , who is tasked with hunting down Jedi while killing rebels and Imperials alike in order to hide his existence from the Emperor , but soon starts to slowly redeem himself to the light side of the Force .
Reviews offered fairly positive response , praising The Force Unleashed for its compelling story , robust physics , impressive art and soundtrack , while some more negative reviews cited frustrating gameplay . Despite this , the game was a bestseller in the United States and Australia , with over one million copies sold its debut month . As of February 2010 , the game has sold over seven million copies , and it is the fastest @-@ selling Star Wars video game . A sequel , Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II , was released in October 2010 .
= = Gameplay = =
The Force Unleashed is a third @-@ person action game in which the player 's character 's weapons are the Force and a lightsaber . Developers treated the main character 's lightsaber like another Force power , and wanted to ensure " something visceral and cool " happened with each button @-@ push . The game has a combo system for stringing lightsaber attacks and for combining lightsaber attacks with Force powers . Experience points earned by killing enemies and finding artifacts can be used to increase Starkiller 's powers and traits . The gameplay is intended to be easy to learn ; the development team included " horrible " gamers to help ensure the game 's accessibility . Players can casually run and gun through the game , but the game rewards those who take a stealthy , more tactical approach . The game includes enemies that are easy to overcome ; game difficulty arises from presenting these enemies in large numbers that can wear down the player 's character . Additionally , enemies learn from the player 's character 's attacks ; using the same attack on different characters can sometimes lead to the player 's character doing less damage . The enemies , which number over 50 , have various strengths and weaknesses ; developers faced the difficulty of effectively placing them throughout the game 's varied environments .
= = Plot = =
Set in between Star Wars : Episode III – Revenge of the Sith and Star Wars : Episode IV - A New Hope , Darth Vader is sent by Emperor Palpatine to destroy a Jedi who survived Palpatine 's Jedi purge and is hiding on the Wookiee homeworld , Kashyyyk . The Force Unleashed begins with the player controlling Darth Vader as he searches Kashyyyk for the Jedi . After defeating the Jedi in battle , Vader discovers a child who is strong in the Force and raises him to become his apprentice , unknown to the Emperor for several years . When the apprentice ( known in the game as " Starkiller " , and whom the player now controls ) reaches adulthood , Vader sends him to kill the remaining Jedi as training for his ultimate goal : assassinating the Emperor so Vader and Starkiller can rule the galaxy together .
However , the Emperor discovers Starkiller 's existence and forces Vader to kill the apprentice ; Vader hurls Starkiller into space , but secretly dispatches droids to retrieve and revive him . Vader sends his apprentice to foster a rebellion among those who resist the Empire , distracting the Emperor so Vader can make his move . Breaking into various Imperial facilities , Starkiller rescues Rogue Shadow pilot Juno Eclipse , Jedi Master Rahm Kota , Princess Leia Organa , and Senator Bail Organa . In the process , Starkiller learns from Kota about the Jedi way , ultimately sparing Jedi apprentice Maris Brood , who had succumbed to corruption by the dark side after Starkiller murdered her master Shaak Ti . Starkiller travels between missions aboard the Rogue Shadow , developing a close relationship with his crew .
Senators Organa , Mon Mothma , and Garm Bel Iblis meet to plan a rebellion against the Empire , but are interrupted when Darth Vader arrests them and Kota . Vader attacks Starkiller and reveals that Starkiller was never meant to overthrow the Emperor ; from the beginning , he was the Emperor 's tool to expose his enemies , and that Vader 's plans to overthrow the Emperor did not include Starkiller . Surviving Vader 's attack , Starkiller uses the Force to ascertain the senators ' and Kota 's location : the Death Star . Inside the station , Starkiller duels Darth Vader . Kota attempts to fight the Emperor , but is wounded by the Emperor 's Force lightning .
At this point , the player chooses to either seek revenge on Vader or save Kota from Emperor Palpatine :
If the player attacks and kills Vader , the Emperor offers to let Starkiller take Vader 's place as his apprentice if Starkiller proves himself by killing Kota . Starkiller instead attacks the Emperor , who crushes Starkiller with the Rogue Shadow and kills Kota and all his allies . The story ends with Starkiller 's broken body being grafted with armor so he can serve as the Emperor 's assassin until Palpatine finds a new apprentice . The game ends with Palpatine assuring Starkiller that he , like Vader , will be cast aside when he finds a new apprentice . The Infinities expansion content builds on this ending .
If the player attacks and defeats Emperor Palpatine , Kota prevents Starkiller from killing Palpatine in hatred . Starkiller dies while absorbing the Emperor 's renewed attack , but Kota and the senators escape . The Emperor and Vader look over Starkiller 's corpse , concerned that he has become a martyr to inspire the newly formed Rebel Alliance . Senator Organa and the others agree to proceed with their rebellion and Leia decides to use Starkiller 's family crest as the Rebellion 's symbol . Outside , Juno talks to Kota , who tells her that among Starkiller 's dark thoughts , Juno herself was one bright spot that he held onto right until his death . This is the ending depicted in the novelization and this was the canonical ending until Disney rebranded the extended universe into the non @-@ canon " Star Wars Legends " .
= = Cast and characters = =
Sam Witwer as Galen Marek / Starkiller — The child of two Jedi , Starkiller becomes Darth Vader 's secret apprentice and is dispatched by his master to kill the Jedi who survived Palpatine 's Jedi purge . Although acting as a villain , Starkiller is " really just [ a ] damaged kid . " Developers decided not to give Starkiller a name in the game , but the novelization gives his name as Galen Marek . Although Starkiller starts as Vader 's apprentice , a focus of the game is to allow the character to evolve into " something more heroic , something greater . " Audio director David Collins saw a resemblance between Starkiller concept art and his friend , Witwer ; Collins asked for Witwer 's headshot and an audition reel , and a few weeks later Witwer sat for a 45 @-@ minute audition . Witwer secured the role by demonstrating to developers his deep understanding of the character ; in portraying Starkiller , Witwer brought many new ideas about the character and imbued him with a sense of humanity . Developers tried not to make Starkiller so evil that players would have difficulty connecting to him . The Force Unleashed ’ s character 's name is an homage to " Annikin Starkiller , " the original name of the character that eventually became Luke Skywalker .
Matt Sloan as Darth Vader — Starkiller 's master , who discovers Starkiller as a child and trains him . In addition to dispatching Starkiller to kill the remaining Jedi , Vader also presents plans to unite with Starkiller to overthrow the Emperor , although there are " twists and turns " in this scheme . The events depicted in The Force Unleashed are pivotal to Darth Vader 's history and development .
Nathalie Cox as Juno Eclipse — Rogue Shadow ’ s pilot and Starkiller 's love interest . Eclipse was not originally part of the game ; early concepts had the apprentice as an older character who develops a connection with a young Princess Leia . Star Wars creator George Lucas , uncomfortable with this idea , encouraged the developers to create a love interest . The apprentice , who has had limited interaction with women when the game begins , does not at first know how to act around her . Her introduction early in the game allows the relationship with Starkiller to develop , and her inclusion helps " recapture that rich ensemble feel of the original Star Wars " . According to Sean Williams , who wrote the novelization , the romantic storyline is the key to The Force Unleashed . The name " Juno Eclipse " was originally proposed as a name for the character eventually called " Asajj Ventress " — it was rejected for Ventress as insufficiently villainous . The Force Unleashed project lead Haden Blackman brought the name back for the mythic quality of the name " Juno " and the duality suggested by an " eclipse . " Cox , in addition to strongly resembling the character 's concept art , had " integrity and poise " appropriate to Juno Eclipse that helped the actor secure the role .
Cully Fredricksen as General Rahm Kota — A Jedi Master who provides Starkiller with additional insight into the Force . Developers realized early that Starkiller would require insight into the Force from someone other than Darth Vader ; after rejecting the idea of this coming from the spirit of Qui @-@ Gon Jinn or some version of Darth Plagueis , they decided to fill this role with one of Starkiller 's Jedi opponents . The character was conceived as a " tough @-@ as @-@ nails " contrast to Jinn and Obi @-@ Wan Kenobi . Senior concept artist Amy Beth Christianson drew upon samurai influences for Kota 's appearance . The character changed little after being conceived ; Fredricksen 's own traits made the character tougher . Fredricksen was the first actor cast for the project .
Adrienne Wilkinson as Maris Brood — A Zabrak survivor of the Jedi Purge and Shaak Ti 's apprentice . The character was originally conceived to become a pirate captain , and Christianson 's early art included Brood 's lightsaber tonfas . Wilkinson brought strength to her performance , leading to an expansion of the role with more dialogue .
David W. Collins as PROXY — Starkiller 's droid sidekick . Collins said PROXY has C @-@ 3PO 's innocence but also is " really dangerous . " The companion trade paperback describes the conflict between PROXY 's primary programming to kill Starkiller and its self @-@ imposed desire to help him ; PROXY is eager to please Starkiller , but does not know how dangerous it can be or that there is a conflict between its programming and Starkiller 's wishes . Trying to avoid having PROXY 's dialogue become too reminiscent of either C @-@ 3PO or the villainous HK @-@ 47 of Knights of the Old Republic , developers focused on PROXY 's friendly naïvety .
Jimmy Smits as Bail Organa — The Emmy Award @-@ winning Smits voices the character he played in the Star Wars prequels : a Galactic Senator from Alderaan and Leia Organa 's adoptive father .
Other performances came from Susan Eisenberg as Shaak Ti and Catherine Taber as Princess Leia Organa . In addition to voicing Starkiller , Witwer also provided the voice of Emperor Palpatine . R2 @-@ D2 also makes an appearance in the game alongside Leia .
= = Development = =
= = = Concept = = =
Game planning began in summer 2004 . Initially , about six developers started with a " clean slate " to conceptualize a new Star Wars game ; the small group of engineers , artists , and designers spent more than a year brainstorming ideas for what might make a good game . Over 100 initial concepts were whittled down to 20 to 25 that included making the game the third entry in the Knights of the Old Republic series or having the protagonist be a Wookiee " superhero " , Darth Maul , a bounty hunter , a smuggler , a mercenary , or the last member of the Skywalker family . The decision to focus on the largely unexplored period between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope helped energize the design team . Consumer feedback helped the developers narrow in on seven concepts , and elements from those seven went into The Force Unleashed 's overall concept .
Production was greatly aided by concept art , which was intended to visually bridge the two Star Wars trilogies , convey the impression of a " lived @-@ in " universe , show how the galaxy changes under Imperial rule , and to seem familiar yet new . An off @-@ hand comment about the Force in the game being powerful enough " to pull a Star Destroyer out of the sky " inspired an image by senior concept artist Amy Beth Christenson that became an important part of the developers ' idea pitches and evolved into a major moment in the game . These illustrations also inspired the creation of dozens of simple , three @-@ dimensional animations . Eventually , a one @-@ minute previsualization video highlighting the idea of " kicking someone 's ass with the Force " helped convince the designers that The Force Unleashed would be " a great game " ; George Lucas , upon seeing the one @-@ minute video , told the designers to " go make that game " . Once the concept was solidified , the development team grew from ten to twenty people . The idea of " reimagining " the Force as " amped up " in The Force Unleashed aligned with LucasArts ' overall goal of harnessing the power of the latest video game consoles to " dramatically " change gaming , specifically through the use of simulation @-@ based gameplay .
= = = Story = = =
In April 2005 , after several months of planning , the LucasArts team received Lucas ' encouragement to create a game centered on Darth Vader 's secret apprentice in the largely unexplored period between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , drawing the two trilogies together . LucasArts spent six months developing the story . Lucas spent hours discussing with the developers the relationship between Darth Vader and Emperor Palpatine and provided feedback on what Vader would want out of and how he would motivate an apprentice . Lucas Licensing reviewed many game details to ensure they fit into canon . Focus group feedback indicated that , while hunting down Jedi at Vader 's order would be fun , the character should be redeemed , in keeping with a major Star Wars motif . Although the game introduces new characters , developers felt the presence of characters already part of Star Wars would help anchor the game within the official continuity . Before the game 's release , Lucasfilm claimed it would " unveil new revelations about the Star Wars galaxy " with a " redemption " motif . The story progresses through a combination of scripted events , in @-@ game cinematics , cutscenes , and dialogue .
= = = Technology = = =
During pre @-@ production , about 30 people were on the project team . LucasArts spent several years developing the tools and technology to create The Force Unleashed . Prototyping , level construction , marketing , and public relations took about a year . Until late 2006 , the production team was ascertaining " how many polygons , lights , [ and ] characters " next @-@ generation platforms supported ; a year of full production began in early 2007 . A series of quickly @-@ produced " play blast " videos helped the developers focus on mechanics , the user interface , and finishing moves . Development of the Xbox 360 version came first ; PlayStation 3 development started when the production team had enough development kits . Making the game run on both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 was " a monumental task " .
The game is based on LucasArts ' proprietary " Ronin " game engine but also integrates third @-@ party technology : Havok for rigid body physics , Pixelux Entertainment 's " Digital Molecular Matter " ( DMM ) for dynamically destructible objects , and NaturalMotion 's Euphoria for realistic non @-@ player character artificial intelligence . LucasArts ' programmers had to overcome technical hurdles to get Havok- , DMM- and Euphoria @-@ coded components to interact . Developers also had to strike a balance between realistic and entertaining physics . LucasArts initially opted not to release a personal computer version of The Force Unleashed , stating that doing the game well would be too processor @-@ intensive for typical PCs and that scaling down the game 's procedural physics for the PC platform would " fundamentally " change The Force Unleashed 's gameplay . However , LucasArts later announced Windows and Mac versions of the game , developed in conjunction with Aspyr Media , for release in Fall 2009 .
Lacking Havok , Euphoria , and DMM , Krome 's Wii version relies on the company 's in @-@ house physics engine . Some character animations may be ragdoll while others are preset ; in developing the game , Krome tried to blur the distinction between the two . The lighting system in the Wii version is more advanced than that in the PS2 version , which Krome also built ; the PS2 includes more graphic details than their PSP version .
= = = ILM collaboration and cast performance = = =
The Force Unleashed is intended to make players think they are " actually , finally , in a Star Wars movie " . It is the first game on which LucasArts and Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) collaborated since they both relocated to the Letterman Digital Arts Center in San Francisco , California . This collaboration allowed the companies to co @-@ develop tools to make film @-@ quality effects . LucasArts worked with ILM 's Zeno tool framework and helped ILM build its Zed game editor . Lucas said having the two companies working together in the same building was " a great collaboration " .
It took Senior Manager of Voice and Audio Darragh O 'Farrell four months to cast The Force Unleashed . ILM 's face- and motion @-@ capture " CloneCam " technology recorded actors ' voice and physical performances . This led to a change in LucasArts ' casting process : for the first time , actors needed to match characters ' age and gender . Actors performed their lines together , rather than in isolation , to better get the sense of their characters interacting with each other . Consequently , the script 's dialogue was reduced while reliance on characters ' expressions — captured through the CloneCam — increased . CloneCam technology had previously been used in producing the Pirates of the Caribbean movies .
= = = Music = = =
LucasArts music supervisor Jesse Harlin said the music matches the game 's motif of redemption and goal of bridging the gap between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope :
We had to make sure that the game 's score started off rooted within the Prequel Trilogy feel of ethnic percussion and sweeping themes that spoke to the nobility and grandeur of the old Jedi Order . As the game progresses , however , the Empire gains more control , the Jedi are hunted , and the ordered control of the Prequels gives way to the more romantic temperament of the Original Trilogy .
The game 's soundtrack includes material composed by John Williams for the films in addition to material created specifically for The Force Unleashed . Jesse Harlin composed the game 's main theme , while Mark Griskey composed the score . Griskey made use of several motifs from the film scores as well as Harlin 's main theme . The 90 @-@ minute soundtrack was recorded by the Skywalker Symphony Orchestra and mixed at Skywalker Sound in Lucas Valley in September and October 2007 . During gameplay , a proprietary engine combines " musical elements according to the pace , plot , and environment of the game at any given moment " , resulting in a unique musical experience . A promotional soundtrack album was made available online through Tracksounds.com in 2008 .
= = = Expansion = = =
Two weeks after the game 's release , LucasArts announced development on two downloadable expansion packs for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of the game . The first expansion added " skins " that allow the player 's character to appear as Star Wars figures other than Starkiller , such as Obi @-@ Wan Kenobi , Anakin Skywalker , Qui @-@ Gon Jinn , Jango Fett , C @-@ 3PO , Luke Skywalker , Darth Maul , Darth Sion , Mace Windu , Plo Koon , Kit Fisto and Ki @-@ Adi @-@ Mundi . The skins chosen to be part of the expansion were based in part on fans ' feedback . The second expansion pack added a new mission that expands on Starkiller 's background . Although a moment in the game 's main story was considered as a " jumping off point " for the expansion , LucasArts decided instead to make the new mission instantly accessible to players . The mission 's location — the Jedi Temple on Coruscant — appears in the Wii , PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable versions of The Force Unleashed , but was cut during planning from the PS3 and Xbox 360 platforms .
The Tatooine Downloadable Content , released August 27 , 2009 , is the first of two expansions that occur in an " Infinities " storyline , an alternate history in which Starkiller kills Vader and becomes Palpatine 's assassin . The second Infinities expansion , which takes place on Hoth , was originally only available as part of the Ultimate Sith Edition , which also includes all previous downloadable content . However , the Hoth expansion was later made available for download on the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live .
= = Reception = =
1 @.@ 738 million unit sales of The Force Unleashed across all platforms made it the third best @-@ selling game globally in the third quarter of 2008 ; as of July 2009 , it had sold six million copies . The Force Unleashed was both the fastest @-@ selling Star Wars game and LucasArts ' fastest @-@ selling game . The Force Unleashed won a Writers Guild of America award for Best Video Game Writing .
= = = PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and PC = = =
The Force Unleashed received mixed to fairly positive reviews . Electronic Gaming Monthly said the game is " ambitious--yet dissatisfying " ; however , GameSpot said the game " gets more right than it does wrong " . GameSpot said the PC port of the game retained all of the game 's strengths and weaknesses , but that the port failed to take advantage of the PC platform .
GameSpot called the game 's story " more intimate and more powerful " than the Star Wars franchise 's prequel trilogy ; X @-@ Play identified the game 's story as one of the game 's " few bright spots " and said the game 's visuals successfully convey Star Wars ' " classic used universe " feel . GamePro and GameSpot praised the game 's art and physics , and GamePro also commended Starkiller 's " cool powers " . IGN praised the game 's voice acting , particularly Witwer 's performance as Starkiller . The Washington Times identified Mark Griskey 's soundtrack as " another star " of the game , and Tracksounds called it " the most entertaining Star Wars score since Return of the Jedi " . Time called The Force Unleashed the seventh best video game of 2008 . The game received GameSpot 's 2008 award for Best Use of a Creative License and was nominated for Best Voice Acting . Gaming Target selected the game as one of their " 40 Games We 'll Still Be Playing From 2008 " .
Conversely , Entertainment Weekly called The Force Unleashed the second worst game of 2008 and GameTrailers called it the most disappointing game that year ; it was also a nominee for GameSpot 's Most Disappointing Game recognition . Official Xbox Magazine cited the game 's linear gameplay and lack of multiplayer as reasons the game falls short of being " an all @-@ engrossing Star Wars experience " . gamesTM suggested that allowing players to take a hack @-@ and @-@ slash approach means many " will never view the title 's full potential " . IGN and X @-@ Play criticized some boss battles and enemies ' behavior ; GamePro also faulted " disappointing " boss battles and the game 's " uneven " combat . Rather than feeling more powerful as the game progresses , GamePro felt that increases in Starkiller 's powers were dampened by increasingly difficult enemy abilities and positions ; X @-@ Play commented that despite a good level @-@ up system , Starkiller and his enemies are " pretty much on even ground most of the time " . Wired.com , X @-@ Play , and GameSpot criticized the game 's third @-@ person camera and the sequence that requires the player to make Starkiller pull a Star Destroyer out of the sky . Wired.com speculated that LucasArts could have recognized the frustration of the Star Destroyer sequence and removed it , but left it in because they hyped the sequence before the game 's release . Wired.com and GameSpot further criticized the load times and abrupt gameplay @-@ cinematic transitions . GameSpot also faulted " loose " targeting and some visual and audio glitches . IGN , which also identified problems with targeting , speculated that DMM 's processor intensiveness limited its use throughout the game , detracting from players ' ability to feel immersed . GameTrailers and IGN were disappointed with the lack of variety within and between levels . X @-@ Play , pointing to " Default
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Wauchope ( who had rowed in the 1895 race ) , and H. W. Willis . For the eighteenth and final year the umpire was Old Etonian Frederick I. Pitman who had rowed for Cambridge in the 1884 , 1885 and 1886 races . He would be replaced in the following year 's race by Charles Burnell .
Cambridge opted to arrive a fortnight later than usual at the Thames , and forewent their typical practice at Ely . According to former Oxford rower and author George Drinkwater , the Light Blues " showed great promise " only to be struck by measles , forcing a late replacement in the boat . Oxford , while " not so pleasing in appearance " were considered to be favourites for the race .
= = Crews = =
The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 10 @.@ 5 lb ( 80 @.@ 8 kg ) , 6 @.@ 75 pounds ( 3 @.@ 1 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Four of the Cambridge crew had taken part in the Boat Race previously , including W. F. Smith , G. H. Ambler , and cox J. A. Brown , all of whom were participating in their third consecutive event . The crew also included E. C. Hamilton @-@ Russell who had won three finals at the 1925 Henley Royal Regatta . Oxford saw three rowers return to the boat in J. D. W. Thomson , E. C. T. Edwards and C. E. Pitman . Cambridge 's Australian number six J. B. Bell was the only non @-@ British participant registered in the race .
= = Race = =
Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . In conditions described by Drinkwater as " excellent " with " smooth water but only a moderate tide " , Pitman started the race at 12 : 27 pm . Although Oxford marginally out @-@ rated their opponents , the crews were level after the first minute . As the crews passed the Mile Post , the Dark Blues held a small lead which they had extended to around half a length by Harrods Furniture Depository . Cambridge made a push and reduced the deficit to a quarter @-@ length by the time the boats passed below Hammersmith Bridge . Following a series of spurts around the outside of the bend in the river , Cambridge gained to draw level by the HMS Stork .
The Dark Blues ' rhythm faltered and their number five missed a stroke as they passed Chiswick Eyot , allowing Cambridge to move away to take a clear lead . Two lengths ahead by Chiswick Steps , the Light Blues increased their stroke rate and pulled further away to win by five lengths , the largest winning margin since the 1912 race , in a time of 19 minutes and 29 seconds . It was their third consecutive victory and their seventh in eight races .
= Burn the Bastards =
" Burn the Bastards " is a 1988 song by Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty as The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu ( The JAMs ) , from their second , and final before changing names , album Who Killed The JAMs ? . The " bastards " of the title are copies of The JAMs first album , 1987 ( What the Fuck Is Going On ? ) , which Drummond and Cauty burnt on a bonfire in a Swedish field after a copyright dispute with the Swedish pop group ABBA . The song ( which is based upon Sly and the Family Stone 's " Dance to the Music " ) was released as a single , along with a separate single of remixes titled " Burn the Beat " . Both singles were credited to The KLF , marking a change of name and with it a change of musical genre , from The JAMs ' sample @-@ fuelled political hip @-@ hop to The KLF 's upbeat and uptempo house music .
= = Conception = =
= = = Background = = =
Early in 1987 , Jimmy Cauty and Bill Drummond formed a musical outfit , The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu ( The JAMs ) , later to also be known as The Timelords and , more famously , The KLF . The JAMs deliberately invited controversy by spending a year producing incendiary electronic music that was built around plagiarised samples of other artists , underpinned by beatbox rhythms and political raps . The song " Burn the Bastards " , which was the duo 's final single in this mould , was inspired in part by the legal backlash of their provocative output .
Their debut album , 1987 ( What the Fuck Is Going On ? ) , had been investigated by the Mechanical @-@ Copyright Protection Society , who in August 1987 ordered The JAMs to recall and destroy all unsold copies of 1987 , for its illegal use of extensive samples from ABBA 's " Dancing Queen " . The JAMs journeyed to Sweden — with their unsold LPs and an NME journalist in tow — in an attempt to negotiate with ABBA . When this failed , The JAMs made a bonfire in the Swedish countryside and burnt the LPs . Back in the UK , they continued with their plagiaristic productions , which culminated with a second LP , Who Killed The JAMs ? . Its sleeve depicts the 1987 bonfire , and it contains " Burn the Bastards " , a sample @-@ heavy celebration of the fire set to house music . Ritualistic burnings became a recurring aspect of Drummond and Cauty 's work , including the burning of a 60 @-@ ft ( 18 @-@ m ) wicker man during the 1991 summer solstice ( The Rites of Mu ) , and , as the K Foundation in 1995 , their burning of £ 1 million .
= = = Release = = =
On 5 March 1988 , Drummond and Cauty released The KLF 's debut single " Burn the Beat " , an instrumental house music version of " Burn the Bastards " , on their own KLF Communications label . The single also featured instrumental remixes of other tracks from Who Killed The JAMs ? . All 5 @,@ 000 pressed copies of the single — catalogue number JAMS 26T — were exported . On 18 April 1988 , another single , " Burn the Bastards " , was released in the UK , to fill the hitherto overlooked catalogue number KLF 002 . This single , also by The KLF , featured the LP version of " Burn the Bastards " alongside another instrumental version , " Burn the Beat ( Club Mix ) " . The single releases marked a change in direction of Drummond and Cauty 's music , to an upbeat and uptempo house music tone . Indeed , the record label of " Burn the Bastards " stated , " This is a transition record " . Neither " Burn the Bastards " nor " Burn the Beat " entered the UK Singles Chart , although the release peaked at number 15 in the UK Indie Singles Chart .
= = Composition = =
" Burn the Bastards " is a celebratory house music song based upon Sly Stone 's " Dance to the Music " : a trumpet break and drum line are sampled , and the lyrical structure of that song is also mirrored . Whereas " Dance to the Music " vocally introduces the instruments used , so " Burn the Bastards " has Drummond sing of The JAMs ' methods , such as " All we need is a beatbox , for people who only need a beat " . The choral line " Dance to the music " is modified to " JAMs have a party " .
Referring to the fate of the 1987 LPs , Drummond sings " Build a fire , stoke it good , throw them on , and watch the bastards burn " , accompanied by a stark , ring modulated chorus , " Mu Mu ! " . A later portion of the lyrics alludes to New Year 's Eve 1987 : " Five to twelve , almost gone . 1987 , what the fuck have we done ? " .
A driving 4 / 4 rhythm and a sampled Roland TB @-@ 303 loop provide acid house overtones . These elements are brought further to the fore in " Burn the Beat " , which dispenses with Drummond 's vocals .
Most of The KLF 's work was highly self @-@ referential : lyrics were usually enigmatic narratives of The KLF 's real and fictional exploits , and vocal samples were re @-@ used in a variety of musical contexts . The signatory " Mu Mu ! " refrain , which first appeared on this song , recurred throughout the duo 's music , including " What Time Is Love ? ( Live at Trancentral ) " ( 1990 ) , " Last Train to Trancentral ( Live from the Lost Continent ) " and " America : What Time Is Love ? " ( 1991 ) , and " Fuck the Millennium " ( 1997 ) .
The song also contains samples of " Bad " by Michael Jackson .
= = Reviews = =
Announcing a change of name in January 1988 , Bill Drummond had said " We might put out a couple of 12 " records under the name The K.L.F. , these will be rap free just pure dance music , so don 't expect to see them reviewed in the music papers " . As predicted , " Burn the Beat " and " Burn the Bastards " attracted little attention from the music press .
Reviewing Who Killed The JAMs ? , Sounds described " Burn the Bastards " as " a JAMs manifesto " which " assumes a sinister edge alongside the pile of blazing copies of 1987 pictured on the sleeve " , citing the track as evidence that The JAMs were " defiant , outspoken , still a wily step ahead " .
= = Formats and track listings = =
" Burn the Beat " was originally a KLF Communications 12 " limited to 5 @,@ 000 copies exported from the UK . In 1989 , it was released in the US by TVT Records . " Burn the Bastards " was released by KLF Communications for a UK audience .
Key
l - " Burn the Bastards " ( LP edit ) ( 4 : 07 )
L - " Burn the Bastards " ( LP version ) ( 6 : 28 )
J - " Burn the Bastards ( JAMs Have A Party Mix ) " ( 4 : 11 )
C - " Burn the Beat ( Club Mix ) " ( 4 : 51 )
M - " Burn the Beat ( Mu Mu Mix ) " ( 4 : 43 )
P - " The Porpoise Song " ( 5 : 43 )
PR - " The Porpoise Song ( Instrumental Remix ) " ( 5 : 09 )
G - " Prestwich Prophet 's Grin ( Instrumental Remix ) " ( 4 : 14 )
= Skagen =
Skagen ( IPA / ˈskæɡən / , Danish pronunciation : [ ˈsɡ ̊ æːɪn ] ) , is Denmark 's northernmost town and the area surrounding it . Occasionally known in English as The Scaw , it is situated on the east coast of the Skagen Odde peninsula in the far north of Jutland , it is part of Frederikshavn Municipality in Region Nordjylland . It is located 41 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of Frederikshavn and 108 kilometres ( 67 mi ) northeast of Aalborg . With its well @-@ developed harbour , Skagen is Denmark 's main fishing port and also has a thriving tourist industry , attracting some 2 million people annually .
Originally the name was applied to the peninsula but it now usually refers to the town itself . The settlement began in the Middle Ages as a fishing village , renowned for its herring industry . Thanks to its seascapes , fishermen and evening light , towards the end of the 19th century it became popular with a group of Impressionist artists now known as the Skagen Painters . In 1879 , the Skagen Fisherman 's Association was established with the purpose of facilitating the local fishing industry through the Skagensbanen railway , which opened as a narrow @-@ gauged railway in 1890 . The modern port of Skagen opened on 20 November 1907 , and with the railway connections to Frederikshavn and the rest of Denmark , tourism began to develop .
In the early 1910s , Christian X and Queen Alexandrine often visited Skagen and brought friends from other European monarchies . They built the summer residence Klitgården , completed in 1914 . Between the 1930s and 1950s the town grew rapidly , with the population more than doubling from 4 @,@ 048 in 1930 to 9 @,@ 009 in 1955 . Skagen reached a peak population of 14 @,@ 050 in 1980 , after which it gradually declined . As of 1 January 2014 it has a population of 8 @,@ 198 . Thanks to the artistic community which still remains in Skagen , the local arts and crafts trade remains important to the income of the town with its numerous crafts shops and galleries . Chains such as the international jeweller Skagen Designs have branches in the town , and given the abundance of fresh fish coming in at the port of Skagen , seafood forms a staple in Skagen 's restaurants .
St Lawrence 's Church was built just outside the village at the end of the 14th century , but after it was buried in drifting sand it was replaced by Skagen Church in 1841 designed by Christian Frederik Hansen . It was redeveloped in 1909 – 10 by Ulrik Plesner who also designed a number of other buildings in Skagen , including Klitgården and the railway station . Several landmarks in the town are closely associated with the Skagen Painters who used to frequent them , including Brøndums Hotel , Skagens Museum , Michael and Anna Ancher 's House , and Drachmann 's House .
Skagen 's first school was the Latinskole , a grammar school , which was in operation from 1549 until 1739 . By the end of the 19th century , three schools had been established in Skagen , and in 1921 , Skagen 's Skipper School was opened to train navigators for both fishing boats and merchant ships , and in 1955 , the public school Ankermedets skole was opened on Skagavej . The primary gymnasium of the town , Skagen Kultur- og Fritidscenter , opened in 1972 , and was later expanded with an aquatic centre and a number of smaller training facilities . Skagen 's Sportscenter was completed in 1974 , primary to accommodate badminton and tennis . The local football club , Skagen Idræts Klub , was founded in 1946 and plays in Jyllandsserien , one of the lower divisions in Danish football . The Hvide Klit Golf Club is located some 17 km ( 11 mi ) south of the town .
Skagen station is the most northerly railway station in mainland Denmark and is the terminus of the Skagensbanen . Nordjyske Jernbaner operates the local train service between Skagen and Frederikshavn with onward national connections by DSB . From Frederikshavn , there are ferries to Gothenburg and Oslo . Aalborg Airport with flights to destinations across Europe is located some 100 km ( 62 mi ) southwest of Skagen . As in other Danish cities , cycling is popular .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
Skagen was mentioned as far back as the first century AD by Pliny the Elder :
" Promenturium Cimbrorum excurrens in maria longe paeninsulam efficit quae Tastris appellatur " ( Book IV , 97 )
" The promontory of the Cimbri running far out into the seas makes a peninsula , which is called Tastris . "
This is the only time the name Tastris is mentioned but Skagen itself , first documented as Skaffuen in 1284 , simply means narrow promontory .
The first building in the area , dating from the 12th century , was in Højen on the west side of the peninsula . It belonged to Tronder , a shepherd who also became Skagen 's first fisherman . Around 1340 , Vesterby , on the east coast ( to the south west of today 's harbour ) , developed into the main village . Further to the south west , St Lawrence 's Church was built at the end of the 14th century . In 1413 , Erik of Pommern granted Skagen the status of market town with the result that for a time it became Vendsyssel 's largest community with up to 2 @,@ 000 inhabitants .
In 1549 a grammar school was opened ( closing again in 1739 ) , and in 1561 Skagen 's first lighthouse was constructed . In 1568 , some 350 fishing boats and merchant ships were wrecked off the coast of Skagen . In the 1590s , successive storms led not only to numerous drownings but to flooding , destroying many of the houses . In 1591 , 22 died in a flood and in 1593 , 14 houses were washed away . In 1595 , 25 farms in the area were covered in drifting sand . As a result , new housing was built in Østerby to the north east , away from the rapidly accumulating sand .
= = = 17th – 19th centuries = = =
In the 17th century , fishing suffered from a decline in herring stocks . Shortly after the beginning of the Torstensson War , the Swedish army arrived in Skagen in January 1644 , plundering the town . Skagen 's White Lighthouse with adjoining accommodation for the keeper was built in 1747 . In 1775 , accumulations of drifting sand made it difficult to access St Lawrence 's Church , finally leading to its closure and partial demolition in 1795 . Its remaining artefacts were sold by auction in 1810 . St Lawrence 's was replaced by Skagen Church , completed in 1841 and redesigned in the local style by Ulrik Plesner in 1910 .
On a single day in 1825 , 23 ships were left stranded off the coast . In 1833 , Martinus Rørbye became the first artist to paint the fishermen and landscapes of Skagen , almost half a century before the arrival of the Skagen Painters . Skagen Church was inaugurated in 1841 , and the first guest house in the town opened in 1844 . In 1858 , the grey lighthouse was inaugurated . The same year , bye @-@ laws were established specifying building requirements including the completion of tiled roofs within five years . Skagen was struck by the cholera epidemic of 1853 .
Hans Christian Andersen visited the town in 1859 . During his stay at Brøndums Hotel , the future painter Anna Ancher , daughter of the inn @-@ keeper , was born . In 1871 , the author Holger Drachmann and the painters Fritz Thaulow and Karl Madsen arrived in Skagen , the first of the colony of artists which became known as the Skagen Painters . They were followed by Carl Locher in 1872 , Michael Ancher in 1874 and Peder Severin Krøyer in 1882 .
In 1879 , the Skagen Fisherman 's Association was established with the purpose of facilitating the local fishing industry through the railway . In 1890 , the Skagensbanen narrow @-@ gauge railway from Frederikshavn finally arrived in Skagen , connecting the town to the rest of Denmark . The tracks were widened in 1916 to avoid the need to transfer cargoes of fish in Frederikshavn . Many of the town 's typical yellow @-@ plastered houses with red roofs which grew up along Sankt Laurentii Vej from 1890 to 1930 were designed by Ulrik Plesner . He was also the architect behind many other buildings in the town , including the railway station , Brøndums Hotel and Skagen Museum . Skagen Missionshus was opened in 1896 .
= = = 20th century = = =
In 1904 @-@ 7 , the fishing harbour was built with inner and outer sections under the patronage of hydraulic engineer Palle Bruun . It was inaugurated on 20 November 1907 , and later additions were made for cold storage and the fish processing industry . The distinctive warehouses next to the harbour were designed by Thorvald Bindesbøll .
In the early 1910s , Christian X and Queen Alexandrine
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1 @,@ 954 in 1880 and 2 @,@ 323 inhabitants in 1890 . Several of the new inhabitants were artists , who significantly altered the ethnic composition of Skagen , as they brought their friends and families from abroad to join the colony at Skagen . Noticeable change occurred between 1901 and 1906 , when the population grew from 2 @,@ 438 to 2 @,@ 936 , and again in the late 1910s , growing from 3 @,@ 212 in 1916 to 3 @,@ 854 in 1921 . Major growth began to take place in the 1930s and 1940s in Skagen which grew from 4 @,@ 048 inhabitants in 1930 to 5 @,@ 358 in 1940 . Skagen 's population more than doubled between 1930 and 1955 when it reached a population of 9 @,@ 009 . By 1960 , Skagen had 10 @,@ 213 inhabitants , growing to 11 @,@ 253 in 1965 . Following a municipal merger in 1971 , the population jumped from 11 @,@ 749 to 13 @,@ 513 . Thereafter the population grew very steadily , reaching a peak of 14 @,@ 050 in 1980 . There has since been a steady decline , with 13 @,@ 724 people recorded in 1990 , 13 @,@ 298 in 1994 , and 12 @,@ 691 in 2000 . In the 2000s , the permanent population of Skagen has shown a marked decline , falling from 12 @,@ 213 in 2003 to just 8 @,@ 220 inhabitants as of 1 January 2013 .
= = Economy = =
For generations , Skagen 's economy has been based on its fishing industry which continues to prosper today , facilitated by its fishing harbour , the largest in Denmark . Skagen also has the country 's main herring processing facility and the world 's largest fish oil factory . The town 's evolving fishing industry led to considerable growth in the local population which reached some 11 @,@ 500 in the 1960s . A fish auction is held at dawn in the harbour , and between May and October the harbour also attracts yachting enthusiasts .
Tourism has now become the town 's main industry . Initially attracted by its associations with the Skagen Painters , well @-@ to @-@ do visitors sought to benefit from its special light , colour and its fishermen . Their interest led to new hotels , summer houses and expensive villas . The old fishing village was transformed into a miniature city with fine streets lined with boutiques . From the 1960s , it became increasingly fashionable for the upper @-@ classes to spend their summers in Skagen .
Galleries selling local art and reproductions of Skagen 's most iconic paintings have spread across the town , making it one of the places in Denmark with most galleries . Thanks to the town 's growing reputation , sailing enthusiasts from Norway , Sweden and Denmark are now also among its frequent visitors . The quality brand name of Skagen has spread far afield , resulting in the establishment of the successful American watch company Skagen Designs which " set out to create a design driven company centred around the welcoming spirit of the city " . Currently a new tourist initiative " The Top of Denmark " targets Skagen as a year @-@ round attraction , not just a summer resort . The harbour is also being adapted to accommodate large international cruise ships . A new 450 @-@ meter berth will be completed by 2015 while the existing 170 @-@ meter berth will be extended to 200 meters . Skagen now attracts some 2 million visitors a year to its hotels , restaurants , shops and galleries , making tourism a major source of income and employment . An annual attraction is the Skagen Festival , Denmark 's oldest music festival , which is held the first weekend of July at various venues in Skagen and the harbour area . The largest campsite in the Skagen area is Grenen Camping , situated about 1 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) northeast of the centre , adjacent to the beach .
Until 2007 , Skagen was a municipality in its own right with a substantial local administration . With the reforms of 2007 , it became part of Frederikshavn Municipality with a resulting loss in administrative jobs . The Bank of Skagen was established in 1862 , and in 1865 a telegraph station was established in the town . The pharmacy opened in 1904 , a hospital in 1916 , and telephone services were automated in 1956 . Ankermedet School was established in 1955 . Recently , Skagen has seen developments in the offshore sector with an initiative to assist the Norwegian market through the establishment of Skagen Offshorepark in 2012 . On the shipbuilding front , Karstensens Skibsværft continues to prosper with orders for trawlers from Norway .
Currently the harbour is being enlarged in order to accommodate larger vessels , especially cruise ships . From 2015 the enlarged harbour is expected to attract up to 40 large cruise ships per year compared to about a dozen smaller ships at present . The new harbour should provide new jobs increasing the workforce in the harbour from 2 @,@ 000 today to some 2 @,@ 600 on completion . Karstens Skibsværft , Danish Yacht , and the herring processing firm , Skagerrak Pelgic , are reported to be the most successful companies in Skagen but the town is also home to FF Skagen , the world 's top producer of fish meal and fish oil .
= = = Shops and restaurants = = =
Thanks to Skagen 's reputation as an artistic community , the local arts and crafts trade is also an important source of income and employment . Artwork and handicrafts are sold in galleries such as the Galerie Skagen on Trondsvej . Sankt Laurentii Vej , one of the main streets away from the harbour area in Skagen , is a known for its glass and pottery shops ; of particular note are Skagen Glasvaerksted , which produces some of " Jutland 's finest glass pieces " , and Skagen Potteri . In addition to its arts and crafts stores , the town has a wide range of shops , including jewellery , clothes and shoes , handbags , souvenirs , flowers and gardening equipment . There are also a variety of food stores with butchers , bakers , a cheese shop , fishmongers , and several restaurants and cafés . Skagen has a 1 @,@ 000 square metres ( 11 @,@ 000 sq ft ) branch of the EuroSpar supermarket , opened in 1998 . Skagen Cementstøberi A / S is a local cement firm which produces concrete , paving stones , tiles , granite and other items .
Given the abundance of fresh fish coming it at the port of Skagen , seafood forms a staple of cuisine in Skagen . Of particular note is the Skagen Fiske Restaurant , one of the most renowned seafood restaurants in Jutland which was established in 1907 at the side of the harbour . It serves shrimp , herring , grilled fillets of sole with lemon sauce and Norwegian lobster . Ruth 's Gourmet in Ruth 's Hotel on Hans Ruth Vej is also of note and has been cited to be one of the top five restaurants in Denmark outside of Copenhagen , serving French cuisine under head chef Michel Michaud . Ruths Hotel was originally built by Emma and Hans Christian Ruth in 1904 as a bath and guest house . It was purchased by J. Philip @-@ Sørensen in 2003 . The Restaurant Pakhuset , the restaurant of the Brøndums Hotel , and Jakobs Café are also popular ; Jakobs Café is a music venue and bar at night . True foodies are also bound to visit the famous butcher Slagter Munch who is known for their sausages and for their ham : Skagen Skinken .
= = Landmarks = =
= = = Northern headland and lighthouses = = =
At the headland at Grenen , the northernmost point of Denmark , the North Sea and the Baltic Sea meet . Because of their different densities , a clear dividing line can be seen . As a result of turbulent seas , beachings and shipwrecks were common . These frequent losses combined with the town 's strategic location as the gateway to the Baltic led to Skagen being the site of one of Denmark 's earliest lighthouses , Vippefyr , a lever light constructed in 1627 . A faithful copy has now been constructed on the site of the original .
The White Lighthouse ( det Hvide fyr ) just north of the town is Denmark 's oldest brick @-@ built lighthouse . With a height of 21 m ( 69 ft ) , it was designed by Philip de Lange and lit for the first time in 1747 . In 1858 , it was replaced by the Grey Lighthouse ( det Grå fyr ) 2 km further north . Restored in 1960 , the White Lighthouse now houses art exhibitions .
= = = Churches = = =
The old village church from the 14th century is now known as The Sand @-@ Covered Church as only its tower can still be seen . Sand began drifting in from Råbjerg Mile around 1600 , the area surrounding the church becoming affected by the desertification which destroyed the fields . In 1775 , the church door had to be dug free for the congregation to be able to attend the service , and for the following 20 years , the Skageners struggled to keep the church free from sand , without being allowed to close it down . In 1795 the church was closed by royal decree and the body of the church demolished . A new church was built in 1841 to the design of Christian Frederik Hansen . The design was adapted in 1909 – 10 by Ulrik Plesner who also designed a number of other buildings in Skagen . Plesner collaborated with Thorvald Bindesbøll on the interior . Anne L. Hansen created interior decorations and a new colour scheme in 1989 . A highlight of the year is the celebration of Midsummer Eve or St. John 's Evening ( Sankt Hans Aften ) on the beach with blazing bonfire and song .
= = = Museums = = =
= = = = Skagens Museum = = = =
Towards the end of the 19th century , Skagen became the summer venue of a group of artists who were attracted by the way of life in the fishing village and by the opportunities for painting the fishermen and surrounding landscapes . Skagens Museum was founded on 20 October 1908 in the dining room at Brøndums Hotel . Among the founders were artists Michael Ancher , P.S. Krøyer and Laurits Tuxen , who were elected to form the first board of governors together with Victor Christian Klæbel , the local pharmacist , and Degn Brøndum , who was the proprietor of Brøndums Hotel and brother of Anna Ancher . In 1982 , the exhibition rooms were extended with an annex designed by the Royal Surveyor , architect Jacob Blegvad . Blegvad also planned the later extension to the museum that was inaugurated in 1989 . Today Skagens Museum has more than 1 @,@ 900 works of art at its disposal .
= = = = Michael and Anna Ancher 's House = = = =
The former residence of the two painters dates from 1884 and was expanded with a studio designed by Ulrik Plesner in 1913 . Their only child , Helga Ancher , who died in 1964 , left the property to a foundation for conversion into a museum . Opened to the public in 1967 , the house contains much of the original furniture , preserving the atmosphere of the artists ' home . Together with the adjacent 18th @-@ century Saxild House ( Saxilds Gaard ) , it displays many of the Anchers ' paintings as well as those of their artist friends . Saxild House frequently hosts exhibitions , mainly of works belonging to Helga Ancher 's foundation .
= = = = Drachmann 's House = = = =
Drachmann 's House on Hans Baghs Vej in the west of the town is a large property built in 1829 . Now a museum , it is dedicated to the writer and marine painter Holger Drachmann who lived in the house from 1902 until his death in a sanatorium in Hornbæk in January 1908 . Drachmann had regularly visited Skagen from 1871 . Drachmann 's House , first opened to the public on 4 June 1911 , offers a collection not only of his own oil paintings and sketchbooks , but also of paintings from the colony 's other artists including Krøyer , Tuxen and the Anchers . An annex contains a photographic exhibition about Drachmann . Every year , the house hosts a " Drachmann evening " in which enthusiasts gather together to hear readings , oral presentations and music related to the writer 's life and works .
= = = = Teddy Bear Museum = = = =
In central Skagen there is a teddy bear museum , Skagen Bamsemuseum . The teddy bears on display belong to the private collection of the owner Jonna Thygesen . It is the only teddy bear museum in Scandinavia . Opened in 1998 , the collection contains about a thousand bears of all kinds , some of historic value . The museum also has a sculptured garden , an ice café and a teddy bear shop . Special events are arranged at Easter and Christmas .
= = = = Skagen Odde Nature Centre = = = =
The Skagen Odde Nature Centre located close to the northern tip of the peninsula is a museum specially built to allow visitors to see , hear and understand more about the area 's sand , water , wind and light . Each of the pavilions presents one of these elements in a special atmosphere . Designed by Jørn Utzon , it is the most northerly building on Skagen Odde .
= = = = Skagen Town and Regional Museum = = = =
Skagen Town and Regional Museum ( Skagen By- og Egnsmuseum ) , an open @-@ air museum , was opened by the local population in 1927 . In 1938 it was moved to the sand dunes of Vesterby . The museum brings together examples of fishermen 's cottages and the homes of less fortunate inhabitants of Skagen in the middle of the 19th century . There is an old life @-@ saving station , a smithy , an old Dutch windmill , pictures of ships in distress and related nautical artefacts as well as a collection of items illustrating the town 's history over various periods .
= = Education = =
Skagen 's first school was the Latinskole , a grammar school , which was in operation from 1549 until 1739 . By the end of the 19th century , three schools had been established in Skagen : one in Vesterby , another in Østerby and a third in Højen . As a result of evolving legislation , a new public primary school ( Borgerskolen ) designed by A. Haunstrup was completed in 1901 . A gymnasium was added in 1909 but in 1924 it was converted into classrooms to accommodate the growing number of pupils . A secondary school ( Realskolen ) was opened in 1904 behind the former local authority building on Sct . Laurentii vej . The secondary school was later moved next to the primary school and in 1948 the buildings were extended . An additional two @-@ storey wing was completed in 1969 .
In 1921 , Skagen 's Skipper School was opened to train navigators for both fishing boats and merchant ships . It is now the only remaining skipper school in Denmark with some 100 students from the whole of Scandinavia and 15 staff . In 2012 , the school moved into new premises close to the Kattegat . In 1955 , the folkschool Ankermedets skole was opened on Skagavej , initially with 483 pupils and 16 classes . It has been extended several times over the years , most recently when a new wing was added in 2003 . The private school Brovandeskolen , a so @-@ called free school , opened in 1977 for parents wishing to offer their children a new pedagogical approach . A primary goal is active cooperation between pupils , teachers and parents .
= = Sport = =
Skagen 's sports centre dates from 1974 when its large hall was completed . A smaller hall with bedrooms was built in 1999 . The centre has facilities for badminton , basketball , handball , hockey and tennis in addition to its football fields . Overnight accommodation is also available . Skagen Idræts Klub , the local football club founded in 1946 , plays in Jyllandsserien , one of the lower divisions in Denmark 's football system . Skagen also has a badminton club and a tennis club , The Hvide Klit Golf Club is located some 17 km ( 11 mi ) south of the town on the road to Ålbæk . In season , it is popular with tourists .
= = Transport = =
= = = Railway = = =
The Skagen Line connects Skagen with Frederikshavn Station in Frederikshavn to the south . Nordjyske Jernbaner operates a frequent train service between Skagen and Frederikshavn with onward connections by DSB to the rest of Denmark . Skagen Station , the most northerly railway station in mainland Denmark , is the principal station of the town . Skagen 's first station , opened in 1890 , was designed by Thomas Arboe . The current building , completed in 1919 , is the work of the architect Ulrik Plesner . The western part of Skagen is also served by the Frederikshavnsvej railway halt .
= = = Bus = = =
In the summer , there are buses from Skagen to Blokhus via Hirtshals .
= = = Ferry = = =
From Frederikshavn , there are ferries to Gothenburg and Oslo . From Hirtshals , there are ferries to Stavanger , Bergen , Larvik and Langesund .
= = = Airport = = =
Aalborg Airport with flights to destinations across Europe is located some 100 km ( 62 mi ) southwest of Skagen . It can be reached by rail and metro .
= = = Road = = =
Skagen lies along Danish national road 40 , also known as Frederikshavnsvej , which connects the town to Frederikshavn , via Ålbæk to the southeast . The stretch of the road between Skagen and Ålbæk was asphalted in 1932 . Hirtshals on the western side of the peninsula can be reached by taking Road 597 from Ålbæk . The Bøjlevejen road is the main skirt road around the town to the north , along which lies the Skagen Odde Nature Centre . In the peak season during the summer months , Skagen can become congested with traffic . Free parking facilities are provided for short periods , and there is also a metered car park near the train station . As in other Danish cities , cycling is popular , and Skagen Cykeludlejning , to the west of the train station , and Pedersen on Kappelborgvej rent out bikes to tourists . There are a number of interesting marked cycle routes in and around Skagen . These include circuits for mountain bikes .
= = Notable people = =
Among those born in Skagen are :
Anna Ancher ( 1859 – 1935 ) , the only member of the Skagen painters actually born in Skagen
Palle Bruun ( 1873 – 1910 ) , the hydraulic engineer who designed Skagen 's fishing harbour
Degn Brøndum ( 1856 – 1932 ) , proprietor of Brøndums Hotel frequented by many of the Skagen painters
Amalie Claussen ( 1859 – 1950 ) , artistic photographer
Kamilla Rytter Juhl ( born 1983 ) , badminton player
Viggo Jensen ( 1921 – 2005 ) , footballer
Mariann Gajhede Knudsen ( born 1984 ) , footballer
Lars Kruse ( 1828 – 1894 ) , fisherman and heroic lifesaver
David Nielsen ( born 1976 ) , footballer
Ulrik Plesner ( 1861 – 1933 ) , the architect who gave Skagen its distinctive look
All the painters , writers and other members of the artists ' colony also have close associations with Skagen .
= = Twin towns = =
Qingdao , China
Seinäjoki , Finland
Sisimiut , Greenland
Chendering , Malaysia
Farsund , Norway
Kristinehamn , Sweden
= St. Vrain massacre =
The St. Vrain massacre was an incident in the Black Hawk War . It occurred near present @-@ day Pearl City , Illinois , in Kellogg 's Grove , on May 24 , 1832 . The massacre was most likely committed by Ho @-@ Chunk warriors who were unaffiliated with Black Hawk 's band of warriors . It is also unlikely that the group of Ho @-@ Chunk had the sanction of their nation . Killed in the massacre were United States Indian Agent Felix St. Vrain and three of his companions . Some accounts reported that St. Vrain 's body was mutilated .
St. Vrain and his party were attacked while en route from Dixon 's Ferry , Illinois ( now Dixon ) to Galena , Illinois . St. Vrain had been ordered by General Henry Atkinson to deliver dispatches to Fort Armstrong . Colonel Henry Dodge 's men interred the remains of St. Vrain and his companions after the massacre .
= = Prelude = =
United States Indian Agent Felix St. Vrain was traveling with several companions which included , John Fowler , William Hale , and Aaron Hawley . Those men , along with St. Vrain , were all reportedly killed in the attack ; also traveling with St. Vrain was Thomas Kenney , Aquilla Floyd , and Alexander Higginbotham .
The Native Americans that attacked the group were not part of Black Hawk 's band of warriors but they were en route to join that group when the massacre occurred . Older histories described the group as a band of Sac warriors while modern sources indicate that the band were associated with the Ho @-@ Chunk nation . Black Hawk asserted that the group was Ho @-@ Chunk and unaffiliated with his band in his autobiography .
In fact , most Ho @-@ Chunk sided with the United States during the Black Hawk War . The warriors that attacked St. Vrain 's party acted with no authority or oversight from the Ho @-@ Chunk nation . As the war began to be defined along racial terms most white settlers in the region did not notice the distinction . This led to unwarranted fear of all Native Americans in the area , even those friendly to the settlers ' cause . One example of this appeared in an article published in the New Galenian on May 30 , 1832 . While the article described the events of the massacre it also went on to associate the murders of St. Vrain and his companions with the Sauk and Fox of Keokuk 's band .
" It is supposed by many , that these Indians belong to Ke @-@ o @-@ kucks band We know nothing about it . Although Ke @-@ o @-@ kuck 's band is supposed to be friendly , and are supplied with corn at the public expense , we acknowledge we have but little confidence in them . " -New Galenian , May 30 , 1832
Keokuk and his band were not near the scene when the murders occurred and had actually volunteered to assist white settlers against Black Hawk and his band of warriors .
= = Massacre = =
The St. Vrain massacre occurred near present @-@ day Pearl City , Illinois , in an area known as Kellogg 's Grove . Felix St. Vrain , a U.S. Indian Agent to the Sauk and Fox tribes , was in Dixon 's Ferry , Illinois , under the command of General Henry Atkinson prior to the massacre .
A group composed of Aaron Hawley , John Fowler , Thomas Kenney and Alexander Higginbotham had been purchasing cattle in Sangamon County , Illinois when news of trouble with Black Hawk 's band reached them . They immediately decided to return to northern Illinois to protect their homes . On May 22 , 1832 the men left Dixon 's Ferry for Galena , Illinois . At Buffalo Grove they discovered the body of William Durley , who had been killed in the Buffalo Grove massacre . The men immediately returned to Dixon 's Ferry to report their find and remained in the town overnight .
The following day General Atkinson returned to Dixon 's Ferry on with dispatches destined for Fort Armstrong . Atkinson ordered St. Vrain to travel with the Hawley party and deliver the dispatches to the fort . The men traveled north from Dixon 's Ferry and back to Buffalo Grove , where they interred the remains of Durley . They then traveled another ten miles toward Fort Hamilton before camping for the night .
The next morning , May 24 , they set out again , but stopped for breakfast after about three miles . As they finished eating , about 30 warriors approached . The men retreated , but four were shot and killed . Slain with St. Vrain were John Fowler , William Hale , and Aaron Hawley . An account of the massacre from Gen. George W. Jones , who was St. Vrain 's brother @-@ in @-@ law and the man who identified his body , said the warriors had scalped the dead men , but also cut off the hands , head , and feet of St. Vrain and removed his heart . They reportedly passed around pieces of the heart for the braves to eat . At least one source indicated that the mutilation began before St. Vrain was dead .
Three men , Thomas Kenney , Aquilla Floyd , and Alexander Higginbotham , managed to escape . They eluded the warriors and arrived safely in Galena , Illinois three days later . It is said that Aaron Hawley was initially able to retreat from the scene , but apparently was later killed as he fled .
= = ' The Little Bear ' incident = =
Frank Stevens in his 1903 history of the war , The Black Hawk War stated the attacker were Sauk and led by The Little Bear , a chief who had purportedly adopted Felix St. Vrain as a " blood brother . " Noting The Little Bear 's presence , St. Vrain allegedly had assured his companions that there was nothing to fear . The same claims were included in an 1887 book by Nehemiah Matson , Memories of Shaubena . Matson 's narrative described St. Vrain 's allegedly pleading for his life with The Little Bear .
Perry A. Armstrong 's 1887 history dismissed the idea that The Little Bear had adopted Felix St. Vrain . Armstrong wrote that The Little Bear had never existed as a Sauk or Fox chief and said it was preposterous to think that a Sauk chief would have adopted St. Vrain as a brother . Matson , Stevens and John H. Kinzie , whom Armstrong 's information was in part based on , all identified St. Vrain 's assailants as Sac . They were more likely Ho @-@ Chunk .
= = Aftermath = =
According to the New Galenian the three men who evaded the band that attacked the St. Vrain party , Floyd , Higgenbotham and Kenney , arrived in Galena at 7 a.m. on May 26 , 1832 . They provided their own description of events which the newspaper account detailed . However , at least one source indicated that Floyd was a victim of the massacre and his remains are interred in the cemetery with the other victims of the massacre at a public park within Kellogg 's Grove near present @-@ day Kent , Illinois .
Following the massacre a detachment led by Colonel Henry Dodge buried the bodies of St. Vrain and some of the other victims . Though Dodge and his men recovered the remains of St. Vrain , Hale and Fowler , the body of Aaron Hawley was never recovered .
= Italian cruiser Partenope =
Partenope was a torpedo cruiser built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s , the lead ship of her class , which included seven other vessels . The ship was built by the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia ; she was laid down in June 1888 , was launched in December 1889 , and was completed in September 1890 . Her main armament were her five torpedo tubes , which were supported by a battery of ten small @-@ caliber guns .
Partenope spent most of her career in the main Italian fleet , where she was primarily occupied with training exercises . In 1906 – 08 , she was converted into a minelayer , losing her torpedo tubes . During the Italo @-@ Turkish War of 1911 – 12 , she provided gunfire support to Italian forces in Libya . She was used to lay a series of minefields in the Adriatic Sea after Italy entered World War I in 1915 . In March 1918 , Partenope was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine UC @-@ 67 off Bizerte .
= = Design = =
Partenope was 73 @.@ 1 meters ( 240 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 8 @.@ 22 m ( 27 @.@ 0 ft ) and an average draft of 3 @.@ 48 m ( 11 @.@ 4 ft ) . She displaced 821 metric tons ( 808 long tons ; 905 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple @-@ expansion steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by four coal @-@ fired locomotive boilers . Specific figures for Partenope 's engine performance have not survived , but the ships of her class had top speeds of 18 @.@ 1 to 20 @.@ 8 knots ( 33 @.@ 5 to 38 @.@ 5 km / h ; 20 @.@ 8 to 23 @.@ 9 mph ) at 3 @,@ 884 to 4 @,@ 422 indicated horsepower ( 2 @,@ 896 to 3 @,@ 297 kW ) . The ship had a cruising radius of about 1 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 300 km ; 2 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 96 – 121 .
Partenope was armed with a main battery of one 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) / 40 gun and six 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) / 43 guns mounted singly.α She was also equipped with three 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) / 20 guns in single mounts . Her primary offensive weapon was her five 450 mm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 1 @.@ 6 in ( 41 mm ) thick ; her conning tower was armored with the same thickness of steel plate .
= = Service history = =
Partenope was laid down on 8 June 1888 at the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia ( Royal Dockyard in Castellammare di Stabia ) , and was launched on 23 December 1889 . After fitting @-@ out work was completed , the ship was commissioned into the fleet on 11 September 1890 . Throughout the first decade of her career , Partenope primarily served with the main Italian fleet in the 2nd Division , which was usually kept in reserve . The reserve ships were typically only kept in service for three months of the year for annual training maneuvers , while the 1st Division was on active status for nine months per year .
In 1893 , Partenope was assigned to the 2nd Division of the Italian fleet , along with the ironclad Enrico Dandolo and the protected cruiser Vesuvio . By 1895 , the 2nd Division consisted of the ironclads Sardegna and Ruggiero di Lauria , along with Partenope . Partenope joined the ironclads Re Umberto , Sardegna , Ruggiero di Lauria , and Andrea Doria and the cruisers Stromboli and Etruria for a visit to Spithead in the United Kingdom in July 1895 . All of the ships , save Sardegna and Ruggiero di Lauria , joined an international naval demonstration in late 1895 off Crete during a period of tension between Greece and the Ottoman Empire that culminated in the Greco @-@ Turkish War . By 1899 , the division consisted of the ironclads Affondatore , Castelfidardo , and Sicilia and her sister ship Urania in addition to Partenope . During 1901 , Partenope was joined by the ironclads Dandolo , Andrea Doria , and Francesco Morosini , the armored cruiser Carlo Alberto , and three torpedo boats .
By 1904 , the Italian fleet had expanded enough to increase the 1st Division to the 1st Squadron ; this unit spent seven months in commission for training and five in reserve .
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edged in gold leaf . The Elton John Suite , decorated in strawberry pink and cream , contains two bedrooms , a thick pink carpet and attic windows . John reportedly hired the entire floor for his 42nd birthday . The Windsor Suite contains tapestries and gilded mouldings and portraits of the Duke ( Edward VIII ) and Duchess of Windsor . They are decorated with Louis XVI furniture and colours such as almond green , salmon and pearl grey . The master bedroom is decorated in pearl grey in a shade which the Ritz calls " Wallis blue " , a favourite of Wallis , Duchess of Windsor . The 1 @,@ 670 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 155 m2 ) Coco Chanel Suite where Coco Chanel lived for some 35 years consists of two bedrooms and a living room and features Coromandel lacquers , Chinese furniture , baroque mirrors and oversized sofas with quilting created by Grande Mademoiselle . The suite is said to be " equipped with the most sophisticated technology including fax , Jacuzzi , steam @-@ bath shower , and ultra @-@ modern walk @-@ in closets . "
= = = = Imperial Suite = = = =
The Imperial Suite ( Suite Impériale ) is the finest suite of the hotel , and is listed as a National Monument of France in its own right . The Imperial Suite is located on the first floor and consists of two bedrooms , a grand salon , and a dining room . The suite features 6 @-@ metre @-@ high ( 20 ft ) ceilings , great chandeliers and windows overlooking the Place Vendôme , a massive long gold framed Baroque mirror between the windows , red and gold upholstery and a four @-@ poster bed said to be identical to that in Marie Antoinette 's bedroom in the Palace of Versailles . The other bedroom is in the style of Louis XVI , with a baldachin bed and columns . The suite is lavishly decorated in French art , bas @-@ reliefs and 18th @-@ century panelling which is protected under the suite 's historic monument status . The bathroom is a former boudoir overlooking the Vendôme garden , with 18th @-@ century panelling and a Jacuzzi bath and steam @-@ bath shower and has its own plasma television and cosmetics fridge , juxtaposing old French tradition with the modernity of the 21st century . As well as facilities such as a DVD player , high @-@ speed internet , and fax , the suite features a Porsche Design kitchenette with CHROMA knives near the salon and has its own small personal wine cellar filled with a variety of French wines . Over the years the suite has hosted some of the world 's most prestigious guests from the Shah of Iran to George H. W. Bush . The suite was Hermann Göring 's choice of residence during the Second World War and was where Diana , Princess of Wales and Dodi Al @-@ Fayed ate their last meal . The World Travel Awards of 2007 selected the Imperial Suite as " Europe 's Leading Suite " .
= = = Restaurant and bars = = =
= = = = L 'Espadon = = = =
Although there was necessarily a hotel restaurant from the inception of the Ritz , the current hotel restaurant , L 'Espadon ( The Swordfish ) was established in 1956 by Charles Ritz . He was a keen fishing enthusiast so named the restaurant after a fish . The restaurant is inspired by the legendary first chef of the hotel , Auguste Escoffier , serving " traditional French culinary style with contemporary overtones " . The cuisine is by the award @-@ winning chef Michel Roth , the ninth head chef of the hotel ; the restaurant was awarded a second star by the 2009 edition of the influential Michelin Red Guide . The head chef was formerly Guy Legay , cited as one of Paris 's greatest chefs , who had served from at least 1986 to beyond 1999 . In 1999 , Esquire magazine wrote , " the dining room , L 'Espadon , down the long corridor of mirrors and display cases , has a glittering Regency formality that seems to swirl around you , and it 's easy enough to imagine Hemingway sitting down with Dietrich to a dish of chef Guy Legay 's buttery scrambled eggs ... " The restaurant decor is described as " opulent with trompe l ’ oeil ceilings , swagged drapes , and views into the garden . " The courtyard garden is rich in greenery and contains several statues and a fountain . The hotel hires five or so florists to provide fresh flowers .
= = = = Bars = = = =
The hotel has several bars , namely the Ritz Bar , Bar Vendôme , Bar Hemingway and the Pool Bar . The Ritz Bar , just inside the Rue Cambon entrance on the left , gained a reputation over the years for its glamorous cocktail parties and the extravagant concoctions of Frank Meier , head barman from 1921 until his death in 1947 . One of his best @-@ known cocktails was the potent " Rainbow " , consisting of anisette , mint , yellow chartreuse , cherry brandy , kümmel , green chartreuse and cognac . The Ritz Bar is designed in the Victorian style with red @-@ velvet armchairs and bar furnishings , a marble fireplace and historic portraits . The Ritz Bar may have been the world 's first hotel bar .
Bar Hemingway was the favourite bar of Ernest Hemingway and is said by some to be the birthplace of the Bloody Mary cocktail which was invented for him . However , the fact that it is the actual birthplace is contested , given that Fernand Petiot claimed to have invented the drink in 1921 while working at Harry 's New York Bar , a frequent Paris hangout for Hemingway and other American expatriates , rather than in the bar in the Ritz itself . The bar has been restored to its original appearance , with rich wood panelling and leather upholstery and has 25 original photographs on the walls taken by the author of places and people that inspired him .
Bar Vendôme is very popular with high class Parisians for afternoon tea and contains rich wood furnishings and a grand piano . During the summer months the doors are opened out onto the garden and terrace .
= = = Ritz @-@ Escoffier School = = =
The Ritz @-@ Escoffier School of French Gastronomy was established in 1988 in honour of Georges @-@ Auguste Escoffier . The ethos of the school is based on Escoffier 's words , " Good cuisine is the foundation of true happiness . " This school is accessed through an entrance in the back of the hotel and offers a four @-@ hour themes workshop which includes petit fours , carving fruit and vegetables , truffles and pairing food and wine . As of 2009 it costs € 135 for a four @-@ hour course or € 920 for a two @-@ day introductory course .
= = = Ritz Health Club = = =
The Ritz Health Club contains a grand swimming pool , the largest in all of the Parisian hotel palaces at 1 @,@ 700 square metres ( 18 @,@ 000 sq ft ) and billed by the Ritz as " the finest indoor pool in Paris " . The pool is inspired by the baths of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome and features reliefs on the ceilings and jet streams and underwater sounds in the pool . The health club offers a range of health treatments , from reflexology to Swedish massage and shiatsu .
= = In fiction = =
Because of its status as a symbol of high society and luxury , the hotel has featured in many notable works of fiction .
= = = Novels and plays = = =
Many novels of the Lost Generation feature scenes in the Ritz , such as F. Scott Fitzgerald 's Tender Is The Night and Ernest Hemingway 's The Sun Also Rises . Noël Coward 's play Semi @-@ Monde is perhaps the most notable work covering the hotel in detail , following the escapades of an extravagant , promiscuous fictional Paris elite between 1924 and 1926 . In the Bret Easton Ellis novel Glamorama , a group of supermodels turned terrorists plant a home @-@ made bomb in the Ritz , resulting in its destruction . In The Da Vinci Code , the protagonist , Robert Langdon , stays at the hotel while in Paris , as do Andrea Sachs and Miranda Priestly in Lauren Weisberger 's The Devil Wears Prada . The final chapter of Ian Fleming 's James Bond novel From Russia , with Love is set at the hotel . The villain , Rosa Klebb , stays in room 602 and engages in a battle with Bond which results in her death . In Julian Fellowes ' novel Snobs ( 2004 ) , those attending Earl Broughton 's pre @-@ marriage bachelor party are accommodated at the Ritz .
= = = Cinema = = =
The hotel has featured in several films , three of which starred Audrey Hepburn . In Stanley Donen 's 1957 film Funny Face , Kay Thompson dances in the Ritz 's entry driveway and in front of the hotel , accompanied by a group of dancers dressed as Ritz bellhops during the Bonjour , Paris ! number . In Billy Wilder 's 1957 comedy Love in the Afternoon , Hepburn initiates her romance with Gary Cooper in his suite in the hotel and much of the film is set there . The hotel is again seen in the 1966 movie How to Steal a Million , with a romantic scene between Hepburn and Peter O 'Toole in the hotel 's bar in which Hepburn wears an iconic Givenchy black lace eyemask and matching cocktail dress . In the Indian film Jhoom Barabar Jhoom , Abhishek Bachchan meets his fictional love ( played by Lara Dutta ) at Hotel Ritz .
= I syng of a mayden =
" I syng of a mayden " ( sometimes titled " As Dewe in Aprille " ) is a Middle English lyric poem or carol of the 15th century celebrating the Annunciation and the Virgin Birth of Jesus . It has been described as one of the most admired short vernacular English poems of the late Middle Ages .
Written by an anonymous hand , the text is now only to be found in the Sloane Manuscript 2593 , a collection of medieval lyrics now held in the British Library , although contemporary sources suggest it was well known in its day . Originally intended to be sung , no evidence of the work 's musical setting survives , and since its rediscovery and popularisation it has formed the basis for a number of modern choral and vocal works .
= = Analysis = =
The work has been described by Laura Saetveit Miles , a Yale University researcher of medieval manuscripts , as " one of the most admired fifteenth @-@ century Middle English lyrics [ which ] offers , within a deceptively simple form , an extremely delicate and haunting presentation of Mary ( the ' mayden / þat is makeles ' ) and her conception of Christ ( ' here sone ' ) " . Primarily , the text celebrates the Annunciation of Mary as described in Luke 1 : 26 , but also widely references concepts from the Old Testament . Michael Steffes of University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point notes that " ' I syng of a mayden ' is a very quiet and very beautiful meditation on the inward aspects of the Annunciation , on the immediate consequences of Mary 's acceptance of Gabriel 's message . " The concept of the choice of Mary is an important subtlety in the text . Derek Pearsall writes :
A brain and a subtle ear has gone into the making of this poem ... celebrating the mystery of Christ 's conception . Dew falling on grass , flower and spray ( traditional imagery , deriving from OT texts such as Psalms 72 : 6 ) suggests ease , grace and delicacy generally ( not progressive stages of insemination ) . The emphasis on Mary 's freedom of choice , at the moment of the annunciation , is theologically strictly proper .
According to Miles , despite a celebratory opening , " Mary 's physical stillness as proof of her virginity remains the poet 's priority . " As a result , the poet repeats the phrase " He cam also stylle " in three of the five verses . " Stylle " had several implications – the stillness of the conception of Mary and of the birth of Jesus Christ .
The poem is written from a first person point of view , and contains five quatrains . Below is the text in both its original Middle English , with spelling intact , and a modern translation .
= = Origin = =
The manuscript in which the poem is found , ( Sloane 2593 , ff.10v @-@ 11 ) is held by the British Library , who date the work to c.1400 and speculate that the lyrics may have belonged to a wandering minstrel ; other poems included in the manuscript include " I have a gentil cok " , " Adam lay i @-@ bowndyn " and two riddle songs – " A minstrel 's begging song " and " I have a yong suster " . The Chaucer scholar Joseph Glaser notes that 2593 contains the only surviving copies of several " indispensable " poems . These include the aforementioned poem " Adam lay i @-@ bowndyn " , " A Babe is born al of a may " , " Benedicamus Domino " and " Lullay , myn lykyng " .
In 1836 , Thomas Wright suggested that , although his fellow antiquarian Joseph Ritson had dated the manuscript from the reign of Henry V of England ( 1387 – 1422 ) , he personally felt that although " its greatest antiquity must be included within the fifteenth century " , some lyrics contained within may be of an earlier origin . Wright speculated , on the basis of the dialect of Middle English , that the lyrics probably originated in Warwickshire , and suggested that a number of the songs were intended for use in mystery plays . More recent analysis of the manuscript places the dialect as being of East Anglian original and more specifically Norfolk ; two further carol MS from the county contain duplicates from Sloane 2593 . However , " I syng of a mayden " is a unique instance of this lyric .
Although the Sloane Manuscript is the only surviving textual source , the bibliographer and Shakespearean scholar W. W. Greg proposed that the poem 's similarity to a much earlier 13th @-@ century poem held at Trinity College , Cambridge ( MS. B. 13 . 49 ) was unlikely to be accidental . Alan J. Fletcher , a specialist in Latin liturgical drama and the late Middle Ages , noted in 1978 that a set of contemporary sermons compiled by a writer called Selk ( Bodleian MS Barlow 24 ) quote the final phrases of the poem in such a way to suggest the poem was more widely disseminated and known in its time :
Mayde , Wyff and Moder whas neure but ye
Wel may swych a ladye Goddys modyr be .
= = Musical setting = =
As most explicitly noted by the first quatrain , the poem was originally intended to be sung . Indeed , as noted by Stephen Medcalf , Emeritus professor at Sussex University , the text itself seems to imply melody and verse . However , due to the oral tradition of the time , the original melody of the song was not notated and over the course of time was forgotten .
Since the rediscovery of the text , many composers have set the text to music , amongst them diverse choral or vocal interpretations by Martin Shaw , Patrick Hadley , Roger Quilter , John Gerrish , Gustav Holst , Arnold Bax Peter Warlock , R.R. Terry , Lennox Berkeley , Benjamin Britten ( " As Dewe in Aprille " in his Ceremony of Carols ) , Ronald Corp ( 1975 ) , Philip Lawson a setting published by Walton Music , John Adams ( as the chorus " I Sing of a Maiden " in his opera @-@ oratorio El Niño ) , and Bob Chilcott ( in his " Salisbury Vespers " ) . The work is also regularly performed by the Mediaeval Baebes .
= So Excited =
" So Excited " is a song recorded by American singer @-@ songwriter Janet Jackson featuring guest vocals from rapper Khia . It was released in August 2006 on Virgin Records as the second single from Jackson 's ninth studio album , 20 Y.O .. The song was written by Jackson , Jermaine Dupri , James Phillips , Johntá Austin , James Harris III , Terry Lewis and Khia Chambers , with Herbie Hancock , Michael Beinhorn and Bill Laswell also receiving songwriting credits for sampling Hancock 's 1983 song " Rockit " . Production for " So Excited " was handled by Dupri , LRoc , Jam , Lewis and Jackson . " So Excited " is musically a hip hop and dance song which lyrically expresses submission from a woman to her lover .
It received mixed reviews from music critics , with some considering the song the highlight from 20 Y.O. while others found it disappointing . " So Excited " performed poorly on the US Billboard Hot 100 , reaching number 90 , but managed to become Jackson 's seventeenth number @-@ one dance hit in the country . It also was successful in Europe , reaching the top ten and the top thirty in seçected regions . The music video for the song was directed by Joseph Kahn . It depicts Jackson 's clothes disappearing through a complex dance routine . After the rapper was given a diminished role in the music video , she criticized Jackson online . Jackson performed the song on Today , the 2006 Billboard Music Awards , and the 2008 Rock Witchu Tour .
= = Background and composition = =
In 2005 , Jackson started working on her ninth studio album , 20 Y.O. , with her then partner , record producer Jermaine Dupri , who was commissioned as the executive producer . The discussion between the producers turned to how Jackson was feeling at the time her third studio album Control ( 1986 ) was recorded . " I started asking questions like , ' What was the feeling of life when you were 20 ? ' I was so intrigued with what was going on in her life then that I just thought her album should be called that " , Dupri commented . Jackson wanted to maintain a R & B sound from her most recent albums , but with an emphasis on dance music .
" So Excited " was written by Jackson , Jermaine Dupri , James Phillips , Johntá Austin , James Harris III , Terry Lewis and Khia Chambers , and was produced by Dupri , LRoc , Jam , Lewis and Jackson . The song is a hip hop and dance track which samples the drum break and turntable scratches from Herbie Hancock 's 1983 song " Rockit " , with Hancock , Michael Beinhorn and Bill Laswell also receiving writing credits . In " So Excited " , Jackson promises submission for her lover , singing , " I 'll open my spot for you / Anytime you want me to " .
= = Critical reception = =
" So Excited " received mixed reviews from music critics . Thomas Inskeep from Stylus Magazine criticized 20 Y.O. , but enjoyed the track , calling it a " sticky ear @-@ candy " song . He further commented that the " sexed @-@ up " number carries a " throwaway contribution from Khia to , if not ultimate satisfaction , [ gives the listener ] at least a half @-@ decent orgasm " . Miles Marshall Lewis from The Village Voice was also positive , saying that Dupri " girds ' So Excited ' with ' Rockit ' scratches , coaching guest @-@ rapper Khia to sound like Da Brat on the naughty hook . Serviceable enough , it 's surprisingly the highlight " of the album . Spence D. from IGN felt that " So Excited " was like a " glorious slice of radio ready ' 80s churban soul " wrapped up and delivered for a current audience .
Glenn Gamboa , writer for Newsday , commented that " So Excited " was a " good indicator of what to expect from the current incarnation of Jackson . It 's streetwise , lighthearted and easily digestible " . Sasha Frere @-@ Jones , writer from The New Yorker was enthusiastic with the song , calling it a " loud dance tune that is reminiscent of the songs on Control " , although she criticized some lyrics . For Don Baiocchi from Blogcritics , the song was not " the flawless dance floor anthem " her fans were hoping for . Chuck Taylor from Billboard called it disappointing , and felt it was bland and lacked innovation . Similarly , Evan Serpick , writing for Rolling Stone , stated , " Almost all of the tunes here ( particularly ' So Excited ' ) try to replicate Jackson 's early work , with diminishing returns " .
= = Chart performance = =
" So Excited " debuted at its peak of number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 , on the issue dated October 5 , 2006 . It debuted on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs at number 75 , eventually peaking at number 34 , becoming her 39th top forty single on the chart . Nevertheless , on the Hot Dance Club Play chart , " So Excited " became Jackson 's 22nd consecutive top ten single and her 17th number @-@ one hit on the chart . It was well received in Europe . The song debuted at its peak of number 14 in Belgium 's Flanders region . In Wallonia , it reached number five . In Finland , " So Excited " debuted at its peak of number nine , remaining in the chart for two issues . In Italy , it reached number 28 , while peaking at number 13 in Spain .
= = Music video = =
The accompanying music video for " So Excited " was directed by Joseph Kahn , with choreography done by Gil Duldulao ; it premiered on September 13 , 2006 on BET 's Access Granted . A group called X1FX handled VFX visual effects for the video . In the video , Jackson 's clothes disappear through a complex dance routine with her female dancers . Also , occasional skeleton people appear in a X @-@ ray effect , and on the 2 minute mark , Jackson is seen inside a yellow sports car eating a strawberry . The video received positive reviews from critics , who considered it a departure from the video for her previous single , but some scenes were criticized . They were also surprised with Jackson naked in the video , after her Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy in 2004 .
After Khia was given a diminished role in the music video , she went to her MySpace account to say she was not pleased with her scenes being displayed in a TV during the music video , and criticized Jackson . Despite that , Khia said years later that the situation was calmed down , and wrote a song with Jackson in mind . However , she did not regret the feedback she gave the singer , stating , " I don 't say anything that I don 't mean . I meant every word that I said . People mix the truth with hate , but no I didn 't appreciate her putting me on the television . A lot of people blew that out of proportion like , ' Oh my god , Khia 's hating on Janet , ' but she called me and we were okay . It 's just me voicing the situation to my fans " .
= = Live performances = =
On September 9 , 2006 , Jackson went to France to perform " So Excited " at NRJ 's Back to School concert , along with past single " Nasty " . While on The Oprah Winfrey Show , she was interviewed and performed both tracks again , with this being the first time a performance of " So Excited " was broadcast on television . The show aired on September 25 . On December 4 , 2006 , Jackson opened the 2006 Billboard Music Awards with a medley of past song " The Pleasure Principle " and " So Excited " , with " Control " serving as an introduction to the number . She was accompanied by white , black and red @-@ clad dancers . The song was included on the setlist for the Rock Witchu Tour in 2008 and the Unbreakable World Tour . She was dressed in a gold and black glam hip hop @-@ inspired track suit , and one gold glove .
= = Track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Janet Jackson – vocals , songwriter , producer
Jermaine Dupri – songwriter , producer , mixing , additional vocals
James Phillips – songwriter , producer
Johnta Austin – songwriter
James Harris III – songwriter , producer , additional music
Terry Lewis – songwriter , producer , additional music
Khia Chambers – vocals , songwriter
Herbie Hancock – songwriter
Michael Beinhorn – songwriter
Bill Laswell – songwriter
Phil Tan – mixing
Ian Cross – recording at Flyte Tyme Studios , Santa Barbara , California
John Horesco IV – engineering at Flyte Tyme Studios , Santa Barbara , California
Josh Houghkirk – engineer , mixing assistant
Credits adapted from 20 Y.O. album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= Taking Tiger Mountain ( By Strategy ) =
Taking Tiger Mountain ( By Strategy ) is the second solo album by English musician Brian Eno . Produced by Eno , it was originally released by Island Records in November 1974 . Unlike his previous album Here Come the Warm Jets , Eno used a core band of five instrumentalists ( keyboards , guitars , bass , drums and percussion ) and used fewer guest musicians . Also participating was guitarist and co @-@ writer Phil Manzanera , who had played with Eno in Roxy Music . To help guide production of the album , Eno and Peter Schmidt developed instruction cards called Oblique Strategies to use through the creative process of the album .
Taking Tiger Mountain ( By Strategy ) is a loose concept album with topics ranging from espionage to the Chinese Communist revolution . The album 's music has an upbeat and bouncy sound but with dark lyrical themes . The album did not chart in the United Kingdom or United States , but received greater attention from the rock press . It was re @-@ issued in a remastered version in 2004 by Virgin Records . The album has received critical attention , with varying opinions on its style and quality compared to Here Come the Warm Jets .
= = Production = =
The album was inspired by a series of postcards of a Chinese revolutionary opera , titled Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy . Eno described his understanding of the title as referring to " the dichotomy between the archaic and the progressive . Half Taking Tiger Mountain – that Middle Ages physical feel of storming a military position – and half ( By Strategy ) – that very , very 20th @-@ century mental concept of a tactical interaction of systems . "
To further explore the possibilities of the studio setting , Eno and his friend Peter Schmidt developed instruction cards , called Oblique Strategies . During recording of the album , he would allow the cards to dictate the next unconsidered action in the recording process . Describing the words on the album as an expression of " idiot glee " , Eno and Schmidt eventually expanded the Oblique Strategies set to over 100 " worthwhile dilemmas " , which would be used in nearly all his future recordings and productions . Schmidt also designed the album cover , which consists of four prints from an edition of fifteen hundred of his unique lithographs , as well as Polaroids of Eno , credited on the album sleeve to Lorenz Zatecky .
Phil Manzanera , Eno 's former bandmate in Roxy Music , spoke positively about the recording experience . Manzanera described the recording of the album as :
... just doing anything we felt like doing at the time . The engineer we used , Rhett Davies , also did Diamond Head and 801 Live and Quiet Sun , so it was like family . There was a lot of experimenting and a lot of hours spent with Brian Eno , me , and Rhett in the control room doing all the things that eventually evolved into those cards , the Oblique Strategies , and it was just a lot of fun .
Unlike his previous album Here Come the Warm Jets , Eno worked with a core group of musicians on Taking Tiger Mountain . The group consisted of Manzanera of Roxy Music , Brian Turrington and Freddie Smith of The Winkies and former Soft Machine vocalist Robert Wyatt . During the same period , Eno was producing Robert Calvert 's album Lucky Leif and the Longships , and the majority of the players on Taking Tiger Mountain were also involved in that project . Several guest musicians also played on select songs on the album , including Andy Mackay of Roxy Music and the Portsmouth Sinfonia , an orchestra in which Eno had once played clarinet . The orchestra 's philosophy allowed anybody to join as long as that person had no experience with the instrument to be played in the orchestra . For guest drummer Phil Collins , Eno called in a favour from Collins ' group Genesis . After Eno had helped with the production of Genesis ' album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway , Genesis front man Peter Gabriel asked how they could reciprocate . Eno looked at Collins , stating that he needed a drummer , and Collins played drums on " Mother Whale Eyeless " .
= = Style = =
The sound of Taking Tiger Mountain ( By Strategy ) has been described as more upbeat and bouncy than Eno 's previous solo album while the lyrics have darker themes and subject matter . The lyrics of the album have been described as " remarkably literate and often humorous " with " quick @-@ fire rhymes , oddball couplets , abrupt demands and ruthless statements " . To create the lyrics , Eno later played these backing tracks , singing nonsense syllables to himself , then forming them into actual words , phrases and meanings . This lyric @-@ writing method was used for all his more vocal @-@ based recordings of the 1970s .
References to China appear in the album 's songs , including in " Burning Airlines Give You So Much More " , " China My China " and " Taking Tiger Mountain " . Steve Huey of AllMusic described these combined themes as a loose concept album that is " often inscrutable , but still playful – about espionage , the Chinese Communist revolution , and dream associations . " On the political theme within the lyrics and album title , Eno explained that he is " not Maoist or anything like that ; if anything I 'm anti @-@ Maoist " . The album addresses several different esoteric topics . " Burning Airlines Give You So Much More " is inspired by a 1974 crash near Paris of a Turkish Airlines DC @-@ 10 , one of the worst air crashes in history . " The Fat Lady of Limbourg " , described by Eno as a " Burroughs @-@ type song " about an asylum in Limbourg , Belgium where the residents of it outnumber the population of the town . " The Great Pretender " describes the rape of a suburban housewife by a crazed machine . " Third Uncle " has been referred to as an early predecessor of punk music .
= = Release = =
Taking Tiger Mountain ( By Strategy ) was released in November 1974 in a gatefold sleeve . No singles were released from the album and it failed to chart in either the United Kingdom or the United States . ( " Burning Airlines " was listed on a US Island singles list without a specified B side , but copies have not yet been seen . )
In 2004 , Taking Tiger Mountain was reissued by Virgin Records in remastered digipak form .
= = Reception = =
Like Eno 's previous album Here Come the Warm Jets , Taking Tiger Mountain ( By Strategy ) received a mostly very positive reception from critics . Writing for the Village Voice , Robert Christgau gave the album a rating of A – , writing " Every cut on this clear , consistent , elusive album affords distinct present pleasure . Admittedly , when they 're over they 're over — you don 't flash on them the way you do on " Cindy Tells Me " and " Baby 's on Fire " . But that 's just his way of being modest . " Wayne Robbins of Creem lauded Eno for the way he " grafts seemingly disparate elements in any way that might be useful to his flow " . Robbins explained , " It sounds like it might be pretentious ; it 's not , because Eno is comfortable with those pretensions " ; he concluded that " a man who can write songs like ' Burning Airlines Give You So Much More ' has seen the future , and the future is a sonic Disney named Eno , who makes music you can live with " . Circus magazine described the album as " Sick ! Sick ! Sick ! But , oh @-@ h @-@ h , it feels so good ! [ ... ] guaranteed to be put on the ' Most Wanted ' list by psychopaths everywhere [ ... ] [ Eno ] takes you on a dada @-@ ists tour @-@ de @-@ force , lampooning and integrating every type of music conceivable " . Critic Ed Naha , writing in Crawdaddy ! , gave the album a negative review , writing " Much of the Wonderlandish magic found on Eno 's first LP is lost on this rocky terrain , being replaced by a dull , repetitive aura that is annoying as all hell . " In 1975 Taking Tiger Mountain ( By Strategy ) was voted one of the best albums of the year in the Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop critics poll for 1975 .
Recent assessments of the album have been mostly positive , with AllMusic and Blender giving the album five stars , their highest ratings . AllMusic 's Steve Huey compared the album to Here Come the Warm Jets , writing " not quite as enthusiastic as Here Come the Warm Jets , Taking Tiger Mountain is made accessible through Eno 's mastery of pop song structure " . Douglas Wolk of Blender had rated it more highly than Here Come the Warm Jets , calling it " more immediately likeable " . Select gave the album a four out of five rating , calling it " excellent " and described the songs " Mother Whale Eyeless " , " Put A Straw Under Baby " and " Third Uncle " as highlights .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Brian Eno , except where noted .
Early vinyl copies end with the sound of chirping crickets locked into the inner groove .
= = Personnel = =
= The Deep End ( TV series ) =
The Deep End is an American television series created by David Hemingson and produced by 20th Century Fox Television for the ABC television network . Starring Mehcad Brooks , Matt Long , Tina Majorino , Clancy Brown , and Billy Zane , the show follows five first @-@ year associate attorneys from diverse backgrounds as they learn how to cope with the challenges of working at one of the most prestigious law firms in Los Angeles .
Hemingson based the series on his work experience as an attorney . To cut production costs , the show was filmed in Las Colinas , a real estate development in Irving , Texas ; ABC scheduled a six @-@ episode run , and the series premiered as a midseason replacement on January 21 , 2010 . The show was described as a cross between L.A. Law and Grey 's Anatomy , but it was criticized for its lack of originality and for reusing ideas from similar shows . Critics said the show was so poor it was a failure after its first episode . The series was canceled in May 2010 .
= = Plot = =
Five recent law school graduates from different backgrounds begin working together as first @-@ year associates at Sterling , Huddle , Oppenheim & Craft , a prestigious Los Angeles law firm ; they are thrown in the deep end and are forced to deal with court cases that conflict with their personal beliefs and ethics . The " Prince of Darkness " , Cliff Huddle , is initially their boss , but things start to change when firm partner Hart Sterling returns after a long hiatus spent taking care of his sick wife . Even though the firm 's partners make things difficult for them , the five attorneys quickly bond under pressure as they learn to make tough ethical decisions .
= = Production = =
The Deep End was created by David Hemingson , co @-@ executive producer of How I Met Your Mother . Before he became a writer and a producer , Hemingson was formerly an associate in a law firm . The Deep End is based on Hemingson 's early work experience as an attorney . Due to the cost of filming on location in Los Angeles where the story takes place , the show was filmed on a soundstage in the planned community of Las Colinas in Irving , Texas . Despite the change in location , references to local Los Angeles landmarks were still made on the show . 20th Century Fox Television produced the show for ABC . The show was described as L.A. Law meets Grey 's Anatomy . Hemingson said the show contains " the back @-@ stabbing of The Devil Wears Prada and the sun @-@ drenched bed @-@ hopping of Entourage " . Texas Film Commission head Bob Hudgins estimated production costs at about $ 20 million . ABC scheduled six episodes of The Deep End for Thursday nights .
= = Cast and characters = =
Matt Long as Dylan Hewitt , an earnest , idealistic and innocent young man . Hewitt is the hero of the story , an Ivy League graduate who believes in justice . Hewitt is attracted to Katie Campbell , the firm 's paralegal . Long 's performance has been described as an " older version " of Jack McCallister , a character Long played from 2004 – 2005 on the television series Jack & Bobby .
Norbert Leo Butz as
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24 Hours of Daytona event at the Daytona International Speedway . Lexus was a repeat winner of the event , with a Lexus @-@ Riley prototype driven by Scott Pruett , Juan Pablo Montoya , and Salvador Durán of Chip Ganassi Racing finishing first ; Lexus @-@ Riley prototypes also took three of the top ten spots . In 2008 , Lexus won its third consecutive win at Daytona . For the 2010 season , Lexus departed from the Rolex Sports Car Series , and Ganassi Racing switched to BMW / Dinan engines . The LF @-@ A prototype also competed on the Nürburgring since 2008 in VLN endurance races and in the 24 Hours Nürburgring , also with the IS F. On May 14 , 2011 , a CT 200h tuned up by Gazoo Racing competed in the Adenauer ADAC Rundstrecken @-@ Trophy , a six @-@ hour endurance race .
= = Marketing = =
From its inception , Lexus has been advertised to luxury consumers using specific marketing strategies , with a consistent motif used for the marque 's advertisements . Beginning in 1989 , television ads were narrated by actor James Sloyan ( the voice of " Mr. Lexus " until 2009 ) , and accompanied by vehicles that performed unusual stunts onscreen . The first decade of Lexus commercials ( 1989 – 99 ) consisted primarily of disjunctive verbal descriptions , such as " relentless , " " pursuit , " and " perfection , " while vehicles were used to claim superiority in precision , idling , and interior quiet and comfort on camera . Examples included the champagne glass " Balance " ( 1989 ) and rolling " Ball Bearing " ( 1992 ) . In the 2000s ( decade ) , commercials included descriptions of features , or a narration of the events onscreen , and were often targeted at the marque 's German competitors . An annual " December to Remember " campaign featured scenes of family members surprising loved ones with the gift of a new Lexus . The marque returned to the champagne glass theme in a 2006 LS 460 spot showing the sedan maneuvering between two stacks of glasses using its self @-@ parking system , and in a 2010 LFA spot showing its engine sound shattering a glass via resonance frequency .
Industry observers have attributed Lexus ' early marketing successes to higher levels of perceived quality and lower prices than competitors , which have enabled the marque to attract customers upgrading from mass @-@ market cars . A reputation for dependability , bolstered by reliability surveys , also became a primary factor in attracting new customers from rival premium makes . Lexus has since grown to command higher price premiums than rival Japanese makes , with new models further increasing in price and reaching the over @-@ US $ 100 @,@ 000 ultra @-@ luxury category long dominated by rival European marques .
Automotive analysts have also noted Lexus ' relative newcomer status as a marketing challenge for the brand , although some have debated the requirement of a long history . European rivals have marketed their decades of heritage and pedigree , whereas Lexus ' reputation rests primarily upon its perceived quality and shared history with parent company Toyota . Several analysts have stated that Lexus will have to develop its own heritage over time by highlighting technological innovations and producing substantial products .
Lexus ' marketing efforts have extended to sporting and charity event sponsorships , including the U.S. Open tennis Grand Slam event from 2005 to 2009 , and the United States Golf Association 's U.S. Open , U.S. Women 's Open , U.S. Senior Open , and U.S. Amateur tournaments since 2007 . Lexus has organized an annual Champions for Charity golf series in the U.S. since 1989 . Endorsement contracts have also been signed with professional athletes Andy Roddick , Annika Sörenstam , and Peter Jacobsen .
= Whale Whores =
" Whale Whores " is the eleventh episode of the thirteenth season of the American animated television series South Park . The 192nd overall episode of the series , it aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 28 , 2009 . In the episode , Stan joins an anti @-@ whaling crew in order to save dolphins and whales from Japanese whalers .
The episode was written and directed by series co @-@ creator Trey Parker , and was rated TV @-@ MA LV in the United States . " Whale Whores " addressed the topic of Japanese whaling , condemning both the whalers themselves and the activists who fight against them . The episode is particularly critical of the reality television series Whale Wars and its star Paul Watson , an environmental activist who is prominently featured in " Whale Whores " .
In a response to the episode , Paul Watson said he was not offended by the portrayal , and was glad the show brought the issue of illegal whaling to a large audience . The episode also featured references to the show Deadliest Catch and a rendition of the Lady Gaga song " Poker Face " sung by Eric Cartman on the game Rock Band . A downloadable version of the song was released for the game in March . " Whale Whores " was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray along with the rest of the thirteenth season on March 16 , 2010 . The episode was nominated for a Genesis Award , but lost to the Family Guy episode " Dog Gone " .
= = Plot = =
The Marsh family is spending Stan 's ninth birthday at a public aquarium in Denver . As the Marshes enjoy interacting with the trained bottlenose dolphins , Japanese armed with spears suddenly storm the dolphinarium and kill all the dolphins . The Japanese perform similar attacks at several other aquariums , and at an NFL game , where they kill members of the Miami Dolphins football team . Stan asks his friends Kyle , Cartman , and Kenny to help him take on the cause of saving the dolphins and whales from the Japanese . Kyle declines , feeling they can 't change Japan 's views on the issue . Cartman and Kenny are much more interested in playing the video game Rock Band , professing they " don 't give two shits about stupid @-@ ass whales " . Eventually , Butters informs Stan about the television show Whale Wars , stating that they can take volunteers to help them . Seeing this as his chance , Stan takes Butters ' advice and joins host Paul Watson and his crew aboard the Sea Shepherd , but is underwhelmed by their method of throwing " stinky butter " at Japanese whalers in an effort to deter them . After the Japanese whalers kill Watson with a harpoon , Stan destroys their ship by igniting their fuel barrels with a flare gun . Stan becomes the new captain and leads a more successful campaign in impeding the Japanese whaling effort by employing more aggressive methods . The crew ends up getting interviewed by Larry King , who describes Paul Watson as an " incompetent media whore " and questions Stan on his intentions of increasing ratings with violence . Stan dismisses the charge and contends he is only interested in saving the whales , not ratings .
Wanting to be on television , Cartman and Kenny join the ship 's crew under false pretenses of wanting to save the whales . After a brief run @-@ in with Captain Sig Hansen and his crew from the show Deadliest Catch , Japanese pilots launch kamikaze attacks on the Sea Shepherd . The suicidal planes kill the Whale Wars crew except for Stan , Cartman and Kenny . The trio are captured and brought to Japan , where Emperor Akihito tells them retaliation for the bombing of Hiroshima is the primary motive for Japan 's whaling efforts . He shows them a doctored photograph — given to Japan by the United States after the bombing — of the Enola Gay piloted by a dolphin and a killer whale . According to him , Japan was so grateful the Americans gave the Japanese these photos they declared peace . Knowing the picture is a fake , Stan decides to reveal the truth about the bombing , but Cartman reminds him that the Japanese seek to drive the entire species of the perpetrators to extinction . Claiming the U.S. government has authorized him to show the " original " photo , Stan presents Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama and other Japanese officials with a new doctored photo showing a cow and chicken in the Enola Gay ( created by Kyle , who Stan managed to phone beforehand ) . The Japanese become infuriated , now believing cows and chickens had modified the original photo to frame the innocent whales and dolphins . The Japanese agree to cease their whaling efforts and start slaughtering cows and chickens , storming farms full of the animals . The episode ends as Randy congratulates Stan for making the Japanese " normal , like us . "
= = Theme = =
" Whale Whores " addresses the controversies surrounding Japanese whaling , which had been a subject of considerable media attention around the time the South Park episode first aired . The episode is equally condemning of all sides involved in the matter , including the Japanese whalers themselves and the activists who fight against them . By having the Japanese attack the dolphins at the Denver Aquarium in the middle of a dolphin riding demonstration , it has been suggested the episode highlights the link between visiting dolphins at marine parks and the reality of how aquatic wildlife are captured and slaughtered . " Whale Whores " is critical of the practice of whaling , as it displays primitive characteristics of the whalers . In the final scene , the show also draws parallel between Japanese whaling industry and generally accepted meat and poultry industries .
However , the episode prominently features and mocks the animal rights and environmental activist Paul Watson and his Animal Planet reality series , Whale Wars . Watson has received wide criticism for his method of disrupting whale hunts by at times attacking and sinking Japanese and Norwegian whaling ships . " Whale Whores " presents Watson and his show in a way that mocks his attempts to garner media attention by simply lying rather than doing anything productive . The episode mocks Whale Wars and its attempts to present mundane ship @-@ board activities as dramatic television . This is particularly illustrated in newspaper headlines after Stan takes over Watson 's ship : " New Captain Turns Vegan Pussies Into Real Pirates " and " Whale Wars Gets Better : Things Actually Happen ! " Watson himself is also portrayed in a physically unflattering way , with his stomach too fat to be entirely covered by his shirt . " Whale Whores " also refers to the criticisms that Watson bends the truth in order to further his popularity . This is particularly reflected through the fictional interview with Larry King , who calls Watson " an unorganized , incompetent media whore who thought lying to everyone was OK as long as it served his cause . " The fact that Whale Wars gets better ratings after Stan takes over and employs more violent tactics is a satire of the tendency in Whale Wars , and television in general , to exploit violence for money and viewership .
= = Cultural references = =
The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are identified as the cause of Japanese whaling . The two Japanese cities were destroyed by atomic weapons during the final stages of World War II under orders by U.S. President Harry Truman , which killed about 220 @,@ 000 people . In " Whale Whores " , the Japanese are presented with a doctored picture of the Enola Gay , the B @-@ 29 Superfortress bomber that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima . The picture shows a dolphin and a whale piloting the plane to bomb the city . The Miami Dolphins , a National Football League professional football team , are killed along with real dolphins by the whalers in " Whale Whores " . Near the end of the episode , Stan and the crew of the MY Steve Irwin encounter fishing ship captain Sig Hansen and his crew from the Discovery Channel reality series , Deadliest Catch . The scene with Paul Watson 's crew throwing " stinky butter " at the whalers refers to Watson and his crew 's practice of throwing stink bombs containing butyric acid , an acid found in rancid butter and cheese , at Japanese whaling vessels , including the factory vessel , the Nisshin Maru .
An Entertainment Weekly magazine cover is shown with the headline , " We ’ re STILL Remembering Michael Jackson " , a reference to the extremely large amount of media coverage surrounding the then @-@ recent death of pop singer Michael Jackson . During one scene , Stan frightens off a group of Japanese whalers by uncovering a large statue of Godzilla , the famous Japanese movie monster . During the episode Kyle , Kenny and Cartman are shown performing Lady Gaga 's song " Poker Face " on the video game Rock Band . On March 16 , 2010 , Rock Band developer Harmonix released this version of the song ( along with the original version ) as downloadable content for the game .
= = Reception = =
" Whale Whores " received generally mixed reviews . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly described the criticism of the save @-@ the @-@ whales conservationists as a " delightfully savage ridicule " . Brian Jacks of MTV complimented the show 's focus on whale conservation , writing , " Leave it to the hard @-@ hitting folks at South Park to do more for conservationism than fifteen cable reality shows put together . " Josh Modell of The A.V. Club 's said the episode was unfunny and mocked a television series that was " culturally insignificant " and not particularly well @-@ known . Modell wrote , " The show 's star , Paul Watson , seems to have really pissed off South Park 's creators Parker and Stone [ ... ] Fine , but could you make me laugh a few times while you beat me over the head with information about a guy that I couldn 't care less about ? "
Ramsey Isler of IGN called " Whale Whores " an entertaining episode , but said the episode could have provided more meaningful satire and did not explain the whaling issue very well , especially considering the show 's target audience was probably unfamiliar with it . Isler praised some of the individual jokes revolving around the Japanese attacks , and called Cartman 's " Poker Face " rendition a classic South Park moment , but dismissed the Enola Gay twist as " stupid " . Carlos Delgado of iF Magazine said " South Park swung and missed " with " Whale Whores " . Delgado said many of the jokes were random and " weird " , particularly the Enola Gay twist and the Japanese kamikaze attacks .
Paul Watson said he was not offended by his portrayal in the episode , and was glad " Whale Whores " brought the issue of dolphin and whale slaughter to a large audience , as well as the role of the Japanese in the deaths . Watson said , " It 's a tough situation we are in . We can 't hurt the whalers and we have to stay within the boundaries of the law in opposing illegal whaling operations . If that makes us pussies , so be it . It 's better than being portrayed as killers . " Watson said the episode failed to portray that his actions have hurt Japanese profits from whaling , but that the episode demonstrated how successful Whale Wars and the Sea Shepherd has been .
In February 2010 , " Whale Whores " was nominated for a Genesis Award in the television comedy category . The Genesis Awards pay tribute to news and entertainment media for outstanding work that raise public understanding of animal issues . " Whale Whores " ultimately lost to the Family Guy episode " Dog Gone " .
= = Home release = =
" Whale Whores " , along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park 's thirteenth season , were released on a three @-@ disc DVD set and two @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray set in the United States on March 16 , 2010 . The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode , a collection of deleted scenes , and a special mini @-@ feature Inside Xbox : A Behind @-@ the @-@ Scenes Tour of South Park Studios , which discussed the process behind animating the show with Inside Xbox host Major Nelson .
= The Aftermath ( 30 Rock ) =
" The Aftermath " is the second episode of the first season of the American situation comedy 30 Rock , which first aired on October 17 , 2006 on CTV in Canada . It aired on October 18 , 2006 on the NBC network in the United States , its country of origin , and October 18 , 2007 in the United Kingdom . The episode was written by Tina Fey and was directed by Adam Bernstein . Guest stars in this episode include Katrina Bowden , Tom Broecker , Teddy Coluca , Rachel Dratch , Adrienne Frost , Maulik Pancholy , Keith Powell , Lonny Ross , Kevin Scanlon and Sorab Wadia .
The episode focuses on the reaction of the crew to the casting of Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) , and the subsequent changes made to The Girlie Show . This becomes evident when Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) changes the title of the show to TGS with Tracy Jordan , much to Jenna Maroney 's ( Jane Krakowski ) dismay . Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) struggles to keep the cast and crew happy , so together with Tracy , she throws a party on a yacht .
= = Plot = =
Liz becomes furious when Jack decides that Tracy should be the number one priority on The Girlie Show . Jenna fears that Tracy will begin to overshadow her , but Tracy is quite pleased with his new job on the show . Liz and Jenna become more aggravated when Jack decides to change the name of The Girlie Show to TGS with Tracy Jordan , without consulting either of them . Jack has Tracy and Jenna appear in a promotion for the show , in which Tracy angers Jenna by forgetting her name and by not letting her speak . After the promotion , Liz tries to re @-@ assure Jenna by telling her that nobody on the show likes Tracy and that the only reason that he is on the show is because of Jack . Liz finds out that Jenna 's microphone was still on , and everyone in the studio heard her say terrible things about Jack and Tracy .
Liz attempts to make amends by talking to Tracy during a rehearsal , during which she makes negative remarks about Jenna and the other members of her staff . Liz is notified by Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) that her chat with Tracy was aired over the studio 's monitors , which meant that everyone heard and saw her making the comments . Liz 's staff show their displeasure by throwing food and other objects at her . Liz and Tracy discuss an idea to get everyone together to try and smooth things over , and Tracy decides to invite Liz and the staff to a party aboard a yacht . Tracy gets along well with everyone at the party , including Jenna , and things appear to be going very well . Liz soon discovers that the yacht does not belong to Tracy , and the yacht 's real owner shows up with the NYPD . The following day Liz learns that Jack paid the newspapers to keep Tracy out of the press but left a photo of Jenna passing out on the yacht in their pages , which Jenna sees as exciting and flattering .
= = Production = =
Rachel Dratch , longtime comedy partner and fellow Saturday Night Live alumna of Fey , was originally cast to portray Jenna . Dratch played the role in the show 's original pilot , but in August 2006 , Jane Krakowski was announced as Dratch 's replacement . Executive producer Lorne Michaels announced that while Dratch would not be playing a series regular , she would appear in various episodes in a different role . In the previous episode , Dratch played Greta Johansen , the The Girlie Show 's cat wrangler , while in this episode , she played Maria the maid , who was found by Liz in a closet on the yacht .
= = Reception = =
According to the Nielsen ratings system , " The Aftermath " was viewed by 5 @.@ 71 million viewers upon its original broadcast in the United States . It also achieved a 2 @.@ 3 / 7 in the key 18 – 49 demographic , meaning that it was watched by 2 @.@ 4 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds in the U.S. , and 5 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This was 2 @.@ 42 million viewers less than the pilot . In the United Kingdom , the episode attracted 500 @,@ 000 viewers and a 4 % share of the viewing audience at the time of the broadcast , which was deemed " disappointing " by Media Guardian . This was 200 @,@ 000 viewers down from the pilot , which attracted 700 @,@ 000 viewers and a 6 % share of the viewing audience at the time of the broadcast .
Robert Canning of IGN felt that the episode was more cohesive than the pilot , but still suffered from " two generic main characters and predictable storytelling " . He praised characters Liz and Jack , saying they " continued to provide laughs " , but said Jenna and Tracy " only continued to frustrate " . Canning called Baldwin the best part of 30 Rock , and found that the series had " laid essential groundwork for a successful situation comedy " . Robert Abele of LA Weekly felt that the characters of Morgan and Krakowski were undeveloped , describing them as " self @-@ obsessed , newly thrown @-@ together co @-@ leads " .
Tim Goodman of the San Francisco Chronicle felt that " The Aftermath " was only " minorly more funny " than the pilot . He praised Baldwin and Morgan , but said that the rest of the episode was " weak " . Goodman felt that Fey could " fix " 30 Rock by showing more of Baldwin , and less of Krakowski . Phil Horst of The Pitt News praised the individual scenes between Fey and either Baldwin or Morgan , but criticized Fey for not writing an effective scene in which she did not appear . Horst saw Jenna 's screentime as a waste of time , and thought that Krakowski did not " have the comedic skills to keep up with the rest of the cast " . He went on to say that Dratch would have taken the character in " a completely different direction " , giving 30 Rock the variety it lacked .
= Operation Retribution ( 1941 ) =
Operation Retribution ( German : Unternehmen Strafgericht ) also known as Operation Punishment , was the codename used for the April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade , the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , in the first days of the German @-@ led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia . The operation commenced on 6 April and concluded on 7 or 8 April , resulting in the paralysis of Yugoslav civilian and military command and control , widespread destruction largely in the centre of the city , and significant civilian casualties . The bombing of Belgrade was preceded by the commencement of the ground invasion a few hours earlier , and also coincided with air attacks on a large number of Royal Yugoslav Air Force airfields and other strategic targets across Yugoslavia . The invasion resulted in the surrender of Yugoslav forces on 17 April .
= = Background = =
After the 1938 Anschluss ( union ) of Germany with Austria , Yugoslavia shared a border with the Third Reich and came under increasing pressure as her neighbours fell into line with the Axis powers . In April 1939 , Yugoslavia gained a second frontier with the Kingdom of Italy when that country invaded Albania . Between September and November 1940 , Hungary joined the Tripartite Pact , Italy invaded Greece , and Romania also joined the Pact . From that time , Yugoslavia was almost surrounded by Axis powers or their client states , and her neutral stance toward the war was under tremendous pressure . On 14 February 1941 , Adolf Hitler invited the Yugoslav Prime Minister Dragiša Cvetković and his foreign minister Aleksandar Cincar @-@ Marković to Berchtesgaden and requested that Yugoslavia also join the Pact . Two weeks later , Bulgaria joined the Pact . The next day , German troops entered Bulgaria from Romania , closing the ring around Yugoslavia .
Further pressure was applied by Hitler on 4 March 1941 , when the Yugoslav Regent , Prince Paul , visited Berchtesgaden , but Prince Paul delayed a decision . On 6 March , the Royal Yugoslav Air Force ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Vazduhoplovstvo Vojske Kraljevine Jugoslavije , VVKJ ) was secretly mobilised , and on the following day , British troops began landing in Greece to bolster the defences of their Balkan ally against the Italians . The VVKJ began dispersing to auxiliary airfields on 12 March , and this dispersal was completed by 20 March . Hitler , wanting to secure the southern flank of his impending invasion of the Soviet Union , demanded that Yugoslavia sign the Pact , and the Yugoslav government eventually complied on 25 March 1941 . Two days later a military coup d 'état was carried out by a group of VVKJ and Yugoslav Royal Guard officers , led by VVKJ commander Brigadier General Borivoje Mirković . Prince Paul was deposed and replaced by the 17 @-@ year @-@ old King Peter II who was declared to be of age .
On the same day as the Yugoslav coup d 'état , Hitler issued Directive 25 , which stated that the coup had changed the political situation in the Balkans . He ordered that " even if Yugoslavia at first should give declarations of loyalty , she must be considered as a foe and therefore must be destroyed as quickly as possible . " After the coup , German reconnaissance aircraft frequently violated Yugoslav airspace , and VVKJ fighter aircraft were on constant alert . The German incursions showed that the Yugoslav ground observation post network and supporting radio communications were inadequate .
= = Bombing = =
Hitler decided that Belgrade would be bombed in " retribution " for the coup against the government that had signed the Pact . In order to carry out Hitler 's orders , on 27 and 28 March 1941 Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring transferred about 500 fighter and bomber aircraft from France and northern Germany . The commander of Luftflotte IV , Generaloberst ( General ) Alexander Löhr , allocated these aircraft to attack the Yugoslav capital in waves by day and night . Löhr issued his orders for the bombing on 31 March , but the decision to bomb Belgrade was not confirmed by Hitler until 5 April . Although Hitler ordered the general destruction of Belgrade , Löhr replaced these general directions with specific military objectives at the last minute . On 3 April , Major Vladimir Kren of the VVKJ defected to the Germans , flying a Potez 25 aircraft to Graz in the Third Reich , and handing over the locations of many of the dispersal airfields as well as codes used by the VVKJ , which had to be quickly changed . On the afternoon of 5 May , a British colonel visited Mirković at the VVKJ base at Zemun and confirmed that the attack on Belgrade would commence at 06 : 30 the following morning .
= = = 6 April = = =
The German ground forces crossed the border at 05 : 15 on 6 April , and the Reich Minister of Propaganda Reichsleiter Joseph Goebbels announced the declaration of war at 06 : 00 . Yugoslav anti @-@ aircraft defences caused a false alarm when they reported the approach of an air raid from the direction of Romania at 03 : 00 , but listening posts on the Romanian border had actually heard the aircraft engines of the Romanian @-@ based Fliegerführer Arad warming up well before they took off . The VVKJ 's 51st Fighter Group at Zemun had been alerted before dawn , and when reports began to be received about Luftwaffe attacks on VVKJ airfields , the first patrol was sent into the air . At first , no aircraft could be seen approaching Belgrade .
The first wave closed on Belgrade at 06 : 45 , and consisted of 74 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka diveb
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record against the Volunteers to 48 – 38 – 7 ( 49 – 37 – 8 without NCAA vacations and forfeits ) .
= = = LSU = = =
Coming off their bye and in what was hyped as the latest " Game of the Century " in college football , the LSU Tigers defeated the Crimson Tide 9 – 6 in overtime . After a scoreless first quarter that saw the Crimson Tide miss two field goals , and another blocked early in the second quarter , Alabama took a 3 – 0 lead midway through the second on a 34 @-@ yard Jeremy Shelley field goal . LSU responded on their following possession by driving to the Alabama two @-@ yard line and kicking a 19 @-@ yard Drew Alleman field goal as time expired to tie the game at 3 – 3 at halftime .
Just as the first half was dominated by both defenses , the second was no different with both Alabama and LSU only managing a pair of field goals . Alabama 's came in the third on a 46 @-@ yard Cade Foster score and LSU 's came in the fourth on a 30 @-@ yard Alleman score . In the overtime period , Foster missed a 52 @-@ yard field goal attempt and Alleman connected on a 25 @-@ yard attempt to give the Tigers the 9 – 6 victory . Both defenses held each offense to less than 300 yards of total offense with each having a pair of interceptions . With the loss , Alabama dropped to 4 – 8 all @-@ time in overtime games and brought Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Tigers to 45 – 25 – 5 .
= = = Mississippi State = = =
A week after their loss to LSU , Alabama traveled to Starkville and defeated their long @-@ time rival , the Mississippi State Bulldogs 24 – 7 . After a pair of missed field goals , one from 19 @-@ yard by Cade Foster and the second from 31 @-@ yards by Jeremy Shelley , Alabama scored their first points in the second quarter . Eddie Lacy capped a five @-@ play , 52 @-@ yard drive with a two @-@ yard touchdown run to give the Crimson Tide a 7 – 0 lead . Later in the quarter Derek DePasquale missed a 41 @-@ yard field goal attempt for the Bulldogs , but on the ensuing Alabama possession Cameron Lawrence intercepted an AJ McCarron pass and returned it to the Alabama four @-@ yard line . However , the Alabama defense held the Bulldogs to only a field goal attempt which was then missed from 29 @-@ yards by Brian Egan to preserve a 7 – 0 halftime lead for the Crimson Tide .
Alabama extended their lead to 10 – 0 after Shelley connected on a 24 @-@ yard field goal early in the third quarter . Early in the fourth , Trent Richardson scored on a two @-@ yard run for a 17 – 0 Crimson Tide lead . However , on the ensuing kickoff was returned 68 @-@ yards to the Alabama 22 @-@ yard line by John Fulton , and four plays later the Bulldogs cut the score to 17 – 7 after Tyler Russell threw a 12 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Chris Smith . The Crimson Tide then closed the game with an eleven @-@ play , 73 @-@ yard drive , all on the ground , with Lacy scoring his second touchdown of the night from 32 yards out to give Alabama the 24 – 7 victory . The 127 rushing yards gained by Richardson was his seventh 100 @-@ yard rushing game of the season . The victory improved Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Bulldogs to 74 – 18 – 3 ( 76 – 17 – 3 without NCAA vacations and forfeits ) .
= = = Georgia Southern = = =
Against the triple option attack of the Georgia Southern Eagles , ranked No. 3 in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , the Alabama defense gave up the most total yards , rushing yards and points of the season in their 45 – 21 victory at Bryant – Denny Stadium . After receiving the opening kickoff , the Crimson Tide drove to the Eagles ' 14 @-@ yard line where Jeremy Shelley connected on a 32 @-@ yard field goal for a 3 – 0 lead . On their opening possession , Georgia Southern had a nine @-@ play , 49 @-@ yard drive to set up a 42 @-@ yard field goal attempt . However , the Adrian Mora attempt was blocked by Dont 'a Hightower and returned by Dre Kirkpatrick 55 @-@ yards for a touchdown and a 10 – 0 Crimson Tide lead . In the second quarter , AJ McCarron threw a four @-@ yard touchdown pass to Trent Richardson to complete a ten @-@ play , 71 @-@ yard drive for a 17 – 0 lead . However , the Eagles responded on their next offensive play when Dominique Swope scored on an 82 @-@ yard touchdown run to cut the Alabama lead to 17 – 7 . Both teams then traded touchdowns when Richardson scored on a one @-@ yard run for Alabama and Jaybo Shaw threw a 39 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Jonathan Bryant for Georgia Southern . After Cade Foster missed a 47 @-@ yard field goal attempt late , Alabama led 24 – 14 at halftime .
After forcing a punt to open the second half , Alabama scored a touchdown on its opening possession with a 34 @-@ yard touchdown reception by Brad Smelley from McCarron . However on the ensuing kickoff , Laron Scott returned it 95 @-@ yards for a touchdown to cut the lead again to 31 – 21 . Alabama responded on the following drive with Richardson accounting for 46 yards of it on seven carries with a one @-@ yard touchdown run for a 38 – 21 Alabama lead . In the fourth quarter , Alabama stopped the Eagles at the Crimson Tide eight @-@ yard line after an incomplete Shaw pass on fourth down . From there the Alabama offense began a 15 @-@ play , 92 @-@ yard drive that took 8 : 36 to complete with McCarron throwing a four @-@ yard touchdown pass to Smelley for the final points in their 45 – 21 win . For the game , Richardson had 175 yards on the ground with a pair of rushing touchdowns and one receiving . His one @-@ yard touchdown run in the third quarter gave Richardson the Alabama single @-@ season rushing touchdown record breaking the previous mark of 19 set by Shaun Alexander in 1999 .
= = = Auburn = = =
After the loss against the Auburn Tigers the previous year , in which the Crimson Tide surrendered a 24 @-@ point lead , for nearly a year reminders of the defeat and the phrase " never again " were utilized by the team as even greater motivation to win in an already heated rivalry . With a potential berth in the 2012 BCS National Championship Game on the line , the Alabama defense did not allow an offensive touchdown in their 42 – 14 victory on The Plains . After trading a pair of three @-@ and @-@ outs to open the game , Alabama scored their first points of the game when AJ McCarron threw a 41 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Kenny Bell for a 7 – 0 lead . Following a ten @-@ yard Steven Clark punt on the ensuing Auburn possession , Alabama got the ball on the Tigers ' 35 @-@ yard line . On the next play , McCarron threw a 35 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Brad Smelley for a 14 – 0 lead . On the first play of Alabama 's fourth offensive possession , Corey Lemonier forced a McCarron fumble that was recovered for a touchdown by Kenneth Carter to cut the Crimson Tide lead to 14 – 7 at the end of the first quarter . A pair of long drives in the second quarter resulted in a five @-@ yard Trent Richardson touchdown reception and a 30 @-@ yard Jeremy Shelley field goal to give Alabama a 24 – 7 halftime lead .
On the opening kickoff of the second half , Onterio McCalebb scored a touchdown on an 83 @-@ yard return to cut the Alabama lead to 24 – 14 . Alabama responded on their next possession with a 28 @-@ yard Shelley field goal for a 27 – 14 lead entering the fourth quarter . On the third play of the fourth quarter , Auburn 's Clint Moseley threw an interception to DeMarcus Milliner that was returned 35 @-@ yards for a touchdown and after a successful two @-@ point conversion , Alabama led 35 – 14 . After getting the ball back on downs late in the quarter , Jalston Fowler scored on a 15 @-@ yard touchdown run , to cap a drive that included a 57 @-@ yard Richardson run , and made the final score 42 – 14 .
In the game , Richardson set a new career high with his 203 rushing yards and tied Mark Ingram , Jr. for the most 100 @-@ yard rushing games in a season with nine . The defense held Auburn to 140 total yards of offense , with only 78 yards on the ground , and zero offensive touchdowns in the victory . The victory brought Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Tigers to 41 – 34 – 1 .
= = = LSU = = =
On December 4 , 2011 , the final Bowl Championship Series standings were unveiled with a rematch between No. 1 LSU and No. 2 Alabama in the BCS National Championship Game . In the game , the Crimson Tide defeated the Tigers 21 – 0 to clinch their second BCS Championship in three years . The first points of the game were set up after Marquis Maze returned a Brad Wing punt 49 @-@ yards to the LSU 26 @-@ yard line in the first quarter . Five plays later , Jeremy Shelley connected on a 23 @-@ yard field goal to give Alabama a 3 – 0 lead . After his first attempt was blocked by the Tigers ' Michael Brockers , Shelley connected on second @-@ quarter field goals of 34 and 41 yards to give the Crimson Tide a 9 – 0 halftime lead .
Shelley extended the Crimson Tide lead to 12 – 0 after he converted a 35 @-@ yard field goal on Alabama 's first possession of the second half . He then missed a 41 @-@ yard field goal attempt wide right before he connected on a 44 @-@ yard attempt to give the Crimson Tide a 15 – 0 lead at the end of the third quarter . Midway through the fourth quarter , the LSU offense crossed the 50 @-@ yard line for the first time of the game only to be pushed back to the 50 after Dont 'a Hightower sacked Jordan Jefferson on a fourth down play to give possession back to Alabama . On that possession , the Crimson Tide scored the only touchdown of the game on a 34 @-@ yard Trent Richardson run to make the final score 21 – 0 .
In the game , Alabama outgained LSU in total offense 384 to 92 yards , and the shutout was the first ever completed in a BCS game since the advent of the BCS in 1998 . Jeremy Shelley established the all @-@ time bowl record with seven field goal attempts and tied the all @-@ time bowl record with five made . For their performances , Courtney Upshaw was named the defensive player of the game and AJ McCarron was named the offensive player of the game .
McCarron became the first sophomore QB to lead a team to a BCS National Title .
= = Rankings = =
Entering the 2011 season , the Crimson Tide was ranked No. 2 in the AP and Coaches ' Preseason Polls . Alabama dropped no further than to No. 3 in any of the rankings through week nine when they were ranked No. 2 for their November 5 game against LSU . After their 9 – 6 loss against the Tigers , Alabama dropped to No. 4 in all but the BCS standing where they dropped to No. 3 . The Crimson Tide regained their No. 2 ranking in all of the polls after Oklahoma State was upset by Iowa State , and retained the No. 2 position through the end of the regular season to qualify for the BCS National Championship Game . After their victory over LSU in the BCS National Championship Game , Alabama was selected No. 1 in both the AP and Coaches ' Polls .
Source : ESPN.com : 2011 NCAA Football Rankings
= = After the season = =
Following the victory against LSU for the national championship , the team arrived at the Tuscaloosa Regional Airport on the afternoon of January 10 . Several hundred fans were there to greet them upon their arrival . On January 21 , a public national championship celebration at Bryant – Denny Stadium was attended by approximately 32 @,@ 000 spectators . Speakers at the event included head coach Nick Saban and university president Robert Witt . All of the championship trophies were available for public viewing .
As part of the A @-@ Day celebrations on April 14 , the 2011 team captains Trent Richardson , Dont 'a Hightower and Mark Barron were honored at the Walk of Fame ceremony at the base of Denny Chimes . On April 19 , the team made their trip to the White House , where President Barack Obama offered congratulatory remarks for their championship season and recognized the team for their community service given in Tuscaloosa after the April 2011 tornadoes .
= = = Final statistics = = =
After their victory over LSU in the BCS National Championship Game , Alabama 's final team statistics were released . On the defensive side of the ball , of the 120 FBS teams , the Crimson Tide was ranked at the top of all major defensive categories in conference and nationally . They ranked first in total defense ( 183 @.@ 62 yards per game ) , scoring defense ( 8 @.@ 15 points per game ) , passing defense ( 111 @.@ 46 yards per game ) and rushing defense ( 72 @.@ 15 yards per game ) . It marked the first time that a single defense ranked first in all four major , team defensive categories since the 1986 Oklahoma squad . Individually , Dont ’ a Hightower led the team with 85 total tackles , 45 of which were assisted , and Mark Barron was the leader with 43 solo tackles . Courtney Upshaw was tied for sixteenth nationally , fourth in conference and first on the team with 9 @.@ 5 quarterback sacks . Upshaw was also eighteenth nationally , second in conference and first on the team with 18 tackles for loss . DeMarcus Milliner led the team with three of Alabama ’ s thirteen total interceptions of the season .
On offense , of the 120 FBS teams , Alabama ranked sixteenth in rushing offense ( 214 @.@ 46 yards per game ) , twentieth in scoring offense ( 34 @.@ 85 points per game ) , 31st in total offense ( 429 @.@ 62 yards per game ) and 69th in passing offense ( 215 @.@ 15 yards per game ) . In conference , they ranked first in rushing offense , second in total offense , third in scoring offense and fourth in passing offense . Individually , Trent Richardson led the SEC and the team offensively with 1 @,@ 679 total yards rushing , an average of 129 @.@ 15 rushing yards per game , an average of 160 @.@ 23 all @-@ purpose yards per game , 21 rushing touchdowns and an average of 11 @.@ 08 points per game . AJ McCarron led the team in passing offense and completed 219 of 328 passes for 2 @,@ 634 passing yards and 16 touchdowns . Marquis Maze led the team with 56 receptions for 627 yards , and Brad Smelley led the team with four touchdown receptions .
= = = Awards = = =
Following the SEC Championship Game , multiple Alabama players were recognized for their on @-@ field performances with a variety of awards and recognitions . At the team awards banquet on December 4 , Mark Barron , Dont 'a Hightower and Trent Richardson were each named the permanent captains of the 2011 squad . At that time Richardson was also named the 2011 most valuable player with Barron , Hightower and Courtney Upshaw named defensive players of the year and AJ McCarron and Marquis Maze named the offensive players of the year .
= = = = Conference = = = =
The SEC recognized several players for their individual performances with various awards . Trent Richardson was named the AP Offensive Player of the Year . In addition to Richardson , Mark Barron , Barrett Jones , Courtney Upshaw and William Vlachos were named to the AP All @-@ SEC First Team . Josh Chapman , Dont 'a Hightower and Dre Kirkpatrick were named to the AP All @-@ SEC Second Team . Barron , Hightower , Jones , Richardson , Upshaw and Vlachos were named to the Coaches ' All @-@ SEC First Team . Chapman , Kirkpatrick , Marquis Maze ( as both a wide receiver and return specialist ) and Chance Warmack were named to the Coaches ' All @-@ SEC Second Team . Cyrus Kouandjio and Vinnie Sunseri were both named to Freshman All @-@ SEC Team . The SEC named Richardson the Offensive Player of the Year . Jones earned the Jacobs Blocking Trophy and was also named the SEC Scholar @-@ Athlete of the Year .
= = = = National = = = =
After the season , a number of Alabama players were named as national award winners and finalists . Trent Richardson
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debut for a Latin album for the year and was Shakira 's fifth album to peak at number one . According to Billboard , 35 % of its first @-@ week sales were credited to strong digital sales . In total , Sale el Sol spent 118 weeks on the Latin Albums chart . On the Latin Pop Albums chart , it again peaked at number one and spent 118 weeks on the chart in total .
= = Track listing = =
Sale el Sol – Standard edition
Notes
^ a signifies a co @-@ producer
^ b signifies an additional producer
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from AllMusic .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= The Proclamation of Dušan 's Law Codex =
The Proclamation of Dušan 's Law Codex ( Serbian : Proglašenje Dušanovog zakonika ) is the name given to each of seven versions of a composition painted by Paja Jovanović which depict Dušan the Mighty introducing Serbia 's earliest surviving law codex to his subjects in Skopje in 1349 . The Royal Serbian Government commissioned the first version for 30 @,@ 000 dinars in 1899 , intending for it to be displayed at the following year 's Exposition Universelle ( world 's fair ) in Paris .
When originally commissioned , the painting was intended to depict Dušan 's 1346 coronation as Emperor of Serbia . After consulting with the politician and historian Stojan Novaković , Jovanović decided against painting a scene from Dušan 's coronation , and opted to depict the proclamation of his law codex instead . Thus , the painting has often erroneously been described as depicting the coronation . Jovanović paid a great deal of attention to historical detail in preparation for the work , visiting several medieval Serbian Orthodox monasteries in Kosovo and Macedonia , studying medieval costumes and weaponry and consulting experts on the period .
The first version was finished in time for the world 's fair , where it received widespread critical acclaim and was awarded a gold medal by the fair 's artistic committee . In the opinion of one art historian , the artistic committee 's decision affirmed that the painting was on par with the works of the world 's greatest visual artists . A number of historians and critics consider The Proclamation of Dušan 's Law Codex to be one of Jovanović 's finest works , and Jovanović himself felt the painting was his " most beautiful composition " .
= = Dušan 's Code = =
Stefan Dušan was one of Serbia 's most powerful rulers . In the mid @-@ 14th century , he oversaw the establishment of a large Serbian state that stretched from the Danube to the Greek mainland . As a result of his achievements , in Serbian historiography he is referred to as Dušan the Mighty or Dušan the Lawgiver . The first suffix is in recognition of his expansion of Serbia 's territory and the second in recognition of the law codex he introduced during his reign , commonly called Dušan 's Code . In 1343 , as King of Serbs , Albanians and the Coast , Dušan added " King of the Romans " to his title . In late 1345 , he began referring to himself as the Emperor ( tsar ) of Serbia . On Easter Day , 16 April 1346 , Dušan convoked an assembly in Skopje , attended by the Serbian Archbishop Joanikije II , the Archbishop of Ochrid Nikolaj I , the Bulgarian Patriarch Simeon and various religious leaders from Mount Athos . The assembly then ceremonially performed the raising of the autocephalous Serbian Archbishopric to the status of Patriarchate . From then on , the Archbishop was titled the Serbian Patriarch , with his seat in Monastery of Peć . Dušan was subsequently crowned Emperor of Serbia by the new Patriarch , Joanikije .
Dušan had ambitions of conquering all the Byzantine lands , including Constantinople , and proclaiming himself Byzantine Emperor . In order to achieve this goal , he knew that he needed to secure the loyalty of his Greek subjects . Thus , Dušan decreed that lands inhabited by Greeks were to have Greek governors and follow traditional Byzantine laws as opposed to Serbian customary law . This had the effect of reducing tensions between Serbs and Greeks and made it easier for the Serbs to occupy Greek lands without any considerable threat of revolt . In 1349 , Dušan issued a national legal code from his capital , Skopje , one that applied only to the northern half of the empire where Serbs predominated . Dušan 's Code is Serbia 's earliest surviving legal code ; it was influenced heavily by Byzantine law . It was also one of the most advanced legal texts of its time , and the first wide @-@ ranging set of laws promulgated by the South Slavs . Because it only covers specific crimes , it was likely part of a three @-@ part legal document that also included an abridgement of Matthew Blastares ' Syntagma and the Law of Justinian . The third part , Dušan 's Code itself , was thus probably intended to supplement the first two texts by touching upon issues not covered in them rather than serve as a stand @-@ alone legal system .
= = The painting = =
= = = Preparation and composition = = =
In the late 1890s , Serbia was invited to participate at the 1900 Exposition Universelle ( world 's fair ) in Paris . In 1897 , the Royal Serbian Government created a special committee to select which Serbs would go to France as representatives of their country ; the committee was chaired by the politician Svetozar Gvozdić . It was decided that Serbia 's contribution to the fair would predominantly consist of art , most of which was to be displayed at the Serbian Pavilion , a building in the Serbo @-@ Byzantine style designed by the architect Milan Kapetanović . Other Serbian works were to be displayed at the Grand Palais . The rules of the fair 's art exhibit held that each canvas had to measure 390 by 589 centimetres ( 154 by 232 in ) and contain over seventy figures in various , often complex , positions .
In Serbia , the period between 1889 and 1914 was marked by a spate of patriotic literature , theatre and visual art . Serbian artists competed with one another over who would produce the best depictions of Serbia 's medieval history , and the best Serbian national romantic art was made during this time . One of the most prominent Serb artists of the day was the realist Paja Jovanović , who was known for his sprawling historical works . In 1899 , the special committee hired him to compose a scene depicting Dušan 's coronation to be displayed in Paris . In return for his services , he received an honorarium of 30 @,@ 000 dinars . The government felt it was essential that Jovanović 's work and those of other Serbian artists be well received . Given decades of political instability in the Balkans , the authorities sought to promote a positive image of their country abroad , especially by familiarizing Western Europeans with Serbian art . Hence , Jovanović was painting for a dual audience , both domestic and foreign . His foremost goal was to emphasize the legitimacy of Serbia 's contemporary territorial claims before the Great Powers , especially with regard to Kosovo , Macedonia and the Sandžak ( then divided between the Ottoman Empire and Austria @-@ Hungary ) , and counter any negative views of the Serbian state . For his domestic audience , Jovanović 's goal was to remind his countrymen of Serbia 's rich history and encourage patriotic sentiments . After consulting with the politician and historian Stojan Novaković , Jovanović decided against painting a scene from Dušan 's coronation , and opted to depict the proclamation of Dušan 's Code instead . As a result , the painting is sometimes mistakenly referred to as The Coronation of Tsar Dušan ( Serbian : Krunisanje Cara Dušana ) .
Jovanović began working on the painting in 1900 . In keeping with his usual approach , he spent a significant amount of time researching Dušan 's life . He read medieval accounts of the proclamation , consulted experts on that historical period , and examined medieval paintings and illuminated manuscripts for insight into the architecture and weaponry of 14th @-@ century Serbia . Jovanović also visited the monasteries of Gračanica and Lesnovo , the Field of Kosovo , and the cities of Prizren and Skopje . Since the church where the proclamation took place had long since been destroyed , he was forced to find an alternative , ultimately deciding to model it after the Visoki Dečani monastery given the similarities in their design . By his own admission , the hardest task Jovanović faced was achieving authenticity with regard to clothing , weaponry and medieval heraldry . He found the medieval clothing particularly difficult to reproduce because Serbs did not have their own national costume at the time . Instead , medieval Serbs , especially royalty and the nobility , wore clothing that was greatly influenced by neighbouring cultures , particularly the Byzantines . Jovanović styled the clothes seen in the painting on frescoes from the medieval monasteries he visited , sketched them , and then requested that the head costume designer of the Vienna State Opera recreate them based on those sketches . Upon receiving the costumes , Jovanović placed them in his studio and used them as models for the painting . Dušan 's German mercenaries , who are shown lining the church doors church as he exits , wear Venetian body armour . Jovanović based this detail on a medieval correspondence that Novaković had discovered in the Venetian archives where Dušan is recorded having ordered 300 units of plate armour from Venice . Knights ' swords and other weaponry were based on depictions from medieval frescoes . The heraldry depicted on the shields and the insignia of the various figures is based on examples from a medieval book titled Armaila Illyricorum . Jovanović had found the book in a Viennese library . It had been removed from Herzegovina 's Žitomislić monastery several decades prior and brought to the Austro @-@ Hungarian capital . The Proclamation of Dušan 's Law Codex was painted outdoors , en plein air .
= = = Description and history = = =
The painting depicts Dušan exiting a church with his wife , Jelena , and son , Uroš , shortly after announcing that the law codex would be put into force . At their side are Patriarch Joanikije and the magnate Jovan Oliver , as well as many other members of the clergy and nobility . The emperor and his entourage are watched by an admiring crowd of nobles , knights and commoners . The knights lower their swords at Dušan 's feet as a sign of respect and submission . A festive atmosphere pervades the scene . The noble Gojko Mrnjavčević reads the proclamation before the crowd . Palman Bracht , a German mercenary who oversaw Dušan 's personal bodyguard , stands at the far right among a row of other knights , and watches closely as the Emperor steps outside . The art historian Lilien Filipovitch @-@ Robinson writes :
Technically , the artist brought together an accumulation of his considerable study and experience as a painter of history , portrait , and genre scenes . As was typical , his orderly composition and perfect one @-@ point linear perspective , both of which are appropriate to the subject , are informed by the frescoes of the Renaissance . Every figure in the foreground and middle ground directs the eye steadily to the compositional vanishing point , Tsar Dušan . He is the epitome of control , dignity , and majesty . The brilliantly clothed entourage behind him frames his form as do the massive stone walls of the church . They not only lend compositional stability but intimate a durability shared by the God @-@ inspired architecture and Dušan ’ s reign .
Once complete , the painting was presented to the Royal Serbian Government . As part of his contract , Jovanović granted the government the right to print reproductions of the painting . Jovanović felt the painting was his " most beautiful composition " , but was displeased that he had not been able to complete it the way it was originally envisaged . He had originally intended for the finished work to be painted on woven tapestry . The version that went on display in Paris was an oil on canvas that Jovanović had only meant to use as a model for the tapestry painting . He later recalled that King Alexander had gambled away the money he had promised to provide for the tapestry painting 's completion . Disappointed , Jovanović pledged to repaint it to his own liking , though he did not begin work on a revision until 1925 – 26 , by which time he was in his sixties . He went on to complete a total of seven different versions of the painting in his lifetime . The first version is in the possession of the National Museum of Serbia , in Belgrade . Another , measuring 190 by 126 centimetres ( 75 by 50 in ) , is on permanent display at the Belgrade City Museum .
= = Critical reception and legacy = =
The Proclamation of Dušan 's Law Codex was well received by the Serbian public , and is said to have exceeded the expectations of all the government ministers . It was also well received in France , where Jovanović was named an Officer of the Académie des Beaux @-@ Arts . The painting was met with critical acclaim at the world 's fair , and the fair 's artistic committee awarded Jovanović a gold medal for his work . By way of this decision , the art historian Jelena Milojković @-@ Djurić asserts , the Paris committee recognized that the painting was on par with those of the world 's best visual artists .
Serbian painter and art critic Nadežda Petrović described Jovanović 's compositions as the " crown of Serbian pictorial art " , and lauded The Proclamation of Dušan 's Law Codex as his best work . Filipovitch @-@ Robinson ranks it among Jovanović 's three best paintings , alongside The Takovo Uprising ( 1888 ) and Migration of the Serbs ( 1896 ) . " By focusing on the famed reign of Tsar Dušan , " she writes , " Jovanović was making a case for the respect with which Serbia should be regarded . " The painting , she argues , is both a history lesson and a " patriotic declaration " . For Serbian audiences in particular , she continues , it alluded to the greatness of Serbia 's past and implied that the country 's restoration as a free , modern nation was within reach . In her opinion , it is an inherently optimistic work .
Tim Judah , a journalist specializing in the Balkans , compares Jovanović 's contribution to Serbian art to Jacques @-@ Louis David 's contribution to French art , and draws parallels between The Proclamation of Dušan 's Law Codex and The Coronation of Napoleon . Professor David A. Norris , a historian specializing in Serbian culture , describes the knights ' armour as " highly stylized " and opines that , as a direct result , some of the figures resemble Hollywood actors more than medieval knights . " The picture shows excellent conception and solidity in its composition , " art historian Radmila Antić contends . " The figures are well related , their attitudes conscientiously studied , the costumes represented with the greatest care for detail . "
= = = Endnotes = = =
= Catherine de ' Medici =
Catherine de ' Medici ( Italian : Caterina de ' Medici pronounced [ kateˈriːna de ˈmɛːditʃi ] ; French : Catherine de Médicis pronounced : [ katʁin də medisis ] , 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589 ) , daughter of Lorenzo II de ' Medici and of Madeleine de La Tour d 'Auvergne , was an Italian noblewoman who was Queen of France from 1547 until 1559 , as the wife of King Henry II . As the mother of three sons who became kings of France during her lifetime , she had extensive , if at times varying , influence in the political life of France . For a time , she ruled France as its regent .
In 1533 , at the age of fourteen , Caterina married Henry , second son of King Francis I and Queen Claude of France . Under the gallicised version of her name , Catherine de Médicis , she was Queen consort of France as the wife of King Henry II of France from 1547 to 1559 . Throughout his reign , Henry excluded Catherine from participating in state affairs and instead showered favours on his chief mistress , Diane de Poitiers , who wielded much influence over him . Henry 's death thrust Catherine into the political arena as mother of the frail fifteen @-@ year @-@ old King Francis II . When he died in 1560 , she became regent on behalf of her ten @-@ year @-@ old son King Charles IX and was granted sweeping powers . After Charles died in 1574 , Catherine played a key role in the reign of her third son , Henry III . He dispensed with her advice only in the last months of her life .
Catherine 's three sons reigned in an age of almost constant civil and religious war in France . The problems facing the monarchy were complex and daunting but Catherine was able to keep the monarchy and the state institutions functioning even at a minimum level . At first , Catherine compromised and made concessions to the rebelling Protestants , or Huguenots , as they became known . She failed , however , to grasp the theological issues that drove their movement . Later she resorted , in frustration and anger , to hard @-@ line policies against them . In return , she came to be blamed for the excessive persecutions carried out under her sons ' rule , in particular for the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre of 1572 , in which thousands of Huguenots were killed in Paris and throughout France .
Some historians have excused Catherine from blame for the worst decisions of the crown , though evidence for her ruthlessness can be found in her letters . In practice , her authority was always limited by the effects of the civil wars . Her policies , therefore , may be seen as desperate measures to keep the Valois monarchy on the throne at all costs , and her patronage of the arts as an attempt to glorify a monarchy whose prestige was in steep decline . Without Catherine , it is unlikely that her sons would have remained in power . The years in which they reigned have been called " the age of Catherine de ' Medici " . According to Mark Strage , one of her biographers , Catherine was the most powerful woman in sixteenth @-@ century Europe .
= = Birth and upbringing = =
Catherine was born in Florence , Republic of Florence , as Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de ' Medici . The Medici family were at the time the de facto rulers of Florence . Originally bankers , they came to great wealth and power by bankrolling the monarchies of Europe . Catherine 's father , Lorenzo II de ' Medici , was made Duke of Urbino by his uncle Pope Leo X , and the title reverted to Francesco Maria I della Rovere after Lorenzo 's death . Thus , even though her father was a duke , Catherine was of relatively low birth . However her mother , Madeleine de la Tour d 'Auvergne , the Countess of Boulogne , was from one of the most prominent and ancient French noble families ; this prestigious maternal heritage was of benefit to her future marriage to a fils de France .
According to a contemporary chronicler , when Catherine de ' Medici was born , her parents , were " as pleased as if it had been a boy " . Madeleine died on 28 April of puerperal fever or plague , and Lorenzo died on 4 May . The young couple were married the year before at Amboise as part of the alliance between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo against the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. King Francis wanted Catherine to be raised at the French court , but Pope Leo had other plans for her . He intended to marry her to his brother 's illegitimate son , Ippolito de ' Medici , and set them up to rule Florence .
Catherine was first cared for by her paternal grandmother , Alfonsina Orsini ( wife of Piero de ' Medici ) . After Alfonsina 's death in 1520 , Catherine joined her cousins and was raised by her aunt , Clarice Strozzi . The death of Pope Leo in 1521 interrupted Medici power briefly , until Cardinal Giulio de ' Medici was elected Pope Clement VII in 1523 . Clement housed Catherine in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence , where she lived in state . The Florentine people called her duchessina ( " the little duchess " ) , in deference to her unrecognised claim to the Duchy of Urbino .
In 1527 , the Medici were overthrown in Florence by a faction opposed to the regime of Clement 's representative , Cardinal Silvio Passerini , and Catherine was taken hostage and placed in a series of convents . The final one , the Santissima Annuziata delle Murate was her home for three years . Mark Strage described these years as " the happiest of her entire life " . Clement had no choice but to crown Charles Holy Roman Emperor in return for his help in retaking the city . In October 1529 , Charles 's troops laid siege to Florence . As the siege dragged on , voices called for Catherine to be killed and exposed naked and chained to the city walls . Some even suggested that she be handed over to the troops to be used for their sexual gratification . The city finally surrendered on 12 August 1530 . Clement summoned Catherine from her beloved convent to join him in Rome where he greeted her with open arms and tears in his eyes . Then he set about the business of finding her a husband .
= = Marriage = =
On her visit to Rome , the Venetian envoy described Catherine as " small of stature , and thin , and without delicate features , but having the protruding eyes peculiar to the Medici family " . Suitors , however , lined up for her hand , including James V of Scotland who sent the Duke of Albany to Clement to conclude a marriage in April and November 1530 . When Francis I of France proposed his second son , Henry , Duke of Orléans , in early 1533 , Clement jumped at the offer . Henry was a prize catch for Catherine , who despite her wealth , was from commoner origins .
The wedding , a grand affair marked by extravagant display and gift @-@ giving , took place in the Église Saint @-@ Ferréol les Augustins in Marseille on 28 October 1533 . Prince Henry danced and jousted for Catherine . The fourteen @-@ year @-@ old couple left their wedding ball at midnight to perform their nuptial duties . Henry arrived in the bedroom with King Francis , who is said to have stayed until the marriage was consummated . He noted that " each had shown valour in the joust " . Clement visited the newlyweds in bed the next morning and added his blessings to the night 's proceedings .
Catherine saw little of her husband in their first year of marriage , but the ladies of the court treated her well , impressed with her intelligence and keenness to please . The death of Pope Clement VII on 25 September 1534 , however , undermined Catherine 's standing in the French court . The next pope , Paul III , broke the alliance with France and refused to pay her huge dowry . King Francis lamented , " The girl has come to me stark naked . "
Prince Henry showed no interest in Catherine as a wife ; instead , he openly took mistresses . For the first ten years of the marriage , Catherine failed to produce any children . In 1537 , Philippa Duci , one of Henry 's mistresses , gave birth to a daughter , whom he publicly acknowledged . This proved that Henry was fertile and added to the pressure on Catherine to produce a child .
= = = Dauphine = = =
In 1536 , Henry 's older brother , Francis , caught a chill after a game of tennis , contracted a fever and died , leaving Henry the heir . As Dauphine , Catherine was now expected to provide a future heir to the throne . According to the court chronicler Brantôme , " many people advised the king and the Dauphin to repudiate her , since it was necessary to continue the line of France " . Divorce was discussed . In desperation , Catherine tried every known trick for getting pregnant , such as placing cow dung and ground stags ' antlers on her " source of life " , and drinking mule 's urine . On 19 January 1544 , she at last gave birth to a son , named after King Francis .
After becoming pregnant once , Catherine had no trouble doing so again . She may have owed her change of luck to the physician Jean Fernel , who had noticed slight abnormalities in the couple 's sexual organs and advised them how to solve the problem . Catherine quickly conceived again and on 2 April 1545 she bore a daughter , Elisabeth . She went on to bear Henry a further eight children , six of whom survived infancy , including the future Charles IX ( born 27 June 1550 ) ; the future Henry III ( born 19 September 1551 ) ; and Francis , Duke of Anjou ( born
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ency of the future king , Charles IX , in return for the release of his brother Condé . As a result , when Francis died on 5 December 1560 , the Privy Council appointed Catherine as governor of France ( gouvernante de France ) , with sweeping powers . She wrote to her daughter Elisabeth : " My principal aim is to have the honour of God before my eyes in all things and to preserve my authority , not for myself , but for the conservation of this kingdom and for the good of all your brothers " .
= = = Reign of Charles IX = = =
At first Catherine kept the nine @-@ year @-@ old king , who cried at his coronation , close to her , and slept in his chamber . She presided over his council , decided policy , and controlled state business and patronage . However , she was never in a position to control the country as a whole , which was on the brink of civil war . In many parts of France the rule of nobles held sway rather than that of the crown . The challenges Catherine faced were complex and in some ways difficult for her to comprehend as a foreigner .
She summoned church leaders from both sides to attempt to solve their doctrinal differences . Despite her optimism , the resulting Colloquy of Poissy ended in failure on 13 October 1561 , dissolving itself without her permission . Catherine failed because she saw the religious divide only in political terms . In the words of historian R. J. Knecht , " she underestimated the strength of religious conviction , imagining that all would be well if only she could get the party leaders to agree " . In January 1562 , Catherine issued the tolerant Edict of Saint @-@ Germain in a further attempt to build bridges with the Protestants . On 1 March 1562 , however , in an incident known as the Massacre of Vassy , the Duke of Guise and his men attacked worshipping Huguenots in a barn at Vassy ( Wassy ) , killing 74 and wounding 104 . Guise , who called the massacre " a regrettable accident " , was cheered as a hero in the streets of Paris while the Huguenots called for revenge . The massacre lit the fuse that sparked the French Wars of Religion . For the next thirty years , France found itself in a state of either civil war or armed truce .
Within a month Louis de Bourbon , Prince of Condé , and Admiral Gaspard de Coligny had raised an army of 1 @,@ 800 . They formed an alliance with England and seized town after town in France . Catherine met Coligny , but he refused to back down . She therefore told him : " Since you rely on your forces , we will show you ours " . The royal army struck back quickly and laid siege to Huguenot @-@ held Rouen . Catherine visited the deathbed of Antoine de Bourbon , King of Navarre , after he was fatally wounded by an arquebus shot . Catherine insisted on visiting the field herself and when warned of the dangers laughed , " My courage is as great as yours " . The Catholics took Rouen , but their triumph was short lived . On 18 February 1563 , a spy called Poltrot de Méré fired an arquebus into the back of the Duke of Guise , at the siege of Orléans . The murder triggered an aristocratic blood feud that complicated the French civil wars for years to come . Catherine , however , was delighted with the death of her ally . " If Monsieur de Guise had perished sooner " , she told the Venetian ambassador , " peace would have been achieved more quickly " . On 19 March 1563 , the Edict of Amboise , also known as the Edict of Pacification , ended the war . Catherine now rallied both Huguenot and Catholic forces to retake Le Havre from the English .
= = = = Huguenots = = = =
On 17 August 1563 , Charles IX was declared of age at the Parlement of Rouen , but he was never able to rule on his own and showed little interest in government . Catherine decided to launch a drive to enforce the Edict of Amboise and revive loyalty to the crown . To this end , she set out with Charles and the court on a progress around France that lasted from January 1564 until May 1565 . Catherine held talks with the Protestant Queen Jeanne III of Navarre at Mâcon and Nérac . She also met her daughter Elisabeth at Bayonne near the Spanish border , amidst lavish court festivities . Philip II excused himself from the occasion . He sent the Duke of Alba to tell Catherine to scrap the Edict of Amboise and to find punitive solutions to the problem of heresy .
In 1566 , through the ambassador to the Ottoman Empire , Guillaume de Grandchamp de Grantrie , and because of a long @-@ standing Franco @-@ Ottoman alliance , Charles IX of France and Catherine de Medicis proposed to the Ottoman Court a plan to resettle French Huguenots and French and German Lutherans in Ottoman @-@ controlled Moldavia , in order to create a military colony and a buffer against the Habsburg . This plan also had the added advantage of removing the Huguenots from France , but it failed to interest the Ottomans .
On 27 September 1567 , in a swoop known as the Surprise of Meaux , Huguenot forces attempted to ambush the king , triggering renewed civil war . Taken unawares , the court fled to Paris in disarray . The war was ended by the Peace of Longjumeau of 22 – 23 March 1568 , but civil unrest and bloodshed continued . The Surprise of Meaux marked a turning point in Catherine 's policy towards the Huguenots . From that moment , she abandoned compromise for a policy of repression . She told the Venetian ambassador in June 1568 that all one could expect from Huguenots was deceit , and she praised the Duke of Alba 's reign of terror in the Netherlands , where Calvinists and rebels were put to death in the thousands .
The Huguenots retreated to the fortified stronghold of La Rochelle on the west coast , where Jeanne d 'Albret and her fifteen @-@ year @-@ old son , Henry of Bourbon , joined them . " We have come to the determination to die , all of us " , Jeanne wrote to Catherine , " rather than abandon our God , and our religion " . Catherine called Jeanne , whose decision to rebel posed a dynastic threat to the Valois , " the most shameless woman in the world " . Nevertheless , the Peace of Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye , signed on 8 August 1570 because the royal army ran out of cash , conceded wider toleration to the Huguenots than ever before .
Catherine looked to further Valois interests by grand dynastic marriages . In 1570 , Charles IX married Elisabeth of Austria , daughter of Maximilian II , Holy Roman Emperor . Catherine was also eager for a match between one of her two youngest sons and Elizabeth I of England . After Catherine 's daughter Elisabeth died in childbirth in 1568 , she had touted her youngest daughter Margaret as a bride for Philip II of Spain . Now she sought a marriage between Margaret and Henry III of Navarre , with the aim of uniting Valois and Bourbon interests . Margaret , however , was secretly involved with Henry of Guise , the son of the late Duke of Guise . When Catherine found this out , she had her daughter brought from her bed . Catherine and the king then beat her , ripping her nightclothes and pulling out handfuls of her hair .
Catherine pressed Jeanne d 'Albret to attend court . Writing that she wanted to see Jeanne 's children , she promised not to harm them . Jeanne replied : " Pardon me if , reading that , I want to laugh , because you want to relieve me of a fear that I 've never had . I 've never thought that , as they say , you eat little children " . When Jeanne did come to court , Catherine pressured her hard , playing on Jeanne 's hopes for her beloved son . Jeanne finally agreed to the marriage between her son and Margaret , so long as Henry could remain a Huguenot . When Jeanne arrived in Paris to buy clothes for the wedding , she was taken ill and died , aged forty @-@ four . Huguenot writers later accused Catherine of murdering her with poisoned gloves . The wedding took place on 18 August 1572 at Notre @-@ Dame , Paris .
= = = = St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre = = = =
Three days later , Admiral Coligny was walking back to his rooms from the Louvre when a shot rang out from a house and wounded him in the hand and arm . A smoking arquebus was discovered in a window , but the culprit had made his escape from the rear of the building on a waiting horse . Coligny was carried to his lodgings at the Hôtel de Béthisy , where the surgeon Ambroise Paré removed a bullet from his elbow and amputated a damaged finger with a pair of scissors . Catherine , who was said to have received the news without emotion , made a tearful visit to Coligny and promised to punish his attacker . Many historians have blamed Catherine for the attack on Coligny . Others point to the Guise family or a Spanish @-@ papal plot to end Coligny 's influence on the king . Whatever the truth , the bloodbath that followed was soon beyond the control of Catherine or any other leader .
The St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre , which began two days later , has stained Catherine 's reputation ever since . There is no reason to believe she was not party to the decision when on 23 August Charles IX ordered , " Then kill them all ! Kill them all ! " The thinking was clear . Catherine and her advisers expected a Huguenot uprising to avenge the attack on Coligny . They chose therefore to strike first and wipe out the Huguenot leaders while they were still in Paris after the wedding .
The slaughter in Paris lasted for almost a week . It spread to many parts of France , where it persisted into the autumn . In the words of historian Jules Michelet , " St Bartholomew was not a day , but a season " . On 29 September , when Navarre knelt before the altar as a Roman Catholic , having converted to avoid being killed , Catherine turned to the ambassadors and laughed . From this time dates the legend of the wicked Italian queen . Huguenot writers branded Catherine a scheming Italian , who had acted on Machiavelli 's principles to kill all enemies in one blow .
= = = Reign of Henry III = = =
Two years later , Catherine faced a new crisis with the death of Charles IX at the age of twenty @-@ three . His dying words were " oh , my mother ... " . The day before he died , he named Catherine regent , since his brother and heir , Henry the Duke of Anjou , was in the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth , where he had been elected king the year before . However , three months after his coronation at Wawel Cathedral , Henry abandoned that throne and returned to France in order to become king of France . Catherine wrote to Henry of Charles IX 's death : " I am grief @-@ stricken to have witnessed such a scene and the love which he showed me at the end ... My only consolation is to see you here soon , as your kingdom requires , and in good health , for if I were to lose you , I would have myself buried alive with you . "
Henry was Catherine 's favourite son . Unlike his brothers , he came to the throne as a grown man . He was also healthier , though he suffered from weak lungs and constant fatigue . His interest in the tasks of government , however , proved fitful . He depended on Catherine and her team of secretaries until the last few weeks of her life . He often hid from state affairs , immersing himself in acts of piety , such as pilgrimages and flagellation . He was , however , also famous for his circle of favorites , called Les Mignons ( from mignon , French for " the darlings " or " the dainty ones " ) . It was a term used by polemicists in the toxic atmosphere of the French Wars of Religion and taken up by the people of Paris , to designate the favourites of Henry III of France , from his return from Poland to reign in France in 1574 , to his assassination in 1589 , a disastrous end to which the perception of effeminate weakness contributed . [ 1 ] The mignons were frivolous and fashionable young men , to whom public malignity attributed heterodox sexuality , rumors that some historians have found to be a factor in the disintegration of the late Valois monarchy .
According to the contemporary chronicler Pierre de l 'Estoile , [ 2 ] they made themselves " exceedingly odious , as much by their foolish and haughty demeanour , as by their effeminate and immodest dress , but above all by the immense gifts the king made to them . " The Joyeuse wedding in 1581 occasioned one of the most extravagant display of the reign .
Henry married Louise de Lorraine @-@ Vaudémont in February 1575 , two days after his coronation . His choice thwarted Catherine 's plans for a political marriage to a foreign princess . Rumours of Henry 's inability to produce children were by that time in wide circulation . The papal nuncio Salviati observed , " it is only with difficulty that we can imagine there will be offspring ... physicians and those who know him well say that he has an extremely weak constitution and will not live long . " As time passed and the likelihood of children from the marriage receded , Catherine 's youngest son , Francis , Duke of Alençon , known as " Monsieur " , played upon his role as heir to the throne , repeatedly exploiting the anarchy of the civil wars , which were by now as much about noble power struggles as religion . Catherine did all in her power to bring Francis back into the fold . On one occasion , in March 1578 , she lectured him for six hours about his dangerously subversive behaviour .
In 1576 , in a move that endangered Henry 's throne , Francis allied with the Protestant princes against the crown . On 6 May 1576 , Catherine gave in to almost all Huguenot demands in the Edict of Beaulieu . The treaty became known as the Peace of Monsieur because it was thought that Francis had forced it on the crown . Francis died of consumption in June 1584 , after a disastrous intervention in the Low Countries during which his army had been massacred . Catherine wrote , the next day : " I am so wretched to live long enough to see so many people die before me , although I realize that God 's will must be obeyed , that He owns everything , and that he lends us only for as long as He likes the children whom He gives us . " The death of her youngest son was a calamity for Catherine 's dynastic dreams . Under Salic law , by which only males could ascend the throne , the Huguenot Henry of Navarre now became heir presumptive to the French crown .
Catherine had at least taken the precaution of marrying Margaret , her youngest daughter , to Navarre . Margaret , however , became almost as much of a thorn in Catherine 's side as Francis , and in 1582 , she returned to the French court without her husband . Catherine was heard yelling at her for taking lovers . Catherine sent Pomponne de Bellièvre to Navarre to arrange Margaret 's return . In 1585 , Margaret fled Navarre again . She retreated to her property at Agen and begged her mother for money . Catherine sent her only enough " to put food on her table " . Moving on to the fortress of Carlat , Margaret took a lover called d 'Aubiac . Catherine asked Henry to act before Margaret brought shame on them again . In October 1586 , therefore , he had Margaret locked up in the Château d 'Usson . D 'Aubiac was executed , though not , despite Catherine 's wish , in front of Margaret . Catherine cut Margaret out of her will and never saw her again .
Catherine was unable to control Henry in the way she had Francis and Charles . Her role in his government became that of chief executive and roving diplomat . She travelled widely across the kingdom , enforcing his authority and trying to head off war . In 1578 , she took on the task of pacifying the south . At the age of fifty @-@ nine , she embarked on an eighteen @-@ month journey around the south of France to meet Huguenot leaders face to face . Her efforts won Catherine new respect from the French people . On her return to Paris in 1579 , she was greeted outside the city by the Parlement and crowds . The Venetian ambassador , Gerolamo Lipomanno , wrote : " She is an indefatigable princess , born to tame and govern a people as unruly as the French : they now recognize her merits , her concern for unity and are sorry not to have appreciated her sooner . " She was under no illusions , however . On 25 November 1579 , she wrote to the king , " You are on the eve of a general revolt . Anyone who tells you differently is a liar . "
= = = = Catholic League = = = =
Many leading Roman Catholics were appalled by Catherine 's attempts to appease the Huguenots . After the Edict of Beaulieu , they had started forming local leagues to protect their religion . The death of the heir to the throne in 1584 prompted the Duke of Guise to assume the leadership of the Catholic League . He planned to block Henry of Navarre 's succession and place Henry 's Catholic uncle Cardinal Charles de Bourbon on the throne instead . In this cause , he recruited the great Catholic princes , nobles and prelates , signed the treaty of Joinville with Spain , and prepared to make war on the " heretics " . By 1585 , Henry III had no choice but to go to war against the League . As Catherine put it , " peace is carried on a stick " ( bâton porte paix ) . " Take care " , she wrote to the king , " especially about your person . There is so much treachery about that I die of fear . "
Henry was unable to fight the Catholics and the Protestants at once , both of whom had stronger armies than his own . In the Treaty of Nemours , signed on 7 July 1585 , he was forced to give in to all the League 's demands , even that he pay its troops . He went into hiding to fast and pray , surrounded by a bodyguard known as " the Forty @-@ five " , and left Catherine to sort out the mess . The monarchy had lost control of the country , and was in no position to assist England in the face of the coming Spanish attack . The Spanish ambassador told Philip II that the abscess was about to burst .
By 1587 , the Catholic backlash against the Protestants had become a campaign across Europe . Elizabeth I of England 's execution of Mary , Queen of Scots , on 8 February 1587 outraged the Catholic world . Philip II of Spain prepared for an invasion of England . The League took control of much of northern France to secure French ports for his armada .
= = = = Last months and death = = = =
Henry hired Swiss troops to help him defend himself in Paris . The Parisians , however , claimed the right to defend the city themselves . On 12 May 1588 , they set up barricades in the streets and refused to take orders from anyone except the Duke of Guise . When Catherine tried to go to Mass , she found her way barred , though she was allowed through the barricades . The chronicler L 'Estoile reported that she cried all through her lunch that day . She wrote to Bellièvre , " Never have I seen myself in such trouble or with so little light by which to escape . " As usual , Catherine advised the king , who had fled the city in the nick of time , to compromise and live to fight another day . On 15 June 1588 , Henry duly signed the Act of Union , which gave in to all the League 's latest demands .
On 8 September 1588 at Blois , where the court had assembled for a meeting of the Estates , Henry dismissed all his ministers without warning . Catherine , in bed with a lung infection , had been kept in the dark . The king 's actions effectively ended her days of power .
At the meeting of the Estates , Henry thanked Catherine for all she had done . He called her not only the mother of the king but the mother of the state . Henry did not tell Catherine of his plan for a solution to his problems . On 23 December 1588 , he asked the Duke of Guise to call on him at the Château de Blois . As Guise entered the king 's chamber , the Forty @-@ five plunged their blades into his body , and he died at the foot of the king 's bed . At the same moment , eight members of the Guise family were rounded up , including the Duke of Guise 's brother , Louis II , Cardinal of Guise , whom Henry 's men hacked to death the next day in the palace dungeons . Immediately after the murder of Guise , Henry entered Catherine 's bedroom on the floor below and announced , " Please forgive me . Monsieur de Guise is dead . He will not be spoken of again . I have had him killed . I have done to him what he was going to do to me . " Catherine 's immediate reaction is not known ; but on Christmas Day , she told a friar , " Oh , wretched man ! What has he done ? ... Pray for him ... I see him rushing towards his ruin . " She visited her old friend Cardinal de Bourbon on 1 January 1589 to tell him she was sure he would soon be freed . He shouted at her , " Your words , Madam , have led us all to this butchery . " She left in tears .
On 5 January 1589 , Catherine died at the age of sixty @-@ nine
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, probably from pleurisy . L 'Estoile wrote : " those close to her believed that her life had been shortened by displeasure over her son 's deed . " He added that she had no sooner died than she was treated with as much consideration as a dead goat . Because Paris was held by enemies of the crown , Catherine had to be buried provisionally at Blois . Eight months later , Jacques Clément stabbed Henry III to death . At the time , Henry was besieging Paris with the King of Navarre , who would succeed him as Henry IV of France . Henry III 's assassination ended nearly three centuries of Valois rule and brought the Bourbon dynasty into power . Years later , Diane , daughter of Henry II and Philippa Duci , had Catherine 's remains reinterred in the Saint @-@ Denis basilica in Paris . In 1793 , a revolutionary mob tossed her bones into a mass grave with those of the other kings and queens .
Henry IV was later reported to have said of Catherine :
I ask you , what could a woman do , left by the death of her husband with five little children on her arms , and two families of France who were thinking of grasping the crown — our own [ the Bourbons ] and the Guises ? Was she not compelled to play strange parts to deceive first one and then the other , in order to guard , as she did , her sons , who successively reigned through the wise conduct of that shrewd woman ? I am surprised that she never did worse .
= = Patron of the arts = =
Catherine believed in the humanist ideal of the learned Renaissance prince whose authority depended on letters as well as arms . She was inspired by the example of her father @-@ in @-@ law , King Francis I of France , who had hosted the leading artists of Europe at his court , and by her Medici ancestors . In an age of civil war and declining respect for the monarchy , she sought to bolster royal prestige through lavish cultural display . Once in control of the royal purse , she launched a programme of artistic patronage that lasted for three decades . During this time , she presided over a distinctive late French Renaissance culture in all branches of the arts .
An inventory drawn up at the Hôtel de la Reine after Catherine 's death shows her to have been a keen collector . Listed works of art included tapestries , hand @-@ drawn maps , sculptures , rich fabrics , ebony furniture inlaid with ivory , sets of china , and Limoges pottery . There were also hundreds of portraits , for which a vogue had developed during Catherine 's lifetime . Many portraits in her collection were by Jean Clouet ( 1480 – 1541 ) and his son François Clouet ( c . 1510 – 1572 ) . François Clouet drew and painted portraits of all Catherine 's family and of many members of the court . After Catherine 's death , a decline in the quality of French portraiture set in . By 1610 , the school patronised by the late Valois court and brought to its pinnacle by François Clouet had all but died out .
Beyond portraiture , little is known about the painting at Catherine de ' Medici 's court . In the last two decades of her life , only two painters stand out as recognisable personalities : Jean Cousin the Younger ( c . 1522 – c . 1594 ) , few of whose works survive , and Antoine Caron ( c . 1521 – 1599 ) , who became Catherine 's official painter after working at Fontainebleau under Primaticcio . Caron 's vivid Mannerism , with its love of ceremonial and its preoccupation with massacres , reflects the neurotic atmosphere of the French court during the Wars of Religion .
Many of Caron 's paintings , such as those of the Triumphs of the Seasons ' , " are of allegorical subjects that echo the festivities for which Catherine 's court was famous . His designs for the Valois Tapestries celebrate the fêtes , picnics , and mock battles of the " magnificent " entertainments hosted by Catherine . They depict events held at Fontainebleau in 1564 ; at Bayonne in 1565 for the summit meeting with the Spanish court ; and at the Tuileries in 1573 for the visit of the Polish ambassadors who presented the Polish crown to Catherine 's son Henry of Anjou . Biographer Leonie Frieda suggests that " Catherine , more than anyone , inaugurated the fantastic entertainments for which later French monarchs also became renowned " .
The musical shows in particular allowed Catherine to express her creative gifts . They were usually dedicated to the ideal of peace in the realm and based on mythological themes . To create the necessary dramas , music , and scenic effects for these events , Catherine employed the leading artists and architects of the day . Historian Frances Yates has called her " a great creative artist in festivals . " Catherine gradually introduced changes to the traditional entertainments : for example , she increased the prominence of dance in the shows that climaxed each series of entertainments . A distinctive new art form , the ballet de cour , emerged from these creative advances . Owing to its synthesis of dance , music , verse , and setting , the production of the Ballet Comique de la Reine in 1581 is regarded by scholars as the first authentic ballet .
Catherine de ' Medici 's great love among the arts was architecture . " As the daughter of the Medici , " suggests French art historian Jean @-@ Pierre Babelon , " she was driven by a passion to build and a desire to leave great achievements behind her when she died . " After Henry II 's death , Catherine set out to immortalise her husband 's memory and to enhance the grandeur of the Valois monarchy through a series of costly building projects . These included work on châteaux at Montceaux @-@ en @-@ Brie , Saint @-@ Maur @-@ des @-@ Fossés , and Chenonceau . Catherine built two new palaces in Paris : the Tuileries and the Hôtel de la Reine . She was closely involved in the planning and supervising of all her architectural schemes .
Catherine had emblems of her love and grief carved into the stonework of her buildings . Poets lauded her as the new Artemisia , after Artemisia II of Caria , who built the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus as a tomb for her dead husband . As the centrepiece of an ambitious new chapel , she commissioned a magnificent tomb for Henry at the basilica of Saint Denis . It was designed by Francesco Primaticcio ( 1504 – 1570 ) , with sculpture by Germain Pilon ( 1528 – 1590 ) . Art historian Henri Zerner has called this monument " the last and most brilliant of the royal tombs of the Renaissance . " Catherine also commissioned Germain Pilon to carve the marble sculpture that contains Henry II 's heart . A poem by Ronsard , engraved on its base , tells the reader not to wonder that so small a vase can hold so large a heart , since Henry 's real heart resides in Catherine 's breast .
Although Catherine spent ruinous sums on the arts , most of her patronage left no permanent legacy . The end of the Valois dynasty so soon after her death brought a change in priorities .
= = = Culinary Legend = = =
The legend that Catherine de ’ Medici introduced a long list of foods , techniques and utensils from Italy to France for the first time is a myth routinely discredited by most food historians . Items whose introduction to France have been attributed to Catherine include the dinner fork , parsley , the artichoke , lettuce , broccoli , the garden pea , pasta , Parmesan , as well as the turkey and tomato of the New World . She has also received credit for introducing sauces and a variety of dishes such as duck à l ’ orange and deviled eggs .
Barbara Ketcham Wheaton and Stephen Mennell provided the definitive arguments against these claims . They point out that Catherine ’ s father @-@ in @-@ law , François I of France , and the flower of the French aristocracy had dined at some of Italy ’ s most élite tables during the king ’ s Italian campaigns ( and that an earlier generation had done so during Charles VIII of France ’ s invasion of 1494 ) ; that a vast Italian entourage had visited France for the wedding of Catherine de ’ Medici ’ s father to her French @-@ born mother ; and that she had little influence at court until her husband ’ s death because he was so besotted by his mistress , Diane de Poitiers . In fact , a large population of Italians — bankers , silk @-@ weavers , philosophers , musicians , and artists , including Leonardo da Vinci — had emigrated to France to promote the burgeoning Renaissance . Nevertheless , popular culture frequently attributes Italian culinary influence and forks in France to Catherine .
The earliest known reference to Catherine as the popularizer of Italian culinary innovation is the entry for " cuisine " in Diderot and d ’ Alembert ’ s Encyclopédie published in 1754 , which describes haute cuisine as decadent and effeminate and explains that fussy sauces and fancy fricassees arrived in France via " that crowd of corrupt Italians who served at the court of Catherine de ’ Medici . "
= = Links to the occult = =
Catherine de Medici has been labelled a " sinister Queen … noted for her interest in the occult arts " . To some , Catherine and Henry 's inability to produce an heir for the first ten years of their marriage gave rise to suspicion of witchcraft . Labouvie suggested that women 's power was believed to be the ability to create and sustain life , whilst witches were believed to have the opposite power ; that of attacking health , life and fertility . An infertile woman , and in particular an infertile Queen , was therefore regarded as ' unnatural ' and a small step from supernatural . Elizabeth I was treated with similar suspicion - she too entertained questionable characters ( such as her advisor , John Dee ) , and produced no official heir . Essentially , however , there exists no concrete proof that either woman took part in the Occult , and it is now believed that Catherine 's trouble in providing an heir was in fact due to Henry II 's penile deformity .
Suspicion was fuelled to some degree by her entertainment of questionable characters at court - for example , the reputed seer Nostradamus , who was rumoured to have created a talisman for Catherine , made from a mixture of metals , goat blood and human blood . Catherine also gave patronage to the Ruggeri brothers , who were renowned astrologers , but were also known for their involvement in necromancy and the black arts . Cosimo Ruggeri , in particular , was believed to be Catherine 's own " trusted necromancer , and specialist in the dark arts " , although there is not a great deal of surviving documentation to tell of his life . Though some suggest that they were simply magicians , for many living in Italy at the time , the distinction between ' magician ' and ' witch ' was unclear . Entertaining individuals that appeared to subvert the natural religious order during the most intense period of witch hunting and a time of great religious conflict was therefore an easy way to arouse suspicion .
Catherine herself had been educated in astrology and astronomy . Though these were largely considered respectable subjects , Catherine 's biographer Leonie Frieda believes that it was her fascination with these subjects that has earned her the reputation history and her peers accorded her . Indeed , it has been suggested that Catherine educated her son , Henry III , in the dark arts , and that " the two devoted themselves to sorceries that were scandals of the age " . As a result , some ( more extreme ) authors believe Catherine to be the creator of the Black Mass , a Satanic inversion of the traditional Catholic Mass , although there is little to prove this aside from Jean Bodin 's account in his book De la démonomanie des sorciers . Nevertheless , Catherine was never formally accused or prosecuted despite the fact that her reign experienced the greatest number of prosecutions for Witchcraft in Italy . This lends some weight to the suggestion that people were labelled ' witches ' simply because they did not act the way a woman should ( humble and grateful ) , or simply to suit personal agendas . This may be particularly true for Catherine as an Italian woman ruling in France ; several historians argue that she was disliked by her French subjects , who labelled her " the Italian woman " . In any event , the rumours have made a mark on Catherine 's reputation over time , and there are now many dramaticised works about her involvement in the Occult .
= = Issue = =
Catherine de ' Medici married Henry , Duke of Orléans , the future Henry II of France , in Marseille on 28 October 1533 . She gave birth to ten children , seven of whom survived to adulthood . Her three oldest sons became king of France ; two of her daughters married kings ; and one married a duke . Catherine outlived all her children except Henry III , who died seven months after her , and Margaret , who inherited her robust health .
Francis II , King of France ( 19 January 1544 – 5 December 1560 ) . Married Mary , Queen of Scots , in 1558 .
Elizabeth ( 2 April 1545 – 3 October 1568 ) . Married Philip
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in 1912 , the school moved to nearby Tarrytown and then to Cooperstown . The Knox School moved to St. James , on Long Island , in 1954 . The only remaining feature of the Poughkeepsie building is a stone retaining wall in front of the current building , built in 1925 by Oscar Vatet for Rufus P. Johnston ( pastor of John D. Rockefeller 's Fifth Avenue Baptist Church ) . The building , later occupied by Arthur O 'Connor , Cognitronics , and Frank B. Hall , is currently an unused part of Briarcliff Corporate Campus .
= = Farm status = =
Most of the Pine Plains farmland is occupied by Berkshire Stud , a Thoroughbred breeding farm which purchased 550 acres ( 220 ha ) beginning in 1983 , and the Mashomack Polo Club ( which owns the farmhouse on Halcyon Lake ) . The farm 's creamery and several barns ( some built during the 19th century ) still stand at the polo club , and have been used since the 1980s for stables , farm @-@ equipment storage and the raising of sporting birds . The barns also housed the Triangle Arts Association ( part of the Triangle Arts Trust ) from 1982 to 1993 .
In Briarcliff Manor , part of the original Stillman farmhouse survives as the rectory of St. Theresa 's Catholic Church and several employee wood @-@ framed cottages still stand on Dalmeny and Old Briarcliff Roads . Similar houses are on South State , Pleasantville , and Poplar Roads . The farm 's dairy building is owned by Consolidated Edison ; the company also owns a nearby building which formerly housed the Briarcliff Manor Light and Power Company . The Plasmon Company of America 's Woodside Avenue factory is now an automotive restoration facility .
= = Gallery = =
= The Simpsons : Hit & Run =
The Simpsons : Hit & Run is an action @-@ adventure video game based on the American animated sitcom The Simpsons , developed by Radical Entertainment and published by Vivendi Universal Games . It was released for the PlayStation 2 , Xbox , GameCube and Microsoft Windows on September 16 , 2003 . The game was an Xbox exclusive in Japan . The story and dialogue were crafted by writers from The Simpsons , with all character voices supplied by the actual cast .
The game follows the Simpson family , who witness many strange incidents that occur in Springfield : security cameras , mysterious vans , crop circles , and a " new and improved " flavor of the popular soft drink Buzz Cola ( which causes insanity ) . When the family takes matters into their own hands , along with the help of Apu , they discover numerous shocking secrets , and soon realize these incidents are part of a larger alien conspiracy .
The game received generally favorable reviews from video game critics . Praise focused on the interpretation of The Simpsons television series as a video game and its parodical take on Grand Theft Auto III , while criticism mostly surrounded some aspects of gameplay . The game received the award for Fave Video Game at the 2004 Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards . As of June 2007 , over three million copies of the game have been sold .
= = Gameplay = =
Hit & Run has seven levels , each with missions and sub @-@ plot . The player can only control one specific character in each level . The game 's playable characters are Homer , Bart , Lisa , Marge , and Apu . Homer and Bart are played as twice . When travelling by foot , the player character can walk , run , and perform three types of attacks : a normal kick , a jumping kick , and a smashing move . To drive , the player can either commandeer one of the vehicles that litter the road , a feature taken from Grand Theft Auto III , or use a phone booth to select a car . The game 's driving missions are also similar to those of Grand Theft Auto III . In both games , the player races against other characters , collects items before a timer runs out , and wrecks other cars .
The game has a sandbox @-@ style format that emphasizes driving , and the player controls their character from a third @-@ person view . The character can perform certain acts of violence , such as attacking pedestrians , blowing up vehicles , and destroying the environment . The Simpsons : Hit & Run has a warning meter that indicates when the police will retaliate for bad behaviour . Located in the bottom @-@ right corner of the screen , the circular " hit and run " meter fills up when the character runs people over or destroys objects , and decreases when they cease doing so . When full , several police cars chase the character for the duration of the hit and run .
Each level contains items the player can collect , such as coins , which can be gathered by either smashing Buzz Cola vending machines , Buzz Cola boxes or wasp cameras , the latter of which become more elusive as the game progresses . The coins can be used to buy new cars and outfits , some of which are required to progress through the game . The player can also collect Itchy and Scratchy cards . By collecting all 49 of them , seven in each level , the player unlocks a special The Itchy & Scratchy Show video . Several events can cause the player to lose coins ; because the character cannot die , injuries cause the player to lose coins . If the player is apprehended during a hit and run , they will be fined fifty coins .
= = Plot = =
Mysterious happenings are occurring in Springfield , including wasp @-@ shaped security cameras , mysterious black surveillance vans , crop circles , and a " new and improved " flavor of the popular soft drink Buzz Cola . A horde of these wasps descend upon the city at the beginning of the game . One enters the Simpsons ' home and is smashed by Homer , emitting coins . Homer picks up one of the coins , and watches a commercial for the new Buzz Cola on TV , hosted by Krusty the Clown , noticing the logo on the coin resembles that of Buzz Cola . Homer decides he must get Buzz Cola .
Homer at first goes to the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart and purchases Buzz Cola , then gets into more routine tasks , such as giving Lisa her science project or going to work . At the end of the day , Homer is sent home from work and watches a news report on TV , which informs him that the mysterious cameras and black vans are being spotted all across town . He notices one of the vans spying on him outside the house , and decides to pursue it , leading him to Mr. Burns ' mansion . Homer concludes that Mr. Burns is responsible , and goes to confront him . However , Burns reveals that the black vans were pizza delivery vans , and proceeds to fire and release his guard dogs on Homer .
The next day , Bart skips school in search of the new game , Bonestorm II . After evading Principal Skinner , he does tasks for certain people who give him a lead onto finding the game . The trail leads him to Professor Frink who , in turn for a few errands , lets Bart see the new Truckasaurus . Bart is nearly attacked by it , but escapes before disappearing in a tractor beam . Lisa attempts to find her brother by exploring the Squidport for clues . She learns from Grampa that black sedans that have been appearing around town are connected to Bart 's disappearance , she also learns from Chief Wiggum that government @-@ style agents have been appearing across the Squidport area . Lisa destroys the sedans , but finds them to be empty . After completing a task for the Sea Captain , she destroys a black limo but discovers Bart got out of it and boarded a ship . She finds Bart on the ship ; he appears to have memory loss and is mumbling unintelligibly , while occasionally mentioning the sedans and Buzz Cola .
Marge sets out to learn what has affected Bart. As she investigates a crop circle that recently appeared in Cletus Spuckler 's crop field , Grampa tells her that the crop circle resembles the Buzz Cola logo . Marge gives a can of the cola to Bart , which snaps him out of his stupor . Bart reveals that the new Buzz Cola is an alien mind @-@ control , which he was given while abducted . Marge decides to purge Springfield of cola trucks , but in spite of her efforts , the drink still maintains its popularity .
Inspired by Marge 's efforts , Apu sets out to discover the source of the cola , remorseful for selling it in the first place . After some unsuccessful leads , he finally comes across Snake Jailbird , who tells him that the cola trucks are registered to the Springfield Museum of Natural History . Apu and Bart get to the museum , where they find a meteor as the source of the cola . They eavesdrop on a conversation between aliens Kang and Kodos , who are masterminding a scheme . Apu and Bart learn that the wasp cameras are filming the antics of Springfield for an intergalactic reality show , Foolish Earthlings . The aliens are using the cola to make people insane , by which time Kang and Kodos will distribute laser guns among the populace to drive the town to a violent massacre sure to draw many viewers .
Apu refuses to help any further , so Bart takes it upon himself to foil Kang and Kodos ' plan . He asks Krusty for help , but Krusty informs Bart that he has already helped the Duff Brewery set up free laser gun stands around Springfield . Bart then goes to his father , Homer , for help , and the duo quickly pursue Kang and Kodos to the brewery . However , the aliens escape , and before departing , they reveal that they have already released Buzz Cola throughout Springfield 's water supply . As the cola seeps into the ground , it releases the un @-@ dead from the Springfield Cemetery , who invade Springfield .
On Halloween , when Homer collects supplies to protect his family and home from the marauding zombies , he decides to pursue a black sports car — which is a probe for the aliens ' ship — to the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant . There , he finds Professor Frink , who has discovered the aliens ' weakness : nuclear waste . He plans to use the alien ship 's tractor beam to suck up cars that are loaded with barrels of nuclear waste . After successfully loading Frink 's car , along with three more , into the aliens ' tractor beam , the ship explodes . The following day , Springfield is returned to normal , and Homer is seen as a celebrity among the viewers of Foolish Earthlings .
= = Development = =
The game 's developer , Radical Entertainment , received the rights to create games for The Simpsons franchise when they demonstrated a playable prototype . Radical released its first The Simpsons game in 2001 , called The Simpsons : Road Rage , a parody of the Crazy Taxi series of video games . After Road Rage was released , the development team for Hit & Run decided not to create a direct sequel to Road Rage ( although there are files in the game 's core that refers to it as " The Simpsons : Road Rage 2 " ) ; instead , Radical wanted to steer the franchise 's video game series in a different direction by giving the game engine a complete overhaul . The developers felt that everything else needed a new approach , while only the driving portion of Road Rage was worth keeping ; in Hit & Run , enhanced traffic artificial intelligence is introduced , which makes computer @-@ controlled vehicles react better to the player 's driving . The developers also decided to add an exploration element to the game to make players get out of the car and navigate the area on foot , so that the game offered a better experience of Springfield .
When developing the game 's graphics , the team decided to include landmarks from Springfield . The player is able to enter some of them , including the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart , Moe 's Tavern , Springfield Elementary School , and The Android 's Dungeon and Baseball Card Shop . During Hit & Run 's development , 20th Century Fox , Gracie Films and Matt Groening , the creator of The Simpsons , played important roles in bringing The Simpsons universe into a 3D environment . All character voices were supplied by the actual cast , and the series ' writers wrote the entire story for the game , including dialogue . Tim Ramage , the associate producer of the game 's publisher , Vivendi Universal Games , considered it a blessing to have the opportunity of working with The Simpsons cast , along with the writers , whom Ramage called " the best there is [ sic ] " .
= = Reception = =
The game was released by Vivendi Universal for the Nintendo GameCube , Xbox , PlayStation 2 , and Windows in the United States on September 16 , 2003 and in Europe on October 31 , 2003 . Several reviews considered Hit & Run to be the best Simpsons game to date , and it was given generally favorable reviews , receiving an aggregated score of 81 % from Metacritic for its Xbox version . Praise focused on the move from the Simpsons television series to the video game format , while criticism targeted some aspects of gameplay . Hit & Run won the award for Fave Video Game at the 2004 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards . Over one million copies of the game were sold as of June 2004 , and three million as of June 2007 .
A number of reviews complimented the transposition of the Simpsons television series to a video game . Game Informer and GameSpot commented on how well the game depicted the fictional city of Springfield from the television series , and called it the most accurate representation of Springfield ever put into a game . Official Xbox Magazine said that the game did the show justice , and Play Magazine felt that it was " essentially the show in real time " , summing up its review by calling the game a " truly great cross @-@ over product " . GameSpot thought that the humor that the game offered included many excellent self @-@ referential jokes , and TeamXbox concluded its review by predicting that the game would be extremely appealing to gamers , especially hardcore Simpsons fans . Entertainment newspaper Variety surmised that Hit & Run was the first Simpsons game to include humor comparable to what was in the television series .
Hit & Run 's parodical take on the Grand Theft Auto III video game was praised by several reviewers . It was considered to " deftly satirize Grand Theft Auto while being almost as entertaining " in a review by GameSpy , which suggested that Hit & Run improved several gameplay aspects that it borrowed from Grand Theft Auto , including instant mission restarts , a superior guidance system , and an easily accessible collection of vehicles . Official Xbox Magazine agreed that Hit & Run was an excellent game in its own right , and found the game to be a " brilliant " clone of Grand Theft Auto . The combination of the Simpsons universe with the gameplay of the Grand Theft Auto series was also praised by IGN as " pure brilliance " .
Positive reviews of Hit & Run focused on its graphics and gameplay . Play Magazine appreciated the virtual world that the game offered , describing it as " grandiose in its expanse and artistic rendering " . GameSpot found the gameplay to be very engaging . The game was found to be " very fun and very funny " by Zach Meston of GameSpy , and Game Informer called it " nothing short of astonishing " . Despite positive reactions , the game also had serious issues that were brought up in several reviews , which focused on the game 's bugs and glitches . Both TeamXbox and Game Revolution pointed out that Hit & Run had a few gameplay issues and graphical shortcomings that included strange artificial intelligence behaviour and a broken camera system , which they felt hindered the overall experience of the game .
= Nick Drake =
Nicholas Rodney " Nick " Drake ( 19 June 1948 – 25 November 1974 ) was an English singer @-@ songwriter and musician , known for his acoustic guitar @-@ based songs . He failed to find a wide audience during his lifetime , but his work has posthumously achieved wider notice and recognition . Drake signed to Island Records when he was 20 years old and was a student at the University of Cambridge , and released his debut album , Five Leaves Left , in 1969 . By 1972 , he had recorded two more albums — Bryter Layter and Pink Moon . Neither sold more than 5 @,@ 000 copies on initial release . Drake 's reluctance to perform live , or be interviewed , contributed to his lack of commercial success . No footage of the adult Drake has ever been released ; only still photographs and home footage from his childhood .
Drake suffered from major depression , and this was often reflected in his lyrics . On completion of his third album , 1972 's Pink Moon , he withdrew from both live performance and recording , retreating to his parents ' home in rural Warwickshire . On 25 November 1974 , at the age of 26 , Drake died from an overdose of approximately 30 amitriptyline pills , a prescribed antidepressant . His cause of death was determined to be suicide .
Drake 's music remained available through the mid @-@ 1970s , but the 1979 release of the retrospective album Fruit Tree allowed his back catalogue to be reassessed . By the mid @-@ 1980s Drake was being credited as an influence by such artists as Robert Smith , David Sylvian and Peter Buck . In 1985 , The Dream Academy reached the UK and US charts with " Life in a Northern Town " , a song written for and dedicated to Drake . By the early 1990s , he had come to represent a certain type of " doomed romantic " musician in the UK music press . His first biography was published in 1997 , followed in 1998 by the documentary film A Stranger Among Us .
= = Early life = =
Nick 's father , Rodney Shuttleworth Drake ( 1908 – 1988 ) , had moved to Rangoon , Burma , in the early 1930s to work as an engineer with the Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation . There , in 1934 , his father met the daughter of a senior member of the Indian Civil Service , Mary Lloyd ( 1916 – 1993 ) , known to her family as " Molly " . Rodney Drake proposed to her in 1936 , though they had to wait a year until she turned 21 before her family allowed them to marry . In 1950 they returned to England to live in Warwickshire at a house named Far Leys , in the prosperous commuter village of Tanworth @-@ in @-@ Arden just south of Birmingham , the city where Rodney Drake worked from 1952 as the Chairman and Managing Director of Wolseley Engineering . Nick Drake had an older sister , Gabrielle , who became a successful film and television actress . Both parents were musically inclined and each wrote pieces of music . Recordings of Molly Drake 's songs , which have come to light since her death , are remarkably similar in tone and outlook to the later work of her son . Mother and son shared a similar fragile vocal delivery and both Gabrielle and biographer Trevor Dann have noted a parallel sense of foreboding and fatalism in their music . Encouraged by his mother , Drake learned to play piano at an early age and began to compose songs which he recorded on a reel @-@ to @-@ reel tape recorder she kept in the family drawing room .
In 1957 , Drake was sent to Eagle House School , a preparatory boarding school in Berkshire . Five years later , he went to Marlborough College , a public school in Wiltshire , attended by his father , grandfather , and great @-@ grandfather . He developed an interest in sport , becoming an accomplished sprinter over 100 and 200 yards , representing the school 's Open Team in 1966 . He played rugby for the C1 House team and was appointed a House Captain in his last two terms . School friends recall Drake at this time as having been confident and " quietly authoritative " , while often aloof in his manner . His father Rodney remembered , " In one of his reports [ the headmaster ] said that none of us seemed to know him very well . All the way through with Nick . People didn 't know him very much . "
Drake played piano in the school orchestra , and learned clarinet and saxophone . He formed a band , The Perfumed Gardeners , with four schoolmates in 1964 or 1965 . With Drake on piano and occasional alto sax and vocals , the group performed Pye International R & B covers and jazz standards , as well as Yardbirds and Manfred Mann numbers . Chris de Burgh asked to join the band , but was rejected as his taste was seen as " too poppy " by the other members . Drake 's academic performance began to deteriorate , and while he had accelerated a year in Eagle House , at Marlborough he began to neglect his studies in favour of music . In 1963 he attained seven GCE O @-@ Levels , fewer than his teachers had been expecting , failing " Physics with Chemistry " , a fall @-@ back for students who struggled with science . In 1965 , Drake paid £ 13 for his first acoustic guitar , and was soon experimenting with open tuning and finger @-@ picking techniques .
In 1966 Drake enrolled at a tutorial college in Five Ways , Birmingham , from where he won a scholarship to study English literature at Fitzwilliam College , University of Cambridge . He delayed attendance to spend six months at the University of Aix @-@ Marseille , France , beginning in February 1967 . While in Aix , he began to practice guitar in earnest , and to earn money would often busk with friends in the town centre . Drake began to smoke cannabis , and that spring he travelled with friends to Morocco , because , according to travelling companion Richard Charkin , " that was where you got the best pot " . Drake most likely began using LSD while in Aix , and lyrics written during this period — in particular for the song " Clothes of Sand " — are suggestive of an interest in hallucinogens .
= = Cambridge = =
On returning to England , Drake moved into his sister 's flat in Hampstead , London , before enrolling at Cambridge University that October to study English Literature . His tutors found him to be a bright student , but unenthusiastic and unwilling to apply himself . He did not perform well at Cambridge and was awarded a third , the lowest honours @-@ pass . Dann notes that he had difficulty connecting with staff and fellow students alike , and points out that official matriculation photographs from this time reveal a sullen and unimpressing young man . Cambridge placed much emphasis on its rugby and cricket teams , yet by this time Drake had lost interest in playing sport , preferring to stay in his college room smoking cannabis , and listening to and playing music . According to fellow student ( now psychiatrist ) Brian Wells : " they were the rugger buggers and we were the cool people smoking dope . " In September 1967 , he met Robert Kirby , a music student who went on to orchestrate many of the string and woodwind arrangements for Drake 's first two albums . By this time , Drake had discovered the British and American folk music scenes , and was influenced by performers such as Bob Dylan , Josh White and Phil Ochs . He began performing in local clubs and coffee houses around London , and in February 1968 , while playing support to Country Joe and the Fish at the Roundhouse in Camden Town , made an impression on Ashley Hutchings , bass player with Fairport Convention . Hutchings recalls being impressed by Drake 's skill as a guitarist , but even more so by " the image . He looked like a star . He looked wonderful , he seemed to be 7 ft [ tall ] . "
Hutchings introduced Drake to the 25 @-@ year @-@ old American producer Joe Boyd , owner of the production and management company Witchseason Productions . The company was , at the time , licensed to Island Records , and Boyd , the man who had discovered Fairport Convention and been responsible for introducing John Martyn and The Incredible String Band to a mainstream audience , was a significant and respected figure on the UK folk scene . He and Drake formed an immediate bond , and the producer acted as a mentor to Drake throughout his career . A four @-@ track demo , recorded in Drake 's college room in the spring of 1968 , led Boyd to offer a management , publishing , and production contract to the 20 @-@ year @-@ old , and to initiate work on a debut album . According to Boyd :
In those days you didn 't have cassettes — he brought a reel @-@ to @-@ reel tape [ to me ] that he 'd done at home . Half way through the first song , I felt this was pretty special . And I called him up , and he came back in , and we talked , and I just said , " I 'd like to make a record . " He stammered , " Oh , well , yeah . Okay . " Nick was a man of few words .
In a 2004 interview , Drake 's friend Paul Wheeler remembered the excitement caused by his seeming big break , and recalled that the singer had already decided not to complete his third year at Cambridge .
= = Career = =
= = = Five Leaves Left = = =
Drake began recording his debut album Five Leaves Left later in 1968 , with Boyd assuming the role of producer . The sessions took place in Sound Techniques studio , London , with Drake skipping lectures to travel by train to the capital . Inspired by John Simon 's production of Leonard Cohen 's first album , Boyd was keen that Drake 's voice would be recorded in a similar close and intimate style , " with no shiny pop reverb " . He sought to include a string arrangement similar to Simon 's , " without overwhelming ... or sounding cheesy " . To provide backing , Boyd enlisted various contacts from the London folk rock scene , including Fairport Convention guitarist Richard Thompson and Pentangle bassist Danny Thompson ( no relation ) . He recruited John Wood as engineer , and drafted in Richard Hewson to provide the string arrangements .
Initial recordings did not go well : the sessions were irregular and rushed , taking place during studio downtime borrowed from Fairport Convention '
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s production of their Unhalfbricking album . Tension arose between artist and producer as to the direction the album should take : Boyd was an advocate of George Martin 's " using the studio as an instrument " approach , while Drake preferred a more organic sound . Dann has observed that Drake appears " tight and anxious " on bootleg recordings taken from the sessions , and notes a number of Boyd 's unsuccessful attempts at instrumentation . Both were unhappy with Hewson 's contribution , which they felt was too mainstream in sound for Drake 's songs . Drake suggested using his college friend Robert Kirby as a replacement . Though Boyd was skeptical about taking on an amateur music student lacking prior recording experience , he was impressed by Drake 's uncharacteristic assertiveness , and agreed to a trial . Kirby had previously presented Drake with some arrangements for his songs . However , Kirby did not feel confident enough to score the album 's centerpiece " River Man " , and Boyd was forced to stretch the Witchseason budget to hire the veteran composer Harry Robertson , with the instruction that he echo the tone of Delius and Ravel .
Post @-@ production difficulties led to the release being delayed by several months . It has been alleged that the album was poorly marketed and supported , though the inclusion of the opening track " Time Has Told Me " on the Island Records sampler Nice Enough to Eat brought him a very wide audience ( a track from his second album was likewise included on the subsequent sampler Bumpers ) . Drake was featured in full @-@ page interviews in the pop press . In July , Melody Maker referred to the album as " poetic " and " interesting " , though NME wrote in October that there was " not nearly enough variety to make it entertaining " . It received radio plays from the BBC 's more progressive disc @-@ jockeys such as John Peel and Bob Harris . Drake was unhappy with the inlay sleeve , which printed songs in the wrong running order and reproduced verses omitted from the recorded versions . In an interview his sister Gabrielle said : " He was very secretive . I knew he was making an album but I didn 't know what stage of completion it was at until he walked into my room and said , ' There you are . ' He threw it onto the bed and walked out ! "
= = = Bryter Layter = = =
Drake ended his studies at Cambridge nine months before graduation , and in autumn 1969 moved to London . His father remembered " writing him long letters , pointing out the disadvantages of going away from Cambridge ... a degree was a safety net , if you manage to get a degree , at least you have something to fall back on ; his reply to that was that a safety net was the one thing he did not want . " Drake spent his first few months in the capital drifting from place to place , occasionally staying at his sister 's Kensington flat , but usually sleeping on friends ’ sofas and floors . Eventually , in an attempt to bring some stability and a telephone into Drake 's life , Boyd organised and paid for a ground floor bedsit in Belsize Park , Camden .
In August 1969 Drake recorded five songs , only three of which ( " Cello Song " , " Three Hours " , and " Time of No Reply " ) were broadcast – for the BBC 's John Peel show . Two months later , he opened for Fairport Convention at the Royal Festival Hall in London , followed by appearances at folk clubs in Birmingham and Hull . Remembering the performance in Hull , folk singer Michael Chapman commented :
The folkies did not take to him ; [ they ] wanted songs with choruses . They completely missed the point . He didn 't say a word the entire evening . It was actually quite painful to watch . I don 't know what the audience expected , I mean , they must have known they weren 't going to get sea @-@ shanties and sing @-@ alongs at a Nick Drake gig !
The experience reinforced Drake 's decision to retreat from live appearances ; the few concerts he did play around this time were usually brief , awkward , and poorly attended . Drake seemed reluctant to perform and rarely addressed his audience . As many of his songs were played in different tunings , he frequently paused to retune between numbers .
Although the publicity generated by Five Leaves Left was minor , Boyd was keen to build on what momentum there was . 1971 's Bryter Layter , again produced by Boyd and engineered by Wood , introduced a more upbeat , jazzier sound . Disappointed by his debut 's poor commercial performance , Drake sought to move away from his pastoral sound , and agreed to his producer 's suggestions to include bass and drum tracks on the recordings . " It was more of a pop sound , I suppose , " Boyd later said . " I imagined it as more commercial . " Like its predecessor , the album featured musicians from Fairport Convention , as well as contributions from John Cale on two songs : " Northern Sky " and " Fly " . Trevor Dann has noted that while sections of " Northern Sky " sound more characteristic of Cale , the song was the closest Drake came to a release with chart potential . In his 1999 autobiography , Cale admits to using heroin during this period , and his older friend Brian Wells suspected that Drake was also using . Both Boyd and Wood were confident that the album would be a commercial success , but it sold fewer than 3 @,@ 000 copies . Reviews were again mixed : while Record Mirror praised Drake as a " beautiful guitarist — clean and with perfect timing , [ and ] accompanied by soft , beautiful arrangements " , Melody Maker described the album as " an awkward mix of folk and cocktail jazz " .
Soon after its release , Boyd sold Witchseason to Island Records , and moved to Los Angeles to work with Warner Brothers in the development of soundtracks for film . The loss of his key mentor , coupled with the album 's poor sales , led Drake to further retreat into depression . His attitude to London had changed : he was unhappy living alone , and visibly nervous and uncomfortable performing at a series of concerts in early 1970 . In June , Drake gave one of his final live appearances at Ewell Technical College , Surrey . Ralph McTell , who also performed that night , remembered that " Nick was monosyllabic . At that particular gig he was very shy . He did the first set and something awful must have happened . He was doing his song ' Fruit Tree ' and walked off halfway through it . Just left the stage . " His frustration turned to depression , and in 1971 Drake was persuaded by his family to visit a psychiatrist at St Thomas 's Hospital , London . He was prescribed a course of antidepressants , but felt uncomfortable and embarrassed about taking them , and tried to hide the fact from his friends . He knew enough about drugs to worry about their side effects , and was concerned about how they would react with his regular cannabis use .
= = = Pink Moon = = =
Island Records was keen on Drake promoting Bryter Layter through press interviews , radio sessions and live appearances . Drake , who by this time was smoking what Kirby has described as " unbelievable amounts " of cannabis and exhibiting " the first signs of psychosis " , refused . Disappointed by the reaction to Bryter Layter , he turned his thoughts inwards , and withdrew from family and friends . He rarely left his flat , and then only to play an occasional concert or to buy drugs . His sister recalled : " This was a very bad time . He once said to me that everything started to go wrong from [ this ] time on , and I think that was when things started to go wrong . "
Although Island neither expected nor wanted a third album , Drake approached Wood in October 1971 to begin work on what would be his final release . Sessions took place over two nights , with only Drake and Wood present in the studio . The bleak songs of Pink Moon are short , and the eleven @-@ track album lasts only 28 minutes , a length described by Wood as " just about right . You really wouldn 't want it to be any longer . " Drake had expressed dissatisfaction with the sound of Bryter Layter , and believed that the string , brass and saxophone arrangements had resulted in a sound that was " too full , too elaborate " . Drake appears on Pink Moon accompanied only by his own carefully recorded guitar save for a single piano overdub on the title track . Wood later said : " He was very determined to make this very stark , bare record . He definitely wanted it to be him more than anything . And I think , in some ways , Pink Moon is probably more like Nick is than the other two records . "
Drake delivered the tapes of Pink Moon to Chris Blackwell at Island Records , contrary to a popular legend which claims he dropped them off at the receptionist 's desk without saying a word . An advertisement for the album in Melody Maker in February opened with " Pink Moon — Nick Drake 's latest album : the first we heard of it was when it was finished . " Pink Moon sold fewer copies than either of its predecessors , although it received some favourable reviews . In Zigzag magazine , Connor McKnight wrote , " Nick Drake is an artist who never fakes . The album makes no concession to the theory that music should be escapist . It 's simply one musician 's view of life at the time , and you can 't ask for more than that . "
Blackwell felt Pink Moon had the potential to bring Drake to a mainstream audience ; however , his staff were disappointed by the artist 's unwillingness to undertake any promotional activity . A & R manager Muff Winwood recalls " tearing his hair out " in frustration , and admits that without Blackwell 's enthusiastic support , " the rest of us would have given him the boot . " Following persistent nagging from Boyd , Drake agreed to an interview with Jerry Gilbert of Sounds Magazine . The " shy and introverted folk singer " spoke of his dislike of live appearances and very little else . " There wasn 't any connection whatsoever " , Gilbert has said . " I don 't think he made eye contact with me once . " Disheartened and convinced he would be unable to write again , Drake decided to retire from music . He toyed with the idea of a different career , even considering the army .
= = Final years = =
In the months following Pink Moon 's release , Drake became increasingly asocial and distant from those close to him . He returned to live at his parents ' home in Tanworth @-@ in @-@ Arden , and while he resented the regression , he accepted that his illness made it necessary . " I don 't like it at home , " he told his mother , " but I can 't bear it anywhere else . " His return was often difficult for his family ; as his sister Gabrielle explained , " good days in my parents ' home were good days for Nick , and bad days were bad days for Nick . And that was what their life revolved around , really . "
He lived a frugal existence , his only source of income being a £ 20 @-@ a @-@ week retainer he received from Island Records . At one point he could not afford a new pair of shoes . He would often disappear for days , sometimes turning up unannounced at friends ' houses , uncommunicative and withdrawn . Robert Kirby described a typical visit : " He would arrive and not talk , sit down , listen to music , have a smoke , have a drink , sleep there the night , and two or three days later he wasn 't there , he 'd be gone . And three months later he 'd be back . " Nick 's supervision partner at Cambridge , John Venning , once saw him on a tube train in London and felt he was seriously clinically depressed . " There was something about him which suggested that he would have looked straight through me and not registered me at all . So I turned around . "
Referring to this period , John Martyn ( who in 1973 wrote the title song of his album Solid Air for and about Drake ) described him as the most withdrawn person he had ever met . He would borrow his mother 's car and drive for hours without purpose on occasion , until he ran out of petrol and had to ring his parents to ask to be collected . Friends have recalled the extent to which his appearance had changed . During particularly bleak periods of his illness , he refused to wash his hair or cut his nails . Early in 1972 , Drake had a nervous breakdown , and was hospitalized for five weeks .
In February 1974 , Drake contacted John Wood , stating he was ready to begin work on a fourth album . Boyd was in England at the time , and agreed to attend the recordings . The initial session was followed by further recordings in July . In his 2006 autobiography , the producer recalled being taken aback at Drake 's anger and bitterness : " [ He said that ] I had told him he was a genius , and others had concurred . Why wasn 't he famous and rich ? This rage must have festered beneath that inexpressive exterior for years . " Both Boyd and Wood noticed a discernible deterioration in Drake 's performance , requiring him to overdub his voice separately over the guitar . However , the return to Sound Techniques ' studio raised Drake 's spirits ; his mother later recalled , " We were so absolutely thrilled to think that Nick was happy because there hadn 't been any happiness in Nick 's life for years . "
= = = Death = = =
By autumn 1974 , Drake 's weekly retainer from Island had ceased , and his illness meant he remained in contact with only a few close friends . He had tried to stay in touch with Sophia Ryde , whom he had first met in London in 1968 . Ryde has been described by Drake 's biographers as " the nearest thing " to a girlfriend in his life , but she now prefers the description " best ( girl ) friend " . In a 2005 interview , Ryde revealed that a week before he died , she had sought to end the relationship : " I couldn 't cope with it . I asked him for some time . And I never saw him again . " As with the relationship he had earlier shared with fellow folk musician Linda Thompson , Drake 's relationship with Ryde was never consummated .
At some time during the night of 24 / 25 November 1974 , Nick Drake died at home in Far Leys , Tanworth @-@ in @-@ Arden , from an overdose of amitriptyline , a type of antidepressant . He had gone to bed early after spending the afternoon visiting a friend . His mother said that around dawn he left his room for the kitchen . His family was used to hearing him do this many times before but , during this instance , he did not make a sound . They presumed he was eating a bowl of cereal . He returned to his room a short while later , and took some pills " to help him sleep " . Drake was accustomed to keeping his own hours ; he frequently had difficulty sleeping and often stayed up through the night playing and listening to music , then slept late into the following morning . Recalling the events of the night , his mother later said : " I never used to disturb him at all . But it was about 12 o 'clock , and I went in , because really it seemed it was time he got up . And he was lying across the bed . The first thing I saw was his long , long legs . " There was no suicide note , although a letter addressed to Ryde was found close to his bed .
At the inquest in December , the coroner stated that the cause of death was as a result of " Acute amitriptyline poisoning — self @-@ administered when suffering from a depressive illness " , and concluded a verdict of suicide . Although the verdict has been disputed by some members of his family , there is a wide view that , accidental or not , Drake had by then " given up on life . " Rodney described his son 's death as unexpected and extraordinary ; however , in a 1979 interview he admitted to " always [ being ] worried about Nick being so depressed . We used to hide away the aspirin and pills and things like that . " Boyd has said that he prefers to believe the overdose was accidental . He recalled that Drake 's parents had described his mood in the preceding weeks as having been very positive , and that he had planned to move back to London to restart his music career . Boyd believes that this uplift in spirits was followed by a " crash back into despair " . Reasoning that Drake may have taken a high dosage of antidepressants to recapture this sense of optimism , he said he prefers to imagine Drake " making a desperate lunge for life rather than a calculated surrender to death " . Writing in 1975 , NME journalist Nick Kent comments on the irony of Drake 's death at a time when he had just begun to regain a sense of " personal balance " . In contrast , Gabrielle Drake has said she prefers to think her brother committed suicide , " in the sense that I 'd rather he died because he wanted to end it than it to be the result of a tragic mistake . That would seem to me to be terrible . "
On 2 December 1974 , after a service in the Church of St Mary Magdalene , Tanworth @-@ in @-@ Arden , Drake 's remains were cremated at Solihull Crematorium and his ashes later interred under an oak tree in the graveyard of St Mary 's . The funeral was attended by around fifty mourners , including friends from Marlborough , Aix , Cambridge , London , Witchseason , and Tanworth . Referring to Drake 's tendency to compartmentalise relationships , Brian Wells observed that many met each other for the first time that morning . His mother Molly recalled " a lot of his young friends came up here . We 'd never met many of them . "
= = Posthumous popularity = =
There were no documentaries or compilation albums in the wake of Drake 's death . His public profile remained low throughout the mid and late 1970s , although occasional mentions of his name appeared in the music press . By this time , his parents were receiving an increasing number of fans and admirers as visitors to the family home in Far Leys . Island Records , following a 1975 NME article written by Nick Kent , stated " we have no intention of repackaging Nick 's three albums ( which remained available ) , either now or at anytime in the foreseeable future " , but in 1979 Rob Partridge joined Island Records as press officer and commissioned the release of the Fruit Tree box set . Partridge was a fan of Drake 's , and had seen him perform early in 1969 : " The first thing I did when I got to Island was suggest we put together a retrospective — the studio albums plus whatever else was there . I wasn 't necessarily expecting massive vaults with millions of tunes , live recordings or whatever , but there was very little " . The release brought together the three studio albums as well as the four tracks recorded with Wood in 1974 and was accompanied by an extensive biography written by the American journalist Arthur Lubow . Although sales were poor , Island Records never deleted the three albums from its catalogue .
By the mid @-@ 1980s Drake was being cited as an influence by musicians such as R.E.M. ' s Peter Buck and Robert Smith of The Cure ; Smith credited the origin of his band 's name to a lyric from Drake 's song " Time Has Told Me " ( " a troubled cure for a troubled mind " ) . Drake gained further exposure in 1985 with the release of The Dream Academy 's hit single " Life in a Northern Town " , which included an on @-@ sleeve dedication to Drake . In 1986 the first biography of Drake was published , in Danish — it was eventually translated , updated with new interviews , and published in English in February 2012 . His reputation continued to grow , and by the end of the 1980s , his name was appearing regularly in newspapers and music magazines in the United Kingdom ; he had to many come to represent a " doomed romantic hero " . The first step in translating that reputation into record sales came with the release of the compilation album Way to Blue : An Introduction to Nick Drake in May 1994 .
Nick Drake 's first of many inclusions on film soundtracks came in 1995 when Noah Baumbach included " Time of No Reply " in his independent film Kicking and Screaming .
On 20 June 1998 , BBC Radio 2 broadcast a documentary entitled Fruit Tree : The Nick Drake Story , featuring interviews with Joe Boyd , John Wood , Gabrielle and Molly Drake , Paul Wheeler , Robert Kirby and Ashley Hutchings , and narrated by Danny Thompson . In early 1999 , BBC2 aired a 40 @-@ minute documentary , A Stranger Among Us — In Search of Nick Drake . The following year , Dutch director Jeroen Berkvens released the documentary A Skin Too Few : The Days of Nick Drake , featuring interviews with Boyd , Gabrielle Drake , Wood and Kirby . Later that year , The Guardian placed Bryter Layter at number 1 in its " Alternative Top 100 Albums Ever " list . In 2001 , American independent film director Allison Anders took the title of her harrowing autobiographical film Things Behind the Sun from the song on Drake 's Pink Moon album . The song was included in the soundtrack of the film . In November 2014 a biography of Drake was published by his sister Gabrielle .
To tie in with the release of the compilation album Made to Love Magic , an updated version of the documentary was broadcast on 22 May 2004 on Radio 2 , retitled Lost Boy : In Search of Nick Drake and featuring the same interview clips but with Thompson 's narration replaced by that of Brad Pitt , a self @-@ confessed Nick Drake fan . Two Nick Drake singles , " Magic " and " River Man " , which were released to coincide with the Made to Love Magic album , made the charts , a first for the artist 's work some thirty years after his death .
On 25 November 2014 , the 40th anniversary of Drake 's passing , journalist Alan Connor , writing for BBC 's Magazine Monitor , reviewed the biography Remembered for a While and argued that the " melancholy legend " does Drake 's music " a disservice " .
= = Musical and lyrical style = =
Drake was obsessive about practising his guitar technique , and would often stay up through the night experimenting with tunings and working on songs . His mother remembered hearing him " bumping around at all hours . I think he wrote his nicest melodies in the early @-@ morning hours . " Self @-@ taught , he achieved his guitar style through the use of alternative tunings to create cluster chords . These are difficult to achieve on a guitar using standard tuning ; Drake used tunings which made cluster chords available using more conventional chord shapes . In many songs he accents the dissonant effect of such non @-@ standard tunings through his vocal melodies .
Drake , who studied English literature at Cambridge , was particularly drawn to the works of William Blake , William Butler Yeats and Henry Vaughan , and his lyrics reflect such influences . Drake also employs a series of elemental symbols and codes , largely drawn from nature . The moon , stars , sea , rain , trees , sky , mist and seasons are all commonly used , influenced in part by his rural upbringing . Images related to summer figure centrally in his early work ; from Bryter Layter on , his language is more autumnal , evoking a season commonly used to convey senses of loss and sorrow . Throughout , Drake writes with detachment , more as an observer than participant , a point of view Rolling Stone 's Anthony DeCurtis described " as if he were viewing his life from a great , unbridgeable distance . "
This perceived inability to connect has led to much speculation about Drake 's sexuality . Boyd has said he detects a virginal quality in his lyrics and music , and notes that he never observed or heard of the singer behaving in a sexual way with anyone , male or female . Kirby described Drake 's lyrics as a " series of extremely vivid , complete observations , almost like a series of epigrammatic proverbs " , though he doubts that Drake saw himself as " any sort of poet " . Instead , Kirby believes that Drake 's lyrics were crafted to " complement and compound a mood that the melody dictates in the first place . "
= = Discography = =
Five Leaves Left ( 1969 )
Bryter Layter ( 1971 )
Pink Moon ( 1972 )
= Group ( mathematics ) =
In mathematics , a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set of elements equipped with an operation that combines any two elements to form a third element . The operation satisfies four conditions called the group axioms , namely closure , associativity , identity and invertibility . One of the most familiar examples of a group is the set of integers together with the addition operation , but the abstract formalization of the group axioms , detached as it is from the concrete nature of any particular group and its operation , applies much more widely . It allows entities with highly diverse mathematical origins in abstract algebra and beyond to be handled in a flexible way while retaining their essential structural aspects . The ubiquity of groups in numerous areas within and outside mathematics makes them a central organizing principle of contemporary mathematics .
Groups share a fundamental kinship with the notion of symmetry . For example , a symmetry group encodes symmetry features of a geometrical object : the group consists of the set of transformations that leave the object unchanged and the operation of combining two such transformations by performing one after the other . Lie groups are the symmetry groups used in the Standard Model of particle physics ; Poincaré groups , which are also Lie groups , can express the physical symmetry underlying special relativity ; and Point groups are used to help understand symmetry phenomena in molecular chemistry .
The concept of a group arose from the study of polynomial equations , starting with Évariste Galois in the 1830s . After contributions from other fields such as number theory and geometry , the group notion was generalized and firmly established around 1870 . Modern group theory — an active mathematical discipline — studies groups in their own right . To explore groups , mathematicians have devised various notions to break groups into smaller , better @-@ understandable pieces , such as subgroups , quotient groups and simple groups . In addition to their abstract properties , group theorists also study the different ways in which a group can be expressed concretely ( its group representations ) , both from a theoretical and a computational point of view . A theory has been developed for finite groups , which culminated with the classification of finite simple groups , completed in 2004 . Since the mid @-@ 1980s , geometric group theory , which studies finitely generated groups as geometric objects , has become a particularly active area in group theory .
= = Definition and illustration = =
= = = First example : the integers = = =
One of the most familiar groups is the set of integers Z which consists of the numbers
... , − 4 , − 3 , − 2 , − 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , ... , together with addition .
The following properties of integer addition serve as a model for the abstract group axioms given in the definition below .
For any two integers a and b , the sum a + b is also an integer . That is , addition of integers always yields an integer . This property is known as closure under addition .
For all integers a , b and c , ( a + b ) + c
= a + ( b + c ) . Expressed in words , adding a to b first , and then adding the result to c gives the same final result as adding a to the sum of b and c , a property known as associativity .
If a is any integer , then 0 + a =
a + 0
= a . Zero is called the identity element of addition because adding it to any integer returns the same integer .
For every integer a , there is an integer b such that a + b =
b + a = 0 . The integer b is called the inverse element of the integer a and is denoted − a .
The integers , together with the operation + , form a mathematical object belonging to a broad class sharing similar structural aspects . To appropriately understand these structures as a collective , the following abstract definition is developed .
= = = Definition = = =
A group is a set , G , together with an operation • ( called the group law of G ) that combines any two elements a and b to form another element , denoted a • b or ab . To qualify as a group , the set and operation , ( G , • ) , must satisfy four requirements known as the group axioms :
Closure
For all a , b in G , the result of the operation , a • b , is also in G.
Associativity
For all a , b and c in G , ( a • b ) • c
= a • ( b • c ) .
Identity element
There exists an element e in G , such that for every element a in G , the equation e • a =
a • e
= a holds . Such an element is unique ( see below ) , and thus one speaks of the identity element .
Inverse element
For each a in G , there exists an element b in G , commonly denoted a − 1 ( or − a , if the operation is denoted " + " ) , such that a • b =
b • a
= e , where e is the identity element .
The result of an operation may depend on the order of the operands . In other words , the result of combining element a with element b need not yield the same result as combining element b with element a ; the equation
a • b =
b • a
may not always be true . This equation always holds in the group of integers under addition , because a + b
= b + a for any two integers ( commutativity of addition ) . Groups for which the commutativity equation a • b =
b • a always holds are called abelian groups ( in honor of Niels Henrik Abel ) . The symmetry group described in the following section is an example of a group that is not abelian .
The identity element of a group G is often written as 1 or 1G , a notation inherited from the multiplicative identity . If a group is abelian , then one may choose to denote the group operation by + and the identity element by 0 ; in that case , the group is called an additive group . The identity element can also be written as id .
The set G is called the underlying set of the group ( G , • ) . Often the group 's underlying set G is used as a short name for the group ( G , • ) . Along the same lines , shorthand expressions such as " a subset of the group G " or " an element of group G " are used when what is actually meant is " a subset of the underlying set G of the group ( G , • ) " or " an element of the underlying set G of the group ( G , • ) " . Usually , it is clear from the context whether a symbol like G refers to a group or to an underlying set .
= = = Second example : a symmetry group = = =
Two figures in the plane are congruent if one can be changed into the other using a combination of rotations , reflections , and translations . Any figure is congruent to itself . However , some figures are congruent to themselves in more than one way , and these extra congruences are called symmetries . A square has eight symmetries . These are :
the identity operation leaving everything unchanged , denoted id ;
rotations of the square around its center by 90 ° clockwise , 180 ° clockwise , and 270 ° clockwise , denoted by r1 , r2 and r3 , respectively ;
reflections about the vertical and horizontal middle line ( fh and fv ) , or through the two diagonals ( fd and fc ) .
These symmetries are represented by functions . Each of these functions sends a point in the square to the corresponding point under the symmetry . For example , r1 sends a point to its rotation 90 ° clockwise around the square 's center , and fh sends a point to its reflection across the square 's vertical middle line . Composing two of these symmetry functions gives another symmetry function . These symmetries determine a group called the dihedral group of degree 4 and denoted D4 . The underlying set of the group is the above set of symmetry functions , and the group operation is function composition . Two symmetries are combined by composing them as functions , that is , applying the first one to the square , and the second one to the result of the first application . The result of performing first a and then b is written symbolically from right to left as
b • a ( " apply the symmetry b after performing the symmetry a " ) .
The right @-@ to @-@ left notation is the same notation that is used for composition of functions .
The group table on the right lists the results of all such compositions possible . For example , rotating by 270 ° clockwise ( r3 ) and then reflecting horizontally ( fh ) is the same as performing a reflection along the diagonal ( fd ) . Using the above symbols , highlighted in blue in the group table :
fh • r3
= fd .
Given this set of symmetries and the described operation , the group axioms can be understood as follows :
In contrast to the group of integers above , where the order of the operation is irrelevant , it does matter in D4 : fh • r1 =
fc but r1 • fh = fd . In other words , D4 is not abelian , which makes the group structure more difficult than the integers introduced first .
= = History = =
The modern concept of an abstract group developed out of several fields of mathematics . The original motivation for group theory was the quest for solutions of polynomial equations of degree higher than 4 . The 19th @-@ century French mathematician Évariste Galois , extending prior work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph @-@ Louis Lagrange , gave a criterion for the solvability of a particular polynomial equation in terms of the symmetry group of its roots ( solutions ) . The elements of such a Galois group correspond to certain permutations of the roots . At first , Galois ' ideas were rejected by his contemporaries , and published only posthumously . More general permutation groups were investigated in particular by Augustin Louis Cauchy . Arthur Cayley 's On the theory of groups , as depending on the symbolic equation θn = 1 ( 1854 ) gives the first abstract definition of a finite group .
Geometry was a second field in which groups were used systematically , especially symmetry groups as part of Felix Klein 's 1872 Erlangen program . After novel geometries such as hyperbolic and projective geometry had emerged , Klein used group theory to organize them in a more coherent way . Further advancing these ideas , Sophus Lie founded the study of Lie groups in 1884 .
The third field contributing to group theory was number theory . Certain abelian group structures had been used implicitly in Carl Friedrich Gauss ' number @-@ theoretical work Disquisitiones Arithmeticae ( 1798 ) , and more explicitly by Leopold Kronecker . In 1847 , Ernst Kummer made early attempts to prove Fermat 's Last Theorem by developing groups describing factorization into prime numbers .
The convergence of these various sources into a uniform theory of groups started with Camille Jordan 's Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques ( 1870 ) . Walther von Dyck ( 1882 ) introduced the idea of specifying a group by means of generators and relations , and was also the first to give an axiomatic definition of an " abstract group " , in the terminology of the time . As of the 20th century , groups gained wide recognition by the pioneering work of Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and William Burnside , who worked on representation theory of finite groups , Richard Brauer 's modular representation theory and Issai Schur 's papers . The theory of Lie groups , and more generally locally compact groups was studied by
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to 25 ° C ( 57 to 77 ° F ) , and average temperatures in April range from 25 to 35 ° C ( 77 to 95 ° F ) . July is on average the wettest month : over 330 mm ( 13 in ) of rain falls on the delta .
= = = Tropical dry = = =
A tropical arid and semi @-@ arid climate dominates regions where the rate of moisture loss through evapotranspiration exceeds that from precipitation ; it is subdivided into three climatic subtypes- tropical semi @-@ arid steppe , arid climate , tropical and sub @-@ tropical steppe climate .
1 ) The first , a tropical semi @-@ arid steppe climate , ( Hot semi @-@ arid climate ) predominates over a long stretch of land south of Tropic of Cancer and east of the Western Ghats and the Cardamom Hills . The region , which includes Karnataka , inland Tamil Nadu , western Andhra Pradesh , and central Maharashtra , gets between 400 – 750 millimetres ( 15 @.@ 7 – 29 @.@ 5 in ) annually . It is drought @-@ prone , as it tends to have less reliable rainfall due to sporadic lateness or failure of the southwest monsoon . Karnataka is divided into three zones – coastal , north interior and south interior . Of these , the coastal zone receives the heaviest rainfall with an average rainfall of about 3 @,@ 638 @.@ 5 mm per annum , far in excess of the state average of 1 @,@ 139 mm ( 45 in ) . In contrast to norm , Agumbe in the Shivamogga district receives the second highest annual rainfall in India . North of the Krishna River , the summer monsoon is responsible for most rainfall ; to the south , significant post @-@ monsoon rainfall also occurs in October and November . In December , the coldest month , temperatures still average around 20 – 24 ° C ( 68 – 75 ° F ) . The months between March to May are hot and dry ; mean monthly temperatures hover around 32 ° C , with 320 millimetres ( 13 in ) precipitation . Hence , without artificial irrigation , this region is not suitable for permanent agriculture .
2 ) Most of western Rajasthan experiences an arid climatic regime ( Hot desert climate ) . Cloudbursts are responsible for virtually all of the region 's annual precipitation , which totals less than 300 millimetres ( 11 @.@ 8 in ) . Such bursts happen when monsoon winds sweep into the region during July , August , and September . Such rainfall is highly erratic ; regions experiencing rainfall one year may not see precipitation for the next couple of years or so . Atmospheric moisture is largely prevented from precipitating due to continuous downdrafts and other factors . The summer months of May and June are exceptionally hot ; mean monthly temperatures in the region hover around 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) , with daily maxima occasionally topping 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) . During winters , temperatures in some areas can drop below freezing due to waves of cold air from Central Asia . There is a large diurnal range of about 14 ° C ( 25 @.@ 2 ° F ) during summer ; this widens by several degrees during winter .
To the west , in Gujarat , diverse climate conditions obtain . The winters are mild , pleasant , and dry with average daytime temperatures around 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) and nights around 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) with virtually full sun and clear nights . Summers are hot and dry with daytime temperatures around 41 ° C ( 106 ° F ) and nights no lower than 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) . In the weeks before the monsoon temperatures are similar to the above , but high humidity makes the air more uncomfortable . Relief comes with the monsoon . Temperatures are around 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) but humidity is very high ; nights are around 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) . Most of the rainfall occurs in this season , and the rain can cause severe floods . The sun is often occluded during the monsoon season .
3 ) East of the Thar Desert , the Punjab @-@ Haryana @-@ Kathiawar region experiences a tropical and sub @-@ tropical steppe climate . Haryana 's climate resembles other states of the northern plains : extreme summer heat of up to 50 ° C and winter cold as low as 1 ° C. May and June are hottest ; December and January are coldest . Rainfall is varied , with the Shivalik Hills region being the wettest and the Aravali Hills region being the driest . About 80 % of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season of July – September , which can cause flooding . The Punjabi climate is also governed by extremes of hot and cold . Areas near the Himalayan foothills receive heavy rainfall whereas those eloigned from them are hot and dry . Punjab 's three @-@ season climate sees summer months that spans from mid @-@ April to the end of June . Temperatures typically range from – 2 ° C to 40 ° C , but can reach 47 ° C ( 117 ° F ) in summer and − 4 ° C in winter . The zone , a transitional climatic region separating tropical desert from humid sub @-@ tropical savanna and forests , experiences temperatures that are less extreme than those of the desert . Average annual rainfall is 300 – 650 millimetres ( 11 @.@ 8 – 25 @.@ 6 in ) , but is very unreliable ; as in much of the rest of India , the southwest monsoon accounts for most precipitation . Daily summer temperature maxima rise to around 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) ; this results in natural vegetation typically comprises short , coarse grasses .
= = = Subtropical humid = = =
Most of Northeast India and much of North India are subject to a humid subtropical climate . Though they experience hot summers , temperatures during the coldest months may fall as low as 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . Due to ample monsoon rains , India has only one subtype of this climate under the Köppen system : Cwa . In most of this region , there is very little precipitation during the winter , owing to powerful anticyclonic and katabatic ( downward @-@ flowing ) winds from Central Asia .
Humid subtropical regions are subject to pronounced dry winters . Winter rainfall — and occasionally snowfall — is associated with large storm systems such as " Nor 'westers " and " Western disturbances " ; the latter are steered by westerlies towards the Himalayas . Most summer rainfall occurs during powerful thunderstorms associated with the southwest summer monsoon ; occasional tropical cyclones also contribute . Annual rainfall ranges from less than 1 @,@ 000 millimetres ( 39 in ) in the west to over 2 @,@ 500 millimetres ( 98 in ) in parts of the northeast . As most of this region is far from the ocean , the wide temperature swings more characteristic of a continental climate predominate ; the swings are wider than in those in tropical wet regions , ranging from 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) in north @-@ central India to 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) in the east .
= = = Mountain = = =
India 's northernmost areas are subject to a montane , or alpine , climate . In the Himalayas , the rate at which an air mass 's temperature falls per kilometre ( 3 @,@ 281 ft ) of altitude gained ( the dry adiabatic lapse rate ) is 9 @.@ 8 ° C / km . In terms of environmental lapse rate , ambient temperatures fall by 6 @.@ 5 ° C ( 11 @.@ 7 ° F ) for every 1 @,@ 000 metres ( 3 @,@ 281 ft ) rise in altitude . Thus , climates ranging from nearly tropical in the foothills to tundra above the snow line can coexist within several hundred metres of each other . Sharp temperature contrasts between sunny and shady slopes , high diurnal temperature variability , temperature inversions , and altitude @-@ dependent variability in rainfall are also common .
The northern side of the western Himalayas , also known as the trans @-@ Himalayan belt , has a cold desert climate . It is a region of barren , arid , frigid and wind @-@ blown wastelands . Areas south of the Himalayas are largely protected from cold winter winds coming in from the Asian interior . The leeward side ( northern face ) of the mountains receives less rain .
The southern slopes of the western Himalayas , well @-@ exposed to the monsoon , get heavy rainfall . Areas situated at elevations of 1 @,@ 070 – 2 @,@ 290 metres ( 3 @,@ 510 – 7 @,@ 510 ft ) receive the heaviest rainfall , which decreases rapidly at elevations above 2 @,@ 290 metres ( 7 @,@ 513 ft ) . Most precipitation occurs as snowfall during the late winter and spring months.The Himalayas experience their heaviest snowfall between December and February and at elevations above 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 4 @,@ 921 ft ) . Snowfall increases with elevation by up to several dozen millimetres per 100 metre ( ~ 2 in ; 330 ft ) increase . Elevations above 6 @,@ 000 metres ( 19 @,@ 685 ft ) never experience rain ; all precipitation falls as snow .
= = Seasons = =
The India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) designates four climatological seasons :
Winter , occurring from December to March . The year 's coldest months are December and January , when temperatures average around 10 – 15 ° C ( 50 – 59 ° F ) in the northwest ; temperatures rise as one proceeds towards the equator , peaking around 20 – 25 ° C ( 68 – 77 ° F ) in mainland India 's southeast .
Summer or pre @-@ monsoon season , lasting from April to June ( April to July in northwestern India ) . In western and southern regions , the hottest month is April ; for northern regions of India , May is the hottest month . Temperatures average around 32 – 40 ° C ( 90 – 104 ° F ) in most of the interior .
Monsoon or rainy season , lasting from July to September . The season is dominated by the humid southwest summer monsoon , which slowly sweeps across the country beginning in late May or early June . Monsoon rains begin to recede from North India at the beginning of October . South India typically receives more rainfall .
Post @-@ monsoon or autumn season , lasting from October to November . In the northwest of India , October and November are usually cloudless . Tamil Nadu receives most of its annual precipitation in the northeast monsoon season .
The Himalayan states , being more temperate , experience an additional season , spring , which coincides with the first weeks of summer in southern India . Traditionally , Indians note six seasons or Ritu , each about two months long . These are the spring season ( Sanskrit : vasanta ) , summer ( grīṣma ) , monsoon season ( varṣā ) , autumn ( śarada ) , winter ( hemanta ) , and prevernal season ( śiśira ) . These are based on the astronomical division of the twelve months into six parts . The ancient Hindu calendar also reflects these seasons in its arrangement of months .
= = = Winter = = =
Once the monsoons subside , average temperatures gradually fall across India . As the Sun 's vertical rays move south of the equator , most of the country experiences moderately cool weather ; temperatures change by about per degree of latitude . December and January are the coldest months , with mean temperatures of in Indian Himalayas . Mean temperatures are higher in the east and south .
In northwestern India region , virtually cloudless conditions prevail in October and November , resulting in wide diurnal temperature swings ; as in much of the Deccan Plateau , they register at 16 – 20 ° C ( 61 – 68 ° F ) . However , from January to February , " western disturbances " bring heavy bursts of rain and snow . These extra @-@ tropical low @-@ pressure systems originate in the eastern Mediterranean Sea . They are carried towards India by the subtropical westerlies , which are the prevailing winds blowing at North India 's range of latitude . Once their passage is hindered by the Himalayas , they are unable to proceed further , and they release significant precipitation over the southern Himalayas .
There is a huge variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh due to variation in altitude ( 450 – 6500 metres ) . The climate varies from hot and sub @-@ humid tropical ( 450 – 900 metres ) in the southern low tracts , warm and temperate ( 900 – 1800 metres ) , cool and temperate ( 1900 – 2400 metres ) and cold glacial and alpine ( 2400 – 4800 metres ) in the northern and eastern high elevated mountain ranges . By October , nights and mornings are very cold . Snowfall at elevations of nearly 3000 m is about 3 m and lasts from December start to March end . Elevations above 4500 m support perpetual snow . The spring season starts from mid February to mid April . The weather is pleasant and comfortable in the season . The rainy season starts at the end of the month of June . The landscape lushes green and fresh . During the season streams and natural springs are replenished . The heavy rains in July and August cause a lot of damage resulting in erosion , floods and landslides . Out of all the state districts , Dharamsala receives the highest rainfall , nearly about 3 @,@ 400 mm ( 134 in ) . Spiti is the driest area of the state , where annual rainfall is below 50 mm . The six Himalayan states ( Jammu and Kashmir in the extreme north , Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , Sikkim , Northern West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh ) experience heavy snowfall , Manipur and Nagaland are not located in the Himalayas but experience snowfall ; in Jammu and Kashmir , blizzards occur regularly , disrupting travel and other activities .
The rest of North India , including the Indo @-@ Gangetic Plain and Madhya Pradesh almost never receives snow . Temperatures in the plains occasionally fall below freezing , though never for more one or two days . Winter highs in Delhi range from 16 to 21 ° C ( 61 to 70 ° F ) . Nighttime temperatures average 2 – 8 ° C ( 36 – 46 ° F ) . In the plains of Punjab , lows can fall below freezing , dropping to around − 6 ° C ( 21 ° F ) in Amritsar . Frost sometimes occurs , but the hallmark of the season is the notorious fog , which frequently disrupts daily life ; fog grows thick enough to hinder visibility and disrupt air travel 15 – 20 days annually . In Bihar in middle of the Ganges plain , hot weather sets in and the summer lasts until the middle of June . The highest temperature is often registered in May which is the hottest time . Like the rest of the north , Bihar also experiences dust @-@ storms , thunderstorms and dust raising winds during the hot season . Dust storms having a velocity of 48 – 64 km / h ( 30 – 40 mph ) are most frequent in May and with second maximum in April and June . The hot winds ( loo ) of Bihar plains blow during April and May with an average velocity of 8 – 16 km / h ( 5 – 10 mph ) . These hot winds greatly affects human comfort during this season . Rain follows . The rainy season begins in June . The rainiest months are July and August . The rains are the gifts of the southwest monsoon . There are in Bihar three distinct areas where rainfall exceeds 1 @,@ 800 mm ( 71 in ) . Two of them are in the northern and northwestern portions of the state ; the third lies in the area around Netarhat . The southwest monsoon normally withdraws from Bihar in the first week of October . Eastern India 's climate is much milder , experiencing moderately warm days and cool nights . Highs range from 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) in Patna to 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in Kolkata ( Calcutta ) ; lows average from 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) in Patna to 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) in Kolkata . In Madhya Pradesh which is towards the south @-@ western side of the Gangetic Plain similar conditions prevail albeit with much less humidity levels . Capital Bhopal averages low of 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) and high of 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) .
Frigid winds from the Himalayas can depress temperatures near the Brahmaputra River . The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan plateau by preventing frigid and dry Arctic winds from blowing south into the subcontinent , which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents . It also forms a barrier for the monsoon winds , keeping them from travelling northwards , and causing heavy rainfall in the Terai region instead . The Himalayas are indeed believed to play an important role in the formation of Central Asian deserts such as the Taklamakan and G
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uilera as a killer dressed in pink , one who delights in wooing physically fit men to their demise . Sam Lansky from Idolator provided a favorable review of the clip and described it as one of Aguilera 's best videos . The second and final single from Lotus , the duet " Just a Fool " with Blake Shelton , was released on December 4 , 2012 . It debuted at number 92 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 17 , 2012 and peaked at number 71 in its second week charting . As of September 2014 , the single has sold over 74 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies in United States .
= = = Live performances = = =
Besides releasing singles to promote the album , Aguilera also performed several tracks from Lotus on a number of shows . On November 2 , 2012 , she performed " Your Body " on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , alongside Jimmy Fallon and The Roots . Aguilera and Cee Lo Green performed " Make the World Move " together on the third season of The Voice on November 13 , 2012 . The singer performed a medley of three songs , " Lotus Intro " , " Army of Me " and " Let There Be Love " at the 40th American Music Awards on November 18 , 2012 , held at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles , California . On November 19 , 2012 , Aguilera performed " Just a Fool " with Blake Shelton on The Voice . The following day , she performed " Let There Be Love " on The Voice with her team contestants , Sylvia Yacoub and Dez Duron . On The Ellen DeGeneres Show , the singer performed " Just a Fool " again with Shelton on December 7 , 2012 . Aguilera also performed " Blank Page " at the 39th People 's Choice Awards on January 9 , 2013 .
= = Critical reception = =
Lotus received generally mixed reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 56 , based on 12 reviews . Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe called it " a good start in the effort to refocus attention on Aguilera 's skills " , but observed " several tracks that sound mindlessly repetitive as sedentary listening experiences " . Q called it " generic " and felt that " nothing really stands out " . Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club felt that the album " often plays it safe " and accused Aguilera of " dumbing down her voice or lyrics for the sake of lightweight tunes or prevailing trends . " Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly found the album 's " self @-@ empowerment anthems ... as contradictory as they are unoriginal " and criticized its production for " digitally smother [ ing ] " Aguilera 's vocals and " draining all the emotion " . Slant Magazine 's Sal Cinquemani asserted that because it is " Aguilera 's shortest album since her debut , it boasts less filler , but also fewer obvious standouts . " Jon Caramanica of The New York Times felt that the album 's conventional direction is " its biggest crime , more than its musical unadventurousness or its emphasis on bland self @-@ help lyrics or its reluctance to lean on [ ... ] Aguilera 's voice , the thing that makes her special " . Jon Dolan of Rolling Stone dismissed it as a " vitriol @-@ tsunami of a record " .
In a positive review , AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that Aguilera " feels comfortable in this familiar , slightly freshened territory " . Simon Price of The Independent felt that the album 's " best moments are its electro @-@ pop numbers " . Kitty Empire of The Observer characterized its subject matter as " wiffle of the highest order " , but wrote that " one of the pleasures of Aguilera is that she can use polysyllables , even when talking the rot that fills women 's mags " . Although she criticized the album 's " upbeat pop anthems " , Melody Lau of Exclaim ! found Aguilera to be " reinvigorated " and felt that she " shines most when she 's direct , honest and vulnerable " . Celina Murphy of Hot Press felt that Lotus 's " safer " direction and Aguilera 's " default mode " makes the album an improvement from Bionic . At the end of 2012 , Lotus was ranked at number 17 on the list " 20 Best Pop Albums of 2012 " by Spin . In contrast , Entertainment Weekly named it the worst album of 2012 .
= = Commercial performance = =
In the United States , Lotus debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200 with first @-@ week sales of 73 @,@ 408 units . This was considerably lower than Aguilera 's previous album , Bionic ( 2010 ) , which opened at number three with sales of 110 @,@ 000 units , thereby becoming Aguilera 's English @-@ language studio album with the lowest first week sales . The following week it fell to number seventeen with sales of 52 @,@ 558 copies . In Canada , Lotus peaked at number 7 on the Canadian Albums Chart and was certified gold by Music Canada for shipments of 40 @,@ 000 copies there on January 10 . The album debuted and peaked at 28 on the UK Albums Chart with sales of 9 @,@ 422 , becoming her lowest @-@ charting album there . Internationally , Lotus underperformed , only reaching the top 20 and top 30 in most countries . As of August 2014 , the album had sold over 290 @,@ 000 units in the United States , as reported by Nielsen SoundScan . It has additionally sold over 687 @,@ 000 tracks there .
= = Track listing = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Lotus .
Notes
^ [ a ] signifies a vocal producer
^ [ b ] signifies a co @-@ producer
Sampling credits
" Red Hot Kinda Love " contains samples from " The Whole World Ain 't Nothing But a Party " , as performed by Mark Radice and " 54 @-@ 46 Was My Number " , as performed by Toots and the Maytals .
" Make the World Move " contains a portion of the composition " Let 's Find Out " , written by Armando Trovajoli .
= = Personnel = =
Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes .
Vocals – Christina Aguilera
Background vocals – Christina Aguilera , Candice Pillay , Max Martin , Aimée Proal , Stacie Orrico , Shellback
Featured artists – Cee Lo Green , Blake Shelton
Producers – Alex da Kid , Chris Braide , Busbee , Mike Del Rio , Jayson DeZuzio , Dem Jointz , Jason Gilbert , Jamie Hartman , Aeon " Step " Manahan , Max Martin , Steve Robson , Lucas Secon , Shellback , Supa Dups , Tracklacers
Vocal producers – Christina Aguilera , Claude Kelly , Candice Pillay
Executive producer – Christina Aguilera
Keyboards – Chris Braide , Steve Daly , Jon Keep , Max Martin , Steve Robson , Shellback
Strings – Alisha Bauer , Marisa Kuney , Songa Lee , Rodney Wirtz
String arrangements – Chris Braide , Jamie Hartman , Steve Robson , Pete Whitfield
Bass – J Browz , Tyler Chester , Steve Daly , John Garrison
Synthesizers – Steve Daly , Jon Keep
Programming – Chris Braide , Aeon " Step " Manahan , Steve Robson , Lucas Secon , Shellback
Engineers – John Hanes , Pete Hofmann , Sam Holland , Josh Mosser , Sam Miller , Oscar Ramirez , Lucas Secon , Shellback , Justin Stanley ,
Vocal engineers – Scott Hendricks , Sam Holland , Graham Marsh ( producer ) , Oscar Ramirez
Assistant engineer – Phil Seaford
A & Rs – Christina Aguilera , Keith Naftaly
Photography – Enrique Badulescu
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications and sales = =
= = Release history = =
= Abdul Amir al @-@ Jamri =
Sheikh Abdul Amir al @-@ Jamri ( pronunciation ; SHAYK @-@ AHB @-@ dehl @-@ ah @-@ MEER @-@ al @-@ JAHM @-@ ree Arabic : شيخ عبدالأمير الجمري ; 1 March 1938 – 18 December 2006 ) was one of the most prominent Shia clerics and opposition leaders in Bahrain . He was also a writer and a poet .
Born in the village of Bani Jamra , al @-@ Jamri became a Hussaini khatib ( Shia preacher ) after finishing primary school . At the age of 21 , he began his Islamic studies , first in Bahrain and later in the religious institute of Al Najaf , Iraq , where he remained for 11 years . He returned to Bahrain in 1973 and was elected to the newly formed parliament . The parliament was dissolved two years later by the Emir , Isa bin Salman al @-@ Khalifa , after it had rejected the State Security Law . In 1977 , al @-@ Jamri was appointed as a judge at the High Religious Court of Bahrain . He held the position until 1988 , when he was briefly arrested due to his criticism of the government .
Al @-@ Jamri is most notable for his role during the 1990s uprising in Bahrain . As the lead figure of the opposition , he succeeded in bringing Islamists , liberals and leftists together against the monarchy . The events began in the form of petitions in 1992 and 1994 calling for restoration of the parliament and reinstatement of the suspended constitution , but led to widespread violence and the death of 40 individuals . Due to his civil rights activity , al @-@ Jamri was imprisoned between April and September 1995 , before being arrested again in January 1996 and imprisoned until July 1999 , which was followed by a year and a half of house arrest .
In January 2001 , al @-@ Jamri was released along with other opposition activists . The new emir , Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa , proposed a reform plan , the National Action Charter of Bahrain , which was accepted by the opposition and later gained widespread popular support . A year later , Hamad issued a new constitution which al @-@ Jamri said fell short of the opposition 's demands . Disappointed , al @-@ Jamri soon fell ill , suffering from a series of strokes and eventually dying of multiple organ failure .
= = Early life and Islamic studies = =
Al @-@ Jamri was born in the village of Bani Jamra , Northern Bahrain , on 1 March 1938 . His full name was Abdul Amir bin Mansoor bin Mohammed bin Abdulrasool bin Mohammed bin Hussain bin Ebrahim bin Makki bin Suleiman bin Makki al @-@ Jamri al @-@ Bahrani ( Arabic : عبدالأمير بن منصور بن محمد بن عبدالرسول بن محمد بن حسين بن إبراهيم بن مكي بن سليمان بن مكي الجمري البحراني ) , although he was also known by his kunya Abu Jameel ( Arabic : أبو جميل ) . His father – known as Mansoor or Nasir – was a Quranic teacher , owner of a textile workshop , and head of a " devout Shia family " . Al @-@ Jamri 's father taught him the Quran and basics of Islamic prayer when he was 6 , although died four years later . Al @-@ Jamri finished formal education at Budaiya primary school when he was 12 , before becoming a Hussaini khatib ( Shia preacher ) , learning from other well @-@ known khatibs in his village such as his cousin , the renovator Shia khatib Mulla Atiya al @-@ Jamri . He also obtained a job in the Manama Souq , working there until 1962 .
In 1957 , al @-@ Jamri married his cousin 's granddaughter , Zahra ' Yousif Atiya al @-@ Jamri , who was 16 at the time . In his book The Story of My Life , al @-@ Jamri devoted a section to speak about his marriage , in which he described it as a happy one and praised his wife for her patience and loyalty . They had 10 children together : 7 sons and 3 daughters . One of their sons is Mansoor Al @-@ Jamri , editor @-@ in @-@ chief of Al @-@ Wasat newspaper .
In 1959 , al @-@ Jamri began his religious studies in Bahrain . He was taught by Sheikh Abdulla al @-@ Bahrani ( died 1961 ) and Sheikh Baqir al @-@ Asfoor . In 1962 , following the death of his mentor , al @-@ Jamri traveled to Iraq to study Islamic theology and law in the religious institute of Al Najaf . Mentored for two years by Ayatollah Mohammad Baqir al @-@ Sadr and Abu al @-@ Qasim al @-@ Khoei , he reached the stage of independent research ( Bahth al @-@ kharij ; Arabic : بحث الخارج ) , the highest level of study in religious seminaries . He also wrote several religious articles which were published in Iraqi newspapers and magazines . In the country , al @-@ Jamri used the pseudonym Abdulla Mansoor Mohammed in order to avoid trouble when passing through customs in Saudi Arabia , Kuwait and Iraq , where it was believed that the prefix " Abdul " should only be used with the name of God . The pseudonym also helped him evade Iraq 's Ba 'athist regime of Saddam Hussein following an anti @-@ Ba 'athist speech which al @-@ Jamri gave in 1970 . Spending 11 years in Iraq , al @-@ Jamri returned to Bahrain in 1973 . Between 1973 and 1981 , al @-@ Jamri was a frequent host on Bahrain TV , giving religious talks on Islamic occasions such as Ramadan and Ashura . In 1985 , he founded a small hawza in the mosque next to his house .
= = Member of Parliament = =
Bahrain became independent from the United Kingdom in 1971 and the Constituent Assembly of 1972 had drafted a new constitution by 1973 . Like his study colleague Isa Qassim , al @-@ Jamri initially wanted to complete his religious studies and did not care much about politics . His mentor in Iraq , Mohammad Baqir al @-@ Sadr , issued a binding fatwā for participation in the 1973 parliamentary election . Al @-@ Jamri and five others formed the " Religious Bloc " which adopted a wide program including supporting the labor 's union and demands , forbidding trade of alcoholic beverages , and separating men and women in education institutes . The bloc also called for prohibiting male doctors from treating female patients ( especially in pregnancy ) as well as other demands connected to traditional Islamic customs . Al @-@ Jamri was elected to the National Assembly of Bahrain , ranking second behind Isa Qassim .
In August 1975 , the constitution was suspended and the assembly dissolved by the Emir , Isa bin Salman al @-@ Khalifa , after it had rejected the State Security Law . The act – also known as " the precautionary law " – was proposed by the British adviser Ian Henderson . It gave police wide powers of arrest and allowed individuals to be held in prison without trial or charge for up to three years ( renewable ) for suspicion " that they might be a threat to the state " . Al @-@ Jamri was a member of a foreign relations committee , and an outspoken critic of the State Security Law .
= = 1977 – 1988 = =
In the period from 1975 to 2001 , the Emir ruled by decree . Human rights activists and opposition leaders made repeated allegations of systematic torture , the arbitrary arrest of thousands , and assassinations , all of which were denied by the authorities . Bahrain 's Shia population widely claimed that they were being discriminated against by the government , and that they were being treated as second class citizens .
= = = Judge = = =
In 1977 , the government offered al @-@ Jamri the opportunity to serve as a judge at the High Religious Court of Bahrain ( Shia branch ) . Al @-@ Jamri agreed after Abu al @-@ Qasim al @-@ Khoei issued him with a religious permit to do so . The decision was controversial within Bahrain , as many Shia clerics had refused to participate in the government @-@ run judiciary ever since its foundation in the 1920s . Al @-@ Jamri held the position until June 1988 , when he was suspended due to his criticism of the government .
= = = Political activism = = =
Following the 1979 Iranian Revolution , and continuing throughout the 1980s , the intensity of Bahrain 's political situation sharply increased . Al @-@ Jamri , who was then participating in several petitions , was questioned multiple times and put under strict surveillance by the Security and Intelligence Service . In 1984 , the Islamic Enlightenment institution , with which al @-@ Jamri was associated , was closed by the government . The government also closed other places of meeting and prohibited public seminars . Al @-@ Jamry however opened his house for daily meetings , also offering a weekly space for public debates ; he continued to do so despite several government attempts to stop him .
In 1988 , the situation came to a head when al @-@ Jamri ignored a final warning by the government . In June , he was dismissed from his job as a judge . In August , his son @-@ in @-@ law Abduljalil Khalil was arrested and sentenced to seven years imprisonment . In September , his elder son Mohamed Jameel was arrested and sentenced to ten years . The authorities then ordered al @-@ Jamri 's arrest ; on 6 September , Colonel Adel Flaifel and a number of security forces arrived at his house . Al @-@ Jamri 's wife rushed to the nearby mosque and called people from its speakers . Amid neighbors ' protests , security forces decided to let al @-@ Jarmi go after only an hour 's detention .
= = Role during the 1990s uprising = =
= = = Background = = =
There was a time of civil strife in Bahrain from 1994 to 1999 , during which leftists , liberals and Islamists joined forces to demand democratic reforms . The uprising was the largest in the country 's history , and included widespread demonstrations and violence .
In 1992 , a petition was signed by 280 leading figures in civil society , demanding the restoration of parliament , reinstatement of the suspended constitution , the release of political prisoners , and the start of a reconciliation dialogue . The government rejected their demands and instead set up a thirty @-@ member appointed " Shura council " assigned with " commenting " on government proposed legislation . In 1994 , another petition was launched with the same demands , this time open to all citizens . Organizers said that they had collected over 20 @,@ 000 signatures .
Violence broke out in June 1994 when riot police used tear gas on 1 @,@ 500 demonstrators who had organized a sit @-@ in in front of the Ministry of Labor . The protesters were campaigning against the increasing rate of unemployment , which had reached 15 percent . Over the following years , many opposition leaders were arrested and others exiled . Some protesters used Molotov cocktails to attack " police stations , banks and commercial properties " . Riot police used tear gas and rubber bullets , some of which were fired at the crowd from police helicopters . It was also reported that police used live ammunition in some cases . Overall , about forty people were
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its jazz @-@ rock aesthetic and the group members ' performances , and some believed certain parts foreshadowed jungle music .
= = Background = =
Davis was 47 years old when he was asked to play Carnegie Hall in 1974 , which followed four years of relentless touring . He had played the venue numerous times before and recorded a live album there in 1961 . By 1974 , Davis had been dealing with depression , cocaine and sex addictions , and several health problems , including osteoarthritis , bursitis , and sickle @-@ cell anemia . He had also lost respect with both critics and his contemporaries because of his musical explorations into more rock- and funk @-@ oriented sounds . Influenced by Karlheinz Stockhausen , Davis wanted to avoid individual songs and instead record extended movements that developed into a different composition . He played his trumpet sparsely and became less of the focal point for his band , whom he allowed more freedom to improvise and with whom he rarely rehearsed , so that the young musicians he enlisted would be tested to learn and play together onstage .
The March 30 , 1974 , concert featured an ethnically and age @-@ diverse audience that included young hippies and old , wealthy attendees . According to Magnet magazine 's Bryan Bierman , " the hip , ' with it ' kids [ sat ] side @-@ by @-@ side with middle @-@ aged tuxedoed couples , expecting to hear ' My Funny Valentine . ' " Although he lived 15 minutes away , Davis arrived at the venue more than an hour late . When the band walked out onstage , he followed with his back turned to the audience . He casually strolled onstage while the band was setting up and began to play , to which they responded by playing a dense rhythm in unison . Saxophonist Dave Liebman , who wrote the liner notes for Dark Magus , later said of how the show began : " It is his whim .. That 's the thing ! ... Miles can do that and have three thousand musicians follow him . Right ? So what I learned in that respect from Miles was to be able to watch him and be on his case " .
Davis also used the show to audition two new members — tenor saxophonist Azar Lawrence and guitarist Dominique Gaumont . Lawrence was the most highly regarded young saxophonist at the time ; Davis enlisted Gaumont in response to incumbent guitarist Reggie Lucas 's demand for a pay raise . Although it was unexpected , Liebman later characterized the move as typical of Davis : " What he was doing — which he often does at big kinda gigs like that — is change the shit up , by doing something totally out . Totally unexpected . I mean , we had been a band together on the road for a year ... And then , suddenly , a live date , New York City , Carnegie Hall , the cat pulls two cats who never even saw each other . I mean , you gotta say , ' Is the man mad or is he – he 's either mad or extremely subtle . "
= = Composition and performance = =
Dark Magus features four two @-@ part compositions with an average length of 25 minutes each . The album 's music was unrehearsed and eschewed melody for improvisations around funk rhythms and grooves . According to AllMusic 's Thom Jurek , rhythms , colors , and keys " would shift and change on a whim from Davis . " Davis eschewed his previous performances ' keyboardists for a three @-@ guitar line @-@ up of Reggie Lucas , Dominique Gaumont , and Pete Cosey , who had a penchant for guitar wails and pedal effects . Davis often stopped the band with hand signals and created empty spaces , which were longer than traditional jazz breaks , and encouraged the soloists to fill them with exaggerated cadenzas .
Davis only soloed intermittently or played his Yamaha organ . He played trumpet on " Moja " and both trumpet and organ on the other pieces . The second half of " Moja " is distinguished by a long ballad sequence introduced by Liebman and continued by Lucas and Davis . " Moja " also included a theme from " Nne " . On " Tatu " , Gaumont followed Lucas 's solo with a long passage characterized by fuzzy wah @-@ wah effects , and Lawrence played briefly with Liebman in a duet before his own disjointed solo . " Tatu " ended with a rendition of " Calypso Frelimo " . During the first part of " Nne " , they played the Davis @-@ penned composition " Ife " . Near the end of " Nne " , Davis played a short blues .
Robert Christgau described the aesthetic on Dark Magus as a culmination of Davis ' previous albums and " bifurcated , like jazz @-@ rock again " . He argued that Davis left the two elements — jazz and rock — " distinct and recognizable " , whereas " pure funk " would have subsumed them both " in a new conception , albeit one that " favors rock . Christgau attributed the album 's jazz input to Lawrence 's " Coltranesque " saxophone , and the rock elements to guitarists Lucas and Gaumont , who " wah @-@ riff [ ed ] the rhythm " , and Pete Cosey , who produced " his own wah @-@ wah @-@ inflected noise into the arena @-@ rock stratosphere . " Erik Davis compared Davis ' trumpet sound to " a mournful but pissed @-@ off banshee " , and Cosey , Lucas , and Gaumont to " somewhere between and beyond James Brown and Can " , amid " quiet percussion passages [ that ] emerge like moonlit clearings " .
= = Release and reception = =
Dark Magus was released after Davis ' retirement , when his label , Columbia Records , issued several albums of various outtakes . They released his live albums Agharta ( 1975 ) and Pangaea ( 1976 ) , but ultimately did not approve of Davis ' live recordings and chose to issue Dark Magus only in Japan . It was released in 1977 by CBS @-@ Sony , who used several engineering fades in the album 's production to shorten the original concert for the final release . The album 's four tracks were titled after Swahili names for the numbers one through four . Its title was suggested by Tatsu Nosaki , an A & R executive from CBS @-@ Sony , who were producing the album . According to Nosaki , " Magus ... is the founder of the ancient Persian religion , Zoroastrianism . " The album was not released in the United States until July 1997 , when it was reissued by Sony Records and Legacy Records . It was part of the labels ' reissue of five two @-@ disc live albums by Davis , including Black Beauty : Miles Davis at Fillmore West ( 1970 ) , Miles Davis at Fillmore ( 1970 ) , Live @-@ Evil ( 1971 ) , and In Concert ( 1973 ) . The reissued albums featured liner notes written by his sidemen .
Along with Davis ' other 1970s records , Dark Magus was received ambivalently by contemporary critics but became an inspiration to late 1970s noise rock acts and the experimental funk artists of the 1980s . Its 1997 reissue was ranked by Christgau as the 10th best album of the year in his list for The Village Voice 's annual Pazz & Jop critics ' poll . In 2001 , Q named it one of the " 50 Heaviest Albums of All Time " and called it " a maelstrom of uncut improvisational fury ... arguably the furthest out Miles ever got " . David Keenan placed it on his all @-@ time 105 best albums list for the Sunday Herald and said by ornamenting heavy grooves with tribal percussive instruments , wah @-@ wah effects , and otherworldly trumpet bursts , Davis had instinctively fused the most advanced elements of modern African @-@ American music . According to CODA critic Greg Masters , Davis created among the most darkest and radical auras , feelings , and moods in 20th @-@ century music on Dark Magus .
In a retrospective review for JazzTimes , Tom Terrell said that the album 's kind of music would never be heard again and described it as " tomorrow 's sound yesterday ... a terrifyingly exhilarating aural asylum of wails , howls , clanks , chanks , telltale heartbeats , wah wah quacks , white noise and loud silences . " According to Down Beat , the frantic burbles of congas on " Moja " and " Tatu " predated oldschool jungle by 20 years , while Spin magazine 's Erik Davis found its anguished , ferocious music extremely impressive , especially when listened to loud . He contended that the group improvisation on tracks such as " Wili " foreshadowed the drum ' n ' bass genre : " Miles was invoking the primordial powers of the electronic urban jungle " . In The Penguin Guide to Jazz ( 1998 ) , Richard Cook and Brian Morton wrote that each performance comprises only " shadings and sanations of sound , and as one gets to know these recordings better one becomes almost fixated on the tiniest inflexions . " Pitchfork Media critic Jason Josephes viewed it as a highly valued Davis album that invokes a sense of coolness in listeners :
Just when you think the shit can 't get much higher , Miles comes in and hits the wah @-@ wah down hard on the horn and the next thing you know , you 're slappin ' five to the man upstairs ... By the rite of Dark Magus , I can fake the cool in no time flat .
In The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) , J. D. Considine wrote that Dark Magus expressed the band 's surging rhythms better than In Concert and offered a balance between their affinity for improvisation amidst their desire to rock . Jeff McCord of The Austin Chronicle found the performances impassioned , enduring , and highlighted by effectively competitive playing between each duo of saxophonists and guitarists . According to John Szwed , it has moments when all three guitarists and two saxophonists are " in dense and exalted free improvisation together , and Pete Cosey 's tunings , effects , excess , and sheer inventiveness took the guitar to the point where Hendrix , free jazz , and rhythm and blues proudly merged together . " By contrast , Don Heckman of the Los Angeles Times found the funk rhythms repetitive and Davis ' playing both limited and unexceptional . He panned the presence of tablas , electric sitar , and multiple guitars , and the music 's similarity to Hendrix , Sly Stone , and James Brown . AllMusic 's Thom Jurek called it an exaggerated and excessive showcase of Davis ' disoriented psyche and felt that , although the rhythm section is historically captivating , the other musicians ' playing is inconsistent , albeit enthralling .
= = Track listing = =
= = = Original double LP = = =
All tracks were composed by Miles Davis .
Record one
" Dark Magus – Moja " – 25 : 24
" Dark Magus – Wili " – 25 : 08
Record two
" Dark Magus – Tatu " – 25 : 20
" Dark Magus – Nne " – 25 : 32
= = = CD reissue = = =
Disc one
" Moja ( Part 1 ) " – 12 : 28
" Moja ( Part 2 ) " – 12 : 40
" Wili ( Part 1 ) " – 14 : 20
" Wili ( Part 2 ) " – 10 : 44
Disc two
" Tatu ( Part 1 ) " – 18 : 47
" Tatu ( Part 2 ) ( ' Calypso Frelimo ' ) " – 6 : 29
" Nne ( Part 1 ) ( ' Ife ' ) " – 15 : 19
" Nne ( Part 2 ) " – 10 : 11
= = Personnel = =
Pete Cosey – electric guitar
Miles Davis – electric trumpet with wah @-@ wah , Yamaha organ ( " Wili " , " Tatu " , and " Nne " )
Al Foster – drums
Dominique Gaumont – electric guitar ( " Tatu " , " Nne " )
Michael Henderson – electric bass
Azar Lawrence – tenor saxophone ( " Tatu " , " Nne " )
Dave Liebman – soprano saxophone , tenor saxophone
Reggie Lucas – electric guitar
Teo Macero – production
James Mtume – percussion
= Tuvix =
" Tuvix " is the 40th episode ( 24th in the second season ) of the science fiction television program Star Trek : Voyager . The episode originally aired on May 6 , 1996 , and tells the story of Tuvok and Neelix being merged into a unique third character named Tuvix .
The episode was substantially rewritten from its original incarnation as a lighthearted story to a more somber tale with serious moral and ethical implications . Tom Wright guest stars as Tuvix to lend more credence to a unique new character that consists of equal parts Tuvok and Neelix . Both director Cliff Bole and Wright himself had reservations about the latter 's take on the character , and despite a perceived lack of support , Wright still praised the Voyager cast and crew . Both the story and performances of " Tuvix " were lauded by the production team and critics alike .
Researchers and critics found " Tuvix " teeming with technical and philosophical content , including thematic ties to other episodes in the Star Trek canon , real @-@ world logical and metaphysical ramifications , and scientific concessions for the story . " Tuvix " was well received by fans and television critics , earning approval ratings between 75 – 80 % ; the Tuvix character and Janeway 's forced separation of the same were particularly polarizing among the episode 's audience and distinguishes the episode for the copious feedback it generated .
= = Plot = =
On stardate 49655 @.@ 2 , Lieutenant Commander Tuvok ( Tim Russ ) and Neelix ( Ethan Phillips ) are sent to collect botanical samples from a discovered Class M planet . When beamed back aboard Voyager , the two men and the orchidaceae they collected are merged at the molecular level to become a single lifeform which names himself Tuvix ( Tom Wright ) . After ruling out transporter malfunction , the crew discovers that when demolecularized in the matter stream , the genetic material of the alien orchids acted as a symbiogenetic catalyst and is the culprit for the combination of the two crewmembers . Unfortunately , the process cannot be reversed , and Tuvix is accepted as a member of the crew with the rank of lieutenant , functioning as chief tactical officer in Tuvok 's stead .
Kes ( Jennifer Lien ) reacts poorly to Tuvix as his existence deprives her of both Tuvok and Neelix , her mentor and boyfriend respectively . Her displeasure lessens over the course of the episode , but never completely goes away . Captain Janeway ( Kate Mulgrew ) accepts Tuvix in his role as an excellent chief tactical officer and " an able advisor , who skillfully uses humor to make his points " . Tuvix himself , having the combined memories and personalities of his constituents , melds the previously intractable qualities of both and improves upon them , flexing either muscle as the situation requires : " Chief of security or head chef , take your pick ! "
Two weeks after the accident , the Doctor ( Robert Picardo ) develops a contemporary equivalent to barium sulfate ( BaSO4 ) radiocontrasting using a custom radioisotope with which he can identify the disparate DNAs of the two original crewmen and use the transporter to disentangle the two . Tuvix denounces the procedure however . He argues that he has rights and that he doesn 't want to die , for to restore the two lost crewmen would require his execution . After discussing the situation with Commander Chakotay ( Robert Beltran ) , Kes , and Tuvix himself , Janeway ultimately decides to proceed with the separation , acting in absentia to protect the rights of the two original men . Tuvix makes a final emotive plea for support from the crew , but finds no supporters . After the Doctor refuses to take Tuvix 's life in compliance with the medical precept of doing no harm , Janeway performs the procedure herself and succeeds in restoring both Tuvok and Neelix .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
" Tuvix " was formerly known as " Untitled Tuvok / Neelix " , " One " , and " Symbiogenesis " , with the third of these persisting through the episode 's development and shooting . The episode and its teleplay were written by Kenneth Biller ; the story is credited to Andrew Shepard Price and Mark Gaberman . Though described by Biller as " high @-@ concept " , the original story by Price and Gaberman was much more light @-@ hearted and tended more towards slapstick . Biller and Brannon Braga felt the tone of the episode was so akin to a 1960s sitcom , the two of them even wrote a theme song for it . Biller re @-@ wrote the episode to focus more on the serious philosophical questions raised by the episode and especially the inevitable separation of Tuvix back into the series regulars . In Biller 's original treatment , Tuvix recognized that the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few and consented to his fissure . However , after a discussion with executive producer Michael Piller , Biller began to " [ poke ] at the audience " by throwing up roadblocks to the episode 's foregone conclusion ; first Tuvix was re @-@ written to object to the procedure and then the Doctor 's refusal was added to force Captain Janeway to put truth to action . Piller later described Biller as " the poet laureate of Star Trek " , highlighting his work on " Tuvix " and " Lifesigns " as examples .
= = = Casting = = =
Director Cliff Bole and the episode 's producers originally considered having series regular Ethan Phillips ( Neelix ) portray Tuvix , but decided against it fearing that he was too identifiable and would have difficulty integrating an equal amount of Tuvok 's character into his performance . Casting for " Tuvix " was done by Junie Lowry @-@ Johnson , C.S.A. , and Ron Surma .
The only non @-@ recurring guest star in " Tuvix " is the eponymous fusion of two main characters . Though guest stars have occasionally played major recurring characters — e.g. , Sandra Smith as Captain Kirk in the original Star Trek 's " Turnabout Intruder " and David Birkin as Captain Picard in Star Trek : The Next Generation 's " Rascals " — Tom Wright is the first to portray two in the same episode .
When contacted by his talent agent , Wright jumped at the opportunity to create a character wholly unique to the Star Trek franchise . When he auditioned for the role of Tuvix , Wright had never seen Star Trek : Voyager and was completely unfamiliar with the characterizations of Tuvok and Neelix . Instead , he drew upon his prior experiences with the characters ' actors , Tim Russ and Ethan Phillips respectively , to successfully vie for the role . Executive producer Jeri Taylor was pleased with the casting of Wright , marveling at his ability to bring credibility to the prospect of two characters in one .
After securing the role , Wright was provided video of Tuvok and Neelix from previous episodes from which he refined the character . Instead of portraying Tuvix as simply a vessel for two separate consciousnesses , Wright blended the two characters to form a unique third . Wright focused on juxtaposing the contrary physical and emotional natures of the two characters in his performance ; in scenes where Neelix 's persona is more prominent , Wright played up Tuvok 's composed physicality , and in scenes where Tuvok 's skills and experience were needed , Wright leaned more heavily on Neelix 's exuberant mannerisms . Wright also worked hard to exhibit the intrinsic warmth of both characters and make Tuvix as likable and sympathetic a character as possible . Author David McIntee ( Delta Quadrant ) felt that Tuvix expressed more of Neelix 's mannerisms than Tuvok 's . He also noted that Tuvix adopted Neelix 's right @-@ handedness as opposed to Tuvok 's left @-@ handedness .
= = = Costuming and makeup = = =
McIntee hypothesizes that the modified Starfleet uniform Tuvix initially wears after his creation was influenced by the orchids which were also transported . He called it " an illogical but subtle and attractive stylistic touch " and praised its design suggesting they all be modified duly . Robert Blackman served as costume designer for " Tuvix " .
In an interview with The Official Star Trek Voyager Magazine in 1998 , director Cliff Bole spoke highly of guest star Tom Wright , saying he was a " good actor [ who ] prides himself on being Shakespearian " , but felt that he was in over his head working on Star Trek , particularly underestimating the rigors of working under the requisite makeup . Bole detailed a four @-@ hour , 4 a.m. process to apply the glue , mask , and prostheses before the actor even began delivering his lines for what was an all @-@ day shoot ; all of these " subtract from [ the ] performance " of actors unaccustomed to them . Bole tempered himself explaining that he had seen " really competent actors " suffer from the same trials and simple exhaustion that he saw in Wright 's performance . For his part , Wright compared the trials of the " heavy makeup " and contact lenses required to play Tuvix with his previous roles on Creepshow 2 and Tales from the Crypt . Tuvix 's makeup was designed and supervised by Michael Westmore .
= = = Filming = = =
Tom Wright described working on " Tuvix " as an exercise in forcing himself to work outside his known comfort areas and confessed he was unsure of the quality of the end product . The actor complained about what he saw as a lack of support and guidance from the Voyager team , saying he felt adrift and unsure as to what was expected of his performance , especially since his portrayal reflected two of the starring characters . However , he also conceded that it may have been intentional in an effort to evoke a genuine sense of off @-@ balancedness in the character . Either way , though he was unaccustomed to the environment , Wright expressed his willingness to revisit Tuvix or even work on any Star Trek again if the opportunity arose . In interviews , Wright specifically fondly recalled his time working with Jennifer Lien ( Kes ) , Kate Mulgrew ( Captain Janeway ) , and director Cliff Bole .
In a 1997 interview , Wright explained how the episode 's dialogue posed a challenge in that not only did he have to take great care to adhere to the vernacular of Star Trek and not sound too contemporary or " too 1997 " , but he had to take several days to accommodate himself to the episode 's " treknobabble " with the assistance of Robert Duncan McNeill ( Tom Paris ) . Director Cliff Bole later praised Wright for his ability to improvise , but explained that it was to the actor 's detriment as " Star Trek is not an ad @-@ lib format " , and he felt Wright assumed he could wing some of it . Mulgrew also bemoaned the technobabble in " Tuvix " when asked by Starlog for her " most memorable line of technobabble " ; " When did he cease to be a transporter accident and start to be an individual ? "
Bole heaped praise on the episode 's final scene in which Janeway " stalks " into the corridor outside sickbay after performing the procedure which restores Tuvok and Neelix . He extolled , " That last shot I did with Kate [ Mulgrew ] , as she 's walking into the camera , she told the whole story with her face . She gave a great performance . I only asked for a few things ; she brought that look and emotion to work with her . " In his book The Meaning of Star Trek , author Thomas Richards also credited Mulgrew in this scene . Richards saw Janeway troubled by her difficult decision between two undesirable options and how " she must live with the choice . [ A ] death has cast a shadow over the ship , and for the first time in the series the Federation has put to death one of its own . "
In a 1996 interview with Cinefantastique , Robert Picardo reminisced that as the Doctor he had " a substantial amount " to do in " Tuvix " . Picardo would also look back on the episode , and the scene in which he " countermand [ s ] the captain " especially , as a turning point in the Doctor 's and Janeway 's relationship , calling it an " interesting moment for both characters " . Ethan Phillips would also remember being excited reading the script for " Tuvix " as an opportunity to discover more about his character .
The science lab set in the first act is a redress of the isolation chamber in sickbay , but with a blue background as opposed to the yellow .
= = Analysis = =
Elaine L. Graham 's book Representations of the Post / Human uses " Tuvix " to contrast Star Trek : Voyager with Star Trek : The Next Generation ; " Tuvix " is an example of how the former series tended to incorporate stories that touched on moral and ethically ambiguous situations and decisions . Graham notes how the character of Tuvix was written to encourage audience sympathies , yet was still effectively sentenced to death in contravention of what she describes as the " exemplary Star Trek values [ of ] sentience , self @-@ determination , and personhood " . Thomas Richards ' The Meaning of Star Trek also focused on the morality of decisions in " Tuvix " as compared to the original Star Trek and The Next Generation ; more than Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , the Voyager is far from the United Federation of Plan
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ets and " must address every value of the Federation [ ... ] in a universe in which those values may no longer apply . " Richards describes the episode as " truly remarkable " for its depiction of Janeway 's sentence of capital punishment and her performing the very first execution in all of Star Trek . Not only is this shocking for the audience in comparison to episodes and series past , but even the fictional Voyager crew are stunned . In 2000 , David McIntee pointed to these themes and plot points as having made " Tuvix " the most debated episode in Star Trek fandom yet , and one of Star Trek : Voyager 's " most thought @-@ provoking , and [ ... ] single most discussed , episode . "
In her book American Science Fiction TV , Jan Johnson @-@ Smith noted that " Tuvix " is one of a recurring type of Star Trek episodes concerned with issues of individuality and self . She thematically tied this episode to Star Trek : The Original Series ' episode " The Enemy Within " where the transporter rends Captain Kirk into two separate representations of his psyche , Star Trek : Voyager 's episode " Faces " where hybrid Human / Klingon character B 'Elanna Torres is split along her bloodline into two separate species , and Star Trek : Deep Space Nine 's character of Jadzia Dax who is of a conjoined species ( Trill ) that repeatedly goes through a conjoining process when the host organism dies . When asked regarding accusations of " Tuvix " and other Voyager episodes simply aping previous Star Trek series in this way , executive producer Michael Piller called out Time magazine for their comments on the matter before conceding , " [ Y ] ou 've got to keep new people coming in and pitching because otherwise you 're going to be retreading an old ground . " Seven years later , when writing Star Trek : Enterprise 's " Similitude " , Manny Coto would take pains to write that episode to be dissimilar to " Tuvix " .
In his paper published in the Polish Journal of Philosophy , University of Sussex professor Murali Ramachandran examines the combination of Tuvok and Neelix into a single individual for its implications to modal logic . Mr. Ramachandran , though forced to disregard the metaphysical considerations imposed by " the very nature of tele @-@ transportation " , promotes a " Kripkean counterpart theory " using this study of the characters .
Athena Andreadis ' book To Seek Out New Life : The Biology of Star Trek attempts and fails to legitimize the episode 's biologic science , even accepting all other technologies presented . Not only does the synthesis of Tuvix violate the law of conservation of mass , but the separation poses the problem of differentiating the two species ' genes , a significant hurdle when science of the 1990s couldn 't differentiate between humans and chimpanzees . After detailing the combination of the Talaxian and Vulcan species , the cellular chromosomal pairing , and the " synaptic coherence of two brains / minds within one skull " , Andreadis finds the whole proposition laughable from a scientific standpoint , comparing it to the 1986 film The Fly as an example of bad science . Ultimately , she comes down against the transporter regarding its fictional capacity to do that which is claimed .
= = = Tuvix ( character ) = = =
Tom Wright spoke on his interpretation of the character in 1997 ; he felt the two constituent halves of Tuvix " represent [ ed ] the left and the right side of the brain — where one is weak the other is strong , and vice versa . "
In his 2005 book , Teleportation : The Impossible Leap , David J. Darling notes that while Tuvix was well @-@ liked by other characters , his fate was in fact ultimately determined not by his arguments or the decision of the captain , but by the " [ e ] nsemble casting and contractual arrangements " of the show . Wright also felt the separation of Tuvix was inevitable from a perspective of dramatic necessity . The UPN promotional video for the episode played on expectations of the audience to like Tuvix at the cost of the Tuvok and Neelix characters .
= = Reception = =
In an interview with Cinefantastique , writer Kenneth Biller said that he received a " lot of mail " regarding " Tuvix " and that Janeway 's tough decisions in the episode generated a lot of discussion and really moved a lot of people . Director Cliff Bole felt the episode was " well @-@ accepted " , and both he and the producers liked it . Actor Tom Wright explained the episode 's popularity saying it resounded with viewers because it had no outright moralizations or specific good and evil characters ; the episode deals with a no @-@ win scenario . Writer Thomas Richards concurred with Wright in agreeing that the episode 's frank depiction without any judgments was a significant strength in its favor .
Cinefantastique 's Dale Kutzera gave " Tuvix " three out of four stars , Nikki Harper for STAR TREK : The Official Monthly Magazine gave the episode four out of five stars , and Bill Florence for The Official Star Trek Voyager Magazine called it one of Voyager 's " strongest episodes to date " . In his book Delta Quadrant : The unofficial guide to Voyager , David McIntee was impressed by the episode 's capacity to rise above its " appallingly silly " premise ; McIntee attributes this to the casting of Tom Wright as Tuvix , whose acting he saw as a guide to the tempo of the episode , keeping it from proceeding too slowly . He gave the episode an 8 / 10 rating . In a list of the top 100 episodes of the Star Trek franchise , " Tuvix " was placed in 56th place by Charlie Jane Anders at io9 .
= Pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī =
Pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī ( pronounced [ peʔ ˩ ue ˩ dzi ˨ ] , abbreviated POJ , literally vernacular writing , also known as Church Romanization ) is an orthography used to write variants of Southern Min Chinese , particularly Taiwanese Southern Min and Amoy Hokkien . Developed by Western missionaries working among the Chinese diaspora in Southeast Asia in the 19th century and refined by missionaries working in Xiamen and Tainan , it uses a modified Latin alphabet and some diacritics to represent the spoken language . After initial success in Fujian , POJ became most widespread in Taiwan and , in the mid @-@ 20th century , there were over 100 @,@ 000 people literate in POJ . A large amount of printed material , religious and secular , has been produced in the script , including Taiwan 's first newspaper , the Taiwan Church News .
In Taiwan under Japanese rule ( 1895 – 1945 ) its use was suppressed and Pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī faced further countermeasures during the Kuomintang martial law period ( 1947 – 1987 ) . In Fujian , use declined after the establishment of the People 's Republic of China ( 1949 ) and in the early 21st century the system was not in general use there . Taiwanese Christians , non @-@ native learners of Southern Min , and native @-@ speaker enthusiasts in Taiwan are among those that continue to use Pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī . Full native computer support was developed in 2004 , and users can now call on fonts , input methods , and extensive online dictionaries . Rival writing systems have evolved , and there is ongoing debate within the Taiwanese mother tongue movement as to which system should be used . Versions of pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī have been devised for other Chinese varieties , including Hakka and Teochew Southern Min .
= = Name = =
The name pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī ( Chinese : 白話字 ; pinyin : Báihuà zì ) means " vernacular writing , " written characters representing everyday spoken language . The name vernacular writing could be applied to many kinds of writing , romanized and character @-@ based , but the term pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī is commonly restricted to the Southern Min romanization system developed by Presbyterian missionaries in the 19th century .
The missionaries who invented and refined the system used , instead of the name pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī , various other terms , such as " Romanized Amoy Vernacular " and " Romanized Amoy Colloquial . " The origins of the system and its extensive use in the Christian community have led to it being known by some modern writers as " Church Romanization " ( 教會羅馬字 ; Jiàohuì Luōmǎzì ; Kàu @-@ hōe Lô @-@ má @-@ jī ) and is often abbreviated in POJ itself to Kàu @-@ lô . ( 教羅 ; Jiàoluō ) There is some debate on whether " pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī " or " Church Romanization " is the more appropriate name .
Objections to " pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī " are that it can refer to more than one system and that both literary and colloquial register Southern Min appear in the system and so describing it as " vernacular " writing might be inaccurate . Objections to " Church Romanization " are that some non @-@ Christians and some secular writing use it . One commentator observes that POJ " today is largely disassociated from its former religious purposes . " The term " romanization " is also disliked by some , who see it as belittling the status of pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī by identifying it as a supplementary phonetic system instead of a fully @-@ fledged orthography . Sources disagree on which of the two is more commonly used .
= = History = =
The history of Peh @-@ oe @-@ ji has been heavily influenced by official attitudes towards the Southern Min vernaculars and the Christian organizations that propagated it . Early documents point to the purpose of the creation of POJ as being pedagogical in nature , closely allied to educating Christian converts .
= = = Early development = = =
The first people to use a romanized script to write Southern Min were Spanish missionaries in Manila in the 16th century . However , it was used mainly as a teaching aid for Spanish learners of Southern Min , and seems not to have had any influence on the development of pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī . In the early 19th century , China was closed to Christian missionaries , who instead proselytized to overseas Chinese communities in South East Asia . The earliest origins of the system are found in a small vocabulary first printed in 1820 by Walter Henry Medhurst , who went on to publish the Dictionary of the Hok @-@ këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language , According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms in 1832 .
This dictionary represents the first major reference work in POJ , although the romanization within was quite different from the modern system , and has been dubbed Early Church Romanization by one scholar of the subject . Medhurst , who was stationed in Malacca , was influenced by Robert Morrison 's romanization of Mandarin Chinese , but had to innovate in several areas to reflect major differences between Mandarin and Southern Min . Several important developments occurred in Medhurst 's work , especially the application of consistent tone markings ( influenced by contemporary linguistic studies of Sanskrit , which was becoming of more mainstream interest to Western scholars ) . Medhurst was convinced that accurate representation and reproduction of the tonal structure of Southern Min was vital to comprehension :
Respecting these tones of the Chinese language , some difference of opinion has been obtained , and while some have considered them of first importance , others have paid them little or no intention . The author inclines decidedly to the former opinion ; having found , from uniform experience , that without strict attention to tones , it is impossible for a person to make himself understood in Hok @-@ këèn .
The system expounded by Medhurst influenced later dictionary compilers with regard to tonal notation and initials , but both his complicated vowel system and his emphasis on the literary register of Southern Min were dropped by later writers . Following on from Medhurst 's work , Samuel Wells Williams became the chief proponent of major changes in the orthography devised by Morrison and adapted by Medhurst . Through personal communication and letters and articles printed in The Chinese Repository a consensus was arrived at for the new version of POJ , although Williams ' suggestions were largely not followed .
The first major work to represent this new orthography was Elihu Doty 's Anglo @-@ Chinese Manual with Romanized Colloquial in the Amoy Dialect , published in 1853 . The manual can therefore be regarded as the first presentation of a pre @-@ modern POJ , a significant step onwards from Medhurst 's orthography and different from today 's system in only a few details . From this point on various authors adjusted some of the consonants and vowels , but the system of tone marks from Doty 's Manual survives intact in modern POJ . John Van Nest Talmage has traditionally been regarded as the founder of POJ among the community which uses the orthography , although it now seems that he was an early promoter of the system , rather than its inventor .
In 1842 the Treaty of Nanking was concluded , which included among its provisions the creation of treaty ports in which Christian missionaries would be free to preach . Xiamen ( then known as Amoy ) was one of these treaty ports , and British , Canadian and American missionaries moved in to start preaching to the local inhabitants . These missionaries , housed in the cantonment of Gulangyu , created reference works and religious tracts , including a bible translation . Naturally , they based the pronunciation of their romanization on the speech of Xiamen , which became the de facto standard when they eventually moved into other areas of the Hokkien Sprachraum , most notably Taiwan . The 1858 Treaty of Tianjin officially opened Taiwan to western missionaries , and missionary societies were quick to send men to work in the field , usually after a sojourn in Xiamen to acquire the rudiments of the language .
= = = Maturity = = =
Quanzhou and Zhangzhou are two major varieties of Southern Min , and in Xiamen they combined to form something " not Quan , not Zhang " – i.e. not one or the other , but rather a fusion , which became known as Amoy Dialect or Amoy Chinese . In Taiwan , with its mixture of migrants from both Quanzhou and Zhangzhou , the linguistic situation was similar ; although the resulting blend in the southern city of Tainan differed from the Xiamen blend , it was close enough that the missionaries could ignore the differences and import their system wholesale .
The fact that religious tracts , dictionaries , and teaching guides already existed in the Xiamen tongue meant that the missionaries in Taiwan could begin proselytizing immediately , without the intervening time needed to write those materials . Missionary opinion was divided on whether POJ was desirable as an end in itself as a full @-@ fledged orthography , or as a means to literacy in Chinese characters . William Campbell described POJ as a step on the road to reading and writing the characters , claiming that to promote it as an independent writing system would inflame nationalist passions in China , where characters were considered a sacred part of Chinese culture . Taking the other side , Thomas Barclay believed that literacy in POJ should be a goal rather than a waypoint :
Soon after my arrival in Formosa I became firmly convinced of three things , and more than fifty years experience has strengthened my conviction . The first was that if you are to have a healthy , living Church it is necessary that all the members , men and women , read the Scriptures for themselves ; second , that this end can never be attained by the use of the Chinese character ; third , that it can be attained by the use of the alphabetic script , this Romanised Vernacular .
A great boon to the promotion of POJ in Taiwan came in 1880 when James Laidlaw Maxwell , a medical missionary based in Tainan , donated a small printing press to the local church , which Thomas Barclay learned how to operate in 1881 before founding the Presbyterian Church Press in 1884 . Subsequently the Taiwan Prefectural City Church News , which first appeared in 1885 and was produced by Barclay 's Presbyterian Church of Taiwan Press , became the first printed newspaper in Taiwan .
As other authors made their own alterations to the conventions laid down by Medhurst and Doty , pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī evolved and eventually settled into its current form . Ernest Tipson 's 1934 pocket dictionary was the first reference work to reflect this modern spelling . Between Medhurst 's dictionary of 1832 and the standardization of POJ in Tipson 's time , there were a number of works published , which can be used to chart the change over time of pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī :
Competition for POJ was introduced during the Japanese era in Taiwan ( 1895 – 1945 ) in the form of Taiwanese kana , a system designed as a teaching aid and pronunciation guide , rather than an independent orthography like POJ . From the 1930s onwards , with the increasing militarization of Japan and the Kōminka movement encouraging Taiwanese people to " Japanize " , there were a raft of measures taken against native languages , including Taiwanese . While these moves resulted in a suppression of POJ , they were " a logical consequence of increasing the amount of education in Japanese , rather than an explicit attempt to ban a particular Taiwanese orthography in favor of Taiwanese kana " .
The Second Sino @-@ Japanese War beginning in 1937 brought stricter measures into force , and along with the outlawing of romanized Taiwanese , various publications were prohibited and Confucian @-@ style shobō ( Chinese : 書房 ; pinyin : shūfáng ; Pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī : su @-@ pâng ) – private schools which taught Classical Chinese with literary Southern Min pronunciation – were closed down in 1939 . The Japanese authorities came to perceive POJ as an obstacle to Japanization and also suspected that POJ was being used to hide " concealed codes and secret revolutionary messages " . In the climate of the ongoing war the government banned the Taiwan Church News in 1942 as it was written in POJ .
= = = After World War II = = =
Initially the Kuomintang government in Taiwan had a liberal attitude towards " local dialects " ( i.e. non @-@ Mandarin varieties of Chinese ) . The National Languages Committee produced booklets outlining versions of Bopomofo for writing the Taiwanese tongue , these being intended for newly arrived government officials from outside Taiwan as well as local Taiwanese . The first government action against native languages came in 1953 , when the use of Taiwanese or Japanese for instruction was forbidden . The next move to suppress the movement came in 1955 , when the use of POJ for proselytizing was outlawed . At that point in time there were 115 @,@ 000 people literate in POJ in Taiwan , Fujian , and southeast Asia .
Two years later , missionaries were banned from using romanized bibles , and the use of " native languages " ( i.e. Taiwanese Hakka , Hakka , and the non @-@ Sinitic Formosan languages ) in church work became illegal . The ban on POJ bibles was overturned in 1959 , but churches were " encouraged " to use character bibles instead . Government activities against POJ intensified in the late 1960s and early 1970s , when several publications were banned or seized in an effort to prevent the spread of the romanization . In 1964 use of Taiwanese in schools or official settings was forbidden , and transgression in schools punished with beatings , fines and humiliation . The Taiwan Church News ( printed in POJ ) was banned in 1969 , and only allowed to return a year later when the publishers agreed to print it in Chinese characters .
In 1974 , the Government Information Office banned A Dictionary of Southern Min , with a government official saying : " We have no objection to the dictionary being used by foreigners . They could use it in mimeographed form . But we don 't want it published as a book and sold publicly because of the Romanization it contains . Chinese should not be learning Chinese through Romanization . " Also in the 1970s , a POJ New Testament translation known as the " Red Cover Bible " ( Âng @-@ phoê Sèng @-@ keng ) was confiscated and banned by the Nationalist regime . Official moves against native languages continued into the 1980s , the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of the Interior decided in 1984 to forbid missionaries to use " local dialects " and romanizations in their work .
With the ending of martial law in 1987 , the restrictions on " local languages " were quietly lifted , resulting in growing interest in Taiwanese writing during the 1990s . For the first time since the 1950s , Taiwanese language and literature was discussed and debated openly in newspapers and journals . There was also support from the then opposition party , the Democratic Progressive Party , for writing in the language . From a total of 26 documented orthographies for Taiwanese in 1987 ( including defunct systems ) , there were a further 38 invented from 1987 to 1999 , including 30 different romanizations , six adaptations of bopomofo and two hangul @-@ like systems . Some commentators believe that the Kuomintang , while steering clear of outright banning of the native language movements after the end of martial law , took a " divide and conquer " approach by promoting Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet ( TLPA ) , an alternative to POJ , which was at the time the choice of the majority inside the nativization movement .
Native language education has remained a fiercely debated topic in Taiwan into the 21st century and is the subject of much political wrangling .
= = Current system = =
The current system of pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī has been stable since the 1930s , with a few minor exceptions ( detailed below ) . There is a fair degree of similarity with the Vietnamese alphabet , including the 〈 b / p / ph 〉 distinction and the use of 〈 ơ 〉 in Vietnamese compared with 〈 o ͘ 〉 in POJ . POJ uses the following letters and combinations :
Chinese phonology traditionally divides syllables in Chinese into three parts ; firstly the initial , a consonant or consonant blend which appears at the beginning of the syllable , secondly the final , consisting of a medial vowel ( optional ) , a nucleus vowel , and an optional ending ; and finally the tone , which is applied to the whole syllable . In terms of the non @-@ tonal ( i.e. phonemic ) features , the nucleus vowel is the only required part of a licit consonant in Chinese varieties . Unlike Mandarin but like other southern varieties of Chinese , Taiwanese has final stop consonants with no audible release , a feature that has been preserved from Middle Chinese . There is some debate as to whether these stops are a tonal feature or a phonemic one , with some authorities distinguishing between 〈 -h 〉 as a tonal feature , and 〈 -p 〉 , 〈 -t 〉 , and 〈 -k 〉 as phonemic features . Southern Min dialects also have an optional nasal property , which is written with a superscript 〈 ⁿ 〉 and usually identified as being part of the vowel .
A legitimate syllable in Hokkien takes the form ( initial ) + ( medial vowel ) + nucleus + ( stop ) + tone , where items in parenthesis indicate optional components .
The initials are :
Vowels :
Coda endings :
POJ has a limited amount of legitimate syllables , although sources disagree on some particular instances of these syllables . The following table contains all the licit spellings of POJ syllables , based on a number of sources :
= = = Tone markings = = =
In standard Amoy or Taiwanese Hokkien there are seven distinct tones , which by convention are numbered 1 – 8 , with number 6 omitted ( tone 6 used to be a distinct tone , but has long since merged with tone 2 ) . Tones 1 and 4 are both represented without a diacritic , and can be distinguished from each other by the syllable ending , which is a vowel , 〈 -n 〉 , 〈 -m 〉 , or 〈 -ng 〉 for tone 1 , and 〈 -h 〉 , 〈 -k 〉 , 〈 -p 〉 , and 〈 -t 〉 for tone 4 .
Southern Min dialects undergo considerable tone sandhi , i.e. changes to the tone depending on the position of the syllable in any given sentence or utterance . However , like pinyin for Mandarin Chinese , POJ always marks the citation tone ( i.e. the original , pre @-@ sandhi tone ) rather than the tone which is actually spoken . This means that when reading aloud the reader must adjust the tone markings on the page to account for sandhi . Some textbooks for learners of Southern Min mark both the citation tone and the sandhi tone to assist the learner .
There is some debate as to the correct placement of tone
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When Brynner opened in the original production in 1951 , he was the newcomer and Gertrude Lawrence the established star . Now , 33 years and 4 @,@ 300 performances later , he is the king of the mountain as well as the show ... The genius of his performance – and it must be some sort of genius to maintain a character this long – is its simplicity . There is not a superfluous expression nor a vague gesture . And if at times , the arms on hips posture , the shining dome and fierce expression remind one of Mr. Clean , it should be remembered that Brynner was there first .
The production reached New York in January 1985 , running for 191 performances at the Broadway Theatre , with Brynner , Peil , Welch and West still playing their roles . The part of Eliza was played by the leading man 's fourth wife , Kathy Lee Brynner , and newcomer Jeffrey Bryan Davis played Louis . During the run , Brynner was unable to sing " A Puzzlement " , due to what was announced as a throat and ear infection , but he " projected bursting vitality to the top of the balcony . " He received a special Tony Award for his role as the King and had come to dominate the musical to such an extent that Piel was nominated merely for a featured actress Tony as Anna . Leigh was nominated for a Tony for his direction . New York Times critic Frank Rich praised Brynner but was ambivalent about the production , which he called " sluggish " , writing that Brynner 's " high points included his fond , paternalistic joshing with his brood in ' The March of the Siamese Children , ' his dumb @-@ show antics while attempting to force the English schoolteacher Anna to bow , and , of course , the death scene . ... The star aside , such showmanship is too often lacking in this King and I. " The last performance was a special Sunday night show , on June 30 , 1985 , in honor of Brynner and his 4,625th performance of the role . Brynner died less than four months later , on October 10 , 1985 .
From August 1989 to March 1990 , Rudolf Nureyev played the King in a North American tour opposite Liz Robertson , with Kermoyan as the Kralahome , directed by Arthur Storch and with the original Robbins choreography . Reviews were uniformly critical , lamenting that Nureyev failed to embody the character , " a King who stands around like a sulky teenager who didn 't ask to be invited to this party . ... Not even his one dance number ... goes well . ... Rodgers and Hammerstein 's King [ is ] supposed to be a compelling personality [ but Nureyev 's ] bears no resemblance to the man described ... in the " Something Wonderful " number . The show therefore comes across as something of a charade ... with everyone pretending to be dealing with a fearsome potentate who , in fact , is displaying very little personality at all . "
= = = Renshaw 's production : 1991 to 2002 = = =
The first major revival to break away from the original staging and interpretation was an Australian production directed by Christopher Renshaw , starring Hayley Mills as Anna , in 1991 . Renshaw pointedly ignored the printed stage directions in the script when reshaping the piece into what he called " an authentic Thai experience " . The production had a more sinister Siamese setting , a less elegant but more forceful Anna , and a younger King ( Tony Marinyo ) . The attraction between Anna and the King was made explicit . Renshaw " cut a few lines and lyrics , and translated others into Thai to reinforce the atmosphere of a foreign land " , and all Asian roles were played by Asian actors . He also asked choreographers Lar Lubovitch and Jerome Robbins to create a " spiritual " ballet , for the King 's entrance in Act 1 , and a procession with a sacred white elephant in Act II . According to Renshaw , " The reds and golds were very much inspired by what we saw at the royal palace " , and set and costume elements reflected images , architecture and other designs in the palace and elsewhere in Bangkok . For example , the stage was framed by columns of elephant figures , a large emerald Buddha loomed over Act I , and hundreds of elephant images were woven into the set . Renshaw said , " The elephant is regarded as a very holy creature ... they believe the spirit of Buddha often resides in the form of the elephant . "
Stanley Green , in his Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre , viewed the central theme of The King and I as " the importance of mutual understanding between people of differing ethnic and cultural backgrounds " , but Renshaw felt that the musical suffered from 1950s attitudes when " Orientalism was used as an exoticism rather than a real understanding of the particular culture . " He stated that his production was informed by authentic Thai cultural , aesthetic and religious ideas that he learned from visiting Thailand . A feature in Playbill commented that the production focused on the " clash of ideologies and cultures , of East versus West " . Theatre arts professor Eileen Blumenthal , however , called the production " a King and I for the age of political correctness " . While she acknowledged that the musical 's treatment of Asian cultures had come to be understood as insensitive in the nearly half century since its premiere , she argued that Rodgers and Hammerstein 's script was more sensitive than most orientalist literature of its day , in that " West learns from East as well as the other way around " , and that , moreover , the musical 's treatment of its Asian subject is fantastical , not intended to be realistic . She concluded that the show is a documentary of " who we 've been " in the West , and that a work like The King and I should not be suppressed , because it is " too good " .
The production was reproduced on Broadway , opening on April 11 , 1996 at the Neil Simon Theatre , starring Donna Murphy as Anna , who won a Tony Award for her performance , and Lou Diamond Phillips as the King , with Randall Duk Kim as the Kralahome , Jose Llana as Lun Tha , Joohee Choi as Tuptim and Taewon Yi Kim as Lady Thiang . Jenna Ushkowitz made her Broadway debut as one of the children . The production was nominated for eight Tony Awards , winning best revival and three others , with acting nominations for Phillips and Choi , who each won Theatre World Awards , and seven Drama Desk Awards , winning for Outstanding Revival of a Musical ; Renshaw won for his direction . The production was praised for " lavish ... sumptuous " designs by Roger Kirk ( costumes ) and Brian Thomson ( sets ) , who both won Tony and Drama Desk Awards for their work . Faith Prince played the role of Anna later in the run , followed by Marie Osmond . The revival ran on Broadway for 780 performances , and Kevin Gray replaced Phillips . The production then toured in the U.S. with Mills and Victor Talmadge . Other Annas on this tour included Osmond , Sandy Duncan , Stefanie Powers and Maureen McGovern , who ended the tour in Chicago in June 1998 .
The production opened on May 3 , 2000 at the London Palladium , directed by Renshaw and choreographed by Lubovitch , and using the Kirk and Thomson designs . It reportedly took in £ 8 million in advance ticket sales . The cast included Elaine Paige as Anna and Jason Scott Lee as the King , with Sean Ghazi as Luan Tha and Ho Yi as the Kralahome . Lady Thiang was , again , played by Taewon Yi Kim , of whom The Observer wrote , " Her ' Something Wonderful ' was just that . " The show was nominated for an Olivier Award for outstanding musical . Later in the run , Lee was replaced as the King by Paul Nakauchi . The revival was generally well received . The Daily Mirror said : " The King and I waltzed back to the West End in triumph last night . " The Daily Express noted , " Love it or loathe it , The King and I is an unstoppable smash . " Variety , however , noted a lack of chemistry between the leads , commenting that " there ’ s something not entirely right in Siam when the greatest applause is reserved for Lady Thiang " . Replacements included Josie Lawrence as Anna , Keo Woolford as the King and Saeed Jaffrey as the Kralahome . The show closed on January 5 , 2002 .
= = = 2004 to present = = =
Another U.S. national tour began in mid @-@ 2004 , directed by Baayork Lee ( who appeared in the original production at age 5 ) , with choreography by Susan Kikuchi , reproducing the Robbins original . Sandy Duncan again starred as Anna , while Martin Vidnovic played the King . He had played Lun Tha in the 1977 Broadway production and voiced the King in the 1999 animated film . Stefanie Powers took over for Duncan throughout 2005 . Near the end of the tour in November 2005 , Variety judged that Lee had successfully " harnessed the show 's physical beauty and its intrinsic exotic flavor . "
Jeremy Sams directed , and Kikuchi choreographed , a limited engagement of the musical in June 2009 at the Royal Albert Hall in London . It starred Maria Friedman and Daniel Dae Kim . A U.K. national tour starred Ramon Tikaram as the King and Josefina Gabrielle as Anna , directed by Paul Kerryson , with choreography by David Needham . It opened in December 2011 in Edinburgh and continued into May 2012 .
In June 2014 , Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris presented an English @-@ language production of The King and I directed by Lee Blakeley and starring Susan Graham , who was " close to perfection as Anna " , Lambert Wilson , " also excellent as the king " , and Lisa Milne as Lady Thiang . The New York Times called it " a grand new staging that has set French critics searching for superlatives . " The Renshaw production was revived again in April 2014 by Opera Australia for performances in Sydney , Melbourne and Brisbane , directed by Renshaw and featuring Lisa McCune and Teddy Tahu Rhodes . Some critics questioned anew the portrayal of the Siamese court as barbaric and asked why a show where " the laughs come from the Thai people mis @-@ understanding British ... culture " should be selected for revival .
A fourth Broadway revival began previews on March 12 and opened on April 16 , 2015 at the Vivian Beaumont Theater . The production was directed by Bartlett Sher and starred Kelli O 'Hara as Anna and Ken Watanabe , as the King , in his American stage debut . It featured Ruthie Ann Miles as Lady Thiang , Paul Nakauchi as the Kralahome , Ashley Park as Tuptim , Conrad Ricamora as Lun Tha , Jake Lucas as Louis Leonowens , and Edward Baker @-@ Duly as Sir Edward Ramsey . Choreography by Christopher Gattelli was based on the original Jerome Robbins dances . The desigers included Michael Yeargan ( sets ) , Catherine Zuber ( costumes ) and Donald Holder ( lighting ) . Reviews were uniformly glowing , with Ben Brantley of The New York Times calling it a " resplendent production " , praising the cast ( especially O 'Hara , " one of our greatest reinterpreters of musical standards ... something wonderful " ) , direction , choreographer , designs and orchestra , and commenting that Sher " sheds a light [ on the vintage material ] that isn 't harsh or misty but clarifying [ and ] balances epic sweep with intimate sensibility . " The production was nominated for nine Tony Awards , winning four , including Best Revival of a Musical , Best Leading Actress ( for O 'Hara ) , Best Featured Actress ( for Miles ) and best costume design ( for Zuber ) , and won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival . Replacements for the King included Jose Llana Hoon Lee and Daniel Dae Kim . Replacements for Anna included Marin Mazzie . The revival closed on June 26 , 2016 after 538 performances . A U.S. national tour of the production is scheduled to begin in November 2016 .
The King and I continues to be a popular choice for productions by community theatres , school and university groups , summer camps and regional theatre companies .
= = Adaptations = =
The musical was filmed in 1956 with Brynner re @-@ creating his role opposite Deborah Kerr . The film won five Academy Awards and was nominated for four more . Brynner won an Oscar as Best Actor for his portrayal , and Kerr was nominated as Best Actress . Sharaff won for best costume design . The film was directed by Walter Lang ( who was also nominated for an Oscar ) and choreographed by Robbins . Marni Nixon dubbed the singing voice of Anna , and Rita Moreno played Tuptim . Other notable performers included Adiarte as Chulalongkorn and Benson as the Kralahome , reprising their stage roles , as did dancers Yuriko and de Lappe . Alan Mowbray appeared in the new role of the British Ambassador , while Sir Edward Ramsey ( demoted to the Ambassador 's aide ) was played by Geoffrey Toone . The movie 's script was faithful to the stage version , although it cut a few songs ; reviews were enthusiastic . Thomas Hischak , in his The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia , states : " It is generally agreed that the [ movie ] is the finest film adaptation of any R & H musical " . Thai officials judged the film offensive to their monarchy and banned both film and musical in 1956 .
A non @-@ musical 1972 television adaptation , starring Brynner , was broadcast in the U.S. by CBS but was cancelled in mid @-@ season after 13 episodes . It followed the main storyline of the musical , focusing on the relationship between the title characters . Samantha Eggar played " Anna Owens " , with Brian Tochi as Chulalongkorn , Keye Luke as the Kralahome , Eric Shea as Louis , Lisa Lu as Lady Thiang , and Rosalind Chao as Princess Serena . The first episode aired on September 17 , 1972 , and the last aired on December 31 , 1972 . Margaret Landon was unhappy with this series and charged the producers with " inaccurate and mutilated portrayals " of her literary property ; she unsuccessfully sued for copyright infringement .
Jerome Robbins ' Broadway was a Broadway revue , directed by Robbins , showcasing scenes from some of his most popular earlier works on Broadway . The show ran from February 1989 to September 1990 and won six Tony Awards , including best musical . It featured " Shall We Dance " and " The Small House of Uncle Thomas " ballet , with Kikuchi as Eliza . Yuriko was the choreographic " reconstruction assistant " .
RichCrest Animation Studios and Morgan Creek Productions released a 1999 animated film adaptation of the musical . Except for using some of the songs and characters , the story is unrelated to the Rodgers and Hammerstein version . Geared towards children , the adaptation includes cuddly animals , including a dragon . Voices were provided by Miranda Richardson as Anna ( speaking ) , Christiane Noll as Anna ( singing ) , Martin Vidnovic as the King , Ian Richardson as the Kralahome and Adam Wylie as Louis . Hischak dislikes the film but praises the vocals , adding that one compensation of the film is hearing Barbra Streisand sing a medley of " I Have Dreamed " , " We Kiss in a Shadow " and " Something Wonderful " , which is borrowed from Streisand 's 1985 The Broadway Album and played under the film 's closing credits . He expressed surprise " that the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization allowed it to be made " and noted that " children have enjoyed The King and I for five decades without relying on dancing dragons " . Ted Chapin , president of that organization , has called the film his biggest mistake in granting permission for an adaptation .
= = Music and recordings = =
= = = Musical treatment = = =
In his music , Rodgers sought to give some of the music an Asian flavor . This is exhibited in the piercing major seconds that frame " A Puzzlement " , the flute melody in " We Kiss in a Shadow " , open fifths , the exotic 6 / 2 chords that shape " My Lord and Master " , and in some of the incidental music . The music for " The Small House of Uncle Thomas " was for the most part written not by Rodgers , but by dance music arranger Trude Rittmann , though " Hello , Young Lovers " and a snatch of " A Puzzlement " are quoted within it .
Before Rodgers and Hammerstein began writing together , the AABA form for show tunes was standard , but many of the songs in The King and I vary from it . " I Have Dreamed " is an almost continuous repetition of variations on the same theme , until the ending , when it is capped by another melody . The first five notes ( a triplet and two quarter notes ) of " Getting to Know You " also carry the melody all the way through the refrain . According to Mordden , this refusal to accept conventional forms " is one reason why their frequently heard scores never lose their appeal . They attend to situation and they unveil character , but also , they surprise you . "
According to Rodgers ' biographer William Hyland , the score for The King and I is much more closely tied to the action than that of South Pacific , " which had its share of purely entertaining songs " . For example , the opening song , " I Whistle a Happy Tune " , establishes Anna 's fear upon entering a strange land with her small son , but the merry melody also expresses her determination to keep a stiff upper lip . Hyland calls " Hello , Young Lovers " an archetypical Rodgers ballad : simple , with only two chords in the first eight bars , but moving in its directness .
= = = Recordings = = =
The original cast recording was released by Decca Records in 1951 . While John Kenrick admires it for the performances of the secondary couple , Larry Douglas and Doretta Morrow , and for the warmth of Lawrence 's performance , he notes that " Shall We Dance " was abridged , and there are no children 's voices – the chorus in " Getting to Know You " is made up of adults . In 2000 , the recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . Hischak comments that in the London cast album , Valerie Hobson 's vocals were no stronger than Lawrence 's and that the highlight is Muriel Smith 's " Something Wonderful " in a disc with too many cuts . He calls Anna 's songs " well served " by Marni Nixon 's singing in the 1956 film soundtrack and judges the recording as vocally satisfying ; Kenrick describes it as a " mixed bag " : he is pleased that it includes several songs cut from the film , and he praises Nixon 's vocals , but he dislikes the supporting cast and suggests watching the movie instead for its visual splendor .
Kenrick prefers the 1964 Lincoln Center cast recording to the earlier ones , especially approving of the performances of Risë Stevens as Anna and Patricia Neway as Lady Thiang . The inclusion on that recording , for the first time , of " The Small House of Uncle Thomas " , was notable because LP technology limited a single @-@ disc album to about fifty minutes , and thus inclusion of the ballet required the exclusion of some of the other numbers . Kenrick finds the recording of the 1977 Broadway revival cast to be " [ e ] asily the most satisfying King
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those responsible for atrocities to escape justice but also because of the dangerous precedent it could set , where powerful actors such as the United States could bargain away the ICTY 's mandate for political convenience . In response , Goldstone pushed through a new indictment of the Bosnian Serb president Radovan Karadžić and his army chief Ratko Mladić for the Srebrenica massacre , which was issued two weeks into the peace talks at Dayton . He lobbied President Bill Clinton to resist any such demands and made it clear that an amnesty would not be a legal basis for the ICTY to suspend indictments . In the end , no amnesty was included in the Dayton Agreement . Goldstone 's actions were later credited with making the negotiations a success . The chief US negotiator , Richard Holbrooke , described the tribunal as " a huge valuable tool " which had enabled Karadžić and Mladić to be excluded from the talks , with the Serbian side represented instead by the more conciliatory Milosević . The Dayton Agreement put direct responsibility on all sides to send suspects to The Hague , committing the Serbian , Bosnian and Croatian governments to cooperating with the ICTY in future .
When he retired from the Office of the Prosecutor in 1996 , Goldstone was replaced by the distinguished Canadian lawyer Louise Arbour . His contribution was praised by colleagues at the ICTY : " Goldstone was absolutely right for his time because he came with moral clout from South Africa and his own particular status as a champion of human rights . "
= = = Constitutional Court = = =
On his return from The Hague , Goldstone took up his seat on the Constitutional Court , which he held until retiring in 2003 . Justice Albie Sachs described Goldstone as representing " a sense of continuity " between the traditions of the past that managed to survive the years of apartheid , and the whole new era of the constitution that governs South Africa today .
= = = Argentina = = =
He was a member of the International Panel of the Commission of Enquiry into the Activities of Nazism in Argentina ( CEANA ) which was established in 1997 to identify Nazi war criminals who had emigrated to Argentina , and transferred victim assets ( Nazi gold ) there .
= = = Kosovo = = =
Goldstone was chair of the Independent International Commission on Kosovo from August 1999 until December 2001 .
= = = Volcker Committee = = =
In April 2004 , he was appointed by Kofi Annan , the UN Secretary General , to the Independent Inquiry Committee , chaired by Paul Volcker , to investigate the Iraq Oil for Food program .
= = = UN Fact @-@ Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict = = =
During the Gaza War between Israel and Hamas in December 2008 – January 2009 , the UN Human Rights Council ( UNHRC ) passed a resolution condemning Israel for " grave violations " of human rights and calling for an independent international investigation . The UNHRC appointed a four @-@ person team , headed by Goldstone , to investigate " all violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law that might have been committed at any time in the context of the military operations that were conducted in Gaza during the period from 27 December 2008 and 18 January 2009 , whether before , during or after . "
According to a report in Reuters , Goldstone said he had spent many days and " sleepless nights " deciding whether to accept the mandate , saying that it had come as " quite a shock " . He continued , " I can approach the daunting task I have accepted in an even @-@ handed and impartial manner and give it the same attention that I have to situations in my own country , " where his experience had been that " transparent , public investigations are very important , important particularly for the victims because it brings acknowledgement of what happened to them . " He explained that he had long " taken a deep interest in Israel , in what happens in Israel , and I have been associated with organisations that have worked in Israel " and " decided to accept it because of my deep concern for peace in the Middle East , and my deep concern for victims in all sides in the Middle East . "
Goldstone insisted that he would not follow a one @-@ sided mandate but would investigate any abuses committed by either side during the conflict . He said that he had initially not been willing to take on the mission unless the mandate was expanded to cover all sides . Despite then @-@ president of the Human Rights Council , Ambassador Martin Uhomoibhi 's verbal commitment that there was no objection to the revised mandate , the Human Rights Council never voted to revise the mandate , and resolution S @-@ 9 / 1 remained unchanged .
The Israeli government refused to cooperate with the investigation , accusing the UN Human Rights Council of anti @-@ Israel bias and arguing that the report could not possibly be fair .
In a 20 January 2011 panel discussion at Stanford University , Goldstone said that the UNHRC " repeatedly rush to pass condemnatory resolutions in the face of alleged violations of human rights law by Israel but ... have failed to take similar action in the face of even more serious violations by other States . Until the Gaza Report they failed to condemn the firing of rockets and mortars at Israeli civilian centers . "
The report , released on 15 September 2009 , concluded that both sides had committed violations of the laws of war . It stated that Israel had used disproportionate force , targeted Palestinian civilians , used them as human shields and destroyed civilian infrastructure . Hamas and other armed Palestinian groups were found to have deliberately targeted Israeli civilians and sought to spread terror in southern Israel by mounting indiscriminate rocket attacks . The report 's conclusions were endorsed by the UN Human Rights Council .
On 16 October 2009 , UN Human Rights Council voted in support of the Goldstone Report where twenty @-@ five member nations voted in favour of the resolution endorsing the report , six voted against endorsement while another eleven remained impartial . Goldstone has criticised the United Nations Human Rights Council 's selective endorsement of the report his commission compiled , since the resolution adopted chastises Israel only , when the report itself is critical of both parties .
The Israeli government and some Jewish groups strongly criticised the report , which they asserted was biased and commissioned by a UN body that was hostile to Israel . Hamas also dismissed the findings that it had committed war crimes . Goldstone himself came under sustained personal attack , with critics accusing him of bias , dishonesty and improper motives in being party to the report . Goldstone denied the accusations , saying he felt that being a Jew increased his obligation to participate in the investigation .
In a 1 April 2011 article in the Washington Post reflecting on the Commission 's work , Goldstone wrote that the report would have been different if he had been aware of information that has become known since its issuance . While expressing regret that Israel 's failure to co @-@ operate with the Commission had hindered its ability to gather exculpatory facts , he approved Israel 's subsequent internal investigations into incidents described in the report as well as their establishment of policies to better protect civilians in future conflicts . He contrasted the Israeli reaction with the failure of Hamas to investigate or modify their methods and procedures . Goldstone said he had hoped that the Commission 's inquiry " would begin a new era of evenhandedness at the U.N. Human Rights Council , whose history of bias against Israel cannot be doubted " . In addition , according to a report in Haaretz , Goldstone told associates in early 2011 that " he has been in great distress and under duress " ever since publication of his report .
= = Academic and charity activities = =
In March 1996 , Goldstone was named chancellor of the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg . He served for two terms , stepping down in September 2006 . In October 2003 , Goldstone gave a lecture entitled " Preventing Deadly Conflict " at the University of San Diego 's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series . He was a Global Visiting Professor of Law at New York University School of Law in spring 2004 , and in the fall , he was the William Hughes Mulligan Visiting Professor at Fordham University School of Law . In spring 2005 , he was the Henry Shattuck Visiting Professor Law at Harvard Law School . Goldstone participated as guest faculty in the Oxford @-@ George Washington International Human Rights Program in 2005 .
Goldstone was named the 2007 Weissberg Distinguished Professor of International Studies at Beloit College , in Beloit , Wisconsin . From 17 – 28 January 2007 he visited classes , worked with faculty and students , participated in panel discussions on human rights and transitional justice with leading figures in the field and delivered the annual Weissberg Lecture , " South Africa 's Transition to Democracy : The Role of the Constitutional Court " on 24 January at the Moore Lounge in Pearsons Hall . In Fall 2007 he was the William Hughes Mulligan Professor of International Law at Fordham University School of Law , and held that position again in Fall 2009 . Fordham Law presented him with a Doctor of Laws , honoris causa , in 2007 , the highest honor the school can bestow . Goldstone also was the Woodrow Wilson Visiting Scholar in Political Science at Washington & Jefferson College in 2009 .
From 2004 through 2008 , in addition to his teaching appointments , Goldstone was the chair of the Advisory Committee to the Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation . In 2008 , the Institute became an independent entity , with Goldstone as its chairman . He also continues as a member of the board of directors of the Salzburg Global Seminar . Goldstone serves as a trustee for Link @-@ SA , a charity which funds the tertiary education of South Africans from impoverished backgrounds .
Goldstone serves on the Board of Directors of several nonprofit organisations that promote justice , including Physicians for Human Rights , the International Center for Transitional Justice , the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation , the South African Legal Services Foundation , the Brandeis University Center for Ethics , Justice , and Public Life , Human Rights Watch , and the Center for Economic and Social Rights . Goldstone was president of the Jewish training and education charity World ORT between 1997 and 2004 . He was an honorary member of the Board of Governors of Hebrew University for over ten years prior to June 2010 , when the University announced he had been dropped from the Board due to inactivity " for a decade or more " . In April 2010 , Jerusalem lawyer David Schonberg had requested Goldstone be removed from the Board because of the UN report on Gaza . A University spokesperson stated that removing inactive members was a routine procedure , that other inactive members had also been removed , and that Goldstone 's removal had " nothing to do with his Report about Gaza " .
= = Awards and honours = =
Goldstone has received the 1994 International Human Rights Award of the American Bar Association , the 2005 Thomas J. Dodd Prize in International Justice and Human Rights , and the 2009 MacArthur Award for International Justice , announced by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation .
He holds honorary degrees from Hebrew University , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Maryland , and the Universities of Cape Town , British Columbia , Glasgow , and Calgary among others . He was the first person to be granted the title , " The Hague Peace Philosopher " in 2009 , as part of the new Spinoza Fellowship of The Hague , the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences ( NIAS ) , Radio Netherlands , and The Hague Campus of Leiden University . He is an honorary fellow of St John 's College , Cambridge , an honorary member of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York , a foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Goldstone was a fellow of the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University in 1989 .
= = Publications = =
= = = Books = = =
International judicial institutions : the architecture of international justice at home and abroad , co @-@ authored with Adam M. Smith . London and New York : Routledge , 2009 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 415 @-@ 77645 @-@ 5 ( hardback ) ; ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 415 @-@ 77646 @-@ 2 ( paperback . )
For humanity : reflections of a war crimes investigator . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , 2000 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 300 @-@ 08205 @-@ 0
Do judges speak out ? . Johannesburg : South African Institute of Race Relations , 1993 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 86982 @-@ 431 @-@ 3
= = = Lectures = = =
The Future of International Criminal Justice in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
The Developing Global Rule of Law in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
= = = Contributions to edited volumes , and forewords to books by others = = =
Goldstone , Richard J. ( 1996 ) . " From the Holocaust : Some Legal and Moral Implications " . In Rosenbaum , Alan S. Is the Holocaust Unique ? : Perspectives on Comparative Genocide ( 3rd ed . ) . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press ( published 2008 ) . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8133 @-@ 4406 @-@ 5 .
Goldstone , Richard ( 2005 ) . " The Tension Between Combating Terrorism and Protecting Civil Liberties " . In Wilson , Richard Ashby . Human Rights in the ' War on Terror ' . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 85319 @-@ 4 .
Goldstone has written forewords to books including Martha Minow 's Between Vengeance and Forgiveness : Facing History after Genocide and Mass Violence ( ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8070 @-@ 4507 @-@ 7 ) and War Crimes : The Legacy of Nuremberg ( ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8133 @-@ 4406 @-@ 5 ) , which examines the political and legal influence of the Nuremberg trials on contemporary war crime proceedings .
Goldstone , writing in The New York Times in October 2011 , said that " in Israel , there is no apartheid . Nothing there comes close to the definition of apartheid under the 1998 Rome Statute . "
= Big Fish =
Big Fish is a 2003 American fantasy drama film based on the 1998 novel of the same name by Daniel Wallace . The film was directed by Tim Burton and stars Ewan McGregor , Albert Finney , Billy Crudup , Jessica Lange , and Marion Cotillard . Other roles are performed by Helena Bonham Carter , Matthew McGrory , and Danny DeVito among others . Edward Bloom ( Finney ) , a former traveling salesman in the Southern United States with a gift for storytelling , is now confined to his deathbed . Will ( Crudup ) , his estranged son , attempts to mend their relationship as Bloom relates tall tales of his eventful life as a young adult ( portrayed by Ewan McGregor in the flashback scenes ) .
Screenwriter John August read a manuscript of the novel six months before it was published and convinced Columbia Pictures to acquire the rights . August began adapting the novel while producers negotiated with Steven Spielberg who planned to direct after finishing Minority Report ( 2002 ) . Spielberg considered Jack Nicholson for the role of Edward Bloom , but eventually dropped the project to focus on Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) . Tim Burton and Richard D. Zanuck took over after completing Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) and brought Ewan McGregor and Albert Finney on board .
The film 's theme of reconciliation between a dying father and his son had special significance for Burton , as his father had died in 2000 and his mother in 2002 , a month before he signed on to direct . Big Fish was shot on location in Alabama in a series of fairy tale vignettes evoking the tone of a Southern Gothic fantasy . The film received award nominations in multiple film categories , including four Golden Globe Award nominations , seven nominations from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , two Saturn Award nominations , and an Oscar and a Grammy Award nomination for Danny Elfman 's original score .
= = Plot = =
At Will ’ s wedding party , Edward Bloom recalls the day Will was born , claiming he caught an enormous catfish using his wedding ring as bait . Will , having heard these stories all his life , believes them to be lies and falls out with his father . Three years later , Edward is stricken with cancer , so Will and his pregnant French wife Joséphine return to his childhood home in Alabama to spend time with his father . Edward ’ s life is told through flashbacks , beginning with his encounter with a witch in his hometown , Ashton . She shows him his death but he reacts to it without fear . As he grows into adulthood , he finds his home too confining , and sets out into the world with a misunderstood giant , Karl , who has come to town with a traveling circus .
Edward and Karl find a fork in the road and travel down separate paths . Edward follows a path through a swamp and discovers the secret town of Spectre , the cheery locals claiming he was expected . There , he befriends Ashton poet Norther Winslow and the mayor ’ s daughter Jenny . However , Edward leaves Spectre , unwilling to settle down but promises Jenny he will return . In the present day , Joséphine speaks to the bed @-@ ridden Edward and asks him to tell her the story of how he met his wife Sandra , with Will listening outside the door . Returning to his reminisces , Edward reunites with Karl and they visit the Calloway Circus , where Edward falls in love with a beautiful woman . Karl and Edward get jobs in the circus where the ringmaster Amos Calloway reveals to Edward one detail about the woman at the end of every month .
Three years later , Edward discovers that Amos is secretly a werewolf but shows no ill @-@ will towards his employer . Amos , upon returning to normal , reveals the woman is Sandra , and she attends Auburn University . Edward confesses his love to Sandra , but she declines his wedding proposal despite numerous romantic gestures . He then learns she is already engaged to Don Price , a fellow Ashton citizen . Don beats Edward in a fight , prompting Sandra to break off their engagement and marry Edward . Shortly after , Edward is conscripted into the army and sent to fight in the Korean War . He parachutes into the middle of a North Korean military show , steals important documents , and convinces Siamese twins Ping and Jing to help him go home in exchange for making them celebrities .
Upon returning home , Edward becomes a travelling salesman and crosses paths with Winslow , unwittingly helping him rob a failing bank , inspiring the poet to work on Wall Street . In the present , Will investigates the truth behind his father ’ s tales and travels to Spectre . He meets an older Jenny , who explains that Edward rescued the town from bankruptcy and rebuilt it with help from his friends from Calloway Circus . Will suggests that Jenny had an affair with his father , but she reveals while she loved Edward , he remained loyal to Sandra . Will returns home but learns Edward has had a stroke and stays with him at the hospital .
Edward wakes up but , unable to speak much , asks Will to narrate how his life ends . Though struggling , Will tells his father of their imagined daring escape from the hospital to the nearby lake , where everyone from Edward ’ s past is there to see him off . Will takes Edward into the river , where he transforms into the giant catfish and swims away . A satisfied Edward dies , knowing Will understands his love for storytelling . At the funeral , Will and Joséphine are surprised when all the people from Edward ’ s stories come to the service , though each one is a slightly less fantastical version than described . Will , finally understanding his father ’ s love for life , passes on Edward ’ s stories to his own son .
= = Cast = =
Ewan McGregor as young Edward Bloom
Perry Walston as 10 @-@ year old Edward Bloom
Albert Finney as old Edward Bloom
Billy Crudup as Will Bloom
Grayson Stone as 6 – 8 @-@ year old Will Bloom
Jessica Lange as Sandra K. Bloom , Edward 's dream girl and wife
Helena Bonham Carter as Jenny Hill . Bonham Carter also plays an elderly witch who gives a young Bloom a vision of his future death in her evil eye .
Hailey Anne Nelson as 8 @-@ year @-@ old Jenny Hill
Alison Lohman as the young Sandra , née Templeton
Robert Guillaume as Dr. Bennett , the family doctor
Karlos Walkes as young Dr. Bennett
Marion Cotillard as Joséphine Bloom
Matthew McGrory as Karl , the misunderstood giant
David Denman as Don Price , Sandra Templeton 's boyfriend when Edward meets her
John Lowell as 12 @-@ year old Don Price
Loudon Wainwright III as Beamen , the mayor of Spectre , and Jenny 's father
Missi Pyle as Mildred , Beamen 's wife
Ada Tai and Arlene Tai as Ping and Jing , conjoined twins who perform as singers for soldiers in North Korea
Steve Buscemi as Norther Winslow , a poet from Ashton who supposedly went missing , having never left the idyllic town of Spectre
Danny DeVito as Amos Calloway , a circus ringmaster and werewolf
Bevin Kaye as River Woman ( Fish )
Miley Cyrus as 8 @-@ year @-@ old Ruthie ( credited as Destiny Cyrus )
Daniel Wallace as Economics teacher
Deep Roy as Mr. Soggybottom , the circus clown and Calloway 's attorney
George McArthur as Colossus , former giant in the circus , replaced by Karl
= = Themes = =
The reconciliation of the father @-@ son relationship between Edward and William is the key theme in Big Fish . Novelist Daniel Wallace 's interest in the theme of the father @-@ son relationship began with his own family . Wallace found the " charming " character of Edward Bloom similar to his father , who used charm to keep his distance from other people . In the film , Will believes Edward has never been honest with him because Edward creates extravagant myths about his past to hide himself , using storytelling as an avoidance mechanism . Edward 's stories are filled with fairy tale characters ( a witch , mermaid , giant , and werewolf ) and places ( the circus , small towns , the mythological city of Spectre ) , all of which are classic images and archetypes . The quest motif propels both Edward 's story and Will 's attempt to get to the bottom of it . Wallace explains : " The father 's quest is to be a big fish in a big pond , and the son 's quest is to see through his tall tales . "
Screenwriter John August identified with Will 's character and adapted it after himself . In college , August 's father died , and like Will , August had attempted to get to know him before his death , but found it difficult . Like Will , August had studied journalism and was 28 years old . In the film , Will says of Edward , " I didn 't see anything of myself in my father , and I don 't think he saw anything of himself in me . We were like strangers who knew each other very well . " Will 's description of his relationship with Edward closely resembled August 's own relationship with his father . Burton also used the film to confront his thoughts and emotions concerning the death of his father in 2000 : " My father had been ill for a while ... I tried to get in touch with him , to have , like in this film , some sort of resolution , but it was impossible . "
Religion and film scholar Kent L. Brintnall observes how the father @-@ son relationship resolves itself at the end of the film . As Edward dies , Will finally lets go of his anger and begins to understand his father for the first time :
In a final gesture of love and comprehension , after a lifetime of despising his father 's stories and his father as story @-@ teller , Will finishes the story his father has begun , pulling together the themes , images and characters of his father 's storied life to blend reality and fantasy in act of communion and care . By unselfishly releasing the anger he has held about his father 's stories , Will gains the understanding that all we are our stories and that his father 's stories gave him a reality and substance and a dimension that was as real , genuine , and deep as the day @-@ to @-@ day experiences that Will sought out . Will comes to understand , then , that his father — and the rest of us — are our stories and that the deeper reality of our lives may , in fact , not be our truest self .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
About six months before it was published , screenwriter John August read a manuscript of Big Fish : A Novel of Mythic Proportions ( 1998 ) by author Daniel Wallace . August read the unpublished novel following the death of his father . In September 1998 , August convinced Columbia Pictures to acquire the film rights on his behalf . August worked hard to make the episodic book into a cohesive screenplay , deciding on several narrators for the script . In August 2000 , producers Bruce Cohen and Dan Jinks began discussions for Steven Spielberg to direct . Spielberg planned to have DreamWorks co @-@ finance and distribute Big Fish with Columbia , and planned to have filming start in late 2001 , after completing Minority Report ( 2002 ) .
Spielberg courted Jack Nicholson for the role of Edward Bloom , Sr. and towards this end , had August compose two additional drafts for Nicholson 's part . August recalls : " There was this thought that there wasn 't enough for Jack Nicholson to do in the movie so we built new sequences . Pieces got moved around , but it wasn 't a lot of new stuff being created . It ended up being a really good intellectual exercise in my explaining and defending and reanalyzing pieces of the story . " Spielberg eventually left Big Fish when he became distracted with Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) , and DreamWorks also backed out of the film .
With Spielberg no closer to committing , August , working with Jinks and Cohen , considered Stephen Daldry as a potential director . " Once Steven decided he wasn 't going to do it , we put the script back to the way it was , " recalls Jinks . " Steven even said , ' I think I made a mistake with a couple of things I asked you guys to try . ' " August took his favorite elements from the previous drafts , coming up with what he called " a best @-@ of Big Fish script . " By the time we approached Tim Burton , the script was in the best shape it had ever been . "
Burton had never been particularly close to his parents , but his father 's death in October 2000 and his mother 's in March 2002 affected him deeply . Following the production of Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) , the director wanted to get back to making a smaller film . Burton enjoyed the script , feeling that it was the first unique story he was offered since Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) . Burton also found appeal in the story 's combination of an emotional drama with exaggerated tall tales , which allowed him to tell various stories of different genres . He signed to direct in April 2002 , which prompted Richard D. Zanuck , who worked with Burton on Planet of the Apes , to join Big Fish as a producer . Zanuck also had a difficult relationship with his own father , Darryl F. Zanuck , who once fired him as head of production at 20th Century Fox .
= = = Casting = = =
For the role of Edward Bloom , Burton spoke with Jack Nicholson , Spielberg 's initial choice for the role . Burton had previously worked with Nicholson on Batman ( 1989 ) and Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) . In order to depict Nicholson as the young Bloom , Burton intended to use a combination of computer @-@ generated imagery and prosthetic makeup . The director then decided to cast around for the two actors in question . Jinks and Cohen , who were then working with Ewan McGregor on Down with Love ( 2003 ) , suggested that Burton cast both McGregor and Albert Finney for Edward . Burton later compared McGregor 's acting style to regular colleague Johnny Depp . Viewing Finney 's performance in Tom Jones ( 1963 ) , Burton found him similar to McGregor , and coincidentally found a People magazine article comparing the two . McGregor , being Scottish , found it easier performing with a Southern American English accent . " It 's a much easier accent to do than a standard American accent because you can really hear it . You can get your teeth into it . Standard American is much harder because it 's more lyrical . " The same dual casting applied to the role of Bloom 's wife , Sandra , who would be played by Jessica Lange and Alison Lohman . Burton commented that he was impressed with Lohman 's performance in White Oleander ( 2002 ) . Burton 's girlfriend , Helena Bonham Carter , was also cast in two roles . Her prosthetic makeup for The Witch took five hours to apply . " I was pregnant throughout filming , so it was weird being a pregnant witch , " the actress reflected . " I had morning sickness , so all those fumes and the make @-@ up and the rubber ... it was hideous . "
Burton personalized the film with several cameos . While filming in Alabama , the crew tracked down Billy Redden , one of the original banjo players from Deliverance ( 1972 ) . Redden was working as a part @-@ owner of a restaurant in Clayton , Georgia , and he agreed to reprise his role in the Spectre vignette . As Edward Bloom first enters the town , Redden can be seen on a porch plucking a few notes from " Dueling Banjos " . Burton was pleased with the result : " If you 're watching the film and don 't recognise the solitary , enigmatic figure on the porch , that 's fine . But if you do – well , it just makes me so happy to see him and I think other people will feel the same way . " Original Big Fish author Daniel Wallace makes a brief appearance as Sandra 's economics teacher in the " Courtship of Sandra Templeton " scene .
= = = Filming = = =
Burton planned to start filming in October 2002 , but principal photography in Alabama did not begin until January 13 , 2003 . Apart from filming in Paris for one week in May , Big Fish was entirely shot in Alabama , mostly in Wetumpka. and Montgomery ( such as the Cloverdale neighborhood ) Brief filming also took place in Tallassee and on the campus of Huntingdon College . Scenes for the town of Spectre were filmed on a custom set located on an island in Lake Jackson between Montgomery and Millbrook , Alabama , adjacent to the Alabama River . Principal photography for Big Fish in Alabama continued until the first week of April. and is estimated to have generated as much as $ 25 million for the local economy .
Burton filmed all the dramatic hospital scenes and most of those involving Finney first , before moving on to the McGregor section of Bloom 's life . Although McGregor was on set from the beginning of filming , Burton chose to shoot all Finney 's scenes first . Location filming in Alabama was delayed by inclement weather ; during the Calloway circus scenes filming , a tornado watch was issued and flooding on the set interrupted filming for several weeks . Despite the delays , Burton delivered the film on budget and on schedule .
The director attempted to limit the use of digital effects . However , because he wanted to evoke a Southern Gothic fantasy tone for Big Fish , color grading techniques were applied by Sony Pictures Imageworks . Stan Winston Studios , with whom Burton worked with on Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) and Batman Returns ( 1992 ) , designed Helena Bonham Carter 's prosthetic makeup and created the animatronics . Scenes with Karl the Giant were commissioned using forced perspective filmmaking .
= = = Music = = =
The soundtrack was composed by regular Burton collaborator Danny Elfman . Burton approached Pearl Jam during post @-@ production to request an original song for the soundtrack and closing credits . After screening an early print of the film , Pearl Jam vocalist Eddie Vedder wrote " Man of the Hour " , completing the demo by the next day . It was recorded by the band four days later . Guitarist Mike McCready stated , " We were so blown away by the movie ... Eddie and I were standing around talking about it afterwards and were teary @-@ eyed . We were so emotionally charged and moved by the imagination and humanity that we felt because of the movie . "
= = Release = =
Columbia Pictures planned to wide release Big Fish in the United States on November 26 , 2003 before pushing it back to December 10 for a limited release . The film premiered on December 4 , 2003 at the Hammerstein Ballroom in Manhattan . The domestic wide release in the US came on January 9 , 2004 , with the film appearing in 2 @,@ 406 theaters and earning $ 13 @.@ 81 million in its opening weekend . The film eventually grossed $ 66 @.@ 81 million in U.S. totals and $ 56 @.@
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east . This has led many ( including Maurice Glaize and George Coedès ) to conclude that Suryavarman intended it to serve as his funerary temple . Further evidence for this view is provided by the bas @-@ reliefs , which proceed in a counter @-@ clockwise direction — prasavya in Hindu terminology — as this is the reverse of the normal order . Rituals take place in reverse order during Brahminic funeral services . The archaeologist Charles Higham also describes a container which may have been a funerary jar which was recovered from the central tower . It has been nominated by some as the greatest expenditure of energy on the disposal of a corpse . Freeman and Jacques , however , note that several other temples of Angkor depart from the typical eastern orientation , and suggest that Angkor Wat 's alignment was due to its dedication to Vishnu , who was associated with the west .
A further interpretation of Angkor Wat has been proposed by Eleanor Mannikka . Drawing on the temple 's alignment and dimensions , and on the content and arrangement of the bas @-@ reliefs , she argues that the structure represents a claimed new era of peace under King Suryavarman II : " as the measurements of solar and lunar time cycles were built into the sacred space of Angkor Wat , this divine mandate to rule was anchored to consecrated chambers and corridors meant to perpetuate the king 's power and to honor and placate the deities manifest in the heavens above . " Mannikka 's suggestions have been received with a mixture of interest and scepticism in academic circles . She distances herself from the speculations of others , such as Graham Hancock , that Angkor Wat is part of a representation of the constellation Draco .
= = = Style = = =
Angkor Wat is the prime example of the classical style of Khmer architecture — the Angkor Wat style — to which it has given its name . By the 12th century Khmer architects had become skilled and confident in the use of sandstone ( rather than brick or laterite ) as the main building material . Most of the visible areas are of sandstone blocks , while laterite was used for the outer wall and for hidden structural parts . The binding agent used to join the blocks is yet to be identified , although natural resins or slaked lime has been suggested .
The temple has drawn praise above all for the harmony of its design . According to Maurice Glaize , a mid @-@ 20th @-@ century conservator of Angkor , the temple " attains a classic perfection by the restrained monumentality of its finely balanced elements and the precise arrangement of its proportions . It is a work of power , unity and style . "
Architecturally , the elements characteristic of the style include : the ogival , redented towers shaped like lotus buds ; half @-@ galleries to broaden passageways ; axial galleries connecting enclosures ; and the cruciform terraces which appear along the main axis of the temple . Typical decorative elements are devatas ( or apsaras ) , bas @-@ reliefs , and on pediments extensive garlands and narrative scenes . The statuary of Angkor Wat is considered conservative , being more static and less graceful than earlier work . Other elements of the design have been destroyed by looting and the passage of time , including gilded stucco on the towers , gilding on some figures on the bas @-@ reliefs , and wooden ceiling panels and doors .
= = = Features = = =
= = = = Outer enclosure = = = =
The outer wall , 1 @,@ 024 m ( 3 @,@ 360 ft ) by 802 m ( 2 @,@ 631 ft ) and 4 @.@ 5 m ( 15 ft ) high , is surrounded by a 30 m ( 98 ft ) apron of open ground and a moat 190 m ( 620 ft ) wide . Access to the temple is by an earth bank to the east and a sandstone causeway to the west ; the latter , the main entrance , is a later addition , possibly replacing a wooden bridge . There are gopuras at each of the cardinal points ; the western is by far the largest and has three ruined towers . Glaize notes that this gopura both hides and echoes the form of the temple proper . Under the southern tower is a statue of Vishnu , known as Ta Reach , which may originally have occupied the temple 's central shrine . Galleries run between the towers and as far as two further entrances on either side of the gopura often referred to as " elephant gates " , as they are large enough to admit those animals . These galleries have square pillars on the outer ( west ) side and a closed wall on the inner ( east ) side . The ceiling between the pillars is decorated with lotus rosettes ; the west face of the wall with dancing figures ; and the east face of the wall with balustered windows , dancing male figures on prancing animals , and devatas , including ( south of the entrance ) the only one in the temple to be showing her teeth .
The outer wall encloses a space of 820 @,@ 000 square metres ( 203 acres ) , which besides the temple proper was originally occupied by the city and , to the north of the temple , the royal palace . Like all secular buildings of Angkor , these were built of perishable materials rather than of stone , so nothing remains of them except the outlines of some of the streets . Most of the area is now covered by forest . A 350 m ( 1 @,@ 150 ft ) causeway connects the western gopura to the temple proper , with naga balustrades and six sets of steps leading down to the city on either side . Each side also features a library with entrances at each cardinal point , in front of the third set of stairs from the entrance , and a pond between the library and the temple itself . The ponds are later additions to the design , as is the cruciform terrace guarded by lions connecting the causeway to the central structure .
= = = = Central structure = = = =
The temple stands on a terrace raised higher than the city . It is made of three rectangular galleries rising to a central tower , each level higher than the last . Mannikka interprets these galleries as being dedicated to the king , Brahma , the moon , and Vishnu . Each gallery has a gopura at each of the points , and the two inner galleries each have towers at their corners , forming a quincunx with the central tower . Because the temple faces west , the features are all set back towards the east , leaving more space to be filled in each enclosure and gallery on the west side ; for the same reason the west @-@ facing steps are shallower than those on the other sides .
The outer gallery measures 187 m ( 614 ft ) by 215 m ( 705 ft ) , with pavilions rather than towers at the corners . The gallery is open to the outside of the temple , with columned half @-@ galleries extending and buttressing the structure . Connecting the outer gallery to the second enclosure on the west side is a cruciform cloister called Preah Poan ( the " Hall of a Thousand Gods " ) . Buddha images were left in the cloister by pilgrims over the centuries , although most have now been removed . This area has many inscriptions relating the good deeds of pilgrims , most written in Khmer but others in Burmese and Japanese . The four small courtyards marked out by the cloister may originally have been filled with water . North and south of the cloister are libraries .
Beyond , the second and inner galleries are connected to each other and to two flanking libraries by another cruciform terrace , again a later addition . From the second level upwards , devatas abound on the walls , singly or in groups of up to four . The second @-@ level enclosure is 100 m ( 330 ft ) by 115 m ( 377 ft ) , and may originally have been flooded to represent the ocean around Mount Meru . Three sets of steps on each side lead up to the corner towers and gopuras of the inner gallery . The very steep stairways represent the difficulty of ascending to the kingdom of the gods . This inner gallery , called the Bakan , is a 60 m ( 200 ft ) square with axial galleries connecting each gopura with the central shrine , and subsidiary shrines located below the corner towers . The roofings of the galleries are decorated with the motif of the body of a snake ending in the heads of lions or garudas . Carved lintels and pediments decorate the entrances to the galleries and to the shrines . The tower above the central shrine rises 43 m ( 141 ft ) to a height of 65 m ( 213 ft ) above the ground ; unlike those of previous temple mountains , the central tower is raised above the surrounding four . The shrine itself , originally occupied by a statue of Vishnu and open on each side , was walled in when the temple was converted to Theravada Buddhism , the new walls featuring standing Buddhas . In 1934 , the conservator George Trouvé excavated the pit beneath the central shrine : filled with sand and water it had already been robbed of its treasure , but he did find a sacred foundation deposit of gold leaf two metres above ground level .
= = = = Decoration = = = =
Integrated with the architecture of the building , and one of the causes for its fame is Angkor Wat 's extensive decoration , which predominantly takes the form of bas @-@ relief friezes . The inner walls of the outer gallery bear a series of large @-@ scale scenes mainly depicting episodes from the Hindu epics the Ramayana and the Mahabharata . Higham has called these , " the greatest known linear arrangement of stone carving " . From the north @-@ west corner anti @-@ clockwise , the western gallery shows the Battle of Lanka ( from the Ramayana , in which Rama defeats Ravana ) and the Battle of Kurukshetra ( from the Mahabharata , showing the mutual annihilation of the Kaurava and Pandava clans ) . On the southern gallery follow the only historical scene , a procession of Suryavarman II , then the 32 hells and 37 heavens of Hinduism .
On the eastern gallery is one of the most celebrated scenes , the Churning of the Sea of Milk , showing 92 asuras and 88 devas using the serpent Vasuki to churn the sea under Vishnu 's direction ( Mannikka counts only 91 asuras , and explains the asymmetrical numbers as representing the number of days from the winter solstice to the spring equinox , and from the equinox to the summer solstice ) . It is followed by Vishnu defeating asuras ( a 16th @-@ century addition ) . The northern gallery shows Krishna 's victory over Bana ( where according to Glaize , " The workmanship is at its worst " ) , and a battle between the Hindu gods and asuras . The north @-@ west and south @-@ west corner pavilions both feature much smaller @-@ scale scenes , some unidentified but most from the Ramayana or the life of Krishna .
Angkor Wat is decorated with depictions of apsaras and devata ; there are more than 1 @,@ 796 depictions of devata in the present research inventory . Angkor Wat architects employed small apsara images ( 30 cm ( 12 in ) – 40 cm ( 16 in ) ) as decorative motifs on pillars and walls . They incorporated larger devata images ( all full @-@ body portraits measuring approximately 95 cm ( 37 in ) – 110 cm ( 43 in ) ) more prominently at every level of the temple from the entry pavilion to the tops of the high towers . In 1927 , Sappho Marchal published a study cataloging the remarkable diversity of their hair , headdresses , garments , stance , jewelry and decorative flowers , which Marchal concluded were based on actual practices of the Angkor period .
= = = Construction techniques = = =
The stones , as smooth as polished marble , were laid without mortar with very tight joints that are sometimes hard to find . The blocks were held together by mortise and tenon joints in some cases , while in others they used dovetails and gravity . The blocks were presumably put in place by a combination of elephants , coir ropes , pulleys and bamboo scaffolding . Henri Mouhot noted that most of the blocks had holes 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) in diameter and 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) deep , with more holes on the larger blocks . Some scholars have suggested that these were used to join them together with iron rods , but others claim they were used to hold temporary pegs to help manoeuvre them into place .
The monument was made out of millions of tonnes of sandstone and its volume and mass are similar to those of the Pyramid of Menkaure in Egypt . The Angkor Wat temple consumed about 5 million to 10 million asndstone bricks with a maximum weight of 1 @.@ 5 tons each . In fact , the entire city of Angkor used up far greater amounts of stone than all the Egyptian pyramids combined , and occupied an area significantly greater than modern @-@ day Paris . Moreover , unlike the Egyptian pyramids which use limestone quarried barely 0 @.@ 5 km ( 0 @.@ 31 mi ) away all the time , the entire city of Angkor was built with sandstone quarried 40 km ( 25 mi ) ( or more ) away . This sandstone had to be transported from Mount Kulen , a quarry approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) to the northeast . The route has been suggested to span 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) along a canal towards Tonlé Sap lake , another 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) crossing the lake , and finally 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) against the current along Siem Reap River , making a total journey of 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) . However , Etsuo Uchida and Ichita Shimoda of Waseda University in Tokyo , Japan have discovered in 2012 a shorter 35 @-@ kilometre ( 22 mi ) canal connecting Mount Kulen and Angkor Wat using satellite imagery . The two believe that the Khmer used this route instead .
Virtually all of its surfaces , columns , lintels and even roofs are carved . There are miles of reliefs illustrating scenes from Indian literature including unicorns , griffins , winged dragons pulling chariots as well as warriors following an elephant @-@ mounted leader and celestial dancing girls with elaborate hair styles . The gallery wall alone is decorated with almost 1 @,@ 000 square metres of bas reliefs . Holes on some of the Angkor walls indicate that they may have been decorated with bronze sheets . These were highly prized in ancient times and were a prime target for robbers . While excavating Khajuraho , Alex Evans , a stonemason and sculptor , recreated a stone sculpture under 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) , this took about 60 days to carve . Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehner also conducted experiments to quarry limestone which took 12 quarrymen 22 days to quarry about 400 tons of stone . The labor force to quarry , transport , carve and install so much sandstone must have run into the thousands including many highly skilled artisans . The skills required to carve these sculptures were developed hundreds of years earlier , as demonstrated by some artifacts that have been dated to the seventh century , before the Khmer came to power .
= = Angkor Wat today = =
= = = Restoration and conservation = = =
As with most other ancient temples in Cambodia , Angkor Wat has faced extensive damage and deterioration by a combination of plant overgrowth , fungi , ground movements , war damage and theft . The war damage to Angkor Wat 's temples has been very limited , compared to the rest of Cambodia 's temple ruins , and it has received the most attentive restoration .
The restoration of Angkor Wat in the modern era began with the establishment of the Conservation d 'Angkor ( Angkor Conservancy ) by the École française d 'Extrême @-@ Orient ( EFEO ) in 1908 ; before that date , activities at the site were primarily concerned with exploration . The Conservation d 'Angkor was responsible for the research , conservation , and restoration activities carried out at Angkor until the early 1970s , and a major restoration of Angkor was undertaken in the 1960s . However , work on Angkor was abandoned during the Khmer Rouge era and the Conservation d 'Angkor was disbanded in 1975 . Between 1986 and 1992 , the Archaeological Survey of India carried out restoration work on the temple , as France did not recognize the Cambodian government at the time . Criticism has been raised about both the early French restoration attempts and particularly the later Indian work , with concerns over damage done to the stone surface by the use of chemicals and cement .
In 1992 , following an appeal for help by Norodom Sihanouk , Angkor Wat was listed in UNESCO 's World Heritage in Danger ( later removed in 2004 ) and World Heritage Site together with an appeal by UNESCO to the international community to save Angkor . Zoning of the area was set up to protect the Angkor site in 1994 , APSARA was established in 1995 to protect and manage the area , and a law to protect Cambodian heritage was passed in 1996 . A number of countries such as France , Japan and China are involved in various Angkor Wat conservation projects . The German Apsara Conservation Project ( GACP ) is working to protect the devatas and other bas @-@ reliefs which decorate the temple from damage . The organisation 's survey found that around 20 % of the devatas were in very poor condition , mainly because of natural erosion and deterioration of the stone but in part also due to earlier restoration efforts . Other work involves the repair of collapsed sections of the structure , and prevention of further collapse : the west facade of the upper level , for example , has been buttressed by scaffolding since 2002 , while a Japanese team completed restoration of the north library of the outer enclosure in 2005 . World Monuments Fund began conservation work on the Churning of the Sea of Milk Gallery in 2008 after several years of studies on its condition . The project restored the traditional Khmer roofing system and removed cement used in earlier restoration attempts that had resulted in salts entering the structure behind the bas @-@ relief , discoloring and damaging the sculpted surfaces . The main phase of work ended in 2012 , with the final component being the installation of finials on the roof of the gallery in 2013 .
Microbial biofilms have been found degrading sandstone at Angkor Wat , Preah Khan , and the Bayon and West Prasat in Angkor . The dehydration- and radiation @-@ resistant filamentous cyanobacteria can produce organic acids that degrade the stone . A dark filamentous fungus was found in internal and external Preah Khan samples , while the alga Trentepohlia was found only in samples taken from external , pink @-@ stained stone at Preah Khan . Replicas were also made to replace some of the lost or damaged sculptures .
= = = Tourism = = =
Since the 1990s , Angkor Wat has become a major tourist destination . In 1993 , there were only 7 @,@ 650 visitors to the site ; by 2004 , government figures show that 561 @,@ 000 foreign visitors had arrived in Siem Reap province that year , approximately 50 % of all foreign tourists in Cambodia . The number reached over a million in 2007 , and over two million by 2012 . Most visited Angkor Wat , which received over two million foreign tourists in 2013 . The site has been managed by the private SOKIMEX group since 1990 , which rented it from the Cambodian government . The influx of tourists has so far caused relatively little damage , other than some graffiti ; ropes and wooden steps have been introduced to protect the bas @-@ reliefs and floors , respectively . Tourism has also provided some additional funds for maintenance — as of 2000 approximately 28 % of ticket revenues across the whole Angkor site was spent on the temples — although most work is carried out by foreign government @-@ sponsored teams rather than by the Cambodian authorities .
Since Angkor Wat has seen significant growth in tourism throughout the years UNESCO and its International Co @-@ ordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor ( ICC ) , in association with representatives from the Royal Government and APSARA , organized seminars to discuss the concept of " cultural tourism " . Wanting to avoid commercial and mass tourism , the seminars emphasized the importance of providing high quality accommodation and services in order for the Cambodian government to benefit economically , while also incorporating the richness of Cambodian culture . In 2001 , this incentive resulted in the concept of the " Angkor Tourist City " which would be developed with regard to traditional Khmer architecture , contain leisure and tourist facilities , and provide luxurious hotels capable of accommodating large amounts of tourists .
The prospect of developing such large tourist accommodations has encountered concerns from both APSARA and the ICC , claiming that previous tourism developments in the area have neglected construction regulations and more of these projects have the potential to damage landscape features . Also , the large scale of these projects have begun to threaten the quality of the nearby town 's water , sewage , and electricity systems . It has been noted that such high frequency of tourism and growing demand for quality accommodations in the area , such as the development of a large highway , has had a direct effect on the underground water table , subsequently straining the structural stability of the temples at Angkor Wat . Locals of Siem Reap have also voiced concern that the charm and atmosphere of their town have been compromised in order to entertain tourism . Since this local atmosphere is the key component to projects like Angkor Tourist City , the local officials continue to discuss how to successfully incorporate future tourism without sacrificing local values and culture .
At the ASEAN Tourism Forum 2012 , it was agreed that Borobudur and Angkor Wat would become sister sites and the provinces sister provinces .
= = Gallery = =
= Zanzibar Revolution =
The Zanzibar Revolution occurred in 1964 and led to the overthrow of the Sultan of Zanzibar and his mainly Arab government by local African revolutionaries . Zanzibar was an ethnically diverse state consisting of a number of islands off the east coast of Tanganyika which had been granted independence by Britain in 1963 . In a series of parliamentary elections preceding independence , the Arab minority succeeded in retaining the hold on power it had inherited from Zanzibar 's former existence as an overseas territory of Oman . Frustrated by under @-@ representation in Parliament despite winning 54 % of the vote in the July 1963 election , the mainly African Afro @-@ Shirazi Party ( ASP ) allied itself with the left @-@ wing Umma Party , and early on the morning of 12 January 1964 ASP member John Okello mobilised around 600 – 800 revolutionaries on the main island of Unguja ( Zanzibar Island ) . Having overrun the country 's police force and appropriated their weaponry , the insurgents proceeded to Zanzibar Town where they overthrew the Sultan and his government . Reprisals against Arab and South Asian civilians on the island followed ; the resulting death toll is disputed , with estimates ranging from several hundred to 20 @,@ 000 . The moderate ASP leader Abeid Karume became the country 's new president and head of state , and positions of power were granted to Umma party members .
The new government 's apparent communist ties concerned Western governments . As Zanzibar lay within the British sphere of influence , the British government drew up a number of intervention plans . However , the feared communist government never materialised , and because British and United States citizens were successfully evacuated these plans were not put into effect . Meanwhile , the communist bloc powers of China , East Germany and the Soviet Union established friendly relations with the new government by recognising the country and sending advisors . Karume succeeded in negotiating a merger of Zanzibar with Tanganyika to form the new nation of Tanzania ; an act judged by contemporary media to be an attempt to prevent communist subversion of Zanzibar . The revolution ended 200 years of Arab dominance in Zanzibar , and is commemorated on the island each year with anniversary celebrations and a public holiday .
= = Background = =
The Zanzibar Archipelago , now part of the Southeast African republic of Tanzania , is a group of islands lying in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Tanganyika . It comprises the main southern island of Unguja ( also known as Zanzibar ) , the smaller northern island of Pemba , and numerous surrounding islets . With a long history of Arab rule dating back to 1698 , Zanzibar was an overseas territory of Oman until it achieved independence in 1858 under its own Sultanate . In 1890 during Ali ibn Sa 'id 's reign , Zanzibar became a British protectorate , and although never formally under direct rule was considered part of the British Empire .
By 1964 , the country was a constitutional monarchy ruled by Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah . Zanzibar had a population of around 230 @,@ 000 Africans — some of whom claimed Persian ancestry and were known locally as Shirazis — and also contained significant minorities in the 50 @,@ 000 Arabs and 20 @,@ 000 South Asians who were prominent in business and trade . The various ethnic groups were becoming mixed and the distinctions between them had blurred ; according to one historian , an important reason for the general support for Sultan Jamshid was his family 's ethnic diversity . However , the island 's Arab inhabitants , as the major landowners , were generally wealthier than the Africans ; the major political parties were organised largely along ethnic lines , with Arabs dominating the Zanzibar Nationalist Party ( ZNP ) and Africans the Afro @-@ Shirazi Party ( ASP ) .
In January 1961 , as part of the process of decolonisation , the island 's British authorities drew up constituencies and held democratic elections . Both the ASP and the ZNP won 11 of the available 22 seats in Zanzibar 's Parliament , so further elections were held in June with the number of seats increased to 23 . The ZNP entered into a coalition with the Zanzibar and Pemba People 's Party ( ZPPP ) and this time took 13 seats , while the ASP , despite receiving the most votes , won just 10 . Electoral fraud was suspected by the ASP and civil disorder broke out , resulting in 68 deaths . To maintain control , the coalition government banned the more radical opposition parties , filled the civil service with its own appointees , and politicised the police .
In 1963 , with the number of parliamentary seats increased to 31 , another election saw a repeat of the 1961 votes . Due to the layout of the constituencies the ASP , led by Abeid Amani Karume , won 54 percent of the popular vote but only 13 seats , while the ZNP / ZPPP won the rest and set about strengthening its hold on power . The Umma Party , formed that year by disaffected radical Arab socialist supporters of the ZNP , was banned , and all policemen of African mainland origin were dismissed . This removed a large portion of the only security force on the island , and created an angry group of paramilitary @-@ trained men with knowledge of police buildings , equipment and procedures . Furthermore , the new Arab @-@ dominated government made it clear that in foreign policy , the Sultanate of Zanzibar would be seeking close links with the Arab world , especially Egypt and had no interest in forging relationships with the nations on the African mainland as the black majority wished . Slavery had been abolished in Zanzibar in 1897 , but much of the Arab elite who dominated the island 's politics made little effort to hide their racist views of the black majority as their inferiors , a people fit only for slavery . Memories of Arab slave @-@ trading in the past ( some of the older blacks had been slaves in their youth ) together with a distinctly patronizing view of the Arab elite towards the black majority in the present meant that much of the black population of Zanzibar had a ferocious hatred of the Arabs , viewing the new Arab @-@ dominated government as illegitimate .
Complete independence from British rule was granted on 10 December 1963 , with the ZNP / ZPPP coalition as the governing body . The government requested a defence agreement from the United Kingdom , asking for a battalion of British troops to be stationed on the island for internal security duties , but this was rejected as it was deemed inappropriate for British troops to be involved in the maintenance of law and order so soon after independence . British intelligence reports predicted that a civil disturbance , accompanied by increasing communist activity , was likely in the near future and that the arrival of British troops might cause the situation to deteriorate further . However , many foreign nationals remained on the island , including 130 Britons who were direct employees of the Zanzibar government .
= = Revolution = =
Around 3 : 00 am on 12 January 1964 , 600 – 800 poorly armed , mainly African insurgents , aided by some of the recently dismissed ex @-@ policemen , attacked Unguja 's police stations , both of its police armouries , and the radio station . The Arab police replacements had received almost no training and , despite responding with a mobile force , were soon overcome . Arming themselves with hundreds of captured automatic rifles , submachine guns and Bren guns , the insurgents took control of strategic buildings in the capital , Zanzibar Town . Within six hours of the outbreak of hostilities , the town 's telegraph office and main government buildings were under revolutionary control , and the island 's only airstrip was captured at 2 : 18 pm . The Sultan , together with Prime Minister Muhammad Shamte Hamadi and members of the cabinet , fled the island on the royal yacht Seyyid Khalifa , and the Sultan 's palace and other property was seized by the revolutionary government . At least 80 people were killed and 200 injured , the majority of whom were Arabs , during the 12 hours of street fighting that followed . Sixty @-@ one American citizens , including 16 men staffing a NASA satellite tracking station , sought sanctuary in the English Club in Zanzibar Town , and four US journalists were detained by the island 's new government .
According to the official Zanzibari history , the revolution was planned and headed by the ASP leader Abeid Amani Karume . However , at the time Karume was on the African mainland as was the leader
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half years until his release from custody . Both were fined $ 1 @,@ 000 . The others received three @-@ year terms and various fines .
While in prison LaRouche released claims that he was tortured as part of an assassination attempt . LaRouche ran two political campaigns from prison : for Virginia 's 10th Congressional District in 1990 and for U.S. President in 1992 . One of his cellmates during his incarceration at the Federal Medical Center , Rochester in Minnesota was televangelist Jim Bakker . Bakker later devoted a chapter of his book , I Was Wrong , to his experience with LaRouche . Bakker described his astonishment at LaRouche 's detailed knowledge of the Bible . According to Bakker , LaRouche received a daily briefing each morning by phone , often in German , and on more than one occasion LaRouche had information days before it was reported on the network news . Bakker also wrote that his cellmate was convinced that their cell was bugged . In Bakker 's view , " to say LaRouche was a little paranoid would be like saying that the Titanic had a little leak . " LaRouche also befriended Richard Miller , a former FBI agent and fellow inmate who was imprisoned on espionage charges . LaRouche was paroled in 1994 after serving five years of the 15 @-@ year sentence , the normal schedule for parole at that time . LaRouche commented later that " ... in effect , George H. W. Bush put me in the jug , and Bill Clinton got me out " .
= = = Appeal of convictions = = =
The defendants in the Alexandria trial appealed their convictions to Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals on October 6 , 1989 . Former U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark joined the defense team , which contended that there were six faults in the trial . In the words of the Circuit Court 's opinion , the alleged errors were :
The district court erred in denying their motion for a continuance of the trial date .
The district court erroneously denied their discovery request for exculpatory material .
The district court made numerous evidentiary rulings , in limine and at trial , that unconstitutionally restricted their ability to defend against the charges .
The trial judge failed to conduct a voir dire sufficient to impanel an unbiased jury and improperly failed to excuse several jurors for cause .
The mail fraud counts were improperly joined with the tax conspiracy count .
The sentence imposed on LaRouche was excessive .
The district court erroneously instructed the jury on the tax count .
The district court erred in allowing the introduction of illegally seized evidence .
Seventeen amicus curiae ( " friend of the court " ) briefs were filed in the appeal . One , by Albert Bleckmann , director of the Institute for Public Law and Political Sciences at the University of Münster , objected to the lack of voir dire , the exclusion of evidence under the motion in limine , the fact that the government did not approach LaRouche about his tax situation before indicting him for tax violations , and concerns about double jeopardy because of the nearly identical charges in the Boston and Alexandria trials . A brief by a French lawyer said that , " a crime of thought seems to have been camouflaged as a common law crime . " Notable submitters of amicus briefs included : James Robert Mann , Charles E. Rice , Jay Alan Sekulow and George P. Monaghan .
The three @-@ judge panel reviewed and rejected each item , affirming the defendants ' convictions and sentences unanimously on January 22 , 1990 . Five months later the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the case .
= = State trials = =
The Attorney General of Virginia , Mary Sue Terry , prosecuted eight LaRouche organizations on charges of securities fraud relating to $ 30 million in loans . The first trials were in Leesburg , but later trials moved to the larger city of Roanoke . In order for the prosecutions to proceed , a decision by the State Corporation Commission ( SCC ) was needed verifying that the loans solicited by LaRouche organizations were securities . Attorneys for the LaRouche organizations argued that a prohibition on raising funds through loans would violate their First Amendment rights . The SCC rejected that argument and decided , on March 4 , 1987 , that the promissory notes were securities . It ordered six LaRouche organizations — Fusion Energy Foundation Inc . , Caucus Distributors Inc . , Publication and General Management Inc . , Campaigner Publications Inc . , EIR News Service Inc. and Publication Equities Inc . — to stop their sale . Five other states had already issued injunctions , and 14 states eventually followed . At least one injunction , by the State of Minnesota against Independent Democrats for LaRouche , was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court , which confirmed the lower court ruling .
Six of LaRouche 's associates were convicted and two pleaded guilty . Rochelle Ascher , a fundraiser , was sentenced in Leesburg to 86 years ( reduced to 10 years ) for six charges of fraudulently selling securities and one count each of selling an unregistered security with intent to defraud , selling a security by an unregistered agent with intent to defraud , and conspiracy to commit security fraud . In two Roanoke trials , four other associates were found guilty of securities fraud charges : Donald Phau , Lawrence Hecht , Paul Gallagher and Anita Gallagher . Richard Welsh and Martha M. Quinde pleaded guilty and received 12 month and one month terms , respectively .
Michael Billington was charged in a Roanoke court with having knowingly solicited 131 loans that would never be repaid from 85 people , totaling $ 1 @.@ 24 million . Represented by a court @-@ appointed lawyer , he rejected a plea bargain that would have limited his prison sentence to the three years he had already served in the federal case . The lawyer , Brian Gettings , doubted Billington 's competence and told the court that he believed LaRouche was making the decisions in the case rather than his client . The court ordered two psychiatric tests . The first physician deemed him competent . Billington refused to cooperate with a second examination that was to be conducted by an expert on cults . Billington sought to fire Gettings , who had already tried to quit over competency question , but the judge refused to permit Billington to substitute a different attorney . A LaRouche spokesman said that Billington was prepared for trial . Billington was convicted on nine counts of " conspiracy to fail to register as a securities broker " . Under Virginia 's court system , the jury determines prison terms although a judge may override the jury 's recommendation . The jury in this case recommended 77 years ( out of a possible 90 ) ; the judge refused to lower it because Billington continued to insist upon his innocence ( which the judge deemed lack of remorse ) and because he had warned that he would accept the jury recommendation if Billington requested a jury trial . Billington served a total of ten years in prison before being released on parole . The lead prosecutor said the case involved " willful and massive fraud that has caused a lot of people to suffer " .
A trial in New York state courts on charges of scheming to defraud resulted in the conviction of Robert Primack , Marielle Kronberg and Lynne Speed .
= = Reactions from LaRouche and supporters = =
" My imprisonment is the American Dreyfus case " , LaRouche said in a January 1989 interview from prison . The prosecutor denied claims of a conspiracy , describing the theory as an " Orwellian fantasy ... that we are hiding some supersecret spy plot which , if exposed , would exonerate them " . LaRouche supporters insisted that LaRouche was jailed , not for any violation of the law , but for his beliefs .
LaRouche also alleged systematic government misconduct :
The record shows , that for nearly thirty years , elements of the U.S. Department of Justice have been engaged in world @-@ wide political targeting of me and my associates . This includes early 1970s operations run in conjunction with Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger 's U.S. State Department . During the last ten years or so of that period , some U.S. officials , and others , have challenged the relevant agencies with some of the evidence which shows , that those prosecutions and correlated harassment of me and my associates , had been clearly fraudulent , politically motivated targeting .
LaRouche and his lawyers asserted that the Anti @-@ Defamation League ( ADL ) sought to destroy his organization , and that the prosecution was the result of a conspiracy between the ADL , the government and the media . This claim stemmed from a series of meetings that LaRouche publications refer to as the John Train " Salon " .
In testimony submitted to the Senate Judiciary Committee on July 13 , 1998 , the LaRouche @-@ affiliated Schiller Institute claimed that " [ t ] he inability to repay lenders and other crediters [ sic ] was the consequence of an unprecedented involuntary bankruptcy proceeding initiated by the Justice Department against those companies in 1987 , initiated in an ex parte , in camera proceeding " .
Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte , a professor of constitutional and international law at the University of Mainz in Germany , compared the LaRouche trial to the Dreyfus affair , which he called " a classical example of a political trial " . He wrote , " Just as LaRouche was , the French Capt. Alfred Dreyfus was deprived by the structure of the trial procedures , of any opportunity to prove his innocence , and facts critical for his defense were excluded from the trial . "
On November 8 , 1991 , Angelo Vidal d 'Almeida Ribeiro , the Special Rapporteur for the United Nations Commission on Human Rights , filed a request to the U.S. Government based on a complaint that had been filed concerning the LaRouche case . The U.S. government responded by saying that LaRouche had been given due process under the laws of the United States . The U.N. Commission took no further action .
= = Exoneration attempts = =
Ramsey Clark wrote a letter in 1995 to then @-@ Attorney General Janet Reno in which he said that the case involved " a broader range of deliberate and systematic misconduct and abuse of power over a longer period of time in an effort to destroy a political movement and leader , than any other federal prosecution in my time or to my knowledge " . He asserted that , " The government , ex parte , sought and received an order effectively closing the doors of these publishing businesses , all of which were involved in First Amendment activities , effectively preventing the further repayment of their debts . " He called the convictions " a tragic miscarriage of justice which at this time can only be corrected by an objective review and courageous action by the Department of Justice " . The LaRouche movement organized two panels to review the cases : the Curtis Clark Commission , and the Mann @-@ Chestnut hearings .
On September 18 , 1996 , a full @-@ page advertisement appeared in the New Federalist , a LaRouche publication , as well as The Washington Post and Roll Call . Entitled " Officials Call for LaRouche 's Exoneration " , its signatories included Arturo Frondizi , former President of Argentina ; figures from the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement such as Amelia Boynton Robinson ( a leader of the Larouche @-@ affiliated Schiller Institute ) , James Bevel ( a Larouche movement participant ) and Rosa Parks ; former Minnesota Senator and Democratic Presidential Candidate Eugene McCarthy ; Mervyn M. Dymally , who chaired the Congressional Black Caucus ; and artists such as classical vocalist William Warfield and violinist Norbert Brainin , former 1st Violin of the Amadeus Quartet .
= = Later developments = =
In 2009 , Molly Kronberg , widow of Kenneth Kronberg , sued LaRouche in federal court for the Eastern District of Virginia , in Alexandria , alleging that he and his associates libelled and harassed her on account of her compelled testimony in the 1988 case which led to his conviction . LaRouche alleges that Kronberg perjured herself and colluded with the prosecutors to frame him in order to cover up a bad check issued in 1979 by her from a New Benjamin Franklin House Publishing Company account for royalties owed him . One of the prosecutors in the 1988 case , John Markham , is representing Kronberg in the suit .
= = United States court of appeals = =
In Re Grand Jury Proceedings.appeal of Campaigner Publications , Inc . , et al . , 795 F.2d 226 ( 1st Cir . July 3 , 1986 ) .
U.S. v. Larouche Campaign , 829 F.2d 250 ( 1st Cir . September 17 , 1987 ) .
Fusion Energy Foundation v. Terry , 836 F.2d 1342 ( 4th Cir . January 7 , 1988 ) .
In Re Jeffrey Steinberg , 837 F.2d 527 ( 1st Cir . January 22 , 1988 ) .
U.S. v. LaRouche Campaign , appeal of National Broadcasting Company , Inc , 841 F.2d 1176 ( 1st Cir . March 9 , 1988 ) .
U.S. v. LaRouche Campaign , 866 F.2d 512 ( 1st Cir . January 31 , 1989 ) .
In Re Grand Jury Proceedings.appeal of Caucus Distributors , Inc . , et al . , 871 F.2d 156 ( 1st Cir . May 30 , 1989 ) .
U.S. v. Frankhauser , 878 F.2d 1571 ( 4th Cir . July 4 , 1989 ) . [ Note : Court records spell the name " Frankhauser " while most other sources spell it " Frankhouser " . ]
U.S. v. LaRouche , 896 F.2d 815 ( 4th Cir . January 22 , 1990 ) .
U.S. v. LaRouche , 4 F.3d 987 ( 4th Cir . September 13 , 1993 ) .
Welsh v. Holt , 78 F.3d 580 ( 4th Cir . February 28 , 1996 ) .
= Illinois Route 98 =
Illinois Route 98 ( IL 98 , Route 98 ) is a 8 @.@ 36 @-@ mile ( 13 @.@ 45 km ) east – west state highway located entirely within Tazewell County in central Illinois . The route runs from Route 29 on the border of Pekin and North Pekin east to Interstate 155 ( I @-@ 155 ) in Morton . The highway connects Pekin , North Pekin , Morton , and the community of Groveland ; it passes through a variety of landscapes between the towns . Route 98 is maintained by the Illinois Department of Transportation .
The state of Illinois created Route 98 in 1924 ; the original route connected several cities in western Illinois . The eastern section of this route appeared on maps by 1928 , and the highway was completed in 1929 . In 1939 , Route 98 moved to its current alignment ; it has not changed since .
= = Route description = =
Route 98 begins at an intersection with Route 29 on the border of Pekin and North Pekin ; Worley Lake and the Illinois River lie to the west . The route heads east as a divided two @-@ lane road called Edgewater Drive , passing a group of houses which lie between two small lakes . After entering North Pekin , the highway becomes undivided and runs through a business district . It intersects County Route 25 , known locally as Parkway Road , before crossing into Pekin . Route 98 enters a forested area in Pekin and passes to the north of John T. McNaughton Park near the city 's eastern border .
After leaving Pekin , Route 98 passes through farmland in unincorporated Groveland Township . The highway meets Cole Hollow Road and California Road at successive intersections in a residential area . Past a creek , the road heads into a rural area with sections of farmland and forest . As it enters Groveland , the highway intersects County Route 1 , which runs south through the community . Route 98 leaves Groveland to the east , running through another farmed area . The route curves into Morton and takes the name Birchwood Street , traversing a creek before entering an industrial district . In this area , Route 98 briefly becomes a divided highway before terminating at exit 31 on I @-@ 155 . The road continues past the terminus as a local street , still carrying the name Birchwood Street .
Route 98 is maintained by the Illinois Department of Transportation ( IDOT ) , an Illinois state agency responsible for maintaining highways and other transport infrastructure in the state . IDOT is responsible for collecting traffic data on Illinois state highways ; this data is measured in terms of annual average daily traffic , an estimate of the number of vehicles which use a road on any given day in a particular year . In 2009 , IDOT estimated that 4400 vehicles used the western portion of Route 98 , 3900 used the central portion , and 3700 used the eastern portion . No part of Route 98 is included in the National Highway System , a network of roads considered significant to the nation 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
Route 98 was initially designated in 1924 on a route in western Illinois . The state planned the road to connect Route 3 east of Macomb to Route 95 near Havana by way of Adair , Table Grove , Ipava , and Duncan Mills . The route was first marked on the 1928 Illinois highway map ; at this point , the road connected Table Grove in the west to U.S. Route 24 ( US 24 ) and Route 31 at Duncans Mills in the east . By 1929 , the highway 's western terminus was extended to Route 9 east of Macomb . The original route became part of Route 10 between 1936 and 1939 , at which time the Route 98 designation was transferred to its present alignment . The original Route 98 is now part of US 136 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Tazewell County .
= Japanese battleship Satsuma =
Satsuma ( 薩摩 ) was a semi @-@ dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) in the first decade of the 20th century . Lead ship of her class , she was the first battleship built in Japan . She was named for Satsuma Province , now a part of Kagoshima prefecture . The ship saw no combat during World War I , although she led a squadron that occupied several German colonies in the Pacific Ocean in 1914 . Satsuma was disarmed and sunk as a target in 1922 – 24 in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 .
= = Background = =
The Satsuma class was ordered in late 1904 under the 1904 War Naval Supplementary Program during the Russo @-@ Japanese War . Unlike the previous Katori @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleships , they were the first battleships ordered from Japanese shipyards , although Satsuma used many imported components . They were originally designed with a dozen 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns , but had to be redesigned because of a shortage of guns in Japan and to reduce costs .
= = Design and description = =
The ship had an overall length of 482 feet ( 146 @.@ 9 m ) , a beam of 83 feet 6 inches ( 25 @.@ 5 m ) , and a normal draft of 27 feet 6 inches ( 8 @.@ 4 m ) . She displaced 19 @,@ 372 long tons ( 19 @,@ 683 t ) at normal load . The crew ranged from 800 to 940 officers and enlisted men .
Satsuma was powered by a pair of vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving one propeller , using steam generated by 20 Miyabara water @-@ tube boilers using a mixture of coal and fuel oil . The engines were rated at a total of 17 @,@ 300 indicated horsepower ( 12 @,@ 900 kW ) and designed to reach a top speed of 18 @.@ 25 knots ( 33 @.@ 80 km / h ; 21 @.@ 00 mph ) . During the ship 's sea trials she reached 18 @.@ 95 knots ( 35 @.@ 10 km / h ; 21 @.@ 81 mph ) from 18 @,@ 507 ihp ( 13 @,@ 801 kW ) . Satsuma carried enough coal and oil to give her a range of 9 @,@ 100 nautical miles ( 16 @,@ 900 km ; 10 @,@ 500 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
The ship was completed with four 45 @-@ caliber 12 @-@ inch 41st Year Type guns in two gun turrets , one each fore and aft of the superstructure . They fired 850 @-@ pound ( 386 kg ) armor @-@ piercing ( AP ) shells to a maximum range of 24 @,@ 000 yd ( 22 @,@ 000 m ) . The intermediate armament consisted of six twin @-@ gun turrets equipped with 45 @-@ caliber Type 41 10 @-@ inch guns , three turrets on each side of the superstructure . Her heavy intermediate armament is why the ship is considered to be a semi @-@ dreadnought .
Satsuma was equipped with a dozen 40 @-@ caliber 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch 41st Year Type quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns , mounted in casemates in the sides of the hull . The ship was also equipped with four 40 @-@ caliber 12 @-@ pounder 12 @-@ cwt QF guns and four 28 @-@ caliber 12 @-@ pounder QF guns . In addition , she was fitted with five submerged 18 @-@ inch ( 457 mm ) torpedo tubes , two on each broadside and one in the stern .
The waterline main belt of the Satsuma @-@ class vessels consisted of Krupp cemented armor that had a maximum thickness of 9 inches ( 229 mm ) amidships . It tapered to a thickness of 4 inches ( 102 mm ) inches at the ends of the ship . A 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) strake of armor protected the casemates . The barbettes for the main guns were 7 – 9 @.@ 5 inches ( 180 – 240 mm ) thick . The armor of Satsuma 's main gun turrets had a maximum thickness of nine inches . The deck armor was 2 – 3 inches ( 51 – 76 mm ) thick and the conning tower was protected by six inches of armor .
= = Construction and career = =
Satsuma , named for Satsuma Province , was laid down at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 15 May 1905 . She was launched on 15 November 1906 with Emperor Meiji , the Navy Minister , and other high officials on hand for the ceremony , and completed on 25 March 1910 . At the time of her launching , Satsuma had the largest displacement of any battleship in the world .
On 5 August 1911 , the ship suffered an explosion in one of her 12 @-@ inch guns when it failed to fire during gunnery practice . After some time passed , the breech was opened and ignited the propellant ; the resulting fire killed 16 crewmen and several officers .
She was lightly damaged by a typhoon on 22 September 1912 . Satsuma was assigned to the 1st Battleship Squadron when World War I began in August 1914 . She served as Rear Admiral Tatsuo Matsumura 's flagship in the Second South Seas Squadron as it seized the German possessions of the Caroline and the Palau Islands in October 1914 .
Satsuma rejoined the 1st Battleship Squadron in 1915 , was refitted at Sasebo Naval Arsenal in 1916 and served with the 1st Squadron for the rest of the war . Sometime during the war , she was fitted with two 12 @-@ pounders on high @-@ angle mounts to serve as anti @-@ aircraft guns .
The ship was disarmed at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal in 1922 to comply with the provisions of the Washington Naval Treaty , stricken from the Navy List on 20 September 1923 and converted into a target ship . Satsuma was sunk by the battleships Mutsu and Nagato off the southern tip of the Bōsō Peninsula , near the mouth of Tokyo Bay on 7 September 1924 .
= E and F @-@ class destroyer =
The E and F @-@ class destroyers were a group of 18 destroyers built for the Royal Navy during the 1930s . The ships were initially assigned to the Home Fleet , although they reinforced the Mediterranean Fleet during the Italian invasion of Abyssinia of 1935 – 36 and enforced the Non @-@ Intervention Agreement during the Spanish Civil War of 1936 – 39 . After the beginning of the Second World War in August 1939 , the E @-@ class ships were mostly assigned to escort duties under the Western Approaches Command , while the Fs were assigned to escort the ships of the Home Fleet . Between them they sank four German submarines through March 1940 while losing only one ship to a submarine .
Most of the sisters were committed to the Norwegian Campaign in April – June where they helped to sink one German destroyer and a submarine . The two E @-@ class minelayer @-@ destroyers helped to evacuate Allied troops from Dunkirk in May – June . Most of the Fs were sent to Gibraltar around the end of June and formed part of Force H where they participated in the attack on Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir . Two months later they participated in the Battle of Dakar where they sank three Vichy French submarines . During the rest of 1940 , they sank one Italian submarine while losing two ships to mines and torpedoes . Force H covered a number of convoys to Malta in 1941 , during which they sank one German submarine and lost one destroyer to bombs . Three E @-@ class ships began escorting convoys to Russia in late 1941 and three others were transferred to the Eastern Fleet .
Two of these latter were sunk by Japanese forces in early 1942 and two Fs were transferred to replace them . Many of the Fs reinforced the Arctic convoy escorts during which they fought several engagements with German destroyers and sank one German submarine . Several were detached to escort Malta convoys , during which one ship was lost . Several ships were converted to escort destroyers in late 1942 – early 1943 for duty in the North Atlantic and many others were assigned there for extended periods of time where they sank two German submarines . Three of these ships were later transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy . Four of the Es and Fs were sent to the Mediterranean Fleet in mid @-@ 1943 to support the invasion of Sicily and remained there into 1944 . One of these was transferred to the Royal Hellenic Navy that same year and remained in Greek service until 1956 . The ships that remained in the Atlantic sank two German submarines in 1944 before they were recalled to the UK in May to prepare for the invasion of Normandy . There they sank two submarines , although another F @-@ class ship was lost to a mine . The ships mostly returned to the North Atlantic after Overlord or began long refits in Canada .
The three Canadian ships were used to transport troops back to Canada after the end of the war before being broken up in 1947 . Most of the British ships were broken up around the same time , although one ship was sold to the Dominican Navy in 1949 and served until 1968 .
= = Design and description = =
The E class were ordered as part of the 1931 Naval Construction Programme , the F class following in 1932 . These ships were based on the preceding D class with minor changes to the hull and armament . Two of the ships were modified to accommodate 60 mines . The F class were repeats of the E 's with some minor differences . All of the destroyers were fitted with ASDIC ( sonar ) and the ability to use the Two @-@ Speed Destroyer Sweep ( TSDS ) minesweeping gear .
The E- and F @-@ class destroyers displaced 1 @,@ 405 long tons ( 1 @,@ 428 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 940 long tons ( 1 @,@ 970 t ) at deep load . They had an overall length of 329 feet ( 100 @.@ 3 m ) , a beam of 33 feet 3 inches ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) . The ships ' complement was 145 officers and ratings . They were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines , each driving one propeller shaft , using steam provided by three Admiralty 3 @-@ drum boilers that operated at a pressure of 300 psi ( 2 @,@ 068 kPa ; 21 kgf / cm2 ) and a temperature of 620 ° F ( 327 ° C ) . The turbines developed a total of 36 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 27 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 35 @.@ 5 knots ( 65 @.@ 7 km / h ; 40 @.@ 9 mph ) . The destroyers carried a maximum of 470 – 480 long tons ( 480 – 490 t ) of fuel oil that gave them a range of 6 @,@ 350 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 760 km ; 7 @,@ 310 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) .
All of the ships had the same main armament , four quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) Mark IX guns in single mounts , designated ' A ' , ' B ' ,
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02 under the GNU General Public License , Version 2 .
= = Derivatives and forks = =
Inferno is a descendant of Plan 9 , and shares many design concepts and even source code in the kernel , particularly around devices and the Styx / 9P2000 protocol . Inferno shares with Plan 9 the Unix heritage from Bell Labs and the Unix philosophy . Many of the command line tools in Inferno were Plan 9 tools that were translated to Limbo .
9atom augments the Plan 9 distribution with the addition of a 386 PAE kernel , an amd64 cpu and terminal kernel , nupas , extra pc hardware support , IL and Ken 's fs .
9front is a fork of Plan 9 . It was started to remedy a perceived lack of devoted development resources inside Bell Labs , and has accumulated various fixes and improvements .
9legacy is an alternative distribution . It includes a set of patches based on the current Plan 9 distribution .
Akaros is designed for many @-@ core architectures and large @-@ scale SMP systems .
Harvey OS is an effort to get the Plan 9 code working with gcc and clang .
= Boys ' Club ( Parks and Recreation ) =
" Boys ' Club " is the fourth episode of the first season of the American comedy television series Parks and Recreation . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 30 , 2009 . It was written by Alan Yang and directed by Michael McCullers . In the episode , Leslie tries to integrate herself into the local " boys club " by drinking wine from an illegal gift basket , and gets into trouble as she tries to accept responsibility for her supposed mistake . In a B story , Andy cleans his apartment while Ann is at work .
The episode included beer and props from Upland Brewing Company , a real @-@ life company based in Bloomington , Indiana , in an attempt to give Pawnee an authentic Indiana atmosphere . " Boys ' Club " received positive to fair reviews , with some commentators praising the episode for better developing the show 's supporting characters .
According to Nielsen Media Research , it was watched by 5 @.@ 28 million households in its original airing , which was consistent with the previous week . " Boys ' Club " and the rest of the first season of Parks and Recreation was released on DVD in the United States on September 8 , 2009 .
= = Plot = =
The episode opens with Leslie ( Amy Poehler ) and Tom ( Aziz Ansari ) responding to an incident at a park trail , where teenage boys are picking up plastic baggies of dog droppings and throwing them at each other . Leslie tries to stop them but ends up playing along with the boys and admitting that it is fun . Later , at the Pawnee town hall , a construction company has sent a gift basket with wine and cheese to the parks department , but Leslie locks it away because they are not allowed to accept gifts over $ 25 . Later , she and the others in the department look at a new social @-@ networking site that April ( Aubrey Plaza ) has set up for the pit construction project . The site already has seven friends , including city planner Mark ( Paul Schneider ) , who Leslie is disappointed to see is friends with many scantily clad young women . Leslie and Ann ( Rashida Jones ) see Mark and other city planners drinking beer in the town hall courtyard . Leslie describes it as the exclusive " boys ' club " and proposes that she and Ann crash it .
When they come outside , Mark and the others welcome them warmly . Leslie enjoys herself at the party and , when the beer runs out and the party is about to end , she keeps it going by retrieving the wine and cheese from the gift basket . The next morning , she feels guilty and , despite her boss Ron 's ( Nick Offerman ) assurance that " [ i ] t 's not that big a deal , " Leslie issues a public apology to every government official in Pawnee , including a link to the new pit website . Later , however , she learns April has placed a drunken video of herself drinking the rest of the wine on the site , even though she is only 19 . Ron tells Leslie an ethics board has called for a disciplinary hearing with Leslie . Leslie apologizes to the board and defends April , accepting responsibility for the video . As the questions from the board continue , Ron angrily defends Leslie , insisting , " Leslie has never broken a rule in her life , to the point that it 's annoying . " He abruptly ends the meeting and insists they will have to go through him to give Leslie anything more than a slap on the wrist .
Later , Leslie learns she will receive a letter in her file , which disappoints her strongly until Mark tells her he has seven in his file , and that most of the guys have at least one . Mark welcomes Leslie " to the team " , which makes her proud .
In a B story , Ann 's normally lazy boyfriend Andy ( Chris Pratt ) decides to surprise her by cleaning up their messy house while she is gone . He cleans up the house ( although he throws their garbage into the pit ) . After cleaning it , he bathes himself in a children 's pool in the backyard and plays music on his boombox . Angry neighbor Lawrence steals his boombox , prompting Andy ( who has two broken legs ) to chase the neighbor naked through the streets on his crutches . Later , Ann arrives home and is pleased with Andy 's housework , with Andy telling the documentary crew he expects to get " gently laid " later .
= = Production = =
" Boys ' Club " was written by Alan Yang and directed by Michael McCullers . McCullers co @-@ wrote two of the Austin Powers films and directed Poheler in the comedy film Baby Mama . The cold open scene , with kids throwing bags of dog feces at Leslie , was added to the episode after the rest had already been filmed , and was directed personally by series co @-@ creator Greg Daniels . The bags were actually filled with mashed potatoes . Daniels said of the opening , " There were a lot of people who felt this was not in good taste , but to me , this was one of the most fun things about the show . " The restriction prohibiting Pawnee employees from accepting gifts over $ 25 was based on real @-@ life municipal regulations the Parks and Recreation producers encountered during their research . The scenes filmed in the town hall outside courtyard were filmed on a studio sound stage , and the ethics board review scene was filmed inside the city hall building of Pasadena , California .
Like most episodes of Parks and Recreation , a great deal of the scenes in " Boys ' Club " were improvised by the actors . For example , Nick Offerman improvised the line " Put it in an e @-@ mail ? " , which he said when Leslie told him she had a very long story to tell him . Schur thought the line was " my favorite thing in the show " , and they made him say in it every subsequent take during filming . Aziz Ansari also improvised a majority of the scene in which he helped Leslie prepare for her ethics board review . Dean Holland , Parks and Recreation 's editor , said it was his favorite scene from the entire first season . Amy Poehler improvised the line at the courtyard gathering , after she accidentally spilled several beer bottles , " I feel like I 'm already in the boys ' club . Look at those bitches cleanin ' up after me . " Schur said the line helped develop Leslie 's character in future episodes because " we realized that Leslie can be a little bit cooler than we had originally thought " . The scene with Ron describing his ideal government was written for a different episode , but was moved to " Boys ' Club " when the producers decided it fit better there . Schur said it was his favorite moment in the episode . " Boys ' Club " ends with Leslie and Mark toasting a beer to each other because Schur said , " It 's a running joke in the writer 's room that every episode should end with clinking beers . "
Photos of Parks and Recreation producers were included among the photos of past city council members on the town hall walls . The photo of Hiscock is the one Leslie said she believes , " No matter what direction I move , he 's always staring at my chest . Mark 's social networking site featured in " Boys ' Club " included the character with a wide range of promiscuous women . The pictures were shot during a photo session during which , according to series co @-@ creator Michael Schur , " We brought in a lot of women and basically said , you 're really trashy . You 're trashy women , and we 're going to take your picture now . " During the courtyard party scenes , a brief clip shows Poehler , Jones and Schneider dancing together . The clip was actually the three actors out @-@ of @-@ character playing around between takes , but the Parks producers decided to add it to the episode .
Michael Schur , co @-@ creator of Parks and Recreation , said " Boys ' Club " marked an attempt to better develop Andy Dwyer . Schur said , " We definitely wanted to dimensionalize his character and not make him just a one @-@ dimensional douchebag . " In the episode , Andy plays a tape of himself singing a song called " Ann " , which he wrote as a romantic ballad for her . Chris Pratt actually wrote and performed the song himself for the show , although he said in an interview , " it really wasn 't much " . Pratt actually appeared on set naked while filming the scene in which he chases Lawrence through the streets without clothes on . Schur said the scene was written because Pratt " loves taking his clothes off " . It proved difficult to film the scenes with Pratt bathing in the children 's pool because the bubbles disappeared so quickly that multiple takes were required . The scenes with Andy running naked through the streets with his crutches to get his boombox back were inspired by a real @-@ life experience from the set . During filming , an announcement was made that specialty coffees were available for the cast and crew , and Pratt ran quickly after them with the crutches . Greg Daniels added it to " Boys ' Club " because he found the experience extremely funny .
In an attempt to lend authenticity to the fictional Pawnee , Indiana setting , Parks and Recreation producers contacted the Bloomington , Indiana @-@ based Upland Brewing Company and asked them to provide empty beer bottles and labels for the scene with the characters drinking in the town hall courtyard . The company provided props for their beer brand Dragonfly IPA , and Upland officials said their prominent appearances in the episode generated positive publicity for the company : Scott Johnson , marketing operations manager for the brewing company , said , " As soon as it went off , everyone starts calling me and e @-@ mailing me . " They also drink Vernors ginger ale , a soft drink very popular in Indiana . Windell D. Middlebrooks makes a guest appearance as Brian , one of the men attending the during the courtyard party . Middlebrooks was cast simply based on his work on Miller High Life commercials , in which he steals beer from bars that he deems unworthy of it .
On the day of the episode 's original American broadcast on April 30 , 2009 , the official NBC Parks and Recreation website launched a duplicate of the Sullivan Street Pit social networking site which was featured in the episode , complete with photos of the pit , the list of " friends " from the show and a link to Mark 's page and his photos with scantily clad women . The pit page , as well as the regular NBC website , also included the actual video of Aubrey Plaza pretending to drink wine and get drunk , as it was featured on the episode . Schur said for those scenes , " We just gave Aubrey a camera and told her to just drink wine and talk to the camera . "
= = Cultural references = =
The social networking site developed for the pit project is inspired by sites like MySpace and Facebook , which were extremely popular when the episode was first broadcast . Leslie makes a public apology to all female government officials in alphabetical order , starting with Minnesota Republican Rep. Michele Bachmann , Wisconsin Democratic Rep. Tammy Baldwin ( Democrat , Wisconsin ) and Illinois Democratic Rep. Melissa Bean . On her desk , Leslie has framed photos of U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton and former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O 'Connor . The apology scene was filmed with the camera on a tripod , something seldom done in the documentary @-@ style series . An online game of Scrabble is visible on the computer screen in Ron 's office during one scene . It is exactly the same Scrabble game he had been playing with Tom in the previous episode , " The Reporter " . While preparing Leslie for her ethics board review , Tom asks if she has ever fantasized about Ron " covered in Powerade " . This is a reference to commercials for the sports drink , in which athletes sweat the multi @-@ colored liquid while working out .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast on April 30 , 2009 , " Boys ' Club " was watched by 5 @.@ 28 million households , according to Nielsen Media Research . This rating was consistent with the previous week even as other NBC shows , like the new Southland , saw a drop in ratings . " Boys ' Club " received a 2 @.@ 3 rating / 8 share among viewers aged between 18 and 34 , and a 2 @.@ 3 rating / 7 share among viewers between 18 and 49 .
The episode received positive to fair reviews . Alan Sepinwall , television journalist for The Star @-@ Ledger , said " Boys ' Club " was funnier that previous episode and included scenes with good physical comedy involving Leslie , particularly when she spilled the beer bottles ; he also praised Andy 's " naked crutch chase " . Matt Fowler of IGN said the episode gave a little more insight into Leslie 's " aspirations about wanting to be a woman who succeeds in government , which is a step in the right direction " , but Fowler said her constant mistakes and wrong decisions bog down the story . Fowler said the best part of the episode was Andy 's subplot , particularly the scene in which he hops down the street naked on his crutches . Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B- grade , and said the Amy Poehler character needs to be more fully formed in future episodes . Phipps said most of the show 's laughs came from supporting characters Andy , Tom and Ron ; he also particularly praised Ron 's shutdown of Leslie 's hearing and his monologues of the ideal government : " One guy , who sits in a small room at a desk . And the only thing he ’ s allowed to decide is who to nuke . " Jeremy Medina of Entertainment Weekly liked that the episode included a moral crisis of sorts for Leslie , who he described as " a fully @-@ realized character instead of a caricature " .
= = DVD release = =
" Boys ' Club " , along with the five other first season episodes of Parks and Recreation , was released on a one @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on September 8 , 2009 . The DVD included cast and crew commentary tracks for each episode , as well as about 30 minutes of deleted scenes . The deleted scenes included on the DVD were originally featured on the official Parks and Recreation website after the episode aired . In one of the scenes , Leslie bought a gift basket and returned it to the business that provided the original one , in an attempt at what she called " ethical restitution " . In another scene , Leslie apologized to April for introducing her to alcohol , prompting April to later tell the camera she has had fake IDs in Indiana , North Dakota and Delaware since she was 14 years old .
= Lovell Telescope =
The Lovell Telescope / ˈlʌvəl / is a radio telescope at Jodrell Bank Observatory , near Goostrey , Cheshire in the north @-@ west of England . When construction was finished in 1957 , the telescope was the largest steerable dish radio telescope in the world at 76 @.@ 2 m ( 250 ft ) in diameter ; it is now the third largest , after the Green Bank telescope in West Virginia , USA , and the Effelsberg telescope in Germany . It was originally known as the " 250 ft telescope " or the Radio Telescope at Jodrell Bank , before becoming the Mark I telescope around 1961 when future telescopes ( the Mark II , III , and IV ) were being discussed . It was renamed to the Lovell Telescope in 1987 after Sir Bernard Lovell , and became a Grade I listed building in 1988 . The telescope forms part of the MERLIN and European VLBI Network arrays of radio telescopes .
Both Bernard Lovell and Charles Husband were knighted for their roles in creating the telescope . In September 2006 , the telescope won the BBC 's online competition to find the UK 's greatest " Unsung Landmark " . 2007 marked the 50th anniversary of the telescope .
If the air is clear enough , the Mark I telescope can be seen from high @-@ rise buildings in Manchester such as the Beetham Tower , and from as far away as the Pennines , Winter Hill in Lancashire , Snowdonia , Beeston Castle in Cheshire , and the Peak District . It can also be seen from the Terminal 1 restaurant area and departure lounges of Manchester Airport .
= = Construction = =
= = = Conception and construction of the Mark I = = =
Bernard Lovell built the Transit Telescope at Jodrell Bank in the late 1940s . This was a 218 ft ( 66 m ) -diameter radio telescope that could only point directly upwards ; the next logical step was to build a telescope that could look at all parts of the sky so that more sources could be observed , as well as for longer integration times . Although the Transit Telescope had been designed and constructed by the astronomers that used it , a fully steerable telescope would need to be professionally designed and constructed ; the first challenge was to find an engineer willing to do the job . This turned out to be Charles Husband , whom Lovell first met on 8 September 1949 .
Two bearing assemblies from 15 @-@ inch ( 38 @-@ cm ) gun turrets were bought cheaply in 1950 ; these came from the World War I battleships HMS Revenge and Royal Sovereign , which were being broken up at the time . The bearings became the two main altitude rotator bearings of the telescope , with the appropriate parts of the telescope being designed around them . Husband presented the first drawings of the proposed giant , fully steerable radio telescope in 1950 . After refinements , these plans were detailed in a " Blue Book " , which was presented to the DSIR on 20 March 1951 ; the proposal was approved in March 1952 .
Construction began on 3 September 1952 . The foundations for the telescope were completed on 21 May 1953 after being sunk 90 ft ( 27 m ) into the ground. it then took until Mid @-@ March 1954 to get the double railway lines completed due to their required accuracy . The central pivot was delivered to the site on 11 May 1954 , and the final bogie in mid @-@ April 1955 .
The telescope bowl was originally going to have a wire mesh surface to observe at wavelengths between 1 and 10 meters ( 3 @.@ 2 and 32 feet ) ; this was changed to a steel surface so that the telescope could observe at the 21 cm ( 8 in ) hydrogen line , which was discovered in 1951 . Also , in February 1954 Lovell and the Air Ministry met to see if funding could be made available for improving the accuracy of the dish so that it could be used on centimetre wavelengths , for research at these wavelengths for the Ministry as well as " other purposes " . Although the funding was not ultimately made available from the Air Ministry , the planning process had already progressed too far and so this improvement was made anyway .
The telescope was constructed so that the bowl could be completely inverted . Originally , it was intended to use a movable tower at the base of the telescope to change the receivers at the focus . However , the movable tower was never built , due jointly to funding constraints and the fact that much of the receiver equipment was placed at the base of the telescope rather than at the focus . Instead , receivers were mounted on 50 @-@ foot ( 15 @-@ m ) long steel tubes , which were then inserted by a winch into the top of the aerial tower while the bowl was inverted . The cables from the receivers then ran down the inside of this tube , which could then be connected when the telescope was pointed at the zenith . Associated receiver equipment could then be placed either in the small , swinging laboratory directly underneath the surface ; in rooms at the tops of the two towers ; at the base girders , or in the control building .
The telescope moved for the first time on 3 February 1957 : by an inch . It was first moved azimuthally under power on 12 June 1957 ; the bowl was tilted under power for the first time on 20 June 1957 . By the end of July the dish surface was completed , and first light was on 2 August 1957 ; the telescope did a drift scan across the Milky Way at 160 MHz , with the bowl at the zenith . The telescope was first controlled from the control room on 9 October 1957 , by a purpose @-@ built analogue computer .
There were large cost overruns with the telescope 's construction , mainly due to the steeply rising cost of steel at the time the telescope was constructed . The original grant
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, dorste hym touche .
A Sheffeld thwitel baar he in his hose .
Round was his face , and camus was his nose ;
By 1600 Sheffield was the main centre of cutlery production in England outside London , and in 1624 The Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire was formed to oversee the trade . Examples of water @-@ powered blade and cutlery workshops from around this time can be seen at the Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet and Shepherd Wheel museums in Sheffield .
Around a century later , Daniel Defoe in his book A tour thro ' the whole island of Great Britain , wrote :
This town of Sheffield is very populous and large , the streets narrow , and the houses dark and black , occasioned by the continued smoke of the forges , which are always at work : Here they make all sorts of cutlery @-@ ware , but especially that of edged @-@ tools , knives , razors , axes , & . and nails ; and here the only mill of the sort , which was in use in England for some time was set up , ( viz . ) for turning their grindstones , though now ' tis grown more common .
Here is a very spacious church , with a very handsome and high spire ; and the town is said to have at least as many , if not more people in it than the city of York .
In the 1740s Benjamin Huntsman , a clock maker in Handsworth , invented a form of the crucible steel process for making a better quality of steel than had previously been available . At around the same time Thomas Boulsover invented a technique for fusing a thin sheet of silver onto a copper ingot producing a form of silver plating that became known as Sheffield plate . Originally hand @-@ rolled Old Sheffield Plate was used for making silver buttons . Then in 1751 Joseph Hancock , previously apprenticed to Boulsover 's friend Thomas Mitchell , first used it to make kitchen and tableware . This prospered and in 1762 – 65 Hancock built the water @-@ powered Old Park Silver Mills at the confluence of the Loxley and the Don , one of the earliest factories solely producing an industrial semi @-@ manufacture . Eventually Old Sheffield Plate was supplanted by cheaper electroplate in the 1840s . In 1773 Sheffield was given a silver assay office . In the late 18th century , Britannia metal , a pewter @-@ based alloy similar in appearance to silver , was invented in the town .
Huntsman 's process was only made obsolete in 1856 by Henry Bessemer 's invention of the Bessemer converter , but production of crucible steel continued until well into the 20th century for special uses , as Bessemer 's steel was not of the same quality , in the main replacing wrought iron for such applications as rails . Bessemer had tried to induce steelmakers to take up his improved system , but met with general rebuffs , and finally was driven to undertake the exploitation of the process himself . To this end he erected steelworks in Sheffield . Gradually the scale of production was enlarged until the competition became effective , and steel traders generally became aware that the firm of Henry Bessemer & Co. was underselling them to the extent of £ 20 a ton . One of Bessemer 's converters can still be seen at Sheffield 's Kelham Island Museum .
In 1857 Sheffield Football Club was formed , which is now the world 's oldest association football club . This was followed by a rapid growth of football teams in the area .
Stainless steel was discovered by Harry Brearley in 1912 , at the Brown Firth Laboratories in Sheffield . His successor as manager at Brown Firth , Dr William Hatfield , continued Brealey 's work . In 1924 he patented ' 18 @-@ 8 stainless steel ' , which to this day is probably the most common alloy of this type .
These innovations helped Sheffield to gain a worldwide recognition for the production of cutlery ; utensils such as the bowie knife were mass @-@ produced and shipped to the United States . The population of the town increased rapidly . In 1736 Sheffield and its surrounding hamlets held about 7000 people , in 1801 there were 60 @,@ 000 , and by 1901 , the population had grown to 451 @,@ 195 .
This growth spurred the reorganisation of the governance of the town . Prior to 1818 , the town was run by a mixture of bodies . The Sheffield Town Trust and the Church Burgesses , for example , divided responsibility for the improvement of streets and bridges . By the 19th century both organisations lacked funds and struggled even to maintain existing infrastructure . The Church Burgesses organised a public meeting on 27 May 1805 and proposed to apply to Parliament for an act to pave , light and clean the city 's streets . The proposal was defeated .
The idea of a Commission was revived in 1810 , and later in the decade Sheffield finally followed the model adopted by several other towns in petitioning for an Act to establish an Improvement Commission . This eventually led to the Sheffield Improvement Act 1818 , which established the Commission and included several other provisions . In 1832 the town gained political representation with the formation of a Parliamentary borough . A municipal borough was formed by an Act of Incorporation in 1843 , and this borough was granted the style and title of " City " by Royal Charter in 1893 .
From the mid @-@ 18th century , a succession of public buildings were erected in the town . St Paul 's Church , now demolished , was among the first , while the old Town Hall and the present Cutlers ' Hall were among the major works of the 19th century . The town 's water supply was improved by the Sheffield Waterworks Company , who built reservoirs around the town . Parts of Sheffield were devastated when , following a five @-@ year construction project , the Dale Dyke dam collapsed on Friday 11 March 1864 , resulting in the Great Sheffield Flood .
Sheffield 's transport infrastructure was also improved . In the 18th century turnpike roads were built connecting Sheffield with Barnsley , Buxton , Chesterfield , Glossop , Intake , Penistone , Tickhill , and Worksop . In 1774 a 2 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) wooden tramway was laid at the Duke of Norfolk 's Nunnery Colliery . The tramway was destroyed by rioters , who saw it as part of a plan to raise the price of coal . A replacement tramway that used L @-@ shaped rails was laid by John Curr in 1776 and was one of the earliest cast @-@ iron railways . The Sheffield Canal opened in 1819 allowing the large @-@ scale transport of freight .
This was followed by the Sheffield and Rotherham Railway in 1838 , the Sheffield , Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne and Manchester Railway in 1845 , and the Midland Railway in 1870 . The Sheffield Tramway was started in 1873 with the construction of a horse tram route from Lady 's Bridge to Attercliffe . This route was later extended to Brightside and Tinsley , and further routes were constructed to Hillsborough , Heeley , and Nether Edge . Due to the narrow medieval roads the tramways were initially banned from the town centre . An improvement scheme was passed in 1875 ; Pinstone Street and Leopold Street were constructed by 1879 , and Fargate was widened in the 1880s . The 1875 plan also called for the widening of the High Street ; disputes with property owners delayed this until 1895 .
Steel production in the 19th century involved long working hours , in unpleasant conditions that offered little or no safety protection . Friedrich Engels in his The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 described the conditions prevalent in the city at that time :
In Sheffield wages are better , and the external state of the workers also . On the other hand , certain branches of work are to be noticed here , because of their extraordinarily injurious influence upon health . Certain operations require the constant pressure of tools against the chest , and engender consumption in many cases ; others , file @-@ cutting among them , retard the general development of the body and produce digestive disorders ; bone @-@ cutting for knife handles brings with it headache , biliousness , and among girls , of whom many are employed , anæmia . By far the most unwholesome work is the grinding of knife @-@ blades and forks , which , especially when done with a dry stone , entails certain early death . The unwholesomeness of this work lies in part in the bent posture , in which chest and stomach are cramped ; but especially in the quantity of sharp @-@ edged metal dust particles freed in the cutting , which fill the atmosphere , and are necessarily inhaled . The dry grinders ' average life is hardly thirty @-@ five years , the wet grinders ' rarely exceeds forty @-@ five .
Sheffield became one of the main centres for trade union organisation and agitation in the UK . By the 1860s , the growing conflict between capital and labour provoked the so @-@ called ' Sheffield Outrages ' , which culminated in a series of explosions and murders carried out by union militants . The Sheffield Trades Council organised a meeting in Sheffield in 1866 at which the United Kingdom Alliance of Organised Trades — a forerunner of the Trades Union Congress ( TUC ) — was founded .
= = The 20th century to the present = =
In 1914 Sheffield became a diocese of the Church of England , and the parish church became a cathedral . During the First World War the Sheffield City Battalion suffered heavy losses at the Somme and Sheffield itself was bombed by a German zeppelin .
The recession of the 1930s was only halted by the increasing tension as the Second World War loomed . The steel factories of Sheffield were set to work making weapons and ammunition for the war . As a result , once war was declared , the city once again became a target for bombing raids . In total there were 16 raids over Sheffield , but it was the heavy bombing over the nights of 12 and 15 December 1940 ( now known as the Sheffield Blitz ) when the most substantial damage occurred . More than 660 lives were lost and numerous buildings were destroyed .
Following the war , the 1950s and 1960s saw many large scale developments in the city . The Sheffield Tramway was closed , and a new system of roads , including the Inner Ring Road , were laid out . Also at this time many of the old slums were cleared and replaced with housing schemes such as the Park Hill flats , and the Gleadless Valley estate .
Sheffield 's traditional manufacturing industries ( along with those of many other areas in the UK ) , declined during the 20th century .
The building of the Meadowhall shopping centre on the site of a former steelworks in 1990 was a mixed blessing , creating much needed jobs but speeding the decline of the city centre . Attempts to regenerate the city were kick @-@ started by the hosting of the 1991 World Student Games and the associated building of new sporting facilities such as the Sheffield Arena , Don Valley Stadium and the Ponds Forge complex . Sheffield began construction of a tram system in 1992 , with the first section opening in 1994 .
Starting in 1995 , the Heart of the City Project has seen public works in the city centre : the Peace Gardens were renovated in 1998 , the Millennium Gallery opened in April 2001 , and a 1970s town hall extension was demolished in 2002 to make way for the Winter Garden , which opened on 22 May 2003 . A series of other projects grouped under the title Sheffield One aim to regenerate the whole of the city centre .
On 25 June 2007 , flooding caused millions of pounds worth of damage to buildings in the city and led to the loss of two lives .
In July 2013 the Sevenstone project , which aimed to demolish and rebuild a large part of the city centre , and had been on hold since 2009 , was further delayed and the company developing it was dropped . The city council is looking for partners to take a new version of the plan forwards . In April 2014 the council , together with Sheffield University , proposed a plan to reduce the blight of empty shops in the city centre by offering them free of charge to small businesses on a month @-@ by @-@ month basis .
= Casa de Estudillo =
The Casa de Estudillo , also known as the Estudillo House , is a historic adobe house in San Diego , California , United States . It was constructed in 1827 by José María Estudillo and his son José Antonio Estudillo , early settlers of San Diego , and was considered one of the finest houses in Mexican California . It is located in Old Town San Diego State Historic Park , and is designated as both a National and a California Historical Landmark in its own right .
Besides being one of the oldest surviving examples of Spanish architecture in California , the house gained much prominence by association with Helen Hunt Jackson 's wildly popular 1884 novel Ramona . The Casa de Estudillo is one of three National Historic Landmarks in Southern California that were closely tied to Ramona , a novel of Californio life shortly after the American acquisition of California ; the other two are Rancho Camulos and Rancho Guajome .
= = Description = =
The large building is a U @-@ shaped structure , measuring 113 feet ( 34 @.@ 4 m ) on the front side , and 98 feet ( 29 @.@ 9 m ) on each of the wings . It is constructed in the Spanish Colonial style , meaning that the house 's 13 rooms are set consecutively in the building and connected only by an external covered corredor ( as opposed to an interior hallway ) .
The main portion ( the center ) contains the entrance , facing west . To its left is the chapel and to its right is the schoolroom . Both rooms originally were smaller , with bedrooms located at the ends of building , but a 1910 restoration eliminated those walls to enlarge the rooms . Two bedrooms , a living room , a kitchen ( which was added at a later date ) , and the servants ' dining room are in the north wing , while the south wing has three bedrooms and the family dining room . The house is topped by a cupola from which bullfights and festivals in the adjacent plaza could be seen .
= = Ramona = =
= = = Association with the novel = = =
José Antonio Estudillo died in 1852 , and his family stayed until 1887 , when they moved to Los Angeles , leaving the house in the hands of a caretaker . Meanwhile , the 1884 publication of Ramona , a novel set in Southern California which painted a romanticized portrait of Californio life , generated a nationwide interest in the region . This , combined with the opening of the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe Railway lines ( and the ensuing rate war , which drove prices down to as low as $ 1 from St. Louis , Missouri to Los Angeles ) , meant that hordes of tourists made their way to Southern California to see the locations in the novel . Unfortunately , Jackson died in 1885 without ever having disclosed what the actual locations in the novel were , which caused a great deal of speculation .
In 1887 , a front page article of the San Diego Union declared the Estudillo home to be " Ramona 's Marriage Place " , saying , " To sleepy Old Town ( the house ) is known as the Estudillos , but the outside world knows it as the marriage place of ' Ramona . ' " This was despite Jackson never having visited the house , but in the novel , Ramona was married in a " long , low adobe building which had served no mean purpose in the old Presidio days , but was now fallen in decay ; and all its rooms , except those occupied by the Father , had been long uninhabited " . Despite the novel being a work of fiction , visitors flocked to the building thinking it was the actual location of Ramona 's marriage . To be clear , the Union did not simply invent this story ; a tourist had already scratched the name " Alessandro " ( Ramona 's husband in the novel ) in one of the walls . The caretaker decided to capitalize on the attendant publicity and began selling off pieces of the house as souvenirs . Naturally , the building 's condition began to deteriorate rapidly .
= = = 1910 restoration = = =
In 1906 , the dilapidated building was purchased by the San Diego Electric Railway Company , owned by prominent San Diego citizen John D. Spreckels ( who also owned the Union ) . In his vision , the house would anchor a number of tourist attractions connected via his railway which would realize his twin goals of developing San Diego into a popular locale and generate revenue for his company . To this end , he hired architect Hazel Wood Waterman to renovate the house to a condition more closely matching descriptions in the novel . The original cupola and balcony was removed because there was none mentioned in the novel , and several doors and windows were moved . Waterman was exacting in her specifications : She wanted the building to look aged as well as have the " charm of the work of half @-@ skilled Indian hands " , although modern conveniences such as electricity and indoor plumbing were included . Upon its completion in 1910 , it was marketed as a Ramona @-@ related tourist attraction , and remained popular as such for years to come , drawing 1 @,@ 632 visitors on one day in 1940 .
Spreckels hired Tommy Getz , a theater showman , to manage the property , and it was under Getz 's guidance that the property truly gained its Ramona association . He began strongly marketing the property : Tchotchkes of all sorts were labeled with " Ramona 's Marriage Place " , and more postcards were printed for the adobe than any other Ramona attraction . Due to its association with Ramona 's marriage , the house was used to host weddings as well . Getz eventually purchased the adobe from Spreckels in 1924 .
The association with the novel was so keen that the application for National Historic Landmark status was entitled , " Casa Estudillo / Ramona 's Marriage Place . " The Journal of San Diego History goes so far as to say that without the novel 's influence and the popularity of the house , the historic buildings that make up Old Town San Diego would have been razed . In fact , for a time , the Estudillos ' relationship to the house was nearly forgotten .
After Getz 's death in 1934 , his daughter Margeurite Weiss continued to operate the business for another thirty years , finally selling it 1964 to the Title Insurance and Trust Company , which then sold it to local businessman Legler Benbough , who donated it to the State of California in 1968 .
= = = 1968 restoration = = =
The state Park Service then set about restoring it to its pre @-@ Ramona state , including the missing cupola . The house now stands as a museum and is furnished as it would likely have been during Estudillo 's ownership , but with an added kitchen . The state seemed embarrassed at the property 's association with the novel : The long @-@ standing " Ramona 's Marriage Place " sign was removed , and brochures printed in the 1970s make no mention of the novel at all . By the 1990s , the state began to acknowledge the long @-@ standing relationship to the book .
Ramona no longer has the same hold on the country 's imagination as it once did . It is estimated that only 1 % of visitors to the Casa de Estudillo now are aware of the house 's ties to the novel .
= = Photo gallery = =
= 1962 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games =
The First Commonwealth Paraplegic Games were held in Perth , Western Australia from 10 to 17 November 1962 . These Games preceded the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games which were held in Perth from 22 November to 1 December of that year . The Commonwealth Paraplegic Games were conceived by Dr George Bedbrook after Perth won the right to host the Commonwealth Games . Great support was received from the Royal Perth Hospital , a leading spinal rehabilitation centre in Australia .
These games raised the profile of paraplegic ( spinal cord and polio ) athletes in Australia , particularly Western Australia . The Chairman of the Organising Committee , Hugh Leslie , who had lost a leg in World War Two , gave a speech aimed to change public perceptions about disabilities by addressing the power of language . These Games , he told the audience , ‘ were designed to prove to the public that the person who was bodily handicapped was not a cripple , and he hoped that that horrible word would eventually be wiped out of use . He had a slogan which he hoped would be adopted by all disabled : “ I can , I will ” .
Leading officials such as Bedbrook , the founder of the Stoke Mandeville Games , were impressed with the spectator turnout . Although the standards were lower than those of the Stoke Mandeville Games , there were some outstanding individual performances and several world records were broken .
= = Background and administration = =
It was decided to hold the games in Perth because the city was to host the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games and Royal Perth Hospital had a well developed spinal unit that could support paraplegic athletes . The Commonwealth Paraplegic Games were held before the main Games as to not impact on this event and provide the opportunity for athletes to stay on for the main Games .
The Royal Perth Hospital 's board of management were the official sponsors of the event and established an organising committee in 1959 . The Australian Paraplegic Council was not formed until February 1962 . The main members of the organising committee were Hugh Leslie ( Executive Chairman ) , Dr George Bedbrook ( General Secretary ) and Mrs M.R. Fathers , ( Secretary ) . The appointment of Hugh Leslie , a leg amputee , as chairman was important due to his influence as a member of Federal Parliament , his previous experience with paraplegic sporting teams and as a champion of people with a disability .
The organising committee paid for all costs incurred in Australia to participating countries . They were only required to pay their transport and stop over costs to and from Australia . Other Australian States were consulted and requested to provide funding of £ 9 @,@ 250 . The specific state funding quotas were : Victoria £ 2 @,@ 500 , New South Wales £ 2 @,@ 500 , Western Australia £ 2 @,@ 600 , Queensland £ 1 @,@ 000 and South Australia £ 450 . There was a concern as to not impact on the fund raising required by the Commonwealth Games appeal . Several reports of the Games highlight the importance of large spectator attendance and ' passing the hat ' around in the fund raising efforts . The total cost at the Games was £ 11 @,@ 717 with a surplus of £ 2 @,@ 089 .
= = Ceremonies = =
= = = Opening = = =
" The Games were opened by the Governor of Western Australia , Sir Charles Gairdner on 10 November 1962 . In his opening speech Gairdner stated that " The public must learn that the handicapped person is not an invalid . I am handicapped , but the one thing I loathe is for people to treat me as an invalid . We , the public , must realise what can be done to rehabilitate people who have suffered a grevious physical disadvantage " .
The opening ceremony was described as a " colourful spectacle " due to the Army 's Western Command Band wearing scarlet jackets and white helmets , the Army Guard of Honour in jungle green clothing and the blue uniforms of the mounted escort . The order of the wheelpast was Singapore , India , New Zealand , Rhodesia , Wales , Northern Ireland , England and the host country Australia . Hugh Leslie , the Games Chairman , in his speech said " This event , apart from helping the participants , is designed to prove to the public that the person who is badly handicapped is not a cripple . I hope that this horrible word will eventually be wiped out of use . " Senator Shane Paltridge , who was representing the Federal Government , said " This is one fine example of leadership taken by this State in the work to lift the paraplegic from a life of resignation to one of self respect and purpose in the community . "
The second half of the opening ceremony and the start of the competitive program was a basketball match between Australia and England . The game was played on a special court , constructed of timber flooring laid on a sand base , at the Agricultural Showgrounds in full view of the crowd in the grandstand . In front of a couple of thousand spectators , with the game being called on the public address system by a television sports commentator , Allan Terry , the Australians beat the English by a single basket ( 20 @-@ 18 ) . The atmosphere was summarised in The Australian Paraplegic : " The spectacle of the opening ceremony and wheelpast , followed by the excitement of the basketball , sent spectators home well rewarded for their attendance at the opening day of the First Commonwealth Paraplegic Games . " The ceremony and the game received wide television , radio and newspaper coverage highlighting the importance of the event in rehabilitation .
= = = Closing = = =
The closing ceremony , before a near @-@ capacity crowd of 3 @,@ 500 , had the colour of the opening , with 35 marching bands ( 400 girls ) and Scottish bands . The crowd had been present for the recently completed basketball final game . A DC @-@ 7B aircraft , chartered by the British teams , conducted a fly past . Sir Ludwig Guttman , founder of the Paralympic Games , in his closing address , thanked Australia and stated that " What has been the most gratifying achievement is that the First Commonwealth Paraplegic Games have fulfilled the aims and ideals of the Stoke Mandeville Games in furthering friendship and understanding among various nations of the Commonwealth . " Guttman presented Dr George Bedbrook with the Stoke Mandeville pennant in recognition for the organisation of the Games . Each team then wheeled past the dais to the famous Australian song " Waltzing Matilda " . Dr Sir Arthur Porritt , Chairman of the British Empire and Commonwealth Games Federation , declared the Games closed . In his speech , he told the audience that he hoped the general public would continue to support paraplegics and their movement .
= = Logistics and insignia = =
The original plan was to hold the games at the Shenton Park Annexe of the Royal Perth Hospital but this was abandoned due the need for temporary buildings . Royal Agricultural Showgrounds in the suburb of
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were wondering whether paralysed persons could swim 50 metres – how many would fail to make the distance and it was all just a stunt to enlist their sympathies and raise money " . The crowd 's thunderous applause made the official more comfortable about the event .
Dr Gaynor Harry , an athlete from Wales , wrote " Then was the moment to think of the fabulous organization that went into the Games , from start to finish there wasn 't a hitch . If we needed a postage stamp , that was easy . If licking the back of it had given us a thirst for iced water , that was easy too . The highest tribute that can be paid is that it all appeared so effortless , as though it all just happened " .
Richard Hollick , an athlete from England , highlighted the importance of the games in self @-@ development " Not only do we enjoy ourselves but we also learnt more about adapting ourselves than we probably normally learn in a year " . Many athletes had to travel large distances to attend the games .
Shelagh Jones , an athlete from England , wrote of the nature of competition " As the various sports on the program got under way , more and more we realised a full @-@ blooded fight was on . The swimming , fencing and field events arrived at the top of the sportscard in next @-@ to @-@ no @-@ time and in these games we found success and failure , humour and disappointment , laughter and tears . Yet within this tiny cross section of life I shall never forget the honour and privilege of mounting the rostrum to collect a ' gold ' for England . "
These games raised the profile of paraplegic ( spinal cord and polio ) athletes in Australia , particularly Western Australia . The spectator attendance amazed leading officials such as Dr Ludwig Guttmann , the founder of the Stoke Mandeville Games . He commented that the attendance was the best he had seen at any paraplegic sports event in the world . The Games highlighted the versatility of the athletes with many winning medals in different sports . It was noted that generally the standard of performance was below that of the Stoke Mandeville Games ; however there were several outstanding performers including Vic Renalson , Bill Mather @-@ Brown , Lorraine Dodd , M. Bazeley , Lynne Gilchrist and R. Scott who broke records in their events . A film of the Games was made .
= Battle of Yongju =
The Battle of Yongju ( 21 – 22 October 1950 ) , also known as the Battle of the Apple Orchard , took place as part of the United Nations ( UN ) offensive towards the Yalu River , against the North Korean forces which had invaded South Korea during the Korean War . The battle was fought between the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade and the North Korean 239th Regiment which was encircled east of Yongju , where it was attacking the US 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team ( US 187 RCT ) . On 20 October US 187 RCT had parachuted ahead of the advancing UN spearheads into drop zones in Sukchon and Sunchon , 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of the capital Pyongyang , with the objectives of cutting off the retreating North Korean forces that were withdrawing up the west coast of the Korean Peninsula and releasing American and South Korean prisoners of war . Although the airborne drop itself was a success , the operation came too late to intercept any significant North Korean elements and the American landings initially met little resistance . However , on 21 October as US 187 RCT began to advance south to the clear the Sukchon to Yongju road towards Pyongyang the Americans came under heavy attack from the North Korean 239th Regiment , and requested assistance .
The 27th British Commonwealth Brigade , which was leading the US Eighth Army general advance , was subsequently ordered forward to assist the American paratroopers . The British and Australians crossed the Taedong River at Pyongyang at noon on 21 October , and moved north on the main highway to Sukchon with the task of reaching the Chongchon River . The 1st Battalion , Argyll and Sutherland Highland Regiment ( 1 ASHR ) , subsequently pushed up the road until fired upon by North Korean forces in the hills to the south of Yongju . By nightfall the hills were cleared by the Argylls , while the 3rd Battalion , US 187 RCT occupied Yongju . Cut @-@ off , about midnight the North Korean 239th Regiment attempted to break out , resulting in heavy fighting between the Americans and North Koreans . The North Korean attacks drove the American paratroopers from Yongju , forcing them back onto the battalion 's main defensive position to the north . 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 3 RAR ) was ordered to take the lead the following morning . By dawn the Americans again requested assistance . At first light on 22 October , two companies of Argylls advanced into Yongyu , before the Australians passed through them riding on US M4 Sherman tanks . Now leading the brigade , at 09 : 00 the Australians came under fire from a North Korean rearguard position in an apple orchard on their right flank .
An encounter battle developed as 3 RAR carried out an aggressive quick attack off the line of march from the road , with American tanks in support . With fire support from mortars and artillery unavailable due to the location of US 3 / 187 RCT being unknown , the Australian attack succeeded nonetheless , and the North Koreans were forced to withdraw from the high ground having suffered heavy casualties . Meanwhile , 3 RAR 's tactical headquarters came under attack and was forced to fight off a group of North Koreans . Having been forced off the high ground , the North Koreans were now caught between the advancing Australians and the American paratroopers to the north . Attacking the North Koreans from the rear , 3 RAR subsequently relieved the American paratroopers , with the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade linked up with them by 11 : 00 . Following three hours of fighting the battle was largely over by midday ; however , many of the North Koreans that had been unable to escape continued to refuse to surrender , hiding or feigning death until individually flushed out . The Australians then proceeded to sweep the area , kicking over stacks of straw and shooting the North Korean soldiers they found hiding in them as they attempted to flee . Caught between the American paratroopers and the British and Australians , the North Korean 239th Regiment was practically destroyed . In their first major battle in Korea the Australians had distinguished themselves , and the battalion was later praised for its performance .
= = Background = =
= = = Military situation = = =
The Korean War began early in the morning of 25 June 1950 , following the surprise invasion of the Republic of Korea ( ROK ) by its northern neighbour , the communist Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK ) . Numerically superior and better @-@ equipped , the Korean People 's Army ( KPA ) crossed the 38th Parallel and rapidly advanced south , easily overcoming the South Koreans . In response , the United Nations ( UN ) decided to intervene on behalf of South Korea , inviting member states to send forces to restore the situation . As a consequence , American ground forces were hastily deployed in an attempt to prevent the South Koreans from collapsing , however they too were understrength and poorly equipped , and by early August had been forced back by the North Koreans to an enclave around Pusan , known as the Pusan Perimeter . Key US allies — Britain , Canada and Australia — also committed forces , although these were initially limited to naval contingents and were largely viewed as token efforts in the US . Under diplomatic pressure the British agreed to deploy an infantry brigade in July , and would later dispatch a second brigade as the crisis worsened . The Canadians also agreed to provide an infantry brigade , although the first battalion would not arrive until December 1950 . A total of 21 UN member states eventually contributed forces .
Australia was one of the first nations to commit units to the fighting , playing a small but sometimes significant part in the United Nations Command , which was initially led by General Douglas MacArthur . Forces deployed in Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force formed the basis of the Australian response , with P @-@ 51 Mustang fighter @-@ bombers from No. 77 Squadron RAAF flying their first missions on 2 July , while the frigate HMAS Shoalhaven and the destroyer HMAS Bataan were also committed to naval operations . During this time the 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 3 RAR ) , which had been preparing to return to Australia prior to the outbreak of the war , remained in Japan , however on 26 July the Australian government announced that it would also commit the under @-@ strength and poorly equipped infantry battalion to the fighting , following a period of preparation . Training and re @-@ equipment began immediately , while hundreds of reinforcements were hastily recruited in Australia as part of K Force ; they soon began arriving to fill out the battalion . The battalion 's commanding officer , Lieutenant Colonel Floyd Walsh , was subsequently replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Charles Green . An officer with extensive operational experience fighting the Japanese in New Guinea during the Second World War , Green took over from Walsh due to the latter 's perceived inexperience .
On 23 September 1950 , 3 RAR embarked for Korea , concentrating at Pusan on 28 September . There it joined the British 27th Infantry Brigade , a garrison formation hurriedly committed from Hong Kong by the British government as the situation deteriorated around the Pusan Perimeter in late August to bolster the US Eighth Army under Lieutenant General Walton Walker . Commanded by Brigadier Basil Coad , the brigade was renamed the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade and consisted of the 1st Battalion , Argyll and Sutherland Highland Regiment ( 1 ASHR ) , the 1st Battalion , Middlesex Regiment ( 1 MR ) and 3 RAR . Understrength , the two British battalions had each mustered just 600 men of all ranks , while the brigade was also short on transport and heavy equipment , and had no integral artillery support , for which it would rely entirely on the Americans until the 16th Field Regiment , Royal New Zealand Artillery arrived in January 1951 . As such , with a strength of nearly 1 @,@ 000 men , the addition of 3 RAR gave the brigade increased tactical weight as well as expediently allowing the Australians to work within a familiar organisational environment , rather than being attached to a US formation . Also under the command of the brigade were a number of US Army units , including 155 mm howitzers from the US 90th Field Artillery Battalion , M4 Sherman tanks from US 89th Tank Battalion and a company from the US 72nd Combat Engineer Battalion .
= = Prelude = =
= = = Opposing forces = = =
By the time 3 RAR arrived in the theatre , the North Koreans had been broken and were in rapid retreat , with MacArthur 's
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forces conducting a successful amphibious assault at Inchon and breaking out along the Naktong perimeter on the southern tip of the Korean peninsula . A steady advance began , driving the North Koreans northwards towards the 38th Parallel . The 27th British Commonwealth Brigade was airlifted from Taegu to Kimpo Airfield north of Seoul on 5 October , however its vehicles had to move by road , driving 420 kilometres ( 260 mi ) , and did not arrive until 9 October . It was subsequently attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division , under the command of Major General Hobart R. Gay . On 16 October the brigade took over from the US 7th Cavalry Regiment as the vanguard of the UN advance up the west coast , its axis intended to take it through Kaesong , Kumchon and Hungsu @-@ ri to Sariwon , then through Hwangju to the North Korean capital of Pyongyang . Although the North Koreans had suffered heavily in the preceding weeks , they continued to resist strongly , while a lack of accurate maps and the narrowness of the roads made rapid movement difficult for the advancing UN forces . During this time 3 RAR had a platoon of American M4 Sherman tanks attached and a battery of field guns in direct support .
The 27th British Commonwealth Brigade subsequently moved 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) from Kumchon , with the Argylls capturing Sariwon , an industrial town 54 kilometres ( 34 mi ) south of Pyongyang , on 17 October . Supported by 3 RAR and American tanks , the Highlanders killed 215 North Koreans and took several thousand prisoners for the loss of one man killed and three wounded in a one @-@ sided action . Prior to the attack the Australians had moved through the town to establish a blocking position 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) to the north . During the evening 3 RAR encountered a North Korean force withdrawing north . Using the same road and moving in the same direction , the North Koreans mistook the Australians and Argylls for Russians in the poor light and were bluffed into surrendering , with the Australians capturing thousands of North Koreans and their weapons and equipment following a brief exchange . Mounted on a tank , the 3 RAR second @-@ in @-@ command , Major Ian Ferguson , captured over 1 @,@ 600 North Korean soldiers with just an interpreter . Australian involvement had been limited , however , and they regarded their first exposure to the fighting in Korea as a relatively minor incident . The North Korean capital fell to US troops on 19 October . The 27th British Commonwealth Brigade then passed to the command of the US 24th Infantry Division on 21 October , under the overall command of Major General John H. Church , while the US 1st Cavalry Division remained in Pyongyang to complete its capture . Coad had hoped to rest his men at Pyongyang ; however , the advance continued north with little respite and the brigade moved through the village of Sangapo . The British and Australians were subsequently ordered to seize Chongju .
The previous day the US 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team ( US 187 RCT ) had parachuted ahead of the advancing UN spearheads into drop zones around Sukchon and Sunchon , 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of the capital . Commanded by Colonel Frank S. Bowen , the paratroopers were tasked with the objectives of cutting off the retreating North Korean forces that were withdrawing up the west coast of the Korean Peninsula and releasing American and South Korean prisoners of war . The plan envisioned the 1st and 3rd Battalions , US 187 RCT dropping southeast of Sukchon to seize the town , before establishing blocking positions on the two main highways and the railway to Pyongyang . The 2nd Battalion , US 187 RCT would then be dropped near Sunchon , 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) to the east to block another highway and railway line . The American paratroopers would then hold their positions while the US Eighth Army pushed northwards to link up them , a task which was expected to be complete within two days . US intelligence indicated that a trainload of American prisoners of war was moving north by night from Pyongyang , and Bowen hoped to intercept their train and release the men . As the US Eighth Army crossed the 38th Parallel MacArthur had held US 187 RCT at Kimpo Airfield near Seoul as the theatre reserve , with the intent of using them as a blocking force to prevent the anticipated North Korean withdrawal . Yet anxious not to expose the lightly equipped paratroopers by projecting them too far forward of the advance , MacArthur kept them back , and after changing the date twice , they were not dropped until 20 October . By this time the bulk of the North Korean Army had succeeded in withdrawing safely behind the Chongchon River . Only the North Korean 239th Regiment remained , having been ordered to delay the UN forces as they attempted to follow up . With a strength of 2 @,@ 500 men the regiment subsequently occupied positions on the high ground astride the road and rail lines east of Yongju , 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) south of the American drop zones at Sukchon .
= = Battle = =
= = = US 187 RCT airdrop at Sukchon and Sunchon , 20 – 21 October 1950 = = =
Beginning at 14 : 00 on 20 October , 1 @,@ 470 men from Lieutenant Colonel Harry Wilson 's US 1 / 187 RCT , Regimental Headquarters and Headquarters Company , as well as supporting engineer , medical , and logistic elements , were flown by C @-@ 119 Flying Boxcar and C @-@ 47 Skytrain transport aircraft from Kimpo Airfield . After forming up over the Han River , the force was parachuted into a drop zone southeast of Sukchon — designated Drop Zone William — supported by US fighter aircraft which rocketed and strafed the ground in preparation for the landing . The Americans subsequently met occasional sniper fire , experiencing only limited resistance . American casualties included 25 men injured in the jump , while one group which landed 2 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 5 mi ) east of the drop zone lost a man killed in his parachute after being attacked by the North Koreans . The heavy equipment subsequently followed the initial airdrop , including seven 105 mm M2A1 howitzers and their ammunition from A and C Battery , US 674th Field Artillery Battalion . One of the guns was damaged in the drop , however , and was unable to be used . US 1 / 187 RCT subsequently moved west , capturing Hill 97 east of Sukchon and Hill 104 to the north , before clearing the town itself and setting up a roadblock .
Wilson dispatched patrols to the river in the vicinity of Naeman @-@ ni , and prepared to move south towards Pyongyang . A platoon of engineers reached Songnani @-@ ni at 15 : 30 but was delayed for 45 minutes by North Korean fire . Capturing 15 prisoners , the platoon then moved to Namil @-@ ni where it was further engaged , killing five North Koreans and capturing another 16 . Meanwhile , Bowen established his command post at Chany @-@ ni on Hill 97 , along the dykes of the Choeyong River , and was dug @-@ in by 16 : 00 . US 3 / 187 RCT — under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Delbert Munson — jumped into Drop Zone William shortly afterwards , before turning south and adopting a defensive position on the low hills 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) south of Sukchon , where they established roadblocks across the highway and railway . Seizing their objectives by 17 : 00 , the American paratroopers killed five North Koreans and captured 42 others without loss . Preparing to attack south along the railway and highway , Munson subsequently dispersed his battalion along the high ground south of Sukchon , with Company I on the left and Company K on the right , where they set up a blocking position on the Sukchon – Pyongyang Road . US 2 / 187 RCT — under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William J. Boyle — jumped into Drop Zone Easy , 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) southwest of Sunchon at 14 : 20 and although the battalion suffered 20 men injured in the drop , it secured its objectives by nightfall almost unopposed . B Battery , US 674th Field Artillery Battalion was also dropped in support . Two companies then established roadblocks to the south and west of the town , while a third company married up with elements of the ROK 6th Division at Sunchon , which was pushing towards the Chongchon River .
MacArthur had flown from Japan to watch the drop from the air , and after observing the landing aboard an American bomber accompanied by a number of war correspondents , he subsequently flew to Pyongyang where he announced to the press that the operation had achieved complete surprise . Estimating that 30 @,@ 000 North Korean troops — perhaps half of those remaining in North Korea — had been caught between the US 187 RCT in the north and the US 1st Cavalry Division and ROK 1st Division to the south at Pyongyang , he predicted that they would soon be destroyed or captured by the UN advance . Yet , while the air drop itself had been a success , despite MacArthur ’ s optimistic predictions the operation came too late to intercept any significant North Korean elements and the American landings initially met little resistance . Indeed , most of the North Korean Army had succeeded in withdrawing north , and had crossed the Chongchon River , or were in the process of doing so , while the government and most important officials had moved to Kanggye in the mountains 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) southeast of Manpojin on the Yalu River . Most of the American and South Korean prisoners had also been moved to more remote parts of North Korea , and were unable to be rescued .
In total , during the operation approximately 4 @,@ 000 men and more than 600 tons of equipment and supplies were dropped by the Americans at Sukchon and Sunchon on 20 October and the days that followed , including twelve 105 mm howitzers , 39 jeeps , 38 1 / 4 @-@ ton trailers , four 90 mm antiaircraft guns , four 3 / 4 @-@ ton trucks , as well as ammunition , fuel , water , rations , and other supplies . Although sound in concept , the operation may have had more chance of success had a complete airborne division been employed . The following morning US 1 / 187 RCT captured the high ground north of Sukchon and established a blocking position on the main highway running north . However , strong North Korean rearguard forces held the next line of hills to the north . While at Sunchon , American troops from US 2 / 187 RCT had heard reports that a number of American prisoners had been murdered nearby by their North Korean captors as the KPA retreated . It became apparent that the train carrying the prisoners north from Pyongyang had halted in a railway tunnel on the 20th to conceal itself as US 187 RCT jumped into the area , and that while there , many of the men aboard had been shot by the North Korean soldiers guarding them as they waited for their evening meal . Sixty @-@ six bodies were later recovered , as well as those of seven more who were found to have died of disease or malnutrition . Twenty @-@ three starving and emaciated American survivors were found nearby ; however , many were badly wounded and two later died . The American paratroopers were subsequently ordered to return to Pyongyang .
= = = North Korean 239th Regiment is encircled , 21 October 1950 = = =
At 09 : 00 on 21 October , US 3 / 187 RCT began to advance south to clear the Sukchon to Yongju road towards Pyongyang . The American paratroopers advanced on two fronts , with I Company moving along the railway line and K Company along the highway . At 13 : 00 I Company reached Opa @-@ ri , where it encountered a strong North Korean force estimated as a battalion , equipped with 120 mm mortars and 40 mm guns . I Company was caught in an ambush . The North Koreans subsequently attacked the paratroopers and after a battle lasting two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half hours , they overran two American platoons . I Company was forced to withdraw west of the railway to Hill 281 having suffered 90 men missing . Despite their success , the North Koreans subsequently withdrew to their own defensive positions in the high ground around Opa @-@ ri . Amid the fighting , an American medic attached to I Company , Private First Class Richard G. Wilson , was killed while attempting to reach a wounded man who had been left behind , and he was later posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions . Wilson had repeatedly exposed himself to North Korean fire to render aid to the wounded , and later helped many to safety following the order to withdraw . On hearing that one of the Americans previously thought to be dead had been seen attempting to crawl to safety , he went back to the battlefield to search for him and had disappeared . Two days later a patrol found Wilson lying dead beside the man he had returned to rescue , having been shot while trying to shield him from further injury .
Meanwhile , during its advance along the highway , K Company encountered a battalion @-@ sized North Korean force , 1 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 99 mi ) north of Yongju . Following a sharp fight the Americans forced the North Koreans to withdraw to defensive positions on the high ground to the south and east of the town , as K Company continued into Yongju , where they established a position on Hill 163 , immediately to the north , digging @-@ in . The distance separating the highway and the railway which ran north either side of Yongju was larger at that point than anywhere else between Pyongyang and Sukchon . The American companies now occupied positions roughly opposite each other — at Yongju on the highway and Opa @-@ ri on the railway — yet these positions were now almost 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) apart and they were unable to mutually support each other . Elsewhere , elements of the 1st and 2nd Battalions , US 187 RCT successfully linked up at Sunchon that afternoon .
The North Korean 239th Regiment had subsequently established defensive positions on a line of hills extending southwest to northeast across the highway at Yongju and the railway at Opa @-@ ri , on ground which offered the best defensive terrain between capital and the Chongchon River . The last North Korean unit to leave Pyongyang , the Regiment had been tasked with fighting a delaying action against UN troops as they advanced north . Yet as a result of the unexpected American airborne assault , the North Korean 239th Regiment was subsequently encircled and found itself unexpectedly attacked from the rear . Already under threat from the UN advance north from Pyongyang , the North Koreans subsequently reacted vigorously to the Americans as US 3 / 187 RCT began to move south , and heavy fighting ensued 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) north of Yongju . The American paratroopers subsequently requested assistance from the US 24th Infantry Division , to which it was temporarily attached . Meanwhile , as the fighting at Yongju continued , US 2 / 187 RCT had remained out of contact at its drop zone at Sunchon as the ROK 6th Division completed the clearance of the town and its surrounds of North Korean stragglers .
= = = British and Australians advance to Yongju , 21 – 22 October 1950 = = =
In the days prior , US I Corps had continued its movement northward as part of the general advance of the US Eighth Army . Following the capture of Pyongyang , the corps commander , Major General Frank W. Milburn , ordered the advance to continue to the MacArthur Line , running approximately 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) south of the Yalu River . The US 24th Division , to which the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade was then attached , was ordered to lead this attack . On the division 's right flank three South Korean divisions — the ROK 1st Division , under US I Corps , and the ROK 6th and 8th Divisions under the control of ROK II Corps — were deployed to the east and would also be committed to the attack northwards . The British and Australians had covered 122 kilometres ( 76 mi ) in the previous two days , advancing rapidly until slowed by rain . A Company , 3 RAR was subsequently engaged by snipers from a nearby village without suffering casualties . The Sherman tanks proceeded to heavily engage the North Korean positions in the village , which was then cleared by the Australian infantry who killed five North Koreans and took three prisoners . As the rain ceased a North Korean T @-@ 34 tank , which had remained concealed during the earlier fighting , engaged D Company , 3 RAR and was subsequently knocked out by the American tanks . An unmanned SU @-@ 76 self @-@ propelled gun was also located nearby , and neither it or the tank were found to have any petrol . Meanwhile , US 187 RCT 's request for reinforcement had been received by the headquarters of the US 24th Infantry Division in Pyongyang . Yet , with the American division still well to the rear , the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade was the closest formation , and it was subsequently ordered forward to assist the American paratroopers .
Now the vanguard of the US Eighth Army , the British and Australians crossed the Taedong River using a sand @-@ bag bridge at Pyongyang at noon on 21 October , moving north on the main highway to Sukchon with the task of reaching the Chongchon River . Meanwhile , elements of US 3 / 187 RCT occupied Yongju . Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Nielson , 1 ASHR subsequently pushed up the road until fired upon by North Korean forces in the hills to the south of the town , with snipers engaging the column as it turned west out of the river valley around 16 : 00 . Encountering only light resistance from a small North Korean force of approximately 75 men which was then scattered by tank fire , the Argylls successfully cleared the foothills by last light on 21 October . Approaching Yongju , Coad decided to halt for the night . The Argylls subsequently sent a patrol into the town , establishing initial contact with US 3 / 187 RCT , marrying up with K Company which was established in a number of houses on the northern edge of Yongju and on Hill 163 immediately above their position . A strong North Korean force was believed to be nearby , however , with at least 300 men thought to remain in the town .
= = = North Koreans attempt to break @-@ out , 21 / 22 October 1950 = = =
Cut @-@ off , about midnight the North Korean 239th Regiment attempted to break out to the north , launching a number of attacks against the Americans . During the first attack a small group of North Koreans succeeded in infiltrating the K Company command post at Yongju . In the close @-@ quarter fighting that ensured Captain Claude K. Josey , the American company commander , tackled a North Korean machine @-@ gunner , and despite being wounded twice he succeeded in disarming him before collapsing from his injuries . Josey was later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions . As the fighting continued the K Company executive officer was also wounded , yet the Americans eventually drove off the North Koreans , many of whom were subsequently killed . Nearby , the British and Australians could hear the sounds of heavy fighting between the Americans and North Koreans 1 to 2 miles ( 1 @.@ 6 to 3 @.@ 2 km ) to the north . Half an hour later a small group of North Koreans attacked A Company , 1 ASHR with grenades , killing two men and wounding two more before being repulsed having suffered one killed and one wounded . A large concentration of around 300 North Koreans were subsequently observed assembling in Yongju by the K Company forward observer , however the American artillery had relocated during the fighting and was unable to engage the target . Two guns from C Battery , US 674th Artillery Battalion were ordered to reposition south Sukchon to support US 3 / 187 RCT . Following two more North Korean attacks the Americans near Hill 163 were forced to abandon the roadblock after running out of ammunition . Detecting the withdrawal , the North Koreans attacked again at 04 : 00 . Meanwhile , after forcing their way through heavy North Korean machine @-@ gun and rifle fire the two American howitzers were successfully redeployed , coming into action at 04 : 15 . To the south , the British and Australians could hear the sounds of renewed fighting , and they began to fear that the Americans had been overrun .
The North Korean attacks drove K Company from Yongju that night , forcing them back towards the battalion 's main defensive position 3 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 0 mi ) to the north . Yet the paratroopers managed to reform into a tight perimeter on the northern edge of Yongju . Renewing their attack at 05 : 45 , the North Koreans then assaulted the command post of US 3 / 187 RCT and the L Company perimeter , but suffered heavy casualties from American enfilade and direct fire . During this action a column of North Koreans had moved towards L Company just before daybreak , singing as they approached . Dug @-@ in on the forward slopes facing the road , the 3 Platoon position gave the Americans a good field of fire overlooking the rice paddies and they began to engage the North Koreans with machine @-@ guns . Meanwhile , 1 Platoon and Company Headquarters also began to fire in support . Yet in the darkness the attackers claimed to be South Koreans and the Americans subsequently held their fire until the light became sufficient to confirm their identity . An American 57 mm recoilless rifle subsequently destroyed a North Korean truck at the head of another column as it moved up the road . The North Koreans then attempted to move a machine @-@ gun forward , but were thwarted as the Americans killed a number of men as took over the weapon . Under heavy fire the North Korean attack was broken up , with many of the survivors attempting to take cover behind the raised road . Meanwhile , the howitzers had continued to support the paratroopers , and by 05 : 50 the two guns had fired 145 rounds . During a single fire mission 54 North Koreans were killed , while by the time US 3 / 187 RCT was finally relieved later that day C Battery , 674th Artillery Battalion had accounted for more than 200 North Koreans .
In spite of these losses the North Koreans assaulted the American positions again , with a force of 300 men falling on L Company and a further 450 men assaulting Headquarters Company . At the bottom of the slope the North Koreans knocked out an American machine @-@ gun , hitting three of the crew in quick succession . The Americans responded with .50 calibre heavy machine @-@ guns , while a 3 @.@ 5 @-@ inch bazooka engaged the North Koreans in a culvert as they attempted to overrun the L Company position . Master Sergeant Willard W. Ryals subsequently moved forward down the hill under heavy fire to man the now silenced machine @-@ gun , and proceeded to engage the attackers . For his actions he was later awarded the US Silver Star . Hard @-@ pressed , the beleaguered Americans again requested assistance . Overnight Coad had ordered 3 RAR to take the lead the following morning and Green subsequently decided to send a company through Yongju to advance north as rapidly as possible , intending to push through the Argylls which were tasked with clearing the town . By dawn , the North Koreans and Americans had fought each other to a standstill after heavy fighting overnight and the previous day ; the North Korean 239th Regiment was almost exhausted , yet , in danger of being destroyed , it prepared for a final attempt to break out .
At first light on 22 October , A and C Company , 1 ASHR advanced into Yongju , before the Australians passed through them . Elsewhere , the Middlesex took up defensive positions to the north of Yongju . The Argylls then moved through the town , using high explosive and white phosphorus grenades to winkle out the remaining North Korean snipers , setting fire to many of the buildings . As planned , at 07 : 00 , 3 RAR was ordered to move through Yongju towards Sukchon to link up with US 187 RCT and close the gap between the two forces . C Company , 3 RAR under Captain Archer Denness subsequently passed through the burning town mounted on M4 Sherman tanks from D Company , US 89th Tank Battalion . Now leading the brigade , at 09 : 00 the Australians came under small arms and light mortar fire from a North Korean rearguard position in an apple orchard on their right flank , having moved just 1 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) . The Australians had driven into the rear of the North Korean 239th Regiment as it was forming up for a final assault on US 3 / 187 RCT . The strong North Korean force of approximately 1 @,@ 000 men subsequently allowed C Company , 3 RAR and the battalion 's tactical headquarters group to pass before engaging them . The North Korean @-@ held features lay between the advancing Australians and the American paratroopers , blocking any relief attempt . Yet rather than preparing a deliberate attack and potentially allowing the North Koreans time to organise their defences , Green chose to force his leading company through at once in order to seize the initiative and continue the pursuit . An encounter battle developed as 3 RAR carried out an aggressive quick attack from the road , with American tanks in support .
= = = Fighting in the apple orchard , 22 October 1950 = = =
Preparing for the assault , Green informed brigade headquarters of his plans and was advised that US 187 RCT was believed to be about 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 yd ) further north ; however , as the exact location of the Americans was unclear the indirect fire available to support the attack would be limited . The American tanks were also initially under orders not to fire for fear of hitting their own men . With mortars and artillery unavailable the Australians proceeded to attack regardless , with the tanks carrying C Company turning east towards the North Korean positions in the apple orchard . 7 and 8 Platoons were subsequently committed to the attack , while 9 Platoon — commanded by Lieutenant David Butler — was left near the road to protect the Australian flank . Supported by 18 Sherman tanks , the Australians dismounted close to their objective , charging the position with bayonets , Bren light machine @-@ guns , Owen guns , rifles and grenades as the tanks opened up with their main armament and machine @-@ guns . In the face of this determined attack many of the North Koreans left their pits in an attempt to move to safety , only to suffer heavy casualties after exposing themselves to the fire of the two assaulting platoons and the American tanks and flanking platoon in support . The speed and ferocity of the attack surprised the defenders , and the Australians quickly overcame the North Korean outposts despite the lack of indirect fires . The North Koreans , many of whom were recently trained conscripts , were then forced to withdraw for the loss of only four Australians wounded . For his leadership in co @-@ ordinating the assault Denness was later awarded the Military Cross , while Private Charles McMurray received the Military Medal for bravery .
More than 70 North Koreans were killed in the initial attack , while a further eight or nine were killed as the Australians cleared the position , setting fire to the North Korean dug @-@ outs and forcing the remaining defenders to flee . As the North Koreans broke , Green pushed A and B Company onto the higher ground to the right of C Company with the intention of clearing the ridge overlooking the highway , while D Company moved forward on the left of the road towards 9 Platoon . Meanwhile , the battalion tactical headquarters , which had followed closely behind C Company as they assaulted , came under attack in the apple orchard east of the road and was forced to fight off a group of North Koreans , with the regimental police and the battalion signallers fighting back @-@ to @-@ back to defend themselves . Withstanding the attack , the Australians eventually killed 34 North Koreans for the loss of three men wounded . Yet despite becoming personally involved in the heavy fighting , Green continued to skilfully control the battle throughout . D Company was subsequently ordered to clear the North Koreans threatening battalion headquarters , as well as sending a platoon forward to re @-@ establish contact with the Americans . Running low on ammunition , US 3 / 187 RCT had been in contact throughout the morning and continued to suffer casualties . However , having been forced off the high ground , the North Koreans were now caught between the advancing Australians and the American paratroopers to the north .
Unable to move north , the North Koreans attempted to breakout across the open rice fields to the west , through the gap between the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade and US 187 RCT . The North Koreans again suffered heavy casualties , with many cut down by tank and rifle fire from C Company , 3 RAR . Some of the survivors took refuge among a number of haystacks and rice stooks in front of 9 Platoon , from where they engaged the Australians with sniper fire . Others fled east , escaping to the higher ground where they dispersed . D Company , 3 RAR was subsequently ordered to clear pockets of resistance remaining within the battalion position . Meanwhile , the Middlesex battalion passed through the Australians and , with the tanks , linked up with US 187 RCT at 11 : 00 . Following three hours of fighting the battle was largely over by midday ; however , many of the North Koreans that had been unable to escape continued to refuse to surrender , hiding or feigning death until individually flushed out . After clearing their objectives 7 and 8 Platoon had moved forward towards 9 Platoon , which then clashed with a number of North Korean stragglers in the paddy fields . C Company , 3 RAR subsequently deployed in an extended line and a substantial action soon developed . In a scene Coad later likened to driving snipe , the Australians subsequently proceeded to sweep the area , kicking over stacks of straw and shooting the North Korean soldiers they found hiding in them as they attempted to flee . For his leadership Butler was subsequently awarded the US Silver Star , while Private John Cousins received the US Bronze Star for his role in the action .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Casualties = = =
Despite the uncertain situation and the lack of indirect support , Green 's tactical handling of the Australian battalion had been bold , and his decision to move quickly through Yongju and to attack off the line of march proved decisive . Preoccupied with fighting the Americans to their north , the North Koreans were unprepared for the Australians to attack from the rear . Caught between the American paratroopers and the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade , the North Korean 239th Regiment was practically destroyed . North Korean casualties in the apple orchard were 150 killed , 239 wounded and 200 captured , while Australian casualties numbered just seven men wounded . Including those engaged by the Argylls , total North Korean losses during the fighting with the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade exceeded 200 killed and 500 captured . The survivors subsequently fled westwards . In their first major battle in Korea the Australians had distinguished themselves , and the battalion was later praised for its performance . The action became known as the " Battle of the Apple Orchard " , while the Royal Australian Regiment was later granted the battle honour " Yongju " . Boosting their confidence , the success prepared the Australians for the battles which they were to face in the months that followed . Meanwhile , US 3 / 187 RCT reported killing 805 North Koreans and capturing 681 in the fighting around Yongju . Altogether , American casualties during the Sukchon @-@ Sunchon operation were 48 killed in action and 80 wounded , and a further one killed and 56 injured in the jump . US 3 / 187 RCT and the 2nd Section , Antitank Gun Platoon ,
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American Speech and Hearing Association , 1976 .
Award in Behavioral Sciences from the New York Academy of Sciences , 1982 .
Guggenheim fellow in 1986 .
William James fellow of the American Psychological Society , 1989 .
Hermann von Helmholtz award from the Cognitive Neurosciences Institute , 1989 .
Gold Medal from the American Psychological Foundation in 1990 .
National Medal of Science from The White House , 1991 .
Louis E. Levy medal from the Franklin Institute , 1991 .
International Prize from the Fyssen Foundation , 1992 .
William James Book award from the APA Division of General Psychology , 1993 .
John P. McGovern award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science , 2000 .
Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology award from the APA in 2003 .
Antonio Zampolli Prize from the European Languages Research Association , 2006 .
= = List of Miller 's books = =
— ( 1963 ) . Language and Communication . McGraw Hill . ASIN B000SRSOIK .
— ( 1965 ) . Mathematics and Psychology ( Perspectives in Psychology ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9780471604082 .
Frank Smith & George A. Miller , eds . ( 1966 ) . The genesis of language ; a psycholinguistic approach ; proceedings of a conference on language development in children . The MIT Press .
Frank Smith ; George A Miller ( 1968 ) . The Genesis of Language : A Psycholinguistic Approach . The MIT Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0262690225 .
George A. Miller , ed . ( 1973 ) . Communication , Language and Meaning ( Perspectives in Psychology ) . Basic Books . ISBN 9780465128334 .
— ( 1974 ) . Linguistic Communication : Perspectives for Research . International Reading Association . ISBN 978 @-@ 0872079298 .
— ( 1975 ) . The Psychology of Communication . Harper Androw @-@ 1975 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0465097074 .
George A. Miller ; Philip N Johnson @-@ Laird ( 1976 ) . Language and Perception . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0674509474 .
Morris Halle , Joan Bresnan , & George A. Miller , eds . ( 1978 ) . Linguistic theory and psychological reality . The MIT Press . ISBN 0262080958 .
George A. Miller & Elizabeth Lenneberg , eds . ( 1978 ) . Psychology and biology of language and thought : essays in honor of Eric Lenneberg . Academic Press . ISBN 0124977502 .
Oscar Grusky & George A. Miller , eds . ( 1981 ) . Sociology of Organizations ( 2 ed . ) . Free Press . ISBN 9780029129302 .
Ned Joel Block , Jerrold J. Katz , George A. Miller , eds . ( 1981 ) . Readings in Philosophy of Psychology , Volume II . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674748781 .
George A. Miller ; Eugene Galanter ; Karl H. Pribram ( 1986 ) . Plans and the Structure of Behavior . Adams Bannister Cox Pubs . ISBN 0937431001 .
— ( 1987 ) . Spontaneous Apprentices : Children and Language ( Tree of Life ) . Seabury Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0816493302 .
— ( 1987 ) . Language and Speech . W H Freeman & Co ( sd ) . ISBN 978 @-@ 0716712978 .
— ( 1991 ) . Psychology : The Science of Mental Life . Penguin Books Ltd . ISBN 9780140134896 .
— ( 1991 ) . The Science of Words . W H Freeman & Co . ISBN 978 @-@ 0716750277 .
= = = Chapters in books = = =
Miller , George A. ; Galanter , Eugene ( 1960 ) , " Some comments on Stochastic models and psychological theories " , in Arrow , Kenneth J. ; Karlin , Samuel ; Suppes , Patrick , Mathematical models in the social sciences , 1959 : Proceedings of the first Stanford symposium , Stanford mathematical studies in the social sciences , IV , Stanford , California : Stanford University Press , pp. 277 – 297 , ISBN 9780804700214 .
= Tiger shark =
The tiger shark ( Galeocerdo cuvier ) is a species of requiem shark and the only extant member of the genus Galeocerdo . Commonly known as the " Sea Tiger " , the tiger shark is a relatively large macropredator , capable of attaining a length over 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) . It is found in many tropical and temperate waters , and it is especially common around central Pacific islands . Its name derives from the dark stripes down its body which resemble a tiger 's pattern , which fade as the shark matures .
The tiger shark is a solitary , mostly nocturnal hunter and is notable for having the widest food spectrum of all sharks , consuming a variety of prey ranging from crustaceans , fish , seals , birds , squid , turtles and sea snakes to dolphins and even other smaller sharks . The tiger shark has been known to eat inedible manmade objects that linger in its stomach , and it has a reputation as a " garbage eater " . While the tiger shark sits atop the food chain as an apex predator , killer whales have been known on occasion to prey on them . The tiger shark is considered a near threatened species due to finning and fishing by humans .
= = Taxonomy = =
The shark was first described by Peron and Lesueur in 1822 , and was given the name Squalus cuvier . Müller and Henle in 1837 renamed it Galeocerdo tigrinus . The genus , Galeocerdo , is derived from the Greek galeos , which means shark , and the Latin cerdus , the word for the hard hairs of pigs . It is often colloquially called the man @-@ eater shark .
The tiger shark is a member of the order Carcharhiniformes , the most species @-@ rich order of sharks , with more than 270 species also including the small catsharks and hammerhead sharks . Members of this order are characterized by the presence of a nictitating membrane over the eyes , two dorsal fins , an anal fin , and five gill slits . It is the largest member of the Carcharhinidae family , commonly referred to as requiem sharks . This family consists of mostly slender but powerful mid- to large @-@ sized sharks and includes some other well @-@ known sharks , such as the blue shark ( Prionace glauca ) , lemon shark ( Negaprion brevirostris ) , and bull shark ( Carcharhinus leucas ) .
= = Description = =
The tiger shark commonly attains a length of 3 @.@ 25 – 4 @.@ 25 m ( 10 ft 8 in – 13 ft 11 in ) and weighs around 385 – 635 kg ( 849 – 1 @,@ 400 lb ) . Sometimes , an exceptionally large male tiger shark can grow up to 4 m ( 13 ft 1 in ) . Females are larger , and exceptionally big ones can reportedly measure over 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) . One female specimen caught off Australia reportedly measured 5 @.@ 5 m ( 18 ft 1 in ) long and weighed an exceptional 1 @,@ 524 kg ( 3 @,@ 360 lb ) , although her weight is thought to have been bolstered by her pregnant state at the time . Even larger specimens have been reported , but are unconfirmed .
Among the largest extant sharks , the tiger shark ranks in average size only behind the whale shark ( Rhincodon typus ) , the basking shark ( Cetorhinus maximus ) and the great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) . Some other species such as megamouth sharks ( Megachasma pelagios ) , Pacific sleeper sharks ( Somniosus pacificus ) , Greenland sharks ( Somniosus microcephalus ) and bluntnose sixgill sharks ( Hexanchus griseus ) broadly overlap in size with the tiger shark , but as these species are comparatively poorly studied , it is unclear whether their typical mature size matches that of the tiger shark . The great hammerhead ( Sphyrna mokarran ) , a member of the same taxonomic order as the tiger shark , has a similar or even greater average body length but is lighter and less bulky , with a maximum known weight of 580 kg ( 1 @,@ 280 lb ) .
Its teeth are specialized to slice through flesh , bone , and other tough substances such as turtle shells . Like most sharks , its teeth are continually replaced by rows of new teeth .
= = = Skin = = =
The skin of a tiger shark can typically range from blue to light green with a white or light @-@ yellow underbelly . The advantage of this is that when it is hunting for its prey , when prey looks at the shark from above , the shark will be camouflaged since the water below is darker . And when prey is below the shark and looks up , of course because of the sun , it is lighter so that the light underbelly will also camouflage the shark . This is known as countershading . Dark spots and stripes are most visible in young sharks and fade as the shark matures . Its head is somewhat wedge @-@ shaped , which makes it easy to turn quickly to one side . They have small pits on the snout which hold electroreceptors called the ampullae of Lorenzini , which enable them to detect electric fields , including the weak electrical impulses generated by prey , which helps them to hunt . Tiger sharks also have a sensory organ called a lateral line which extends on their flanks down most of the length of their sides . The primary role of this structure is to detect minute vibrations in the water . These adaptations allow the tiger shark to hunt in darkness and detect hidden prey .
= = = Vision = = =
A reflective layer behind the tiger shark 's retina , called the tapetum lucidum , allows light @-@ sensing cells a second chance to capture photons of visible light , enhancing vision in low light conditions . A tiger shark generally has long fins to provide lift as the shark maneuvers through water , while the long upper tail provides bursts of speed . Tiger sharks normally swim using small body movements . Its high back and dorsal fin act as a pivot , allowing it to spin quickly on its axis , though the shark 's dorsal fins are distinctively close to its tail .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The tiger shark is often found close to the coast , mainly in tropical and subtropical waters throughout the world . Its behavior is primarily nomadic , but is guided by warmer currents , and it stays closer to the equator throughout the colder months . It tends to stay in deep waters that line reefs , but it does move into channels to pursue prey in shallower waters . In the western Pacific Ocean , the shark has been found as far north as Japan and as far south as New Zealand . A tiger shark tagged in the Caribbean
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has been tracked migrating to Cape Cod ; although they are a tropical species , the warm Gulf Stream brings the coast of Cape Cod to within the extreme north of its range during the summer .
Tiger sharks can be seen in the Gulf of Mexico , North American beaches , and parts of South America . It is also commonly known in the Caribbean Sea . Other locations where tiger sharks are seen include off Africa , China , Hong Kong , India , Australia , and Indonesia .
Certain tiger sharks have been recorded at depths just shy of 900 m ( 3 @,@ 000 ft ) , but some sources claim they move into shallow water normally thought to be too shallow for a species of its size . A recent study showed the average tiger shark would be recorded at 350 m ( 1 @,@ 100 ft ) , making it uncommon to see tiger sharks in shallow water . However , tiger sharks in Hawaii have been observed in depths as shallow as 3 m ( 10 ft ) and regularly observed in coastal waters at depths of 6 to 12 m ( 20 to 40 ft ) .
= = Feeding = =
The tiger shark is an apex predator and has a reputation for eating anything . Young tiger sharks are found to prey largely on small fish , as well as various small jellyfish , cephalopods , and other mollusks . Around the time they attain 2 @.@ 3 m ( 7 @.@ 5 ft ) , or near sexual maturity , their prey selection expands considerably , and much larger animals become regular prey . Numerous fish , crustaceans , sea birds , sea snakes , marine mammals ( e.g. bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops ) , common dolphins ( Delphinus ) , spotted dolphins ( Stenella ) , dugongs ( Dugong dugon ) , seals and sea lions ) , and sea turtles ( including the three largest species : the leatherback ( Dermochelys coriacea ) , the loggerhead ( Caretta caretta ) and the green sea turtles ( Chelonia mydas ) , ) are regularly eaten by adult tiger sharks . The tiger shark also eats other sharks ( including adult sandbar sharks ( Carcharhinus plumbeus ) ) , as well as rays , and will sometimes even eat other tiger sharks .
Due to high risk of predatory attacks , dolphins often avoid regions inhabited by tiger sharks . Tiger sharks may also attack injured or ailing whales and prey upon them . A group was documented attacking and killing an ailing humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) in 2006 near Hawaii . The tiger shark also scavenges on dead whales . In one such documented incident , they were observed scavenging on a whale carcass alongside great white sharks .
Evidence of dugong predation was identified in one study that found dugong tissue in 15 of 85 tiger sharks caught off the Australian coast . Additionally , examination of adult dugongs has shown scars from failed shark attacks . Finally , dugong microhabitats shift similarly to those of known tiger shark prey when the sharks are abundant .
The broad , heavily calcified jaws and nearly terminal mouth , combined with robust , serrated teeth , enable the tiger shark to take on these large prey . In addition , excellent eyesight and acute sense of smell enable it to react to faint traces of blood and follow them to the source . The ability to pick up low @-@ frequency pressure waves enables the shark to advance towards an animal with confidence , even in murky water . The shark circles its prey and studies it by prodding it with its snout . When attacking , the shark often eats its prey whole , although larger prey are often eaten in gradual large bites and finished over time .
Notably , terrestrial mammals , including horses ( Equus ferus caballus ) , goats ( Capra aegagrus hircus ) , sheep ( Ovis aries ) , dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris ) , cats ( Felis catus ) , brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) , are fairly common in the stomach contents of tiger sharks around the coasts of Hawaii . In one case , remains of two flying @-@ foxes were found in stomach of this shark . Because of its aggressive and indiscriminate feeding style , it often mistakenly eats inedible objects , such as automobile license plates , oil cans , tires , and baseballs .
= = = Swimming efficiency and stealth = = =
All tiger sharks generally swim slowly , which , combined with cryptic coloration , may make them difficult for prey to detect them in some habitats . They are especially well camouflaged against dark backgrounds . Despite their sluggish appearance , tiger sharks are one of the strongest swimmers of the carcharhinid sharks . Once the shark has come close , a speed burst allows it to reach the intended prey before it can escape .
= = Reproduction = =
Males reach sexual maturity at 2 @.@ 3 to 2 @.@ 9 m ( 7 @.@ 5 to 9 @.@ 5 ft ) and females at 2 @.@ 5 to 3 @.@ 5 m ( 8 @.@ 2 to 11 @.@ 5 ft ) . Females mate once every three years . They breed by internal fertilization . The male inserts one of his claspers into the female 's genital opening ( cloaca ) , acting as a guide for the sperm . The male uses his teeth to hold the female still during the procedure , often causing the female considerable discomfort . Mating in the Northern Hemisphere generally takes place between March and May , with birth between April and June the following year . In the Southern Hemisphere , mating takes place in November , December , or early January . The tiger shark is the only species in its family that is ovoviviparous ; its eggs hatch internally and the young are born live when fully developed .
The young develop inside the mother 's body for up to 16 months . Litters range from 10 to 80 pups . A newborn is generally 51 to 76 cm ( 20 to 30 in ) long . This shark typically reaches maturity at lengths of 2 to 3 m ( 6 @.@ 6 to 9 @.@ 8 ft ) . It is unknown how long tiger sharks live , but they can live longer than 12 years .
= = Conservation = =
The tiger shark is captured and killed for its fins , flesh , and liver . It is caught regularly in target and nontarget fisheries . Several populations have declined where they have been heavily fished . Continued demand for fins may result in further declines in the future . Tiger sharks are considered a near threatened species due to excessive finning and fishing by humans according to International Union for Conservation of Nature .
While shark fin has very few nutrients , shark liver has a high concentration of vitamin A which is used in the production of vitamin oils . In addition , the tiger shark is captured and killed for its distinct skin , as well as by big @-@ game fishers .
In 2010 , Greenpeace International added the tiger shark to its seafood red list , which is a list of fish commonly sold around the world , and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries .
= = Relationship with humans = =
Although it is very rare for sharks to bite humans , the tiger shark is reported to be responsible for a large percentage of fatal shark attacks , and is sometimes regarded as one of the most dangerous shark species . They often visit shallow reefs , harbors , and canals , creating the potential for encounter with humans . The tiger shark also dwells in river mouths and other runoff @-@ rich water . While the tiger shark is considered to be one of the sharks most dangerous to humans , its bite rate is low . The tiger is second on the list of number of recorded bites on humans , with the great white shark being first . On average , three to four shark bites occur per year in Hawaii , but they are rarely fatal . This bite rate is very low considering thousands of people swim , surf , and dive in Hawaiian waters every day . Human interactions with tiger sharks in Hawaiian waters have been shown to increase between September and November , when tiger shark females are believed to migrate to the islands to give birth .
Between 1959 and 2000 , 4 @,@ 668 tiger sharks were culled in an effort to protect the tourism industry . These efforts , despite damaging the shark population , were shown to be ineffective in decreasing the number of interactions between humans and tiger sharks . It is illegal to feed sharks in Hawaii ( except for traditional Hawaiian cultural or religious practices ) , and interaction with them , such as cage diving , is discouraged . South African shark behaviorist and shark diver Mark Addison demonstrated divers could interact and dive with them outside of a shark cage in a 2007 Discovery Channel special , and underwater photographer Fiona Ayerst swam with them in the Bahamas .
= = Mythology = =
The tiger shark is considered to be sacred na ʻaumakua ( ancestor spirits ) by some native Hawaiians who think their eyeballs have special powers of visual perception . This aligns with the general known facts about sharks and their highly developed senses .
= Hugh John Casey =
Hugh John " Pat " Casey ( 24 July 1898 – 30 August 1981 ) was a major general in the United States Army . A 1918 graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point , Casey served in Germany during the Occupation of the Rhineland . He later returned to Germany to attend the Technische Hochschule in Berlin , earning a Doctor of Engineering degree .
As an engineer , Casey prepared a voluminous report on flood control for the Pittsburgh District . He was involved with the design and construction of the Deadman Island Lock and Dam on the Ohio River , and was chief of the Engineering Division at the Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project , a New Deal public works project . He went to the Philippines in 1937 to advise the government there on hydropower and flood control . In the early part of World War II , he became involved with the enormous wartime construction program . Perhaps his most notable and lasting achievement was his involvement with the design of The Pentagon , the largest office building in the world .
Casey served as General of the Army Douglas MacArthur 's chief engineer during the Battle of Bataan , in the jungles and mountains of New Guinea and the Philippines , and during the occupation of Japan . In the Battle of Leyte , he commanded the Army Support Command ( ASCOM ) , which was responsible for all construction and logistics activities in the forward area . He hoped to become Chief of Engineers , but President Harry S. Truman passed him over . Later , Casey worked for Schenley Industries from 1951 until his retirement in 1965 , and was chairman of the New York City Transit Authority from 1953 to 1955 .
= = Early life = =
Hugh John Casey was born in Brooklyn , New York on 7 June 1898 , the son of John J. Casey , a plumbing and heating contractor , and Margaret L. Casey . John 's grandparents were immigrants from Ireland and England . His grandfather served on the Union side in the American Civil War and was killed in the Battle of Shiloh . Margaret ’ s parents were Irish immigrants who settled in Pennsylvania .
Hugh Casey was educated at Manual Training High School from 1910 to 1914 , graduating at the age of 15 . He won a New York State scholarship and entered Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute , where he studied civil engineering . After a year there , he took a competitive examination for the U.S. Military Academy at West Point held by Congressman Daniel J. Griffin , the chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs , ranking first out of 62 applicants for the appointment . To enter , Casey claimed to be slightly older , adopting his brother 's 7 June birthday .
Casey entered West Point in 1915 , where his best friend and roommate was Lucius D. Clay . At West Point , Casey played football as a halfback , substituting for Elmer Oliphant . One of Casey 's duties was tutoring Oliphant in mathematics . Casey decided that winning games was more important than playing , and he helped keep Oliphant proficient at math . Unlike most appointees to West Point , a grateful Casey wrote frequently to Griffin about his progress and sent him football tickets . When Casey 's younger brother Martin Charles Casey wanted to enter West Point , Griffin directly appointed him to the class of 1920 without having to pass the examination . Martin served with the coastal artillery for eleven years before being medically discharged due to migraine headaches on 30 November 1931 . Martin later became a successful lawyer . Both brothers acquired the nickname " Pat " at West Point .
= = World War I = =
Because of the United States ' entry into World War I , Casey 's class graduated early on 12 June 1918 . Casey was ranked third in the class and was commissioned as a captain in the United States Army Corps of Engineers . He was stationed at Camp A. A. Humphreys , Virginia , first as an instructor and then starting in September 1918 as a company commander with the 219th Engineers , part of the 19th Division . The 219th Engineers moved to Camp Dodge , Iowa in November 1918 . Casey returned to the Engineer School at Camp Humphreys as a student in September 1919 .
He served with the US Occupation forces in the Rhineland from June 1920 to May 1922 . While there , Casey improved on his high school German to become fluent enough in the language to write his doctoral thesis in the language . He also married Dorothy Ruth Miller , the daughter of Colonel R. B. Miller , the chief surgeon of the American forces stationed in Koblenz , on 22 May 1922 . On their honeymoon they traveled through south Germany , Austria , and Switzerland . The couple had three children : two sons , Hugh Boyd and Keith Miles , and a daughter , Patricia .
= = Between the wars = =
From 1922 to 1926 , Casey was the officer in charge of the Engineer Unit of the Reserve Officers Training Corps ( ROTC ) at the University of Kansas in Lawrence , Kansas , reverting to his substantive rank of first lieutenant on 27 November 1922 . He again returned to Camp Humpreys in 1926 to attend the Company Officers Course . In 1927 , Casey received his first civil works assignment , as assistant District Engineer at the Pittsburgh District . Casey took over the task of preparing a voluminous report on flood control . The Corps of Engineers was criticized by the Pittsburgh Flood Control Commission for over @-@ engineering , in planning for a " flood that had never happened and never would happen " , and the report was shelved . However , in 1936 the flood did happen . The report was then dusted off and its recommendations were adopted . The Flood Control Act of 1936 assigned responsibility for flood control to the Corps of Engineers and other Federal agencies . Casey was also responsible for construction at Deadman Island Lock and Dam ( now called the Dashields Lock and Dam ) on the Ohio River .
In September 1929 Casey was assigned to the Rivers and Harbors Section of the Office of the Chief of Engineers in Washington , DC . This job involved reviewing the project studies , plans and specifications of all river and harbor projects throughout the United States , including flood control and hydroelectric power projects . He also had responsibility for correspondence with U.S. senators and congressmen . During this time he co @-@ designed and patented the Kingman @-@ Casey Floating Mooring Bit for navigation locks . He was promoted to the substantive rank of captain on 1 May 1933 .
Casey won a John R. Freeman fellowship from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1933 to study hydraulics and civil engineering in Germany . For the next two years , he attended the Technische Hochschule in Berlin , earning a Doctorate in Engineering . His thesis , written in German , was on Geschieb Bewegung , the bedload movement in streams . Returning to the United States in June 1935 , Casey was posted to Eastport , Maine as chief of the Engineering Division at the Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project , a New Deal public works project . There , he established a concrete testing laboratory under Charles E. Wuerpel which is now part of the Structures Laboratory at the Waterways Experiment Station at Vicksburg , Mississippi . Due to political forces , the project came to nothing and was allowed to die . After the Passamaquoddy project fell through , Casey served with the Boston Engineer District on flood control surveys of the Connecticut River Valley .
Along with Lucius Clay , Casey was sent to the Philippines in 1937 to advise the government there on hydropower and flood control . They worked with Meralco and other power companies in the Philippines , and conducted a series of surveys , including a detailed one of the Agno River . After Clay returned to the United States , Casey developed plans for the Caliraya Dam , a 40 @,@ 000 horsepower ( 30 @,@ 000 kW ) hydroelectric project with an estimated cost of $ 5 million . Along with Lieutenant Colonel Dwight D. Eisenhower , the chief of staff to Major General Douglas MacArthur , the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines , and Mr. Rodriquez of the National Power Corporation , Casey presented the project to President Manuel Quezon , who approved it . After over twenty years as a captain , Casey was promoted to major on 1 February 1940 .
= = World War II = =
= = = Construction Division = = =
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Early life and junior football = =
= = = Family background = = =
Born to Cyril Jr. and Kathy in 1989 , Rioli comes from a bloodline of talented footballers . His father Cyril Jr. was a champion footballer in the Northern Territory and the brother of the late Richmond Norm Smith Medallist Maurice Rioli . Cyril Jr. played for Northern Territory Football League club St Mary 's , where he won 12 premiership medallions and the 1995 – 96 Nichols Medal as the league 's best and fairest player . His mother Kathy is the sister of Essendon two @-@ time premiership player and 1993 Norm Smith Medallist Michael Long . Another former footballer , Dean Rioli , is his cousin . After the 2015 season his cousin Daniel was drafted to the Richmond Football Club .
= = = Northern Territory lifestyle = = =
He spent the first eight years of his life in the Tiwi Islands before moving with his family to Darwin in the Northern Territory , playing his younger years at St Mary 's also .
= = = Football scholarship = = =
Rioli moved to Melbourne in 2004 as a 14 @-@ year @-@ old , where he attended and boarded at Scotch College for four years whilst playing for the school 's football team . The move came about after a decade @-@ long relationship between the school and Indigenous communities of the Northern Territory . Dr. Rob Smith , a teacher at Scotch College , had expanded the school 's four @-@ week exchange program for talented Indigenous footballers into a full scholarship program , following numerous tours of the Tiwi Islands and specifically , Bathurst Island . Rioli was the first selected into the program . He originally made the trip alongside his cousin Steven , after just three days in Melbourne the two re @-@ packed their bags with the intention of returning home . In an effort to retain the boys , Smith phoned Michael Long , who came out to the school with Derek Kickett and Sibby Rioli , another uncle . Long said he knew Cyril was making a life @-@ defining choice at just 14 ; " That was the big moment , whether he 'd tough it out or go " . Steven returned home and Cyril persisted in Melbourne . Nicknamed " Junior " or " Junior Boy " , he shone in his final season with Scotch College , despite suffering injuries throughout the season ; including a broken collarbone and a severely damaged ankle . He developed somewhat of a cult following whilst playing for the school , following a video clip of his highlights being uploaded to YouTube . He has since stated that he believes the early move to school in Melbourne made the transition a lot easier .
Rioli was also a standout performer in the 2007 AFL national under 18 championships , becoming the only Northern Territorian to earn All @-@ Australian honours , following a seven @-@ goal performance in a match against Queensland . He was tipped to go high in the national draft , from anywhere between five and twenty @-@ five . In this final year of junior football , he was one of five players , including Trent Cotchin , to be chronicled in the book The Draft : Inside the AFL 's Search for Talent , by The Age journalist Emma Quayle .
Despite Rioli 's speed , evasiveness and flashy tricks , the scouts at the AFL 's draft camp were still to be convinced of his dedication , with his skin folds being described as " less than brilliant " and his commitment to AFL still being questionable . Prior to the draft , Rioli said " I have had a few clubs call me , and it 's just confusing . I love playing footy , and I think I am pretty good at it , but it doesn 't really matter where ( I go in the draft ) . " He reportedly spoke to both the Kangaroos and the Adelaide Crows , before eventually being drafted by the Hawthorn Football Club in the 2007 AFL Draft . The Hawks used their first @-@ round draft pick and the number 12 pick overall to claim Rioli .
= = AFL career = =
= = = 2008 : Debut season and premiership = = =
Just four days after being drafted by the Hawks , Rioli was ordered to urgently organise a passport so he could attend the club 's trek of the Kokoda Track . He covered 90 % of his first pre @-@ season schedule for the club ; a very high volume of work for a first @-@ year player according to the head fitness coach Andrew Russell . Russell said , " Nobody that I worked with in the last four years at Hawthorn did that much in their first pre @-@ season . "
Rioli made his AFL debut in Hawthorn 's defeat of the Melbourne Football Club at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) in round one 2008 . He built a reputation around his ability to chase and pressure the opposition as they attempted to rebound from the forward line . In round six , he was nominated for the AFL Rising Star Award , after his display against Richmond , in which he received a nomination for Goal of the Year . Rioli appeared in every game in his debut season , including an inspirational performance in Hawthorn 's defeat of Geelong in the 2008 AFL Grand Final . His impact on the game was described as instrumental as Hawthorn defeated Geelong , in the club 's first premiership since 1991 . Rioli assisted in a couple of first quarter goals and kicked two goals for himself in the final , achieving a total of 10 possessions in the game . After the game Hawthorn coach Alastair Clarkson said , " We knew Cyril was a beauty , but you just never anticipate that they 're going to play every game of the season and be able to play in a grand final . " With nothing but praise for Rioli , Clarkson also made mention of his achievements in 2008 , " He 's got a premiership medal now , but he 's been in contention for mark of the year , goal of the year and the rising star and he 's been very , very consistent . He 's a 15 @-@ possession , five @-@ tackle a game player with a goal or two – he 's been a sensational acquisition to our club .
Rioli finished second overall in the 2008 AFL Rising Star Award , the award was won by Fremantle 's Rhys Palmer with 44 votes , ahead of Rioli on 37 .
= = = 2009 : First injury and Hawthorn 's premiership hangover = = =
In February 2009 , Rioli was selected for the Indigenous All @-@ Stars that played a pre @-@ season match against the Adelaide Football Club . Following his successful debut season and promising start to his second , he was compared to Gary Ablett Jr . , who also began his career as a small forward with the potential to become a " dominant , match @-@ winning midfielder " . This was due to the " sublime skills " he displays , and his " ability to make something out of nothing with vision and an instinct for the game . " Former footballer and journalist Garry Lyon said in an article for The Age , that when Rioli is ready to take on a greater workload in the midfield , will be determined by his physical and aerobic capacity . Rioli 's greatest challenge in the coming 12 months being to incorporate the " gut " running into his game that the likes of Ablett , Chris Judd , Lenny Hayes and Brett Kirk have mastered .
In May , journalist Mike Sheahan proclaimed that Rioli 's exploits on the field were being overlooked . He said whilst Hawthorn as a club was being analysed and dissected , Rioli wasn 't getting the recognition he deserved . According to Champion Data , only captain Sam Mitchell had been more effective for Hawthorn at this time in the year . Following 36 consecutive games after being drafted , Rioli tore his hamstring in round 11 2009 against the Sydney Swans . Missing his first regular season match in round 12 , he spent a month on the sidelines before returning against North Melbourne in round 15 . The Hawks were defeated in all three games he missed . His return was described as a " big boost " for Hawthorn 's last @-@ ditch bid to revive its season , after many commentators said the club was suffering a " premiership hangover " . Following his return , it was announced that Rioli had re @-@ signed with Hawthorn for a further three years . Hawthorn eventually faltered in the final round of the home and away season , losing to Essendon by 17 points . Thus , failing to qualify for the finals . Rioli 's season was however , still seen as impressive . In the AFL website 's end of year review , it was predicted that he will be considered an elite AFL player in the coming years .
Approaching the end of the 2009 season , Rioli bought his first apartment and declared his allegiance to spending his whole career with Hawthorn , he also revealed his intentions to help bring more players down from the Northern Territory ; " That 's the real goal for me , to get more kids drafted from the Northern Territory . " After Hawthorn 's demise in 2009 , Rioli gave his support to a project which aims to teach Indigenous people in remote areas about the damage drugs and alcohol can do to the brain . An image of him is used in flip charts developed by the Menzies School of Health Research as an example of a person with a healthy brain . Sheree Cairney , the lead researcher at Menzies School , says there is a lack of knowledge in remote communities about how to treat drug and alcohol addiction , with the problem being " very , very widespread . " At the end of 2009 , he was awarded the AFL Coaches Association award for Best Young Player , covering his first two years in football . He also received the Phil Manassa Medal ( Goal of the Year award ) for his round seven effort against Essendon , and came second in the Peter Crimmins Medal behind the club 's captain Sam Mitchell . When Rioli kicked the goal of the year , commentator Bruce McAvaney described him as a " delicious young footballer " and the description " delicious " has become strongly associated with both Rioli and McAvaney .
= = Personal life = =
Rioli married his childhood sweetheart , Shannyn Ah Sam , on 19 October 2014 at the George Brown Darwin Botanic Gardens .
= = Statistics = =
Statistics are correct to the end of the 2014 season
= = Honours and achievements = =
Team
AFL Premiership ( Hawthorn ) : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015
Individual
U / 18 All @-@ Australian : 2007
AFL Rising Star Award nominee , round 6 2008
AFL Goal of the Year nominee , round 6 2008
AFL Rising Star Award runner @-@ up : 2008
Peter Crimmins Medal ( Club best and fairest ) , sixth place , 2008
AFLCA Best Young Player 2009
AFL Goal of the Year Winner , round 7 2009
Peter Crimmins Medal , second place , 2009
Peter Crimmins Medal , fourth place , 2010
All @-@ Australian team : 2012 , 2015
Norm Smith Medal : 2015
= David III of Tao =
David III Kuropalates ( Georgian : დავით III კუროპალატი , Davit ’ III Kuropalati ) or David III the Great ( დავით III დიდი , Davit ’ III Didi ) , also known as David II , ( c . 930s – 1000 or 1001 ) was a Georgian prince of the Bagratid family of Tao , a historic region in the Georgian – Armenian marchlands , from 966 until his murder in 1000 . Kuropalates was a Byzantine courtier title bestowed upon him in 978 and again in 990 .
David is best known for his crucial assistance to the Byzantine Macedonian dynasty in the 976 – 9 civil war and his unique role in the political unification of various Georgian polities as well as his patronage of Christian culture and learning . Between 987 and 989 , David joined his friend Bardas Phocas in a revolt against the Byzantine emperor Basil II , but was defeated and agreed to cede his lands to the empire on his death . Yet he was able to secure for his heir , Bagrat III , an opportunity to become the first ruler of a unified Georgian kingdom .
= = History = =
David was the younger son of Adarnase V , a representative of the Second House of Tao , a branch of the Kartli line of the Georgian Bagrationi ( Bagratid ) dynasty which held sway over Tao ( a province on the historic Georgian @-@ Armenian border known to the Armenians as Tayk ; now part of Turkey ) since the extinction of the original Tao line in the 940s .
= = = Alliance with the Byzantine Empire = = =
He succeeded his brother , Bagrat II , as a duke of Tao in 966 , and through his expansionist policy and flexible diplomacy began assembling a larger state . In order to enact his ambitious plans , David had to secure his independence from the Byzantine Empire , which would reach its greatest height under the emperor Basil II ( r . 976 @-@ 1025 ) .
The Byzantines ' eastern neighbors – the fragmented Armenian and Georgian principalities – rarely threatened the empire directly , but were of particular interest to Constantinople as they controlled strategic international trade routes that ran through their domains . The Byzantines had already annexed the Armenian principalities of Taron ( 966 ) and Manzikert ( 968 ) and posed a potential danger to the constellation of several Georgian Bagratid principalities known as Tao @-@ Klarjeti . However , the integrity of the empire itself was under serious threat after a full @-@ scale rebellion , led by Bardas Skleros , broke out in 976 . Following a series of successful battles the rebels swept across Asia Minor and threatened Constantinople itself . In the urgency of a situation , the young emperor Basil requested aid from David of Tao , who promptly responded and sent 12 @,@ 000 first @-@ rate cavalry troops under the command of Tornikios to reinforce the recently defeated loyal Byzantine general Bardas Phokas , thereby contributing to the decisive loyalist victory at the Battle of Pankalia near Caesarea on 24 March 979 .
David 's reward was the lifetime rule of key imperial territories in eastern Asia Minor , known to the contemporary Georgian sources as the " Upper Lands of Greece " ( ზემონი ქუეყანანი საბერძნეთისანი ) , consisting chiefly of northwestern Armenian lands : the city of Theodosiopolis or Karin ( Geo . Karnu @-@ kalaki , present @-@ day Erzurum , Turkey ) , Phasiane , Hark ( now Muş Province ) , Apahunik , Mardali ( Mardaghi ) , Khaldoyarich , and Chormayri . On this occasion , he was granted the high Byzantine court title of kouropalates . Basil II also rewarded the valor of David ’ s commander Tornikios by funding a Georgian Orthodox monastery on Mount Athos . Although populated now chiefly with Greek monks , it is to this day known as Iviron , " of the Iberians ( i.e. Georgians ) " .
These formidable acquisitions made David the most influential ruler in the Caucasus , enabling him to interfere in and arbitrate dynastic disputes in both Georgia and Armenia . The medieval Georgian authors call him " greatest of all the kings of Tao " and the eleventh @-@ century Armenian chronicler Aristakes Lastivertsi describes him as :
a mighty man , a builder of the world , very honorable , a lover of the poor , indeed , the definition of peace . For in his day it was as the prophecy states : everyone reposed under his vine and his fig tree .
Being in control of highly important commercial centers , his principality profited from taxing the major trading routes running through southwestern Caucasus and eastern Anatolia . David invested these revenues in extensive building projects : constructing towns , forts and churches , and promoting Georgian monastic communities and cultural activities both in Georgia and abroad .
= = = Issue of succession = = =
Having no children of his own , David adopted his kinsman , the young prince Bagrat , heir to the Bagratid throne of Kartli ( Iberia ) . He did so at the request of the energetic Georgian nobleman Iovane Marushis @-@ dze . Through his fortunate bloodlines Bagrat was destined to sit upon two thrones . Furthermore , through his mother Gurandukht , sister of the childless Abkhazian king Theodosius III , Bagrat was a potential heir to the realm of Abkhazia . Making a plan for the creation of an all @-@ Georgian state , David occupied Kartli for his foster @-@ son in 976 and repulsed the troops from the easternmost Georgian kingdom of Kakheti , which had recently occupied the western sector of Kartli with its rock @-@ hewn city of Uplistsikhe . Two years later , in 978 , David and Marushis @-@ dze secured the crown of Abkhazia for Bagrat by displacing Theodosius III .
David ’ s good fortunes changed in 987 when he , anxious to make his extensive possessions a hereditary Bagratid domain , joined his long @-@ time friend Bardas Phokas in a rebellion against the emperor Basil . Once the rebels were defeated by the Byzantine @-@ Rus ' forces in 989 , Basil dispatched a strong force under John of Chaldea to punish the Georgians , and David had to submit . Reconciled with the emperor , he was granted , in c . 990 , the title of kuropalates again in return for his promise that upon his death the lands previously placed under his sovereignty would revert to the Byzantine Empire .
Another problem arose around the same year , when Bagrat of Abkhazia planned a punitive expedition against the non @-@ submissive duke Rati of Kldekari in Lower Kartli . Persuaded that his foster @-@ son intended to attack Tao and kill him , David crushed the army led by Bagrat ’ s natural father Gurgen on its march to Kldekari . As a medieval Georgian chronicler relates :
Bagrat then went [ to David ] alone , fell at his feet and swore that he was going against Rati . [ David ] believed that too and released him in peace .
= = = Last years and death = = =
After the reconciliation with the emperor and his kinsmen , David led a series of successful raids against the Muslim emirates of Lake Van and Azerbaijan . Bagrat II of Georgia ( grandfather of Bagrat , David ’ s adoptee ) , and Gagik I of Armenia allied themselves with David , who recaptured Manzikert from the Marwanid emir of Diyar Bakr about 993 and raided Akhlat , another important stronghold of this Kurdish dynasty , in 997 . Mamlan , the Rawadid emir of Azerbaijan , was also twice defeated , the second time decisively , in 998 , near Archesh .
David was murdered by his nobles early in 1000 . According to Aristakes :
They had mixed poison into the communion on Good Thursday , and had given it to him [ Dawit ' ] to drink , causing that venerable man to choke to death . [ This was ] because they had wearied of him , and were interested in promises [ made to them ] earlier by the emperor .
Although the Georgian Chronicles maintain that David died in 1001 , several Armenian and Muslim accounts suggest he may have died in 1000 . Aristakes gives the date of David ’ s death as March 28 , 1000 , which is closely corroborated by another Armenian chronicler Asoghik who says David died on the Easter day of the year 449 of the Armenian calendar , i.e. , March 31 , 1000 . Yet another Armenian , Samuel Anetsi , also puts the date as 1000 .
= = = Wars of the Kuropalates ’ succession = = =
Basil II was at that time in the eastern provinces of his empire , wintering on the plain of Tarsus following his campaign against the Fatimid dynasty in Syria . On hearing of David ’ s death he marched north @-@ eastward to claim the lands David had promised to the emperor . The local Georgian and Armenian nobility submitted without any serious resistance . The only notable incident occurred when a quarrel between a Georgian soldier and a Varangian Guardsman over a bale of hay developed into a major fight , involving 6 @,@ 000 Varangians and taking the lives of thirty Georgian high @-@ ranking nobles .
King Bagrat , David ’ s foster @-@ son , met with Basil but , unable to prevent the annexation of David ’ s realm , had to recognize the new borders in reward of the imperial title of kouropalates . Despite this setback , Bagrat was able to become the first king of an all @-@ Georgian unified monarchy , a result made possible largely by the efforts of David of Tao , who , as the modern scholar Stephen Rapp puts in , " appropriately ranks high on any ' Top Ten ' list of Georgian history . "
There is some disagreement among modern scholars on whether David ceded to the Byzantines only those lands which had been granted to him as a reward for his assistance against the rebel Bardas Skleros , or if it had been the whole of his principality that was acquired by Basil II . As the former was endowed upon David for lifetime stewardship , it would be more reasonable to assume that he conceded his entire realm , i.e. , Thither Tao / Tayk and the adjacent Armenian counties up to Lake Van . Whatever the extent of David ’ s domain , the Georgian kings would not so easily reconcile with the loss of those territories , leading to a series of conflicts with the Byzantine Empire in the eleventh century .
= Siege of Nicaea ( 727 ) =
The Siege of Nicaea of 727 was an unsuccessful attempt by the Umayyad Caliphate to capture the Byzantine city of Nicaea , the capital of the Opsician Theme . Ever since its failure to capture the Byzantine Empire 's capital , Constantinople , in 717 – 718 , the Caliphate had launched a series of raids into Byzantine Asia Minor . In 727 , the Arab army , led by one of the Caliph 's sons , penetrated deep into Asia Minor , sacked two Byzantine fortresses and in late July arrived before Nicaea . Despite constant attacks for 40 days , the city held firm and the Arabs withdrew and returned to the Caliphate . The successful repulsion of the attack was a major boost for Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian 's recently initiated campaign to abolish the veneration of icons in the Empire ; Leo claimed it as evidence of divine favour for his policy . The siege of Nicaea marks also the high point of the Umayyad raids , as new threats and defeats on their far @-@ flung frontiers diverted Umayyad strength elsewhere , while Byzantine power gradually recovered .
= = Background = =
Following the failure of the year @-@ long assault by the Umayyad armies on the Byzantine capital Constantinople in 717 – 718 , a short period of peace followed as the Umayyads licked their wounds , suppressed the rebellion of Yazid ibn al @-@ Muhallab and re @-@ assessed their priorities . When warfare on the Arab – Byzantine frontier recommenced in 720 , the strategic focus of the Caliphate had shifted away from outright conquest . The Muslim raids across the Taurus Mountains into Byzantine Asia Minor still occurred regularly every spring and summer , sometimes accompanied by naval raids and followed by a winter expedition ; they devastated large tracts of Asia Minor , and destroyed several fortresses ; but the Arabs did not attempt to hold on to captured strongholds on the west side of the Taurus Mountains . Byzantine reaction during these years was passive , as the Empire still nursed its strength against the vastly superior resources of the Caliphate . The Byzantines did not obstruct or confront the raiding Arab armies , but rather retreated to well @-@ fortified positions scattered throughout Asia Minor .
After the accession of Caliph Hisham ( r . 723 – 743 ) , the scale and ambition of the Muslim raids grew . One of the most prominent Umayyad leaders in these campaigns was Hisham 's son Mu 'awiya , who led expeditions in 725 and 726 , the first of which went as far west as Dorylaion .
= = Invasion of 727 and the siege of Nicaea = =
In summer 727 , another large @-@ scale invasion was led by Mu 'awiya , with Abdallah al @-@ Battal heading the vanguard of the army . The Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor claims that the vanguard alone numbered 15 @,@ 000 men and the entire invasion force 100 @,@ 000 , clearly a grossly inflated number . Theophanes also records a certain Amr as Mu 'awiya 's second @-@ in @-@ command , but Arab sources are unambiguous in this regard . The Arab army moved west into northwestern Asia Minor , and the vanguard under al @-@ Battal attacked and sacked the town of Gangra in Paphlagonia and a place called in Arab sources Tabya , possibly the fort of Ateous in Phrygia . Gangra was razed to the ground , but during the attack on Tabya the Arabs , especially the Antiochene contingent , are said to have suffered heavy losses .
From there , the Arabs turned west towards Nicaea , the chief city of Bithynia and capital of the powerful Opsician Theme . The Arabs arrived before the city in late July , with al @-@ Battal 's vanguard preceding the main army . The Byzantines , probably under the command of the Count of the Opsicians , Artabasdos , did not meet them in the field , but instead retreated behind the city 's walls . The Arabs assaulted the city for forty days , employing siege engines which destroyed a part of the walls , but eventually failed to take it . In late August , they raised the siege and departed , taking along many captives and much booty . The 12th @-@ century chronicle of Michael the Syrian claims that the city 's inhabitants abandoned it and fled by ship through Lake Ascania , whereupon the Arabs destroyed Nicaea , but this is clearly an error .
= = Aftermath = =
The repulsion of the Arab assault on Nicaea was an important success for the Byzantines . Emperor Leo III the Isaurian ( r . 717 – 741 ) regarded the city 's survival as a sign of divine favour towards his newly instituted iconoclastic policies , and was encouraged to drive them further . This is probably related to an incident mentioned in the account of Theophanes , where a certain Constantine , who served as a groom ( strator ) to Artabasdos , threw a stone on an icon of the Virgin Mary and then trampled on it . The soldier was killed the next day by a catapult , a fact which Theophanes reports as evidence of divine vengeance . However , this passage shows strong signs of tampering by the fervently anti @-@ iconoclast Theophanes , from what was probably originally a pro @-@ iconoclast story .
Militarily , the siege of Nicaea was the high @-@ water @-@ mark of the post @-@ 718 Umayyad raids ; never again would Umayyad armies penetrate as deeply into Asia Minor . Increasingly thereafter the Syro @-@ Jaziran army , that provided the manpower for the raids against Byzantium , was diverted in the hard and fruitless wars against the Khazars in the Caucasus : the Khazars inflicted a heavy defeat on the Muslims in 730 , and a Byzantine – Khazar alliance was sealed by the marriage of Leo III 's son and heir Constantine V ( r . 741 – 775 ) with the Khazar princess Irene shortly after . Over the next few years , while Byzantine strength revived , the Muslim military situation on all fronts of the over @-@ extended Caliphate deteriorated . Consequently , in the 730s , Arab raids were mostly limited to the immediate frontier regions and their successes became fewer . By 740 , when the Umayyads assembled the largest invasion force fielded after 718 , the Byzantines had recovered enough to inflict a heavy defeat against them at the Battle of Akroinon .
= Walls of Dubrovnik =
The Walls of Dubrovnik ( Croatian : Dubrovačke gradske zidine ) are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the citizens of the afterward proclaimed maritime city @-@ state of Dubrovnik ( Ragusa ) , situated in southern Croatia , since the city 's founding prior to the 7th century as a Byzantium castrum on a rocky island named Laus ( Ragusia or Lave ) . With numerous additions and modifications throughout their history , they have been considered to be amongst the great fortification systems of the Middle Ages , as they were never breached by a hostile army during this time period . In 1979 , the old city of Dubrovnik , which includes a substantial portion of the old walls of Dubrovnik , joined the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites .
The oldest systems of fortifications around the town were likely wooden palisades . Today 's intact city walls , constructed mainly during the 12th – 17th centuries , mostly a double line , have long been a source of pride for Dubrovnik . The walls run an uninterrupted course of approximately 1 @,@ 940 metres ( 6 @,@ 360 ft ) in length , encircling most of the old city , and reach a maximum height of about 25 metres ( 82 ft ) . The bulk of the existing walls and fortifications were constructed during the 14th and 15th centuries , but were continually extended and strengthened up until the 17th century .
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my actions are those of my ministers " .
= = = Great Plague and Great Fire = = =
In 1665 , Charles was faced with a great health crisis : the Great Plague of London . The death toll reached a peak of 7 @,@ 000 per week in the week of 17 September . Charles , with his family and court , fled London in July to Salisbury ; Parliament met in Oxford . All attempts by London public health officials to contain the disease failed , and the plague spread rapidly .
Adding to London 's woes , but marking the end of the plague , was what later became known as the Great Fire of London , which started on 2 September 1666 . The fire consumed about 13 @,@ 200 houses and 87 churches , including St Paul 's Cathedral . Charles and his brother James joined and directed the fire @-@ fighting effort . The public blamed Catholic conspirators for the fire , although it had actually started in a bakehouse in Pudding Lane .
= = Foreign and colonial policy = =
Since 1640 , Portugal had been fighting a war against Spain to restore its independence after a dynastic union of sixty years between the crowns of Spain and Portugal . Portugal had been helped by France , but in the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 Portugal was abandoned by its French ally . Negotiations with Portugal for Charles 's marriage to Catherine of Braganza began during his father 's reign and upon the restoration , Queen Luísa of Portugal , acting as regent , reopened negotiations with England that resulted in an alliance . On 23 June 1661 , a marriage treaty was signed , Catherine 's dowry securing to England Tangier ( in North Africa ) and the Seven islands of Bombay ( the latter having a major influence on the development of the British Empire in India ) , together with trading privileges in Brazil and the East Indies , religious and commercial freedom in Portugal and two million Portuguese crowns ( about £ 300 @,@ 000 ) ; while Portugal obtained military and naval support against Spain and liberty of worship for Catherine . Catherine journeyed from Portugal to Portsmouth on 13 – 14 May 1662 , but was not visited by Charles there until 20 May . The next day the couple were married at Portsmouth in two ceremonies – a Catholic one conducted in secret , followed by a public Anglican service .
In an unpopular move , also in 1662 , Charles sold Dunkirk to his first cousin King Louis XIV of France for about £ 375 @,@ 000 . The channel port , although a valuable strategic outpost , was a drain on Charles 's limited finances .
Before Charles 's restoration , the Navigation Acts of 1650 had hurt Dutch trade by giving English vessels a monopoly , and had started the First Dutch War ( 1652 – 1654 ) . To lay foundations for a new beginning , envoys of the States General appeared in November 1660 with the Dutch Gift . The Second Dutch War ( 1665 – 1667 ) was started by English attempts to muscle in on Dutch possessions in Africa and North America . The conflict began well for the English , with the capture of New Amsterdam ( renamed New York in honour of Charles 's brother James , Duke of York ) and a victory at the Battle of Lowestoft , but in 1667 the Dutch launched a surprise attack on the English ( the Raid on the Medway ) when they sailed up the River Thames to where a major part of the English fleet was docked . Almost all of the ships were sunk except for the flagship , Royal Charles , which was taken back to the Netherlands as a trophy . The Second Dutch War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Breda .
As a result of the Second Dutch War , Charles dismissed Lord Clarendon , whom he used as a scapegoat for the war . Clarendon fled to France when impeached for high treason ( which carried the penalty of death ) . Power passed to five politicians known collectively by a whimsical acronym as the Cabal — Clifford , Arlington , Buckingham , Ashley ( afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury ) and Lauderdale . In fact , the Cabal rarely acted in concert , and the court was often divided between two factions led by Arlington and Buckingham , with Arlington the more successful .
In 1668 , England allied itself with Sweden , and with its former enemy the Netherlands , to oppose Louis XIV in the War of Devolution . Louis made peace with the Triple Alliance , but he continued to maintain his aggressive intentions towards the Netherlands . In 1670 , Charles , seeking to solve his financial troubles , agreed to the Treaty of Dover , under which Louis XIV would pay him £ 160 @,@ 000 each year . In exchange , Charles agreed to supply Louis with troops and to announce his conversion to Catholicism " as soon as the welfare of his kingdom will permit " . Louis was to provide him with 6 @,@ 000 troops to suppress those who opposed the conversion . Charles endeavoured to ensure that the Treaty — especially the conversion clause — remained secret . It remains unclear if Charles ever seriously intended to convert .
Meanwhile , by a series of five charters , Charles granted the East India Company the rights to autonomous government of its territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops , to form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the its possessions in the Indies . Earlier in 1668 he leased the islands of Bombay for a nominal sum of £ 10 paid in gold . The Portuguese territories that Catherine brought with her as a dowry proved too expensive to maintain ; Tangier was abandoned in 1684 . In 1670 , Charles granted control of the entire Hudson Bay drainage basin to the Hudson 's Bay Company by royal charter , and named the territory Rupert 's Land , after his cousin Prince Rupert of the Rhine , the company 's first Governor .
= = Conflict with Parliament = =
Although previously favourable to the Crown , the Cavalier Parliament was alienated by the king 's wars and religious policies during the 1670s . In 1672 , Charles issued the Royal Declaration of Indulgence , in which he purported to suspend all penal laws against Catholics and other religious dissenters . In the same year , he openly supported Catholic France and started the Third Anglo @-@ Dutch War .
The Cavalier Parliament opposed the Declaration of Indulgence on constitutional grounds by claiming that the King had no right to arbitrarily suspend laws passed by Parliament . Charles withdrew the Declaration , and also agreed to the Test Act , which not only required public officials to receive the sacrament under the forms prescribed by the Church of England , but also later forced them to denounce certain teachings of the Catholic Church as " superstitious and idolatrous " . Clifford , who had converted to Catholicism , resigned rather than take the oath , and committed suicide shortly after . By 1674 England had gained nothing from the Anglo @-@ Dutch War , and the Cavalier Parliament refused to provide further funds , forcing Charles to make peace . The power of the Cabal waned and that of Clifford 's replacement , Lord Danby , grew .
Charles 's wife Queen Catherine was unable to produce an heir ; her four pregnancies had ended in miscarriages and stillbirths in 1662 , February 1666 , May 1668 and June 1669 . Charles 's heir presumptive was therefore his unpopular Catholic brother , James , Duke of York . Partly to assuage public fears that the royal family was too Catholic , Charles agreed that James 's daughter , Mary , should marry the Protestant William of Orange . In 1678 , Titus Oates , who had been alternately an Anglican and Jesuit priest , falsely warned of a " Popish Plot " to assassinate the King , even accusing the Queen of complicity . Charles did not believe the allegations , but ordered his chief minister Lord Danby to investigate . While Lord Danby seems to have been rightly sceptical about Oates 's claims , the Cavalier Parliament took them seriously . The people were seized with an anti @-@ Catholic hysteria ; judges and juries across the land condemned the supposed conspirators ; numerous innocent individuals were executed .
Later in 1678 , Lord Danby was impeached by the House of Commons on the charge of high treason . Although much of the nation had sought war with Catholic France , Charles had secretly negotiated with Louis XIV , trying to reach an agreement under which England would remain neutral in return for money . Lord Danby had publicly professed that he was hostile to France , but had reservedly agreed to abide by Charles 's wishes . Unfortunately for him , the House of Commons failed to view him as a reluctant participant in the scandal , instead believing that he was the author of the policy . To save Lord Danby from the impeachment trial , Charles dissolved the Cavalier Parliament in January 1679 .
The new English Parliament , which met in March of the same year , was quite hostile to Charles . Many members feared that he had intended to use the standing army to suppress dissent or impose Catholicism . However , with insufficient funds voted by Parliament , Charles was forced to gradually disband his troops . Having lost the support of Parliament , Lord Danby resigned his post of Lord High Treasurer , but received a pardon from the King . In defiance of the royal will , the House of Commons declared that the dissolution of Parliament did not interrupt impeachment proceedings , and that the pardon was therefore invalid . When the House of Lords attempted to impose the punishment of exile — which the Commons thought too mild — the impeachment became stalled between the two Houses
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. As he had been required to do so many times during his reign , Charles bowed to the wishes of his opponents , committing Lord Danby to the Tower of London . Lord Danby would be held there for another five years .
= = Later years = =
Charles faced a political storm over the succession to the Throne . The prospect of a Catholic monarch was vehemently opposed by Anthony Ashley Cooper , 1st Earl of Shaftesbury ( previously Baron Ashley and a member of the Cabal , which had fallen apart in 1673 ) . Shaftesbury 's power base was strengthened when the House of Commons of 1679 introduced the Exclusion Bill , which sought to exclude the Duke of York from the line of succession . Some even sought to confer the Crown to the Protestant Duke of Monmouth , the eldest of Charles 's illegitimate children . The Abhorrers — those who thought the Exclusion Bill was abhorrent — were named Tories ( after a term for dispossessed Irish Catholic bandits ) , while the Petitioners — those who supported a petitioning campaign in favour of the Exclusion Bill — were called Whigs ( after a term for rebellious Scottish Presbyterians ) .
Fearing that the Exclusion Bill would be passed , and bolstered by some acquittals in the continuing Plot trials , which seemed to him to indicate a more favourable public mood towards Catholicism , Charles dissolved the English Parliament , for a second time that year , in the summer of 1679 . Charles 's hopes for a more moderate Parliament were not fulfilled , within a few months he had dissolved Parliament yet again , after it sought to pass the Exclusion Bill . When a new Parliament assembled at Oxford in March 1681 , Charles dissolved it for a fourth time after just a few days . During the 1680s , however , popular support for the Exclusion Bill ebbed , and Charles experienced a nationwide surge of loyalty . Lord Shaftesbury was prosecuted ( albeit unsuccessfully ) for treason in 1681 and later fled to Holland , where he died . For the remainder of his reign , Charles ruled without Parliament .
Charles 's opposition to the Exclusion Bill angered some Protestants . Protestant conspirators formulated the Rye House Plot , a plan to murder the King and the Duke of York as they returned to London after horse races in Newmarket . A great fire , however , destroyed Charles 's lodgings at Newmarket , which forced him to leave the races early , thus , inadvertently , avoiding the planned attack . News of the failed plot was leaked . Protestant politicians such as Arthur Capell , 1st Earl of Essex , Algernon Sydney , Lord William Russell and the Duke of Monmouth were implicated in the plot . Lord Essex slit his own throat while imprisoned in the Tower of London ; Sydney and Russell were executed for high treason on very flimsy evidence ; and the Duke of Monmouth went into exile at the court of William of Orange . Lord Danby and the surviving Catholic lords held in the Tower were released and the King 's Catholic brother , James , acquired greater influence at court . Titus Oates was convicted and imprisoned for defamation .
= = = Death = = =
Charles suffered a sudden apoplectic fit on the morning of 2 February 1685 , and died aged 54 at 11 : 45 am four days later at Whitehall Palace . The suddenness of his illness and death led to suspicion of poison in the minds of many , including one of the royal doctors ; however , a more modern medical analysis has held that the symptoms of his final illness are similar to those of uraemia ( a clinical syndrome due to kidney dysfunction ) . In the days between his collapse and his death , Charles endured a variety of torturous treatments including bloodletting , purging and cupping in hopes of effecting a recovery .
On his deathbed Charles asked his brother , James , to look after his mistresses : " be well to Portsmouth , and let not poor Nelly starve " , and told his courtiers : " I am sorry , gentlemen , for being such a time a @-@ dying " . On the last evening of his life he was received into the Catholic Church , though the extent to which he was fully conscious or committed , and with whom the idea originated , is unclear . He was buried in Westminster Abbey " without any manner of pomp " on 14 February .
Charles was succeeded by his brother , who became James II of England and Ireland and James VII of Scotland .
= = Posterity and legacy = =
Charles had no legitimate children , but acknowledged a dozen by seven mistresses , including five by the notorious Barbara Villiers , Lady Castlemaine , for whom the Dukedom of Cleveland was created . His other mistresses included Moll Davis , Nell Gwyn , Elizabeth Killigrew , Catherine Pegge , Lucy Walter , and Louise de Kérouaille , Duchess of Portsmouth . As a result , in his lifetime he was often nicknamed " Old Rowley " , the name of one of his horses which was notable at the time as a stallion .
His subjects resented paying taxes that were spent on his mistresses and their children , many of whom received dukedoms or earldoms . The present Dukes of Buccleuch , Richmond , Grafton and St Albans descend from Charles in unbroken male line . Diana , Princess of Wales , was descended from two of Charles 's illegitimate sons : the Dukes of Grafton and Richmond . Diana 's son , Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , second in line to the British throne , is likely to be the first British monarch descended from Charles II .
Charles 's eldest son , the Duke of Monmouth , led a rebellion against James II , but was defeated at the Battle of Sedgemoor on 6 July 1685 , captured and executed . James was eventually dethroned in 1688 , in the course of the Glorious Revolution . He was the last Catholic monarch to rule Britain .
Looking back on Charles 's reign , Tories tended to view it as a time of benevolent monarchy whereas Whigs perceived it as a terrible despotism . Today it is possible to assess him without the taint of partisanship , and he is seen as more of a lovable rogue — in the words of his contemporary John Evelyn , " a prince of many virtues and many great imperfections , debonair , easy of access , not bloody or cruel " . John Wilmot , 2nd Earl of Rochester , wrote more lewdly of Charles :
Charles , a patron of the arts and sciences , founded the Royal Observatory and supported the Royal Society , a scientific group whose early members included Robert Hooke , Robert Boyle and Sir Isaac Newton . He was the personal patron of Sir Christopher Wren , the architect who helped rebuild London after the Great Fire and who constructed the Royal Hospital Chelsea , which Charles founded as a home for retired soldiers in 1682 .
The anniversary of the Restoration ( which was also Charles 's birthday ) — 29 May — was recognised in England until the mid @-@ nineteenth century as Oak Apple Day , after the Royal Oak in which Charles hid during his escape from the forces of Oliver Cromwell . Traditional celebrations involved the wearing of oak leaves but these have now died out . Charles II is commemorated by statues in London 's Soho Square , in Edinburgh 's Parliament Square , in Three Cocks Lane in Gloucester , and near the south portal of Lichfield Cathedral , and is depicted extensively in literature and other media . Charleston , South Carolina , and South Kingstown , Rhode Island , are named after him .
= = Titles , styles , honours and arms = =
= = = Titles and styles = = =
29 May 1630 – May 1638 : The Duke of Cornwall
May 1638 – 30 January 1649 : The Prince of Wales
30 January 1649 – 6 February 1685 : His Majesty The King
The official style of Charles II was " Charles the Second , by the Grace of God , King of England , Scotland , France and Ireland , Defender of the Faith , etc . " The claim to France was only nominal , and had been asserted by every English monarch since Edward III , regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled .
= = = Honours = = =
KG : Knight of the Garter , 21 May 1638
= = = Arms = = =
As Prince of Wales , Charles 's coat of arms was the royal arms ( which he later inherited ) , differenced by a label of three points Argent . His arms as monarch were : Quarterly , I and IV Grandquarterly , Azure three fleurs @-@ de @-@ lis Or ( for France ) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or ( for England ) ; II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory @-@ counter @-@ flory Gules ( for Scotland ) ; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ( for Ireland ) .
= = Issue = =
By Marguerite or Margaret de Carteret
Letters claiming that she bore Charles a son named James de la Cloche in 1646 are dismissed by historians as forgeries .
By Lucy Walter ( c . 1630 – 1658 )
James Crofts , later Scott ( 1649 – 1685 ) , created Duke of Monmouth ( 1663 ) in England and Duke of Buccleuch ( 1663 ) in Scotland . Ancestor of Sarah , Duchess of York . Monmouth was born nine months after Walter and Charles II first met , and was acknowledged as his son by Charles II , but James II suggested that he was the son of another of her lovers , Colonel Robert Sidney , rather than Charles . Lucy Walter had a daughter , Mary Crofts , born after James in 1651 , but Charles II was not the father , since he and Walter parted in September 1649 .
By Elizabeth Killigrew ( 1622 – 1680 ) , daughter of Sir Robert Killigrew , married Francis Boyle , 1st Viscount Shannon , in 1660
Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria FitzRoy ( 1650 – 1684 ) , married firstly James Howard and secondly William Paston , 2nd Earl of Yarmouth
By Catherine Pegge
Charles FitzCharles ( 1657 – 1680 ) , known as " Don Carlo " , created Earl of Plymouth ( 1675 )
Catherine FitzCharles ( born 1658 ; she either died young or became a nun at Dunkirk )
By Barbara née Villiers ( 1641 – 1709 ) , wife of Roger Palmer , 1st Earl of Castlemaine ; created Duchess of Cleveland in her own right
Lady Anne Palmer ( Fitzroy ) ( 1661 – 1722 ) , married Thomas Lennard , 1st Earl of Sussex . She may have been the daughter of Roger Palmer , but Charles accepted her . Sarah , Duchess of York , descends from Anne by both parents .
Charles Fitzroy ( 1662 – 1730 ) , created Duke of Southampton ( 1675 ) , became 2nd Duke of Cleveland ( 1709 )
Henry Fitzroy ( 1663 – 1690 ) , created Earl of Euston ( 1672 ) , Duke of Grafton ( 1675 ) , also 7 @-@ greats @-@ grandfather of Diana , Princess of Wales
Charlotte Fitzroy ( 1664 – 1717 ) , married Edward Lee , 1st Earl of Lichfield
George Fitzroy ( 1665 – 1716 ) , created Earl of Northumberland ( 1674 ) , Duke of Northumberland ( 1678 )
Barbara ( Benedicta ) Fitzroy ( 1672 – 1737 ) – She was probably the child of John Churchill , later Duke of Marlborough , who was another of Cleveland 's many lovers , and was never acknowledged by Charles as his own daughter .
By Nell Gwyn ( 1650 – 1687 )
Charles Beauclerk ( 1670 – 1726 ) , created Duke of St Albans ( 1684 )
James , Lord Beauclerk ( 1671 – 1680 )
By Louise Renée de Penancoet de Kérouaille ( 1649 – 1734 ) , created Duchess of Portsmouth in her own right ( 1673 )
Charles Lennox ( 1672 – 1723 ) , created Duke of Richmond ( 1675 ) in England and Duke of Lennox ( 1675 ) in Scotland . Ancestor of Diana , Princess of Wales ; Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall ; and Sarah , Duchess of York .
By Mary ' Moll ' Davis , courtesan and actress of repute
Lady Mary Tudor ( 1673 – 1726 ) , married Edward Radclyffe , 2nd Earl of Derwentwater ; after Edward 's death , she married Henry Graham , and upon his death she married James Rooke .
Other probable mistresses :
Christabella Wyndham
Hortense Mancini , Duchess of Mazarin
Winifred Wells – one of the Queen 's Maids of Honour
Jane Roberts – the daughter of a clergyman
Mrs Knight – a famous singer
Elizabeth Berkeley , née Bagot , Dowager Countess of Falmouth – the widow of Charles Berkeley , 1st Earl of Falmouth
Elizabeth Fitzgerald , Countess of Kildare
= = Ancestry = =
= Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña =
The Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional ( English : Armed Forces of National Liberation , FALN ) was a Puerto Rican clandestine paramilitary organization that , through direct action , advocated complete independence for Puerto Rico . At the time of its dissolution , the FALN was responsible for more than 120 bomb attacks on United States targets between 1974 and 1983 .
The FALN was led by Filiberto Ojeda Ríos , who was one of the FBI 's most wanted criminals . The group served as the predecessor of the Boricua Popular Army . Several of the organization 's members were arrested and convicted for conspiracy to commit robbery and for firearms and explosives violations . On August 11 , 1999 then United States President Bill Clinton offered clemency to sixteen of the convicted militants under the condition that they renounce any kind of violent manifestation . This decision drew criticism towards the Clinton administration from figures that include the Office of the United States Attorney , the FBI , and the United States Congress .
= = Philosophy = =
The group was a 1970s Marxist – Leninist militant group which fought to transform Puerto Rico into a communist state . The organization 's ideological basis consisted of five reforms that they expected to implement , these were :
Directing the armed and political struggle in accordance with the Marxist @-@ Leninist principle of a broad front including a popular sectors willing to [ join ] the armed struggle right away
Agglutination of all forces based upon the principle of coordination between political work and military work under the leadership of a party composed of combatants assigned to different tasks
Application of the principle of internal ideological debate , a study of Marxist @-@ Leninist ideology and the use of criticism and self @-@ criticism
Implementation of the Stalinist ideological position on the concept of " nation " with regard to American reality
Application of the principle of the priority of the struggle for independence of Puerto Rico over any question of internal solidarity , demanding concrete support for our armed struggle as a priority matter in the international struggle against colonialism
= = History = =
The Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional was founded in the 1960s under the leadership of Filiberto Ojeda Rios . They were one of several organizations established during this decade that promoted " clandestine armed struggles " against the United States government that the movement described as the " colonial forces of the United States " . The group was founded following decades of alleged harassment , attacks , illegal imprisonments and assassination against members of the Puerto Rican independence movement . The group was part of a movement that included other clandestine organizations , including the Movimiento Independentista Revolucionario Armado , Organización de Voluntarios por la Revolución Puertorriqueña and Los Comandos Armados de Liberación , and served as predecessor for what would become the Boricua Popular Army . The organization 's intention was to draw attention to what they described as the " colonial condition " of Puerto Rico through armed action against the United States government and military .
The modus operandi of the FALN was to perform bombing and incendiary actions and then admit responsibility through press releases . The first of these news releases announced the group 's intention ; in this document they admitted responsibility for attacks on several locations in New York to weaken the " Yanki capitalist monopoly " , and demanded the release of five political prisoners , these were : Lolita Lebrón , Oscar Collazo , Rafael Cancel Miranda , Andres Figueroa and Irvin Flores . In this communique the organization warns that they had opened two fronts , in Puerto Rico and the United States respectively , the goal of these were to organize a People 's Revolutionary Army which they expected would " rid Puerto Rico of Yanki colonialism " . Both fronts were supported and maintained by allies within Puerto Rico and North America .
The group openly expressed their opposition towards any government that was guided by any other system besides the Marxist – Leninist principles and rejected any kind of support or solidarity towards the Puerto Rican independence coming from the government of these countries . Of these countries they accused the governments of Mexico and Venezuela directly , expressing that the actions taken by these governments were hypocritical in origin , citing that while the Venezuelan government supported the independence of Puerto Rico they also supported the regime led by José Napoleón Duarte in El Salvador . The group went further and claimed that the Venezuelan government was a " protector and enforcer of the Yankee imperialist plans to expand their grip in the Caribbean and Central America " and claimed that Venezuelan Army was receiving modern weapons in exchange . In their fifth communique the FALN expressed their dislike for several agencies of the United States government , they mentioned the Federal Bureau of Investigation , Central Intelligence Agency and the Department of Immigration . They claimed that the Department of Immigration was trying to blame the use of a failing economic system on the Chicano population , and that it was responsible for massive deportation and repressive action against Chicano and Mexican workers . In the communique the organization also expresses their confidence on the ability of the group 's mobile guerrilla units to attack any location within the continental United States . Regardless of their activism against the American government the FALN extended friendship and solidarity towards the United States working class , whom they described as " allies in the struggle against Yanki fascism " . They said that the reason for this was that the American working class was being pushed out of work forced to unemployment while the nation 's corporations were gaining billions of dollars in profits . The FALN used some of their communiques to advertise other causes that they felt were fair , including support towards the government of Panama when this country wanted the control of the Panama Canal .
= = = FALN Pardons of 1999 = = =
On August 11 , 1999 , President Bill Clinton offered conditional clemency to sixteen members of the FALN convicted for conspiracy to commit robbery , conspiracy to bomb @-@ making , and sedition , as well as for firearms and explosives violations . None of the sixteen were convicted of bombings or any crime which injured another person , and all of the sixteen had served nineteen years or longer in prison , which was a longer sentence than such crimes typically received , according to the White House . Clinton offered clemency , on condition that the prisoners renounce violence , at the appeal of 10 Nobel Peace Prize laureates , President Jimmy Carter , the Archbishop of New York , and the Archbishop of Puerto Rico . The commutation was opposed by U.S. Attorney 's Office , the FBI , and the Federal Bureau of Prisons and criticised by many including former victims of FALN terrorist activities , the Fraternal Order of Police , and members of Congress . Hillary Clinton in her campaign for Senator also criticised the commutation , although she had earlier been supportive .
The former New York City police officer Richard Pascarella , who was blinded and lost five fingers on his right hand in an FALN bombing , also publicly opposed clemency to FALN members , claiming : " They will again voice their ideology on the American public with a bomb and with a gun . "
= = Incidents = =
= = Known group members = =
Filiberto Ojeda Ríos , co @-@ founder ; former leader
Edwin Cortes
Elizam Escobar
Ricardo Jimenez
Oscar López Rivera
Adolfo Matos
Dylcia Noemi Pagan
Alberto Rodriguez
Alicia Rodríguez
Ida Luz Rodriguez
Luis Rosa
Juan Enrique Segarra @-@ Palmer
Alejandrina Torres
Carmen Valentin
= Decompression ( diving ) =
The decompression of a diver is the reduction in ambient pressure experienced during ascent from depth . It is also the process of elimination of dissolved inert gases from the diver 's body , which occurs during the ascent , during pauses in the ascent known as decompression stops , and after surfacing until the gas concentrations reach equilibrium . Divers breathing gas at ambient pressure need to ascend at a rate determined by their exposure to pressure and the breathing gas in use . A diver who only breathes gas at atmospheric pressure when free @-@ diving or snorkelling will not usually need to decompress , Divers using an atmospheric diving suit do not need to decompress as they are never exposed to high ambient pressure .
When a diver descends in the water the hydrostatic pressure , and therefore the ambient pressure , rises . Because breathing gas is supplied at ambient pressure , some of this gas dissolves into the diver 's blood and is transferred by the blood to other tissues . Inert gas such as nitrogen or helium continues to be taken up until the gas dissolved in the diver is in a state of equilibrium with the breathing gas in the diver 's lungs , at which point the diver is saturated for that depth and breathing mixture , or the depth , and therefore the pressure , is changed . During ascent , the ambient pressure is reduced , and at some stage the inert gases dissolved in any given tissue will be at a higher concentration than the equilibrium state and start to diffuse out again . If the pressure reduction is sufficient , excess gas may form bubbles , which may lead to decompression sickness , a possibly debilitating or life @-@ threatening condition . It is essential that divers manage their decompression to avoid excessive bubble formation and decompression sickness . A mismanaged decompression usually results from reducing the ambient pressure too quickly for the amount of gas in solution to be eliminated safely . These bubbles may block arterial blood supply to tissues or directly cause tissue damage . If the decompression is effective , the asymptomatic venous microbubbles present after most dives are eliminated from the diver 's body in the alveolar capillary beds of the lungs . If they are not given enough time , or more bubbles are created than can be eliminated safely , the bubbles grow in size and number causing the symptoms and injuries of decompression sickness . The immediate goal of controlled decompression is to avoid development of symptoms of bubble formation in the tissues of the diver , and the long @-@ term goal is to avoid complications due to sub @-@ clinical decompression injury .
The mechanisms of bubble formation and the damage bubbles cause has been the subject of medical research for a considerable time and several hypotheses have been advanced and tested . Tables and algorithms for predicting the outcome of decompression schedules for specified hyperbaric exposures have been proposed , tested and used , and in many cases , superseded . Although constantly refined and generally considered acceptably reliable , the actual outcome for any individual diver remains slightly unpredictable . Although decompression retains some risk , this is now generally considered acceptable for dives within the well tested range of normal recreational and professional diving . Nevertheless , all currently popular decompression procedures advise a ' safety stop ' additional to any stops required by the algorithm , usually of about three to five minutes at 3 to 6 metres ( 10 to 20 ft ) , even on an otherwise continuous no @-@ stop ascent .
Decompression may be continuous or staged . A staged decompression is interrupted by decompression stops at calculated depth intervals , but the entire ascent is actually part of the decompression and the ascent rate is critical to harmless elimination of inert gas . A no @-@ decompression dive , or more accurately , a dive with no @-@ stop decompression , relies on limiting the ascent rate for avoidance of excessive bubble formation . The elapsed time at surface pressure immediately after a dive is also an important part of decompression and can be thought of as the last decompression stop of a dive . It can take up to 24 hours for the body to return to its normal atmospheric levels of inert gas saturation after a dive . When time is spent on the surface between dives this is known as the " surface interval " and is considered when calculating decompression requirements for the subsequent dive .
= = Decompression theory = =
Decompression theory is the study and modelling of the transfer of the inert gas component of breathing gases from the gas in the lungs to the tissues of the diver and back during exposure to variations in ambient pressure . In the case of underwater diving and compressed air work , this mostly involves ambient pressures greater than the local surface pressure — but astronauts , high altitude mountaineers , and occupants of unpressurized aircraft , are exposed to ambient pressures less than standard sea level atmospheric pressure . In all cases , the symptoms of decompression sickness occur during or within a relatively short period of hours , or occasionally days , after a significant reduction of ambient pressure .
= = = Physics and physiology of decompression = = =
The absorption of gases in liquids depends on the solubility of the specific gas in the specific liquid , the concentration of gas , customarily expressed as partial pressure , and temperature . The main variable in the study of decompression theory is pressure .
Once dissolved , distribution of the dissolved gas may be by diffusion , where there is no bulk flow of the solvent , or by perfusion where the solvent ( in this case blood ) is circulated around the diver 's body , where gas can diffuse to local regions of lower concentration . Given sufficient time at a specific partial pressure in the breathing gas , the concentration in the tissues stabilizes , or saturates , at a rate that depends on solubility , diffusion rate and perfusion , all of which vary in the different tissues of the body . This process is referred to as in @-@ gassing , and is usually modeled as an inverse exponential process .
If the concentration of the inert gas in the breathing gas is reduced below that of any of the tissues , there is a tendency for gas to return from the tissues to the breathing gas . This is known as out @-@ gassing , and occurs during decompression , when the reduction in ambient pressure reduces the partial pressure of the inert gas in the lungs . This process may be complicated by the formation of gas bubbles , and the modeling is more complex and varied .
The combined concentrations of gases in any given tissue depend on the history of pressure and gas composition . Under equilibrium conditions , the total concentration of dissolved gases is less than the ambient pressure — as oxygen is metabolized in the tissues , and the carbon dioxide produced is much more soluble . However , during a reduction in ambient pressure , the rate of pressure reduction may exceed the rate at which gas is eliminated by diffusion and perf
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guitar . The song is in the key of A major , although MacDonald gives B minor as a secondary key . The opening organ part ends with a preview of the melody over which the song title appears in the song proper . After this short introduction , the composition is structured into two portions consisting of two verses and a chorus each , which are followed by a single verse , a final chorus and an outro , with some of these sections rendered as instrumental passages .
The composition is a meta @-@ song , in that its subject is the work itself . While commenting on the pointlessness of writing for Northern Songs , Harrison employs musical dissonance to express his dissatisfaction with the company , through the use of what musicologist Walter Everett terms " ill @-@ behaved tones " and " wrong @-@ mode " chords .
From the verse 's opening A major chord , the melody moves to a ii minor voicing , rendered as B minor 7 / 11 through the inclusion of a low @-@ register E note . In his lyrics , Harrison acknowledges the apparent awkwardness of such a change , singing " You may think the chords are going wrong " and , in the final verse , that the harmony might be " a little dark and out of key " . Musicologist Alan Pollack considers the song 's music and lyrical message to be " uncannily in tune " with one another , a combination that is accentuated by surprising and irregular phrase @-@ lengths in the verses .
Contrasting with the drawn @-@ out melody over the verses , the choruses present a fast progression of chords – specifically , E major , B minor 7 , G major , C ♯ 7 and F ♯ 7 . In the first chorus , Harrison comments that , given the inadequacy of his publishing arrangement , " It doesn 't really matter what chords I play " . Author Ian Inglis interprets this line as mirroring the singer 's complaint to Beatles biographer Hunter Davies in the late 1960s , regarding the futility of the band 's live performances when their screaming fans never listened to the music the Beatles were playing . Harrison biographer Simon Leng describes " Only a Northern Song " as the first example of its composer " pushing back at the Beatles as an organization he found wanting " , a theme Harrison returned to in 1968 with " Not Guilty " , with his comments on the group 's internal discord .
= = Production = =
= = = Recording = = =
The Beatles taped the basic track for " Only a Northern Song " at EMI 's Abbey Road Studios on 13 February 1967 , during the sessions for Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . As was typical with his new compositions , Harrison had yet to give the song a title , so it was instead referred to as " Not Known " . The line @-@ up on the track comprised Harrison on organ , Lennon on tambourine , McCartney on bass and Starr on drums . The band recorded nine takes of the song before selecting take 3 for further work . The following day , after the studio engineers had carried out a reduction mix , Harrison added two tracks of lead vocals .
The song was disliked by the Beatles ' producer , George Martin , and the band elected to omit it from the album . As his sole writing contribution to Sgt. Pepper , Harrison instead offered the Indian @-@ styled " Within You Without You " , which , in Martin 's recollection , was welcomed with " a bit of a relief all round " . " Only a Northern Song " then became the first track the group provided for the soundtrack to the Yellow Submarine animated film ( 1968 ) , in line with their contractual obligation to United Artists to supply four new songs . Described by Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn as a " myth " , a story later circulated that Harrison had rush @-@ written the composition for United Artists in early 1968 , after Al Brodax , the film 's producer , approached the band for a final song .
= = = Overdubbing = = =
The group returned to " Only a Northern Song " on 20 April 1967 , within an hour of completing the final mixing on Sgt. Pepper . In addition to replacing the original bass guitar and vocal parts , the overdubs carried out that day included trumpet and piano , played by McCartney and Lennon , respectively , together with glockenspiel and percussion . A second 4 @-@ track tape recorder was used for the song , so allowing the various instrumental parts and studio effects to be spread across eight available channels .
The Beatles performed much of the overdubs in a seemingly haphazard manner ; MacDonald describes the result as " a consciously sloven piece of work " . Tom Maginnis of AllMusic finds the recording " heavily steeped in the psychedelic sounds of the period , using liberal amounts of loose instrumentation " , particularly " chaotic bursts of trumpet " . In Pollack 's description , these later additions constitute a " noise track " , which further heightens the theme of discordance and is used to fill the song 's instrumental sections , becoming especially prominent during the outro . With its inclusion of reversed tape loops and spoken voices , Inglis has cited the sound collage effect as a precedent for Lennon 's 1968 avant @-@ garde track " Revolution 9 " and an early example of the electronic music genre .
= = = Mixing = = =
The Beatles completed a final mix of the song on 21 April 1967 . Due to the difficulty in getting the two 4 @-@ track machines to play at exactly the same time , only a mono mix was attempted . In October 1968 , while preparing the Yellow Submarine soundtrack album for release , EMI 's engineers created a mock @-@ stereo ( duophonic ) mix from this mono mix , instead of returning to the master tapes . For the monaural version of the album , originally available only in the UK , the engineers combined the two channels from the duophonic mix , rather than using the April 1967 mono mix .
= = Appearance in Yellow Submarine film = =
In the Yellow Submarine film , the song appears during a scene when the submarine carrying the Beatles travels through the Sea of Science , one of the seven seas around Pepperland . Referring to the psychedelic imagery in the animation , author Stephen Glynn considers that this segment " only ' makes sense ' when read as attempting an audio @-@ visual recreation of the hallucinogenic state " . Jeremiah Massengale , an academic in the field of visual communication , highlights the sequence as one of many technical innovations introduced by the 1968 film , saying : " accompanying multi @-@ colored , square portrait paintings of the Beatles during ' Only a Northern Song ' , there 's a creative use of an oscillator picking out the sound waves of the track . " Glynn cites the drug @-@ inspired imagery of this and two other song sequences as the true reason that Rank pulled Yellow Submarine from its UK cinema run , rather than the company 's official reasoning that the film had performed poorly at the box office .
The " Only a Northern Song " segment was the only clip shown in a feature about Yellow Submarine on the television show How It Is . Produced by Tony Palmer and including portions of the stage play based on Lennon 's book In His Own Write , the show was broadcast on BBC1 two days after the film 's world premiere in London , on 19 July 1968 .
= = Release = =
In January 1969 , " Only a Northern Song " was issued as the second track on side one of the Yellow Submarine LP , with George Martin 's orchestral score for the film occupying the whole of side two . The soundtrack was viewed as a secondary release by the Beatles , who delayed its release to allow for their 1968 self @-@ titled double album , also known as " the White Album " . Although Harrison 's contract with James had expired in March 1968 , the copyright for " Only a Northern Song " and his second contribution to the film , " It 's All Too Much " , remained with Northern Songs rather than being assigned to Harrisongs as his four White Album compositions had been . The song 's release coincided with a period of acrimony between James and the Beatles , particularly Lennon and McCartney , about whom Lewisohn writes : " If John and Paul still thought they owned their songs [ following the flotation of Northern Songs ] they were deluding themselves . " In March 1969 , wary of the disharmony within the band and the problems affecting their Apple Corps business empire , James sold his majority shareholding in Northern Songs to Lew Grade 's ATV Music , thereby selling on the ownership of the Beatles catalogue .
In a contemporary review of Yellow Submarine , Beat Instrumental lamented that it offered little new material by the band , but described " Only a Northern Song " and " It 's All Too Much " as " superb pieces " that " redeem " side one . Recalling the release in his 1977 book The Beatles Forever , however , Nicholas Schaffner dismissed the track as one of the " trifling baubles " the Beatles provided for a film project they had little interest in originally . While adhering to Brodax 's account of the song 's creation , NME critic Bob Woffinden found " considerable merit " in " Only a Northern Song " , and suggested that Harrison 's divergence from his usual , methodical approach to songwriting was one he should pursue more often .
In January 1996 , the song was issued as the B @-@ side to " It 's All Too Much " on a blue @-@ vinyl jukebox single , as part of a series of Beatles releases by Capitol Records ' CEMA Special Markets division . By 1999 , " Only a Northern Song " remained one of only two post @-@ 1963 Beatles songs not to have been made unavailable in true stereo ( the other being " You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) " ) . That year , a stereo version became available when the track was remixed for inclusion on the album Yellow Submarine Songtrack .
= = Retrospective assessment and legacy = =
Among more recent reviews of the Yellow Submarine album , David Gassman of PopMatters admires the song for its " mordant humor " and interprets the lyrics as a possible " dig " at Lennon and McCartney . Gassman adds , with reference to the superior " It 's All Too Much " : " as long as songs like this were being relegated to throwaway projects , George could be excused for sniping at John and Paul in ' Only a Northern Song ' . " Discussing the same two tracks , Pitchfork Media 's Mark Richardson writes that they offer little of interest aside from their " swirling " psychedelic effects , although he considers that " Only a Northern Song " " at least has a good joke going for it , simultaneously alluding to the North of England and the Beatles ' Lennon @-@ McCartney @-@ dominated publishing company " .
As with most of the Beatles ' post @-@ Sgt. Pepper 1967 recordings , their contributions to Yellow Submarine have traditionally been held in low regard by the band 's biographers . Lewisohn describes the group 's 20 April overdubs on " Only a Northern Song " as " a curious session " and writes that their work over this period " display [ s ] a startling lack of cohesion and enthusiasm " . Mark Hertsgaard considers that " Only a Northern Song " was " understandably … rejected as not good enough for Sgt Pepper " , while MacDonald dismisses the track as " dismal " and a " self @-@ indulgent dirge " .
More impressed , Alex Young of Consequence of Sound identifies the song as " lyrically the [ album 's ] quintessential track , as it perfectly defines Yellow Submarine in two verses alone , while coming out sonically like a Pink Floyd b @-@ side from the Obscured By Clouds sessions " . In a 2003 review , in Mojo , Peter Doggett said that Harrison 's two contributions " did much to rescue the album from oblivion " , and he described " Only a Northern Song " as " gloriously ironic " . Writing for Ultimate Classic Rock in 2013 , Dave Swanson ranked the track third on his list of the " Top 10 Beatles Psychedelic Songs " ( following " Tomorrow Never Knows " and " I Am the Walrus " ) and concluded : " Would ' Sgt. Pepper ' have been even greater had this mind @-@ melter been included in favor of , say , ' When I 'm Sixty Four ? ' All signs point to a positive affirmation . " In 2006 , " Only a Northern Song " was ranked 75th in Mojo 's list " The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs " , where Glenn Tilbrook described it as " a wonderfully unexpected tune " and suggested that Harrison 's " lovely and sardonic lyric … could be the inspiration for a thousand Rutles songs " .
While noting Yellow Submarine 's status as the Beatles ' only " inessential " album , Bruce Eder of AllMusic describes " Only a Northern Song " as " an odd piece of psychedelic ersatz , mixing trippiness and some personal comments " . Referring to the revelations offered in the song , Eder adds : " they present Harrison 's vision of how music and recording sounded , from the inside @-@ out and the outside @-@ in , during the psychedelic era – the song thus provided a rare glimpse inside the doors of perception of being a Beatle ( or , at least , one aspect of being this particular Beatle ) circa 1967 . " Writing for Billboard in 2001 , Bill Holland grouped " Only a Northern Song " with the Byrds ' " So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star " and early @-@ 1970s releases by the Kinks and Joni Mitchell , as songs that constitute the first wave of musical statements in which artists " accuse or indict their industry 's business policies " . Inglis views " Only a Northern Song " as the Beatles ' " first ' postmodern ' song " , due to the " deliberate ironic intent " evident in the subject matter and in the use of tape effects and scattered conversation .
= = Other versions = =
An alternative edit of the song appeared on the Beatles ' Anthology 2 out @-@ takes compilation in 1996 . Slightly sped up , and mixed in stereo , this version comprises the song 's basic track without most of the April 1967 overdubs , and with a vocal take that contains some changes to the lyrics .
Coinciding with the popularity of " It 's All Too Much " among acid @-@ rock bands of the early 1990s , Sun Dial released a cover of " Only a Northern Song " as the B @-@ side of their 1991 single " Fireball " . In 2009 , Greg Davis and jazz singer @-@ songwriter Chris Weisman named their psychedelic folk partnership , Northern Songs , after the Beatles track . Their 2010 album Northern Songs similarly honoured the song , as well as including a cover version of " It 's All Too Much " .
When Mojo released the CD Yellow Submarine Resurfaces in July 2012 , " Only a Northern Song " was covered by Gravenhurst . Yonder Mountain String Band included the song in their live performances during 2013 and 2015 .
= = Personnel = =
According to Ian MacDonald :
George Harrison – vocals , Hammond organ , tape effects , noises
John Lennon – piano , glockenspiel , tape effects , noises
Paul McCartney – bass guitar , trumpet , tape effects , noises
Ringo Starr – drums
= Chimes of Freedom ( song ) =
" Chimes of Freedom " is a song written and performed by Bob Dylan and featured on his 1964 album Another Side of Bob Dylan ( see 1964 in music ) , produced by Tom Wilson . It was written in early 1964 and was influenced by the symbolist poetry of Arthur Rimbaud . The song depicts the feelings and thoughts of the singer and his companion as they wait out a lightning storm under a doorway . The singer expresses his solidarity with people who are downtrodden or otherwise treated unjustly , and believes that the thunder is tolling in sympathy for them . Music critic Paul Williams has described the song as Dylan 's Sermon on the Mount . The song has been covered many times by different artists , including The Byrds , Jefferson Starship , Youssou N 'Dour , Bruce Springsteen and U2 .
= = Bob Dylan 's version = =
" Chimes of Freedom " was written shortly after the release of " The Times They Are a @-@ Changin ' " album in early 1964 during a road trip that Dylan took across America with musician Paul Clayton , journalist Pete Karman , and road manager Victor Maimudes . It was written at about the same time as " Mr. Tambourine Man " , which is similarly influenced by the symbolism of Arthur Rimbaud . There are conflicting stories about exactly when during the trip this song was written . One story is that Dylan wrote the song on a portable typewriter in the back of a car the day after visiting civil rights activists Bernice Johnson and Cordell Reagon in Atlanta , Georgia . However , a handwritten lyric sheet from the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in Toronto , Canada that was reproduced in The Bob Dylan Scrapbook 1956 @-@ 1966 indicates that this story cannot be entirely true . Dylan was in Toronto , Canada in late January and early February , before the road trip on which the song was supposedly written . So , although parts of the song may have been written on the road trip , Dylan had started working on the song earlier . The first public performance of the song took place in early 1964 , either at the Civic Auditorium in Denver on February 15 , or at the Berkeley Community Theater in Berkeley , California , on February 22 . " Chimes of Freedom " was an important part of Dylan 's live concert repertoire throughout most of 1964 , although by the latter part of that year he had ceased performing it and would not perform it again until 1987 , when he revived the song for concerts with the Grateful Dead and with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers .
The master take of the song was recorded by Dylan , with Tom Wilson producing , during the recording sessions for the Another Side of Bob Dylan album on June 9 , 1964 . It took seven takes before Dylan got the song right , even though it was one of only three songs that he recorded during the session that he had already performed in front of a concert audience .
Music critic Paul Williams has described the song as Dylan 's Sermon on the Mount . The song is a lyrical expression of feelings evoked while watching a lightning storm . The singer and a companion are caught in a thunderstorm in mid @-@ evening and the pair of them duck into a doorway , where they are both transfixed by one lightning flash after another . The natural phenomena of thunder and lightning appear to take on auditory and ultimately emotional aspects to the singer , with the thunder experienced as the tolling of bells and the lightning bolts appearing as chimes . Eventually , the sights and sounds in the sky become intermixed in the mind of the singer , as evidenced by the lines :
As majestic bells of bolts struck shadows in the sounds ,
Seeming to be the chimes of freedom flashing .
Over the course of the song the sun slowly rises and the lyrics can be interpreted as a proclamation of the hope that as the sky clears after a difficult night , all the world 's people will rise together to proclaim their survival to the sound of the church bells .
In Chimes of Freedom : The Politics of Bob Dylan 's Art , author Mike Marqusee notes that the song marks a transition between Dylan 's earlier protest song style ( a litany of the down @-@ trodden and oppressed , in the second half of each verse ) and his later more free @-@ flowing poetic style ( the fusion of images of lightning , storm and bells in the first half ) . In this later style , which is influenced by 19th century French symbolist poet Arthur Rimbaud , the poetry is more allusive , filled with " chains of flashing images . " In this song , rather than support a specific cause as in his earlier protest songs , he finds solidarity with all people who are downtrodden or otherwise treated unjustly , including unwed mothers , the disabled , refugees , outcasts , those unfairly jailed , " the luckless , the abandoned and forsaked , " and , in the final verse , " the countless confused , accused , misused , strung out ones and worse " and " every hung @-@ up person in the whole wide universe . " By having the chimes of freedom toll for both rebels and rakes , the song is more inclusive in its sympathies than previous protest songs , such as " The Times They Are A @-@ Changin ' " , written just the prior year . After " Chimes of Freedom " , Dylan 's protest songs no longer depicted social reality in the black and white terms he renounces in " My Back Pages " but rather use satirical surrealism to make their points .
The assassination of U.S. President , John F. Kennedy , is one possible inspiration for Dylan starting the song . Although Dylan has denied that this is the case , he did draft a number of poems in the fall of 1963 in the aftermath of Kennedy 's death and one of those poems in particular , a short six @-@ line piece , appears to contain the genesis for " Chimes of Freedom " :
the colors of friday were dull
as the cathedral bells were gently burnin'
strikin for the gentle
strikin for the kind
strikin for the crippled ones
and strikin for the blind .
Kennedy was killed on a Friday , and the cathedral bells in the poem would have been the church bells heralding his death . Using a storm as a metaphor for the death of a president is similar to Shakespeare 's use of a storm in King Lear . By the time Dylan wrote the first draft of " Chimes of Freedom " the following February , it contained many of the elements of this poem , except that the crippled ones and the blind were changed to " guardians and protectors of the mind . " In addition , the cathedral bells had become the " chimes of freedom flashing " , as seen by two lovers finding shelter in a cathedral doorway .
Besides Rimbaud 's symbolism , the song is also influenced by the alliterative poetry of Gerard Manley Hopkins , the poetic vision of William Blake and the violent drama , mixed with compassion and romantic language , of William Shakespeare . In addition , Dylan had used rain as a symbol in earlier songs , such as " A Hard Rain 's A @-@ Gonna Fall " . In his memoir , folk musician Dave Van Ronk claimed that the song was influenced by an old sentimental ballad , " Chimes of Trinity " by Michael J. Fitzpatrick , which Dave Van Ronk had introduced to Dylan .
Despite the song 's appeal to cover artists , it has appeared sparingly on Dylan 's compilation and live albums . It was , however , included on the 1967 European compilation album Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits 2 . A recording of Dylan performing the song at the 1964 Newport Folk Festival was included on the compilation album , The Bootleg Series Vol . 7 : No Direction Home : The Soundtrack . The same performance can also be seen on the 2007 DVD The Other Side of the Mirror : Live at Newport Folk Festival 1963 @-@ 1965 . A version sung by Dylan and Joan Osborne in 1999 appears on the original television soundtrack album of the film titled The 60 's .
As of 2009 , Dylan continues to perform " Chimes of Freedom " in concert , although he did not play the song live during the 23 years between late 1964 and 1987 . In 1993 Dylan played the song in front of the Lincoln Memorial as part of Bill Clinton 's first inauguration as U.S. president .
= = Cover versions = =
= = = The Byrds ' version = = =
The Byrds included a recording of " Chimes of Freedom " on their 1965 debut album , Mr. Tambourine Man . The song was the last track to be recorded for the album but the session was marred by conflict and drama . After the band had completed the song 's instrumental backing track , guitarist and harmony vocalist David Crosby announced that he wasn 't going to sing on the recording and was instead leaving the studio for the day . The precise reason for Crosby 's refusal to sing the song has never been adequately explained but the ensuing fracas between the guitarist and the band 's manager , record producer Jim Dickson , ended with Dickson sitting on Crosby 's chest , telling him " The only way you 're going to get through that door is over my dead body ... You 're going to stay in this room until you do the vocal . " According to a number of people present in the studio that day , Crosby burst into tears but eventually completed the song 's harmony part with sterling results . Dickson himself noted in later years that his altercation with Crosby was a cathartic moment in which the singer " got it all out and sang like an angel . "
The song went on to become a staple of The Byrds ' live concert repertoire , until their final disbandment in 1973 . The band also performed the song on the television programs Hullabaloo and Shindig ! , as well as including it in their performance at the Monterey Pop Festival . The Byrds ' performance of " Chimes of Freedom " at Monterey can be seen in the 2002 The Complete Monterey Pop Festival DVD box set . The song was also performed by a reformed line @-@ up of The Byrds featuring Roger McGuinn , David Crosby , and Chris Hillman in January 1989 . In addition to its appearance on Mr. Tambourine Man , " Chimes of Freedom " has appeared on several Byrds ' compilation albums , including The Byrds ' Greatest Hits , The Byrds Play Dylan , The Very Best of The Byrds , and The Essential Byrds .
= = = Other covers = = =
" Chimes of Freedom " has also been covered by artists as diverse as Phil Carmen , Jefferson Starship , Youssou N 'Dour , Martyn Joseph , Joan Osborne , Bruce Springsteen , Warren Zevon and The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band . Although U2 have never released a recording of the song , they played it live in concert during the late 1980s . Bruce Springsteen 's cover version managed to reach # 16 on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in 1988 , although it was never released as a single . It was recorded in Stockholm , Sweden , on July 3 , 1988 , when Springsteen performed it during his Tunnel of Love Express tour . Springsteen used the performance to announce before a worldwide radio audience his role in the upcoming Human Rights Now ! tour to benefit Amnesty International and mark the fortieth anniversary of the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The song was subsequently released as the title track of the live Chimes of Freedom EP . Springsteen 's performance is rousing and fervent , transforming the song into a ringing anthem for the full E Street Band , without losing the power of the words evident in Dylan 's own solo performance . On the Human Rights Now ! tour itself , Springsteen led a group performance of " Chimes of Freedom " featuring the other artists on the tour : Tracy Chapman , Sting , Peter Gabriel , and Youssou N 'Dour , with each taking turns on the song 's verses .
Jefferson Starship covered the song on their 2008 release , Jefferson 's Tree of Liberty , with Paul Kantner , David Freiberg and Cathy Richardson on vocals . Additionally , the Senegalese musician Youssou N 'Dour recorded an unusual cover version of the song , in which he treated the song as an anthem for the many people in Africa struggling to survive . The melody of " Chimes of Freedom " was deliberately borrowed by Billy Bragg for the song " Ideology " , from his third album , Talking with the Taxman about Poetry , with Bragg 's chorus " above the sound of ideologies clashing " echoing Dylan 's " we gazed upon the chimes of freedom flashing " . In addition , the Bon Jovi song " Bells of Freedom " , from their Have a Nice Day album , is somewhat reminiscent of " Chimes of Freedom " in structure . Neil Young 's song " Flags of Freedom " from his Living with War album mentions Dylan by name and melodically recalls the tune and verse structure of " Chimes of Freedom " , though Young is listed as the song 's only writer . The British band Starry Eyed and Laughing took their name from the opening line of the song 's final verse .
" Chimes of Freedom " is one of seven Dylan songs whose lyrics were reset for soprano and piano ( or orchestra ) by John Corigliano for his song cycle Mr. Tambourine Man : Seven Poems of Bob Dylan .
= Constance Stokes =
Constance Stokes ( née Parkin , 22 February 1906 – 14 July 1991 ) was a modernist Australian painter who worked in Victoria . She trained at the National Gallery of Victoria Art School until 1929 , winning a scholarship to continue her study at London 's Royal Academy of Arts . Although Stokes painted few works in the 1930s , her paintings and drawings were exhibited from the 1940s onwards . She was one of only two women , and two Victorians , included in a major exhibition of twelve Australian artists that travelled to Canada , the United Kingdom and Italy in the early 1950s .
Influenced by George Bell , Stokes was part of the Melbourne Contemporary Artists , a group Bell established in 1940 . Her works continued to be well @-@ regarded for many years after the group 's formation , in contrast to those by many of her Victorian modernist colleagues , with favourable reviews from critics such as Sir Philip Hendy in the United Kingdom and Bernard William Smith in Australia .
Her husband 's early death in 1962 forced Stokes to return to painting as a career , resulting in a successful one @-@ woman show in 1964 , her first in thirty years . She continued to paint and exhibit through the 1970s and 1980s , and was the subject of a retrospective exhibition that toured Victorian regional galleries including Swan Hill Regional Art Gallery and Geelong Art Gallery in 1985 . She died in 1991 and is little @-@ known in comparison to some other women artists including Grace Cossington Smith and Clarice Beckett , but her fortunes were revived somewhat as a central figure in Anne Summers ' 2009 book The Lost Mother . Her art is represented in most major Australian galleries , including the National Gallery of Australia and the National Gallery of Victoria ; the Art Gallery of New South Wales is the only significant Australian collecting institution not to hold one of her works .
= = Early life and training = =
Constance Parkin was born in 1906 in the hamlet of Miram , near Nhill in western Victoria . The family moved to Melbourne in 1920 , where she completed her schooling at Genazzano convent in the suburb of Kew
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