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has come a long way . "
TV Fanatic 's Dan Forcella felt that " Public Relations " was an fantastic episode , and asserted : " All in all it was a great start to the fourth season of Mad Men . " In conclusion , Forcella gave the episode a 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars . The Wall Street Journal journalist Cheryl Berman opined that the episode had a " little bit of everything we love about Mad Men . " William Bradley wrote in The Huffington Post that the series got off to " a cracking start " with " Public Relations " . Similarly , Scott D. Pierce of the Deseret News found it to be " a very good episode and a very promising restart " , after what he considered a disappointing third season .
= George Lee ( journalist ) =
George Lee ( born 27 September 1962 ) is an Irish economist , journalist , television and radio presenter , and former Fine Gael politician . He worked for RTÉ from 1992 to 2009 . He was appointed Economics Editor in 1996 . During his time in RTÉ News and Current Affairs he was named Irish Journalist of the Year for uncovering a major tax evasion and overcharging scandal at National Irish Bank . He has also presented many documentary programmes for RTÉ .
Lee became a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Dublin South constituency in June 2009 , winning a by @-@ election with a 53 @.@ 4 % majority and was referred to as a " celebrity TD " . On 8 February 2010 Lee announced his resignation both from Fine Gael and from Dáil Éireann , having spent nine months in politics . His reasoning was that he had " virtually no influence or input " . He returned to RTÉ in May 2010 , and presented Mind Your Business , followed by The Business on RTÉ Radio 1 from 2010 .
= = Early and personal life = =
Lee 's father was a motor mechanic and his mother was a hairdresser . Lee was the seventh in a family of eight children and grew up in Templeogue , Dublin . He attended Coláiste Éanna , a Christian Brothers ' School in the Dublin suburb of Ballyroan . Lee is a graduate of University College Dublin and holds an MSc in Economics from the London School of Economics where his specialist area was labour economics and unemployment .
He is married to Mary Lee ( née Kitson ) , they have two children , Alison and Harry , and lives in Cabinteely . Lee famously travelled to work in RTÉ using a Segway , once giving it a test ride live on Tubridy Tonight .
= = Career = =
Lee joined the civil service as an executive officer in the Central Statistics Office . Two years later he started at University College Dublin where he studied economics under academics such as Brendan Walsh and Peter Neary .
Prior to his move into broadcasting , he lectured in NUI , Galway and then worked as a journalist with The Sunday Business Post . Lee was also a Senior Economist at Riada Stockbrokers . He also worked as Treasury Economist with FTI and as a research economist with the Central Bank of Ireland .
From 1992 to 2009 he worked in RTÉ , the public broadcasting service of Ireland . He was appointed Economics Editor with RTÉ in 1996 . Lee was named Irish Journalist of the Year , along with Charlie Bird , in 1998 after they uncovered a major tax evasion and overcharging scandal at National Irish Bank . He has devised , researched and presented several television series , including Moneybox , More To Do , Winds of Change , and Beyond the Berlin Wall . He is thought of as an " economics guru " . He left RTÉ " in the late 1990s " to work for BCP Stockbrokers . He left the job and returned to his RTÉ post the next day .
Before embarking on his political career , he filmed a four @-@ part series based on the fall of the Berlin Wall in 2008 . It was aired on RTÉ One in November 2009 .
George Lee was parodied in the 1990s comedy Bull Island , where he was seen " menacingly staring down the lens of a camera " , and has also been featured on RTÉ 2fm 's Nob Nation .
= = = Political career = = =
On 5 May 2009 on the News at One on RTÉ Radio 1 , Lee announced that he was resigning as Economic Editor with RTÉ and announced his intention to seek the Fine Gael nomination for the Dublin South by @-@ election in 2009 . Lee took a year 's unpaid leave from RTÉ in May 2009 . On 6 May 2009 Lee was chosen as the Fine Gael candidate for the by @-@ election . He was the only candidate for the nomination .
He was elected on the first count to represent Dublin South on 6 June 2009 . He received over 53 % of the 1st preference vote . In total he received 27 @,@ 768 1st preference votes . His RTÉ position was filled by Europe editor Sean Whelan , but only as correspondent . Instead , David Murphy was promoted to Business Editor . When elected , Lee was referred to as a " Celebrity TD " .
In an opinion poll concerning support for possible candidates in the 2011 presidential election conducted by the Sunday Independent in October 2009 , Lee came third , receiving 12 % support , in front of former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern among other high @-@ profile politicians .
Lee highlighted the failure of EMPG , the holding company for US publisher Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , and the potential impact on the Irish taxpayers of the loans given by Anglo Irish Bank to the investors in EMPG on 13 January 2010 . Lee saw this as another example for the urgent need of an investigation into the Irish banking crisis .
= = = Resignation from politics = = =
On 8 February 2010 he announced his resignation from Fine Gael and from Dáil Éireann , due to having " virtually no influence or input " into shaping Fine Gael 's economic policies at a time of economic upheaval . It emerged that on 2 February , Lee met with the Fine Gael leader Enda Kenny and told him of his intention to resign . Kenny then offered Lee the frontbench position as spokesman on economic planning . Speaking to reporters outside Leinster House soon after his announcement , Lee said it would have been dishonest of him to accept the position : " I had absolutely no input for nine months . I think I had to be honest with myself and honest with the electorate about that and not pretend . " Asked if his resignation was a vote of no confidence in Kenny , Lee said there were " certainly lots of large mutterings at the moment in relation to the leader 's position " . He said he had " minimal involvement " with Fine Gael finance spokesman Richard Bruton . " I had a maximum of two or three conversations with Richard Bruton in a total nine months period . I don ’ t know how my relationship is with [ him ] " Lee said .
Kenny noted Lee had been appointed chair of the party 's committee on economic policy and also its forum . " I had anticipated a very important role for [ George Lee ] in the coming period with Fine Gael . " Kenny 's spokesman later dismissed the proposition that the resignation had implications for his leadership . He cited the public endorsement of Kenny by 20 Dáil deputies over the course of the weekend . Former Fine Gael leader Michael Noonan said he was surprised at the decision : " I thought that George Lee was fitting in well " , adding that he believed he would have been a cabinet member in a Fine Gael @-@ led government .
George Lee was criticised after his resignation by Senator Eoghan Harris , who was speaking on the Lunchtime programme of Newstalk Radio . Harris suggested financial considerations and long working hours of politicians were the reasons why Lee resigned . Fine Gael TD Brian Hayes , who was Lee 's campaign manager in the Dublin South by @-@ election , said that in discussions with Lee , the latter had complained about " a major reduction in his income " since leaving RTÉ to become a Dáil backbencher . Lee denied that financial considerations had anything to do with his decision to quit politics .
= = = Return to RTÉ = = =
RTÉ received a letter from Lee confirming his intentions to return after his leave of absence . The Sunday Tribune said on 14 February 2010 that he would have to wait for three months before returning to RTÉ . Exactly a year after leaving RTÉ , he returned to the broadcaster on 5 May 2010 . He worked as an advisor on the RTÉ business desk . He presented Mind Your Business on RTÉ Radio 1 on Saturday Mornings as a summer replacement for The Business .
When John Murray moved to present his own programme , Lee took over The Business slot on 4 September 2010 on Saturday mornings on RTÉ Radio 1 . In addition to the radio edition , Lee has presented a televised version on RTÉ One , also titled The Business .
= Why Should the Fire Die ? =
Why Should The Fire Die ? is the third major album release and fifth album overall by progressive acoustic trio Nickel Creek . The album was released on Sugar Hill on August 9 , 2005 in the United States , and on August 8 in the United Kingdom . Why Should the Fire Die ? is the first Nickel Creek album to feature string bassist Mark Schatz .
The album peaked at # 17 on the Billboard 200 , making it the highest charting Nickel Creek album on the chart to date . Why Should the Fire Die ? also topped both the magazine 's Top Internet Albums and Top Bluegrass Albums charts . By November 2006 , the album had sold 258 @,@ 784 copies . The album earned Nickel Creek two Grammy Award nominations : the award for Best Contemporary Folk Album , an award which they previously won for This Side , and the award for Best Country Instrumental Performance ( " Scotch & Chocolate " ) .
Why Should the Fire Die ? was praised by contemporary music critics primarily for its creativity , and for its instrumental quality , with one critic complimenting the album 's " sheer musical brilliance " .
= = Conception and production = =
In the time that Nickel Creek spent writing songs for Why Should the Fire Die ? , numerous songs did not make the cut , and only fourteen were used in the final draft of the album . When discussing the album , Sean Watkins said that the band " did so much co @-@ writing together and filtering . I mean there ’ s like 30 songs that didn ’ t get used . " After writing the songs , Sara Watkins said in her online journal that the trio spent five days " going over the details of the arrangements on each of the seventeen songs we 're seriously considering for the record and making good demos of each of them " . The band started recording the album in November 2004 , and the album was " completed , mixed , and mastered " by April 2005 .
The recording for Why Should the Fire Die ? took place at Barefoot Recording in Los Angeles , California . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Thile said : " The studio needs to be dark . I don 't want to be reminded by my surroundings that what I 'm singing about isn 't happening right then . I like to really dissolve into the story . But the Jamesons I use more for keeping my vocal cords relaxed and clear . "
The release of Why Should the Fire Die ? marked the first major Nickel Creek release with Alison Krauss absent as a producer . The album 's producing duties were carried out by Tony Berg and former Smash Mouth producer Eric Valentine . Sara Watkins stated in an interview with Paste Magazine that the producer change made for a " more congruent project overall " . The band attributed much of the credit for their morphing sound to both their new producers and Krauss . The album was not recorded digitally , but in a more old @-@ fashioned way using Telefunken microphones , and the special effects in the fiddle on the track " First and Last Waltz " was reel tape delay .
= = Songs = =
" When in Rome " , the opening track on Why Should the Fire Die ? , was chosen as the lead , and only single . The song 's title alludes to the American proverb " When in Rome , do as the Romans do " , and Chris Thile , the song 's author , said " The idea behind the song – and I do love it ! - is if there is something better , it 's worth leaning towards just a little bit because you 'll have a great time here regardless . " Critics commented on the song favorably , with George Graham saying that " When in Rome " has " rock energy level and some sonic manipulation , with hints of old @-@ time Appalachian music in the fiddle , while the lyrics are definitely in the rock mode . "
The second track , " Somebody More Like You " was written by guitarist Sean Watkins . The break @-@ up song , written from Watkins ' perspective , was described as " scathing " , and like " Aimee Mann @-@ style modern pop " , with lyrics like " I hope you meet someone your height so you can see eye to eye / With someone as small as you " . Watkins said the song wasn 't written for anyone in particular , but said " I had this clever line and decided to build a song around it . " " Jealous of the Moon " , the third track , was co @-@ written by Chris Thile and Gary Louris of Jayhawks fame . This song was released as a promotional single in the United States . The fourth track and first instrumental on Why Should the Fire Die ? , " Scotch & Chocolate " , earned Nickel Creek a Grammy Award nomination for Best Country Instrumental . However , the song lost to the trio 's former record producer Alison Krauss with her band Union Station for " Unionhouse Branch " , from the band 's twelfth album , Lonely Runs Both Ways . As with the first three songs on the album , critics responded favorably to " Scotch & Chocolate " . Rolling Stone considered the song to be " Celtic @-@ infused " , Slant Magazine named it the best song on the album , and Stylus Magazine called it a " brisk , lively instrumental " . The latter also said the song was " every bit as physically exciting as Shooter Jennings or Big and Rich . "
" Can 't Complain " , a Chris Thile @-@ composed piece , was the fifth track on Why Should the Fire Die ? . According to Sean Watkins , the song was written by Thile " from the point of view of a friend " . Unlike the first four songs on the album , the song received mixed reviews . Being There called it " nothing more than a generic ballad with little merit " , and PopMatters said that it was a " one @-@ too @-@ many Thile tune about screwed @-@ up relationships " . However , some critics found it amazing ; Village Voice called the song a " lushly arpeggiated ballad " . The sixth track , a Bob Dylan cover , " Tomorrow is a Long Time " , was the only track on the album not composed at least partially by one of the members of Nickel Creek . The track had previously been covered by " Watkins Family Hour " , a duo that consists of Sara Watkins and Sean Watkins , at their home base of Largo in Los Angeles . Both the album version and the live Watkins Family Hour version feature Sara Watkins as the lead vocalist . Watkins was heavily praised for her " graceful " and " beautifully " sung rendition of the song . " Eveline " , a tribute to the James Joyce short story of the same name , was the seventh track on the album . A Thile @-@ Sean Watkins composed piece , " Eveline " has been said to feature " irregular tunings " , and vocal harmonization that is similar to that on Radiohead 's OK Computer . Allmusic cited this track as the " brooding centerpiece " of the album .
The eighth song and second instrumental on Why Should the Fire Die ? , " Stumptown " , was written by Chris Thile . The song was written as a tribute to Stumptown Coffee Roasters , Chris Thile 's favorite coffee house in the world . " Stumptown " is also the album 's shortest song , at one minute and forty three seconds . " Anthony " , the ninth track , is the only song recorded by Nickel Creek that was written solely by Sara Watkins . " Anthony " , which features a ukulele melody , was described by several critics to be " old @-@ timey " . One of three Thile @-@ Watkins @-@ Watkins composed pieces on the album , " Best Of Luck " was the tenth track on Why Should the Fire Die ? . Sara Watkins had the lead vocal for " Best Of Luck " , and was complimented by critics for her " snippy " and " assertive " vocal. prefix Magazine pegged the song to be the formula that makes " this album , and trio , unstoppable " . The eleventh track , " Doubting Thomas " , was written by Chris Thile and is named after Doubting Thomas , a biblical term . All the members of Nickel Creek came from devout Christian families , and the song is about questioning faith . The third and final instrumental , " First and Last Waltz " , is Why Should the Fire Die ? ' s twelfth track . One of the three songs written by all of Nickel Creek 's members , it comes before the penultimate track , " Helena " . At Nickel Creek 's concerts , the song was played as a segue into " Helena " . The album recording of " First And Last Waltz " has been called a " chilly effects @-@ draped recital piece " , due to its use of sound effects . " Helena " , the penultimate track , was written by Chris Thile . Producer Eric Valentine provided drumming duties for this song . Thile described the track to be what he considered " the ultimate climax " of Why Should the Fire Die ? , and some contemporary critics found the song to be the highlight of the album . The final song on Why Should the Fire Die ? , the title track , is a slow waltz . PopMatters described the song as being " gorgeously sung " , but " an odd choice to conclude a record that is so often bidding for the true fun of pop music " .
= = Critical reception = =
For the majority , Why Should the Fire Die ? received positive reviews from United States contemporary music critics . PopMatters said that the album was " hardly the stuff of mountain music " , and Village Voice described it to be " much sleeker , sexier , and more carefully assembled than work by the competition . " A review from the Houston Chronicle also stated that Why Should the Fire Die ? is " like Wilco with country rock and Radiohead with guitar riff rock , " and that " the trio has successfully proved the vitality of creative Darwinism . " Some critics even went as far as to call the album 's musical genre " emo @-@ grass " .
The album also received much critical praise for its instrumental strength , with BBC stating that " what shines through immediately is the sheer musical brilliance . " The magazine Being There said that " like any good bluegrass band , Nickel Creek proves capable of playing rousing instrumentals . " BBC also discussed the difference between the three instrumentals featured on the album , stating " " First And Last Waltz " is smooth and dreamy , " Stumptown " is a merry little jig , and " Scotch And Chocolate " is just reel @-@ y ( sic ) good . "
Reviews for Why Should the Fire Die ? also included praise of the album 's vocals , particularly Sara Watkins ' " snippy " , " beautifully sung " and " assertive " vocals on various tracks , and the trio 's vocal harmonization was also complimented .
= = Track listing = =
" When in Rome " ( Thile ) – 4 : 14
" Somebody More Like You " ( Sean Watkins ) – 3 : 01
" Jealous of the Moon " ( Gary Louris , Thile ) – 4 : 41
" Scotch & Chocolate " ( instrumental ) ( Thile , Sara Watkins ) – 3 : 07
" Can 't Complain " ( Thile ) – 5 : 34
" Tomorrow Is a Long Time " ( Bob Dylan ) – 3 : 36
" Eveline " ( Thile , Sean Watkins ) – 3 : 11
" Stumptown " ( instrumental ) ( Thile ) – 1 : 43
" Anthony " ( Sara Watkins ) – 1 : 55
" Best of Luck " ( Thile , Sean Watkins , Sara Watkins ) – 3 : 22
" Doubting Thomas " ( Thile ) – 3 : 19
" First and Last Waltz " ( instrumental ) ( Thile , Sean Watkins , Sara Watkins ) – 1 : 53
" Helena " ( Thile ) – 4 : 45
" Why Should the Fire Die ? " ( Thile , Sean Watkins , Sara Watkins ) – 2 : 50
= = Chart performance = =
= = Personnel = =
= = = Nickel Creek = = =
Chris Thile – mandolin , vocals , mandola , bouzouki , banjo , tenor guitar , stomping
Sara Watkins – fiddle , vocals , ukulele , stomping
Sean Watkins – guitars , vocals , piano , bouzouki , stomping
= = = Other musicians = = =
Mark Schatz – bass , stomping
Eric Valentine – drums
= = Credits = =
= Richard II of England =
Richard II ( 6 January 1367 – c . 14 February 1400 ) , also known as Richard of Bordeaux , was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed on 30 September 1399 . Richard , a son of Edward , the Black Prince , was born in Bordeaux during the reign of his grandfather , Edward III . Richard was the younger brother of Edward of Angoulême ; upon whose death , Richard , at four years of age , became second in line to the throne after his father . Upon the death of Richard 's father prior to the death of Edward
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III , Richard , by primogeniture , became the heir apparent to the throne . With Edward III 's death the following year , Richard succeeded to the throne at the age of ten .
During Richard 's first years as king , government was in the hands of a series of councils . Most of the aristocracy preferred this to a regency led by the king 's uncle , John of Gaunt , yet Gaunt remained highly influential . The first major challenge of the reign was the Peasants ' Revolt in 1381 . The young king played a major part in the successful suppression of this crisis . In the following years , however , the king 's dependence on a small number of courtiers caused discontent among the influential , and in 1387 control of government was taken over by a group of aristocrats known as the Lords Appellant . By 1389 Richard had regained control , and for the next eight years governed in relative harmony with his former opponents .
In 1397 , Richard took his revenge on the appellants , many of whom were executed or exiled . The next two years have been described by historians as Richard 's " tyranny " . In 1399 , after John of Gaunt died , the king disinherited Gaunt 's son , Henry of Bolingbroke , who had previously been exiled . Henry invaded England in June 1399 with a small force that quickly grew in numbers . Claiming initially that his goal was only to reclaim his patrimony , it soon became clear that he intended to claim the throne for himself . Meeting little resistance , Bolingbroke deposed Richard and had himself crowned as King Henry IV . Richard died in captivity in February 1400 ; he is thought to have been starved to death , although questions remain regarding his final fate .
Richard was said to have been tall , good @-@ looking and intelligent . While probably not insane , as earlier historians believed , he may have had what modern psychologists would call a " personality disorder " towards the end of his reign . Less warlike than either his father or grandfather , he sought to bring an end to the Hundred Years ' War that Edward III had started . He was a firm believer in the royal prerogative , something which led him to restrain the power of the aristocracy , and to rely on a private retinue for military protection instead ; in contrast to the fraternal , martial court of his grandfather , he cultivated a refined atmosphere at his court , in which the king was an elevated figure , with art and culture at the centre .
Richard 's posthumous reputation has to a large extent been shaped by Shakespeare , whose play Richard II portrayed Richard 's misrule and his deposition by Bolingbroke as responsible for the fifteenth century Wars of the Roses . Modern historians do not accept this interpretation , while not exonerating Richard from responsibility for his own deposition . Most authorities agree that , even though his policies were not unprecedented or entirely unrealistic , the way in which he carried them out was unacceptable to the political establishment , and this led to his downfall .
= = Early life = =
Richard of Bordeaux was the younger son of Edward , the Black Prince , and Joan of Kent ( " The Fair Maid of Kent " ) . Edward , heir to the throne of England , had distinguished himself as a military commander in the early phases of the Hundred Years ' War , particularly in the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 . After further military adventures , however , he contracted dysentery in Spain in 1370 . He never fully recovered and had to return to England the next year . Joan of Kent had been at the centre of a marriage dispute between Thomas Holland , Earl of Kent , and William Montacute , Earl of Salisbury , from which Holland emerged victorious . Less than a year after Holland 's death in 1360 , Joan married Prince Edward . Since she was a granddaughter of King Edward I and a first cousin of King Edward III , the marriage required papal approval .
Richard was born at the Archbishop 's Palace , Bordeaux , in the English principality of Aquitaine , on 6 January 1367 . According to contemporary sources , three kings – " the King of Castille , the King of Navarre and the King of Portugal " – were present at his birth . This anecdote , and the fact that his birth fell on the feast of Epiphany , was later used in the religious imagery of the Wilton Diptych , where Richard is one of three kings paying homage to the Virgin and Child . His elder brother Edward of Angoulême died in 1371 , and Richard became his father 's heir . The Black Prince finally succumbed to his long illness in 1376 . The Commons in parliament genuinely feared that Richard 's uncle , John of Gaunt , would usurp the throne . For this reason , the prince was quickly invested with the princedom of Wales and his father 's other titles . On 21 June the next year , Richard 's grandfather Edward III also died , and at the age of ten Richard was crowned king on 16 July 1377 . Again , fears of John of Gaunt 's ambitions influenced political decisions , and a regency led by the King 's uncles was avoided . Instead the king was nominally to exercise kingship with the help of a series of " continual councils " from which John of Gaunt was excluded . Gaunt , together with his younger brother Thomas of Woodstock , Earl of Buckingham , still held great informal influence over the business of government . However , the king 's councillors and friends , particularly Sir Simon de Burley and Robert de Vere , Duke of Ireland , increasingly gained control of royal affairs and earned the mistrust of the Commons to the point where the councils were discontinued in 1380 . Contributing to discontent was an increasingly heavy burden of taxation levied through three poll taxes between 1377 and 1381 that were spent on unsuccessful military expeditions on the continent . By 1381 , there was a deep @-@ felt resentment against the governing classes in the lower levels of English society .
= = Peasants ' Revolt = =
Whereas the poll tax of 1381 was the spark of the Peasants ' Revolt , the root of the conflict lay in tensions between peasants and landowners precipitated by the economic and demographic consequences of the Black Death and subsequent outbreaks of the plague . The rebellion started in Kent and Essex in late May , and on 12 June , bands of peasants gathered at Blackheath near London under the leaders Wat Tyler , John Ball and Jack Straw . John of Gaunt 's Savoy Palace was burnt down . The Archbishop of Canterbury Simon Sudbury , who was also Lord Chancellor , and the king 's Lord High Treasurer , Robert Hales , were both killed by the rebels , who were demanding the complete abolition of serfdom . The king , sheltered within the Tower of London with his councillors , agreed that the Crown did not have the forces to disperse the rebels and that the only feasible option was to negotiate .
It is unclear how much Richard , who was still only fourteen years old , was involved in these deliberations , although historians have suggested that he was among the proponents of negotiations . The king set out by river on 13 June , but the large number of people thronging the banks at Greenwich made it impossible for him to land , forcing him to return to the Tower . The next day , Friday , 14 June , he set out by horse and met the rebels at Mile End . The king agreed to the rebels ' demands , but this move only emboldened them ; they continued their looting and killings . Richard met Wat Tyler again the next day at Smithfield and reiterated that the demands would be met , but the rebel leader was not convinced of the king 's sincerity . The king 's men grew restive , an altercation broke out , and William Walworth , the mayor of London , pulled Tyler down from his horse and killed him . The situation became tense once the rebels realised what had happened , but the king acted with calm resolve and , saying " I am your captain , follow me ! " , he led the mob away from the scene . Walworth meanwhile gathered a force to surround the peasant army , but the king granted clemency and allowed the rebels to disperse and return to their homes .
The king soon revoked the charters of freedom and pardon that he had granted , and as disturbances continued in other parts of the country , he personally went into Essex to suppress the rebellion . On 28 June at Billericay , he defeated the last rebels in a small skirmish and effectively ended the Peasants ' Revolt . Despite his young age , Richard had shown great courage and determination in his handling of the rebellion . It is likely , though , that the events impressed upon him the dangers of disobedience and threats to royal authority , and helped shape the absolutist attitudes to kingship that would later prove fatal to his reign .
= = Coming of age = =
It is only with the Peasants ' Revolt that Richard starts to emerge clearly in the annals . One of his first significant acts after the rebellion was to marry Anne of Bohemia , daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor ( King of Bohemia Charles IV ) and his wife Elisabeth of Pomerania , on 20 January 1382 . The marriage had diplomatic significance ; in the division of Europe caused by the Great Schism , Bohemia and the Empire were seen as potential allies against France in the ongoing Hundred Years ' War . Nonetheless , the marriage was not popular in England . Despite great sums of money awarded to the Empire , the political alliance never resulted in any military victories . Furthermore , the marriage was childless . Anne died from plague in 1394 , greatly mourned by her husband .
Michael de la Pole had been instrumental in the marriage negotiations ; he had the king 's confidence and gradually became more involved at court and in government as Richard came of age . De la Pole came from an upstart merchant family . When Richard made him chancellor in 1383 , and created him Earl of Suffolk two years later , this antagonised the more established nobility . Another member of the close circle around the king was Robert de Vere , Earl of Oxford , who in this period emerged as the king 's favourite . Richard 's close friendship to de Vere was also disagreeable to the political establishment . This displeasure was exacerbated by the earl 's elevation to the new title of Duke of Ireland in 1386 . The chronicler Thomas Walsingham suggested the relationship between the king and de Vere was of a homosexual nature , due to a resentment Walsingham had toward the king .
Tensions came to a head over the approach to the war in France . While the court party preferred negotiations , Gaunt and Buckingham urged a large @-@ scale campaign to protect English possessions . Instead , a so @-@ called crusade led by Henry le Despenser , Bishop of Norwich , was dispatched , which failed miserably . Faced with this setback on the continent , Richard turned his attention instead towards France 's ally , Scotland . In 1385 , the king himself led a punitive expedition to the north , but the effort came to nothing , and the army had to return without ever engaging the Scots in battle . Meanwhile , only an uprising in Ghent prevented a French invasion of southern England . The relationship between Richard and his uncle John of Gaunt deteriorated further with military failure , and John of Gaunt left England to pursue his claim to the throne of Castile in 1386 amid rumours of a plot against his person . With Gaunt gone , the unofficial leadership of the growing dissent against the king and his courtiers passed to Buckingham – who had by now been created Duke of Gloucester – and Richard Fitzalan , Earl of Arundel .
= = First crisis of 1386 – 88 = =
The threat of a French invasion did not subside , but instead grew stronger into 1386 . At the parliament of October that year , Michael de la Pole – in his capacity of chancellor – requested taxation of an unprecedented level for the defence of the realm . Rather than consenting , the parliament responded by refusing to consider any request until the chancellor was removed . The parliament ( later known as the Wonderful Parliament ) was presumably working with the support of Gloucester and Arundel . The king famously responded that he would not dismiss as much as a scullion from his kitchen at parliament 's request . Only when threatened with deposition was Richard forced to give in and let de la Pole go . A commission was set up to review and control royal finances for a year .
Richard was deeply perturbed by this affront to his royal prerogative , and from February to November 1387 went on a " gyration " ( tour ) of the country to muster support for his cause . By installing de Vere as Justice of Chester , he began the work of creating a loyal military power base in Cheshire . He also secured a legal ruling from Chief Justice Robert Tresilian that parliament 's conduct had been unlawful and treasonable .
On his return to London , the king was confronted by Thomas of Woodstock ( now Duke of Gloucester ) , Arundel and Thomas de Beauchamp , Earl of Warwick , who brought an appeal of treason against de la Pole , de Vere , Tresilian , and two other loyalists : the mayor of London , Nicholas Brembre , and Alexander Neville , the Archbishop of York . Richard stalled the negotiations to gain time , as he was expecting de Vere to arrive from Cheshire with military reinforcements . The three earls then joined forces with Henry Bolingbroke , Earl of Derby ( Gaunt 's son , later King Henry IV ) , and Thomas de Mowbray , Earl of Nottingham – the group known to history as the Lords Appellant . On 20 December 1387 they intercepted de Vere at Radcot Bridge , where he and his forces were routed and he was obliged to flee the country .
Richard now had no choice but to comply with the appellants ' demands ; Brembre and Tresilian were condemned and executed , while de Vere and de la Pole – who had by now also left the country – were sentenced to death in absentia at the Merciless Parliament in February 1388 . The proceedings went further , and a number of Richard 's chamber knights were also executed , among these Burley . The appellants had now succeeded completely in breaking up the circle of favourites around the king .
= = A fragile peace = =
Richard gradually re @-@ established royal authority in the months after the deliberations of the Merciless Parliament . The aggressive foreign policy of the Lords Appellant failed when their efforts to build a wide , anti @-@ French coalition came to nothing , and the north of England fell victim to a Scottish incursion . Richard was now over twenty @-@ one years old and could with confidence claim the right to govern in his own name . Furthermore , John of Gaunt returned to England in 1389 and settled his differences with the king , after which the old statesman acted as a moderating influence on English politics . Richard assumed full control of the government on 3 May 1389 , claiming that the difficulties of the past years had been due solely to bad councillors . He outlined a foreign policy that reversed the actions of the appellants by seeking peace and reconciliation with France and promised to lessen the burden of taxation on the people significantly . Richard ruled peacefully for the next eight years , having reconciled with his former adversaries . Still , later events would show that he had not forgotten the indignities he perceived . In particular , the execution of his former teacher Sir Simon de Burley was an insult not easily forgotten .
With national stability secured , Richard began negotiating a permanent peace with France . A proposal put forward in 1393 would have greatly expanded the territory of Aquitaine possessed by the English crown . However , the plan failed because it included a requirement that the English king pay homage to the King of France – a condition that proved unacceptable to the English public . Instead , in 1396 , a truce was agreed to , which was to last twenty eight years As part of the truce , Richard agreed to marry Isabella , daughter of Charles VI of France , when she came of age . There were some misgivings about the betrothal , in particular because the princess was then only six years old , and thus would not be able to produce an heir to the throne of England for many years .
Although Richard sought peace with France , he took a different approach to the situation in Ireland . The English lordships in Ireland were in danger of being overrun , and the Anglo @-@ Irish lords were pleading for the king to intervene . In the autumn of 1394 , Richard left for Ireland , where he remained until May 1395 . His army of more than 8 @,@ 000 men was the largest force brought to the island during the late Middle Ages . The invasion was a success , and a number of Irish chieftains submitted to English overlordship . It was one of the most successful achievements of Richard 's reign , and strengthened the king 's support at home , although the consolidation of the English position in Ireland proved to be short @-@ lived .
= = Second crisis of 1397 – 99 = =
The period that historians refer to as the " tyranny " of Richard II began towards the end of the 1390s . The king had Gloucester , Arundel and Warwick arrested in July 1397 . The timing of these arrests and Richard 's motivation are not entirely clear . Although one chronicle suggested that a plot was being planned against the king , there is no evidence that this was the case . It is more likely that Richard had simply come to feel strong enough to safely retaliate against these three men for their role in events of 1386 – 88 and eliminate them as threats to his power . Arundel was the first of the three to be brought to trial , at the parliament of September 1397 . After a heated quarrel with the king , he was condemned and executed . Gloucester was being held prisoner by the Earl of Nottingham at Calais while awaiting his trial . As the time for the trial drew near , Nottingham brought news that Gloucester was dead . It is thought likely that the king had ordered him to be killed to avoid the disgrace of executing a prince of the blood . Warwick was also condemned to death , but his life was spared and his sentence reduced to life imprisonment . Arundel 's brother Thomas Arundel , the Archbishop of Canterbury , was exiled for life . Richard then took his persecution of adversaries to the localities . While recruiting retainers for himself in various counties , he prosecuted local men who had been loyal to the appellants . The fines levied on these men brought great revenues to the crown , although contemporary chroniclers raised questions about the legality of the proceedings .
These actions were made possible primarily through the collusion of John of Gaunt , but with the support of a large group of other magnates , many of whom were rewarded with new titles , who were disparagingly referred to as Richard 's " duketti " . These included the former Appellants Henry Bolingbroke , Earl of Derby , who was made Duke of Hereford , and Thomas de Mowbray , Earl of Nottingham , who was created Duke of Norfolk . Also among them were John and Thomas Holland , the king 's half @-@ brother and nephew , who were promoted from earls of Huntingdon and Kent to dukes of Exeter and Surrey respectively ; the Duke of York 's son Edward , Earl of Rutland , who received Gloucester 's French title of Duke of Aumale ; Gaunt 's son John Beaufort , Earl of Somerset , who was made Marquess of Somerset and Marquess of Dorset ; John Montacute , Earl of Salisbury ; and Lord Thomas le Despenser , who became Earl of Gloucester . With the forfeited lands of the convicted appellants , the king could reward these men with lands suited to their new ranks .
A threat to Richard 's authority still existed , however , in the form of the House of Lancaster , represented by John of Gaunt and his son Henry Bolingbroke , Duke of Hereford . The house of Lancaster not only possessed greater wealth than any other family in England , they were of royal descent and , as such , likely candidates to succeed the childless Richard . Discord broke out in the inner circles of court in December 1397 , when Bolingbroke and Mowbray became embroiled in a quarrel . According to Bolingbroke , Mowbray had claimed that the two , as former Lords Appellant , were next in line for royal retribution . Mowbray vehemently denied these charges , as such a claim would have amounted to treason . A parliamentary committee decided that the two should settle the matter by battle , but at the last moment Richard exiled the two dukes instead : Mowbray for life , Bolingbroke for ten years . On 3 February 1399 , John of Gaunt died . Rather than allowing Bolingbroke to succeed , Richard extended the term of his exile to life and expropriated his properties . The king felt safe from Bolingbroke , who was residing in Paris , since the French had little interest in any challenge to Richard and his peace policy . Richard left the country in May for another expedition in Ireland .
In 1398 Richard summoned a packed Parliament to Shrewsbury — known as the Parliament of Shrewsbury — which declared all the acts of the Merciless Parliament
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to be null and void , and announced that no restraint could legally be put on the king . It delegated all parliamentary power to a committee of twelve lords and six commoners chosen from the king 's friends , making Richard an absolute ruler unbound by the necessity of gathering a Parliament again .
= = Overthrow and death = =
In June 1399 , Louis , Duke of Orléans , gained control of the court of the insane Charles VI of France . The policy of rapprochement with the English crown did not suit Louis 's political ambitions , and for this reason he found it opportune to allow Henry to leave for England . With a small group of followers , Bolingbroke landed at Ravenspur in Yorkshire towards the end of June 1399 . Men from all over the country soon rallied around the duke . Meeting with Henry Percy , Earl of Northumberland , who had his own misgivings about the king , Bolingbroke insisted that his only object was to regain his own patrimony . Percy took him at his word and declined to interfere . The king had taken most of his household knights and the loyal members of his nobility with him to Ireland , so Henry experienced little resistance as he moved south . Edmund of Langley , Duke of York , who was acting as Keeper of the Realm , had little choice but to side with Bolingbroke . Meanwhile , Richard was delayed in his return from Ireland and did not land in Wales until 24 July . He made his way to Conwy , where on 12 August he met with the Earl of Northumberland for negotiations . On 19 August , Richard II surrendered to Henry at Flint Castle , promising to abdicate if his life were spared . Both men then returned to London , the indignant king riding all the way behind Henry . On arrival , he was imprisoned in the Tower of London on 1 September .
Henry was by now fully determined to take the throne , but presenting a rationale for this action proved a dilemma . It was argued that Richard , through his tyranny and misgovernment , had rendered himself unworthy of being king . However , Henry was not next in line to the throne ; the heir presumptive was Edmund Mortimer , Earl of March , who was descended from Edward III 's third son , the second to survive to adulthood , Lionel of Antwerp . Bolingbroke 's father , John of Gaunt , was Edward 's fourth son , the third to survive to adulthood . The problem was solved by emphasising Henry 's descent in a direct male line , whereas March 's descent was through his grandmother . The official account of events claims that Richard voluntarily agreed to abdicate in favour of Henry on 29 September . Although this was probably not the case , the parliament that met on 30 September accepted Richard 's abdication . Henry was crowned as King Henry IV on 13 October .
The exact course of Richard 's life after the deposition is unclear ; he remained in the Tower until he was taken to Pontefract Castle shortly before the end of the year . Although King Henry might have been amenable to letting him live , this all changed when it was revealed that the earls of Huntingdon , Kent and Salisbury and Lord Despenser , and possibly also the Earl of Rutland – all now demoted from the ranks they had been given by Richard – were planning to murder the new king and restore Richard in the Epiphany Rising . Although averted , the plot highlighted the danger of allowing Richard to live . He is thought to have starved to death in captivity on or around 14 February 1400 , although there is some question over the date and manner of his death . His body was taken south from Pontefract and displayed in the old St Paul 's Cathedral on 17 February before burial in Kings Langley Church on 6 March .
Rumours that Richard was still alive persisted , but never gained much credence in England ; in Scotland , however , a man identified as Richard came into the hands of Regent Albany , lodged in Stirling Castle , and serving as the notional – and perhaps reluctant – figurehead of various anti @-@ Lancastrian and Lollard intrigues in England . Henry IV 's government dismissed him as an imposter and several sources from both sides of the Border suggest the man had a mental illness , one also describing him as a " beggar " by the time of his death in 1419 , but he was buried as a king in the local Dominican friary in Stirling . Meanwhile , in 1413 , Henry V – in an effort both to atone for his father 's act of murder and to silence the rumours of Richard 's survival – had decided to have the body at King 's Langley moved to its final resting place in Westminster Abbey . Here Richard himself had prepared an elaborate tomb , where the remains of his wife Anne were already entombed .
= = Court culture = =
In the last years of Richard 's reign , and particularly in the months after the suppression of the appellants in 1397 , the king enjoyed a virtual monopoly on power in the country , a relatively uncommon situation in medieval England . In this period a particular court culture was allowed to emerge , one that differed sharply from that of earlier times . A new form of address developed ; where the king previously had been addressed simply as " highness " , now " royal majesty " , or " high majesty " were often used . It was said that on solemn festivals Richard would sit on his throne in the royal hall for hours without speaking , and anyone on whom his eyes fell had to bow his knees to the king . The inspiration for this new sumptuousness and emphasis on dignity came from the courts on the continent , not only the French and Bohemian courts that had been the homes of Richard 's two wives , but also the court that the Black Prince had maintained while residing in Aquitaine .
Richard 's approach to kingship was rooted in his strong belief in the royal prerogative , the inspiration of which can be found in his early youth , when his authority was challenged first by the Peasants ' Revolts and then by the Lords Appellant . Richard rejected the approach his grandfather , Edward III , had taken to the nobility . Edward 's court had been a martial one , based on the interdependence between the king and his most trusted noblemen as military captains . In Richard 's view , this put a dangerous amount of power in the hands of the baronage . To avoid dependence on the nobility for military recruitment , he pursued a policy of peace towards France . At the same time , he developed his own private military retinue , larger than that of any English king before him , and gave them livery badges with his White Hart , which are also worn by the angels in the Wilton Diptych ( right ) . He was then free to develop a courtly atmosphere in which the king was a distant , venerated figure , and art and culture , rather than warfare , were at the centre .
= = Patronage and the arts = =
As part of Richard 's programme of asserting his authority , he also tried to cultivate the royal image . Unlike any other English king before him , he had himself portrayed in panel paintings of elevated majesty , of which two survive : the over life @-@ size Westminster Abbey portrait of the king ( c . 1390 , see top of page ) , and the Wilton Diptych ( 1394 – 99 ) , a portable work probably intended to accompany Richard on his Irish campaign . It is one of the few surviving English examples of the courtly International Gothic style of painting that was developed in the courts of the Continent , especially Prague and Paris . Richard 's expenditure on jewellery , rich textiles and metalwork was far higher than on paintings , but as with his illuminated manuscripts , there are hardly any surviving works that can be connected with him , except for a crown , " one of the finest achievements of the Gothic goldsmith " , that probably belonged to Anne .
Among Richard 's grandest projects in the field of architecture was Westminster Hall , which was extensively rebuilt during his reign , perhaps spurred on by the completion in 1391 of John of Gaunt 's magnificent hall at Kenilworth Castle . Fifteen life @-@ size statues of kings were placed in niches on the walls , and the hammer @-@ beam roof by the royal carpenter Hugh Herland , " the greatest creation of medieval timber architecture " , allowed the original three Romanesque aisles to be replaced with a single huge open space , with a dais at the end for Richard to sit in solitary state . The rebuilding had been begun by Henry III in 1245 , but had by Richard 's time been dormant for over a century .
The court 's patronage of literature is especially important , because this was the period in which the English language took shape as a literary language . There is little evidence to tie Richard directly to patronage of poetry , but it was nevertheless within his court that this culture was allowed to thrive . The greatest poet of the age , Geoffrey Chaucer , served the king as a diplomat , a customs official and a clerk of The King 's Works while producing some of his best @-@ known work . He was also in the service of John of Gaunt , and wrote The Book of the Duchess as a eulogy to Gaunt 's wife Blanche . Chaucer 's colleague and friend John Gower wrote his Confessio Amantis on a direct commission from Richard , although he later grew disenchanted with the king .
= = Character and assessment = =
Contemporary writers , even those less sympathetic to the king , agreed that Richard was a " most beautiful king " , though with a " face which was white , rounded and feminine " , implying he lacked manliness . He was athletic and tall ; when his tomb was opened in 1871 he was found to be six feet tall . He was also intelligent and well read , and when agitated he had a tendency to stammer . While the Westminster Abbey portrait probably shows a good similarity of the king , the Wilton Diptych portrays the king as significantly younger than he was at the time ; it must be assumed that he had a beard by this point . Religiously , he was orthodox , and particularly towards the end of his reign he became a strong opponent of the Lollard heresy . He was particularly devoted to the cult of Edward the Confessor , and around 1395 he had his own arms impaled with the mythical arms of the Confessor . Though not a warrior king like his grandfather , Richard nevertheless enjoyed tournaments , as well as hunting .
The popular view of Richard has more than anything been influenced by Shakespeare 's play about the king , Richard II . Shakespeare 's Richard was a cruel , vindictive and irresponsible king , who attained a semblance of greatness only after his fall from power . Writing a work of fiction , however , Shakespeare took many liberties and made great omissions . Shakespeare based his play on works by writers such as Edward Hall and Samuel Daniel , who in turn based their writings on contemporary chroniclers such as Thomas Walsingham . Hall and Daniel were part of Tudor historiography , which was highly unsympathetic to Richard . The Tudor orthodoxy , reinforced by Shakespeare , saw a continuity in civil discord starting with Richard 's misrule that did not end until Henry VII 's accession in 1485 . The idea that Richard was to blame for the later @-@ 15th century Wars of the Roses was prevalent as late as the 19th century , but came to be challenged in the twentieth . More recent historians prefer to look at the Wars of the Roses in isolation from the reign of Richard II .
Richard 's mental state has been a major issue of historical debate since the first academic historians started treating the subject in the 19th century . One of the first modern historians to deal with Richard II as a king and as a person was Bishop Stubbs . Stubbs argued that towards the end of his reign , Richard 's mind " was losing its balance altogether " . Historian Anthony Steel , who wrote a full @-@ scale biography of the king in 1941 , took a psychiatric approach to the issue , and concluded that the king had schizophrenia . This was challenged by V.H. Galbraith , who argued that there was no historical basis for such a diagnosis , a line that has also been followed by later historians of the period , like Anthony Goodman and Anthony Tuck . Nigel Saul , who wrote the most recent academic biography on Richard II , concedes that – even though there is no basis for assuming the king had a mental illness – he showed clear signs of a narcissistic personality , and towards the end of his reign " Richard 's grasp on reality was becoming weaker " .
One of the primary historiographical questions surrounding Richard concerns his political agenda and the reasons for its failure . His kingship was thought to contain elements of the early modern absolute monarchy as exemplified by the Tudor dynasty . More recently , Richard 's concept of kingship has been seen by some as not so different from that of his antecedents , and that it was exactly by staying within the framework of traditional monarchy that he was able to achieve as much as he did . Yet his actions were too extreme , and too abrupt . For one , the absence of war was meant to reduce the burden of taxation , and so help Richard 's popularity with the Commons in parliament . However , this promise was never fulfilled , as the cost of the royal retinue , the opulence of court and Richard 's lavish patronage of his favourites proved as expensive as war had been , without offering commensurate benefits . As for his policy of military retaining , this was later emulated by Edward IV and Henry VII , but Richard 's exclusive reliance on the county of Cheshire hurt his support from the rest of the country . As Simon Walker concludes : " What he sought was , in contemporary terms , neither unjustified nor unattainable ; it was the manner of his seeking that betrayed him . "
= = Ancestry = =
= = = Chronicles = = =
( 1993 ) Chronicles of the Revolution , 1397 – 1400 : The Reign of Richard II , ed . Chris Given @-@ Wilson . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 7190 @-@ 3526 @-@ 0 .
Froissart , Jean ( 1978 ) . Chronicles , ed . Geoffrey Brereton . London : Penguin . ISBN 0 @-@
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Dortmund in 2 : 03 @.@ 02 , with Frosted finishing strongly in fourth . Espinoza , who won the race for the third time , said , " I feel like the luckiest Mexican on earth . He has been a special horse since the first time I rode him . He has a lot of talent and is an unbelievable horse . Turning for home I started riding a little bit harder . At the eighth pole I just couldn 't put that other horse away , but he got it done . " Espinoza 's performance attracted some scrutiny as he appeared to have struck the winner 32 times with his whip during the race . In post @-@ race analysis , one of the stewards at Churchill Downs said , " we watched [ the race replay ] many , many times prior to making it official , and that wasn 't anything that got our attention . " Baffert said , " He was hitting him on the saddle towel . He doesn 't hit that hard . " Gary Stevens , rider of second @-@ place Firing Line , commented that he had used his whip heavily as well , stating that the race was " as tough a race as I 've been in in 20 years the last eighth of a mile . " The Blood @-@ Horse writer Steve Haskin , while condemning whip overuse in general , offered analysis that Espinoza " did a lot of waving with the whip " and may not have actually hit the horse as many times as it seemed . Reflecting on the race , Baffert said that the colt did not bring his " super A @-@ game " to the Derby and that it was the first time American Pharoah had really been tested by other aggressive horses .
= = = = 2015 Preakness Stakes = = = =
Two weeks after winning the Kentucky Derby , American Pharoah entered the second leg of the Triple Crown , the 2015 Preakness Stakes , run over nine and a half furlongs at Pimlico Race Course . Despite an unfavorable inside draw of the number one post position , he was installed as the morning line favorite ahead of Firing Line and Dortmund . No horse had won the Preakness starting from the rail since 1994 . Immediately before post time , the weather changed to a heavy downpour with thunder . The last time the Preakness had been run on a sloppy track was in 1983 , and American Pharoah was the only horse in the field to have previously faced similar conditions , having won the Rebel Stakes running in rain and mud .
American Pharoah had the lead within the first quarter @-@ mile and was challenged by Mr. Z early on , but held the lead on the inside throughout the race . He was challenged by Dortmund and then Divining Rod , but American Pharoah broke from the pack in the homestretch and won by seven lengths , as Tale of Verve made a strong rally to overtake Divining Rod to place . Firing Line slipped badly at the start and was eased in the stretch . The winning time was 1 : 58 @.@ 45 . Espinoza did not use his whip at all in the Preakness , and stated , " I couldn 't see how far I was in front because there was so much water in my eyes . " The margin of victory was tied for the sixth @-@ largest in Preakness history . The win by American Pharoah set up an attempt for the Triple Crown for the second straight year . It was also the second straight year that Espinoza had won both the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes and the jockey 's third time winning both races . For Baffert , it was the fourth time in 19 years that he won the first two Triple Crown races . Of the colt , Baffert said , " He brought his A @-@ game today . "
= = = = 2015 Belmont Stakes and Triple Crown = = = =
In the week following the Preakness , the Leverage Agency was named as the exclusive marketing , sponsorship and licensing agents for the horse . They had performed similar duties for the 2014 Derby and Preakness winner , California Chrome . The agency secured a deal with Monster Energy for an undisclosed sum , rumored to be the largest single @-@ horse advertising sponsorship to date . The deal allowed the " Monster Girls " to be around the horse , and the product 's logo to be used on the horse 's horse sheets , on Espinoza 's shirt collar , as well as on caps and other gear worn by people around the horse . Ben Sturner of Leverage explained , " The energy and excitement that American Pharoah has generated around the world syncs perfectly with the brand . "
Baffert created some controversy prior to the Belmont by choosing to work the horse at Churchill Downs and ship late to Belmont Park without a timed workout at the New York track . While several prominent trainers questioned his decision , Baffert believed that it was more important to keep American Pharoah " happy " on a track he liked , having used a similar strategy with his 2001 Belmont Stakes winner , Point Given . Rival trainers Kiaran McLaughlin and D. Wayne Lukas backed Baffert 's strategy , with McLaughlin making the remark , " I don 't think it matters for American Pharoah . He could probably run down a street over broken glass . " Appearing unperturbed but curious about a small crowd of well @-@ wishers , American Pharoah arrived at Long Island MacArthur Airport on June 2 , having traveled from Louisville , Kentucky on a customized Boeing 727 dubbed " Air Horse One " .
American Pharoah 's connections drew the number five post position for the Belmont on June 3 . Pundits immediately noted it was the same slot from which Seattle Slew had won the 1977 Belmont and the Triple Crown , and that 14 other Belmont winners had started from the position . American Pharoah was the 3 – 5 morning line favorite in an eight @-@ horse field that included Tale of Verve , as well as five rivals from the Kentucky Derby who had skipped the Preakness , and one horse , Madefromlucky , who had not run either of the previous Triple Crown races , but , like Tonalist the year prior , had instead won the Peter Pan Stakes at Belmont Park . American Pharoah had previously defeated every horse entered , but he was also the only horse to contest all three legs of the Triple Crown and had run four races in the preceding eight weeks .
American Pharoah won the Belmont Stakes on June 6 , becoming the 12th Triple Crown winner and the first since 1978 , ending a " drought " of 37 years . The horse was leaning back in the starting gate when it opened and was a touch late at the start , but he soon pulled out to an early lead , which he maintained for a gate @-@ to @-@ wire win . He steadily increased his lead throughout the race . He was challenged by Materiality until the top of the stretch when Materiality faded , ultimately finishing last , and Frosted held second although starting to fade at the sixteenth pole . Keen Ice ran in the middle of the pack until a late rally brought him into third over Mubtaahij , who was fourth . American Pharoah crossed the finish line leading by 5 1 ⁄ 2 lengths , with a winning time of 2 : 26 @.@ 65 for the 1 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ mile ( 2 @,@ 400 m ) race . His margin of victory was the fourth @-@ largest ever for a Triple Crown winner at the Belmont .
Of the victory , Baffert said , " this little horse deserves it . There 's something about this horse that he just brought it every time . He 's a joy to be around . " In a post @-@ race interview , Zayat said that the colt 's racing schedule for the remainder of the year would be decided by Baffert , and that the needs of the horse would come first . He also acknowledged the need for horse racing to have " stars " and for them to race as long as they could . Though American Pharoah 's stud rights had been sold with plans to retire the horse at the end of 2015 , Zayat expressed hope that the horse would continue racing as long as he was healthy and " has it in him " . His winning time of 2 : 26 @.@ 65 was the sixth @-@ fastest in Belmont history , the second @-@ fastest for a Triple Crown winner , and his closing quarter @-@ mile was run in 24 @.@ 32 seconds , which was over a half @-@ second faster than Secretariat 's final quarter @-@ mile time of 25 @.@ 00 when the 1973 winner set a world record and won by 31 lengths .
The following morning , the colt came out of the race tired but in good shape . When Baffert brought American Pharoah out of the Belmont Park barn , he invited the assembled media to come over and pet the horse . " I wanted to share him with everybody and show everybody how kind and sweet he is , " said Baffert , while the group of about 30 people touched and even kissed the horse . The horse then posed quietly with Baffert and Espinoza to tape a segment for The Today Show , standing between the two men who were seated in folding director 's chairs .
An estimated 22 million U.S. television viewers watched the live Belmont race broadcast . Of 94 @,@ 237 winning $ 2 tickets sold at Belmont Park , each with a yield of $ 3 @.@ 50 for American Pharoah 's first @-@ place finish , some 90 @,@ 128 remained unredeemed several days after the race , most likely kept as race @-@ day souvenirs or to be offered for sale at a premium by their purchasers .
= = = = The Haskell = = = =
Following the Belmont , he was returned to Churchill Downs to rest , beginning to jog on the track the following Friday . On June 13 , the day of the Stephen Foster Handicap , American Pharoah was paraded on the track between races . A crowd of 30 @,@ 000 people showed up to see him as he was hand @-@ walked for about 45 minutes in front of the grandstand and in the paddock . Zayat , Baffert and Espinoza were also given their permanent keepsake Kentucky Derby and Triple Crown trophies in a ceremony that evening . American Pharoah 's popularity was so high that his win made the cover of Sports Illustrated , he was photographed for Vogue , and during the NBA Playoffs , the coach of the Golden State Warriors , Steve Kerr , suggested that American Pharoah was the only athlete better than LeBron James .
American Pharoah 's next race was the Haskell Invitational , held August 2 at Monmouth Park , New Jersey . Zayat wanted the horse 's first race back be an " easy " race against other 3 @-@ year @-@ olds , he wanted to race the horse in Zayat 's home state of New Jersey , and he wanted to race on a Sunday to avoid a clash with the Jewish Sabbath . Zayat explained , " He can run anywhere ... as long as he 's happy and healthy ... I told [ Monmouth ] ... ' I want do to it for the sport and not worry about the money and stuff . " Nonetheless , Monmouth Park raised the purse money for the race from $ 1 million to $ 1 @.@ 75 million . Zayat had previously won the Haskell with Paynter in 2012 , and Baffert already held the record for the most Haskell wins , having seven previous victories . Over 60 @,@ 000 people showed up at Monmouth Park , which featured the Bruce Springsteen song " Born to Run " in the post parade . Viewed as being in even better physical condition than in the Belmont , American Pharoah took the lead in the far turn and easily opened up a five @-@ length lead over the six other horses in the race before Espinoza eased him back as second @-@ place finisher Keen Ice made a strong finishing push . He won the race by 2 1 ⁄ 4 lengths with a time of 1 : 47 @.@ 95 for the 9 @-@ furlong distance . Espinoza quipped , " He was having fun , and so was I. " Baffert said , " He just keeps bringing it ; he 's a great horse . "
= = = = Defeat at the Travers = = = =
The colt 's next start was in the August 29 Travers Stakes at Saratoga . While Zayat wanted to enter the race , Baffert was reluctant . The race marked the second time in under a month that American Pharoah , training with Baffert in California , had flown across the country , raising concerns that the extensive air travel was taking a toll on the horse . The only previous Triple Crown winner to win the Travers was Whirlaway in 1941 , and two others , Gallant Fox and Affirmed , had been defeated there , helping give the track its nickname " Graveyard of Champions " . Baffert had one Travers win ( in 2001 with Point Given ) in five previous attempts . With American Pharoah training well , he stated , " I 've been looking for an excuse not to come ( to the Travers ) and I can 't find one . "
American Pharoah faced a field of 10 horses , most of whom , including Keen Ice , he had previously defeated . Espinoza had concerns at the starting gate when he noticed that his mount was already sweating , even though the weather was not particularly hot . While the horse led for much of the race , he was hard @-@ pressed throughout by Frosted , a change from Frosted 's previous stalking style , attributed to a rider change less than an hour before the race , when Jose Lezcano replaced an injured Joel Rosario , altering the " complexion " of the race . The unexpected tactics of Lezcano may have been decisive . Espinoza stated that he " knew he was in trouble " by the half @-@ mile pole because American Pharoah did not pull away from his rival and lacked his usual energy . Frosted challenged American Pharoah for the lead at the far turn , and the horses bumped several times , but American Pharoah dug in and fought back when Frosted took a very brief lead . While American Pharoah fended off the challenge from Frosted , Keen Ice was coming up on the outside , also under a new jockey , Javier Castellano . They overtook American Pharoah at the sixteenth pole , going on to defeat him by three @-@ quarters of a length . Once again the Saratoga track lived up to its reputation .
After the race , Espinoza said , " He 's OK ... Maybe it was just a little too much for him those three weeks , flying back and forth . He was running pretty comfortable there , but not like he used to . " Baffert was proud of the horse 's fighting effort , stating " It was just guts . " Though Zayat talked of retiring the horse , Baffert said , " We knew we were doing the impossible , shipping him back and forth . " The following day , Baffert said that American Pharoah was healthy and came out of the race in good shape . He said he had no regrets , stating , " I 'm glad I brought him . Racing needed something like this . He almost pulled it off . " Regarding Zayat 's talk of retiring the horse , Baffert said , " Mr. Zayat is a very emotional man . We were all pretty disappointed ... I know ( Zayat ) will be going back and forth ... He 's a sportsman for bringing him up here . " Five days later , Zayat announced that the horse would be kept in training with the goal to run in the Breeders ' Cup Classic , stating , " I believe there were a combination of factors that prevented American Pharoah from running his absolute best ... I have every confidence that he can run to his best again , and he deserves the chance to do so . "
= = = = Grand Slam = = = =
On October 31 , 2015 , American Pharoah became the first horse in history to complete the " Grand Slam " of American horse racing — the Triple Crown plus the Breeders ' Cup Classic — after winning the 2015 Breeders ' Cup Classic at Keeneland , setting a track record with a time of 2 : 00 @.@ 07 ; and breaking the old track record by more than five seconds . Challenging older horses such as Tonalist and Honor Code for the first time in his career , as well as previous rivals Keen Ice and Frosted , American Pharoah led from gate @-@ to @-@ wire , challenged only by Effinex , racing at 33 – 1 odds , who placed 6 1 / 2 lengths behind the winner . Although American Pharoah 's decisive victory secured a $ 2 @.@ 75 million check for his win , Zayat had long insisted his horse continued to race only for the benefit of the sport and the pleasure of fans ; " this horse owes us nothing " , his son Justin Zayat said on the eve of the race . Joe Drape of The New York Times described American Pharoah 's Keeneland win as " sealing his legacy as a horse for the ages " .
American Pharoah finished 2015 having set a single season record for race earnings , winning $ 8 @,@ 288 @,@ 800 . He broke the previous single season record of $ 7 @,@ 563 @,@ 535 set by Smarty Jones in 2004 , and that record had included a $ 5 million bonus that is no longer awarded . His lifetime career earnings were $ 8 @,@ 650 @,@ 300 . His Racing Post Rating ( RPR ) of 138 was the highest of any American horse since the Racing Post began the system in 1988 , topping that of previous U.S. record @-@ holders Ghostzapper and Cigar . Only two horses worldwide had ever achieved higher ratings , Frankel at 143 , and Dubai Millennium , with 13
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Three to six eggs are laid and incubated for 18 days . The young are usually fledged by about 36 days after hatching . Predation primarily occurs at the nest site and eggs and nestlings are frequently eaten by snakes , raccoons , ravens and domestic cats . Adults are less frequently predated but face potential attack from great horned owls , red @-@ tailed hawks , peregrine falcons and eagles . They may be attacked by predators such as coyotes or bobcats at carrion when incautious although this is even rarer .
= = = West Nile virus = = =
American crows succumb easily to West Nile virus infection . This was originally a mosquito @-@ borne African virus causing encephalitis in humans and livestock since about 1000 AD , and was accidentally introduced to North America in 1999 , apparently by an infected air traveller who got bitten by a mosquito after arrival . It is estimated that the American crow population has dropped by up to 45 % since 1999 . Despite this decline , the crow is considered a species of least concern . The disease runs most rampant in the subtropical conditions which encourage reproduction of its mosquito vectors among which Culex tarsalis is most significant . Mortality rates appear to be higher than those in other birds , causing local population losses of up to 72 % in a single season . Because of this , American crows are a sentinel species indicating the presence of West Nile virus in an area . Crows cannot transmit the virus to humans directly .
= = = Status and conservation = = =
Crows have been killed in large numbers by humans , both for recreation and as part of organized campaigns of extermination .
American crows are protected internationally by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 . Despite attempts by humans in some areas to drive away or eliminate these birds , they remain widespread and very common . The number of individual American crows is estimated by BirdLife International to be around 31 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . The large population , as well as its vast range , are the reasons why the American crow is considered to be of least concern , meaning that the species is not threatened .
= No Surrender ( 2008 ) =
No Surrender ( 2008 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) promotion that took place on September 14 , 2008 at the General Motors Centre in Oshawa , Ontario , Canada . It was the fourth event under the No Surrender name , TNA 's first PPV to take place outside of the United States , and the ninth event in the 2008 TNA PPV schedule . Nine professional wrestling matches were featured on the event 's card , four of which were for championships .
The main event was a Three Ways to Glory match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship with the champion Samoa Joe defending the title against Christian Cage and Kurt Angle . Joe successfully retained the title at the show . A.J. Styles defeated Frank Trigg in a Mixed Martial Arts match match also on the show . The TNA World Tag Team Championship was defended by Beer Money , Inc . ( James Storm and Robert Roode ) against The Latin American Xchange ( Hernandez and Homicide ) . Beer Money , Inc. retained the championship at the event . TNA held a Ladder of Love match for SoCal Val , in which Sonjay Dutt defeated Jay Lethal . The TNA X Division Championship was also defended in a Three Way match by Petey Williams against Sheik Abdul Bashir and Consequences Creed , which Bashir won to become the new champion .
No Surrender is remembered for being the first TNA PPV held outside of the United States and for the return of Jeff Jarrett to TNA television . 20 @,@ 000 was the reported figure of purchasers for the event by The Wrestling Observer Newsletter . No Surrender had an attendance of 3 @,@ 500 people . Jason Clevett of the professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer rated the show a 3 out of 10 , which was lower than the 7 out of 10 given to the 2007 edition by Chris Sokol . In regards to the overall show , Clevett said that " TNA ’ s pay per view debut in Canada was one of the weakest shows in recent memory , overwhelmed by horrible overbooking by TNA that once again proves that they do not know what their fanbase wants . "
= = Production = =
= = = Background = = =
The fourth installment under the No Surrender name was announced in January 2008 with a September 14 date attached . In July , The Wrestling Observer Newsletter reported that TNA would hold its first PPV held in Canada with No Surrender in September . The reported location for the event was Oshawa , Ontario , Canada at the General Motors Centre . TNA issued a press release in late @-@ July revealing that No Surrender would be held at the General Motors Centre in Oshawa , Ontario on September 14 . Tickets for the show went on @-@ sale on July 25 . Early ticket sales for the event were on par with the early sales of TNA 's Lockdown PPV event . The General Motors Centre was close to being sold out a few days prior to the show , with only 800 tickets remaining . The arena had a maximum capacity of 5 @,@ 000 but was configured to have a maximum capacity of 3 @,@ 500 due to the event layout . Views were positive in TNA towards early ticket sales considering it was TNA 's first PPV in Canada . Before any matches were announced , it was suspected that the event would be headlined by a tag team match or a trios bout to set up for a standard match at TNA 's next PPV event Bound for Glory IV on October 12 . TNA released a poster to promote the show featuring Samoa Joe , while " Soul Crusher " by Operator was the official theme .
= = = Storylines = = =
No Surrender featured nine professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted feuds and storylines . Wrestlers portrayed villains , heroes , or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches .
The main event at No Surrender was a Four Ways to Glory match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , in which the champion Samoa Joe defended the title against three competitors . This match was announced on the August 14 episode of TNA 's television program TNA Impact ! , with Management Director Jim Cornette stating that three qualification matches would take place to determine the challengers to Joe over the weeks leading to No Surrender . The first qualifying match was on the August 21 episode of Impact ! , when Booker T defeated Rhino to take a spot in the match . Kurt Angle defeated Kevin Nash on the August 28 episode of Impact ! to qualify for the contest . The final qualifier was Christian Cage , who defeated A.J. Styles on the September 4 episode of Impact ! .
TNA held a scripted Mixed Martial Arts match at No Surrender between A.J. Styles and Frank Trigg . This match was the result of a feud between Kurt Angle and Styles . The two had competed against each other at TNA 's Slammiversary PPV event on June 8 , Victory Road PPV event on July 13 , Hard Justice PPV event on August 10 , and on several Impact ! episodes with Trigg providing commentary for some of the contests and aiding Angle in the feud as they were depicted as on @-@ screen bestfriends . At one point during the rivalry , Styles mistakenly attacked Trigg on the June 19 episode of Impact ! . A couple of months later on the September 4 episode of Impact ! , Trigg attacked Styles during his Four Ways to Glory qualifying match with Christian Cage . Trigg hit Styles with a kendo stick and left the ring , which allowed Cage to pin Styles to win the bout . On the September 11 episode of Impact ! , Styles challenged Trigg to a bout at No Surrender , which Trigg agreed but only if it was contested under Mixed Martial Arts rules .
The TNA World Tag Team Championship was defended at No Surrender by Beer Money , Inc . ( James Storm and Robert Roode ) against The Latin American Xchange ( Hernandez and Homicide ; LAX ) . On the June 12 episode of Impact ! , Roode and Storm teamed to face LAX for the World Tag Team Championship . The match was originally won by Roode and Storm before being restarted due to interference . LAX won the restart to retain the championship . After the bout , Roode and Storm assaulted LAX and their manager Héctor Guerrero . Management Director Jim Cornette scheduled a title defense at Victory Road between LAX and Roode and Storm under " Fan 's Revenge " Lumberjack rules on the June 19 episode of Impact ! . At Victory Road , LAX defeated the newly renamed Beer Money Incorporated to retain the World Tag Team Championship . On the July 17 episode of Impact ! , Roode and Storm began assaulting various wrestlers , crew members , and fans in retaliation for their loss at Victory Road . Later in the program , Roode and Storm once again attacked Guerrero , prompting LAX to come to his rescue . On the July 31 episode of Impact ! , Roode and Storm defeated the team of Christian Cage and Rhino for a World Tag Team Championship match at Hard Justice . On the August 7 episode of Impact ! , the team of Cage , Rhino , and LAX fought the team of Roode , Storm , and Team 3D in an Eight Man Tag Team match , which the latter lost . After the contest , Roode and Storm slammed Homicide through a glass table , injuring his right eye in the storyline . At Hard Justice , Beer Money , Inc. defeated LAX to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship by pinning Homicide after Roode hit Homicide in his injured eye with a beer bottle . TNA scheduled a rematch between the two teams for the championship to take place at No Surrender .
Another rivalry heading into the show was between Jay Lethal and Sonjay Dutt , who were fighting over the heart of SoCal Val . The storyline behind this rivalry started on the May 15 episode of Impact ! , when Lethal proposed marriage to Val in the storyline . With the two being an on @-@ screen couple , she accepted with the planned wedding segment taking place at Slammiversary . Lethal then asked Dutt to be his bestman on the May 29 episode of Impact ! , which he accepted despite him being scripted to show feelings for Val . At Slammiversary , Dutt interrupted the wedding proclaiming his love for Val in the storyline and attacked Lethal , which ended with Dutt unconscious as Jake Roberts placed a snake on top of his body . Dutt then defeated Lethal in a bout at Victory Road . Lethal won a rematch in a Black Tie Brawl and Chain match at Hard Justice over Dutt . Leading up to No Surrender , Dutt attacked Lethal after he was defeated by Sheik Abdul Bashir on the August 14 episode of Impact ! . On the September 11 episode of Impact ! , TNA promoted a L
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adder of Love match at No Surrender with the winner becoming engaged to Val .
The TNA X Division Championship was defended by Petey Williams against Sheik Abdul Bashir and Consequences Creed in a Three Way match at the event . At Hard Justice , Bashir attacked Creed with a steal chair during his bout with Williams , which allowed Williams to force Creed 's head into the mat with his signature Canadian Destroyer maneuver to retain the X Division Championship . Creed was given a rematch on the August 21 episode of Impact ! , with Bashir once again interfering by attacking Creed , resulting in Creed winning by disqualification and Williams retaining the X Division Championship . This match was later advertised on the card for No Surrender .
= = Event = =
The event began with Sting announcing that he would be facing the TNA World Heavyweight Champion for the title at Bound for Glory IV . TNA commentator Mike Tenay also announced that due to Hurricane Ike , Booker T could not make it to the event so the original scheduled Four Ways to Glory match was changed to a Three Ways to Glory match . This was not announced to the live audience in attendance .
= = = Miscellaneous = = =
No Surrender featured employees other than the wrestlers involved in the matches . Mike Tenay and Don West were the commentators for the telecast . Jeremy Borash and David Penzer were ring announcers for the event . Andrew Thomas , Earl Hebner , Rudy Charles , Mark " Slick " Johnson , and Traci Brooks participated as referees for the encounters . Lauren Thompson and Borash were used as interviewers during the event . Besides employees who appeared in a wrestling role , Raisha Saeed , Johnny Devine , Rhaka Khan , Rhino , Velvet Sky , Cute Kip , Jacqueline , Héctor Guerrero , and Jeff Jarrett all appeared on camera , either in backstage or in ringside segments .
= = = Preliminary matches = = =
The opening encounter of the show was a Six Person Intergender Tag Team match pitting The Prince Justice Brotherhood ( Curry Man , Shark Boy , and Super Eric ) against The Rock ' n ' Rave Infection ( Christy Hemme , Jimmy Rave , and Lance Rock ) , which lasted 7 minutes and 35 seconds . The Prince Justice Brotherhood won the bout when Curry Man pinned Hemme after a Chummer performed by Shark Boy .
TNA held a Falls Count Anywhere match next between Awesome Kong and ODB . Raisha Saeed accompanied Kong to the ring . The competitors fought throughout the crowd and around the ring before Kong won the match by picking up and slamming ODB back @-@ first through a table at 10 minutes and 23 seconds .
The team of Abyss and Matt Morgan fought Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) in a Tag Team match at the event . The duration of the contest was 11 minutes and 33 seconds . Johnny Devine interfered in the contest on Team 3D 's behalf , attacking Morgan with a steel chair before Abyss performed his signature Shock Treatment maneuver on him . Abyss won the bout for his team by slamming Devon back @-@ first against the mat with his trademark Black Hole Slam maneuver .
The TNA X Division Championship was defended in a Three Way match by Petey Williams against Sheik Abdul Bashir and Consequences Creed next . Williams was accompanied by Rhaka Khan . The finish of the match saw Williams force Creed 's head into the mat with his signature Canadian Destroyer maneuver . Bashir , who had been knocked to the ringside area , pulled Williams from the ring and threw him into the guardrail , thus preventing a pin attempt by Williams . Bashir then pinned Creed to win the TNA X Division Championship at 8 minutes and 15 seconds .
The fifth match was for the TNA Women 's Knockout Championship , in which the champion Taylor Wilde defended against Angelina Love . Wilde was accompanied by Rhino to the ring , while Love was accompanied by Velvet Sky and Cute Kip . The bout lasted 6 minutes and 22 seconds . At one point in the contest , Kip attempted to interefere by aiding Love to only be met by Rhino who tackled Kip with his trademark Gore maneuver . Wilde won the bout by pinning Love following a Northern Lights suplex to retain the Women 's Knockout Championship .
= = = Main Event matches = = =
The Ladder of Love match for SoCal Val followed between Sonjay Dutt and Jay Lethal , which lasted 13 minutes and 19 seconds . In the bout , the only way to win was to climb a ladder and retrieve an engagement ring that hung above the ring , which symbolized winning SoCal Val 's heart in the storyline . Early in the match , TNA commentator Mike Tenay announced that Salinas had been injured in an assault by Jacqueline and was taken to the hospital in the storyline . The competitors set up two ladders in the ring at one point , with one standing upright and the other positioned between two steps of the first and on the top rope . This led to Dutt placing Lethal on the bridged ladder , ascending a turnbuckle , and delivered an aerial senton splash to Lethal . Later , Dutt bridged a ladder over two chairs at ringside , then followed up by forcing Lethal back @-@ first onto the ladder with a neckbreaker . Close to the end of the encounter , Dutt had Lethal positioned on top of two standing ladders when he climbed on top of Lethal and placed Lethal in a Camel Clutch submission hold . Lethal fought out of it and pushed Dutt off the ladder , causing him to land back @-@ first onto the ring mat . Afterwards , Lethal got his leg stuck in between the ladder rungs , causing Val to enter the ring and help release him from his predicament . Dutt then yelled at Val for helping Lethal before climbing the ladder . Lethal checked on a visibly upset Val in the storyline before also climbing the ladder . Val then hit Lethal in the groin as he climbed , allowing Dutt to retrieve the ring and win the contest .
The TNA World Tag Team Championship was defended by Beer Money , Inc . ( James Storm and Robert Roode ) against The Latin American Xchange ( Hernandez and Homicide ; LAX ) in a Tag Team match afterwards . Beer Money , Inc. was accompanied by Jacqueline , while LAX was accompanied by Hector Guerrero . The duration of the contest was 8 minutes and 42 seconds . Early in the bout , Hernandez threw Homicide over the ring ropes to the outside onto a standing Storm and Roode . Later , Storm spat beer in the face of Hernandez and powerbombed him off the top of a turnbuckle to the mat below . Hernandez in return jumped over the rope to the outside onto Storm . The conclusion of the encounter saw Roode attempt to perform his signature Payoff maneuver on Homicide , only for Homicide to counter the move into his signature Gringo Stunner maneuver . Homicide then followed up by attempting to perform his trademark Da Gringo Killa maneuver , however , Jacqueline interfered in the bout throwing powder in Homicide 's eyes . Roode performed the Payoff afterwards and pinned Homicide to retain the World Tag Team Championship for his team .
A Mixed Martial Arts match between A.J. Styles and Frank Trigg was the eighth contest of the show . This match lasted 6 minutes and 7 seconds . This bout was contested under mixed martial arts rules , but had a scripted finish . Half way through Round One , Styles and Trigg tumbled to the ringside area and continued to fight until security broke them up . The round ended with Styles having Trigg in an armbar submission hold , causing Styles to release the hold . The system feed broadcasting the show was interrupted at this time , upon its return it displayed a pornographic film , until the broadcast was fixed , returning to No Surrender . The feed returned to Styles and Trigg fighting in Round Two , with Styles grabbing a kendo stick from under the ring and assaulting Trigg with it . It was later shown that the bout was ruled a no contest by the referee due to Styles hitting Trigg in the groin by accident .
The main event was a Three Ways to Glory match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , in which the champion Samoa Joe defended against Christian Cage and Kurt Angle . Mid @-@ way through the encounter , Angle held Joe in his signature Ankle lock submission hold when Cage tried to break up the hold , only to have Angle place Cage in the hold as well , resulting in Angle having both Joe and Cage in the Ankle Lock simultaneously . Both Cage and Joe broke out of the submission , tossing Angle to the outside area . Later , Joe attempted to perform his signature Muscle Buster maneuver on Angle , with Angle countering the move into his signature Olympic slam maneuver . Cage followed by hitting a frog splash aerial maneuver from the top of a turnbuckle onto Joe . He threw Angle from the ring , performed his signature Unprettier maneuver on Joe , and covered Joe for a pin attempt . Angle pulled the referee Earl Hebner from the ring and threw him into a ringside barricade . Angle grabbed a chair and attacked Cage and Joe with it . He knocked out Cage first then placed Joe in the Ankle lock . Jeff Jarrett then returned to TNA television by smashing a guitar over the head of Angle . Joe performed the Muscle Buster on Angle and followed by pinning Angle as the referee returned to the ring at 15 minutes and 27 seconds to retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship .
= = Reception = =
A total of 3 @,@ 500 people attended No Surrender , while the The Wrestling Observer Newsletter reported that 20 @,@ 000 people bought the event . The show was reviewed by two contributors of the Canadian Online Explorer 's SLAM ! Sports , Jason Clevett and Kenai Andrews , with Andrews providing a live attendance review . Clevett rated the entire event a 3 out of 10 , which was lower than the 7 out of 10 given to the 2007 edition by Chris Sokol . 7 out of 10 was also given to the 2009 edition by Bob Kapur . Bound for Glory IV also received a 7 out of 10 by Chris Sokol and Bryan Sokol . Compared to rival World Wrestling Entertainment 's ( WWE ) Unforgiven PPV event on September 7 , Unforgiven performed better as it received a 7 out of 10 from Matt Bishop . Clevett also rated the matches out of 10 , with his highest rating going to the Ladder of Love match , which he gave an 8 out of 10 . The main event received a 6 out of 10 , the Mixed Martial Arts bout was given a 0 out of 10 , the X Division Championship match got a 7 out of 10 , while the World Tag Team match received a 5 out of 10 .
Overall , Clevett was disappointed by the event , making several comments regarding the quality of the show . In his closing comments , Clevett wrote that he " once considered himself a huge wrestling fan " but shows " like tonight make him question his dedication anymore , " before revealing that he wanted " his money and three hours back . " When discussing the A.J. Styles versus Frank Trigg encounter , Clevett stated that " the chant “ this is b.s. ” should never , ever be heard during an A.J. Styles match , the man is far too talented to ever have fans react in such a manner . However , that is exactly what the crowd at GM Place in Oshawa , Ontario , chanted during his “ MMA ” bout with Frank Trigg . TNA ’ s pay per view debut in Canada was one of the weakest shows in recent memory , overwhelmed by horrible overbooking by TNA that once again proves that they do not know what their fanbase wants . " For the X Division Championship contest , Clevett discussed various issues such as Bashir 's entrance music and the match quality : " I watched this show with a friend who moved here from the U.S. , and we shared our disgust with Bashir ’ s theme music opening with the sound of a plane crashing . TNA has probably lost a few viewers at that lame attempt to garner heat . " However , he felt the match was a " highlight of the show with some fast paced @-@ solid wrestling " but that it lost a rating point for the " lousy finish . " He also believed the Ladder of Love match was another " highlight of the show " despite the " terrible angle that has surrounded the feud between the two over SoCal Val . " He said the two competitors " busted their asses " but that the match " should have been showcased in New Jersey last month in front of Lethal ’ s hometown crowd " at the Hard Justice PPV event . However , he gave credit to the two involved for " coming up with some incredibly creative spots " that got the crowd to cheer and chant " This is awesome " despite the ladder match genre having " become rather tired and overdone . " Regarding the World Tag Team match , Clevett thought it " should have been held off a month " since " it really doesn ’ t mean much so soon after the title change . " However , he felt the " four men worked hard and it was a decent tag match , but by this point the show wasn ’ t salvageable . " As for the main event , he commented that the " match itself was solid , but felt like all three men were going through the motions " since the " three have wrestled each other so many times in the past year , it doesn ’ t feel fresh or exciting . " He also said he could not " remember many specifics of the match , and considering the talent level that is surprising . " He also expressed his disappointment in the finish , that he tried to remember " the last time a TNA main event ended without some kind of interference , guitar shot , or overbooking " but he could not .
Andrews discussed the experience of witnessing the show live along with the crowd reaction during his review . He did not give any event or match ratings , but did provide comments on the quality of the event . Andrews mentioned that the TNA President Dixie Carter was present " earnestly signed autographs " and interacting " with fans in the pre @-@ amble " which he said they " seemed to love mingling with her and her eyes beamed when told SLAM ! Wrestling was present covering the show . " He stated the " crowd anticipation was decent , with many fans looking forward to " Four ways to Glory , " but wondering if Booker T would show , due to Hurricane Ike making landfall in Houston , Texas , Booker 's hometown " with no announcement being " made to the arena crowd about Booker T being there one way or another . " Also that the " energy through most of the show had an ordinary quality , bobbing unevenly between good and bland . Sting ’ s opening promo were greeted warmly and Curry Man ’ s comical segments with Christy Hemme tickled the crowd . They also gushed over Petey Williams and his Maple Leaf Muscle , The Beautful [ sic ] People and Taylor Wilde , and the Jay Lethal versus Sonjay Dutt ladder match . " Andrews said " the crowd came alive and actively participated throughout " those matches with the energy level being " high . " Conversely , he stated that " ODB and Kong ’ s match was a slow @-@ paced affair , and Beer Money Inc . - LAX tag team title match was notable only for James Storm and Jacqueline 's coherent performances given their injuries at the TNA London house show the night before . " The Mixed Martial Arts bout " annoyed the action @-@ hungry fans , not wanting to endure the chess style patience that MMA can be known for . It was probably a harsh reaction , as the extremely small vocal minority thought the MMA chorography was well done , mimicking a good blend of both men trying to impose their style on the other . Ultimately , that opinion was squashed , symbolized by Styles beating Trigg with a kendo stick after the match . " He felt that Booker T 's absence " seemed to dampen any mystique " Four ways to Glory " had going for it " with the main event being " lacklustre [ sic ] " despite Christian Cage ’ s entrance maintaining the " aura of the grand spectacle everyone was hoping the match would be . " He said it still a " solid match put on by the combatants , but one that was very familiar , prompting one fan to coin the bout " 3 the Hard Way . " Even Jeff Jarrett ’ s run @-@ in couldn ’ t get a notable rise out of the crowd . Not bad and not great . " However , he stated that it was " hard to ignore the grumblings about the main event in the tunnels and down Athol St. " He concluded his review by writing that the " card from a ringside experience perspective was hurt by the ordinary main event , turning a possibly good and memorable show into an average one . "
Wade Keller of the Pro Wrestling Torch Newsletter rated the matches out of five stars in his review of the show . For the main event , Keller gave it 3 1 / 4 stars and said it was a " good match " and that the " booking made sense within TNA 's style , but it 's yet another example of a match ending only after obvious outside interference . " As for the Styles versus Trigg bout , Keller did not give it a rating and did not comment on the quality of the match , instead focused on the feed interruption , stating that the " brief image of the naked women will be talked about for years as one of the funniest blunders on pro wrestling PPV , and not so funny for parents watching with their kids . " He gave the World Tag Team Championship match 1 1 / 4 stars calling it a " basic match " with " nothing wrong with it " despite the highpoints being late " it felt like a match to cool down the crowd after the ladder match " with another finish that conditioned " viewers to never consider a pinfall attempt a serious potential finish until there 's some sort of interference - such as powder from Jackie this time . " The Ladder of Love match was given 3 3 / 4 stars with Keller saying it was a " really good ladder match " with the competitors managing to " really innovate and not rely on the standard ladder spots we 've seen so often before " but that the finish " made no sense that Val would save Lethal seconds before turning on him . It 's one of those things that 's done for drama that doesn 't seem the least bit realistic . " Lastly , Keller discussed the X Division Championship match , which he gave 2 1 / 2 stars and also commented on Bashir 's entrance music calling it " among the most scummy promoting tactics in history " believing it was " beyond words how absolutely disgusting it is . " Also saying that it is " the type of thing that should put a risk their deals with Spike TV and InDemand , it 's that bad . Coming three days after the anniversary makes it worse , but it really isn 't acceptable on any day . "
= = Aftermath = =
Since Sting announced that he would challenge for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship at Bound for Glory IV and Samoa Joe retained the championship at No Surrender , TNA scheduled the two to fight for the title . This feud was connected to the company wide narrative involving the rivalry between wrestling veterans and the next generation of wrestlers . Also connected to that narrative was the feud between Jeff Jarrett and Kurt Angle . Jarrett and Angle became involved after Jarrett accused the veterans in the company of trying to keep the next generation from being stars and refusing to retire . Angle challenged Jarrett to a match at Bound for Glory IV for these comments and for Jarrett assaulting him with a guitar at No Surrender . Jarrett refused at first but later accepted the challenge on the September 25 episode of Impact ! . Mick Foley was announced as the Special Ringside Enforcer for the Jarrett versus Angle bout on the October 2 Impact ! episode . Meanwhile , Sting and Joe signed the contract for their encounter on the October 9 episode of Impact ! , with the stipulation added that there would be no rematch between the two after the event . Sting went on to win the title at the show , while Jarrett defeated Angle .
A.J. Styles , Booker T , and Christian Cage all went on to feud heading into Bound for Glory IV . This bout was also connected to the above narrative , with Cage being neutral in the storyline and both camps trying to recruit him to their group . After various miscommunications in matches involving the three wrestlers , Management Director Jim Cornette announced Booker T versus Styles with Cage as Special Guest Referee as the main event of the October 9 episode of Impact ! to settle the issue . Styles defeated Booker T during the show , with Cage assaulting both wrestlers after the contest . Cornette then promoted a Three Way match between the three at Bound for Glory . Booker T won the contest at the event .
The TNA World Tag Team Championship went on to be defended in a Four Way Tag Team Monster 's Ball match by Beer Money , Inc . ( James Storm and Robert Roode ) against the team of Abyss and Matt Morgan , The Latin American Xchange ( Hernandez and Homicide ; LAX ) , and Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) . On the September 18 episode of Impact ! , Matt Morgan announced that TNA were holding a Tag Team Invitational Tournament at Bound for Glory and that he had signed up himself and his partner Abyss for the contest . Team 3D interrupted Morgan and revealed that they were also involved in the tournament . On the same telecast , Beer Money , Inc. and Jacqueline assaulted Héctor Guerrero . On the September 25 episode of Impact ! , Team 3D announced that the match between them and the team of Morgan and Abyss was made a Monster 's Ball match . On the same telecast , Beer Money , Inc. defeated LAX in a bout with the stipulation that the losing team lost their manager . This meant that Guerrero could no longer manage LAX in the storyline . On the October 2 episode of Impact ! , Management Director Jim Cornette announced that the originally scheduled tournament was cancelled . Instead , TNA was holding a Four Way Tag Team Monster 's Ball match for the TNA World Tag Team Championship between the above teams at Bound for Glory IV . TNA issued a press release announcing that Steve McMichael would be the Special Guest Referee for this match after it was promoted for the event . Beer Money , Inc. retained the championship during the telecast .
The TNA X Division Championship was defended by Sheik Abdul Bashir against Consequences Creed at Bound for Glory IV . On the October 9 episode of Impact ! , Creed won a Four Way match to challenge Bashir for the title at Bound for Glory , defeating Sonjay Dutt , Williams , and Jay Lethal in the process . Bashir retained the title at the event . During the No Surrender telecast , the commentators Mike Tenay and Don West announced that LAX 's manager Salinas had been attacked backstage and was sent to the hospital . In reality , Salinas had quit the company and decided against appearing at No Surrender .
= = Results = =
= These Words =
" These Words " ( also known as " These Words ( I Love You , I Love You ) " ) is a song by Natasha Bedingfield . It was written by Steve Kipner , Andrew Frampton , Wayne Wilkins and Bedingfield for her 2004 debut album , Unwritten . The song is the album 's opening track , and was released as its second single . " These Words " details Bedingfield 's lack of inspiration and her reaction to pressure from her record label to produce a hit song .
" These Words " was released as the album 's second international single and as the lead single in North America . The single sold well , reached the top forty worldwide , and topped the charts in both Ireland and the United Kingdom . It was certified platinum in the United States and Australia , and was nominated for " Best British Single " at the 2005 BRIT Awards . The song was very well received by music critics , and was frequently cited as a highlight of the album .
= = Background and writing = =
Bedingfield began recording her debut album in mid @-@ 2003 , following the signing of a recording contract with Sony BMG earlier that year . She was determined not to be shaped into " some music biz pigeonhole " and wanted to write songs that were " organic , different and real " . Bedingfield began collaborating with Steve Kipner , Andrew Frampton and Wayne Wilkins in London and Los Angeles , but their sessions were largely unproductive due to Bedingfield 's writer 's block and the pressure that she felt to produce a hit song . Frustrated , she began to sing " I love you , I love you , I love you " over and over . She was at " wit 's end and just wanted to say what I meant in a simple way , without using all those flowery words . " The line that Bedingfield sang out of frustration became the song 's hook and its subject matter inspired by her real life difficulty writing a love song .
= = Critical reception = =
" These Words " was generally very well received by contemporary pop music critics . PlayLouder 's Daniel Robson described the song as a " compelling chunk of popply joy " , while Allmusic wrote that the track was " near @-@ perfect " and merged " the rhythms and flavors of hip @-@ hop and R & B with unique melodies and Bedingfield 's vocal confidence " . The BBC called it a " classic love song " with a " really catchy tune " , and commented that it was worthy of reaching number one on the UK singles chart . Josh Timmermann of Stylus Magazine called it " best single so far this year " , and David Welsh of musicOMH.com wrote that the song had a " virally @-@ infectious chorus and ( relatively ) clever wordplay . "
Stylus Magazine 's Colin Cooper ranked " These Words " at number thirteen on his list of the Top 20 Singles of 2004 and About.com ranked the song at number five on its list of the Top 10 Most Memorable Pop Song Lyrics 2005 . The website wrote that Bedingfield 's naming of the famous poets George Byron , Percy Bysshe Shelley , and John Keats in the song enables the listener to " almost hear the classic poetry over a drum machine " as Bedingfield sings .
= = Chart performance = =
" These Words " entered the UK Singles Chart on 22 August 2004 at number one , remaining on the chart for thirteen weeks . It maintained the number one position for two weeks . In the United Kingdom , Bedingfield and her brother , pop @-@ singer Daniel Bedingfield , became the first sister and brother to achieve separate number one singles . The track also charted at number one in Ireland , remaining on the singles chart for seventeen weeks .
Across Europe , " These Words " was largely successful , reaching number one in Poland , number two in Austria , Germany and Norway , and the top ten in the Netherlands , Sweden and Switzerland . Elsewhere , the song peaked within the top ten on the majority of the charts it entered . In Australia , " These Words " debuted at number six and reached a peak position of number five three weeks later . On the 2004 ARIA end of the year chart , the song charted at number forty @-@ nine and was certified gold . In New Zealand the single performed stronger , reaching number two on the singles chart .
" These Words " performed moderately well in North America . The single debuted at number one hundred on the Billboard Hot 100 on 2 July 2005 and reached a peak position at number seventeen , remaining on the chart for twenty weeks . The song did well on pop @-@ oriented charts , reaching number nine on the Pop 100 and number ten on the Top 40 Mainstream . " These Words " was helped on the Hot 100 by its strong digital downloads , peaking at number seven on the Hot Digital Songs chart . The single had crossover success in the dance charts , reaching number one on the Hot Dance Airplay chart and number thirty @-@ five on the Hot Dance Club Play chart .
= = Music videos = =
Two music videos were produced for the international and North American markets .
= = = International version = = =
The song 's international music video was directed by Scott Lyon and Sophie Muller and premiered in August 2004 . The video features several sequences . It opens with Bedingfield sitting at a table in her Spanish villa , in Málaga , frustrated by her inability to find inspiration to write a song , and she cuts the flowers off by the window . She is then seen walking through the villa in colorful outfits , and sitting by the swimming pool , surrounded by dancing chairs , dancing radios , dancing books in the library , and multiple versions of herself . The video concludes with Bedingfield scribbling in her notebook on the roof of her villa . Her scribblings lead her boyfriend to the front of her home where she admits that she loves him and she goes to the balcony , asking him if her feelings are " okay " .
= = = North American version = = =
The North American music video was directed by Chris Milk and filmed in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil in March 2005 . The music video , however , was discarded by the record label , though this version won four Annual MVPA Awards . The video begins with Bedingfield waking up next to a boombox , dressing , brushing her teeth and leaving her home with the boombox . While performing on a beach in New York City , she kicks her boombox , which comes alive and begins to dance , and she leaves the beach and walks down the street . The video concludes with Bedingfield arriving back home to a house full of dancing boomboxes in the bedroom .
An alternate version of the North American video was directed by Jim Gable using much of the footage from the original . The boomboxes featured in the video are animated to look like drawings and a performance by Bedingfield in a room with flowing white drapery has been added . The video debuted in June 2005 and proved successful on U.S. video @-@ chart programs . It debuted on MTV 's Total Request Live on 28 June 2005 at number ten and remained on the program for a total of six days . VH1 ranked the video at number twenty @-@ two on its Top 40 Videos of 2005 countdown .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Personnel = =
The following people contributed to " These Words " .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Kevin Grady =
Kevin Lee Grady , Jr . ( born June 24 , 1986 ) is a former American football running back . He completed his athletic eligibility for the Michigan Wolverines football team during the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season . He began his Michigan career as a tailback but was converted to fullback . He has also played for the Chicago Slaughter of the Indoor Football League .
In high school , he led his team to consecutive Michigan High School Athletic Association Championships . Along the way , he established numerous Michigan High School Athletic Association career football rushing records while playing for East Grand Rapids High School , many of which still stand . He was also widely @-@ regarded as the best junior class high school football player in the nation during the 2003 high school football season .
At the University of Michigan , he became the school 's first athlete to graduate high school a semester early in order to participate in Spring football practice . He was Mike Hart 's backup at tailback during his first two years at Michigan . He missed his third year due to injury and returned to play fullback during his final two years of eligibility .
= = High school career = =
Grady was born in Grand Rapids , Michigan . During high school , Grady was a four @-@ year varsity starter at East Grand Rapids High School . There he earned many honors and achievements , including being named All @-@ State and the title of EA Sports junior player of the year . He led East Grand Rapids to consecutive state Division 3 football championships . He was one of the top high school running backs in the nation in
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Richard finally settled the dispute by persuading Baldwin to abandon his church @-@ building project and to dismiss Norreys . Soon after this , Richard left England and Baldwin declared that he was going to found the proposed church at Lambeth , and then join Richard on crusade . Both Richard and Baldwin agreed to appoint Norreys to Evesham Abbey , as the previous abbot of Evesham , Adam of Evesham , had recently died . This appointment eventually led , after Baldwin 's death , to the Case of Evesham . In August 1189 Baldwin objected to the marriage of Prince John , later King John , to Isabel of Gloucester , on the grounds of consanguinity . John promised to obtain a papal dispensation , but never did so . Baldwin laid John 's lands under interdict , but it was lifted by a papal legate who declared the marriage legal . Richard also restored to the archbishops of Canterbury the right to operate a mint , staffed by three moneyers .
= = Third Crusade = =
In April 1190 Baldwin left England with Richard on the Third Crusade . Leading the English advance guard , Baldwin left Marseilles ahead of Richard together with Hubert Walter and Ranulf de Glanvill . The group sailed directly to Syria on 5 August 1190 . Baldwin delegated the administration of his spiritualities and temporalities to Gilbert Glanvill , the Bishop of Rochester , but entrusted any archiepiscopal authority to Richard FitzNeal , the Bishop of London . The custom of giving the archiepiscopal authority to London had originated in Archbishop Lanfranc 's time . Baldwin continued to conduct some ecclesiastical business however , dealing with the suspended Hugh Nonant , the Bishop of Coventry . Baldwin had suspended Nonant in March 1190 for holding secular office as sheriff , but Baldwin wrote to FitzNeal after his departure that Nonant had agreed to relinquish his secular offices .
Baldwin and his group arrived at Tyre on 16 September 1190 . Richard did not arrive in Syria until 1191 . It is unclear exactly why they were sent ahead of the king ; perhaps it was to look out for the king 's interests while Richard took a more leisurely route , or perhaps to rid the king 's entourage of a family grouping around Glanvill that the king did not trust . Baldwin was not a member or close associate of the Glanvill faction , so most likely he was sent ahead to look after the king 's interests , whatever the reasons for the inclusion of his companions . Another concern may have been to get help to the Kingdom of Jerusalem as quickly as possible after the king learned of Frederick Barbarossa 's death on the way to the Holy Land .
When Baldwin arrived at Acre on 12 October 1190 , the Muslim forces in the city were under siege by the Frankish forces led by King Guy of Lusignan and Queen Sibylla of Jerusalem , who in turn were being besieged by Saladin . Soon after Baldwin 's arrival , there was a succession crisis in the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Sibylla , a first cousin of Henry II , and her two young daughters all died in July from an epidemic ravaging the siege camp where they were living . This left Guy without a legal claim to the kingdom as he had held the kingship through his wife . The heiress to the kingdom was Sibylla 's half @-@ sister Isabella ; she was already married to Humphrey IV of Toron , but he was loyal to Guy and seems to have had no ambition to be king . A more promising candidate for the throne was Conrad of Montferrat , uncle of the last undisputed king , Baldwin V. Conrad had saved the kingdom from destruction by leading the successful defence of Tyre , and had the support of Isabella 's mother Maria Comnena and stepfather Balian of Ibelin . Maria and Balian abducted Isabella from Humphrey , and compelled her to seek an annulment , so that she could be married to Conrad and enable him to claim the kingship .
Baldwin supported Guy 's claim , but Ubaldo , Archbishop of Pisa , Philip of Dreux , Bishop of Beauvais , and Eraclius , Patriarch of Jerusalem , supported Conrad . Isabella and Humphrey 's marriage was forcibly annulled . Baldwin , already ailing , attempted to excommunicate everyone involved in the annulment , but he died on 19 November 1190 . He wrote his will shortly before his death , and died surrounded by his followers on the crusade . Hubert Walter assumed the leadership of the English forces , and also became Baldwin 's executor . Walter paid the wages of some soldiers and knights from Baldwin 's estate , and distributed the rest of the money to the poor .
= = Writings and studies = =
De sacramento altaris , dealing with the eucharist and passover , is Baldwin 's longest surviving work , in 12 manuscripts . It also includes a discussion of martyrdom that reads much like a vindication of Becket 's status as a martyr . It was first printed in 1662 , and has more recently been edited and published in the series Sources Chrétiennes , as volumes 93 and 94 , in 1963 . Others works include 22 sermons , and a work on faith , De commendatione fidei , that only survives in two manuscripts , although another five are known to have existed . One of the missing manuscripts survived until at least the mid @-@ 1600s , as it formed the basis of the first printed edition of De commendatione fidei in 1662 . The modern critical edition of De commendatione was published , along with the sermons , in 1991 as Balduini de Forda Opera : Sermones , De Commendatione Fidei. with the De commendatione fidei translated into English in 2000 .
Renowned for his preaching , Baldwin 's surviving sermons show that interest in them continued after his death . His sermons were first published in 1662 ; the modern edition includes two more ( titled de obedientia and de sancta cruce ) that were not in the original publication . It appears that originally there were 33 sermons , with the others now lost . The sermons survive in 12 manuscripts , although only 5 are collections of substantial numbers of the works . None of the surviving manuscripts has a complete collection of the 22 sermons .
Baldwin also collaborated with Bartholomew Iscanus on a Liber penitentialis , which is jointly ascribed to both of them in a Lambeth Palace manuscript , MS 235 . Another work often attributed to Baldwin , the Ad laudem Bartholomaei Exoniensis episcopi de coloribus rhetoricis , survives in three manuscripts and a fragment of a fourth . A number of other works are known to have been authored by Baldwin , but do not survive . These include Carmen devotionis , which was seen by John Bale at Glastonbury Abbey in the 16th century . Other lost works were a commentary on the biblical books of Samuel and Kings , De sectis haereticis which existed at Christ Church Priory in the 13th century , and De orthodoxis fidei dogmatibus , which was seen by John Leland at Christ Church in the 16th century . Some of Baldwin 's letters existed in manuscript form , although they appear never to have circulated as a collection , but they are no longer extant . One of his letters is mentioned in a Rievaulx Abbey catalogue , and Leland mentions others in his works .
Besides Baldwin 's own writings , there is a decretal collection known as the Collectio Wigorniensis , still extant in manuscript ( MS ) form . It now resides in the British Library as Royal MS 10.A.ii. This collection may have belonged to Baldwin . It was probably compiled at Worcester Cathedral before December 1184 , when Baldwin went to Canterbury , and besides a basic collection of Pope Alexander III 's decretals it includes a number of letters from the papacy addressed to Baldwin as Bishop of Worcester and as Archbishop of Canterbury . Although the main contents are unexceptional , the compiler of the work numbered the books and capitula into which the work was divided , an innovation that allowed for much more efficient use of the collection . It is likely that the compiler was one of Baldwin 's clerks , and that this testified to Baldwin 's continuing interest in canon law . The manuscript itself was likely owned either by Baldwin himself or a member of his household .
The historian Frank Barlow stated that Baldwin was " one of the greatest English decretalists " . His work was more influential in his inspiration and support for the development of decretal collections , rather than in terms of the actual influence of his judicial decisions themselves . Another collection of writings associated with Baldwin is the correspondence relating to his dispute with the Christ Church monks . The documents relating to this dispute , which dragged on into the archbishopric of Hubert Walter , are published in one whole volume of the Rolls Series , which was edited by the Victorian historian William Stubbs .
= = Reputation = =
Baldwin 's long @-@ running dispute with his cathedral chapter caused the chronicler Gervase of Canterbury to characterise him as " a greater enemy to Christianity than Saladin . " Another contemporary , Gerald of Wales , praised Baldwin as " distinguished for his learning and religion " , but also claimed that he was gloomy and nervous . Herbert of Bosham dedicated his History of Thomas , a story of Thomas Becket , to the archbishop in the late 1180s . The historian A. L. Poole called Baldwin a " distinguished scholar and deeply religious man , [ but he ] was injudicious and too austere to be a good leader . " Baldwin was also known as a theologian , as well as being a canon lawyer . His clerk and nephew , Joseph of Exeter , accompanied Baldwin on the crusade , and wrote two works after his return to England : Antiocheis , an epic poem about King Richard on crusade , and De Bello Trojano , a rewriting of the Trojan War .
= Battle of Radzymin ( 1920 ) =
The Battle of Radzymin ( Polish : Bitwa pod Radzyminem ) took place during the Polish – Soviet War ( 1919 – 21 ) . The battle occurred near the town of Radzymin , some 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) north @-@ east of Warsaw , between August 13 and 16 , 1920 . Along with the Battle of Ossów and the Polish counteroffensive from the Wieprz River area , this engagement was a key part of what later became known as the Battle of Warsaw . It also proved to be one of the bloodiest and most intense battles of the Polish @-@ Soviet War .
The first phase of the battle began on August 13 with a frontal assault by the Red Army on the Praga bridgehead . The Soviet forces captured Radzymin on August 14 and breached the lines of the 1st Polish Army , which was defending Warsaw from the east . Radzymin changed hands several times in heavy combat . Foreign diplomats , with the exception of the British and Vatican ambassadors , hastily left Warsaw .
The plan for the battle was straightforward for both sides . The Russians wanted to break through the Polish defences to Warsaw , while the Polish aim was to defend the area long enough for a two @-@ pronged counteroffensive from the south , led by General Józef Piłsudski , and north , led by General Władysław Sikorski , to outflank the attacking forces .
After three days of intense fighting , the corps @-@ sized 1st Polish Army under General Franciszek Latinik managed to repel a direct assault by six Red Army rifle divisions at Radzymin and Ossów . The struggle for control of Radzymin forced General Józef Haller , commander of the Polish Northern Front , to start the 5th Army 's counterattack earlier than planned . Radzymin was recaptured on August 15 , and this victory proved to be one of the turning points of the battle of Warsaw . The strategic counteroffensive was successful , pushing Soviet forces away from Radzymin and Warsaw and eventually crippling four Soviet armies .
= = Background = =
Following the failure of the Kiev Offensive , the Polish armies retreated westwards from central Belarus and Ukraine . Although the Bolshevik forces failed to surround or destroy the bulk of the Polish Army , most Polish units were in dire need of fresh reinforcements . The Polish command hoped to halt the advancing Russian forces in front of Warsaw , the capital of Poland . At the same time General ( later Marshal of Poland ) Józef Piłsudski was to lead a flanking manoeuvre from the area of the Wieprz River , while General Władysław Sikorski 's 5th Army was to leave the Modlin Fortress and head north @-@ east , to cut off the Soviet forces heading westwards , to the north of the bend of the Vistula and Bugonarew and on towards Pomerania . However , for this plan to succeed , it was vital that Polish forces hold Warsaw .
= = = Prelude = = =
The defence of Warsaw was organised by the 1st Polish Army under General Franciszek Latinik and by a part of the Northern Front under General Józef Haller . The army consisted of four understrength infantry divisions : the 8th , 11th , and 15th , with the 1st Lithuanian @-@ Belarusian Division in reserve . In addition , it had at its disposal the battle @-@ weary 10th Infantry Division , two Air Groups ( four escadrilles in total ) , 293 pieces of artillery and three armoured trains .
The city was to be surrounded by four lines of defence . The outermost ran some 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) to the east of Warsaw : to the east of Zegrze Fortress , then along the river Rządza to Dybów and south through Helenów , Nowa Czarna and the Białe Błota marshes east of Wołomin . From there it ran through Leśniakowizna , dense forests occupied by artillery training grounds , and then along the Okuniew – Wiązowna – Vistula line .
The second line ran a mile closer to Warsaw , along the lines of partially preserved First World War @-@ era trenches built by German and Russian armies in 1915 , separated by a no man 's land . It ran from the banks of the river Bugonarew at Fort Beniaminów , along the Struga – Zielonka – Rembertów @-@ Zakręt – Falenica line . The two most prominent pivots of this line were the towns of Radzymin and Wołomin . The third line of defence ran in the immediate vicinity of the right @-@ bank borough of Praga , while the Vistula River bridgeheads formed the final fourth line .
The 11th Polish Infantry Division was dispatched to Radzymin on August 8 in order to prepare the city 's defences for the expected arrival of Bolshevik forces . While the unit 's core was formed around veterans of the 2nd Polish Rifle Division of the French @-@ equipped and trained Blue Army , it had been recently reinforced with fresh , but raw , recruits . The Poles set up defences in front of the town , utilising some earlier German and Russian First World War trenches and digging new positions . The Polish line ran some 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) in front of the town , from the unfinished 1909 Fort Beniaminów at the banks of the river Bugonarew through Mokre to Dybów . The following day the 6th Russian Rifle Division captured Wyszków some 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) to the north @-@ east . On August 12 the Polish 1st Lithuanian – Belarusian Division abandoned the first line of defence and withdrew through Radzymin towards Warsaw . Radzymin now found itself at the front line ; by nightfall the first Russian forces appeared in front of Ruda and Zawady , two villages manned by the Polish 48th Infantry Regiment , and Russian artillery shelled Radzymin for the first time .
= = = Battlefield = = =
From the north , Warsaw , which spans the Vistula , was effectively shielded by the Vistula , Bug and Narew rivers . The Red Army 's lack of modern engineering equipment for the river crossings inhibited a flanking attack of Warsaw from the west , which had been Russia 's historical path of attack , towards Płock , Włocławek and Toruń , where their forces could cross the Vistula and strike Warsaw from the west and north @-@ west over permanent bridges there . While a ring of 19th- and early 20th @-@ century Russian @-@ built forts , part of the Warsaw Fortress , ran mostly along the western side of the Vistula , these fortifications lay in ruins ; Russian forces began demolition in 1909 and had destroyed most by the time of their withdrawal from Warsaw in 1915 , during the First World War .
The most expedient approach for a large @-@ scale assault on Warsaw was from the east . Terrain was mostly flat ; numerous roads converged radially along an arc from the Modlin Fortress to the north ( where the Narew flows into the Vistula ) , to Legionowo , Radzymin , and Mińsk Mazowiecki directly to the east . Meanwhile , the only permanent defences in the area of Radzymin were the incomplete Fort Beniaminów and a line of First World War trenches west of Radzymin , neglected since their construction by Russians and Germans in 1915 .
= = = Opposing forces = = =
The first and second lines of Polish defences were manned by regular forces . These included three Polish infantry divisions : the 11th ( from the Bug River to Leśniakowizna ) , the 8th ( Leśniakowizna to Okuniew ) and the 15th ( Okuniew to the Vistula River ) . The 1st Army also held the newly arrived 1st Lithuanian @-@ Belarusian Division in reserve ( Marki – Kobyłka ) , while the Northern Front 's headquarters reserves consisted of the 10th Infantry Division and some smaller units . The third line was manned by units of mobilised State Police and a variety of volunteer units of low combat value . Out of those units , initially only the 11th Division under Colonel Bolesław Jaźwiński took part in the fight . Its 48th Kresy Rifles Regiment ( Colonel Łukowski ) manned the Bugonarew @-@ Mokre line , the 46th Kaniów Rifles Regiment ( Colonel Krzywobłocki ) manned the Mokre @-@ Czarna perimeter , and the 47th Kresy Rifles Regiment ( Lt. Colonel Szczepan ) manned the Czarna – Leśniakowizna line . To the south of the 11th Division were positions around Wołomin manned by the 8th Infantry Division , consisting of the 36th , 21st and 33rd Infantry Regiments , as well as the 13th Infantry Regiment held in reserve , which later took part in the Battle of Ossów .
The combat value of Polish units is difficult to assess as they included fresh recruits of the so @-@ called Volunteer Army , veterans of First World War , battle @-@ hardened soldiers who fought in earlier stages of the Polish @-@ Bolshevik War , and civilians with virtually no combat training . Prior to the battle the 46th Regiment received 700 reinforcements : mostly deserters from various formations , a battalion of volunteer sentry guards and march companies of sappers . The 11th Infantry Division , nominally 9000 men strong , in practice had only
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, and prepared for an assault the following morning .
The Soviet probing attack began at 07 : 00 hours , but the 21st Rifle Division achieved no breakthrough . After the Soviets had been repelled , the defending 11th Infantry Division received some artillery reinforcements . The artillery commanders wanted to use the church tower of Radzymin as an observation post and to move the batteries forward , closer to the front line . However , before the relocation of the artillery was complete , a new Soviet attack began at around 17 : 00 , this time carried out by four brigades of the 21st and 27th Rifle Divisions , reinforced with 59 artillery pieces . The Russians achieved a 3 : 1 superiority in firepower . Deprived of artillery support , the inexperienced and overstretched 1 / 46th Infantry Regiment , defending the village of Kraszew , broke , and the Soviets gained entry to Radzymin . The Polish unit withdrew in panic , and soldiers left their arms and backpacks behind . One of the artillery officers noted that the Russians achieved complete tactical surprise : " I ordered my dinner prepared when my aide came shouting ' Lieutenant Sir , the Reds are in the city ' " .
The retreat was made even more serious by the fact that the gendarmes , tasked with stabilising the front and catching deserters , also fled in panic . The town itself was badly damaged , and the commanding officer of the 46th Regiment , Colonel Bronisław Krzywobłocki , was forced to order the retreat of the remainder of his forces south @-@ west from the town . The rest of the division had no option but to fall back to the line of First World War trenches . During the chaotic withdrawal all the artillery sub @-@ units got lost . By 19 : 00 hours the town was in Russian hands .
Although the Polish division was defeated , the Russian forces did not pursue . This allowed the Poles to mount a night counterattack . A single machine gun battalion attacked a position behind Radzymin . While ultimately unsuccessful , the battalion forced the Russian troops to remain stationary overnight , giving the Poles badly needed time to regroup and receive reinforcements , which came in the form of a single regiment from the 1st Lithuanian @-@ Belarusian Division . Instead of retreating to the third line of defences , the Poles remained outside the town , hoping to retake it the following day .
News of the defeat at Radzymin reached Warsaw the same day , causing panic among both the government and ordinary people . The following day the battlefield was visited by , among others , Prime Minister Wincenty Witos , papal nuncio Achille Ratti ( the future Pope Pius XI ) , Maciej Rataj and General Józef Haller , the commanding officer of the Northern Front . General Haller 's dispatch of 01 : 00 hours the same night called the Polish defeat at Radzymin " ignominious " , and ordered the commanding officers of the 46th Infantry Regiment and divisional artillery to be immediately court @-@ martialled . The commanding officer of the 46th Regiment was immediately relieved of command and replaced with Major Józef Liwacz .
The gravity of the situation was well @-@ understood by the Polish Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief Józef Piłsudski , who remarked that all the battle plans for his counteroffensive were based on the assumption that Warsaw would hold , and suggested to General Tadeusz Rozwadowski that he reinforce the Radzymin area with any forces available , including an " en masse tank attack " . Despite this suggestion , out of 49 tanks of the 1st Tank Regiment available in Warsaw at that time , only about six took part in the battle . The loss of Radzymin also forced General Władysław Sikorski 's 5th Army , fighting north of the Bug River and along the Vistula , to start a counteroffensive from the Modlin Fortress earlier than planned . Rozwadowski and General Maxime Weygand , a member of the French Military Mission to Poland , even suggested that Piłsudski also hasten his preparations for a counteroffensive , but he refused and decided to follow the original plans .
The Russians considered the capture of Radzymin a crucial accomplishment . The Polish intelligence intercepted and decrypted a euphoric , but completely untrue , report by the Revolutionary Military Committee of the 3rd Army dispatched to Moscow , informing the Russian government that " the brave units of the 3rd Army have captured the town of Radzymin on August 13th , at 23 : 00 hours . In pursuit of the enemy , they are not further than 15 versts from Praga . ( ... ) The workers of Warsaw can already sense that their liberation is near . The revolution in Warsaw is ripe . Workers demand that the city be handed over to the Red Army without a fight , threatening to prevent armed soldiers from leaving the city [ for the front ] . The White Poland is dying " . The commanding officer of the Russian 3rd Army , Vladimir Lazarevich , informed Tukhachevsky that " Poland is now on fire . Only one more push is needed and the Polish fracas will be over " .
To counter the threat of a Russian breakthrough , General Latinik ordered General Jan Rządkowski to assault the town the following day with all available forces . To strengthen the assault , the 11th Infantry Division ( under Colonel Bolesław Jaźwiński ) was drawn from the reserves and dispatched to join the assault which was scheduled for 05 : 00 hours the following morning . However , the Polish forces were far from sufficient for the task . Rządkowski argued that he had been promised substantial reinforcements which did not arrive . The battle @-@ hardened Siberian Brigade was at that time tied down in the Modlin Fortress , although the promised cavalry units did arrive — but without their ammunition trains .
= = = August 14 = = =
The plans for the Polish assault had to be changed due to unexpected Russian actions . The Polish forces expected heavy opposition from at least two Russian divisions . However , in the morning the Russian 21st Division resumed its advance along the Białystok – Warsaw road towards Marki and Warsaw , while the 27th started its march towards Jabłonna . The 21st Division achieved some early successes when its 5th and 6th Rifle Brigades pushed the Poles back from the Czarna River some 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) to the west . However , at the same time it was advancing right in front of Polish forces which were preparing to assault Radzymin . At 10 : 15 hours the Polish 81st and 85th Infantry Regiments from the 1st Lithuanian @-@ Belarusian Division assaulted the left flank of the unsuspecting Russians , continued along the Warsaw – Białystok road , and broke through to the town . The attack was led by Lieutenant Colonel Kazimierz Rybicki , who had personally witnessed the defeat of the 46th Regiment the previous day , on his day off . This time spirits were high and the Polish infantry advanced in order , with officers in the first line and the soldiers singing Dąbrowski 's Mazurka . By noon the town was liberated .
The success did not last long , as the Russian 27th Rifle Division turned around and arrived at Radzymin just in time for its 81st Brigade to push the exhausted Polish forces back towards the village of Słupno . Threatened by further attacks from Słupno and Wieliszew , the 85th Regiment retreated after suffering heavy casualties , including the commanding officer of the 1st Battalion , Captain Ryszard Downar @-@ Zapolski . This time the Soviet 81st Rifle Brigade ( 27th Rifle Division ) pursued the Poles and managed to pierce Polish defences near Wólka Radzymińska and Dąbkowizna , breaking through the second line of defences , which were the last before the city limits . The Polish headquarters at Warsaw was " petrified to hear of the complete destruction of the 19th [ Lithuanian @-@ Belarusian ] Division " , a report that fortunately for the Poles proved to be false . The threat to the northern flank was halted , with heavy casualties on both sides , thanks to the intervention of the division 's commanding officer Jan Rządkowski , as well as Front commanding officer Józef Haller , who arrived on the battlefield to personally organise an ad @-@ hoc line of defence west of Wólka Radzymińska , with Polish artillery units shelling the advancing Russians with direct fire . The Soviet advance was halted , and this time chaos in the Polish ranks was avoided , but again lack of reinforcements behind the main line of defences proved a serious problem .
In the evening Generals Lucjan Żeligowski , Józef Haller , Jan Rządkowski and Franciszek Latinik met in Jabłonna and again in Struga to prepare a plan for retaking Radzymin once again . It was decided that , since the Soviet 27th Division was bogged down around Radzymin and had not resumed its march towards Jabłonna , the Polish 10th Infantry Division was no longer needed in that sector , and instead could be used to achieve a breakthrough at Radzymin . The division was relocated to Nieporęt , where General Rządkowski discovered the artillery units that were believed to have been destroyed by the Russians the previous day . A single battalion from the 28th Kaniów Rifles Regiment from the 10th Division , led by 1st Lieutenant Stefan Pogonowski , was ordered to entrench in a forest near Wólka Radzymińska and organise an ambush . The rest of the Polish forces were to start an all @-@ out assault at 05 : 00 hours the following morning , with General Żeligowski in command over the ad @-@ hoc corps . The forces amassed for the assault had a nominal strength of 17 @,@ 000 infantry , 109 artillery pieces , and 220 machine guns .
In the evening the 5th Army , operating north of the Bug and Narew rivers with its base of operations in the Modlin Fortress , started a limited counteroffensive with the aim of lessening the pressure on the Polish forces at Radzymin . Grossly outnumbered , the 5th Army could not break through the Russian lines , and got bogged down in intense fights along the Wkra river . However , although initially unsuccessful , the Polish attack prevented the Soviet 5th , 15th and 16th Armies from reinforcing the two divisions already committed to Radzymin . Only the 4th Red Army , the furthest from the battlefield , operating in the north along the East Prussian border and moving towards Toruń , kept advancing almost unopposed . This however did not pose an immediate threat to the defenders of Warsaw , as its advance was finally halted at the outskirts of Włocławek , and it was forced to start a hasty retreat eastwards .
= = = August 15 = = =
In the early hours of August 15 the Russian forces resumed their attacks on the Polish lines , intending to break through the second line of defences to the area of Nieporęt and Jabłonna . However , as they bypassed a small forest outside Wólka Radzymińska , they were assaulted from the rear by the 1st Battalion of the 28th Infantry Regiment , which had been concealed there earlier . Simultaneously , the remainder of the 28th Regiment began a badly coordinated and half @-@ hearted attack from Nieporęt . Both Polish assaults were bloodily repelled , with the casualties including Lieutenant Pogonowski who was posthumously awarded the Virtuti Militari medal for his bravery leading the charge , but they did force the Russians to retreat to their initial positions .
When the front @-@ line stabilised , the Polish headquarters threw all its reserves into a counterattack . Beniaminów was reinforced with the 29th Infantry Regiment . The Polish attack began around 05 : 30 , after a 20 @-@ minute artillery barrage . Soon the entire 10th Infantry Division started a push along the southern bank of the Bugonarew river in order to outflank the Russian forces from the north , while the 1st Lithuanian @-@ Belarusian Division pushed directly towards the town . Although the Russian side had superior artillery and brought several Austin @-@ Putilov armoured cars , this time the Polish assault was supported by five Renault FT tanks and numerous aircraft . Despite suffering from mechanical failures , the tanks successfully broke through the Russian lines , and the infantry of the 85th " Wilno Rifles " Regiment from the 1st Lithuanian @-@ Belarusian Division followed them into the town . After a short struggle the Polish forces once again controlled the town . However , as soon as it was taken , General Żeligowski decided to reorganise his division and could not support the 85th Regiment with fresh forces . Yet another successful counterattack by the Russian 61st and 62nd Infantry Brigades forced the Polish 1st Division to retreat back to its initial positions .
At the same time , on the northern flank , the 10th Division was much more successful . Instead of waiting for orders from General Żeligowski , the commanding officer of the 10th Division , Lieutenant Colonel Wiktor Thommée , started a push along the southern bank of the Bugonarew . The 28th and 29th Kaniów Rifles Infantry Regiments managed to reach the village of Mokre , on a small hill overlooking Radzymin and the Białystok @-@ Warsaw road , directly behind the Russian lines . The Russians tried to push the Poles back from that position , but ultimately failed . Their assault on the village of Wiktorów also ended in failure . Soon the Polish positions in Mokre were secured , and further reinforced with the remainder of the 1st Battalion , 28th Regiment .
With the northern flank safely in Polish hands , General Lucjan Żeligowski ordered his Lithuanian @-@ Belarusian Division to complete the encirclement of Radzymin . The division reached a position a few hundred metres from Radzymin by way of the village of Ciemne to the south of the town . Fearing envelopment , the Soviets abandoned the town and withdrew east . A single company from the 30th Kaniów Rifles Regiment entered Radzymin unopposed . The town was completely empty ; both the civilians and the Russian soldiers had fled , and one officer remarked that " not a stray dog was left behind in the ruined city " .
= = = Aftermath : August 16 and the following days = = =
Although the battle was over and Radzymin was secure , the Soviet forces continued to threaten the Polish northern flank . In the early hours of August 16 the Russians mounted yet another assault on Radzymin , reinforced by several armoured cars and led personally by the commanding officer of the 27th Rifle Division , Vitovt Putna . However , by this time the morale of the 27th Division was already broken , and the assault was easily thwarted by the Polish infantry and the three remaining operational FT tanks . The armoured cars withdrew as soon as the Polish tanks opened fire , and the Russian infantry followed .
Other Russian forces were more successful to the north of the town , where they managed to capture the village of Mokre from the 28th Regiment . The regiment counter @-@ charged the village , but was initially driven off . However , approximately 80 pieces of emplaced Polish artillery laid a 30 @-@ minute barrage on the village . It was the greatest concentration of artillery fire in the war up to that point , and had a tremendous effect on the morale of the Russian defenders . After the barrage ended Lieutenant Colonel Wiktor Thommée personally led his forces in a bayonet charge ; the regiment re @-@ entered Mokre at noon and the Russians fled .
The entire 13th Red Army stalled because of its defeat at Radzymin . After that success the Poles slowly but steadily pushed the Soviets back beyond the first line of defences that had been overrun several days before . By the end of 16 August , the 28th and 30th Infantry Regiments manned most of the trench line along the Rządza River , near the village of Dybów . Although initially the Russian command wanted to use the outskirts of Radzymin as a pivot for a tactical withdrawal to the Radzymin – Brześć line , the following day the Soviet commander ordered a full retreat towards Wyszków and later Grodno . Meanwhile , Piłsudski 's 4th Army outflanked the surprised Russians and went as far north as the left wing of Nikolai Sollogub 's 16th Red Army , which at that time was constantly pressured from the front by the 10th and 15th divisions . This made existing Russian plans obsolete , and Polish forces started a pursuit that ended with the victorious Battle of the Niemen River in September . On the day of Polish victory the Soviets issued a propaganda poster in Moscow proclaiming : " Warsaw has fallen . With it the Poland of yesterday became history . It is nothing but a legend now while the truth of today is the red reality . Long live the Soviets ! Long live the invincible Red Army ! "
= = Result and assessment = =
The battle was a success for the Poles at both the tactical level ( the battle of Radzymin itself ) and the strategic level ( its role in the battle of Warsaw ) . After several days of constant fighting for the town of Radzymin and its immediate vicinity , the Russian attack was repelled and the Poles were able to mount a successful counteroffensive , forcing the Russian armies out of Poland and in the end destroying them completely .
However , the conduct of the Polish forces and their commanders at Radzymin in the early part of the battle has been criticised by historians since the 1920s . It was noted by General Lucjan Żeligowski that the importance of the northern approach to Warsaw was poorly understood by the Polish commanders prior to the battle , and that the untested and relatively weak 10th Division was chosen for the task of defending Radzymin " out of sheer incompetence " . In his memoirs he also heavily criticised the commanding officers of the division , whose " military prowess and punctuality in carrying out orders was little more than irony " . Other post @-@ war authors argued that on August 13 , when the first Russian forces appeared in front of Radzymin , the 1st Army had more than enough time to reinforce the weak Polish forces there . Instead , it took several days to recapture what could have been held from the start .
Despite the lack of strategic flair in the Polish defence of Radzymin , it was one of the cornerstones of the overall success in the Battle of Warsaw . Although it was Piłsudski 's Assault Group that defeated the Russians , the forces at Radzymin and Sikorski 's 5th Army were responsible for stopping them at the gates of Warsaw . Żeligowski noted in his memoirs that " Warsaw was saved thanks to Polish successes at Mokra , Wólka Radzymińska and Radzymin " .
= = The battle in popular culture and the media = =
As one of the crucial battles of the war of 1920 , the battle for Radzymin has been featured in novels , memoirs and historical monographs . It was also portrayed in the 2011 film Battle of Warsaw 1920 , although the battle of Radzymin sequence was shot mostly in Piotrków Trybunalski . Since 1998 a re @-@ enactment of the battle has been held annually on August 15 in Ossów and Radzymin , organised by various re @-@ enactment groups and a local powiat administration .
= Time and Eternity ( philosophy book ) =
Time and Eternity - An Essay on the Philosophy of Religion ( 1st imp . Princeton New Jersey 1952 , Princeton University Press , 169 pp ) is a philosophy book written by Walter Terence Stace . At the time of writing , Stace was a professor of philosophy at Princeton University , where he had worked since 1932 after a 22 year career in the Ceylon Civil Service . Time and Eternity was one of his first books about the philosophy of religion and mysticism , after writing throughout most of the 1930s and 1940s that was influenced by phenomenalist philosophy .
In his introduction Stace writes that Time
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Rowling finished her manuscript for Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone on an old manual typewriter . Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evens , a reader who had been asked to review the book 's first three chapters , the Fulham @-@ based Christopher Little Literary Agents agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher . The book was submitted to twelve publishing houses , all of which rejected the manuscript . A year later she was finally given the green light ( and a £ 1500 advance ) by editor Barry Cunningham from Bloomsbury , a publishing house in London . The decision to publish Rowling 's book owes much to Alice Newton , the eight @-@ year @-@ old daughter of Bloomsbury 's chairman , who was given the first chapter to review by her father and immediately demanded the next . Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book , Cunningham says that he advised Rowling to get a day job , since she had little chance of making money in children 's books . Soon after , in 1997 , Rowling received an £ 8000 grant from the Scottish Arts Council to enable her to continue writing .
In June 1997 , Bloomsbury published Philosopher 's Stone with an initial print run of 1 @,@ 000 copies , 500 of which were distributed to libraries . Today , such copies are valued between £ 16 @,@ 000 and £ 25 @,@ 000 . Five months later , the book won its first award , a Nestlé Smarties Book Prize . In February , the novel won the British Book Award for Children 's Book of the Year , and later , the Children 's Book Award . In early 1998 , an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel , and was won by Scholastic Inc . , for US $ 105 @,@ 000 . Rowling said that she " nearly died " when she heard the news . In October 1998 , Scholastic published Philosopher 's Stone in the US under the title of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , a change Rowling says she now regrets and would have fought if she had been in a better position at the time . Rowling moved from her flat with the money from the Scholastic sale , into 19 Hazelbank Terrace in Edinburgh .
Its sequel , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , was published in July 1998 and again Rowling won the Smarties Prize . In December 1999 , the third novel , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , won the Smarties Prize , making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running . She later withdrew the fourth Harry Potter novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance . In January 2000 , Prisoner of Azkaban won the inaugural Whitbread Children 's Book of the Year award , though it lost the Book of the Year prize to Seamus Heaney 's translation of Beowulf .
The fourth book , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , was released simultaneously in the UK and the US on 8 July 2000 and broke sales records in both countries . 372 @,@ 775 copies of the book were sold in its first day in the UK , almost equalling the number Prisoner of Azkaban sold during its first year . In the US , the book sold three million copies in its first 48 hours , smashing all records . Rowling said that she had had a crisis while writing the novel and had to rewrite one chapter many times to fix a problem with the plot . Rowling was named Author of the Year in the 2000 British Book Awards .
A wait of three years occurred between the release of Goblet of Fire and the fifth Harry Potter novel , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . This gap led to press speculation that Rowling had developed writer 's block , speculations she denied . Rowling later said that writing the book was a chore , that it could have been shorter , and that she ran out of time and energy as she tried to finish it .
The sixth book , Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince , was released on 16 July 2005 . It too broke all sales records , selling nine million copies in its first 24 hours of release . In 2006 , Half @-@ Blood Prince received the Book of the Year prize at the British Book Awards .
The title of the seventh and final Harry Potter book was announced on 21 December 2006 as Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . In February 2007 it was reported that Rowling wrote on a bust in her hotel room at the Balmoral Hotel in Edinburgh that she had finished the seventh book in that room on 11 January 2007 . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was released on 21 July 2007 ( 0 : 01 BST ) and broke its predecessor 's record as the fastest @-@ selling book of all time . It sold 11 million copies in the first day of release in the United Kingdom and United States . The book 's last chapter was one of the earliest things she wrote in the entire series .
Harry Potter is now a global brand worth an estimated US $ 15 billion , and the last four Harry Potter books have consecutively set records as the fastest @-@ selling books in history . The series , totalling 4 @,@ 195 pages , has been translated , in whole or in part , into 65 languages .
The Harry Potter books have also gained recognition for sparking an interest in reading among the young at a time when children were thought to be abandoning books for computers and television , although it is reported that despite the huge uptake of the books , adolescent reading has continued to decline .
= = = Harry Potter films = = =
In October 1998 , Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven @-@ figure sum . A film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was released on 16 November 2001 , and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets on 15 November 2002 . Both films were directed by Chris Columbus . The film version of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released on 4 June 2004 , directed by Alfonso Cuarón . The fourth film , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , was directed by Mike Newell , and released on 18 November 2005 . The film of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was released on 11 July 2007 . David Yates directed , and Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay , having taken over the position from Steve Kloves . Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince was released on 15 July 2009 . David Yates directed again , and Kloves returned to write the script . Warner Bros. filmed the final instalment of the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , in two segments , with part one being released on 19 November 2010 and part two being released on 15 July 2011 . Yates directed both films .
Warner Bros. took considerable notice of Rowling 's desires and thoughts when drafting her contract . One of her principal stipulations was the films be shot in Britain with an all @-@ British cast , which has been generally adhered to . Rowling also demanded that Coca @-@ Cola , the victor in the race to tie in their products to the film series , donate US $ 18 million to the American charity Reading is Fundamental , as well as several community charity programs .
The first four , sixth and seventh films were scripted by Steve Kloves ; Rowling assisted him in the writing process , ensuring that his scripts did not contradict future books in the series . She told Alan Rickman ( Severus Snape ) and Robbie Coltrane ( Hagrid ) certain secrets about their characters before they were revealed in the books . Daniel Radcliffe ( Harry Potter ) asked her if Harry died at any point in the series ; Rowling answered him by saying , " You have a death scene " , thereby not explicitly answering the question . Director Steven Spielberg was approached to direct the first film , but dropped out . The press has repeatedly claimed that Rowling played a role in his departure , but Rowling stated that she had no say in who directed the films and would not have vetoed Spielberg . Rowling 's first choice for the director had been Monty Python member Terry Gilliam , but Warner Bros. wanted a family @-@ friendly film and chose Columbus .
Rowling had gained some creative control on the films , reviewing all the scripts as well as acting as a producer on the final two @-@ part instalment , Deathly Hallows .
Rowling , producers David Heyman and David Barron , along with directors David Yates , Mike Newell and Alfonso Cuarón collected the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema at the 2011 British Academy Film Awards in honour of the Harry Potter film franchise .
In September 2013 , Warner Bros. announced an " expanded creative partnership " with Rowling , based on a planned series of films about Newt Scamander , author of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them . The first film will be scripted by Rowling , and be set roughly 70 years before the events of the main series . In 2014 , it was announced that the series would consist of three films .
= = = Financial success = = =
In 2004 , Forbes named Rowling as the first person to become a U.S.-dollar billionaire by writing books , the second @-@ richest female entertainer and the 1,062nd richest person in the world . Rowling disputed the calculations and said she had plenty of money , but was not a billionaire . The 2008 Sunday Times Rich List named Rowling the 144th richest person in Britain . In 2012 , Forbes removed Rowling from their rich list , claiming that her US $ 160 million in charitable donations and the high tax rate in the UK meant she was no longer a billionaire . In February 2013 she was assessed as the 13th most powerful woman in the United Kingdom by Woman 's Hour on BBC Radio 4 .
In 2001 , Rowling purchased a 19th @-@ century estate house , Killiechassie House , on the banks of the River Tay , near Aberfeldy , in Perth and Kinross . Rowling also owns a £ 4 @.@ 5 million Georgian house in Kensington , West London , on a street with 24 @-@ hour security .
= = = Remarriage and family = = =
On 26 December 2001 , Rowling married Neil Michael Murray ( born 30 June 1971 ) , an anaesthetist , in a private ceremony at her home , Killiechassie House , near Aberfeldy . Their son , David Gordon Rowling Murray , was born on 24 March 2003 . Shortly after Rowling began writing Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince , she ceased working on the novel to care for David in his early infancy .
Rowling is a friend of Sarah Brown , wife of former prime minister Gordon Brown , whom she met when they collaborated on a charitable project . When Sarah Brown 's son Fraser was born in 2003 , Rowling was one of the first to visit her in hospital . Rowling 's youngest child , daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray , to whom she dedicated Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince , was born on 23 January 2005 .
In October 2012 , a New Yorker magazine article stated that the Rowling family lived in a seventeenth @-@ century Edinburgh house , concealed at the front by tall conifer hedges . Prior to October 2012 , Rowling lived near the author Ian Rankin , who later said she was quiet and introspective , and that she seemed in her element with children . As of June 2014 , the family resides in Scotland .
= = = The Casual Vacancy = = =
In July 2011 , Rowling parted company with her agent , Christopher Little , moving to a new agency founded by one of his staff , Neil Blair . On 23 February 2012 , Rowling 's new agency , the Blair Partnership , announced on its website that Rowling was set to publish a new book targeted at adults . In a press release , Rowling said that her new book would be quite different from Harry Potter . In April 2012 , Little , Brown and Company announced that the book was entitled The Casual Vacancy and would be released on 27 September 2012 . Rowling gave several interviews and made appearances to promote The Casual Vacancy , including at the London Southbank Centre , the Cheltenham Literature Festival , Charlie Rose and the Lennoxlove Book Festival . In its first three weeks of release , The Casual Vacancy sold over 1 million copies worldwide .
On 3 December 2012 , it was announced that the BBC would be adapting The Casual Vacancy into a television drama miniseries . Rowling 's agent , Neil Blair acted as producer , through his independent production company and with Rick Senat serving as executive producer . Rowling collaborated on the adaptation , serving as an executive producer for the series . The series aired in three parts from 15 February to 1 March 2015 .
= = = Cormoran Strike = = =
Over the years , Rowling often spoke of writing a crime novel . In 2007 , during the Edinburgh Book Festival , author Ian Rankin claimed that his wife spotted Rowling " scribbling away " at a detective novel in a café . Rankin later retracted the story , claiming it was a joke , but the rumour persisted , with a report in 2012 in The Guardian speculating that Rowling 's next book would be a crime novel . In an interview with Stephen Fry in 2005 , Rowling claimed that she would much prefer to write any subsequent books under a pseudonym , but she conceded to Jeremy Paxman in 2003 that if she did , the press would probably " find out in seconds " .
In April 2013 , Little Brown published The Cuckoo 's Calling , the purported début novel of author Robert Galbraith , who the publisher described as " a former plainclothes Royal Military Police investigator who had left in 2003 to work in the civilian security industry " . The novel , a detective story in which private investigator Cormoran Strike unravels the supposed suicide of a supermodel , sold 1500 copies in hardback ( although the matter was not resolved as of 21 July 2013 ; later reports stated that this number is the number of copies that were printed for the first run , while the sales total was closer to 500 ) and received acclaim from other crime writers and critics — a Publishers Weekly review called the book a " stellar debut " , while the Library Journal 's mystery section pronounced the novel " the debut of the month " .
India Knight , a novelist and columnist for the Sunday Times , tweeted on 9 July 2013 that she had been reading The Cuckoo 's Calling and thought it was good for a début novel . In response , a tweeter called Jude Callegari said that the author was Rowling . Knight queried this but got no further reply . Knight notified Richard Brooks , arts editor of the Sunday Times , who began his own investigation . After discovering that Rowling and Galbraith had the same agent and editor , he sent the books for linguistic analysis which found similarities , and subsequently contacted Rowling 's agent who confirmed it was Rowling 's pseudonym . Within days of Rowling being revealed as the author , sales of the book rose by 4000 percent , and Little Brown printed another 140 @,@ 000 copies to meet the increase in demand . As of 18 June 2013 , a signed copy of the first edition sold for US $ 4 @,@ 453 ( £ 2 @,@ 950 ) , while an unsold signed first @-@ edition copy was being offered for $ 6 @,@ 188 ( £ 3 @,@ 950 ) .
Rowling said that she had enjoyed working under a pseudonym . On her Robert Galbraith website , Rowling explained that she took the name from one of her personal heroes , Robert Kennedy , and a childhood fantasy name she had invented for herself , Ella Galbraith .
Soon after the revelation , Brooks pondered whether Jude Callegari could have been Rowling as part of wider speculation that the entire affair had been a publicity stunt . Some also noted that many of the writers who had initially praised the book , such as Alex Gray or Val McDermid , were within Rowling 's circle of acquaintances ; both vociferously denied any foreknowledge of Rowling 's authorship . Judith " Jude " Callegari was the best friend of the wife of Chris Gossage , a partner within Russells Solicitors , Rowling 's legal representatives . Rowling released a statement saying she was disappointed and angry ; Russells apologised for the leak , confirming it was not part of a marketing stunt and that " the disclosure was made in confidence to someone he [ Gossage ] trusted implicitly " . Russells made a donation to the Soldiers ' Charity on Rowling 's behalf and reimbursed her for her legal fees . On 26 November 2013 the Solicitors Regulation Authority ( SRA ) issued Gossage a written rebuke and £ 1000 fine for breaching privacy rules .
On 17 February 2014 , Rowling announced that the second Cormoran Strike novel , named The Silkworm , would be released in June 2014 . It sees Strike investigating the disappearance of a writer hated by many of his old friends for insulting them in his new novel .
In 2015 , Rowling stated on Galbraith 's website that the third Cormoran Strike novel would include " an insane amount of planning , the most I have done for any book I have written so far . I have colour @-@ coded spreadsheets so I can keep a track of where I am going . " On 24 April 2015 , Rowling announced that work on the third book was completed . Titled Career of Evil , it was released on 20 October 2015 in the United States , and on 22 October 2015 in the United Kingdom .
= = = Subsequent Harry Potter publications = = =
Rowling has said it is unlikely she will write any more books in the Harry Potter series . In October 2007 she stated that her future work was unlikely to be in the fantasy genre . On 1 October 2010 , in an interview with Oprah Winfrey , Rowling stated a new book on the saga might happen .
In 2007 , Rowling stated that she planned to write an encyclopaedia of Harry Potter 's wizarding world consisting of various unpublished material and notes . Any profits from such a book would be given to charity . During a news conference at Hollywood 's Kodak Theatre in 2007 , Rowling , when asked how the encyclopaedia was coming along , said , " It 's not coming along , and I haven 't started writing it . I never said it was the next thing I 'd do . " At the end of 2007 , Rowling said that the encyclopaedia could take up to ten years to complete .
In June 2011 , Rowling announced that future Harry Potter projects , and all electronic downloads , would be concentrated in a new website , called Pottermore . The site includes 18 @,@ 000 words of information on characters , places and objects in the Harry Potter universe .
In October 2015 , Rowling announced via Pottermore , that a two part play she has co @-@ authored with playwrights Jack Thorne and John Tiffany , Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , was the ' eighth Harry Potter story ' and that it would focus on the life of Harry 's Potter 's youngest son Albus after the epilogue of the Deathly Hallows . On 28 October 2015 , the first round of tickets went on sale and sold out in several hours .
= = Philanthropy = =
In 2000 , Rowling established the Volant Charitable Trust , which uses its annual budget of £ 5 @.@ 1 million to combat poverty and social inequality . The fund also gives to organisations that aid children , one parent families , and multiple sclerosis research .
= = = Anti @-@ poverty and children 's welfare = = =
Rowling , once a single parent , is now president of the charity Gingerbread ( originally One Parent Families ) , having become their first Ambassador in 2000 . Rowling collaborated with Sarah Brown to write a book of children 's stories to aid One Parent Families .
In 2001 , the UK anti @-@ poverty fundraiser Comic Relief asked three best @-@ selling British authors – cookery writer and TV presenter Delia Smith , Bridget Jones creator Helen Fielding , and Rowling – to submit booklets related to their most famous works for publication . Rowling 's two booklets , Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages , are ostensibly facsimiles of books found in the Hogwarts library . Since going on sale in March 2001 , the books have raised £ 15 @.@ 7 million for the fund . The £ 10 @.@ 8 million they have raised outside the UK have been channelled into a newly created International Fund for Children and Young People in Crisis . In 2002 Rowling contributed a foreword to Magic , an anthology of fiction published by Bloomsbury Publishing , helping to raise money for the National Council for One Parent Families .
In 2005 , Rowling and MEP Emma Nicholson founded the Children 's High Level Group ( now Lumos ) . In January 2006 , Rowling went to Bucharest to highlight the use of caged beds in mental institutions for children . To further support the CHLG , Rowling auctioned one of seven handwritten and illustrated copies of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , a series of fairy tales referred to in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . The book was purchased for £ 1 @.@ 95 million by on @-@ line bookseller Amazon.com on 13 December 2007 , becoming the most expensive modern book ever sold at auction . Rowling gave away the remaining six copies to those who have a close connection with the Harry Potter books . In 2008 , Rowling agreed to publish the book with the proceeds going to Lumos . On 1 June 2010 ( International Children 's Day ) , Lumos launched an annual initiative – Light a Birthday Candle for Lumos . In November 2013 , Rowling handed over all earnings from the sale of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , totalling nearly £ 19 million .
In July 2012 , Rowling was featured at the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in London where she read a few lines from J.M. Barrie 's Peter Pan as part of a tribute to Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children . An inflatable representation of Lord Voldemort and other children 's literary characters accompanied her reading .
= = = Multiple sclerosis = = =
Rowling has contributed money and support for research and treatment of multiple sclerosis , from which her mother suffered before her death in 1990 . In 2006 , Rowling contributed a substantial sum toward the creation of a new Centre for Regenerative Medicine at Edinburgh University , later named the Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic . In 2010 she donated a further £ 10 million to the centre . For reasons unknown , Scotland , Rowling 's country of adoption , has the highest rate of multiple sclerosis in the world . In 2003 , Rowling took part in a campaign to establish a national standard of care for MS sufferers . In April 2009 , she announced that she was withdrawing her support for Multiple Sclerosis Society Scotland , citing her inability to resolve an ongoing feud between the organisation 's northern and southern branches that had sapped morale and led to several resignations .
= = = Other philanthropic work = = =
In May 2008 , bookseller Waterstones asked Rowling and 12 other writers ( Sebastian Faulks , Doris Lessing , Lisa Appignanesi , Margaret Atwood , Lauren Child , Richard Ford , Neil Gaiman , Nick Hornby , Michael Rosen , Axel Scheffler , Tom Stoppard and Irvine Welsh ) to compose a short piece of their own choosing on a single A5 card , which would then be sold at auction in aid of the charities Dyslexia Action and English PEN . Rowling 's contribution was an 800 @-@ word Harry Potter prequel that concerns Harry 's father , James Potter , and godfather , Sirius Black , and takes place three years before Harry was born . The cards were collated and sold for charity in book form in August 2008 .
On 1 and 2 August 2006 , she read alongside Stephen King and John Irving at Radio City Music Hall in New York City . Profits from the event were donated to the Haven Foundation , a charity that aids artists and performers left uninsurable and unable to work , and the medical NGO Médecins Sans Frontières . In May 2007 , Rowling pledged a donation reported as over £ 250 @,@ 000 to a reward fund started by the tabloid News of the World for the safe return of a young British girl , Madeleine McCann , who disappeared in Portugal . Rowling , along with Nelson Mandela , Al Gore , and Alan Greenspan , wrote an introduction to a collection of Gordon Brown 's speeches , the proceeds of which were donated to the Jennifer Brown Research Laboratory . After her exposure as the true author of The Cuckoo 's Calling led a massive increase in sales , Rowling announced she would donate all her royalties to the Army Benevolent Fund , claiming she had always intended to , but never expected the book to be a bestseller .
Rowling is a supporter of The Shannon Trust , which runs the Toe by Toe Reading Plan and the Shannon Reading Plan in prisons across Britain , helping and giving tutoring to prisoners who cannot read .
= = Influences = =
Rowling has named communist and civil rights activist Jessica Mitford as her " most influential writer " saying , " Jessica Mitford has been my heroine since I was 14 years old , when I overheard my formidable great @-@ aunt discussing how Mitford had run away at the age of 19 to fight with the Reds in the Spanish Civil War " , and claims what inspired her about Mitford was that she was " incurably and instinctively rebellious , brave , adventurous , funny and irreverent , she liked nothing better than a good fight , preferably against a pompous and hypocritical target " . Rowling has described Jane Austen as her favourite author , calling Emma her favourite book in O magazine . As a child , Rowling has said her early influences included The Lion , The Witch and The Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis , The Little White Horse by Elizabeth Goudge , and Manxmouse by Paul Gallico .
= = Views = =
= = = Politics = = =
In September 2008 , on the eve of the Labour Party Conference , Rowling announced that she had donated £ 1 million to the Labour Party , and publicly endorsed Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown over Conservative challenger David Cameron , praising Labour 's policies on child poverty . Rowling is a close friend of Sarah Brown , wife of Gordon Brown , whom she met when they collaborated on a charitable project for One Parent Families .
Rowling discussed the 2008 United States presidential election with the Spanish @-@ language newspaper El País in February 2008 , stating that the election would have a profound effect on the rest of the world . She also said that Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton would be " extraordinary " in the White House . In the same interview , Rowling identified Robert F. Kennedy as her hero .
In April 2010 , Rowling published an article in The Times , in which she criticised Cameron 's plan to encourage married couples to stay together by offering them a £ 150 annual tax credit : " Nobody who has ever experienced the reality of poverty could say ' it 's not the money , it 's the message ' . When your flat has been broken into , and you cannot afford a locksmith , it is the money . When you are two pence short of a tin of baked beans , and your child is hungry , it is the money . When you find yourself contemplating shoplifting to get nappies , it is the money . "
As a resident of Scotland , Rowling was eligible to vote in the 2014 referendum on Scottish independence , and campaigned for the " No " vote . She donated £ 1 million to the Better Together anti @-@ independence campaign ( run by her former neighbour Alistair Darling ) , the largest donation it had received at the time . In a blog post , Rowling explained that an open letter from Scottish medical professionals raised problems with First Minister Alex Salmond 's plans for a common research funding . Rowling compared some Scottish Nationalists with the Death Eaters , characters from Harry Potter who are scornful of those without pure blood .
On 22 October 2015 a letter was published in The Guardian signed by Rowling ( along with over 150 other figures from arts and politics ) opposing the cultural boycott of Israel , and announcing the creation of a network for dialogue , called Culture for Coexistence . Rowling later explained her position in more detail , saying that although she opposed most of Benjamin Netanyahu 's actions she did not think the cultural boycott would bring about the removal of Israel 's leader or help improve the situation in Israel and Palestine .
= = = Religion = = =
Over the years , some religious people , particularly Christians , have decried Rowling 's books for supposedly promoting witchcraft . Rowling identifies as a Christian , and attended a Church of Scotland congregation while writing Harry Potter . Her eldest daughter , Jessica , was baptised there . She once said , " I believe in God , not magic . " Early on she felt that if readers knew of her Christian beliefs they would be able to predict her plot line .
In 2007 , Rowling described having been brought up in the Church of England . She said she was the only one in her family who regularly went to church . As a student she became annoyed at the " smugness of religious people " and worshipped less often . Later , she started to attend again at a church in Edinburgh .
In a 2006 interview with Tatler magazine , Rowling noted that , " like Graham Greene , my faith is sometimes about if my faith will return . It 's important to me . " She has said that she has struggled with doubt , that she believes in an afterlife , and that her faith plays a part in her books . In a 2012 radio interview , she said that she was a member of the Scottish Episcopal Church , a province of the Anglican Communion .
= = = Press = = =
Rowling has had a difficult relationship with the press . She admits to being " thin @-@ skinned " and dislikes the fickle nature of reporting . Rowling disputes her reputation as a recluse who hates to be interviewed .
By 2011 , Rowling had taken more than 50 actions against the press . In 2001 , the Press Complaints Commission upheld a complaint by Rowling over a series of unauthorised photographs of her with her daughter on the beach in Mauritius published in OK ! Magazine . In 2007 , Rowling 's young son , David , assisted by Rowling and her husband , lost a court fight to ban publication of a photograph of him . The photo , taken by a photographer using a long @-@ range lens , was subsequently published in a Sunday Express article featuring Rowling 's family life and motherhood . The judgement was overturned in David 's favour in May 2008 .
Rowling particularly dislikes the British tabloid the Daily Mail , which has conducted interviews with her estranged ex @-@ husband . As one journalist noted , " Harry 's Uncle Vernon is a grotesque philistine of violent tendencies and remarkably little brain . It is not difficult to guess which newspaper Rowling gives him to read [ in Goblet of Fire ] . " As of January 2014 , she was seeking damages from the Mail for libel over an article about her time as a single mother . Some have speculated that Rowling 's fraught relationship with the press was the inspiration behind the character Rita Skeeter , a gossipy celebrity journalist who first appears in Goblet of Fire , but Rowling noted in 2000 that the character predates her rise to fame .
In September 2011 , Rowling was named a " core participant " in the Leveson Inquiry into the culture , practices and ethics of the British press
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, as one of dozens of celebrities who may have been the victim of phone hacking . On 24 November 2011 , Rowling gave evidence before the inquiry ; although she was not suspected to have been the victim of phone hacking , her testimony included accounts of photographers camping on her doorstep , her fiancé being duped into giving his home address to a journalist masquerading as a tax official , her chasing a journalist a week after giving birth , a journalist leaving a note inside her then @-@ five @-@ year @-@ old daughter 's schoolbag , and an attempt by the Sun to " blackmail " her into a photo opportunity in exchange for the return of a stolen manuscript . Rowling claimed she had to leave her former home in Merchiston because of press intrusion . In November 2012 , Rowling wrote an article for The Guardian in reaction to David Cameron 's decision not to implement the full recommendations of the Leveson inquiry , saying she felt " duped and angry " .
In 2014 , Rowling reaffirmed her support for " Hacked Off " and its campaign towards press self @-@ regulation by co @-@ signing with other British celebrities a declaration to " [ safeguard ] the press from political interference while also giving vital protection to the vulnerable . "
= = Legal disputes = =
Rowling , her publishers , and Time Warner , the owner of the rights to the Harry Potter films , have taken numerous legal actions to protect their copyright . The worldwide popularity of the Harry Potter series has led to the appearance of a number of locally produced , unauthorised sequels and other derivative works , sparking efforts to ban or contain them .
Another area of legal dispute involves a series of injunctions obtained by Rowling and her publishers to prohibit anyone from reading her books before their official release date . The injunction drew fire from civil liberties and free speech campaigners and sparked debates over the " right to read " .
= = Awards and honours = =
Rowling has received honorary degrees from St Andrews University , the University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh Napier University , the University of Exeter , the University of Aberdeen and Harvard University , for whom she spoke at the 2008 commencement ceremony . In 2009 Rowling was made a Chevalier de la Légion d 'honneur by French President Nicolas Sarkozy .
Other awards include :
1997 : Nestlé Smarties Book Prize , Gold Award for Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone
1998 : Nestlé Smarties Book Prize , Gold Award for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
1998 : British Children 's Book of the Year , winner Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone
1999 : Nestlé Smarties Book Prize , Gold Award for Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
1999 : National Book Awards Children 's Book of the Year , winner Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
1999 : Whitbread Children 's Book of the Year , winner Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
2000 : British Book Awards , Author of the Year
2000 : Officer of the Order of the British Empire , for services to Children 's literature
2000 : Locus Award , winner Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
2001 : Hugo Award for Best Novel , winner Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
2003 : Premio Príncipe de Asturias , Concord
2003 : Bram Stoker Award for Best Work for Young Readers , winner Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
2006 : British Book of the Year , winner for Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince
2007 : Blue Peter Badge , Gold
2007 : Named Barbara Walters ' Most Fascinating Person of the year
2008 : British Book Awards , Outstanding Achievement
2010 : Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award , inaugural award winner
2011 : British Academy Film Awards , Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema for the Harry Potter film series , shared with David Heyman , cast and crew
2012 : Freedom of the City of London
= = Publications = =
= = = Children = = =
= = = = Harry Potter series = = = =
Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 26 June 1997 )
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2 July 1998 )
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 8 July 1999 )
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 8 July 2000 )
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 21 June 2003 )
Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince ( 16 July 2005 )
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows ( 21 July 2007 )
= = = = Related works = = = =
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( supplement to the Harry Potter series ) ( 1 March 2001 )
Quidditch Through the Ages ( supplement to the Harry Potter series ) ( 1 March 2001 )
The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( supplement to the Harry Potter series ) ( 4 December 2008 )
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ( story concept ) ( play written by Jack Thorne ) ( 31 July 2016 )
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( film script ) ( 19 November 2016 )
= = = = Short stories = = = =
Harry Potter prequel ( July 2008 )
= = = Adults = = =
The Casual Vacancy ( 27 September 2012 )
= = = = Cormoran Strike series = = = =
The Cuckoo 's Calling ( as Robert Galbraith ) ( 18 April 2013 )
The Silkworm ( as Robert Galbraith ) ( 19 June 2014 )
Career of Evil ( as Robert Galbraith ) ( 20 October 2015 )
= = = Other = = =
= = = = Non @-@ fiction = = = =
McNeil , Gil and Brown , Sarah , editors ( 2002 ) . Foreword to the anthology Magic . Bloomsbury .
Brown , Gordon ( 2006 ) . Introduction to " Ending Child Poverty " in Moving Britain Forward . Selected Speeches 1997 – 2006 . Bloomsbury .
Sussman , Peter Y. , editor ( 26 July 2006 ) . " The First It Girl : J. K. Rowling reviews Decca : the Letters by Jessica Mitford " . The Daily Telegraph .
Anelli , Melissa ( 2008 ) . Foreword to Harry , A History . Pocket Books .
Rowling , J. K. ( 5 June 2008 ) . " The Fringe Benefits of Failure , and the Importance of Imagination " . Harvard Magazine .
J. K. Rowling , Very Good Lives : The Fringe Benefits of Failure and Importance of Imagination , illustrated by Joel Holland , Sphere , 14 April 2015 , 80 pages ( ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 4087 @-@ 0678 @-@ 7 ) .
Rowling , J. K. ( 30 April 2009 ) . " Gordon Brown – The 2009 Time 100 " . Time magazine .
Rowling , J. K. ( 14 April 2010 ) . " The Single Mother 's Manifesto " . The Times .
Rowling , J. K. ( 30 November 2012 ) . " I feel duped and angry at David Cameron 's reaction to Leveson " . The Guardian .
Rowling , J. K. ( 17 December 2014 ) . Isn ’ t it time we left orphanages to fairytales ? The Guardian .
Rowling , J. K. ( guest editor ) ( 28 April 2014 ) . " Woman 's Hour Takeover " . Woman 's Hour , BBC Radio 4 .
= Dookie =
Dookie is the third studio album by the American punk rock band Green Day , released on February 1 , 1994 , through Reprise Records . It was the band 's first collaboration with producer Rob Cavallo and its major record label debut . Dookie became a worldwide commercial success , peaking at No. 2 on the US Billboard 200 and charting in seven countries . The album helped propel Green Day , and even punk rock music into mainstream popularity . Dookie was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America for the shipment of 10 million copies .
Dookie produced five hit singles for the band : " Longview " , " When I Come Around " , " Basket Case " , a re @-@ recorded version of " Welcome to Paradise " and the radio @-@ only single " She " . The album has garnered considerable acclaim , from its release to present day , winning a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in 1995 and being ranked No. 193 on Rolling Stone 's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . As of 2014 , Dookie is the band 's best @-@ selling album with more than 20 million copies sold worldwide .
= = Background and recording = =
Following the underground success of the band 's second studio album Kerplunk ( 1992 ) , a number of major record labels became interested in Green Day . Representatives of these labels attempted to entice the band to sign by inviting them for meals to discuss a deal , with one manager even inviting the group to Disneyland . The band declined these advances until meeting producer and Reprise representative Rob Cavallo . They were impressed by his work with fellow Californian band The Muffs , and later remarked that Cavallo " was the only person we could really talk to and connect with " .
Eventually , the band left their independent record label Lookout ! Records on friendly terms , and signed to Reprise . Signing to a major label caused many of the band 's original fans from the independent music club 924 Gilman Street to regard Green Day as sell @-@ outs . The club has banned Green Day from entering since the major label signing . Reflecting back on the period , lead vocalist Billie Joe Armstrong told Spin magazine in 1999 , " I couldn 't go back to the punk scene , whether we were the biggest success in the world or the biggest failure [ ... ] The only thing I could do was get on my bike and go forward . "
Cavallo was chosen as the main producer of the album , with Jerry Finn as the mixer . Green Day originally gave the first demo tape to Cavallo , and after listening to it during the car ride home he sensed that " [ he ] had stumbled on something big . " The band 's recording session lasted three weeks and the album was remixed twice . Armstrong claimed that the band wanted to create a dry sound , " similar to the Sex Pistols ' album or first Black Sabbath albums . " The band felt the original mix to be unsatisfactory . Cavallo agreed , and it was remixed at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley , California . Armstrong later said of their studio experience , " Everything was already written , all we had to do was play it . "
= = Writing and composition = =
Much of the album 's content was written by Armstrong , except " Emenius Sleepus " written by bassist Mike Dirnt , and the hidden track , " All by Myself " , which was composed and written by drummer Tré Cool . The album touched upon various experiences of the band members and included subjects like anxiety and panic attacks , masturbation , sexual orientation , boredom , mass murder , divorce , and ex @-@ girlfriends .
The single " Longview " had a signature bass line that bassist Dirnt wrote while under the influence of LSD . He originally forgot much of it , but the remembered portions were included in the song . Armstrong stated that the song was mainly about boredom , masturbation , and smoking cannabis , as evident in some of the lyrics ( " When masturbation 's lost its fun / You 're fucking lonely " , inaccurately quoted as " You 're fucking breaking " in the liner notes ) .
" Welcome to Paradise " , the second single from Dookie , was originally on the band 's second studio album , Kerplunk . The song was re @-@ recorded with a less grainy sound for Dookie . The song never had an official music video ; however , a certain live performance of the song is often associated as a music video . The video is located on Green Day 's official website .
The hit single " Basket Case " , which appeared on many singles charts worldwide , was also inspired by Armstrong 's personal experiences . The song deals with Armstrong 's anxiety attacks and feelings of " going crazy " prior to being diagnosed with a panic disorder . In the third verse , " Basket Case " references soliciting a male prostitute ; Armstrong noted that " I wanted to challenge myself and whoever the listener might be . It 's also looking at the world and saying , ' It 's not as black and white as you think . This isn 't your grandfather 's prostitute – or maybe it was . ' " The music video was filmed in an abandoned mental institution . This is one of the band 's most popular songs .
The radio @-@ only single , " She " , was written by Armstrong about a former girlfriend who showed him a feminist poem with an identical title . In return , Armstrong wrote the lyrics of " She " and showed them to her . She later moved to Ecuador , prompting Armstrong to put " She " on the album . The same ex @-@ girlfriend is also the topic of the songs " Sassafras Roots " and " Chump " .
The final single , " When I Come Around " , was again inspired by a woman , though this time being about Armstrong 's wife , then former girlfriend , Adrienne . Following a dispute between the couple , Armstrong left Adrienne to spend some time alone . The video featured the three band members walking around Berkeley and San Francisco at night , eventually ending up back at the original location . Future member of Green Day , Jason White , made a cameo in the video with his then @-@ girlfriend . Although not as popular as " Basket Case " , the song was actually more successful in the U.S. being the band 's first top ten single at number 6 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and staying number 1 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart for 7 weeks or 2 weeks longer than " Basket Case " , it also hit number 2 on both the Mainstream Rock Tracks and the Mainstream Top 40 charts .
The song " Coming Clean " deals with Armstrong 's coming to terms with his bisexuality when he was 16 and 17 years old . In his interview with The Advocate magazine , he states that although he has never had a relationship with a man , his sexuality has been " something that comes up as a struggle in me " .
Billie Joe Armstrong wrote the song " In the End " about his mother and her husband . He is quoted saying : " That song is about my mother 's husband , it 's not really about a girl , or like anyone directly related to me in a relationship . In the End 's about my mother . "
Armstrong also wrote the song " Having a Blast " when he was in Cleveland in 1992 .
= = Packaging = =
The name of the album is a reference to the band members often suffering from diarrhea , which they referred to as " liquid dookie " , as a result of eating spoiled food while on tour . Initially the band was to name the album Liquid Dookie ; however , this was deemed " too gross " , and so they settled on the name Dookie .
Its album artwork caused controversy , which depicts bombs being dropped on people and buildings . In the center , there is an explosion , with the band 's name at the top . Armstrong has since explained the meaning of the artwork :
The back cover on early prints of the CD featured a plush toy of Ernie from Sesame Street , which was airbrushed out of later prints for fear of litigation ; however , Canadian and European prints still feature Ernie on the back cover . Some rumors suggest that it was removed because it led parents to think that Dookie was a child 's lullaby album or that the creators of Sesame Street had sued Green Day .
= = Release = =
Dookie was released on February 1 , 1994 . Upon its release , the album charted in seven countries . It peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 in the United States , and was a success in several other countries , peaking as high as number one in New Zealand ; the lowest peak in any country was in the United Kingdom at number 13 . While all the singles from the album charted in a few countries , the hit single " Basket Case " entered the top 10 in the United Kingdom and Sweden . Later in 1995 , the album received a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album , with " Longview " and " Basket Case " each being nominated for a Grammy .
Throughout the 1990s , Dookie continued to sell well , eventually receiving diamond certification in 1999 ; by 2013 , Dookie had sold over 20 million copies worldwide and remains the band 's best @-@ selling album .
= = Reception = =
Dookie was released to critical acclaim . Bill Lamb at About.com regards it as an album that only gets better with time , calling it " one of the landmark albums of the 1990s " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described Dookie as " a stellar piece of modern punk that many tried to emulate but nobody bettered " . In 1994 , Time claimed Dookie as the third best album of the year , and the best rock album of 1994 . Jon Pareles from The New York Times , in early 1995 , described the sound of Dookie as , " Punk turns into pop in fast , funny , catchy , high @-@ powered songs about whining and channel @-@ surfing ; apathy has rarely sounded so passionate . " Rolling Stone 's Paul Evans described Green Day as " convincing mainly because they 've got punk 's snotty anti @-@ values down cold : blame , self @-@ pity , arrogant self @-@ hatred ,
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humor , narcissism , fun " .
Neil Strauss of The New York Times , while complimentary on the album 's overall quality , noted that Dookie 's pop sound only remotely resembled punk music . The band did not respond initially to these comments , but later claimed that they were " just trying to be themselves " and that " it 's our band , we can do whatever we want " . Dirnt claimed that the follow @-@ up album , Insomniac , one of the band 's hardest albums lyrically and musically , was the band releasing their anger at all the criticism from critics and former fans .
Along with The Offspring 's Smash , Dookie has been credited for helping bring punk rock back into mainstream music culture . Thomas Nassiff at Fuse cited it as the most important pop punk album .
In April 2014 , Rolling Stone placed the album at No. 1 on its " 1994 : The 40 Best Records From Mainstream Alternative 's Greatest Year " list . A month later , Loudwire placed Dookie at No. 1 on its " 10 Best Hard Rock Albums of 1994 " list . Guitar World ranked Dookie at number thirteen in their list " Superunknown : 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994 " .
= = = Accolades = = =
Since its release , Dookie has been featured heavily in various " must have " lists compiled by the music media . Some of the more prominent of these lists to feature Dookie are shown below ; this information is adapted from Acclaimed Music .
= = Live performances = =
Immediately following the release of Dookie , the band embarked on an international tour , beginning in the United States , for which they used a bookmobile belonging to Tré Cool 's father to travel between shows . An audience of millions saw Green Day 's performance at Woodstock ' 94 on Pay @-@ per @-@ view , helping the band attract more fans . This event was the location of the infamous mud " fight " between the band and the crowd , which continued beyond the end of Green Day 's set . During the fight , Dirnt was mistaken for a fan by a security guard , who tackled him and then threw him against a monitor , causing him to injure his arm and break two of his teeth .
The band also appeared at Lollapalooza and the Z100 Acoustic Christmas at Madison Square Garden , where Armstrong performed the song " She " naked . Having toured throughout the United States and Canada , the band played a few shows in Europe before beginning the recording sessions for the subsequent album , Insomniac . During the tour , Armstrong was quite homesick . His wife , Adrienne Armstrong , whom he had married shortly after the release of Dookie , was pregnant during most of the tour , and Armstrong was upset about being unable to help and care for her .
In August 2013 , Dookie was played in its entirety at the Brixton Academy in London and at Reading and Leeds Festivals as a celebration of the album 's upcoming 20th anniversary .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Billie Joe Armstrong , except where noted . All music composed by Green Day .
= = = iTunes edition = = =
= = Personnel = =
Green Day
Billie Joe Armstrong — lead vocals , guitar
Mike Dirnt — bass , backing vocals
Tré Cool — drums , guitar and lead vocals on " All by Myself "
Technical personnel
Rob Cavallo ; Green Day — producer , mixing
Jerry Finn — mixing
Neill King — engineer
Casey McCrankin — engineer
Richie Bucher — cover artist
Ken Schles – photography
Pat Hynes – booklet artwork
= = Chart positions = =
= = = Album = = =
= = = = End of decade charts = = = =
= = = Singles = = =
= Abbotsford Bridge =
Abbotsford Bridge is a steel Allan truss @-@ type bridge spanning the Murray River between Curlwaa , New South Wales , and Yelta , Victoria . It is the only remaining steel truss bridge with a lift span that crosses the Murray . It was also the second last lift span bridge to be built along the river after the Nyah Bridge opened in 1941 . It was built in 1928 by the New South Wales ( NSW ) Department of Public Works and was designed by Percy Allan .
The bridge was originally planned to carry the Mildura railway line over the Murray River and into New South Wales , though the line was never extended to the bridge . The bridge currently carries a single lane of road controlled by traffic lights . Abbotsford bridge was built largely to service significant cross @-@ border traffic relating to the fruit production industry . It was constructed over a three @-@ year period from 1925 onwards ; but was not originally planned to take so long to build , as there were delays due to problems with a contractor and industrial action .
In 1931 , there was a major accident at the bridge when a paddle steamer clipped the lift span , tearing apart the upper deck of the boat .
= = Description = =
Abbotsford Bridge is a steel Allan truss bridge that is about 240 m ( 790 ft ) in length . The bridge also contains a single lift span about 20 m ( 66 ft ) in length ; this span is still in working order . It is two lanes wide through most of its length , though the lift span is only capable of carrying a single lane . The entire bridge has been marked with a single lane and has traffic lights on both ends to control vehicular flow .
The bridge was completed in 1928 by the NSW Department of Public Works . The bridge was designed to be able to carry the loads required for a railway ; and although opened as a traffic bridge , it was intended to be converted to allow rail once the Mildura railway line was extended to the bridge . The line was never extended beyond Yelta , where the terminus remains to this day . The location of this bridge was thought of as convenient , as it provided a link to the Sturt Highway without travelling farther upstream to Mildura . It is the only remaining steel truss bridge with a lift span along the river . The bridge was built after the decline in commercial river traffic on the Murray , and was the last lift span bridge of any type to be built over the river . Due to its significance to the local area , it has been listed on the NSW State Heritage Register .
= = History = =
The nearby town of Wentworth was an important river port from which wool was shipped to the coast , and as such there was a variety of traffic in the area . In the 1890s , irrigated farming greatly expanded in Sunraysia region which is known for its fruit production , and traffic volumes increased further . It was decided to install a punt at this location ( then known as Abbot 's Ford ) .
New South Wales and Victoria had signed an agreement towards constructing bridges for railways over the Murray to serve the settlements on the northern side . In 1923 , a report was released that recommended going ahead with the building of four bridges , one of those being the future Abbotsford Bridge . It was said a bridge in this area would benefit Curlwaa , Wentworth , and a proposed irrigation scheme to the north . The cost was estimated at £ 78 @,@ 000 . It had been considered that it might be appropriate to combine these four bridges with locks , but this idea was rejected due to siting concerns .
In 1924 , residents of nearby settlements urged construction of the railway line to the proposed bridge site , but they were told this extension of the line was to be delayed . Within that year it was decided that a bridge was to be constructed due to increased traffic volume , and tenders were let for manufacture of the bridge spans , construction of abutments and piles , and transport of materials to the future construction site .
Early in 1925 , a foundation pile and some tents could be found at the site of the future bridge . Men in the region were also awaiting employment on the structure , and by the middle of the year unemployment problems were becoming a serious issue . Similarly government debt was increasing , although it was still expected the railway line to Abbotsford Bridge would be completed . In November , construction started and it was expected that the bridge would be opened around 25 September the following year .
During May 1926 , the approach road between Wentworth and the bridge was being progressively metalled , but could not be completed in its entirety until construction of the bridge itself was complete . In June , construction was halted due to contract requirements not being met .
By February the next year , construction had resumed . On 8 April 25 men working on the bridge went on strike . This was of concern due to time dependent concreting being undertaken at that time . As the construction was considered unemployment relief , the constructing authority began to look for men who would do the work in their places . By 13 April , further details had emerged ; the number of the men on strike was actually 32 , and it had been caused by the alleged wrongful dismissal of three men who had left for their lunch break early . The strike continued until at least 21 April . Work had resumed by early May , and the bridge was reported as being a little over half completed at that time .
It was reported in mid @-@ May that construction work was in progress on the last two piers of the bridge , though low river levels meant that staging could not be installed to allow further work on the bridge framework . The estimated time of completion at this point was by the end of the year . It was noted in early September that the extension of the railway from Yelta was expected to occur once the bridge was completed .
The bridge was still under construction in January 1928 , and at that time the estimated date of completion was only a month away . The bridge finally opened to traffic on 14 April . The official opening of the bridge by the NSW Governor Dudley de Chair occurred on 10 July , and was celebrated by the a cutting of the ribbon and an opening of the gates at each end of the lift span . In return he was presented with a silver cigarette case .
A major accident occurred at the bridge in August 1931 . The paddle steamer E.R.O. struck the lift span of the bridge . The span had not been raised to a high enough level , causing it to clip the top of the steamer 's funnel and rip apart the upper deck . High pressure steam was released during the accident causing some onlookers to believe the boat was on fire . It was at first thought the captain would be found amongst the wreckage of the upper deck , but he had been navigating the boat from the lower deck at that time . The captain displayed considerable skill ; he immediately realised that further raising of the span despite being given the all clear meant it was not quite high enough . And through his actions as the boat progressed downstream caught in the current , he prevented the boat becoming stuck at the bridge .
Much like in its early days , the bridge still carries much traffic related to the fruit production industry , especially during picking and harvesting seasons . Bridge lifts are timed to try and avoid traffic delays . The local community considers the bridge inadequate , and feel it now impedes commercial activity .
= Kate Beckinsale =
Kathrin Romary " Kate " Beckinsale ( born 26 July 1973 ) is an English actress . After some minor television roles , she made her film debut in Much Ado About Nothing ( 1993 ) while still a student at the University of Oxford . She then appeared in British costume dramas such as Prince of Jutland ( 1994 ) , Cold Comfort Farm ( 1995 ) , Emma ( 1996 ) , and The Golden Bowl ( 2000 ) , in addition to various stage and radio productions . She began to seek film work in the United States in the late 1990s and , after appearing in small @-@ scale dramas The Last Days of Disco ( 1998 ) and Brokedown Palace ( 1999 ) , she had a break @-@ out year in 2001 with starring roles in the war drama Pearl Harbor and the romantic comedy Serendipity . She built on this success with appearances in the Martin Scorcese 's The Aviator ( 2004 ) and the comedy Click ( 2006 ) .
Since being cast as Selene in the Underworld film series ( from 2003 to 2017 ) , Beckinsale has become known primarily for her work in action films including Van Helsing ( 2004 ) , Whiteout ( 2009 ) , Contraband ( 2012 ) , and Total Recall ( 2012 ) . She also continues to make appearances in smaller dramatic projects such as Snow Angels ( 2007 ) , Nothing but the Truth ( 2008 ) , and Everybody 's Fine ( 2009 ) . In 2016 , she won acclaim for her role in Whit Stillman 's Jane Austen comedy Love & Friendship .
= = Early life and education = =
Beckinsale was born in Chiswick , London , England . She is the only child of actor Richard Beckinsale and actress Judy Loe . Her father was of one @-@ quarter Burmese descent . She made her first television appearance at the age of four , in an episode of This is Your Life dedicated to her father . When she was five years old , her 31 @-@ year @-@ old father died suddenly of a heart attack . Beckinsale was deeply traumatised by the loss and " started expecting bad things to happen . " Her widowed mother moved in with director Roy Battersby when Beckinsale was nine and she was brought up alongside his four sons and daughter . She has a close relationship with her step @-@ father , who was a member of the Workers Revolutionary Party during her childhood . Beckinsale helped to sell The News Line , a Trotskyist newspaper , as a child and has said the household phone was tapped following Battersby 's blacklisting by the BBC . Family friends included Ken Loach and Vanessa Redgrave . Beckinsale has a paternal half @-@ sister , actress Samantha Beckinsale , but they have not had regular contact .
Beckinsale was educated at Godolphin and Latymer School , an independent school for girls in Hammersmith , West London and was involved with the Orange Tree Youth Theatre . She was a two @-@ time winner of the WH Smith Young Writers Award for both fiction and poetry . She has described herself as a " late bloomer " : " All of my friends were kissing boys and drinking cider way before me . I found it really depressing that we weren 't making camp fires and everyone was doing grown @-@ up stuff . " " I loathed being a teenager . " She had a nervous breakdown and developed anorexia at the age of 15 and underwent Freudian psychoanalysis for four years .
Beckinsale read French and Russian literature at New College , Oxford , and was later described by a contemporary , journalist Victoria Coren , as " whip @-@ clever , slightly nuts , and very charming " . She was involved with the Oxford University Dramatic Society , most notably being directed by fellow student Tom Hooper in a production of A View from the Bridge at the Oxford Playhouse . As a Modern Languages student , she was required to spend her third year abroad , and studied in Paris . She then decided to quit university to concentrate on her burgeoning acting career : " It
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York Times felt she played the role " with the perfect snippy aplomb . " The film grossed over $ 5 million at the US box office . Also in 1995 , she appeared in Haunted , a ghost story in which Derek Elley of Variety felt she " holds the screen , with both physical looks and verbal poise . " 1995 also saw Beckinsale 's first professional stage appearance as Nina in The Seagull at Theatre Royal , Bath . She became romantically involved with co @-@ star Michael Sheen after meeting during play rehearsals . " He was the young lion of the theatre . " " I was all revved up to feel very intimidated . It was my first @-@ ever play and my mother had cut out reviews of him in previous productions . And then he walked in ... It was almost like , ' God , well , I 'm finished now . That 's it , then . ' ... He 's the most outrageously talented person I 've ever met . " Irving Wardle of The Independent felt that " the casting , including Michael Sheen 's volcanic Kostya and Kate Beckinsale 's steadily freezing Nina , is mainly spot @-@ on . " In early 1996 , she starred in two further plays ; Sweetheart at the Royal Court Theatre and Clocks and Whistles at the Bush Theatre .
Beckinsale next starred in an ITV adaptation of Jane Austen 's Emma , playing Emma to Mark Strong 's Mr Knightley and Samantha Morton 's Harriet Smith . " You shouldn 't necessarily like Emma , " Beckinsale has said of her character . " You do love her , but in the way the family of a teenage girl could be exasperated by her outrageous behaviour and still love her . " The programme was aired in autumn 1996 , just months after Gwyneth Paltrow had starred in a film adaptation of the same story . Caryn James of the New York Times felt that while " Ms. Beckinsale 's Emma is plainer looking than Ms. Paltrow 's , " she is " altogether more believable and funnier . " Jonathan Brown of The Independent has described Beckinsale 's interpretation as " the most enduring modern performance " as Emma . In 1997 , Beckinsale appeared opposite Stuart Townsend in the comedy Shooting Fish , one of the most commercially successful British films of that year . " I 'd just had my wisdom teeth out , " Beckinsale later recalled of the initial audition . " I was also on very strong painkillers , so it was not the most conventional of meetings . " Elley wrote of " an incredibly laid @-@ back performance " while Thomas felt she " just glows as an aristocrat facing disaster with considerable aplomb . " She narrated Austen 's Emma for Hodder & Stoughton AudioBooks and Diana Hendry 's The Proposal for BBC Radio 4 . Also in 1997 , she played Juliet to Michael Sheen 's Romeo in a radio production of Romeo and Juliet , directed by Sheen .
= = = 1998 – 2002 : Move to Hollywood = = =
At this point in her career , Beckinsale began to seek work in the United States , something she has said wasn 't " a conscious decision ... My boyfriend was in a play on Broadway so that 's why we ended up in New York , and my auditions happened to be for American films . " She starred opposite Chloë Sevigny in 1998 's The Last Days of Disco . The Whit Stillman film focused on a group of Ivy League graduates socializing in the Manhattan disco scene of the early 1980s . Beckinsale 's attempt at an American accent was widely praised . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times felt her role as the bossy Charlotte was " beautifully played . " Todd McCarthy of Variety was unimpressed by the film but noted that " compensations include Beckinsale , looking incredible in a succession of black dresses , whose character can get on your nerves even if the actress doesn 't . " Her performance earned her a London Critics ' Circle Film Award . The film grossed $ 3 million worldwide . Also that year , she starred as Alice in a Channel 4 production of Through the Looking @-@ Glass . In 1999 , Beckinsale appeared opposite Claire Danes in Brokedown Palace , a drama about two teenage Americans forced to deal with the Thai justice system on a post @-@ graduation trip abroad . A then 26 @-@ year @-@ old Beckinsale played a teenager . Danes had hoped to become friends with Beckinsale during the shoot but found her " complicated " and " prickly . " McCarthy said the leads " confirm their status as two of the young actresses on the scene today most worth watching , " finding Beckinsale " very effective at getting across layered character traits and emotions . " " Danes and Beckinsale are exceptionally talented young actresses , " said Thomas , but " unfortunately , the script 's seriously underdeveloped context defeats their considerable efforts at every turn . " Stephen Holden of The New York Times felt that Beckinsale 's character " never comes into focus . " The film was a box office failure . 2000 's The Golden Bowl marked Beckinsale 's first role following the birth of her daughter . The Merchant / Ivory production was based on the novel by Henry James and also starred Uma Thurman and Jeremy Northam . Beckinsale 's partner , Michael Sheen , hit Northam on the film set after he followed Beckinsale to her trailer to scold her for forgetting a line . Holden noted that " the most satisfying of the four @-@ lead performances belong to the British cast members , Ms. Beckinsale and Mr. Northam , who are better than their American counterparts at layers of emotional concealment , " adding that each beat of Beckinsale 's performance " registers precisely . " Thomas felt her performance would take her to " a new career level . " Andrew Sarris of The New York Observer asserted that she " comes close to capturing the sublimity of Maggie , despite the obvious fact that no movie can capture the elegant copiousness of James ’ prose . " The film grossed over $ 5 million worldwide .
Beckinsale rose to fame in 2001 with a leading role in the war film Pearl Harbor as a nurse torn between two pilots , played by Ben Affleck and Josh Hartnett . She was drawn to the project by the script : " It 's so unusual these days to read a script that has those old @-@ fashioned values to it . Not morals , but movie values . It 's a big , sweeping epic .... You just never get the chance to do that . " Director Michael Bay initially had doubts about casting the actress : " I wasn 't sure about her at first ... she wore black leather trousers in her screen test and I thought she was a little nasty ... it was easy to think of this woman as a slut . " He eventually decided to hire her because she wasn 't " too beautiful . Women feel disturbed when they see someone ’ s too pretty . " He asked her to lose weight during filming . In a 2004 interview , the actress noted that his comments were " upsetting " and said she wore leather trousers because " it was snowing out . It wasn 't exactly like I had my nipple rings in . " She felt grateful that she had not had to deal with such criticism at a younger age : " If I had come on to a movie set at [ a younger ] age and someone had said , ' You 're a bit funny @-@ looking , can you go on a diet ? ' — I might have jumped off a building . I just didn 't have the confidence to put that into perspective at the time . " However , speaking in 2011 , she said she was " very fond " of Bay . Pearl Harbor received negative reviews . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly praised " the avid eyed , ruby lipped Kate Beckinsale , the rare actress whose intelligence gives her a sensual bloom ; she 's like Parker Posey without irony . " A. O. Scott of the New York Times noted that " Mr. Affleck and Ms. Beckinsale do what they can with their lines , and glow with the satiny shine of real movie stars . " However , Mike Clark of USA Today felt that the " usually appealing Kate Beckinsale " is " inexplicably submerged — like her hospital colleagues — under heaps of tarty makeup that even actresses of the era didn 't wear . " The film was a commercial success , grossing $ 449 million worldwide .
Beckinsale 's second film appearance of 2001 was in the romantic comedy Serendipity as the love interest of John Cusack . It was filmed directly after Pearl Harbor and Beckinsale found it " a real relief to return to something slightly more familiar . " Turan praised the " appealing and believable " leads , adding that Beckinsale " reinforces the strong impression she made in Cold Comfort Farm , The Golden Bowl , and The Last Days of Disco " after " recovering nicely " from her appearance in the much @-@ maligned Pearl Harbor . Claudia Puig of USA Today felt that " Beckinsale 's talents haven 't been mined as effectively in any other film since Cold Comfort Farm . " McCarthy found her " energetic and appealing " while Elvis Mitchell of the New York Times described her as " luminous but determined . " In an uncomplimentary review of the film , Ebert described her as " a good actress , but not good enough to play this dumb . " The film has grossed over $ 77 million at the worldwide box office . In 2002 Beckinsale starred in Lisa Cholodenko 's Laurel Canyon as a strait @-@ laced academic who finds herself increasingly attracted to her free @-@ spirited future mother @-@ in @-@ law . The independent film was another opportunity for Beckinsale to work with Christian Bale , her Prince of Jutland co ‑ star . She found their sex scene awkward because she knew Bale well : " If it was a stranger , it would have been easier . " While Frances McDormand 's performance as Bale 's mother was widely praised , Beckinsale received negative reviews . Holden found the film " superbly acted , with the exception of Ms. Beckinsale , whose tense , colourless Alex conveys no inner life . " Schwarzbaum was unimpressed by the " tedious " characters and criticized " the fussy performances of Bale and Beckinsale " in particular . The film has grossed over $ 4 million worldwide .
= = = 2003 – 2006 : Action roles = = =
Beckinsale became known as an action star following an appearance as a vampire in 2003 's Underworld . It was markedly different from her previous work and Beckinsale has said she was grateful for the change of pace after appearing in " a bunch of period stuff and then a bunch of romantic comedies . " " It was quite a challenge for me to play an action heroine and pull off all that training when [ in real life ] I can ’ t catch a ball if it ’ s coming my way . " The film received negative to mixed reviews but was a surprise box @-@ office hit and has gained a cult following . Also that year , she starred in the little seen Tiptoes with Gary Oldman and Matthew McConaughey . In 2004 Beckinsale starred in the action horror film Van Helsing . She was " so surprised " to be appearing in her second action film in two years . " It just seemed like a very good role . " Beckinsale had just separated from her long @-@ term boyfriend Michael Sheen at the time of filming and appreciated the warm atmosphere created on set by director Stephen Sommers and co ‑ star Hugh Jackman : " I really did find that working with people like Stephen and Hugh made it possible to get through what I was going through . " The film grossed over $ 120 million at the U.S. box office and over $ 300 million worldwide , but it was not well @-@ reviewed . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle described her as " a pretty actress doing her best to maintain dignity , vainly trying to craft a feminist statement from a filmmaker 's whimsy " while Rex Reed of The New York Observer felt she was " desperately in need of a new agent . "
Also in 2004 , Beckinsale portrayed Ava Gardner in Martin Scorsese 's Howard Hughes biopic The Aviator . Scorsese decided to cast Beckinsale because , " I ’ ve always liked her . I ’ ve seen all her work , and I was glad that she agreed to audition . " Beckinsale 's performance received mixed reviews . Ken Tucker of New York Magazine said she played the part " in full va @-@ va @-@ voom blossom " while LaSalle felt that she manages " to convince us that Ava was one of the great broads of all time . " However , Clark described it as " the one performance that doesn 't come off ( though Beckinsale has the requisite beauty ) " while Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian stated that " Gardner 's rich , voluptuous sexiness is completely absent as Beckinsale sleepwalks through the role as if she was advertising perfume . " The film grossed over $ 213 million worldwide . In 2006 , Beckinsale reprised her role as Selene in the successful vampire sequel Underworld : Evolution , directed by her husband . It was the first time she had " been involved with a movie from the moment it ’ s a germ of an idea right through the whole editing process . " Her daughter had a small role as the younger Selene . The film was a box office success , grossing $ 111 million worldwide . Beckinsale 's second film appearance of 2006 was opposite Adam Sandler and Christopher Walken in Click , a comedy about an overworked family man who discovers a magical remote control that allows him to control time . The opportunity to play a mother " was one of the things that was attractive to me " about the part . It was highly profitable , grossing $ 237 million worldwide from a production budget of $ 82 @.@ 5 million .
= = = 2007 – 2008 : Focus on small @-@ scale drama = = =
Beckinsale then made a return to smaller @-@ scale projects : " My experience is that I sort of stepped away from the independent movies and did a couple of big movies . But that 's not necessarily how it 's perceived by everybody else , which I do understand . " " I enjoy an action movie as much as the next person [ but ] it ’ s not something that I would like to do solely . " She explained that she had originally decided to appear in Underworld because she felt typecast in classical roles — it was " assumed that I use a chamber pot and wear bloomers " — but that her action career " kind of took off a little too much . " In 2007 , Beckinsale starred opposite Sam Rockwell in the independent drama Snow Angels , based on the novel by Stewart O 'Nan . The harrowing film , in which she played an overwhelmed single mother , put Beckinsale " in kind of a tough place . " " I did have my kid , my husband and , in fact , my ex was around a lot , so it was very nice to come home to my people whom I love . " Puig felt " Beckinsale gives her best performance in years " while Richard Corliss of Time described it as " her sharpest work yet . " However , Scott felt that " her skill and discipline cannot overcome the sense that she is an exotic species transplanted into this grim ecosystem . Hard as she works to convince us otherwise , it ’ s a stretch to believe that a woman with the kind of poised confidence in her own beauty she manifests would wind up with an underachieving mouth breather like Glenn . " The film grossed just $ 414 @,@ 404 worldwide . Also in 2007 , Beckinsale appeared alongside Luke Wilson in Vacancy , a thriller set in an isolated motel . Sarah Jessica Parker was originally cast in the part , but dropped out before filming began . Bradshaw felt that " Wilson and Beckinsale have the chops for scary movies " while Gleiberman noted that " Luke Wilson , with his hangdog defensive mopiness , and Kate Beckinsale , all sexy severity , are ideally matched as a couple who hate each other . " However , Manohla Dargis of the New York Times was unimpressed , referring to Beckinsale as " the reigning queen of the bland B 's . " The film was profitable , grossing $ 35 million worldwide from a production budget of $ 19 million .
In 2008 , Beckinsale appeared in Winged Creatures , a film about how six different witnesses cope with the aftermath of a shooting . Beckinsale played a waitressing single mother in an ensemble cast which included Dakota Fanning , Jennifer Hudson , and Forest Whitaker . " It was a really , really nice experience but it was quick , " said Beckinsale of the filming process . " I just felt a bit like I was shot through a cannon . " Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times felt she played the role " with a white trash verve " and found that her character 's " raw ache for that someone with money and respectability is palpable . " However , Dargis felt that Beckinsale and her cast mates have a " tough time filling out characters that are at best abstractions of grief and often just clichés . " The film received a very limited theatrical release in New York and Los Angeles ; it was released simultaneously on DVD . Also in 2008 , Beckinsale starred in Nothing but the Truth as a journalist who refuses to reveal her source . The film , co ‑ starring Vera Farmiga and Matt Dillon , was inspired by the case of Judith Miller . As part of her research for the role , " I spent some time at The L.A. Times with some female reporters , and I spoke to Judith Miller about her experience .... I really researched the hell out of that one and it was an amazingly fulfilling , brilliant experience . " Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post asserted that Beckinsale and Farmiga played " two of the most fascinating female movie characters to hit screens in a long while , and they 've been brought to life by two gifted actresses , each working at the top of her game . " Beckinsale received a Critic 's Choice Award nomination for her performance . The film never received a full theatrical release after the distributor filed for bankruptcy and the film has grossed just $ 186 @,@ 702 worldwide . " I have prayed — prayed — for film companies to go bankrupt on films I 've made , and then this happens on the one I love , " said Beckinsale . " Usually it 's the ones you 're most embarrassed about that are on the side of every bus . "
= = = 2009 – 2015 : Career downturn = = =
In 2009 , Beckinsale starred in the comic @-@ book adaption Whiteout as a U.S. Marshal tasked with investigating a murder in Antarctica . It was filmed in Manitoba , Canada . She found the action scenes less physically demanding than those in Underworld because " three pairs of trousers and a parka gives you a bit more protection than the latex suit . " The film was critically panned and a box office failure , failing to recoup its budget . She also made a brief cameo in the prequel Underworld : Rise of the Lycans ; she appeared in flashforwards composed of footage from 2003 's Underworld . Also in 2009 , Beckinsale starred in the family drama Everybody 's Fine alongside Robert De Niro , Drew Barrymore , and Rockwell , her Snow Angels co @-@ star . Beckinsale was excited by the opportunity to work with De Niro , whom she had first encountered " years and years ago when I just had Lily and he was putting together a reading of The Good Shepherd . " . Everybody 's Fine was a box office flop , failing to recoup its production budget . In May 2010 , Beckinsale sat on the nine @-@ member 2010 Cannes Film Festival jury , chaired by director Tim Burton . Unable to find a script she felt passionate about , Beckinsale kept a low profile in 2010 and 2011 , opting to spend time with her daughter .
Beckinsale returned to acting in 2012 with appearances in three action films . Beckinsale first appeared in the action thriller Contraband . She had a supporting role as the wife of Mark Wahlberg 's character , a former criminal who gets forced back into a life of crime after his family members are threatened . The film was directed by Baltasar Kormákur , who also starred in the Icelandic language version of the film , Reykjavík @-@ Rotterdam . The San Francisco Chronicle felt Beckinsale was " stuck in a bit of a thankless role as the victimised wife , but she does try to infuse a harder edge to the character . " The Hollywood Reporter stated that " Beckinsale , her innate classiness calibrated down a few notches , has little to do but be supportive , worried and , eventually , besieged . " Entertainment Weekly felt that the " woman @-@ in @-@ peril stuff is second @-@ rate , giving off a whiff of exploitation " while Variety found the repeated violence towards Beckinsale 's character disturbing . The film had a production budget of $ 25 million and has grossed over $ 96 million worldwide . Beckinsale next reprised her role as Selene in the fourth installment of the vampire franchise Underworld : Awakening . The franchise was initially conceived of as a trilogy and Beckinsale was not " intending to do another one " but was convinced by the quality of the script . The Hollywood Reporter noted that " when she ’ s not actually fighting , her performance consists of little more than striding purposefully toward or away from the camera . " The Los Angeles Times remarked that she " finally manages to perfect the monotone delivery she 'd been honing for the series ' first two entries . " The film had a production budget of $ 70 million and has grossed over $ 160 million worldwide . With adjustments for inflation , Underworld : Awakening is the lowest grossing Beckinsale @-@ led film in the franchise .
Also in 2012 , Beckinsale appeared as the villainess in the sci @-@ fi action remake Total Recall , directed by her husband Len Wiseman . She has said that Wiseman joined the project because he was unable to receive studio financing for an original sci @-@ fi idea : " You ’ re constantly finding yourself having to defend doing a remake when you didn ’ t really want to make one in the first place . " The film received mainly negative reviews . Variety found her performance " one @-@ note " while The Hollywood Reporter described her as " one @-@ dimensional . " USA Today remarked that she " spends much of the movie strutting down hallways and looking relentlessly , though blandly , nasty . " The New York Post asserted that Beckinsale " vastly overstays her welcome . " The film has grossed $ 198 million from a production budget of over $ 200 million .
In 2014 , Beckinsale starred in the legal thriller The Trials of Cate McCall opposite Nick Nolte and James Cromwell . The film received negative reviews and was released as a Lifetime movie . She next appeared in Stonehearst Asylum , a psychological thriller loosely based on Edgar Allan Poe 's short story . Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times said Beckinsale was " emoting as if an Oscar nomination depended on it " while Dennis Harvey of Variety found her performance " overwrought . " Also in 2014 , she provided the voice for Queen Ayrenn , a character in the The Elder Scrolls Online video game . In 2015 , she starred in the psychological thriller The Face of an Angel alongside Daniel Brühl . The film , directed by Michael Winterbottom , was inspired by the case of Meredith Kercher . Jesse Hassenger of The A.V. Club felt her " charismatic " performance was wasted . Also that year , she starred alongside Simon Pegg in the poorly reviewed Monty Python comedy Absolutely Anything . Tom Huddleston of Time Out said her character " is never really developed — which is perhaps a blessing , because her cut @-@ glass @-@ posh performance is almost as grating as Pegg ’ s . "
= = = 2016 : Love and Friendship and screenwriting = = =
Beckinsale will star in three 2016 films . In the romantic comedy Love & Friendship , which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2016 , she reunited with her Last Days of Disco collaborators Stillman and Sevigny . Justin Chang of Variety described the role as " one of the most satisfying screen roles of her career .... Beckinsale magnetizes the screen in a way that naturally underscores how far ahead of everyone else she is : an effect that doesn ’ t always work to the movie ’ s advantage . " Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter remarked , " There aren ’ t great depths to the role , but Beckinsale excels with the long speeches and in defining her character as a very self @-@ aware egoist . " She will also appear in the horror film The Disappointments Room and the action movie Underworld : Blood Wars .
She is currently writing an adapted screenplay of the book The Chocolate Money , with screenwriter and childhood friend Emma Forrest .
= = Modeling career = =
Beckinsale has worked occasionally as a model . In 1997 , she appeared in the music video for George Michael 's Waltz Away Dreaming . She starred opposite Orlando Bloom in a 2002 Gap television advert directed by Cameron Crowe . She appeared in a Diet Coke television advert in 2004 , directed by Michael Gondry . She advertised Absolut Vodka in a 2009 print campaign photographed by Ellen von Unwerth . She has also promoted Lux shampoo in a Japanese television advert .
= = Personal life = =
= = = Relationships = = =
Beckinsale had an eight @-@ year relationship with actor Michael Sheen from 1995 until 2003 . They met when cast in a touring production of The Seagull in early 1995 and moved in together shortly afterwards . In 1997 , they appeared in a radio production of Romeo and Juliet . Their daughter , Lily , was born in London in 1999 . The actress has said she was " embarrassed " that Sheen never proposed , but felt as though she were married . Their relationship ended in early 2003 , after the filming of Underworld . Beckinsale and Sheen remain close friends . She remarked in 2016 : " He 's really dear , close family . He 's somebody I 've known since I was 21 years old . I really love him a lot . "
Beckinsale was married to director Len Wiseman for eleven years . They met on the set of 2003 's Under
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world . Beckinsale persuaded Wiseman to cast Sheen in the film , but , while on set , she and Wiseman fell in love . All parties , aside from Wiseman 's then @-@ wife , have maintained that there was no infidelity . They married on 9 May 2004 in Bel @-@ Air , California and announced their divorce in November 2015 .
= = = Legal actions = = =
In July 2003 , the Press Complaints Commission dismissed a complaint filed by Beckinsale . Beckinsale had claimed that the Daily Mail invaded her and her daughter 's privacy by publishing photographs of the actress embracing and kissing her then new boyfriend Len Wiseman . The article was headlined " Mummy 's latest love scene leaves Lily unimpressed " and included a picture in which her four @-@ year @-@ old daughter appeared to be ignoring her mother 's romantic actions . The Commission found that " the photographs had been taken in a public place and did not reveal any private details about Lily — such as her health or schooling — but were restricted to general observations about her apparent reaction to her surroundings . " In August 2003 , Beckinsale received a published apology from the Daily Mail after the newspaper reported that she had " spent time in a clinic " following her split from boyfriend Michael Sheen . The apology was issued after the actress filed a complaint with the Press Complaints Commission . In 2009 Beckinsale was awarded £ 20 @,@ 000 in damages by the British High Court after taking legal action against Express Newspapers . The Daily Express had falsely reported that the actress was " facing heartbreak " after missing out on a part in a remake of Barbarella .
= = = Charity work = = =
The British Heart Foundation has been Beckinsale 's charity of choice " ever since [ she ] was six years old . " She has also donated film memorabilia to the Epidermolysis Bullosa Medical Research Foundation , MediCinema , Habitat For Humanity and the Entertainment Industry Foundation . In 2008 she hosted the 4th Annual Pink Party to raise funds for the Women ’ s Cancer Research Institute at Cedars @-@ Sinai Medical Center and organised a screening of All About Eve for FilmAid International . In 2012 Beckinsale joined Nestlé 's Share the Joy of Reading Program to raise awareness about the importance of children 's literacy .
= = Performances = =
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= = Awards and nominations = =
= New Zealand Division =
The New Zealand Division was an infantry division of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force raised for service in the First World War . It was formed in Egypt in early 1916 when the New Zealand and Australian Division was renamed after the detachment of its Australian personnel left the New Zealand Infantry Brigade , together with reinforcements from New Zealand , as the basis of the division . It was commanded by Major General Andrew Hamilton Russell for the duration of the war .
The division saw service on the Western Front in France and Belgium , fighting in major battles at the Somme , Messines and Broodseinde Ridge throughout 1916 and 1917 . All were notable successes for the New Zealanders but the division suffered a serious defeat at Passchendaele on 12 October 1917 , its most costly day of the war .
In early 1918 , the division helped blunt the German Spring Offensive at the Somme , before the Allies went on the offensive in August . During the Hundred Days ' Offensive that followed , it was one of the lead divisions of the Third Army and advanced 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) in 75 days . The division 's last major engagement of the war was at Le Quesnoy in early November 1918 . During the latter stages of the war , the New Zealand Division was one of the strongest divisions of the Dominion serving on the Western Front . After the armistice , it served on occupation duties in Germany before being disbanded in 1919 .
= = Background = =
Following the outbreak of the First World War , the New Zealand government authorised the formation of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( NZEF ) , under the command of Major General Alexander Godley , for service abroad . By October 1914 , there were sufficient volunteers to form two brigades , the New Zealand Infantry Brigade and the New Zealand Mounted Brigade . These two formations formed the main body of the NZEF and , together with the Australian 4th Infantry Brigade and the 1st Light Horse Brigade , were the basis of the New Zealand and Australian Division , which fought in the Gallipoli campaign against the Turks .
In December 1915 , the much depleted New Zealand and Australian Division was evacuated from Gallipoli , and was placed in reserve near the Suez Canal . Although there were concerns that the Turks might attack the canal , it was envisaged that the division would soon be called upon to serve elsewhere . Commanded by Major General Andrew Hamilton Russell , it was replenished with reinforcements from Australia and New Zealand and began a program of intensive training .
Since the deployment of the main body of the NZEF , the numbers of volunteers had steadily increased to the point that they could no longer be integrated into either of the two existing brigades . In January 1916 , the commander of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force in Egypt , Lieutenant General Sir Archibald Murray , proposed the number of available New Zealand personnel warranted the establishment of two new brigades which , together with the existing brigade , would form a New Zealand infantry division for service on the Western Front . The New Zealand government , initially concerned by the prospect of maintaining three infantry brigades , concurred after Murray reassured it that the number of personnel in Egypt were sufficient to keep the new division up to strength in the short term .
= = Formation = =
The New Zealand Division officially came into being at Moascar , Egypt , on 1 March 1916 , when the New Zealand and Australian Division was so renamed . Russell , a well regarded senior officer of the Territorial Force who had performed well during the Gallipoli Campaign , was appointed the commander of the new formation .
The former New Zealand Infantry Brigade was to be the first of three infantry brigades of the division . The 1st Brigade was commanded by Brigadier General Francis Earl Johnston , who had led the original brigade at Gallipoli . The 2nd Brigade was formed from reinforcements currently in Egypt ; this was commanded by another Gallipoli veteran , Brigadier General William Garnett Braithwaite . The third infantry brigade , known as the Rifle Brigade , was commanded by Brigadier General Harry Fulton . The division also included the Otago Mounted Rifles Regiment ; one squadron was designated as the Divisional Mounted Troops while the remaining two squadrons were integrated into a pioneer battalion alongside Māori personnel . There were also three brigades of field artillery and one of howitzers . In total , the division had some 15 @,@ 000 men in its ranks .
Along with the Australian 1st and 2nd Divisions , the New Zealand Division was to form part of I ANZAC Corps , under the command of Godley . In early March , the New Zealand Division assumed responsibility for the section of the Suez Canal guarded by the 2nd Division , which began to embark for France . After three weeks of sentry duty , the New Zealand Division returned to its Moascar base before it too was shipped to France in early April .
= = Western Front = =
The divisions of I ANZAC Corps , now commanded by Lieutenant General William Birdwood with Godley taking over II ANZAC Corps , were initially based in the Armentières sector where they would undergo intensive training in trench warfare on the Western Front . The Armentières front line was regarded by the Allies as a nursery sector where new units could undergo familiarisation without being called upon for intensive offensive operations .
Nevertheless , it was not an easy introduction to the front for the New Zealanders . On arriving in their sector , they found the defensive arrangements to be poor and immediately set about improving the trenches and wire emplacements . Although the bulk of the division 's personnel manned secondary defences rearward of the front line to avoid the German artillery , the forward areas had to be constantly patrolled as a deterrent to an attack and to give the impression they were fully manned . The static nature of the war meant that the Divisional Mounted Troops , intended to be used as scouts , were redundant and , along with two Light Horse squadrons from the Australian infantry divisions , were soon transferred to a new formation designated 1st ANZAC Light Horse Regiment . In July , the New Zealand Division was transferred to the newly arrived II ANZAC Corps while I ANZAC moved south to the Somme .
The New Zealanders would follow in due course but in the meantime , General Sir Douglas Haig , the commander of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , called for diversionary actions to attract the attention of the German High Command away from the Allied preparations for the forthcoming offensive on the Somme . To achieve this , the New Zealanders mounted several trench raids . By the time the New Zealand Division was relieved in August , it had incurred 2 @,@ 500 casualties , including 375 dead .
= = = Battle of the Somme = = =
After a period of refit and training , in September 1916 the New Zealand Division was assigned to XV Corps which , at the time , was participating in the Somme Offensive . On 15 September , the 2nd Brigade and the Rifle Brigade , with the 1st Brigade in reserve , participated in the Battle of Flers @-@ Courcelette . The attack , as planned , was to capture a number of German @-@ held trench systems in successive advances by alternating battalions ; the first objective was the Switch trench complex , designated as the Green Line , with the next two being the Brown and Blue Lines . The Blue Line included the Flers trench network . The final objective was the Grove Alley trench complex , designated Red Line . The attack was to be preceded by a three @-@ day preparatory bombardment and the division was also to be supported by tanks , which were being used for the first time . Four tanks were assigned to the division 's sector . The advance of the New Zealanders was to be flanked by corresponding movements of the neighbouring British 41st and 47th Divisions .
At 6 : 20 am , following the creeping artillery barrage that had been laid down by the divisional guns , the 2nd Brigade 's Auckland and Otago Battalions advanced on their first objective , the Switch trench complex , and seized it within an hour . Losses were heavy on the left side of the advance ; the forward movement of the 47th Division was held up and this exposed the 2nd Otago Battalion to enfilade fire as they continued onto Switch trench . Sergeant Donald Brown won the division 's first Victoria Cross ( VC ) for his actions in dealing with machine gun posts that briefly delayed the advance .
It was planned for the 4th Battalion of the Rifle Brigade , with the benefit of tank support , to leapfrog the 2nd Brigade and move onto the next objective . However , the tanks suffered mechanical problems and failed to arrive on time . The battalion moved on regardless and secured the Brown Line by 7 : 50 am . The tanks followed on , and one was knocked out of action by artillery fire . The remaining tanks moved onto the Blue Line . The advance , now led by the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the Rifle Brigade , was beginning to slow . The preparatory bombardment had failed to clear barbed wire ahead of the Flers trench and the infantry had gone to ground to await the tanks . Arriving at 10 : 30 am , they crushed the wire and allowed the 3rd Battalion to clear the trenches of its garrison , the 5th Bavarian Regiment ; 145 were taken prisoner .
Efforts were made to consolidate the newly captured positions . The 41st Division , on the right flank , had reached its portion of the Blue Line and captured Flers but the 47th Division lagged behind . The New Zealanders remained exposed to enfilade fire along their left flank and German artillery fire also hampered attempts to shore up their positions . The 1st Battalion of the Rifle Brigade began an attack on the final objective , Red Line , at 10 : 50 am and secured a portion of the Grove Alley trenches by midday despite heavy casualties . However , the 47th Division had still not been able to secure its first objective while the 41st Division had to withdraw from Flers village . This left the New Zealanders in a salient exposed to heavy machine gun fire on both flanks . At 2 : 00 pm Germans were spotted advancing from the northeast . Captain Lindsay Inglis , the senior surviving officer in this area of Grove Alley , gave orders to strengthen the corresponding section of the line . When a platoon began moving to effect the order , this was misinterpreted as a withdrawal and the remaining elements of the battalion began to pull out to Flers village . Inglis was able to check the withdrawal , but with only 120 men , he opted to dig in where they were rather than try to reoccupy Grove Alley .
Despite several counterattacks during the afternoon , the New Zealanders managed to hold their front line , including the village of Flers , although both flanks remained exposed due to the failure of 41st and 47th Divisions to reach or hold their frontage of the Blue Line . It was a successful day for the division ; it had captured the most ground of all the divisions of XV Corps involved in the battle . It had also reached all four of its objectives although it ended the day in possession of three plus Flers itself , which was actually in 41st Division 's sector .
To strengthen the division 's positions , the 1st Brigade was brought forward into the front lines overnight . The next day , an attack was launched by the brigade 's 1st Wellington Battalion . Supported by artillery , which suppressed an attack made by the Germans minutes before the start of the battalion 's advance from Flers Village , Grove Alley was captured . That evening the weather deteriorated and over the next few days rain filled trenches and shell holes , and turned the ground to thick mud . The New Zealanders were continually harassed by German artillery and localised attacks from the spur overlooking Grove Alley . Despite the conditions , the 1st Brigade carried out operations to strengthen the division 's exposed left flank , but it remained vulnerable to enfilade fire from the German positions .
An attack had been planned for 18 September but was postponed due to the poor weather . On 25 September , the attack went ahead . It was intended to extend the front to high ground that was known as Factory Corner . The high ground was undefended , and the 1st Brigade easily captured it under the cover of a creeping barrage . Two days later , Factory Corner formed the launchpad for a further attack by the brigade and the neighbouring 55th Division on two more trenchlines , designated Gird Trench and Gird Support . This time , the attack was not as straightforward and it took an extra day before the entire objective was in New Zealand hands . On 1 October , as a preliminary to the Battle of Le Transloy , 2nd Brigade 's Otago and Canterbury battalions captured strongpoints near Eaucourt L 'Abbaye , which fell to the 47th Division two days later .
By the time of its withdrawal from the front lines on 4 October , the New Zealand Division had suffered 7 @,@ 000 casualties ( killed in action , wounded and missing ) , 1 @,@ 500 of them fatal , since 15 September . On the opening day of the battle alone , there were 2 @,@ 050 casualties from the 6 @,@ 000 men who joined the fighting .
= = = Restructuring = = =
The division , now reattached to II ANZAC Corps , moved north in mid @-@ October and replaced the 5th Australian Division at Sailly . It remained here , patrolling the sector and mounting raids , into February 1917 . The men of the division had become fatigued through their service on the Western Front . While the 2nd and Rifle Brigades soon recovered , the 1st Brigade , having many Gallipoli veterans , continued to struggle as did Johnston , its commander . Consequently , Russell sent him on leave and reorganised the brigades .
The 1st Brigade swapped its two South Island battalions ( 1st Canterbury and 1st Otago ) with the two North Island battalions ( 2nd Auckland and 2nd Wellington ) of the 2nd Brigade . This placed all the North Island battalions in the 1st Brigade while all the South Island formations were in the 2nd Brigade . The four artillery brigades were reduced to three by distributing the batteries of the fourth amongst the others , one of which came under the direct control of II ANZAC Corps .
This period also saw the formation of the 4th Brigade in England , in response to a request made by the British War Office to the New Zealand government for another infantry division . Although their numbers were insufficient for a new division , personnel from New Zealand were arriving in the various NZEF depots in Europe at a much higher rate than they were being lost from the division due to casualties and attrition . By early 1917 , there was a reserve of around 10 @,@ 000 men available with which to draw upon for the new brigade without adversely affecting the ability to replace existing troops in the field , in the short term at least . The brigade 's core units were four infantry battalions designated as the 3rd Battalions of the Auckland , Wellington , Canterbury and Otago Regiments . Newly promoted Brigadier General Herbert Ernest Hart was appointed by Godley as the brigade 's commander , and after a rigorous training programme , curtailed by orders to report to France , it embarked for the front on 29 May 1917 . With four infantry brigades , the New Zealand Division was now the strongest Dominion formation fighting in France with 20 @,@ 000 personnel . However , Russell did not like his division 's four @-@ brigade structure ( the remainder of the British and Dominion infantry divisions had three brigades ) as he continually had to fend off requests to use the extra brigade for labouring work in the corps rear area .
In the meantime , the division had been moved to Flanders in February 1917 . Initially based at Steenwerck , the following month it shifted north to the Messines area , which was south of Ypres , to relieve the 36th Division .
= = = Battle of Messines = = =
By mid @-@ 1917 , Haig was planning an offensive in the heavily defended Ypres region of Flanders . His plan involved a series of steps , the first of which was the capture of Messines Ridge by II ANZAC Corps . The New Zealand Division , already in the Messines sector , was given the task of capturing Messines Village and it began intensive training for the forthcoming battle under the close supervision of Russell . Extensive preparatory work was carried out , with transportation infrastructure laid down and ample supplies of shells brought forward for the artillery .
The plan of attack , broken into three phases , called for the 2nd and Rifle Brigades to carry out an initial advance to the trenches on the western slopes of the Messines ridge as well as the village itself . The 1st Brigade was then to take over for the second phase and advance to the eastern slope of the ridge , an objective designated the Black Line . The final phase was also to involve the 1st Brigade , which was to push the front line out 270 metres ( 300 yd ) via a series of outposts , designated the Dotted Black Line . This outpost line would serve as the starting point for the advance of the 4th Australian Division , which was to continue the attack to what was designated as the Green Line , a mile from the crest of the ridge .
Following a preparatory artillery barrage which began on 3 June , the battle commenced in the early hours of 7 June with the explosion of several mines which had been dug under the German lines . Over a million pounds of explosive were used , and the tremors were felt as far away as London . The New Zealanders were in the centre of the II ANZAC front , flanked by the British 25th Division and the 3rd Australian Division . This marked the first time the Australians and New Zealanders had fought alongside each other in a major engagement on the Western Front . The 2nd and Rifle Brigades quickly moved forward ; the surviving German soldiers encountered initially were still dazed from the detonation of the mines and were quickly subdued and made prisoners of war . They continued to advance into stiffening resistance , but these opponents , soldiers of the 40th ( Saxon ) and 3rd ( Bavarian ) Divisions , were soon dealt with and the outskirts of Messines village were within sight . The Rifle Brigade 's 3rd Battalion was attacking the village when it was slowed by two machine gun posts . Corporal Samuel Frickleton led his section on a successful foray to deal with them for which he was later awarded the VC .
As planned , the 1st Brigade reached the Black Line shortly after 5 : 00 am and began preparing for the next phase of the advance , the establishment of the Dotted Black Line . By 9 : 00 am , under the cover of a creeping artillery barrage , platoons from the brigade 's 2nd Auckland Battalion moved forward and formed a series of outposts , some of which were close to the Green Line . They were well dug in by midday , and handily placed to fend off German counterattacks . At 3 : 00 pm , the advance was continued by the 4th Australian Division , supported by the New Zealand artillery . The 1st Brigade in the meantime consolidated its positions . That evening , aware that the Germans were likely to lay down a retaliatory artillery barrage , Russell ordered that only a minimum number of troops were to remain in Messines and most personnel moved back to their original positions . The next day , the expected barrage began . The New Zealanders remained in position until 9 June , when they were relieved by the 4th Australian Division .
It was a successful operation for the division ; all objectives were achieved on schedule , with over 400 Germans , several field guns , and numerous machine guns and trench mortars being captured . Losses in the division amounted to 3 @,@ 700 casualties , most of which were actually incurred while holding the captured ground . These casualties were inflicted despite Russell 's attempts to keep the number of soldiers in the front line defences to a minimum and to rely on artillery and machine guns as his primary means for defending against counterattacks . The day after the battle , Russell was visiting the Le Moulin de l 'Hospice , captured by 1st Brigade , when an artillery barrage opened up . This killed the brigade 's commander , Brigadier General Charles Brown , the first general officer of the NZEF to be killed in action . On 12 June , the division was back manning the front lines to the southeast of Messines , mounting raids and pushing outposts forward into German territory and generally consolidating their positions . It was finally withdrawn from the sector at the end of the month for rest and recuperation .
The division returned to the area in mid @-@ July , tasked with minor operations intended to keep German attention away from the sector north of Ypres , which was to be the focus of renewed fighting as Haig continued with his planned offensive . Russell had his brigades man the division 's section in rotation ; those not in the trenches spent their time training . During this period , the New Zealanders captured the village of La Basseville but subsequently lost it to a German counterattack . At the end of the month , 2nd Wellington Battalion , 1st Brigade , retook the village with Lance @-@ Corporal Leslie Andrew playing a key role in the action ; he was later awarded the VC for his efforts . Over the following few weeks the men of the division worked to consolidate their positions in waterlogged trenches , rain having set in . Casualties were still incurred during this period including Brigadier General Johnston , killed by a sniper on 7 August while inspecting his new command , the Rifle Brigade .
= = = Ypres Offensive = = =
In September , II ANZAC Corps was detailed for the ongoing offensive in Ypres , the Battle of Passchendaele ( also known as the Third Battle of Ypres ) . Haig wanted Passchendaele Ridge in British hands by winter through a series of limited actions to be carried out across September and October . The initial role of the New Zealand Division was to launch an attack on Gravenstafel Spur , running off the Passchendaele Ridge , as part of what would become known as the Battle of Broodseinde . The attack was part of an overall strategy to capture the ridges running in front of Passchendaele , prior to an attack on the village itself .
= = = = Battle of Broodseinde = = = =
In the weeks leading up to the battle , the division repeatedly practiced the tactics it would employ in its attack on Gravenstafel Spur . When it moved into the front line , its frontage was approximately 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 2 @,@ 200 yd ) . The 4th Brigade moved into the southern portion of the line on 2 October . On its right was the 3rd Australian Division , while on its left flank was the 1st Brigade . The 48th Division ( of XVIII Corps ) was to the left of the 1st Brigade . Together with the 1st Brigade , the 4th Brigade was tasked with two objectives , the Red Line and the Blue Line . The 1st Auckland and Wellington battalions of 1st Brigade , together with the 3rd Auckland and Canterbury battalions of 4th Brigade , were to advance to and secure the Red Line , running along the crest of the ridge . The other two battalions of the respective brigades would then leapfrog their predecessors through the Red Line to take the Blue Line , at the bottom of the Belluvue Spur .
On 4 October , preceded by an artillery barrage beginning at 6 : 00 am , the division began its offensive with the infantry advancing behind a creeping barrage , which caught a mass of German troops , preparing for their own attack , out in the open . The German infantry , battered by the artillery fire , were swiftly dealt with by the advancing New Zealanders . Despite the presence of pillboxes , the Red Line was reached on schedule , with some limited mopping up operations conducted forward of the line by parties from the advancing battalions . Having moved up to the Red Line behind the attacking forces , at 8 : 10 am , the next phase of the advance began as infantry from the remaining battalions of 1st and 4th Brigades moved forward to the Blue Line . Despite some resistance from machine gun nests and pockets of infantry sheltering in shell holes , the Blue Line was reached at 9 : 30 am . Rain began to fall later that afternoon , and the ground quickly became boggy . For the next two days , under the protection of heavy artillery support , both brigades consolidated their positions and established trench lines . The Germans mounted some small @-@ scale counterattacks but these were easily dealt with . From 5 October , the rain began to set in , making movement of men and equipment to the front line difficult . On 6 October , the New Zealanders were relieved by the 49th Division .
The attack was a success with the brigades taking all their objectives on schedule . The 4th Brigade captured 700 prisoners of war , for the loss of 130 men killed , and over 600 wounded . In the 1st Brigade , 192 were killed along with 700 wounded . From its starting positions , the division made gains of around 1 @,@ 000 metres . Both Godley and Russell were pleased with the outcome and pushed for further involvement by the New Zealand Division in the ongoing offensive .
Buoyed by the success of 4 October , Haig brought forward the next phase of the offensive , the Battle of Poelcappelle , by a day , to 9 October . The British divisions of Godley 's II ANZAC Corps were to be involved in the initial attack , which was to be followed by an advance on Passchendaele by the New Zealand Division on 12 October .
= = = = First Battle of Passchendaele = = = =
Godley 's II ANZAC Corps had limited time to prepare for the Battle of Poelcappelle , which was intended to set a good base for an attack on Passchendaele itself by capturing the Belluvue Spur . Its attack proved to be a failure , with no significant advancement of the front lines made by the two British divisions involved , the 49th and 66th Divisions . Several battalions were unable to reach their starting positions by the scheduled time and , once the attack began , they were held up by the mud and German defensive positions . For the sake of a few hundred metres , there were 5 @,@ 700 casualties . Despite this , Godley , keen for Passchendaele to fall to his II ANZAC Corps , pushed ahead with the 12 October attack . Haig , misled by erroneous reports from Godley 's headquarters that the Poelcappelle attack had achieved similar gains to those made on 4 October , concurred . Once Haig discovered the error , Godley reassured him that Passchendaele could still fall to his corps . Needing to restore Haig 's faith in his leadership , Godley disregarded the warnings of his senior artillery and engineer officers that ground conditions were not favourable ; the winter rain had set in following Broodseinde and , together with the time constraints , had been a key factor in the compromised preparations for the Poelcappelle attack . The Passchendaele attack , scheduled for 12 October , would likewise be hampered by limited preparation time and boggy terrain .
The attack was to involve the New Zealand Division 's 2nd and Rifle Brigades , with 4th Brigade in reserve , attacking along Belluvue Spur and onto Goudberg Spur while the 3rd Australian Division , on the right of the New Zealanders , attempted to take Passchendaele itself . On the division 's left was the 9th ( Scottish ) Division . The plan required both New Zealand brigades to advance with a one @-@ battalion frontage , with three battalions of each brigade leapfrogging each other in sequence to capture objectives designated Red , Blue and Green lines , the last of which was Goudberg Spur .
The New Zealanders had a number of preparatory hurdles to overcome before the battle . The men of the Rifle Brigade had , for the previous few weeks , been carrying out engineering work for II ANZAC Corps and were fatigued . The ongoing rainfall affected both the roads by which the division had to move to its starting positions and the placement of the supporting artillery . The muddy ground did not provide a stable platform for the guns and howitzers . Furthermore , the artillery barrage targeting the barbed wire emplacements protecting the strongpoints on the slopes of Belluvue Spur failed to destroy them , a fact determined by scouts on 11 October . Once this information reached the brigade commanders , Braithwaite and A. E. Stewart ( who took over command of the Rifle Brigade following Young 's wounding ) , they pressed Russell for cancellation of the attack ; this was refused .
Early in the morning of 12 October , the Germans , already on the alert , bombarded the areas where the New Zealand infantry were assembling prior to commencing their advance . This , along with several rounds of New Zealander artillery that fell short , inflicted numerous casualties until the New Zealanders completed their barrage at 5 : 25 am and began moving forward . Their advance was slowed by ground conditions and machine gun fire from both their front and flanks . They stalled after reaching the wire , arranged in two belts . The following battalions began to catch up to the leading unit , the 2nd Otago Battalion , filling its depleted ranks , but were also held up by the wire .
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M.I.A. album ) =
Maya ( stylised as ΛΛ Λ Y Λ ) is the third studio album by English recording artist M.I.A. , released on 7 July 2010 on her own label , N.E.E.T. Recordings , through XL Recordings and Interscope Records . Songwriting and production for the album were primarily handled by M.I.A. , Blaqstarr and Rusko . M.I.A. ' s long @-@ time associates Diplo , Switch and her brother Sugu Arulpragasam also worked on the album , which was mainly composed and recorded at M.I.A. ' s house in Los Angeles .
The album 's tracks centre on the theme of information politics and are intended to evoke what M.I.A. called a " digital ruckus " . Elements of industrial music were incorporated into M.I.A. ' s sound for the first time . A deluxe edition was released simultaneously , featuring four bonus tracks . Critics ' opinions of the album were generally favourable although divided , with both its musical style and lyrical content each attracting praise and criticism . In its first week of release , the album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 21 , becoming her highest @-@ charting album in the UK . It also became her highest @-@ charting album in the US , reaching number nine on the Billboard 200 , and debuted in the top 10 in Finland , Norway , Greece and Canada .
M.I.A. promoted the album by releasing a series of tracks online , including " XXXO " , " It Takes a Muscle " and " Born Free " , which was accompanied by a short film @-@ music video , which generated controversy due to its graphic imagery . She also performed at music festivals in the US and Europe to coincide with the album 's release . During her promotion of the album , she became embroiled in a dispute with Lynn Hirschberg of The New York Times .
= = Composition and recording = =
English @-@ Tamil musician M.I.A. ( Mathangi " Maya " Arulpragasam ) released her second album Kala in 2007 , which achieved widespread critical acclaim , and was certified gold in the United States and silver in the United Kingdom . Six months after giving birth to her son Ikyhd in February 2009 , she began composing and recording her third studio album in a home studio section of the Los Angeles house she had bought with her partner Ben Bronfman . She used instruments such as the portable dynamic @-@ phrase synthesizer Korg Kaossilator to compose . She took the beat machine and began recording atop Mayan pyramids in Mexico . Much of the work on the album was undertaken at her house in Los Angeles , in what she called a " commune environment " , before it was completed in a rented studio in Hawaii . She collaborated with writer @-@ producer Blaqstarr because , in her opinion , " he simply makes good music " . M.I.A. ' s collaboration with Derek E. Miller of Sleigh Bells on the track " Meds and Feds " prompted her subsequent signing of the band to her label N.E.E.T. , and according to Miller , this experience gave him the confidence to record the band 's debut album Treats .
Her creative partnership with the comparatively unknown Rusko grew from a sense of frustration at what she saw as her now more mainstream associates suggesting sub @-@ standard tracks due to their busy schedules . Diplo worked on the track " Tell Me Why " , but at a studio in Santa Monica rather than at the house . He claimed in an interview that , following the break @-@ up of his personal relationship with M.I.A. some years earlier , he was not allowed to visit the house because " her boyfriend really hates me " .
Tracks for the album were whittled down from recording sessions lasting up to 30 hours . Producer Rusko , who played guitar and piano on the album , described the pair getting " carried away " in the studio , appreciating the " mad distorted and hectic " sound they were able to create . Rusko said " She 's got a kid , a little one year old baby , and we recorded his heart beat . We 'd just think of crazy ideas " . Rusko has described M.I.A. as the best artist he has ever worked with , saying that she had " been the most creative and I really had a good time making music with her " .
= = Music and lyrics = =
M.I.A. called the new project " schizophrenic " , and spoke of the Internet inspiration that could be found in the songs and the artwork . She also said that the album centred on her " not being able to leave [ Los Angeles ] for 18 months " and feeling " disconnected " . She summed up the album 's main theme as information politics . During the recording of the album , she spoke of the combined effects that news corporations and Google have on news and data collection , while stressing the need for alternative news sources that she felt her son 's generation would need to ascertain truth . Maya was made to be " so uncomfortably weird and wrong that people begin to exercise their critical @-@ thinking muscles " . M.I.A. said " You can Google ' Sri Lanka ' and it doesn 't come up that all these people have been murdered or bombed , it 's ' Come to Sri Lanka on vacation , there are beautiful beaches ' ... you 're not gonna get the truth till you hit like , page 56 , and it 's my and your responsibility to pass on the information that it 's not easy anymore " . Following these comments , M.I.A. received death threats directed at her and her son , which she also cited as an influence on the songs on the album . She summed up the album as a mixture of " babies , death , destruction and powerlessness " . The singer revealed that going into recording the album , she had still not accepted that she was a musician , saying " I 'm still in denial , listening to too much Destiny 's Child " . With Maya , she stated " I was happy being the retarded cousin of rap ... Now I 'm the retarded cousin of singing . "
M.I.A. opted to sing , as opposed to rap , on several tracks on the album , telling Rolling Stone in early 2010 that she wished to produce something different from her previous album , which had " more emphasis on production " . In a January 2010 interview with NME she spoke of being inspired by the film Food , Inc. and described the album as being about " exploring our faults and flaws " and being proud of them . The closing track , " Space " , which was reportedly recorded using an iPhone app , is a ballad which Mikael Wood , writing in Billboard , described as " dreamy " and " sound [ ing ] like a Sega Genesis practicing its pillow talk " . In contrast , Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune described " Lovalot " as sounding " like it was recorded in a dank alley , the singer 's voice reverberating amid percussion that sounds like doors creaking and rats scurrying across garbage cans " . " XXXO " draws its inspiration from M.I.A. ' s " cheesy pop side " , and is based on the theme of the creation of a sex symbol . " Teqkilla " is the only track to address her relationship with Bronfman , through a reference to Seagram , the company owned by his family . " It Takes a Muscle " is a cover version of a track originally recorded in 1982 by Dutch group Spectral Display , and is performed in a reggae style . The opening track " The Message " , featuring a male lead vocalist , parodies the words of the traditional song " Dem Bones " to link Google to " the government " . Kitty Empire wrote in The Observer that these conspiratorial government connections to Google and the thoughts of Dzhennet Abdurakhmanova , the Russian teenager who bombed Moscow 's tube system in revenge for the death of her husband , were inner @-@ world issues pondered in " Lovalot " with " a mixture of nonsense rhyme , militant posturing and pop @-@ cultural free @-@ flow ; her London glottal stop mischievously turns ' I love a lot ' into ' I love Allah ' " . Ann Powers in the Los Angeles Times said that " M.I.A. turns a call to action into a scared girl 's nervous tic . Synths click out a jittery , jagged background . The song doesn 't justify anything , but it reminds us that there is a person behind every lit fuse " . Powers also commented on how " Born Free " mixed the boasting style often found in hip hop music with lines depicting the lives of those enduring poverty and persecution . " Illygirl " , a track found only on the deluxe edition of the album , is written from the point of view of an abused but tough teenager , whom critic Robert Christgau said could be the " kid @-@ sister @-@ in @-@ metaphor " of the swaggering persona adopted by M.I.A. on the track " Steppin Up " .
Samples used on the album were taken from artists as diverse as the electronic duo Suicide and gospel choir the Alabama Sacred Harp Singers . " Internet Connection " , one of four bonus tracks on the deluxe edition of the album , was recorded in collaboration with a group of Filipino Verizon workers . M.I.A. described the sound and imagery of the album as capturing a " digital ruckus " , adding that " so many of us have become typists and voyeurs " . We need a digital moshpit like we 've never seen , harder than how people were doing it in the punk era . We need that energy , but digitally " . Julianne Escobedo Shepherd of The Fader commented on the increasingly industrial feel of the tracks made available prior to the album 's release , a style which had not previously been incorporated into her music . M.I.A. herself picked out " Steppin Up " , " Space " and " Teqkilla " as her favourite tracks on the album . She said that she contemplated using only the sound of drills as the backing for " Steppin Up " , but concluded that this was " too experimental " an approach .
= = Release and artwork = =
The album was originally set to be released on 29 June 2010 , but in May M.I.A. ' s record label announced a new release date of 13 July . In late April , the artist posted a twitpic of the track listing for the new album . She also commented that at the time she was " open to suggestions " regarding the album 's title . Two weeks later , a blog posting on her record label 's official website revealed that the album would be entitled / \ / \ / \ Y / \ , the punctuation marks spelling Maya , M.I.A. ' s own forename . The title follows on from previous albums named after her father ( 2005 's Arular ) and mother ( 2007 's Kala ) . Some reviewers used the stylised title while others did not . M.I.A. ' s official Myspace page uses both titles . The album was released in conventional physical and digital formats and as an iTunes LP .
The album 's cover features the singer 's face almost completely hidden by YouTube player bars . MTV 's Kyle Anderson described the cover , which was previewed in June 2010 , as " a typically busy , trippy , disorienting piece of art " and speculated that it might be " a statement about 21st century privacy " . Additional art direction for the album was provided by Aaron Parsons . M.I.A. used her mother 's Tamil phonebook to find a wedding photographer to provide images for the album . Photographers for the album were Ravi Thiagaraja , M.I.A. and Jamie Martinez . Elements of the artwork had previously been used in one of a series of billboard images , all designed by musicians , which were projected onto landmarks in London by a guerrilla project called BillBored during the 2010 British general election . The deluxe edition of the album features a lenticular slipcase . Music website Prefix listed it as one of the 10 worst album covers of 2010 , likening it to a " child 's first computer @-@ class @-@ assignment " .
When questioned about the difficulty of finding her album title on search engines such as Google , she noted that she chose to use forward slashes and backward slashes due to their ease at being typed and because she liked the way the album title looked on music players such as iTunes . She also suggested that it was a deliberate attempt to avoid detection by internet search engines . The Guardian 's Sian Rowe commented that M.I.A. ' s deliberate " shrinking away from a mainstream audience " by the use of difficult , unsearchable symbols was part of a growing new underground scene perhaps trying to create a " generation gap " , where only " the youngest and the most enthusiastic " would seek out such band names by reading the right online sources .
= = Promotion = =
In January 2010 , M.I.A. posted a video clip on Twitter , which featured a new song but revealed no information about it other than the heading " Theres space for ol dat I see " ( sic ) . The following day her publicist confirmed that the track was entitled " Space Odyssey " and had been produced in collaboration with Rusko to protest a travel piece about Sri Lanka printed in The New York Times . The track appears on the new album under the revised title " Space " . The same month , she filmed a short film for the song " Born Free " . At the end of April the track was released as a promotional single , and the short film accompanying the song was released . The film , directed by Romain Gavras , depicts a military unit rounding up red @-@ headed young men who are then shot or forced to run across a minefield . The film , which also features nudity and scenes of drug use , caused widespread controversy and was either removed or labelled with an age restriction on YouTube . In the weeks following the release of the film , M.I.A. was the most blogged about artist on the Internet , according to MP3 blog aggregator The Hype Machine . M.I.A. found the controversy " ridiculous " , saying that videos of real @-@ life executions had not generated as much controversy as her video . In the run @-@ up to the album 's release , " XXXO " , which Entertainment Weekly described as the " first official single " from the forthcoming album , " Steppin Up " , " Teqkilla " and " It Takes a Muscle " were released online . On 6 July 2010 she made the entire album available via her Myspace page . In December , " It Takes a Muscle " was released as a two @-@ track promotional single .
The new album was publicised during Jay @-@ Z 's performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April , when a blimp flew across the venue announcing that M.I.A. ' s new album would be released on 29 June 2010 . M.I.A. promoted the album with a series of appearances at music festivals , including the Hard festival in New York and The Big Chill in Herefordshire . Her performance at the latter was cut short due to a stage invasion by fans . She also performed at the Flow Festival in Finland , where she was joined onstage by Derek E. Miller playing guitar during her performance of " Meds and Feds " , and the LokerseFeesten in Lokeren , Flanders , Belgium , where her performance drew a crowd of 13 @,@ 500 , the biggest of the 10 @-@ day music festival . In September she announced a tour that would last until the end of the year .
M.I.A. also promoted the album with an appearance on the " Late Show with David Letterman " , during which she performed " Born Free " with Martin Rev of Suicide playing keyboards , backed by a group of dancers styled to look like M.I.A. In November 2010 she appeared on the British television show Later ... with Jools Holland , performing " Born Free " and " It Takes a Muscle " , the latter with members of The Specials . While promoting the album , M.I.A. became involved in a dispute with Lynn Hirschberg of The New York Times , who interviewed her in March 2010 and whose resulting article portrayed the singer as pretentious and attention seeking . In response , M.I.A. posted Hirschberg 's telephone number on her Twitter page and later uploaded her own audio recording of the interview , highlighting the discrepancies between what she said and what was reported . The piece was criticised for its yellow journalism by some , however M.I.A. received varying degrees of support and criticism for the ensuing fallout from the media . Benjamin Boles wrote in Now that , while Hirschberg 's piece came across as a " vicious ... character assassination " , M.I.A 's subsequent actions were " childish " and made her " the laughing stock of the internet " . The paper later printed a correction on the story , acknowledging that some quotes had been taken out of context . The incident prompted Boots Riley of the band Street Sweeper Social Club to comment on how artists had access to media that allowed writers to be held accountable and that M.I.A. ' s move was " brilliant " .
= = Critical reception = =
Maya received moderately positive reviews from critics . Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson of Entertainment Weekly called the album " surely the year 's most divisive major @-@ label release " . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 based on reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 68 based on 41 reviews , which indicates " generally favorable reviews " . Reviews of the album began to appear a month before its release after the album leaked in low quality onto the internet . Charles Aaron , writing in Spin , gave the album four and a half out of five stars , his review deeming the song " Lovalot " her " riskiest gambit yet " . Matthew Bennett of Clash gave a similar score , calling it a " towering work " . Mojo writer Roy Wilkinson called it a " startling fusillade of to @-@ the @-@ moon pop music " . Writing for the BBC Online , Matthew Bennett characterised the album as " loud , proud , and taking no prisoners " and also praised the album 's lighter tracks , such as " Teqkilla " , which he called " enjoyably demented but utterly catchy " . Rolling Stone writer Rob Sheffield said the album was M.I.A. ' s " most aggressive , confrontational and passionate yet " , praising her " voracious ear for alarms , sirens , explosions , turning every jolt into a breakbeat " and her consequent lyrics as " expansive " . Los Angeles Times writer Ann Powers commended the album as " an attempt by an artist who 's defined herself through opposition to engage with the system that she has entered , for better or worse , and to still remain recognizable to herself " characterising Maya 's foregrounded ideas as " a struggle worthy of a revolutionary " . In his consumer guide for MSN Music , critic Robert Christgau gave the album an A rating and complimented its " beats and the spunky , shape @-@ shifting , stubbornly political , nouveau riche bundle of nerves who holds them together " .
Other critics were not as complimentary towards the album . Charlotte Heathcote of British newspaper the Daily Express said that , while M.I.A. could " still lay claim to being one of our most imaginative , uncompromising artists " , there were " only glimmers of brilliance " on the album . Chicago Tribune writer Greg Kot gave the album two and a half out of four stars and expressed a mixed response towards M.I.A. ' s " [ embracing ] pop more fervently than ever . Entertainment Weekly 's Leah Greenblatt was critical of the album , stating that it sounded " murky and almost punishingly discordant , as if the album has been submerged underwater and then set upon by an arsenal of exceptionally peeved power tools " . She went on to state that nothing on the album sounded " truly vital " , or as revolutionary as M.I.A. wanted the public to believe . Stephen Troussé , writing in Uncut , described the album as " anti @-@ climactic " and " self @-@ satisfied " and said that it suffered from " diminished horizons " . Mehan Jayasuriya of PopMatters noted M.I.A. ' s " self @-@ aggrandizing " as a weakness , adding that Maya lacks " the focus and confidence of M.I.A. ' s previous albums " . Jesse Cataldo of Slant Magazine noted that the album " has the feel of a vanity project " and wrote " It may be an above @-@ average album , but its aesthetic matches her persona only at its shallowest levels , in the thinness of its ideas and the often @-@ forceful ugliness of its message " . Chris Richard of The Washington Post called it " a disorienting mix of industrial clatter and digital slush " and noted " there isn 't much to sing along to " .
= = = Accolades = = =
In December 2010 , the NME named " XXXO " and " Born Free " the number two and number 11 best tracks of the year respectively . Maya appeared in a number of magazines ' lists of the best albums of the year . The album was placed at number five on the " 2010 Pitchfork Readers Poll " list of the " Most Underrated Album " of the year . Spin placed Maya at number eight in its list of the best releases of 2010 , and Rolling Stone listed it at number 19 in its countdown .
= = Commercial performance = =
Maya debuted at number 21 on the UK Albums Chart on first @-@ week sales of 7 @,@ 138 copies , 18 places higher than the peak position achieved by Kala , immediately making it M.I.A. ' s highest @-@ charting album in the UK . The following week it dropped out of the top 40 . It also charted in a number of other European countries , reaching the top 10 in Finland , Greece and Norway . In the United States , it debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200 , nine places higher than the peak position achieved by Kala , although it sold only 28 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of release , compared with the 29 @,@ 000 which the earlier album sold in the same period . Maya fell to number 34 in its second week on the chart , selling 11 @,@ 000 copies . As of September 2013 , the album had sold 99 @,@ 000 copies in the US . The album also topped Billboard 's Dance / Electronic Albums chart and reached the top five on two of the magazine 's other charts . Maya also entered the top 10 on the Canadian Albums Chart . The single " XXXO " reached the top 40 in Spain and the UK , and " Teqkilla " reached number 93 on the Canadian Hot 100 on digital downloads alone .
= = Track listing = =
Notes
" Lovalot " incorporates elements of " I Said It " by Opal .
" It Takes a Muscle " is a cover of " It Takes a Muscle to Fall in Love " by Spectral Display .
" Born Free " contains a sample from " Ghost Rider " by Suicide .
" Tell Me Why " incorporates elements of " The Last Words of Copernicus " by the Alabama Sacred Harp Singers .
" Internet Connection " incorporates a sample from Fonejacker .
= = Personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of the deluxe edition of Maya .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
= Summertime ( Beyoncé song ) =
" Summertime " is a song by American singer Beyoncé Knowles featuring American rapper P. Diddy . " Summertime " was written by Knowles , Angela Beyincé , P. Diddy , Steven " Steven J. " Jordan , Adonis Shropshire , Varick " Smitty " Smith and Mario Winans , while production was handled by Winans and P. Diddy . The song was later remixed to feature vocals from American rapper Ghostface Killah . " Summertime " was included on the soundtrack album for the film The Fighting Temptations ( 2003 ) , in which Knowles played the lead female role . The original version of the song was released as a B @-@ side to " Crazy in Love " in the UK and Australia , while it was issued as a 12 @-@ inch vinyl single in the United States through Columbia Records .
" Summertime " is an R & B song which lyrically refers to falling in love . Music critics generally complimented Knowles ' vocals in the song and noted that it could have been included on her debut studio album , Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) . The song also charted on the US Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart in late 2003 . The original version featuring P. Diddy and the remix version featuring Ghostface Killah peaked at number thirty @-@ five and at number fifty @-@ one respectively on the chart . Both versions charted for forty consecutive weeks . " Summertime " was part of Knowles ' set list during the Dangerously in Love Tour ( 2003 ) , and the Verizon Ladies First Tour ( 2004 ) .
= = Background and composition = =
The song has two different themes . It primarily talks about the romance and later marriage between the film 's two main characters Darrin ( played by Cuba Gooding Jr . ) and Lilly ( played by Knowles ) , as well as subtly hinting at Knowles ' real @-@ life relationship with rapper Jay @-@ Z. Darrin , a shallow New York advertising executive , traveled to a small town in the deep south upon receiving word that his aunt has died and left him a sizable inheritance . Once in town , Darrin is informed that he will only receive the money if he successfully leads a local gospel group to victory at an upcoming competition . Reluctant but strapped for cash , Darrin takes on the task of finding the best singers in town and shaping the group up . Along the way , he becomes acclimated to the town with the help of his cousin Lucius ( played by Mike Epps ) and meets Lilly , a single mother who not only possesses an incredible voice but also the ability to warm Darrin 's cold heart . Although Gooding 's character , Darrin , was in love with Knowles ' character , Lilly , the latter did not always feel the same until later on in the film . Near the end of the film , he proposes to her and she accepts . They eventually get married ( offscreen ) and within eighteen months they had a baby son together , making Darrin a father and also stepfather to Lilly 's other son .
" Summertime " was the only song which appeared on the soundtrack album of The Fighting Temptations but not in the movie itself . As a whole , seven tracks featured the vocals of Knowles . The latter has a starring role in the film , along with a choir made up of gospel , R & B and hip @-@ hop recording artists . Faith Evans , Angie Stone , Melba Moore , Rev. Shirley Caesar , The O 'Jays , Montell Jordan , T @-@ Bone , and Zane are all seen on the film and perform on the soundtrack . " Summertime " was written by Knowles , Angela Beyincé , Sean Combs , Steven " Steven J. " Jordan , Adonis Shropshire , Varick " Smitty " Smith and Mario Winans while production was handled by Winans and P. Diddy . Tim Sendra of Allmusic describes " Summertime " as an R & B " sweet love song " with lush sampled strings and acoustic guitars . The lyrics of the song do not reveal the film 's plot , but they do tell that it has been a year since Darrin and Lilly met and they have gotten closer which could possibly be referring to their marriage . According to Dani Boobyer of the UK @-@ based website The Situation , its lyrics make reference to " failing in love in the summer sun . "
= = Release = =
During a string of soundtrack releases , Knowles commented on the song in an interview with Billboard and stated : " A lot of music was written especially for the film . At first I was concerned about the timing of the soundtrack , [ because ] my solo album was supposed to come out way before the movie . But then the solo album got delayed . " While later announcing the release of the soundtrack album in a press release , Knowles said : " Once you hear the song [ ' Fighting Temptation ' ] , and all the music in this film , you can 't help but fall in love with it . You 'll definitely get emotional . You might become happy or even sad , but your heart will get full . All the songs are touching and spiritual , and that 's what the movie itself is like . "
" Summertime " was issued as a 12 " vinyl single in the United States by Columbia Records on October 28 , 2003 , and was later serviced to radio by the label . The original version of the song also served as the B @-@ side to Knowles ' debut solo lead single " Crazy in Love " ( 2003 ) in the UK and Australia . " Summertime " was additionally included on Knowles ' 2005 mixtape Speak My Mind . The song was later referenced in Rochelle Alers 's short story " Summer Madness " , from the anthology Four Degrees of Heat ( 2004 – 07 ) .
= = Reception = =
In a summer issue of Vibe , the song was included on a list of the top songs for a summer playlist . Research director Laura Checkoway reviewed the remix of the track and stated : " Ghost 's game is tight . " In an Amazon.com editorial review , Tom Keogh stated that the song " proves a breezy dance number . " Tim Sendra of Allmusic wrote that " Summertime " features " a wonderful vocal from Beyoncé . " He also considered that it would have made a perfect addition to her debut solo studio album , Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) . Dani Boobyer of The Situation commented that the song is " infectious " and that it ends the soundtrack album " on a smooth , laid @-@ back high . " Both the original version featuring P. Diddy and remix version featuring Ghostface Killah charted for forty weeks on the US Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks . During the week of August 16 , 2003 the remix featuring Ghostface Killah charted and peaked at number fifty @-@ one . During the week of September 20 , 2003 the original version charted at number thirty @-@ five . The remix also charted at number eight on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart , which acts as a twenty five @-@ song extension to the Billboard Hot 100 .
= = Live performances = =
Although Knowles did not perform the song in any televised appearances , the song was a part of her set list on her tours . During the Verizon Ladies First Tour , which also featured Alicia Keys , Missy Elliott and Tamia , Knowles performed " Summertime " in New York in front of more than 20 @,@ 000 fans . Shaheem Reid of MTV News commented that Knowles " stepped in the name of love " during the breakdown of the song . Knowles also sung " Summertime " with an interpolation of R. Kelly 's " Step in the Name
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winning by nearly two seconds over silver medalist Park Tae @-@ hwan . In this race , Phelps became the fifth Olympic athlete in modern history to win nine gold medals , joining Mark Spitz , Larisa Latynina , Paavo Nurmi , and Carl Lewis .
The next day , Phelps participated in two finals . In his first event , the 200 @-@ meter butterfly , Phelps made it four gold medals and world records in four events by swimming the final in 1 : 52 @.@ 03 , defeating silver medalist László Cseh by almost seven @-@ tenths of a second despite his goggles ' having filled up with water and being unable to " see anything for the last 100 meters . This fourth gold medal was his tenth , and made him the all @-@ time leader for most Olympic gold medals won by an individual in the modern Olympic era . Moreover , Phelps became the first swimmer , male or female , to win three Olympic butterfly titles , after his two titles in the Athens 2004 Olympics . He also became the first swimmer to successfully defend an Olympic butterfly title .
Less than one hour after his gold medal victory in the 200 @-@ meter butterfly , Phelps swam the lead @-@ off leg of the 4 × 200 @-@ meter freestyle relay . With Lochte , Ricky Berens , and Peter Vanderkaay , he won his fifth gold and set his fifth world record as the American team finished first with a time of 6 : 58 @.@ 56 . The Americans were the first team to break the seven @-@ minute mark in the relay , and broke the previous record , set in Melbourne , Australia , by more than four and a half seconds .
After taking a day off from finals ( Phelps did swim in qualifying heats ) , Phelps won his sixth gold of the Beijing Games on August 15 by winning the 200 @-@ meter individual medley with a world record time of 1 : 54 @.@ 23 , finishing ahead of Cseh by over two seconds .
= = = = Seventh gold medal = = = =
Before the final of the 100 @-@ meter butterfly , US born Serbian swimmer Milorad Čavić caused a minor stir when he said it would be " good " if Phelps lost . " It 'd be good for him if he loses . It would be nice if historians talk about Michael Phelps winning seven gold medals and losing the eighth to ' some guy . ' I 'd like to be that guy " , Čavić said . Phelps responded , " When people say things like that , it fires me up more than anything . " On August 16 , Phelps won his seventh gold medal of the Games in the men 's 100 @-@ meter butterfly , setting an Olympic record for the event with a time of 50 @.@ 58 seconds and edging out his nearest competitor Čavić , by one hundredth ( 0 @.@ 01 ) of a second .
Unlike all six of his previous events in the 2008 Games , Phelps did not set a new world record , leaving intact Ian Crocker 's world @-@ record time of 50 @.@ 40 seconds , set in 2005 .
Phelps 's 0 @.@ 01 @-@ second finish ahead of Čavić prompted the Serbian delegation to file a protest . Subsequent analysis of the video by the FINA panel , which required analyzing frames shot 1 / 10,000th of a second apart , was used to officially confirm Phelps 's victory , but the images were not immediately released to the press . The initial refusal by official timekeeper Omega to release underwater photos of the finish also raised questions due to Phelps 's sponsorship relationship with Omega . Čavić later wrote in his blog , " People , this is the greatest moment of my life . If you ask me , it should be accepted and we should move on . I 've accepted defeat , and there 's nothing wrong with losing to the greatest swimmer there has ever been . "
Phelps 's seventh gold medal of the Games tied Mark Spitz 's record for gold medals won in a single Olympic Games , set in the 1972 Olympics . It was also his fifth individual gold medal in Beijing , tying the record for individual gold medals at a single Games originally set by Eric Heiden in the 1980 Winter Olympics and equaled by Vitaly Scherbo at the 1992 Summer Games . Said Phelps upon setting his seventh @-@ straight Olympic record of the Games in as many events , " Dream as big as you can dream , and anything is possible ... I am sort of in a dream world . Sometimes I have to pinch myself to make sure it is real . "
= = = = All @-@ time record = = = =
On August 17 , Phelps won his eighth gold medal in the 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay , breaking Mark Spitz 's record of seven gold medals won in a single Olympic Games , which had stood since 1972 . Phelps , along with teammates Brendan Hansen , Aaron Peirsol , and Jason Lezak , set a new world record in the event with a time of 3 minutes and 29 @.@ 34 seconds , 0 @.@ 7 seconds ahead of second @-@ place Australia and 1 @.@ 34 seconds faster than the previous record set by the United States at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens . When Phelps dived in to swim the 100 @-@ meter butterfly leg , the third leg of the 400 @-@ meter medley , the United States had been trailing Australia and Japan . Phelps completed his split in 50 @.@ 1 seconds , the fastest butterfly split ever for the event , giving teammate Jason Lezak a more than half @-@ second lead for the final leg , which he held onto to clinch the event in world record time . Said Phelps , upon completing the event that awarded him his eighth gold medal and eighth Olympic record in as many events , " Records are always made to be broken no matter what they are ... Anybody can do anything that they set their mind to . "
= = 2009 World championships = =
At the 2009 National Championships , Phelps drastically shortened his program , swimming in only three individual events . In his first event , the 200 @-@ meter freestyle , Phelps won with a time of 1 : 44 @.@ 23 . In his second event , the 200 @-@ meter butterfly , Phelps easily won with a time of 1 : 52 @.@ 76 , 0 @.@ 88 seconds ahead of the second @-@ place finisher . In his third event , the 100 @-@ meter butterfly , Phelps won with a world @-@ record time of 50 @.@ 22 .
At the 2009 World Aquatics Championships , Phelps won a total of 6 medals , 5 golds and 1 silver . In his first event , the 4 × 100 @-@ meter freestyle relay , Phelps swam the lead @-@ off leg in 47 @.@ 78 , well off his 47 @.@ 51 performance in Beijing , but the American team was able to edge out Russia and France for the gold . For his second race , the 200 @-@ meter freestyle , Phelps lost his first race in four years to Germany 's Paul Biedermann . Phelps touched second in 1 : 43 @.@ 22 , but Biedermann smashed Phelps 's record of 1 : 42 @.@ 96 set in Beijing a year ago with a time of 1 : 42 @.@ 00 . Phelps took the silver graciously , but coach Bob Bowman threatened to withdraw Phelps from international competition because Bowman claimed Biedermann had an unfair advantage because he was wearing a full polyurethane swimsuit , specifically an Arena X @-@ Glide . Bowman said , " It took me five years to get Michael from 1 : 46 to 1 : 42 and this guy has done it in 11 months . That 's an amazing training performance . I 'd like to know how to do that . " Phelps rebounded from this loss and for his third race , the 200 @-@ meter butterfly , Phelps won the gold and broke his own world record of 1 : 52 @.@ 03 with a time of 1 : 51 @.@ 51 . For his fourth race , the 4 × 200 @-@ meter freestyle relay , Phelps swam the lead @-@ off leg in 1 : 44 @.@ 49 as the team went on to win the gold medal and break the world record set the previous year . After his loss in the 200 @-@ meter freestyle , many thought Phelps was vulnerable coming into the final for the 100 @-@ meter butterfly . His closest competitor , Milorad Čavić , who wore an Arena X @-@ Glide ( the same suit Biedermann beat Phelps with ) , thought people were making excuses for Phelps because he was wearing an LZR Racer . Čavić even offered to buy Phelps a new suit . For his fifth race , the 100 @-@ meter butterfly , Phelps won the gold and became the first man to complete it in under 50 seconds , beating Čavić 49 @.@ 82 to 49 @.@ 95 . The victory prompted a fierce celebration from Phelps , who sat on the lane rope and pumped his chest and swimsuit . For his final event , the 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay , Phelps won his fifth gold medal . Phelps , along with teammates Aaron Peirsol , Eric Shanteau , and David Walters , set a new world record in the event with a time of 3 minutes and 27 @.@ 28 seconds .
= = 2010 Pan Pacific championships = =
At the 2010 National Championships , Phelps competed in five individual events . In the 200 @-@ meter freestyle , Phelps won ahead of Ryan Lochte in a time of 1 : 45 @.@ 61 . About an hour later , Phelps returned to the pool to win the 200 @-@ meter butterfly . But Phelps was not happy with his performance and called it the " worst " 200 @-@ meter butterfly of his life . In the 100 @-@ meter butterfly , Phelps won his 50th national title in 50 @.@ 65 . After the race , Phelps said he was " fairly pleased " with the result . In the 200 @-@ meter individual medley , Phelps finished second to Lochte 1 : 55 @.@ 94 to 1 : 54 @.@ 84 . It was the first time Lochte had beat Phelps in a major national meet . In the 200 @-@ meter backstroke , Phelps finished in 4th place in 1 : 56 @.@ 98 .
On the first day of competition at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships , Phelps opted out swimming in the final of the 200 @-@ meter freestyle to focus on the 200 @-@ meter butterfly . In the 200 @-@ meter butterfly , Phelps led from start to finish , coming in first with a time of 1 : 54 @.@ 11 . Although it was much slower than his 1 : 51 @.@ 51 time from the previous year , Phelps had not lost a 200 @-@ meter butterfly final since 2002 . On day two of the competition , Phelps swam in the heats of the 400 @-@ meter individual medley and contributed in the 4 × 200 @-@ meter freestyle relay . In the heats of the 400 @-@ meter individual medley , Phelps failed to make the A final , with Lochte and Tyler Clary taking the top two American positions . Phelps did not swim in the B final of the 400 @-@ meter individual medley . In the 4 × 200 @-@ meter freestyle relay , Phelps , with Peter Vanderkaay , Ricky Berens , and Lochte , finished first ahead of Japan and Australia . On day three of the competition , Phelps competed in the 100 @-@ meter butterfly and contributed in the 4 × 100 @-@ meter freestyle relay . In the 100 @-@ meter butterfly , Phelps finished first in a time of 50 @.@ 86 , a championship record . In the 4 × 100 @-@ meter freestyle relay , Phelps , with Lochte , Jason Lezak , and Nathan Adrian , finished first ahead of Australia and South Africa . As the lead @-@ off leg in the 4 × 100 @-@ meter freestyle relay , Phelps set the championship record in the 100 @-@ meter freestyle with a time of 48 @.@ 13 . In his final event , Phelps swam in the 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay with Aaron Peirsol , Mark Gangloff , and Adrian and finished first ahead of Japan and Australia .
= = 2011 World championships = =
In his first event at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai , Phelps won bronze in the 4 × 100 @-@ meter freestyle relay with Garrett Weber @-@ Gale , Jason Lezak , and Nathan Adrian . This was Phelps 's first bronze in a World Aquatics Championships . Phelps swam the lead @-@ off leg in 48 @.@ 08 , the second @-@ best lead @-@ off in the field behind James Magnussen 's 47 @.@ 49 . In his second event , the 200 @-@ meter freestyle , Phelps won silver for the second consecutive time at a World Aquatics Championships . This time he finished second to Ryan Lochte in the event with a time of 1 : 44 @.@ 79 , compared to Lochte 's time of 1 : 44 @.@ 44 . In his third final , the 200 @-@ meter butterfly , he won his first gold medal with a time of 1 : 53 @.@ 34 to become the first swimmer to win five gold medals in one discipline at the World Aquatics Championships . In his fourth event , the 200 @-@ meter individual medley , Phelps again finished second to Lochte in a personal best of 1 : 54 @.@ 16 , which was 0 @.@ 16 behind Lochte who swam a new world record . It was Phelps 's 30th medal in the World Aquatics Championships . Shortly after completing the semifinals of the 100 @-@ meter butterfly , Phelps competed in the 4 × 200 @-@ meter freestyle relay with Peter Vanderkaay , Ricky Berens , and Ryan Lochte . Phelps 's team won the gold medal in a time of 7 : 02 @.@ 67 . Phelps swam the lead @-@ off leg in 1 : 45 @.@ 53 , the third @-@ best leg in the field . In the 100 @-@ meter butterfly , Phelps won his third consecutive title ( also winning in 2007 and 2009 ) and second individual title of the meet with a time of 50 @.@ 71 . In his last event , the 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay , Phelps teamed with Nick Thoman , Mark Gangloff , and Nathan Adrian to win gold in a time of 3 : 32 @.@ 06 . Phelps 's butterfly leg of 50 @.@ 57 was by far the fastest butterfly leg in the field .
= = 2012 Summer Olympics = =
= = = Trials = = =
For the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , Phelps originally stated he would never do eight events again , and would instead try new events . Phelps said , " I keep saying I want to go down and start sprinting , but Bob [ Bowman , Phelps 's coach ] really isn 't so keen on that ... I don 't think that 's going to happen ... Over the next four years , I 'd like to try some different events , maybe not do some of the events I did here . " However , at the 2012 United States Olympic Trials , the qualifying meet for the 2012 Summer Olympics , Phelps qualified in the same eight events that he swam in Beijing in 2008 . He later dropped the 200 @-@ meter freestyle from his program , as he stated he wanted to focus on the 4 × 100 @-@ meter freestyle relay . During the trials , Phelps finished first in the 200 @-@ meter freestyle , 100 @-@ meter butterfly , 200 @-@ meter butterfly , 200 @-@ meter individual medley , and second in the 400 @-@ meter individual medley . In making his fourth Olympic team , Phelps holds the record for men for the most Olympic appearances in swimming representing the United States .
= = = London = = =
On July 28 , 2012 , Phelps placed eighth in the morning prelims for the 400 @-@ meter individual medley . Phelps , the two @-@ time defending Olympic champion , won his heat in 4 minutes , 13 @.@ 33 seconds with a time that was well off his world record of 4 : 03 @.@ 84 set four years ago in Beijing , when Phelps won a record eight gold medals . He out @-@ touched László Cseh by 0 @.@ 07 seconds in his heat to qualify last for the final , locking out Cseh . In his first finals of the Summer Olympics , Phelps placed fourth behind fellow American Ryan Lochte , Thiago Pereira of Brazil , and Kosuke Hagino of Japan in the 400 @-@ meter individual medley . It was the first time Phelps failed to medal in an Olympic event since 2000 . The next night , in his second event of the Games , he got a silver as a member of the 4 × 100 @-@ meter free relay . Phelps swam the fastest leg of the US relay team and the second @-@ fastest of anyone in the race .
On July 31 , 2012 , Phelps won a silver medal in the 200 @-@ meter butterfly behind South African Chad le Clos by 5 / 100ths of a second , and a gold medal in the 4 × 200 @-@ meter freestyle relay , thereby equaling and then surpassing Larisa Latynina to become the all @-@ time record holder for most Olympic medals won . Latynina was present at the race and asked to be the presenter of Phelps 's medal , but was told that Olympic rules would not allow it . She called Phelps deserving of the record .
On August 2 , 2012 , Phelps won his 16th Olympic gold medal when he edged out Ryan Lochte to win the 200 @-@ meter individual medley with a time of 1 : 54 @.@ 27 , and by that victory also became the first male swimmer to win the same event in three consecutive Olympics . Rebecca Soni and Phelps ( twice ) are the only swimmers to successfully defend an individual title from the 2008 Games . This win also marked Phelps 's fifth Olympic title in the individual medley , breaking the record of four shared by Hungarian Tamás Darnyi and Ukrainian Yana Klochkova .
He repeated the achievement of winning the same event at three Olympics the following evening , winning the Olympic gold medal in the 100 m butterfly , his last individual event . After two very close victories in the 100 m butterfly at the 2004 and 2008 Olympics ( by 0 @.@ 04 and 0 @.@ 01 sec , respectively ) , in this race Phelps beat Le Clos and Yevgeny Korotyshkin , who tied for silver , by 0 @.@ 23 sec .
Phelps 's final event was the 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay in which he went on to win his 18th career gold medal and his 22nd overall . By winning 4 gold and 2 silver medals , Phelps concluded the 2012 Olympics as the most successful swimmer of the meet for the third Olympics in a row . After his last event , the international swimming federation FINA honored Phelps with an award commemorating his standing as the most decorated Olympian ever .
= = 2014 Coming back from retirement = =
In April 2014 , Phelps announced he would come out of retirement , and would enter an event later that month . In May 2014 , he won the 100 @-@ meter butterfly event at the Arena Grand Prix in Charlotte , North Carolina .
= = 2015 US Nationals = =
After having been dropped from the team for the 2015 World Aquatics Championships for his DUI , Phelps competed in the US National Championships ( long course ) in San Antonio instead as his target meet of the summer . He won gold medals in the 100 meter butterfly ( 50 @.@ 45 s ) , 200 meter butterfly ( 1 : 52 @.@ 94 ) , and the 200 meter individual medley ( 1 : 54 @.@ 75 ) . In each of these events he swam the fastest time in the world for 2015 .
In December 2015 at the Winter Nationals in Federal Way , Phelps won titles in the 200 m individual medley , and the 100 m and 200 m butterfly ( long course ) , bringing his career total to 62 national titles .
= = 2016 Summer Olympics = =
= = = Trials = = =
At the US trials for the 2016 Summer Olympics , Phelps won the 200 m butterfly ( 1 : 54 @.@ 84 ) , the 200 m individual medley ( 1 : 55 @.@ 91 ) , and the 100 m butterfly ( 51 @.@ 00 s ) events . This made him the first American male swimmer , and the second American swimmer overall after Dara Torres , to qualify for a fifth Olympics .
= = Testing for performance @-@ enhancing drugs = =
During the 2008 Olympics , Phelps was questioned by the press as to whether perhaps his feats were " too good to be true " , a reference to unsupported rumors that Phelps might be taking performance @-@ enhancing drugs . In response , Phelps noted that he had signed up for Project Believe , a project by the United States Anti @-@ Doping Agency in which U.S. Olympians can volunteer to be tested in excess of the World Anti @-@ Doping Agency guidelines . During the Games , Phelps passed all nine tests that were administered to him .
= = Bob Bowman = =
Phelps has trained under Bob Bowman since he was 11 years old . Bowman swam for Florida State University from 1983 to 1985 . Phelps has said Bowman reminded him of a drill sergeant because of his disciplined and regimented ways . However , Phelps has said , " Training with Bob is the smartest thing I 've ever done ... I 'm not going to swim for anyone else . " After the 2004 Summer Olympics , Bowman was hired as the head coach for the University of Michigan after Jon Urbanchek retired . Phelps joined Bowman at Michigan to train and attended classes , but did not pursue a degree . Phelps served as a volunteer assistant coach at Michigan . After the 2008 Summer Olympics , Bowman returned to Baltimore as CEO at the North Baltimore Aquatic Club . Phelps also returned to Baltimore with Bowman .
= = Personal life = =
Bob Bowman described Phelps as " a solitary man " with a " rigid focus " at the pool prior to a race , but afterward " a man incredibly invested in the success of the people he cares about " . " He 's unbelievably kind @-@ hearted " , recounting Phelps 's interaction with young children after practices . In February 2015 , Phelps announced he was engaged to model Nicole Johnson . They had met in 2009 and temporarily broke up in 2012 . Their son , Boomer Robert Phelps was born on May 5 , 2016 .
= = = Controversies = = =
In November 2004 , at the age of 19 , Phelps was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol in Salisbury , Maryland . He pleaded guilty to driving while
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impaired , and was sentenced to serve 18 months ' probation , fined $ 250 , ordered to speak to high school students about drinking and driving and to attend a Mothers Against Drunk Driving ( MADD ) meeting . Asked about the incident later by Matt Lauer on the Today Show , Phelps said that he had " let a lot of people in the country down . "
In February 2009 , publication of a photograph of Phelps using a water pipe , a device used for smoking , resulted in the loss of the Kellogg Company as a sponsor , as well as a three @-@ month suspension by USA Swimming . Phelps admitted that the photo , taken at a party at the University of South Carolina , was authentic . He publicly apologized , saying his behavior was " inappropriate " .
In September 2014 , he was arrested again , on driving under the influence of alcohol and speeding charges in Baltimore , Maryland . As a result , USA Swimming suspended him from all competitions for six months , and stated he would not be chosen to represent the United States at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships in August .
= = = Ian Thorpe = = =
Phelps idolized Australian swimmer Ian Thorpe as a teenager , modelling his public image after him . Thorpe initially said it was highly unlikely for Phelps to win eight gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . Phelps used the remarks as motivation , taping them to his locker during the Games . Thorpe was in the stands for the 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay , where Phelps was swimming for his eighth Olympic title . When Phelps and his teammates captured the gold , Thorpe gave a congratulatory kiss to Phelps 's mother , then gave a handshake and a hug to congratulate Phelps . Thorpe afterwards said " I 'm really proud of him not just because he won eight golds . Rather , it 's how much he has grown up and matured into a great human being . Never in my life have I been so happy to have been proved wrong . "
= = = Philanthropy = = =
After the 2008 Olympics , Phelps used his $ 1 million Speedo bonus to set up the Michael Phelps Foundation . His foundation focuses on growing the sport of swimming and promoting healthier lifestyles .
In 2010 , the Michael Phelps Foundation , the Michael Phelps Swim School and KidsHealth.org developed and nationally piloted the " im " program for Boys & Girls Club members . The im program teaches children the importance of being active and healthy , with a focus on the sport of swimming . It also promotes the value of planning and goal @-@ setting. im is offered through the Boys & Girls Clubs of America and through Special Olympics International . The Foundation has since developed two other programs , Level Field Fund @-@ Swimming and Caps @-@ for @-@ a @-@ Cause .
The Foundation 's largest event is its annual fundraiser , the Michael Phelps Foundation Golf Classic . Phelps stated he hopes to work with his Foundation more after he retires from competition following the 2012 Summer Olympics in London .
= = Honors and awards = =
Phelps was a USA Olympic team member in 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 , and holds the records for most Olympic gold medals ( 18 ) , most such medals in individual events ( 11 ) , and most such medals at a single games ( 8 , in Beijing 2008 ) . A street in his hometown of Baltimore was renamed The Michael Phelps Way in 2004 . On April 9 , 2009 , Phelps was invited to appear before the Maryland House of Delegates and the Maryland Senate , to be honored for his Olympic accomplishments .
Phelps has also received the following awards :
Swimming World Magazine World Swimmer of the Year Award : 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012
Swimming World Magazine American Swimmer of the Year Award : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012
FINA swimmer of the year ( since 2010 ) : 2012
Golden Goggle Male Performance of the Year ( since 2004 ) : 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009
Golden Goggle Relay Performance of the Year ( since 2004 ) : 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009
Golden Goggle Male Athlete of the Year ( since 2004 ) : 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015
USOC SportsMan of the Year Award : 2004 , 2008 , 2011 – 12
James E. Sullivan Award : 2003
Gazzetta dello Sport Sportsman of the Year : 2003 , 2004
Laureus World Sports Sportsman of the Year Award ( nominated ) : 2004 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 , 2013
Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year : 2008
Associated Press Athlete of the Year : 2008 , 2012
Marca Leyenda ( 2008 )
= = Career best times = =
= = = Long course ( 50 @-@ meter pool ) = = =
r = relay lead @-@ off
= = = Short course meters ( 25 @-@ meter pool ) = = =
= = World records = =
With 39 world records ( 29 individual , 10 relay ) , Phelps set more records than any other swimmer , surpassing Mark Spitz 's previous record of 33 world records ( 26 individual , 7 relay ) .
All but two of the records were set in a long @-@ course ( 50 @-@ meter ) pool ; records that currently stand are indicated in bold . Currently , he holds seven world records , not including his records for most Olympic medals and most Olympic gold medals ever won by one person .
a with Aaron Peirsol , Brendan Hansen , and Jason Lezak
b with Neil Walker , Cullen Jones , and Jason Lezak
c with Ryan Lochte , Klete Keller , and Peter Vanderkaay
d with Garrett Weber @-@ Gale , Cullen Jones , and Jason Lezak
e with Ryan Lochte , Ricky Berens , and Peter Vanderkaay
f with Ryan Lochte , Ricky Berens , and David Walters
g with Aaron Peirsol , Eric Shanteau and David Walters
h short course record with Nick Thoman , Mark Gangloff and Nathan Adrian
i short course record with Nathan Adrian , Matt Grevers and Garrett Weber @-@ Gale
= Psychedelic rock =
Psychedelic rock is a style of rock music that is inspired or influenced by psychedelic culture and attempts to replicate and enhance the mind @-@ altering experiences of psychedelic drugs , most notably LSD . It often uses new recording techniques and effects and sometimes draws on sources such as the ragas and drones of Indian music .
It was pioneered by musicians including the Beatles , the Beach Boys , and the Byrds , emerging as a genre during the mid @-@ 1960s among folk rock and blues rock bands in the United Kingdom and United States , such as the 13th Floor Elevators , Grateful Dead , Jefferson Airplane , the Jimi Hendrix Experience , Cream , The Doors and Pink Floyd . It reached a peak in between 1967 and 1969 with the Summer of Love and Woodstock Rock Festival , respectively , becoming an international musical movement and associated with a widespread counterculture , before beginning a decline as changing attitudes , the loss of some key individuals and a back @-@ to @-@ basics movement , led surviving performers to move into new musical areas .
The terms " psychedelic rock " and " acid rock " are often deployed interchangeably , but " acid rock " sometimes refers to the more extreme ends of the genre . Psychedelic rock influenced the creation of psychedelic soul and bridged the transition from early blues- and folk music @-@ based rock to progressive rock , glam rock , hard rock and as a result influenced the development of subgenres such as heavy metal . Since the late 1970s it has been revived in various forms of neo @-@ psychedelia .
= = Characteristics = =
As a musical style , psychedelic rock attempted to replicate the effects of and enhance the mind @-@ altering experiences of hallucinogenic drugs , incorporating new electronic sound effects and recording effects , extended solos , and improvisation , and it was particularly influenced by Eastern mysticism , reflected in use of exotic instrumentation , particularly from Indian music or the incorporation of elements of Eastern music . Major features include :
electric guitars , often used with feedback , wah wah and fuzzbox effects units ;
elaborate studio effects , such as backwards tapes , panning , phasing , long delay loops , and extreme reverb ;
non @-@ Western instruments , specifically those originally used in Indian classical music such as the sitar and tabla ;
a strong keyboard presence , especially electric organs , harpsichords , or the Mellotron ( an early tape @-@ driven ' sampler ' ) ;
extended instrumental solos , especially guitar solos , or jams ;
complex song structures , key and time signature changes , modal melodies and drones ;
electronic instruments such as synthesizers and the theremin ;
lyrics that made direct or indirect reference to hallucinogenic drugs , as in Jefferson Airplane 's " White Rabbit " or Jimi Hendrix 's " Purple Haze " ;
surreal , whimsical , esoterically or literary @-@ inspired , lyrics .
= = Etymology = =
The term " psychedelic " was first coined in 1956 by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond as an alternative descriptor for hallucinogenic drugs in the context of psychedelic psychotherapy . As the countercultural scene developed in San Francisco , the terms acid rock and psychedelic rock were used in 1966 to describe the new drug @-@ influenced music and were being widely used by 1967 . The terms psychedelic rock and acid rock are often used interchangeably , but some commentators have distinguished the former , which generally evoked the effects of psychedelic drugs , and acid rock , which can be seen as a more extreme variation that was heavier , louder , relied on long jams , focused more directly on LSD , and made greater use of distortion .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
From the second half of the 1950s , Beat Generation writers like William Burroughs , Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg wrote about and took drugs , including cannabis and Benzedrine , raising awareness and helping to popularise their use . In the same period Lysergic acid diethylamide , better known as LSD , or " acid " ( at the time a legal drug ) , began to be used in the US and UK as an experimental treatment , initially promoted as a potential cure for mental illness .
In the early 1960s the use of LSD and other hallucinogens was advocated by proponents of the new " consciousness expansion " , such as Timothy Leary , Alan Watts , Aldous Huxley and Arthur Koestler , their writings profoundly influenced the thinking of the new generation of youth . The sensory effects of LSD may include hallucinations of colored patterns , crawling geometric patterns , after image @-@ like trails of moving objects ( " tracers " ) , synthaesia and auditory effects such as an echo @-@ like distortion of sounds and a general intensification of the experience of music .
By the mid @-@ 1960s , the psychedelic life @-@ style had already developed in California , and an entire subculture developed . This was particularly true in San Francisco , due in part to the first major underground LSD factory , established there by Owsley Stanley . There was also an emerging music scene of folk clubs , coffee houses and independent radio stations catering to a population of students at nearby Berkeley , and to free thinkers that had gravitated to the city . From 1964 , the Merry Pranksters , a loose group that developed around novelist Ken Kesey , sponsored the Acid Tests , a series of events based around the taking of LSD ( supplied by Stanley ) , accompanied by light shows , film projection and discordant , improvised music known as the psychedelic symphony . The Pranksters helped popularize LSD use through their road trips across America in a psychedelically @-@ decorated school bus , which involved distributing the drug and meeting with major figures of the beat movement , and through publications about their activities such as Tom Wolfe 's The Electric Kool @-@ Aid Acid Test ( 1968 ) .
= = = = Precursors = = = =
Music critic Richie Unterberger states : " Trying to pin down the first psychedelic record is nearly as elusive as trying to name the first rock & roll record . Far @-@ fetched claims have been advanced for songs running from the Tornados ' futuristic 1962 number one instrumental ' Telstar ' to the Dave Clark Five 's massively reverb @-@ laden ' Any Way You Want It ' . " There had long been a culture of drug use among jazz and blues musicians , and , in the early 1960s , use of drugs ( including cannabis , peyote , mescaline and LSD ) had begun to grow among folk and rock musicians , who also began to include drug references in their songs . The first mention of LSD on a rock record was the Gamblers ' 1960 surf instrumental " LSD 25 " . New York folk musician Peter Stampfel claimed to be the first to use the word " psychedelic " in a song lyric ( The Holy Modal Rounders ' version of " Hesitation Blues " , 1963 ) .
In terms of bridging the relationship between music and hallucinogens , the Beatles and the Beach Boys were the most pivotal . In 1965 , the Beach Boys ' leader Brian Wilson started experimenting with song composition while under the influence of psychedelic drugs , and after being introduced to cannabis by Bob Dylan , members of the Beatles also began using LSD . The phenomenal success of these two bands allowed them the means to experiment with new technology over entire albums . The Beatles introduced guitar feedback with " I Feel Fine " ( 1964 ) and incorporated drug @-@ inspired drone on " Ticket to Ride " ( 1965 ) . The Kinks and the Yardbirds also incorporated droning guitars to mimic the qualities of the sitar , but the Beatles ' " Norwegian Wood " ( 1965 ) marked the first released recording on which a member of a Western rock group played an Indian instrument . The song is generally credited for sparking a musical craze for the sound of the sitar in the mid @-@ 1960s – a trend which would later be associated with the growth of the essence of psychedelic rock . The Beatles ' May 1966 B @-@ side " Rain " was the first pop recording to include reversed sounds . Drug references began to appear in the Beatles ' songs with " Day Tripper " ( 1965 ) and the Beach Boys ' " Sloop John B " ( March 1966 ) .
In Unterberger 's opinion , the Byrds , emerging from the Californian folk scene , were more responsible than the Beatles for " sounding the psychedelic siren " . Drug use and attempts at psychedelic music moved out of acoustic folk @-@ based music towards rock soon after the Byrds " plugged in " to produce a chart topping version of Dylan 's " Mr. Tambourine Man " in the summer of 1965 , which became a folk rock standard . In the song 's lyric , the narrator requests : " Take me on a trip upon your magic swirling ship " . A number of Californian @-@ based folk acts followed the Byrds into folk @-@ rock , bringing their psychedelic influences with them , to produce the " San Francisco Sound " .
= = = = Local scenes = = = =
= = = = = United States = = = = =
The San Francisco music scene continued to develop as The Fillmore , the Avalon Ballroom , and The Matrix began booking local rock bands on a nightly basis . The first Trips Festival , sponsored by the Merry Pranksters and held at the Longshoremen 's Hall in January 1966 , saw The Grateful Dead , and Big Brother and the Holding Company play to an audience of 10 @,@ 000 , giving many their first encounter with both acid rock , with its long instrumentals and unstructured jams , and LSD .
A major figure in the expansion of the genre was promoter Bill Graham , whose first rock concert in 1965 was a benefit that included Allen Ginsberg and the then unknown Jefferson Airplane on the bill . He produced shows attracting most of the major psychedelic rock bands and operated The Fillmore . When this proved too small he took over Winterland and then the Fillmore West ( in San Francisco ) and the Fillmore East ( in New York City ) , where the major rock artists , from both the US and the UK , came to play .
Although San Francisco was the centre of American psychedelic music scene , many other American cities contributed significantly to the new genre . Los Angeles boasted dozens of important psychedelic bands . New York City produced their share of psychedelic bands , as did the Detroit area , and Chicago ( H. P. Lovecraft ) . Texas ( particularly Austin ) is often cited for its contributions to psychedelic music .
= = = = = United Kingdom = = = = =
Before 1967 , British media outlets for psychedelic culture were limited to stations like Radio Luxembourg and pirate radio like Radio London , particularly the programmes hosted by DJ John Peel . The growth of underground culture was facilitated by the emergence of alternative weekly publications like IT ( International Times ) and OZ magazine which featured psychedelic and progressive music together with the counterculture lifestyle , which involved long hair , and the wearing of wild shirts from shops like Mr Fish , Granny Takes a Trip and old military uniforms from Carnaby Street ( Soho ) and Kings Road ( Chelsea ) boutiques .
Soon psychedelic rock clubs like the UFO Club in Tottenham Court Road , Middle Earth Club in Covent Garden , The Roundhouse in Chalk Farm , the Country Club ( Swiss Cottage ) and the Art Lab ( also in Covent Garden ) were drawing capacity audiences with psychedelic rock and ground @-@ breaking liquid light shows . A major figure in the development of British psychedelia was the American promoter and record producer Joe Boyd , who moved to London in 1966 . He co @-@ founded venues including the UFO Club , produced Pink Floyd 's first single , " Arnold Layne " ( 1967 ) , and went on to manage folk and folk rock acts including Nick Drake , the Incredible String Band and Fairport Convention .
British psychedelic rock , like its American counterpart , had roots in the folk scene . Blues , drugs , jazz and eastern influences had featured since 1964 in the work of Davy Graham and Bert Jansch . However , the largest strand was a series of bands that emerged from 1966 from the British blues scene , but influenced by folk , jazz and psychedelia , including Pink Floyd , Traffic , Soft Machine , Cream , and the Jimi Hendrix Experience ( led by an American , but initially produced and managed in Britain by Chas Chandler of the Animals ) .
= = = 1966 : Beginnings = = =
Author Jim DeRogatis says the birth date of psychedelic ( or acid ) rock is " best listed at 1966 " . In March 1966 , the Byrds moved rapidly away from folk rock with their single " Eight Miles High " , which made use of free jazz and Indian ragas , and the lyrics of which were widely taken to refer to drug use . The result of this directness was limited airplay , and there was a similar reaction when Dylan , who had also electrified to produce his own brand of folk rock , released " Rainy Day Women ♯ 12 & 35 " ( April 1966 ) , with its repeating chorus of " Everybody must get stoned ! " .
The Beach Boys ' album Pet Sounds ( May 1966 ) is often considered one of the earliest in the
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canon of psychedelic rock . It contained many elements that would be incorporated into psychedelia , with its artful experiments , psychedelic lyrics based on emotional longings and self @-@ doubts , elaborate sound effects and new sounds on both conventional and unconventional instruments . Scholar Philip Auslander explains that even though psychedelic music is not normally associated with the Beach Boys , the " odd directions " and experiments in Pet Sounds " put it all on the map . ... basically that sort of opened the door — not for groups to be formed or to start to make music , but certainly to become as visible as say Jefferson Airplane or somebody like that . " According to The Kindland 's Mike McPadden , the album " ignited a psychedelic pop revolution " , inspiring mainstream pop acts to take part in the psychedelic culture .
Like Pet Sounds , the Beatles ' album Revolver ( August 1966 ) explored musical soundscapes that could not be replicated on stage , even with the help of an orchestra , and it helped precipitate the psychedelic pop style . That same month , the Texas band 13th Floor Elevators debuted with The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators . They were the first group to advertise themselves as psychedelic rock , having done so since the end of 1965 . Psychedelic Sounds was the first album to use " psychedelic " as part of its title . Wondering Sound contributor Rachael Maddux writes that even though Pet Sounds and Psychedelic Sounds are considered early psychedelic rock albums , there are " obvious differences " in their music : " Even the album covers are a study in contrasts . "
The first acid ( or psychedelic ) rock single to break into the top 10 in popular music charts was Count Five 's " Psychotic Reaction " ( June 1966 ) . As in most early acid rock music , the song 's most characteristic element was its replacement of the melodic electric guitar with howling feedback and distortion . By the end of the year , the Beatles and the Beach Boys were the only acts to have high @-@ charting psychedelic rock songs . The Beach Boys ' October 1966 single " Good Vibrations " was one of the first pop songs to incorporate psychedelic lyrics and sounds . As psychedelia gained prominence , Beach Boys @-@ style harmonies would be ingrained into the newer psychedelic pop .
= = = 1967 – 69 : Peak years = = =
Psychedelic rock reached its apogee in the last years of the decade . Key recordings included Jefferson Airplane 's Surrealistic Pillow ( February 1967 ) , the first album to come out of San Francisco during this era , which sold well enough to bring the city 's music scene to the attention of the record industry : from it they took two of the earliest psychedelic hit singles : " White Rabbit " and " Somebody to Love " . The Doors ' first hit single " Light My Fire " ( May 1967 ) , running for over seven minutes , became one of the defining records of the genre , although their follow up album Strange Days ( September 1967 ) only enjoyed moderate success .
February 1967 saw the Beatles release the double A @-@ side " Strawberry Fields Forever " and " Penny Lane " , opening a strain of British " pastoral " or " nostalgic " psychedelia , followed by the release of what is often seen as their definitive psychedelic statement in Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( June 1967 ) , including the controversial track " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " . The Small Faces managed to get drug references past the censors with their first single " Here Come the Nice " ( June 1967 ) . Existing " British Invasion " acts now joined the psychedelic revolution , including Eric Burdon ( previously of The Animals ) and The Who , whose The Who Sell Out ( December 1967 ) included psychedelic influenced tracks " I Can See for Miles " and " Armenia City in the Sky " . The Incredible String Band 's The 5000 Spirits or the Layers of the Onion ( July 1967 ) developed their folk music into full blown psychedelia , which would be a major influence on psychedelic rock .
In America the Summer of Love of 1967 saw a huge number of young people from across America and the world travel to the Haight @-@ Ashbury district of San Francisco , boosting the population from 15 @,@ 000 to around 100 @,@ 000 . It was prefaced by the Human Be @-@ In event in March and reached its peak at the Monterey Pop Festival in June , the latter helping to make major American stars of Janis Joplin , lead singer of Big Brother and the Holding Company , Jimi Hendrix , and the Who . Santana , led by guitarist Carlos Santana , used Latin rhythms as the basis for their psychedelic music .
These trends climaxed in the 1969 Woodstock festival , which saw performances by most of the major psychedelic acts , including Jimi Hendrix , Jefferson Airplane , and the Grateful Dead . Psychedelic rock was glamorized on screen in Easy Rider ( 1969 ) , which used songs including Steppenwolf 's " Born to be Wild " as part of its soundtrack .
= = = International expansion = = =
The US and UK were the major centres of psychedelic music , but in the late 1960s scenes began to develop across the world , including continental Europe , Australasia , Asia and south and Central America .
= = = = Europe = = = =
In the later 1960s psychedelic scenes developed in a large number of countries in continental Europe , including the Netherlands with bands like The Outsiders , Denmark where it was pioneered by Steppeulvene , and Germany , where musicians began to fuse music of psychedelia and the electronic avant @-@ garde . 1968 saw the first major German rock festival in Essen , and the foundation of the Zodiak Free Arts Lab in Berlin by Hans @-@ Joachim Roedelius , and Conrad Schnitzler , which helped bands like Tangerine Dream and Amon Düül achieve cult status .
= = = = Australia and New Zealand = = = =
Although only a few singles gained recognition outside the region , the thriving Australian and New Zealand rock scenes that formed in wake of Beatlemania produced a wealth of inventive and original psychedelic pop and rock music . Much of this was strongly influenced by British psychedelia , since many bands included first @-@ generation British ( and European ) immigrants , and bands such as The Twilights , whose members were British immigrants , were able to keep up to date on current musical developments , thanks to regular " care packages " of the latest singles and albums , tapes and cassettes of radio broadcasts , and even the latest Mod fashions , sent to them by family and friends back in the UK . After gaining local success , a number of these groups returned to the UK further their musical careers . The most internationally successful Australian pop @-@ rock band of this period were The Easybeats , formed in Sydney in 1964 by a group of English , Scottish and Dutch immigrants , who scored a string of local hits in Australia and became hugely popular there before travelling to the UK . They recorded their international hit " Friday on My Mind " ( 1966 ) in London and remained there for their forays into psychedelic @-@ tinged pop until they disbanded in 1970 . A similar path was pursued by the Bee Gees , formed in Brisbane , but whose first album Bee Gees ' 1st ( 1967 ) , was recorded in London , and gave them three major hit singles and contained folk , rock and psychedelic elements , heavily influenced by the Beatles .
Two bands that formed in Adelaide in the mid @-@ 1960s also figured prominently in Australian psychedelic pop / rock . The Masters Apprentices started out as a gritty R & B band in the style of the early Rolling Stones and the Pretty Things , but they rapidly absorbed the changes in music spearheaded by The Beatles , and during 1967 they released several accomplished psychedelic singles - " Wars or Hands of Time " ( the B @-@ side of their 1966 debut single " Undecided " ) is generally regarded as the first Australian pop single to address the Vietnam War ; their second single " Buried and Dead " ( 1967 ) , showed the unmistakable influence of the nascent " Raga rock " genre , and their third single , the psych @-@ pop classic " Living In A Child 's Dream " , became a major national hit and was voted " Single of the Year " by the readers of the Australian pop magazine Go @-@ Set . The group also performed at one of the first psychedelic " happenings " in Australia , the " Living In A Child 's Dream Ball " , staged on 14 October 1967 at the University of New South Wales in Sydney , which featured a full psychedelic light @-@ show , with liquid slide projections , smoke machines and mirror balls , with the band wheeled to the stage inside a specially @-@ constructed giant die . All the groups ' early singles tracks were penned by rhythm guitarist Mick Bower , who was sadly forced to quit the music scene for health reasons soon after " Living In A Child 's Dream " was released , but after a period of upheaval , the band was able to continue with new members , scoring another Australian psych @-@ pop hit in late 1967 with the classic Brian Cadd song " Elevator Driver " . The Twilights , also formed in Adelaide and likewise became nationwide pop stars in the mid @-@ 1960s before making the trip to London . Here they recorded a series of minor hits , and absorbing the psychedelic scene , before returning home in mid @-@ 1967 , where they performed the entire Sgt Pepper 's album live on stage some weeks before its official release in Australia . This was followed by the release of their psychedelic 1968 concept album Once upon a Twilight .
Although The Easybeats were the only Australian band working in the psychedelic style to score a major international hit , many other Australian bands scored local or national hits with singles that were strongly influenced by psychedelic trends . This included the cult Brisbane @-@ based group The Wild Cherries , led by guitarist Lobby Loyde , whose 1967 single " Krome Plated Yabby " / That 's Life " combined influences from R & B , soul and psychedelia , and the single 's driving B @-@ side , " That 's Life " is believed to be the first Australian pop single to employ phasing in its production . The most successful New Zealand band of the period , The La De Das , produced the psychedelic pop concept album The Happy Prince ( 1968 ) , based on the Oscar Wilde children 's classic , but failed to break through in Britain and the wider world .
Although British influences were predominant , a number of progressive Sydney @-@ based groups such as Tamam Shud and Tully produced music that combined influences from Eastern mystical philosophy , avant @-@ garde jazz and American psychedelic groups like The Grateful Dead and Jefferson Airplane . Both bands also regularly collaborated with the experimental Sydney film and light @-@ show collective Ubu , and Tully were also notable for being the first Australian group to buy and use a Moog synthesiser , as well as performing as the house band in the original Australian stage production of Hair , which premiered in Sydney in 1969 . Australian psychedelic music in the late 1960s peaked with the two singles by Melbourne singer Russell Morris . His 1969 solo debut " The Real Thing " ( penned by mid @-@ Sixties pop star Johnny Young ) broke new ground in Australian popular music , both for its lavish production by Ian Meldrum and John L. Sayers - it was reputedly the most expensive Australian single ever produced up to that time - and for its running time of almost seven minutes , unprecedented for an Australian pop single . It became a national number one hit in Australia , where it charted for 23 weeks , and also went to number one on local charts in New York , Houston and Chicago . It was followed by " Part Three Into Paper Walls " ( co @-@ written by Young and Morris ) , which was deliberately crafted as a virtual " sequel " to " The Real Thing " , featured similarly dazzling production , was just over seven minutes long , and gave Morris his second consecutive number one hit in Australia .
= = = = Asia = = = =
A thriving psychedelic music scene in Cambodia , influenced by psychedelic rock and soul broadcast by US forces radio in Vietnam , was pioneered by artists such as Sinn Sisamouth and Ros Sereysothea . In South Korea , Shin Jung @-@ Hyeon , often considered the godfather of Korean rock , played psychedelic @-@ influenced music for the American soldiers stationed in the country . Following Shin Jung @-@ Hyeon , the band San Ul Lim ( Mountain Echo ) often combined psychedelic rock with a more folk sound . In Turkey , Anatolian rock artist Erkin Koray blended classic Turkish music and Middle Eastern themes into his psychedelic @-@ driven rock , helping to found the Turkish rock scene with artists such as Cem Karaca , Mogollar and Baris Manco .
= = = = Latin America = = = =
Latin America proved a particularly fertile ground for psychedelic rock . The Brazilian psychedelic rock group Os Mutantes formed in 1966 , although little known outside Brazil at the time ( due to the fact that they recorded in Portuguese ) , they have since accrued a substantial international cult following . Os Mutantes also played a central role in the short @-@ lived but revolutionary Brazilian aesthetic movement Tropicália , also known as ' Tropicalismo ' ( Tropicalism ) , an anti @-@ authoritarian artistic reaction to the repressive military junta that seized power in Brazil in 1964 . Encompassing visual art , theatre , poetry and music , Tropicália combined the popular and the avant @-@ garde , and fused traditional Brazilian culture with foreign influences , including contemporary developments in British and American psychedelic music , and above all the music of The Beatles . As well as recording their own material , Os Mutantes collaborated with other key figures in the burgeoning Tropicalist movement , including singer @-@ songwriter Gilberto Gil , whom they backed on Gil 's second LP .
The musical manifesto of the Tropicalist movement was the landmark 1968 collaborative LP Tropicália : ou Panis et Circencis ( " Tropicalia : or Bread and Circuses " ) which brought together the talents of Os Mutantes , Gilberto Gil , Caetano Veloso , Tom Zé and Gal Costa , with arrangements by avant @-@ garde composer @-@ arranger Rogerio Duprat ( who had studied with Pierre Boulez ) and lyrical contributions from poet Torquato Neto . The album 's group cover photograph depicted the collective holding a variety of objects and images , in a deliberate reference to the cover of The Beatles ' Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . The collective also performed a number of concert " happenings " which were intended to both involve and provoke audiences , and these reportedly had a similar effect on Brazilian audiences to that experienced by folk purists who witnessed Bob Dylan 's early " electric " concerts - the performers sported long hair , wore outlandish psychedelic costumes , used electric guitars and amplification , and played at full volume . Brazil 's military junta was becoming increasingly suspicious of the anarchic anti @-@ establishment attitudes of the Tropicalistas , who also found themselves at odds with the nationalistic student left @-@ wing , who favoured traditional Brazilian musical forms , and rejected what they saw as the corrupting influence of Western pop music .
In September 1968 Caetano Veloso gave two tumultuous performances at the third annual International Popular Song Festival in Rio , where the audience included a large contingent of left @-@ wing students who were vehemently opposed to the Tropicalistas . When Veloso ( backed by Os Mutantes ) performed in the first round of the Festival 's song competition on 12 September , he was initially greeted with enthusiastic applause , but the situation soon turned ugly . Dressed in a shiny green plastic suit , festooned with wires and necklaces strung with teeth , Veloso provoked the students with his sensual movements and startling new psychedelic music . He was bombarded by insults , jeers and boos from the students , who became even more incensed when American pop singer John Dandurand made a surprise appearance during the song . The ideological conflict climaxed three days later when Veloso returned for the second round of the competition on 15 September , at which he performed a new song entitled " Prohibido a Prohibir " ( " It is Forbidden to Forbid " ) , which was recorded live and later released as single .
The students began hissing and booing as soon as Veloso 's name was announced , and when he began his performance , his overtly sexual stage moves and the experimental music of Os Mutantes provoked an outpouring of anger - the audience began booing so loudly stood that Veloso could barely be heard , and a large number then stood and turned their backs on the performers , prompting Os Mutantes to turn their backs on the audience . As the song continued , the students pelted the stage with fruit , vegetables , eggs , paper balls and anything else that came hand . Veloso stopped playing and launched into a furious monologue , in which he excoriated the students for their conservatism . After being joined by Gilberto Gil , who came on stage to show his support , Veloso finished his diatribe by telling the students " ... if you are the same in politics as you are in aesthetics , we ’ re done for ! " and declaring he was withdrawing from the competition . He then deliberately finished the song out of tune , angrily shouted " Enough ! " and walked off arm @-@ in @-@ arm with Gil and Os Mutantes .
Tropicália had a major effect on the Brazilian music scene during its brief heyday ( 1967 – 68 ) , and the main performers made regular appearances on Brazilian stage , television and radio , but the movement was abruptly shut down in early 1969 , following a provocative December 1968 TV performance which parodied the Brazilian national anthem . Gil and Veloso were both arrested in February 1969 on the orders of the military junta - they were held in prison for three months without charge or trial , and after a further four months under house arrest , they were released on condition that they leave the country , and they spent the next few years in exile in the UK . Others in the Tropicalist movement were treated even more harshly - several were arrested and tortured , or forced to undergo psychiatric ' treatment ' .
In the late 1960s , a wave of Mexican rock , heavily influenced by psychedelia and funk emerged , especially in northern border Mexican states , in particular , Tijuana , Baja California . Among the most recognized bands from this " Chicano Wave " ( Onda Chicana in Spanish ) were Three Souls in my Mind , Love Army , El Ritual and Los Dug Dug 's . In Chile from 1967 to 1973 , between the ending of the government of President Frei Montalva and the government of President Allende , a cultural movement was born from a few Chilean bands that emerged playing a unique fusion of folkloric music with heavy psychedelic influences . The 1967 release of Los Mac 's album Kaleidoscope Men ( 1967 ) inspired bands such as Los Jaivas and Los Blops , the latter going on to collaborate with the iconic Chilean singer @-@ songwriter Victor Jara on his 1971 album El derecho de vivir en paz . Meanwhile , in the Argentinian capital Buenos Aires , a burgeoning psychedelic scene gave birth to three of the most important bands in Argentine rock : Los Gatos , Manal and Almendra .
= = = Decline = = =
By the end of the 1960s , psychedelic rock was in retreat . LSD had been made illegal in the US and UK in 1966 . In 1969 , the murders of Sharon Tate and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca by Charles Manson and his " family " of followers , claiming to have been inspired by Beatles ' songs such as " Helter Skelter " , has been seen as contributing to an anti @-@ hippie backlash . At the end of the same year , the Altamont Free Concert in California , headlined by the Rolling Stones , became notorious for the fatal stabbing of black teenager Meredith Hunter by Hells Angel security guards . Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys ( whose much anticipated Smile project would not emerge until 2004 ) , Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones , Peter Green of Fleetwood Mac and Syd Barrett of Pink Floyd were early " acid casualties " , helping to shift the focus of the respective bands of which they had been leading figures . Some groups , such as the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Cream , broke up . Jimi Hendrix died in London in September 1970 , shortly after recording Band of Gypsys ( 1970 ) , Janis Joplin died of a heroin overdose in October 1970 and they were closely followed by Jim Morrison of the Doors , who died in Paris in July 1971 . Many surviving acts moved away from psychedelia into either more back @-@ to @-@ basics " roots rock " , traditional @-@ based , pastoral or whimsical folk , the wider experimentation of progressive rock , or riff @-@ based heavy rock .
In 1966 , even while psychedelic rock was becoming dominant , Bob Dylan spearheaded the back @-@ to @-@ basics roots revival when he went to Nashville to record the album Blonde on Blonde . This , and the subsequent more clearly country @-@ influenced albums , John Wesley Harding ( 1967 ) and Nashville Skyline ( 1969 ) , have been seen as creating the genre of country folk . Dylan 's lead was also followed by The Byrds , joined by Gram Parsons to record Sweetheart of the Rodeo ( 1968 ) , helping to define the genre of country rock , which became a particularly popular style in the California music scene of the late 1960s , and was adopted by former folk rock artists including Hearts and Flowers , Poco and New Riders of the Purple Sage . Other acts that followed the back to basics trend in different ways were the Canadian group The Band and the Californian @-@ based Creedence Clearwater Revival . The Grateful Dead also had major successes with the more reflective and stripped back Workingman 's Dead and American Beauty in 1970 . The super @-@ group Crosby , Stills and Nash , formed in 1968 from members of The Byrds , Buffalo Springfield , and The Hollies , were joined by Neil Young for Deja Vu in 1970 , which moved away from many of what had become the " clichés " of psychedelic rock and placed an emphasis on political commentary and vocal harmonies .
After the death of their manager Brian Epstein and the unpopular surreal television film , Magical Mystery Tour , the Beatles returned to a raw style with The Beatles ( 1968 ) , Abbey Road ( 1969 ) and Let It Be ( 1970 ) , before their eventual break up . The back to basics trend was also evident in The Rolling Stones ' albums starting from Beggar 's Banquet ( 1968 ) to Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) . Fairport Convention released Liege and Lief in 1969 , turning away from American @-@ influenced folk rock toward a sound based on traditional British music and founding the subgenre of electric folk , to be followed by bands like Steeleye Span and Fotheringay . The psychedelic @-@ influenced and whimsical strand of British folk continued into the 1970s with acts including Comus , Mellow Candle , Nick Drake , The Incredible String Band , Forest and Trees and with Syd Barrett 's two solo albums .
= = Influence = =
= = = Other genres = = =
As psychedelia emerged as a mainstream and commercial force , particularly through the Beatles ' Revolver , it began to influence pop music , which incorporated hippie fashions , as well as the sounds of sitars , fuzz guitars , and tape effects . Scottish folk singer Donovan 's transformation to ' electric ' music gave him a series of pop hits , beginning with " Sunshine Superman " , which reached number one in both Britain and the US , to be followed by " Mellow Yellow " ( 1966 ) and " Atlantis " ( 1968 ) . American pop @-@ oriented bands that followed in this vein included the Electric Prunes , the Blues Magoos and the Strawberry Alarm Clock . International acts such as the Bee Gees and the Easybeats were also prominent in the development of psychedelic pop . Psychedelic sounds were also incorporated into the output of early bubblegum pop acts like The Monkees and The Lemon Pipers .
Following the lead of Hendrix in rock , psychedelia began to influence African American musicians , particularly the stars of the Motown label . This psychedelic soul was influenced by the civil rights movement , giving it a darker and more political edge than much acid rock . Building on the funk sound of James Brown , it was pioneered from about 1968 by Sly and the Family Stone and The Temptations . Acts that followed them into this territory included the Supremes , The Chambers Brothers , The 5th Dimension , Edwin Starr and the Undisputed Truth . George Clinton 's interdependent Funkadelic and Parliament ensembles and their various spin @-@ offs took the genre to its most extreme lengths making funk almost a religion in the 1970s , producing over forty singles , including three in the US top ten , and three platinum albums . While psychedelic rock began to waver at the end of the 1960s , psychedelic soul continued into the 1970s , peaking in popularity in the early years of the decade , and only disappearing in the late 1970s as tastes began to change . Acts like Earth , Wind and Fire , Kool and the Gang and Ohio Players , who began as psychedelic soul artists , incorporated its sounds into funk music and eventually the disco which partly replaced it .
= = = Rock music = = =
Many of the British musicians and bands that had embraced psychedelia went on to create progressive rock in the 1970s , including Pink Floyd , Soft Machine and members of Yes . King Crimson 's album In the Court of the Crimson King ( 1969 ) has been seen as an important link between psychedelia and progressive rock . While bands such as Hawkwind maintained an explicitly psychedelic course into the 1970s , most dropped the psychedelic elements in favour of wider experimentation . The incorporation of jazz into the music of bands like Soft Machine and Can also contributed to the development of the jazz rock of bands like Colosseum . As they moved away from their psychedelic roots and placed increasing emphasis on electronic experimentation , German bands like Kraftwerk ,
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held an emergency meeting in an arena office to decide how to handle the incident . Each team was represented by a delegate , and the meeting was chaired by IIHF President Günther Sabetzki . The delegates voted 7 – 1 in favour of ejecting both teams from the tournament , the lone dissenting vote being that of Canada 's Dennis McDonald . McDonald was incensed by the voting : Finland , Czechoslovakia and Sweden all stood to gain medal position by voting the two teams out , the Americans only promised support if other nations supported Canada , and Sabetzki could barely control his disdain for the Canadians .
After voting to eject the two teams , officials banned the Soviet team from the tournament banquet and medal ceremony , but they still invited Canada . McDonald stated the Canadians were not interested , which Sabetzki and Czechoslovak officials responded to by ordering the Canadian team out of the arena within half an hour . They were met by armed soldiers who escorted them across the border and out of Czechoslovakia . The IIHF voided the standing of both teams , including individual statistics . In the words of McDonald , " it was like we were never here . " However , the other teams kept the points they gained in the matches against both teams .
Both teams attempted to blame the other for allowing the violence to get out of hand . Soviet official Anatoly Kastriukov blamed a Canadian trainer for igniting hostilities by running over to the Soviet bench and punching one of their assistant coaches in the stomach . The Canadians , meanwhile , pointed to Davydov being the first off the bench as being the spark that led to the brawl . CBC commentator Don Cherry was one of the first to float a conspiracy theory that the Soviets had done so as a deliberate attempt to have Canada ejected , and therefore lose a medal . Alan Eagleson suggested that the IIHF 's decision would have been different had it been the Soviets in contention for a medal , and not the Canadians .
The IIHF voted to suspend all players involved from competing in international events for 18 months , and all coaches for three years . The player suspensions were later cut to six months , which allowed eligible players to participate in the 1988 tournament , and Alexander Mogilny to play in the 1988 Winter Olympics . The IIHF also considered either demoting both teams to the B pool or banning them from the 1988 tournament as further punishment , but backed off as the next year 's tournament was set to be held in the Soviet Union , while Canada represented the only media revenue the tournament generated at the time .
Among the Canadians , only two players were not suspended : goalie Jimmy Waite and forward Pierre Turgeon . Waite felt he could not risk being ejected for fighting under the belief that the game would resume , and that the Canadian backup goaltender , Shawn Simpson , was injured . Steve Nemeth would later apply for early reinstatement arguing that he was not fighting , but trying to help break the players apart . Many of their teammates never forgave Turgeon for failing to defend his teammates . In the words of Everett Sanipass : " I 'm looking for someone to help ( Stéphane ) Roy out and I look over at the bench . There 's this dog Turgeon , just sitting there , with his head down . He wouldn 't get his ass off the bench ... just sitting there when everyone 's off the Soviet bench and at least one of our guys is in real trouble getting double @-@ teamed . "
= = Legacy = =
At the 1988 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships in Moscow , Canada and the Soviet Union won the gold and silver medals , respectively , as both teams ' rosters featured several players from the 1987 tournament . Since the 1987 tournament , the two nations have maintained their dominance of the tournament . Canada has won 14 gold medals between 1988 and 2015 , while the Soviet Union , and its successor , Russia , has won six .
Hans Rønning 's assignment to officiate the game was viewed by other on @-@ ice officials as a nod to organizers from Lillehammer , Norway , who had just won the right to host the 1994 Winter Olympics and were observing the game . At age 38 , Rønning expected the 1987 tournament to be among his last international assignments . Rønning never officiated another international game , though he did referee two more seasons in Norway before retiring .
In Canada , public sentiment widely supported the players . Opinion polls taken in the aftermath of the brawl saw 87 – 92 % of respondents supporting their actions . Don Cherry 's passionate defence of the Canadian team led to a sharp increase in his popularity . Toronto Maple Leafs owner Harold Ballard had special gold medals made up for the Canadian team . Ballard stated that " I believe the Canadian boys deserve the gold medal and I 'm going to see to it that they get them . Imagine how these Russians engineered this whole thing over there just because they 've got a lousy team and were scared to go home finishing in sixth place . "
Canadian hockey officials criticized the players for the brawl . In 2005 , the suggestion of a reunion for the 1987 team was met with uncomfortable silence and " I don 't think so " from Hockey Canada officials . Immediately following the tournament , Canadian officials were seen as trying to distance themselves from the team : " The CAHA ( Canadian Amateur Hockey Association ) didn 't do anything for these kids " , reporter Jim Cressman said . " These kids were good enough to make this team . They gave up their holidays , did their best , risked getting hurt and ended up on the wrong end of a bad decision - and the CAHA basically handed them their tickets . " Winnipeg Jets assistant general manager Mike Smith was in the Vienna airport while the Canadian juniors were waiting for their flight , and took the opportunity to criticize them for their play at the tournament as well as the brawl .
Before Piešťany , the junior tournament had a small following in Canada . Only one Canadian reporter flew overseas to cover the 1987 tournament . That changed in 1988 , as the major Canadian media outlets all sent reporters to Moscow . The tournament 's prestige in Canada continued to grow . By the 2005 tournament , over 100 Canadian reporters covered the tournament in Grand Forks , North Dakota .
The brawl was seen as an embarrassment by Soviet officials who prided themselves on the discipline of their teams . A senior official , Anatoly Kostryukov , said that the " ice hockey department and the Ice Hockey Federation of the USSR will soon analyze the Soviet team 's performance at the championship , and those guilty of the incident will be strictly punished " . The Soviet media agency , Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union , was highly critical of the coaching staff 's inability to control the players . Head coach Vladimir Vasiliev was fired as the coach of the Soviet national junior team as a result of Piešťany .
= = Players = =
Of the 20 players who dressed for Canada in that game , 19 went on to play in the National Hockey League . ( Shawn Simpson was drafted by the Capitals , and dressed for two games for them , but ultimately only played for their associate team . ) In 1987 , only one Soviet had ever played in the NHL , Victor Nechayev . The players for this Soviet team would be among the first wave of Eastern Bloc players to arrive in the NHL with the fall of the Iron Curtain . Five of them would ultimately win the Stanley Cup .
= Humphrey Stafford , 1st Earl of Devon =
Humphrey Stafford , 1st Earl of Devon ( ca . 1439 – 17 August 1469 ) was a dominant magnate in south @-@ western England in the mid @-@ 15th century , and a participant in the Wars of the Roses . A distant relative of the earls of Stafford , Humphrey Stafford became the greatest landowner in the county of Dorset through fortunes of inheritance . Later , Stafford was one of several men promoted rapidly through the nobility by King Edward IV , to fill the power vacuum left by dead or forfeit Lancastrians . In the West Country it was particularly the forfeitures of the Lancastrian Courtenay family that benefited Stafford . In 1469 he received the Courtenay title of earl of Devon .
Stafford held the comital title for only three months . In July he was sent north to quell a rebellion instigated by the discontented Earl of Warwick . Even though he escaped the disastrous Battle of Edgecote , he was executed by a mob at Bridgwater on 17 August 1469 . Considered an overambitious man by many , Stafford was nevertheless a capable administrator , who enjoyed the absolute confidence of the king .
= = Family background = =
The Staffords of Hooke in Dorset and Southwick in Wiltshire were a cadet branch of the earls of Stafford and later dukes of Buckingham . Humphrey 's grandfather was another Humphrey Stafford , called Sir Humphrey " of the silver hand " ( d . 1442 ) . His heir was a grandson – yet another Humphrey Stafford – who died childless in 1461 . This left Humphrey Stafford , the future Earl of Devon , heir to the family lands , the greatest part of which was in Dorset and the rest mostly in Somerset and Wiltshire . Humphrey 's father , William , was already dead by this time , having fallen victim to Cade 's rebellion on 18 June 1450 . William 's uncle , and Humphrey 's great uncle , was John Stafford , Archbishop of Canterbury ( 1443 – 1452 ) .
The inheritance of these family lands made Stafford the greatest landowner in the county of Dorset . Through his mother Katherine , he was also heir to the possessions of her father John Chidiock , another major south @-@ western landowner . At some point – definitely after 21 June 1450 – he married Isabel , daughter of Sir John Barre of Herefordshire .
= = Service to the House of York = =
In the late 1450s , Stafford might have been in the service of his distant relative John Stafford , Earl of Wiltshire , son of Humphrey Stafford , Duke of Buckingham . His association with James Touchet , Baron Audley – one of Wiltshire 's men – implies so . If so , this represent a short episode of loyalty to the House of Lancaster over the House of York in the ongoing civil war . In 1460 the two were sent to Guînes to relieve the English garrison there . Bad weather forced them into the harbour of Calais , which was held by the Yorkist leader Richard Neville , Earl of Warwick . Here they were both recruited for the Yorkist cause .
Stafford took part in the Battle of Mortimer 's Cross , where the Yorkist forces under Edward , Earl of March , won a major victory on 2 February 1461 . After the Battle of Towton on 29 March that year , Stafford was knighted by Edward , who had by now been pronounced King Edward IV after the deposition of Henry VI . Later that same year , on 26 July , he received a summons to Parliament for the first time , as Lord Stafford of Southwick . Over the course of the following years , the king granted him numerous lands and offices . In 1461 he was appointed steward of the Duchy of Cornwall and constable of Bristol , and in 1462 he received the greater part of the Devon estates of Thomas Courtenay , Earl of Devon , who had been captured at Towton and executed . In 1464 he was made keeper of Dartmoor , and in 1467 he was granted more of the Courtenay manors .
Stafford repaid the king 's generosity by serving him faithfully as a local commissioner , in a part of the country that had up until that point been fiercely Lancastrian . Throughout the 1460s he presided at Quarter Sessions and other courts all over the West Country . His activities were not limited to legal commissions ; in 1461 – 2 he performed military service against the Scots , and in 1468 he conducted diplomacy with Brittany . In 1469 he was admitted to the Royal Council , and served on the commission that convicted Henry Courtenay , Thomas Courtenay 's brother , for treason . According to the chronicler John Warkworth , Henry 's downfall was due to the machinations of Stafford , who was rewarded with further land and the earldom of Devon on 17 May 1469 . However , the king himself took great interest in the trial against Courtenay , and it is more reasonable to see the decision as a result of Edward 's need for a loyal agent in the region .
= = Death and aftermath = =
Stafford 's quick rise did not go unnoticed among the established aristocracy . In 1468 , the discontented Warwick named the Earl of Devon as a courtier with undue influence on King Edward . Warwick and Devon were later reconciled , but the next year Warwick repeated his accusations once more . In an act of rebellion by proxy , Warwick instigated an insurrection in Yorkshire led by a " Robin of Redesdale " . At the same time Warwick – together with George , Duke of Clarence , King Edward 's brother – staged an invasion of the country from Warwick 's stronghold of Calais . Devon , together with William Herbert , Earl of Pembroke , was ordered to gather troops to quell the rebellion .
The royal army under Devon and Pembroke intercepted the northern rebels – on their way south to meet up with Warwick and Clarence – by Banbury in Oxfordshire . It is not clear what happened after this . According to Warkworth , Devon and Pembroke quarrelled over billeting arrangements , and Devon took off with the majority of the archers . The next day , on 26 July 1469 , Pembroke met the rebels at the Battle of Edgecote , but without artillery support he was thoroughly defeated . When Devon finally arrived , he was either unable to engage his troops , or too late to make a difference . The French chronicler Jean de Waurin , however , gives a different account . According to Waurin , Devon left the field of battle once he heard news that Clarence was arriving with reinforcements . In either case , Pembroke was captured and executed on Warwick 's order . Devon managed to escape , but was later captured by a mob at Bridgwater in Somerset , and executed on 17 August .
Humphrey Stafford had been Earl of Devon for exactly three months at the time of his death . He and Isabel had no children , so when he died his title became extinct . It was restored the next year for John Courtenay , the brother of Thomas , the last Courtenay earl of Devon . Stafford was buried in Glastonbury Abbey , and a dispute over his lands followed between his cousins .
Stafford was considered over @-@ ambitious and unscrupulous by many contemporaries . This can be seen both by Warkworth implicating him in the downfall of Henry Courtenay , and Warwick targeting him as one of King Edward 's evil councillors . This thread has also been picked up by modern historians ; Charles Ross calls him a " greedy and ambitious man " . At the same time , his skills as an administrator can hardly be doubted , as evidenced by King Edward 's heavy reliance on him . He could also show a more human and sympathetic side . Michael Hicks describes his activity , from 1467 onwards , in adding codicils to his will " to right the wrongs that he was conscious of committing " – the last of these he added as he faced his own execution .
= The C Word =
" The C Word " is the fourteenth episode of the first season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock . It was written by series creator Tina Fey and directed by Adam Bernstein . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) in the United States on February 15 , 2007 . Guest stars in this episode include Kevin Brown , Grizz Chapman , Rachel Dratch , John Lutz , Keith Powell , Lonny Ross , Rip Torn , and Charlyne Yi .
In the episode , after being criticized for her working habits by her co @-@ workers , head writer Liz Lemon ( Fey ) decides to be more lenient with her writing staff . Meanwhile , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) brings Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) to a major golf event to get closer to Don Geiss ( Torn ) , the CEO of General Electric ( GE ) , but his plan backfires when Tracy decides to drop " truth bombs " .
" The C Word " has received generally positive reviews from television critics . According to the Nielsen ratings system , the episode was watched by 5 @.@ 0 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 2 @.@ 5 rating / 6 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic .
= = Plot = =
Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) , Vice President of East Coast Television and Microwave Oven Programming for General Electric ( GE ) , invites Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) to a GE diabetes charity golf event . Jack hopes that bringing Tracy along can help him get close to GE CEO Don Geiss ( Rip Torn ) . At the event , Tracy becomes the hit of the party , but quickly begins to feel that the reason he was brought along was to be " the funny black man " . Tracy insults Geiss by accusing him of not hiring more black people , which results in Tracy and Jack not being invited to golf along with Geiss . Jack blames Tracy for this , but Tracy doesn 't care , as he tells Jack that he cannot help but drop " truth bombs " . Later , to make amends with both Jack and Geiss , Tracy gives a heartfelt speech about his daughter battling diabetes , which moves Geiss . This results in Geiss inviting Jack , Tracy , and Tracy 's daughter to the Vineyard . Tracy admits to Jack that he does not have a daughter , which prompts Jack to say , " Let 's have a casting session on Monday . "
Meanwhile , at the 30 Rock studios , TGS with Tracy Jordan head writer Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) and her writing staff are discussing potential topics to use in the show . J. D. Lutz ( John Lutz ) suggests one of his sketches , " Dancing with the Hobos " , which Liz criticizes , thus embarrassing him in front of everyone . Later , Liz talks to Greta Johansen ( Rachel Dratch ) , the show 's cat wrangler . At the same time , she overhears Lutz calling her the C word . Outraged by this , Liz tells Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) and Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) about what Lutz called her and wants to fire him . Frank reveals that Lutz 's poor behavior is due to the passing of his grandmother . After it 's pointed out that she has been a terrible boss to the staff , Liz begins acting nice , but this backfires when they take advantage of her . Angered by this , Liz confronts the writers about their actions , and tells Lutz she knows what he called her . Liz warns all of them that if they call her that " horrible word " she will fire them .
At the same time , Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) struggles with his feelings for another page , Grace Park ( Charlyne Yi ) who demonstrates affection for him . Kenneth explains to Pete that he is afraid of " disgracing the peacock " by becoming romantically involved with her . Throughout the episode , it is shown to be sexually awkward for the two of them during their job , though towards the end , Kenneth confronts her with his feelings about her . Their kiss is interrupted by Kenneth 's work , which allows him to abruptly forget about her .
= = Production = =
" The C Word " was written by series creator , executive producer and lead actress Tina Fey , making it her seventh writing credit after the pilot episode , " The Aftermath " , " Tracy Does Conan " , " The Head and the Hair " , " Black Tie " , and " Up All Night " . The episode was directed by supervising producer Adam Bernstein , making it his fifth for the series . " The C Word " originally aired on NBC in the United States on February 15 , 2007 , as the fourteenth episode of the show 's first season .
In an April 2007 interview with Entertainment Weekly , Fey revealed that she was once called " the c word " by one of her writers . In discussion of this , she said , " That C @-@ word thing actually did happen . I was furious , and I had this weird reaction where I kept saying , ' You can 't say that ! My parents love me ! ' " In another interview , she was asked whether the c @-@ word was based on experience , to which she said , " It was a little bit . It was a little bit based on the experience of having someone call you that and not knowing how to deal with it . " . In December 2015 Fey revealed that the writer who called her " the c word " was Colin Quinn .
Comedian actress Rachel Dratch , longtime comedy partner and fellow Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) alumna of Fey , the latter who was the head writer on SNL from 1999 until 2006 , was originally cast to portray the character Jenna Maroney . Dratch played the role in the show 's original pilot , but in August 2006 , actress Jane Krakowski was announced as Dratch 's replacement . Executive producer Lorne Michaels announced that while Dratch would not be playing a series regular , she would appear in various episodes in a different role . In the pilot , " The Baby Show " , and in this episode , she played Greta Johansen , The Girlie Show 's cat wrangler . " The C Word " was actor Rip Torn 's debut as GE CEO Don Geiss .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " The C Word " was watched by 5 @.@ 0 million households , according to the Nielsen ratings system . It earned a 2 @.@ 5 rating / 6 share in the 18 – 49 demographic . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 5 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 6 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This was a decrease from the previous episode , " Up All Night " , which was watched by 5 @.@ 2 million American viewers .
IGN contributor Robert Canning , wrote , " Even in an episode like ' The ' C ' Word , ' where some of the ideas fall a bit short , there were still plenty of laugh @-@ out @-@ loud moments to talk about . [ ... ] In the end , the great writing outweighed the slightly bothersome contrivances to make this yet another laugh @-@ filled episode of 30 Rock . " He said that the pairing of Jack and Tracy " gave us another opportunity to enjoy the pairing of the polar opposite personalities " . Canning reported that the Liz plot had " its funny moments " , but opined that it was hard to " get past the fact this wasn 't exactly the Liz we knew " , in regards to her being a " domineering boss that cares little about her employees . " Canning gave the episode a 7 @.@ 8 out of 10 rating . Julia Ward of AOL 's TV Squad wrote that putting Alec Baldwin and Rip Torn together " was a genius move . " She was complimentary towards Tina Fey , citing that it was " another great week " in her " continuing portrayal of what being a hard @-@ working gal is actually like . " Ward enjoyed Tracy 's speech , noting that it was " priceless " , and was glad to see him having " ample screen time ... which was a nice change of pace . " TV Guide 's Matt Mitovich wrote he enjoyed all of the episode 's storyline pairings , but much enjoyed Jack and Tracy . Further in his recap , Mitovich reported that Liz 's plot could have been better had the comedy show How I Met Your Mother " not gone there with the C @-@ word " in an episode . Though , he said that Liz 's story " had a fitting message – that she is held to a different standard , yet shouldn 't be , as a female head writer . Plus , her story gave us that winning flurry of flashbacks to times when she was a ... not very nice lady . "
= Michael Grabner =
Michael @-@ René Grabner ( born 5 October 1987 ) is an Austrian professional ice hockey player for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Grabner grew up playing for the local team in Villach , EC VSV . He moved to North America at the age of 17 and joined the Spokane Chiefs of the major junior Western Hockey League ( WHL ) to further his hockey career . After his second season with the Chiefs , he was selected 14th overall by the Vancouver Canucks in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft . Grabner played one more season in the WHL before moving to the American Hockey League ( AHL ) , where he played two seasons in the Canucks ' farm system . He was traded during the 2010 NHL Entry Draft to the Florida Panthers , but was claimed by the New York Islanders after Florida placed him on waivers with the intention of assigning him to their AHL affiliate . Grabner spent five seasons with the Islanders before being traded to the Maple Leafs in 2015 . Internationally Grabner has appeared for Austria in both junior and senior tournaments , and played in the 2014 Winter Olympics .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Early career = = =
Born in Villach , Grabner began playing hockey at the age of five . He joined his EC VSV 's junior team , scoring 10 points over 13 games in 2002 – 03 . The following year , he improved to 32 goals and five assists over 23 games , while also debuting with EC VSV 's men 's team in the Austrian Hockey League . In the subsequent off @-@ season , he was selected 22nd overall by the Spokane Chiefs in the Canadian Hockey League ( CHL ) Import Draft . Grabner believed that playing major junior in North America would help his goal of making it to the NHL . He had been exposed to Chiefs general manager Tim Speltz through a connection with his head coach in EC VSV , Greg Holst .
Grabner left Austria to join Spokane for the 2004 – 05 WHL season , but suffered a broken collarbone in his first exhibition game . He missed approximately a month with the injury and scored his first WHL goal on 29 October 2004 , in a 4 – 2 loss against the Seattle Thunderbirds . He went on to record 13 goals and 24 points in his rookie season .
The following season , he improved to 36 goals and 50 points . Playing in his NHL draft year , he competed in the CHL Top Prospects Game and scored a goals and two assists . Shortly thereafter , he notched his first WHL career hat trick on 4 February 2007 , in a 7 – 5 win against the Tri @-@ City Americans . Grabner 's draft stock went up significantly in the second half of the season , as he scored 22 goals in the final 23 games of 2005 – 06 .
He entered the 2006 NHL Entry Draft having been ranked 23rd overall among prospects playing in North America by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau . He was chosen 14th overall by the Vancouver Canucks . Grabner was admittedly surprised to be chosen in that position of the draft , as he was projected to be a late first @-@ round to early second @-@ round pick . He had been scouted as highly skilled offensively with his speed and his shot his strengths .
He participated in his first NHL training camp in 2006 , before being returned to the Chiefs for the 2006 – 07 season . Early in his third WHL season , he suffered a hip pointer after receiving a slash . Due to lingering pain from the injury he was in and out of the lineup for several games before being sidelined for a month in November and early @-@ December . In mid @-@ February , he recorded six goals in a span of three games to be named WHL and CHL Player of the Week ( 12 – 18 February 2007 ) . Grabner with 39 goals and 16 assists in 55 games for a point @-@ per @-@ game pace over the course of the season . However , he was criticized by his coach for his lack of physical play .
= = = Manitoba Moose and Vancouver Canucks = = =
After the Chiefs were eliminated from the 2007 WHL playoffs , Grabner joined the Canucks ' American Hockey League affiliate , the Manitoba Moose for their final two games of the regular season and the playoffs . Grabner joined the Moose for his first full professional season in 2007 – 08 , recording 44 points in 74 games as a rookie .
The following season , on 26 February 2009 , Grabner was recalled by the Canucks to replace Pavol Demitra who suffered a fractured finger the night before . However , later that day , Grabner was reassigned to Manitoba after Demitra was deemed fit to play . He finished his second season with the Moose improving to 30 goals , tied for the team lead with Jason Krog , and 48 points in 66 games , helping the Moose to the league 's best regular season record . After eliminating the Toronto Marlies and Grand Rapids Griffins in the first two rounds of the 2009 playoffs , Grabner scored the series @-@ clinching goal in the sixth game of the semifinals , a 3 – 1 win over the Houston Aeros . Grabner finished with 17 points in 20 games as the Moose finished as Calder Cup runners @-@ up .
Coming off a successful second AHL season , Grabner was expected to challenge for a roster spot at the Canucks ' 2009 – 10 training camp , but was sent back down to the Moose before the start of the regular season . After a quick start with the Moose , however , scoring four goals in five games , he was called up by the Canucks on 14 October 2009 , to replace injured star winger Daniel Sedin . Grabner then scored his first NHL goal on 21 October on the powerplay against Antti Niemi in a 3 – 2 win against the Chicago Blackhawks . Nine games into his initial stint with the Canucks , however , he injured himself during a pre @-@ game warmup on 1 November . Grabner was kicking a soccer ball around with teammates before a game against the Colorado Avalanche when he rolled over his ankle .
Upon recovering , he returned to the Moose on 27 December 2009 , until being recalled on 17 March 2010 , following an injury to Canucks forward Mikael Samuelsson . On 2 April , Grabner scored his first NHL career hat trick in a 5 – 4 shootout win against the Anaheim Ducks . Remaining with the club for the 2010 playoffs , Grabner notched his first career NHL post @-@ season goal against Antti Niemi ( the same goaltender he scored his first regular season goal against ) on 1 May 2010 , in the opening game of the second round against the Chicago Blackhawks .
= = = New York Islanders = = =
On 25 June 2010 , during the 2010 NHL Entry Draft , Grabner was traded , along with Steve Bernier and the Canucks first round choice in the draft , the twenty @-@ fifth selection ( used to select Quinton Howden ) to the Florida Panthers for Keith Ballard and Victor Oreskovich . Grabner attended the Panthers training camp , where it was expected he would compete for a position on the team , but failed to do so . On 3 October 2010 , it was announced Grabner was placed on waivers by the Panthers , who intended to assign him to their AHL affiliate , the Rochester Americans . However he was claimed by the New York Islanders two days later .
He played his first game with the Islanders on 11 October 2010 , against the New York Rangers . His first point with the Islanders came on 13 October . Grabner 's first goal with the Islanders came against Craig Anderson of the Colorado Avalanche on 16 October . In January 2011 Grabner was selected to participate in the 2011 SuperSkills as one of twelve rookies in the competition , winning the fastest skater competition with times of 14 @.@ 061 and 14 @.@ 238 . In February Grabner led all rookies in scoring with 10 goals and 16 points . He also had a six @-@ game goal scoring streak which was the longest rookie streak since the 2006 – 07 season when Evgeni Malkin also scored in six straight . For his efforts Grabner was named rookie of the month . He finished his rookie year with 34 goals and 52 points , his goal total led all rookies , as well as the Islanders . Ranking third in points by a rookie Grabner earned a Calder Memorial Trophy nomination for NHL rookie of the year . Following his successful rookie year the Islanders signed Grabner to a five @-@ year , $ 15 million contract extension on 13 May 2011 , backloaded to start at $ 1M and then increase by another $ 1M each year .
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number of competitors , and may be held for a few minutes or several hours . Some dragonflies signal ownership with striking colours on the face , abdomen , legs , or wings . The common whitetail ( Plathemis lydia ) dashes towards an intruder holding its white abdomen aloft like a flag . Other dragonflies engage in aerial dogfights or high @-@ speed chases . A female must mate with the territory holder before laying her eggs .
= = = Reproduction = = =
Mating in dragonflies is a complex , precisely choreographed process . First , the male has to attract a female to his territory , continually driving off rival males . When he is ready to mate , he transfers a packet of sperm from his primary genital opening on segment 9 , near the end of his abdomen , to his secondary genitalia on segments 2 – 3 , near the base of his abdomen . The male then grasps the female by the head with the claspers at the end of his abdomen ; the structure of the claspers varies between species , and may help to prevent interspecific mating . The pair flies in tandem with the male in front , typically perching on a twig or plant stem . The female then curls her abdomen downwards and forwards under her body to pick up the sperm from the male 's secondary genitalia , while the male uses his " tail " claspers to grip the female behind the head : this distinctive posture is called the " heart " or " wheel " ; the pair may also be described as being " in cop " .
Egg @-@ laying ( ovipositing ) involves not only the female darting over floating or waterside vegetation to deposit eggs on a suitable substrate , but also the male hovering above her or continuing to clasp her and flying in tandem . The male attempts to prevent rivals from removing his sperm and inserting their own , something made possible by delayed fertilisation and driven by sexual selection . If successful , a rival male uses his penis to compress or scrape out the sperm inserted previously ; this activity takes up much of the time that a copulating pair remains in the heart posture . Flying in tandem has the advantage that less effort is needed by the female for flight and more can be expended on egg @-@ laying , and when the female submerges to deposit eggs , the male may help to pull her out of the water .
Egg @-@ laying takes two different forms depending on the species . The female in some families has a sharp @-@ edged ovipositor with which she slits open a stem or leaf of a plant on or near the water , so she can push her eggs inside . In other families such as clubtails ( Gomphidae ) , cruisers ( Macromiidae ) , emeralds ( Corduliidae ) , and skimmers ( Libellulidae ) , the female lays eggs by tapping the surface of the water repeatedly with her abdomen , by shaking the eggs out of her abdomen as she flies along , or by placing the eggs on vegetation . In a few species , the eggs are laid on emergent plants above the water , and development is delayed until these have withered and become immersed .
= = = Life cycle = = =
Dragonflies are hemimetabolous insects ; they do not have a pupal stage and undergo an incomplete metamorphosis with a series of nymphal stages from which the adult emerges . Eggs laid inside plant tissues are usually shaped like grains of rice , while other eggs are the size of a pinhead , ellipsoidal , or nearly spherical . A clutch may have as many as 1500 eggs , and they take about a week to hatch into aquatic nymphs or naiads which moult between six and 15 times ( depending on species ) as they grow . Most of a dragonfly 's life is spent as a nymph , beneath the water 's surface . The nymph extends its labium ( a toothed mouthpart ) to catch animals such as mosquito larvae , tadpoles , and small fish . They breathe through gills in their rectum , and can rapidly propel themselves by suddenly expelling water through the anus . Some naiads , such as the later stages of Antipodophlebia asthenes , hunt on land .
The larval stage of dragonflies lasts up to five years in large species , and between two months and three years in smaller species . When the naiad is ready to metamorphose into an adult , it stops feeding and makes its way to the surface , generally at night . It remains stationary with its head out of the water , while its respiration system adapts to breathing air , then climbs up a reed or other emergent plant , and moults ( ecdysis ) . Anchoring itself firmly in a vertical position with its claws , its skin begins to split at a weak spot behind the head . The adult dragonfly crawls out of its larval skin , the exuvia , arching backwards when all but the tip of its abdomen is free , to allow its exoskeleton to harden . Curling back upwards , it completes its emergence , swallowing air , which plumps out its body , and pumping haemolymph into its wings , which causes them to expand to their full extent .
Dragonflies in temperate areas can be categorized into two groups , an early group and a later one . In any one area , individuals of a particular " spring species " emerge within a few days of each other . The springtime darner ( Basiaeschna janata ) , for example , is suddenly very common in the spring , but has disappeared a few weeks later and is not seen again until the following year . By contrast , a " summer species " emerges over a period of weeks or months , later in the year . They may be seen on the wing for several months , but this may represent a whole series of individuals , with new adults hatching out as earlier ones complete their short lifespans .
= = = Sex ratios = = =
The sex ratio of male to female dragonflies varies both temporally and spatially . Adult dragonflies have a high male @-@ biased ratio at breeding habitats . The male @-@ bias ratio has contributed partially to the females using different habitats to avoid male harassment . As seen in Hine ’ s emerald dragonfly ( Somatochlora hineana ) , male populations use wetland habitats , while females use dry meadows and marginal breeding habitats , only migrating to the wetlands to lay their eggs or to find mating partners . Unwanted mating is energetically costly for females because it affects the amount of time that they are able to spend foraging .
= = = Flight = = =
Dragonflies are powerful and agile fliers , capable of migrating across oceans , moving in any direction , and changing direction suddenly . In flight , the adult dragonfly can propel itself in six directions : upward , downward , forward , back , to left and to right . They have four different styles of flight : A number of flying modes are used that include counter @-@ stroking , with forewings beating 180 ° out of phase with the hindwings , is used for hovering and slow flight . This style is efficient and generates a large amount of lift ; phased @-@ stroking , with the hindwings beating 90 ° ahead of the forewings , is used for fast flight . This style creates more thrust , but less lift than counter @-@ stroking ; synchronised @-@ stroking , with forewings and hindwings beating together , is used when changing direction rapidly , as it maximises thrust ; and gliding , with the wings held out , is used in three situations : free gliding , for a few seconds in between bursts of powered flight ; gliding in the updraft at the crest of a hill , effectively hovering by falling at the same speed as the updraft ; and in certain dragonflies such as darters , when " in cop " with a male , the female sometimes simply glides while the male pulls the pair along by beating his wings .
The wings are powered directly , with the flight muscles attached to the wing bases . Dragonflies have a high power / weight ratio , and have been documented accelerating at 4 G linearly and 9 G in sharp turns while pursuing prey .
Dragonflies generate lift in at least four ways at different times , including classical lift like an aircraft wing ; supercritical lift with the wing above the critical angle , generating high lift and using very short strokes to avoid stalling ; creating vortices ; and vortex shedding . Some families appear to use special mechanisms , as for example the Libellulidae which take off rapidly , their wings beginning pointed far forward and twisted almost vertically . Dragonfly wings behave highly dynamically during flight , flexing and twisting during each beat . Among the variables are wing curvature , length and speed of stroke , angle of attack , forward / back position of wing , and phase relative to the other wings .
= = = = Flight speed = = = =
Old and unreliable claims are made that dragonflies such as the southern giant darner can fly up to 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) . However , the greatest reliable flight speed records are for other types of insects . In general , large dragonflies like the hawkers have a maximum speed of 10 – 15 metres per second ( 22 – 34 mph ) with average cruising speed of about 4 @.@ 5 metres per second ( 10 mph ) . Dragonflies can fly at 100 body @-@ lengths per second , and three lengths per second backwards .
= = = = Motion camouflage = = = =
In high @-@ speed territorial battles between male Australian emperors ( Hemianax papuensis ) , the fighting dragonflies adjust their flight paths to appear stationary to their rivals , minimizing the chance of being detected as they approach . To achieve the effect , the attacking dragonfly flies towards his rival , choosing his path to remain on a line between the rival and the start of his attack path . The attacker thus looms larger as he closes on the rival , but does not otherwise appear to move . Researchers found that six of 15 encounters involved motion camouflage .
= = = Temperature control = = =
The flight muscles need to be kept at a suitable temperature for the dragonfly to be able to fly . Being cold @-@ blooded , they can raise their temperature by basking in the sun . Early in the morning , they may choose to perch in a vertical position with the wings outstretched , while in the middle of the day , a horizontal stance may be chosen . Another method of warming up used by some larger dragonflies is wing @-@ whirring , a rapid vibration of the wings that causes heat to be generated in the flight muscles . The green darner ( Anax junius ) is known for its long @-@ distance migrations , and often resorts to wing @-@ whirring before dawn to enable it to make an early start .
Becoming too hot is another hazard , and a sunny or shady position for perching can be selected according to the ambient temperature . Some species have dark patches on the wings which can provide shade for the body , and a few use the obelisk posture to avoid overheating . This behaviour involves doing a " handstand " , perching with the body raised and the abdomen pointing towards the sun , thus minimising the amount of solar radiation received . On a hot day , dragonflies sometimes adjust their body temperature by skimming over a water surface and briefly touching it , often three times in quick succession . This may also help to avoid desiccation .
= = = Feeding = = =
Adult dragonflies hunt on the wing using their exceptionally acute eyesight and strong , agile flight . They are almost exclusively carnivorous , eating a wide variety of insects ranging from small midges and mosquitoes to butterflies , moths , damselflies , and smaller dragonflies . A large prey item is subdued by being bitten on the head and is carried by the legs to a perch . Here , the wings are discarded and the prey usually ingested head first . A dragonfly may consume as much as a fifth of its body weight in prey per day .
The larvae are voracious predators , eating most living things that are smaller than they are . Their staple diet is mostly bloodworms and other insect larvae , but they also feed on tadpoles and small fish . A few species , especially those that live in temporary waters , are likely to leave water . Nymphs of Cordulegaster bidentata sometimes hunt small arthropods on the ground at night .
= = Predators and parasites = =
Although dragonflies are swift and agile fliers , some predators are fast enough to catch them . These include falcons such as the American kestrel , the merlin , and the hobby ; nighthawks , swifts , flycatchers and swallows also take some adults ; some species of wasps , too , prey on dragonflies , using them to provision their nests , laying an egg on each captured insect . In the water , various species of ducks and herons eat dragonfly larvae and they are also preyed on by newts , frogs , fish , and water spiders . Amur falcons , which migrate over the Indian Ocean at a period that coincides with the migration of the globe skimmer dragonfly , Pantala flavescens , may actually be feeding on them while on the wing .
Dragonflies are affected by three major parasites : water mites , gregarine protozoa , and trematode flatworms ( flukes ) . Water mites , Hydracarina , can kill smaller dragonfly larvae , and may also be seen on adults . Gregarines infect the gut and may cause blockage and secondary infection . Trematodes are parasites of vertebrates such as frogs , with complex lifecycles often involving a period as a stage called a cercaria in a secondary host , a snail . Dragonfly nymphs may swallow cercariae , or these may tunnel through a nymph 's body wall ; they then enter the gut and form a cyst or metacercaria , which remains in the nymph for the whole of its development . If the nymph is eaten by a frog , the amphibian becomes infected by the adult or fluke stage of the trematode .
= = Dragonflies and humans = =
= = = Conservation = = =
Most odonatologists live in temperate areas and the dragonflies of North America and Europe have been the subject of much research . However , the majority of species live in tropical areas and have been little studied . With the destruction of rainforest habitats , many of these species are in danger of becoming extinct before they have even been named . The greatest cause of decline is forest clearance with the consequent drying up of streams and pools which become clogged with silt . The damming of rivers for hydroelectric schemes and the drainage of low @-@ lying land has reduced suitable habitat , as has pollution and the introduction of alien species .
In 1997 , the International Union for Conservation of Nature set up a status survey and conservation action plan for dragonflies . This proposes the establishment of protected areas around the world and the management of these areas to provide suitable habitat for dragonflies . Outside these areas , encouragement should be given to modify forestry , agricultural , and industrial practices to enhance conservation . At the same time , more research into dragonflies needs to be done , consideration should be given to pollution control and the public should be educated about the importance of biodiversity .
Habitat degradation has reduced dragonfly populations across the world , for example in Japan . Over 60 % of Japan 's wetlands were lost in the 20th century , so its dragonflies now depend largely on rice fields , ponds , and creeks . Dragonflies feed on pest insects in rice , acting as a natural pest control . Dragonflies are steadily declining in Africa , and represent a conservation priority .
The dragonfly 's long lifespan and low population density makes it vulnerable to disturbance , such as from collisions with vehicles on roads built near wetlands . Species that fly low and slow may be most at risk .
Dragonflies are attracted to shiny surfaces that produce polarization which they can mistake for water , and they have been known to aggregate close to polished gravestones , solar panels , automobiles , and other such structures on which they attempt to lay eggs . These can have a local impact on dragonfly populations ; methods of reducing the attractiveness of structures such as solar panels are under experimentation .
= = = In culture = = =
A blue @-@ glazed faience dragonfly amulet was found by Flinders Petrie at Lahun , from the Late Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt .
For some Native American tribes , dragonflies represent swiftness and activity ; for the Navajo , they symbolize pure water . They are a common motif in Zuni pottery ; stylized as a double @-@ barred cross , they appear in Hopi rock art and on Pueblo necklaces . They have been used in traditional medicine in Japan and China . In Indonesia , adults are caught on poles made sticky with birdlime , then fried in oil as a delicacy .
In the United States , dragonflies and damselflies are sought out as a hobby similar to birding and butterflying , known as oding , from the Latin name of the dragonfly order , Odonata . Oding is especially popular in Texas , where 225 different species of odonates have been observed . With care , and with dry fingers , dragonflies can be handled and released by oders , as can be done with butterflies , though it is not encouraged .
Images of dragonflies are common in Art Nouveau , especially in jewellery designs . They have also been used as a decorative motif on fabrics and home furnishings . Douglas , a British motorcycle manufacturer based in Bristol , named its innovatively designed postwar 350 @-@ cc flat @-@ twin model the Dragonfly .
Among the classical names of Japan are Akitsukuni ( 秋津国 ) , Akitsushima ( 秋津島 ) , Toyo @-@ akitsushima ( 豊秋津島 ) . Akitu or akidu are archaic or dialectal Japanese words for dragonfly , so one interpretation of Akitsushima is " Dragonfly Island " . This is attributed to a legend in which Japan 's mythical founder , Emperor Jinmu , was bitten by a mosquito , which was then eaten by a dragonfly .
As a seasonal symbol in Japan , the dragonfly is associated with autumn . More generally , dragonflies are symbols of courage , strength , and happiness , and they often appear in art and literature , especially haiku . Japanese children catch large dragonflies as a game , using a hair with a small pebble tied to each end , which they throw into the air . The dragonfly mistakes the pebbles for prey , gets tangled in the hair , and is dragged to the ground by the weight .
In Europe , dragonflies have often been seen as sinister . Some English vernacular names , such as " horse @-@ stinger " , " devil 's darning needle " , and " ear cutter " , link them with evil or injury . Swedish folklore holds that the devil uses dragonflies to weigh people 's souls . The Norwegian name for dragonflies is Øyenstikker ( " eye @-@ poker " ) , and in Portugal , they are sometimes called tira @-@ olhos ( " eyes @-@ snatcher " ) . They are often associated with snakes , as in the Welsh name gwas @-@ y @-@ neidr , " adder 's servant " . The Southern United States term " snake doctor " refers to a folk belief that dragonflies follow snakes around and stitch them back together if they are injured .
The watercolourist Moses Harris ( 1731 – 1785 ) , known for his The Aurelian or natural history of English insects ( 1766 ) , published in 1780 , the first scientific descriptions of several Odonata including the banded demoiselle , Calopteryx splendens . He was the first English artist to make illustrations of dragonflies accurate enough to be identified to species ( Aeshna grandis at top left of plate illustrated ) , though his inaccurate drawing of a larva ( at lower left ) appears to be plagiarised .
= = = In poetry and literature = = =
Lafcadio Hearn wrote in his 1901 book A Japanese Miscellany that Japanese poets had created dragonfly haiku " almost as numerous as are the dragonflies themselves in the early autumn . " The poet Matsuo Bashō ( 1644 – 1694 ) wrote haiku such as " Crimson pepper pod / add two pairs of wings , and look / darting dragonfly " , relating the autumn season to the dragonfly . Hori Bakusui ( 1718 – 1783 ) similarly wrote " Dyed he is with the / Colour of autumnal days , / O red dragonfly . "
The poet Alfred , Lord Tennyson , described a dragonfly splitting its old skin and emerging shining metallic blue like " sapphire mail " in his 1842 poem " The Two Voices " , with the lines " An inner impulse rent the veil / Of his old husk : from head to tail / Came out clear plates of sapphire mail . "
The novelist H. E. Bates described the rapid , agile flight of dragonflies in his 1937 nonfiction book Down the River :
I saw , once , an endless procession , just over an area of water @-@ lilies , of small sapphire dragonflies , a continuous play of blue gauze over the snowy flowers above the sun @-@ glassy water . It was all confined , in true dragonfly fashion , to one small space . It was a continuous turning and returning , an endless darting , poising , striking and hovering , so swift that it was often lost in sunlight .
= Big King =
The Big King sandwich is one of the major hamburger products sold by the international fast @-@ food restaurant chain Burger King , and has been part of its menu for more than twenty years . During its testing phase in 1996 – 1997 , it was originally called the Double Supreme and was configured similarly to the McDonald 's Big Mac — including a three piece roll . It was later reformulated as a more standard double burger during the latter part of product testing in 1997 . It was given its current name when the product was formally introduced in September 1997 , but maintained the more conventional double cheeseburger format . Its introduction capped a period of sales success for Burger King , when the company successfully took on its rival McDonald 's .
The product was renamed King Supreme in 2001 when it was slightly reformulated as part of a menu restructuring during a period of corporate decline . A later restructuring eliminated the King Supreme in favor of its new BK Stacker line of sandwiches . When the Stacker line was discontinued in the United States shortly after , the Big King returned in November 2013 as a permanent product .
Despite being off the menu in the United States for several years , the product was still sold in several other countries under several names during the interim of its unavailability in the United States . One such example sold by BK 's European arm of the company is a larger version of the sandwich called the Big King XXL , based on the company 's Whopper sandwich . The Big King XXL is part of a line of larger double cheeseburgers known as the BK XXL line ; the XXL line was the center of controversy over product health standards and advertising in Spain when first introduced .
There is a chicken variant of the sandwich in the United States and Canada . To promote continuing interest in the product , Burger King occasionally releases limited @-@ time variants on the Big King . As one of the company 's major offerings , the Big King sandwich is sometimes at the center of advertising promotions and product tie @-@ ins . Additionally , as a major product in the company 's portfolio , Burger King has registered many global trademarks to protect its investment in the product .
= = History = =
= = = Initial product run = = =
The sandwich that would eventually become the Big King was preceded by a similar sandwich called the Double Supreme cheeseburger . Burger King 's take on rival McDonald 's well @-@ known Big Mac sandwich was released as a test product in January 1996 when McDonald 's was having difficulties within the American market . Hoping to build on improving sales of Burger King and take advantage of perceived market weakness of McDonald 's , the chain introduced the Double Supreme as part of an advertising blitz against its competitor . Originally , the burger had a look and composition that resembled the Big Mac : it had two beef patties , " King " sauce , lettuce , cheese , pickles and onions on a three @-@ part sesame seed bun . Because its patties are flame @-@ broiled and larger than McDonald 's grill fried and seasoned patties , and the formulation of the " King Sauce " was different from McDonald 's " Special sauce " , the sandwich had a similar , but not exact , taste and different caloric content . The sandwich was reformulated after the initial test run , removing the center roll . The Double Supreme was advertised with a direct attack on the Big Mac , using the claims that it had 75 % more beef and less bread than the McDonald 's sandwich . A review of the Burger King sandwich by the Chicago Tribune verified these claims and also stated that the ingredients of the newer sandwich were of better quality than those of the McDonald 's product .
After the initial testing period , the sandwich was renamed the Big King and added to the national menu at the end of the summer of 1997 — the first major product introduction since the company added its BK Broiler chicken sandwich in 1990 . Unlike the Double Supreme , the new Big King lacked the interior bread piece the Big Mac had , and the advertising used to promote the Big King continued to utilize the 75 % more beef claim . However , the new sandwich was introduced while the company was dealing with a highly publicized beef recall from one of its key suppliers , Hudson Foods , and had to deal with accusations that the introduction was designed to distract the public and media from the recall . The sandwich was initially introduced in the United States at a 99 ¢ ( USD ) price point , which helped propel sales to nearly twice the estimated volume and causing many locations to sell out of the burger patties used to produce the sandwich .
McDonald 's initially downplayed the new sandwich , with a spokesman stating that there was only one place to get the real Big Mac . Despite McDonald 's claims that the sandwich was not a major issue for the company , its highly promoted Arch Deluxe sandwich was not a success and its " Campaign 55 " promotion , which reduced the price of certain sandwiches to 55 ¢ ( USD ) , was eliminated after franchisees complained that it had failed to boost sales . Against McDonald 's struggles , Burger King 's successful introduction of the Big King was later paired with a newly introduced , improved type of french fry in November of the same year . Along with these two product introductions , the company began a massive financial investment in product development across all parts of its menu which , in total , provided a boost in the chain 's market performance . The mirrored failure and success for the two companies showed itself in the market share of the United States fast @-@ food market : Burger King 's share rose a percentage point , to 19 @.@ 2 % , while McDonald 's share slipped 0 @.@ 4 points , to 41 @.@ 9 % by the end of 1997 . The McDonald 's drop capped a three @-@ year decline in the larger chain 's market share in the United States , which stood at 42 @.@ 3 % at the start of 1995 .
By 2001 , Burger King 's chain @-@ wide sales were lagging . Corporate indifference from parent Diageo coupled with lagging sales at larger franchises caused by declining consumer demand for its products led the company to initiate a menu redesign to try to lure customers back into stores . The company decided to introduce a series of new product launches in a planned menu revamp . Along with a new Whopper @-@ based burger designed to compete with McDonald 's Quarter Pounder , a new breakfast sandwich designed to compete with the McMuffin sandwich , and other new products , Burger King introduced a reformulated Big King replacement called the King Supreme . The new sandwich 's ingredients were basically the same as the Big King , but the King Sauce used in the sandwich was reformulated to , according to company claims , enhance the savory nature of the grilled burger patties Burger King uses in its sandwiches . This knock @-@ off driven menu reorganization was designed to better compete with a similar menu expansion at McDonald 's , called the New Tastes Menu , introduced earlier the same year .
= = = BK Stackers = = =
Burger King changed ownership in 2002 when Diageo sold its interest in the company to a group of investment firms led by TPG Capital . After assuming ownership , TPG 's newly appointed management team began focusing menu development and advertising on a very narrow demographic group , young men aged 20 – 34 who routinely ate at fast food restaurants several times per month which the chain identified as the " super fan " . Amid this new super @-@ fan focused menu expansion the chain introduced its new BK Stacker sandwich in late 2006 , a family of sandwiches featuring the same set of toppings served as a single , double , triple or quadruple hamburger . The Stacker line was part of a series of larger , more calorie @-@ laden products introduced by the company to entice the super @-@ fan into the chain 's restaurants . These new additions helped propel same store profits for more than sixteen quarters .
The Stacker consisted of anywhere from one to four 1 @.@ 7 oz ( 48 g ) beef patties , American cheese , bacon and a Thousand @-@ Island dressing variant called Stacker sauce served on a sesame seed bun . The new sandwiches had a muted reaction in several reviews — Chowhound.com readers rated the Quad Stacker as one of the most over @-@ the @-@ top gluttonous burgers in a poll , while the Impulsive Buy stated that the sandwich was much like any other bacon cheeseburger but meatier . Despite its lukewarm reception , an internet meme relating to the sandwich developed rather quickly . Customers would create an " Octo @-@ Stacker " sandwich by purchasing two quad Stackers and mashing the two together sandwiches to create a sandwich with eight patties , eight slices of cheese and sixteen half pieces of bacon . They would then film themselves trying to eat the 1 lb ( 0 @.@ 45 kg ) sandwich in under five minutes .
With the onset of the Great Recession in 2008 – 2009 , this narrowly @-@ defined demographic @-@ based sales plan faltered and sales and profits for the chain declined ; Burger King 's same @-@ store comparable sales in the United States and Canada declined 4 @.@ 6 % in the three months ended September 30 , while McDonald 's posted same @-@ store comparable sales growth of 2 @.@ 5 % within the United States . The Stacker line underwent a minor reformulation in 2011 that involved deleting the top layer of cheese and changing the amount of bacon in the sandwiches , and moving the sandwiches from the core section of its menu to the company 's value menu . The changed ingredient list and pricing structure created a situation such that the distribution of ingredients did not scale at the same rate as increasing numbers of burger patties . Consumer Reports ' blog The Consumerist noted that two single Stackers at $ 1 @.@ 00 included more cheese and more bacon than one double Stacker for $ 2 @.@ 00 . Three single Stackers had 50 % more cheese and double the bacon of one triple Stacker . The Stacker line and other related calorie @-@ heavy menu items were dropped in 2012 when 3G Capital of Brazil bought the company and initiated a menu restructuring focusing on a broader demographic base .
= = = BK Toppers = = =
The BK Toppers line was a line of cheeseburgers introduced by Burger King in October 2011 as a limited time offer in North America . The sandwiches featured a new 3 @.@ 2 oz ( 91 g ) chopped beef patty made with a coarser grind than the company 's 2 oz ( 57 g ) hamburger patty . The three sandwiches included a larger version of Burger King 's Rodeo Cheeseburger , one made with sautéed mushrooms and processed Swiss cheese and the Cheeseburger Deluxe . The cheeseburger deluxe consisted of lettuce , pickles , onions , American cheese and Stacker sauce in a combinations similar to the King Supreme .
The sandwiches were a part of the new ownership 's plans to expand its customer base beyond the 18- to 34 @-@ year @-@ old demographic which it had been targeting over the previous several years . The product resurrected a previous name from the BK Hot Toppers line of sandwiches from the 1980s .
= = = Reintroduction = = =
The TPG @-@ led group of owners divested itself of Burger King in 2012 when the chain was sold to 3G Capital of Brazil . After 3G purchased Burger King , its new management team refocused on a broader menu strategy to lure a more diverse customer base . The first major change to the product base was a reformulation and name change of the company 's chicken nuggets in January 2013 . Along with other new products such as smoothies , wraps and chicken strips that broadly copied McDonald 's menu once again , the chain reintroduced the Big King as a permanent menu item in November of the same year .
The new version of the sandwich was originally made with two of the chain 's 1 @.@ 7 oz ( 48 g ) hamburger patties , but after negative consumer response regarding the size of the patties the sandwich was reformulated to use two 2 oz ( 57 g ) Whopper Jr. patties instead . A chicken variant was introduced in May 2014 . The new chicken variant swapped out the burger patties with two chicken patties used for the chain 's value
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menu chicken sandwiches and added a third layer of sauce to increase the moisture content of the sandwich . The sandwich was introduced nationwide in the U.S. after a period of testing in Indiana . While the chicken version of the sandwich was new to Burger King , it again copied a product from McDonald 's — in the Middle East the competing chain offers a Chicken Big Mac sandwich .
A primary reason the product was brought back was because of a new approach the company was taking regarding new and limited time offering ( LTO ) products . Instead of putting out large numbers of products that may only appeal to a small audience , it would only add a smaller amount of products that have broader market appeal . Along with its BK Chicken Fries product , the Big King was part of that goal , with the reintroduction utilizing a three prong approach : its stated intention to introduce products to those that will have most impact , a bid to appeal to Millennials utilizing social media focused campaigns , and to utilize a former product from its portfolio that the company probably should have thought about before discontinuing . The idea of reintroducing older , possibly discontinued products is appealing to companies such as Burger King and McDonald 's because it is operationally easier than launching a completely new product . In many cases the reintroduction allows these companies to utilize older advertising along with its existing supply chain which is already established to deliver the product ingredients while catering to the public 's feelings of nostalgia for these products . The limited @-@ time offers allow chains to bring " new " products to the menu without adding permanent complexity to their kitchen operations . The Chicken Big King was introduced because of an increased spike in demand for chicken @-@ based products , coupled with the success of the Big King 's reintroduction .
Burger King accredited the reintroduction of the Big King as helping the company regain a limited domestic same @-@ store comparable sales rise of .1 % in 2014 over a .9 % loss the previous fiscal year . At the same time the company 's total sales were up 2 % , with adjusted earnings per share increasing 19 @.@ 7 % to $ 0 @.@ 20 per share . This contrasted with main competitor McDonald 's only reporting a 3 % increase in global system @-@ wide sales , a 0 @.@ 5 % rise in same @-@ store sales , and a 1 @.@ 7 % decrease in same @-@ store sales in the U.S. and Canada which the competitor attributed to " challenging industry dynamics and severe winter weather . "
= = = Competitive products = = =
As noted , the Big King sandwich was introduced to compete directly with the McDonald 's Big Mac sandwich . It joins a group of sandwiches from other vendors that are designed as counters to the more well @-@ known McDonald 's sandwich . This includes the Big Shef sandwich originally from now @-@ defunct chain Burger Chef and occasionally produced as a LTO from current trademark owner Hardees .
The Big King was introduced at a time when McDonald 's was planning a similar move with a direct competitor to Burger King 's signature Whopper sandwich . The Big N ' Tasty was introduced in California at approximately the same time Big King was being nationally introduced in 1997 . Other similar products from McDonald 's were also undergoing testing at the same time ; either called the Big Xtra or the MBX , these other two sandwiches were being test marketed in the Northeastern United States . The Big N ' Tasty eventually won out in testing , however its national roll @-@ out was delayed due to a corporate reorganization at McDonald 's .
= = Product description = =
The Big King is a hamburger , consisting of two 2 oz ( 57 g ) grilled beef patties , sesame seed bun , King Sauce ( a Thousand Island dressing variant ) , iceberg lettuce , onions , pickles and American cheese . When first reintroduced in 2013 , the sandwich was made with two of the company 's 1 @.@ 7 oz ( 48 g ) hamburger patties , but was modified in February 2014 to use two of the larger 2 @.@ 0 oz ( 57 g ) Whopper Jr. patties .
= = = Notable variants = = =
The Chicken Big King was added April 2014 . This new variation on the original Big King sandwich was part of a corporate menu restructuring that began the previous year . This was part of Burger King CEO Alex Macedo 's plan to introduce simpler products that require few or no new ingredients in order to simplify operations . This new sandwich uses the company 's existing Crispy Chicken Jr patty in place of the beef and adds an extra layer of King sauce to ensure that the product stays moist .
The Big King XXL is part of a line of sandwiches consisting of larger , 8 oz ( 230 g ) double cheeseburgers sold by Burger King in the European and Middle Eastern markets . It is one of their late @-@ teen to young @-@ adult male @-@ oriented products . Besides the Big King XXL , there are double cheeseburger and bacon double cheeseburger variants .
= = Advertising = =
= = = Double Supreme = = =
The Double Supreme was promoted in a series of advertisements created by the New York firm of Ammirati Puris Lintas ( APL ) . The first ad compared the Double Supreme cheeseburger to the Big Mac , with one 30 @-@ second television spot touting the Burger King product contained 75 % more beef than the McDonald 's one and asked the viewer if Big Mac lovers were " ready for a new relationship ? " A second advertisement featured actors playing McDonald 's employees going to Burger King to get the new sandwich because they had realized that they preferred the Burger King product over the sandwich they normally sold . The attack ads were the result of the comparatively strong sales year for Burger King in 1996 coupled with domestic sales problems for McDonald 's , leaving BK acting in a " cocky " manner towards its main rival .
While Burger King 's advertising programs were highly focused on its new product , most of the company 's sales gains were the result of aggressive price cutting by Burger King , specifically pricing its signature Whopper sandwich at 99 ¢ , according to analysts at Salomon Brothers . The price cutting promotions by Burger King , and number @-@ three chain Wendy 's , forced McDonald 's into its own price cutting program . According to Salomon , the burger segment 's price wars would have a detrimental effect on the profits of segment leaders , allowing other smaller chains such as Sonic Drive @-@ In , Jack in the Box and Carl 's Jr to position themselves as attractive alternatives to the big three chains .
= = = 1997 Big King = = =
Advertising for the Big King was spearheaded by a national television program from APL that debuted on September 1 , 1997 . The television ads were part of a US $ 30 million program to promote the sandwich . It was introduced with a promotional price of 99 ¢ for the first two weeks of sales , which helped drive sales for the product . The advertisements featured the company 's new " Get Your Burger 's Worth " tagline and they attacked the Big Mac with the claim " Get ready for a new taste that beats the Big Mac . " Additional ads continued the attacks , stating " just like a Big Mac , except it 's got 75 % more beef . And it 's flame @-@ broiled . "
= = = King Supreme = = =
The King Supreme debuted with an advertising campaign created by the McCaffery Ratner Gottlieb & Lane agency and commercials produced by Aspect Ratio which featured blues legend B.B. King . The ads pushed the company 's lunch and dinner periods as the best time to have the sandwich and had King doing a voice over in which he alternately talked or sang about the sandwiches . The advertisements featured 15- and 30 @-@ second television spots in which King is shown sitting on a crescent moon , playing his guitar Lucille while speaking about the products and singing the company 's slogan . The 30 @-@ second ads were for both the King Supreme and the company 's other copycat product , the Egg McMuffin clone called the Egg 'Wich Muffin sandwich , while the 15 @-@ second ads were for each product individually . On the radio side , 30- and 60 @-@ second spots had King discussing the new sandwiches and singing their praise . The tag line for the ads was " BK and BB let you have it your way , " a variation on the company 's motto " Have it your way . "
Shortly after their debut , the ads came under fire from several fronts . Fans complained that the legendary musician was debasing himself by doing the commercials , that he was selling out by allowing his image to be used to peddle fast food . Other groups such as the American Diabetes Association pointed out that King , known for having weight issues and poorly controlled diabetes , was a questionable spokesperson for a burger chain that sells products that are not part of a healthier diet . Finally , several firms complained off the record that King was inconsistent in his endorsements , selling a highly fattening product while similarly endorsing diabetic products manufactured by the Johnson & Johnson company .
= = = 2014 Big King = = =
= = = BK XXL = = =
The ads for the XXL bacon double cheeseburger described the XXL as a Whopper " with two enormous portions of flame @-@ broiled meat that will give you all the energy you need to take the world by storm , " and used the tag line of " It 's awful being a vegetarian , right ? " .
The British and German ad program for an LTO variant called the Cheesy Bacon XXL featured an edited version of the Manthem commercial created by Crispin Porter + Bogusky that was originally used for the company 's LTO Texas Double Whopper . The line mentioning the Whopper was edited out and replaced and the picture of the product was digitally replaced with one of the Cheesy Bacon XXL . The ad was sung entirely in English ; all signage , including road signs license plates on vehicles , etc . , was not translated into German .
= = = Controversies = = =
The company 's online advertising program in Spain described the BK XXL line as being made " with two enormous portions of flame @-@ broiled meat that will give you all the energy you need to take the world by storm . " This claim combined with the television advertising were the prime motivators behind the Spanish government 's concerns with the XXL sandwich line . The government claimed that campaign violated an agreement with the government to comply with an initiative on curbing obesity by promoting such a large and unhealthy sandwich . In response to the government 's claims , Burger King replied in a statement : " In this campaign , we are simply promoting a line of burgers that has formed part of our menu in recent years . Our philosophy can be summed up with the motto ' As you like it , ' in which our customers ' taste trumps all . "
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arenza or Clarenza in Italian , Clarentia or Clarencia in Latin , rendered Κλαρέντσα ( Klarentsa ) , Κλαρίντζα ( Klarintza ) , or Γλαρέντζα ( Glarentza ) in contemporary Greek documents .
The medieval town was located a bit further west of the modern village of Kyllini , on the northern tip of a headland that forms the westernmost point of the Peloponnese . This was a site known since Antiquity as the best anchorage in all of Elis , and was likely the site of the ancient city of Cyllene . Glarentza was established as the haven for the Principality 's capital , located inland at Andravida , some 13 kilometres ( 8 @.@ 1 mi ) away . Along with Andravida and the fortress of Clermont or Chlemoutsi , some 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) from the port , Glarentza formed the administrative heart of the Principality of Achaea .
Glarentza profited from its location and became the main port for communication and traffic between the Morea and Italy . As described in the town 's Greek Ministry of Culture website , Glarentza " rapidly established itself as the most important financial and urban centre of the Crusader principality , with an international renown " , while according to the medievalist Antoine Bon , it was " the agglomeration which should most resemble , by its activity , a city in the modern sense of the word " . It was a cosmopolitan city , frequented by emissaries from Italy , soldiers and merchants , chiefly Venetians . Trade brought great prosperity , as evidenced by the fact that it used its own system of weights and measures in the 14th century . It featured a hospital as well as banks , lodgings for the mariners , and a Franciscan monastery . Based on a 1391 list of fiefs , the town counted ca . 300 hearths , making it among the largest in the Principality .
The town was also the site of the princely mint , which from the 13th century until its cessation , in 1353 , struck denier tournois or tornese coins , inscribed initially with [ DE ] CLARENTIA , and , from the reign of Florent of Hainaut ( ruled 1289 – 97 ) onwards , with DE CLARENCIA . Although Andravida was the main residence of the princely court , Glarentza too was a location of political significance , and several parliaments and assemblies took place there , such as the adjudication on the inheritance of the Barony of Akova in 1276 , or the parliament and oath of allegiance to Isabella of Villehardouin and Florent of Hainaut in 1289 . Glarentza was surrounded by a set of walls , but scholars have long disputed exactly when this was done . The debate concerns the relation between Glarentza and the nearby fortress of Clermont / Chlemoutsi , which in the view of those who consider Glarentza to have originally been unfortified served as the town 's citadel , in which case this was probably the original site of the mint , whence its alternative name of " Castel Tornese " .
In June 1315 , Glarentza was captured by the Aragonese troops of the infante Ferdinand of Majorca , who claimed the princely title of Achaea for himself by virtue of his marriage to Isabella of Sabran , granddaughter of William II of Villehardouin . Ferdinand made Glarentza his residence , and soon seized all of Elis , aided by the defection of several Achaean barons dissatisfied with the Principality 's rule by the Angevins of Naples . Ferdinand began minting coins with his name — the rarest issues of the Glarentza mint — but his reign was cut short with the arrival of the legitimate claimants , Matilda of Hainaut and Louis of Burgundy . In the Battle of Manolada , fought to the northeast of Glarentza on 5 July 1316 , the Aragonese were defeated and Ferdinand was killed . The remainder of his army fled to Glarentza , and soon handed over the town and the other fortresses they had occupied and departed the Peloponnese , taking the corpse of Ferdinand with them .
The town 's decline began in the early 15th century , following the worsening fortunes of the Principality itself . At that time , Achaea , under Prince Centurione II Zaccaria ( ruled 1404 – 30 ) , found itself endangered by the attacks of the Byzantines of the Despotate of the Morea on the one hand and the expansionist designs of the Tocco family of Cephalonia and Zakynthos on the other . In late 1407 , Centurione 's own brother @-@ in @-@ law Leonardo II Tocco seized Glarentza and reaped an enormous booty , as recorded in the Chronicle of the Tocco . It took several years of conflicts and diplomatic manoeuvrings before a Venetian @-@ mediated deal restored the city to Centurione in July 1414 . In 1417 , the Byzantines under the Despot Theodore II Palaiologos and his brother John VIII Palaiologos , launched another attack on the remains of the Principality . The brothers made swift progress , forcing Prince Centurione to retire to Glarentza , which was unsuccessfully attacked by the Byzantines . A truce was concluded in 1418 , but in the same year , an Italian adventurer , Olivier Franco , seized the town , which in 1421 he sold to Carlo I Tocco , Leonardo 's elder brother .
With Glarentza in their hands , the Tocchi now began to openly pursue their aspirations in the Peloponnese , and attacked the territories of the Latin Archbishop of Patras Stephen Zaccaria , Centurione 's brother . In 1427 , the Byzantines , led by emperor John VIII in person , attacked the Tocco lands in the Peloponnese . After the Byzantine fleet defeated his navy , Carlo was forced to submit , and in 1428 , Glarentza was handed over as part of the dowry of his niece , Maddalena , who was married to the Despot Constantine Palaiologos ( the future last Byzantine emperor ) . When Constantine besieged Patras in 1429 , a Catalan fleet that came to the city 's aid captured Glarentza , forcing Constantine to ransom it back . He then destroyed its fortifications , so that it could no longer be seized and used by a western power .
In 1430 , following the final subjugation of the Principality of Achaea by the Byzantines , the Peloponnese was divided into appanages among the various Palaiologos princes . Glarentza became the residence of Thomas Palaiologos until 1432 , when he exchanged his portion with Constantine , who had originally settled at Kalavryta . In 1446 , Glarentza and its surrounding region were raided by the Ottoman Turks under Sultan Murad II , and in 1460 , it fell to the Ottomans along with the remainder of the Byzantine Peloponnese . Although nearby Chlemoutsi continued to play a role as a military stronghold until the 19th century — it was garrisoned by the Venetians during the Ottoman – Venetian War of 1463 – 79 , and attacked by the Knights of Malta in 1620 — Glarentza itself seems to have rapidly fallen into obscurity under the Ottomans , apparently declining as the maritime links with Italy were severed . By the 16th century , it was already abandoned and half @-@ ruined . The ruins were described by successive travellers until the 19th century , and photographs were also taken later . During the German occupation of Greece in World War II , the German Army demolished many of the remains .
In the early 19th century , several authors and travellers , like Robert Byron , contended that Glarentza ( in its Latin form , Clarentia / Clarencia ) gave its name to the royal English title of the " Duke of Clarence " , via Princess Matilda of Hainaut and her cousin Philippa of Hainaut , a claim that has been repeated by reputable publications like the Meyers Konversations @-@ Lexikon encyclopedia into the 20th century . However , this view was conclusively rejected already in 1846 by the military officer and antiquarian William Martin Leake , who pointed out that at no time did English royalty hold Moreote titles , and that " Clarence " originates from Clare , Suffolk , and not Glarentza .
= = Location and archaeological remains = =
The town of Glarentza was situated on a small plateau , sloping slightly downwards from west to east , at the extreme northwestern end of the peninsula known in Antiquity as Chelonatas . The town occupied an irregular shape of ca . 450 metres ( 1 @,@ 480 ft ) from east to west and 350 metres ( 1 @,@ 150 ft ) from north to south , i.e. a surface of ca . 8 @,@ 800 square metres ( 95 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . The northern and western sides of the town bordered on the sea and were protected by a cliff of some 50 m in height descending to the sea . The port was located in the north , shielded from the dangerous western and southwestern winds .
There are very few material remains of the medieval town today . The city wall that surrounded the settlement has largely disappeared and is difficult to trace today , but from the remains of its foundations it does not appear to have been a substantial fortification . It was lightly built , with a thickness of perhaps 1 @.@ 8 – 2 metres ( 5 @.@ 9 – 6 @.@ 6 ft ) , reinforced by rectangular towers . The three gates have left far more substantial remains . The eastern , southeastern and southern sides were fronted by a ditch of some 20 – 22 metres ( 66 – 72 ft ) , with the excavated soil dumped on the inner side and used to elevate the city wall . A small citadel was located in the southwestern corner of the town . The port was separated from the main town by a wall , and was situated in an excavated basin ( today a swamp ) and probably separated from the sea by an artificial mole and protected by extensions of the city walls . The entrance to the harbour was from the west , offering protection from both the wind and the coast 's shoals .
Among the few remains of buildings from the interior of the town , most notable are a large monumental staircase and a large church , with dimensions of some 43 by 15 metres ( 141 ft × 49 ft ) , in the northeast . The church was of relatively simple construction , but of unusual size , and A. Bon proposes its identification with the church of the Franciscans , where assemblies of the nobles of Achaea were held in 1276 and 1289 . The remaining portions of the
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church 's walls were completely destroyed by the German Army during the Occupation .
The site is currently managed by the 6th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities . It is accessible by car , and is open for visitors .
= = External link = =
D. Athanasoulis , Γλαρέντζα - Clarence
= Band Hero =
Band Hero is a spinoff video game as part of the Guitar Hero series of music rhythm games , released by Activision on November 3 , 2009 , for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii and Nintendo DS consoles . The game is structurally similar to Guitar Hero 5 , and supports full band play ( lead and bass guitar , drums , and vocals ) including the drop @-@ in / drop @-@ out and in @-@ song instrument and difficulty change menus , and additional multiplayer modes as Guitar Hero 5 . The console versions use instrument @-@ shaped game controllers , while the DS version uses either the " Guitar Grip " introduced with the Guitar Hero : On Tour series or a new Drum Skin that comes with the game . Like previous games , virtual avatars of Taylor Swift , Adam Levine , and the band No Doubt are presented in the game .
Band Hero received mixed reviews from journalists . Some considered the game to be an appropriately flavored version of Guitar Hero 5 for the " Top 40 " pop rock hits , while others felt the game was strictly aimed at teenagers . They also contested the cost of the full game , featuring only 65 songs compared with 85 songs in Guitar Hero 5 , and considered if the content would have been better in downloadable form . A day after the game 's release , the band No Doubt sued Activision , citing similar misuse of their avatars as the Kurt Cobain avatar in Guitar Hero 5 .
= = Gameplay = =
= = = Main version = = =
The game is functionally similar to the features of Guitar Hero 5 , including bands composed of any combination of four instruments , drop @-@ in / drop @-@ out play , in @-@ song menus to change difficulty and instrument , and additional multiplayer modes compared to Guitar Hero 5 's " Rockfest " . Band Hero also retains the Band Moment and the Band Revival feature from Guitar Hero 5 . Taylor Swift , Adam Levine ( of Maroon 5 ) , and the band No Doubt have been confirmed to be playable avatars in the game . Artists performed motion capture for their in @-@ game avatars .
Band Hero also introduced an updated revision of the drum kit that shipped with Guitar Hero World Tour . Many changes were made to address weight and size concerns that made assembly difficult , and the stand 's crossbar was moved to the bottom to improve leg room and allow the bass pedal to be supported by it . The cymbals were changed to a circular shape from the previous triangular design , and the sensitivity of the drums themselves were adjusted . An in @-@ game sensitivity adjustment feature is also supported . In the United States , the new controller was , for a limited time , exclusive to the game and instrument bundles of Band Hero on Wii . The Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions of the controller were released at a later date ; Band Hero bundles for these platforms in the U.S. included the World Tour drum controller .
= = = DS version = = =
Band Hero for the Nintendo DS features the ability to play the same instruments as the console @-@ based versions . Though the game is compatible with the DS , DS Lite , and DSi , only players on the DS Lite will receive the " full band " experience due to the nature of the hardware extensions for the unit .
Guitar and bass parts are played with the same " Guitar Grip " previously created for the Guitar Hero : On Tour series , though this unit will not work on the Nintendo DSi and Nintendo 3DS due to lack of a GBA slot . The gameplay for guitar and bass is considered to be the fourth iteration of the Guitar Hero On Tour design by developers Vicarious Visions , and have further improvements to meet with different strumming styles .
A new " drum skin " that fits over the bottom half of the DS unit provides four " pads " for drumming that map to the unit 's directional pad and face buttons ; this design was selected over use of the touch screen due to the inability of the touch screen to recognize near @-@ simultaneous taps , a factor that would have interfered with the drumming experience . The drum skin is limited to the Nintendo DS Lite due to the skin 's form factor . The decision to design towards the DS Lite rather than the newer DSi was due to the much larger volume of DS Lite units that have been sold relative to the DSi .
The DS microphone is used for vocal parts . The DS has 30 of the songs from console versions . The game also supports up to four player multiplayer in a similar manner as Guitar Hero 5 using the DS 's local wireless connections , allowing any combination of instruments . However , there is no support for the Nintendo Wi @-@ Fi Connection nor plans for additional downloadable content for the DS game .
= = Development = =
A television advertisement , featuring Taylor Swift , Pete Wentz ( Fall Out Boy ) , Travis Barker ( Blink @-@ 182 ) , and Rivers Cuomo ( Weezer ) , was created for the game by director Brett Ratner in the same manner as previous ads for other recent Guitar Hero games , initially paying tribute to the scene in Risky Business with Tom Cruise dancing in his underwear to the song " Old Time Rock and Roll " . Though it appears as if all four performed together , Wentz stated that Swift performed her parts separately using a green screen to impose her into the footage of the other musicians .
A three @-@ song demo was made available on Xbox Live on October 15 , 2009 , and included " Paralyzer " by Finger Eleven , " Picture to Burn " by Taylor Swift and " Walking on Sunshine " by Katrina and the Waves . The demo was solely the Party Mode , with the three songs playable in random order .
= = Soundtrack = =
= = = Console soundtrack = = =
Band Hero for consoles features 65 songs from " mainstream acts " . The game also allows Guitar Hero World Tour ’ s downloadable content to be used within Band Hero , and is expected to also use similar content for Guitar Hero 5 . In addition , some on @-@ disc songs from Guitar Hero World Tour and Guitar Hero Smash Hits will be importable into Band Hero and Guitar Hero 5 for an undetermined fee , with music licensing limiting those that can be transferred . Furthermore , 69 of the 85 on @-@ disc songs from Guitar Hero 5 can be imported into Band Hero ; similarly , 61 of the 65 songs from Band Hero can be exported for use in Guitar Hero 5 and Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock .
= = = Nintendo DS soundtrack = = =
The Nintendo DS version of Band Hero features thirty songs ( per regional version from a forty @-@ five song combined setlist ) of the same genre as the console @-@ based soundtrack . Although they feature some of the same artists from the console version , the tracks themselves are different .
= = = Importable content = = =
On release of Band Hero , 35 of the songs from World Tour and 21 from Smash Hits are importable into Band Hero for a small fee ( approximately $ 0 @.@ 10 per song ) , and are treated as downloadable content for the game playable in all game modes . Furthermore , 69 of the 85 tracks from Guitar Hero 5 will be importable into Band Hero . All transferred songs will also be playable in the Guitar Hero 5 and will be free if downloaded in either games . However , Guitar Hero 5 or Band Hero is not backwards @-@ compatible with World Tour nor any other Guitar Hero game . The transfer process requires the player to enter a unique code from the World Tour or Smash Hits manual to be able to redownload available songs in a pack ( on the Xbox 360 or PlayStation 3 ) or individual songs ( on the Wii ) that have been updated to include the new features . Players on the Xbox 360 can delete individual songs after downloading the pack . Some songs are not transferable because of licensing issues — not technical issues — according to Bright . Tim Riley , the head of music licensing at Activision , stated that the company will continue to seek licenses for more songs from previous games and downloadable content to be exported into Band Hero , but cannot guarantee that these songs will be licensed for future Guitar Hero games .
= = = Downloadable content = = =
While Band Hero does not have its own separate library of downloadable content , it supports downloadable content from the Guitar Hero 5 DLC library . In addition , 152 of the 158 available downloadable songs for Guitar Hero World Tour are forward @-@ compatible with Guitar Hero 5 and Band Hero ; the existing content is automatically upgraded to include all features new to these games and was immediately available to players upon release of Band Hero . Downloaded songs can be used in all game modes , provided all participating players have the song , including in the game 's Career mode when players are given the option to select any song to play . The entire Band Hero DLC library is also available in Guitar Hero 5 , and vice versa , so both games embrace the same DLC library . Some DLC songs have specific focus on Band Hero , like the " Celebrity New Years Track Pack " which includes Taylor Swift , Maroon 5 and No Doubt songs , and the " Band Hero Track Pack " with Miley Cyrus , Demi Lovato , and Selena Gomez & the Scene songs .
= = Reception = =
Band Hero has received mixed to positive reviews from gaming critics . Most recognized the game as having the same feature sets as Guitar Hero 5 , including any benefits or flaws that may come from that . Reviewers praised the reuse of the Guitar Hero 5 features such as the Party Play mode that allows for players to jump in and out
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. The incorporation of " Gothick " elements of medieval architecture by William Adam helped launch a revival of the Scots baronial in the nineteenth century , given popularity by its use at Walter Scott 's Abbotsford House and Queen Victoria 's retreat at Balmoral Castle . In the twentieth century the building of estate houses declined as the influence of the aristocracy waned , and many were taken over by the National Trust for Scotland and Historic Scotland .
After the Reformation , and the departure of the Scottish court in 1603 , artists and artisans looked to secular patronage and estate houses became repositories of art and of elaborate furnishings . Estate houses were adorned with paintings , wood carvings and plasterwork . The Grand Tour encouraged the collection of classical art and the adoption of classical styles for new works that were incorporated in to the Adam Style . The Baronial revival resulted a synthesised Victorian style that combined elements of the Renaissance , symbols of landed power and national affiliation with modern fittings . From the late sixteenth century , many estate houses were surrounded by gardens influenced by Italian Renaissance gardens . From the late seventeenth century the formal gardens at Versailles and Dutch gardens were important models . In the eighteenth century less formal and symmetrical layouts became common with the development of the jardin anglais . In the nineteenth century there was a return of the formal garden near to the house . The development of the Palladian country house in the seventeenth century separated the family of the householder from the servants . Gentry families spent much of their time visiting family , friends or neighbours and hospitality was an important part of life . Major activities included hunting , cards , chess and music . Large and sumptuous meals were an important part of social life . In the eighteenth century , estate houses were designed as centres of public display , but in the nineteenth century they became increasingly private and developed distinct male areas .
= = Architecture = =
= = = Renaissance = = =
The origins of private estate houses in Scotland are in the extensive building and rebuilding of royal palaces that probably began under James III ( r . 1460 – 88 ) , accelerated under James IV ( r . 1488 – 1513 ) , and reached its peak under James V ( r . 1512 – 42 ) . These works have been seen as directly reflecting the influence of Renaissance styles . Linlithgow was first constructed under James I , under the direction of master of work John de Waltoun and was referred to as a palace , apparently the first use of this term in the country , from 1429 . This was extended under James III and began to correspond to a fashionable quadrangular , corner @-@ towered Italian signorial palace of a palatium ad moden castri ( a castle @-@ style palace ) , combining classical symmetry with neo @-@ chivalric imagery . There is evidence of Italian masons working for James IV , in whose reign Linlithgow was completed and other palaces were rebuilt with Italianate proportions . James V encountered the French version of Renaissance building while visiting for his marriage to Madeleine of Valois in 1536 and his second marriage to Mary of Guise may have resulted in longer term connections and influences . Work from his reign largely disregarded the insular style adopted in England under Henry VIII and adopted forms that were recognisably European . This was followed by re @-@ buildings at Holyrood , Falkland , Stirling and Edinburgh , described as " some of the finest examples of Renaissance architecture in Britain " .
Much of this work was planned and financed by James Hamilton of Finnart ( c . 1495 – 1540 ) , in addition to his work at Blackness Castle , Rothesay Castle , the house at Crawfordjohn , the " New Inn " in the St Andrews Cathedral Priory and the lodging at Balmerino Abbey for the ailing Queen Madeleine . Rather than slavishly copying continental forms , most Scottish architecture incorporated elements of these styles into traditional local patterns , adapting them to Scottish idioms and materials ( particularly stone and harl ) . Work undertaken for James VI demonstrated continued Renaissance influences , with the Chapel Royal at Stirling having a classical entrance built in 1594 and the North Wing of Linlithgow , built in 1618 , using classical pediments . Similar themes can be seen in the private houses of aristocrats , as in Mar 's Wark , Stirling ( c . 1570 ) and Crichton Castle , built for the Earl of Bothwell in 1580s .
= = = Scots Baronial = = =
The unique style of great private houses in Scotland , later known as Scots baronial , originated in the 1560s . It kept features of the high walled Medieval castles that had been made largely obsolete by gunpowder weapons and may have been influenced by the French masons brought to Scotland to work on royal palaces . It drew on the tower houses and peel towers , hundreds of which had been built by local lords since the fourteenth century , particularly in the borders . These abandoned defensible curtain walls in favour of a fortified refuge , designed to outlast a raid , rather than a sustained siege . They were usually of three stories , typically crowned with a parapet , projecting on corbels , continuing into circular bartizans at each corner . The new houses built from the late sixteenth century by nobles and lairds were primarily built for comfort , not for defence . They retained many of these external features , which had become associated with nobility , but with a larger ground plan . This was classically a " Z @-@ plan " of a rectangular block with towers , as at Colliston Castle ( 1583 ) and Claypotts Castle ( 1569 – 88 ) .
Particularly influential was the work of William Wallace , the king 's master mason from 1617 until his death in 1631 . He worked on the rebuilding of the collapsed North Range of Linlithgow from 1618 , Winton House for George Seton , 3rd Earl of Winton and began work on Heriot 's Hospital , Edinburgh . He adopted a distinctive style that applied elements of Scottish fortification and Flemish influences to a Renaissance plan like that used at Château d 'Ancy @-@ le @-@ Franc . This style can be seen in lords houses built at Caerlaverlock ( 1620 ) , Moray House , Edinburgh ( 1628 ) and Drumlanrig Castle ( 1675 – 89 ) , and was highly influential until the baronial style gave way to the grander English forms associated with Inigo Jones in the later seventeenth century .
= = = Restoration = = =
During the turbulent era of Civil Wars ( 1639 – 51 ) and the English occupation of Scotland ( 1651 – 60 ) , significant building in Scotland was largely confined to military architecture . After the Restoration in 1660 , large scale building began again , often incorporating more comprehensive ideas of reviving classicism . Sir William Bruce ( 1630 – 1710 ) , considered " the effective founder of classical architecture in Scotland " , was the key figure in introducing the Palladian style into Scotland , following the principles of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio ( 1508 – 80 ) . Palladio 's ideas were strongly based on the symmetry , perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans , and associated in England with the designs of Inigo Jones . Bruce popularised a style of country house amongst the nobility that encouraging the move towards a more continental , leisure @-@ oriented architecture . He built and remodelled country houses , including Thirlestane Castle and Prestonfield House . Among his most significant work was his own Palladian mansion at Kinross , built on the Loch Leven estate which he had purchased in 1675 . As the Surveyor and Overseer of the Royal Works he undertook the rebuilding of the Royal Palace of Holyroodhouse in the 1670s , which gave the palace its present appearance . After the death of Charles II , Bruce lost political favour , and later , following the Glorious Revolution , he was imprisoned more than once as a suspected Jacobite . These houses were predominantly built using well @-@ cut ashlar masonry on the façades , while rubble stonework was used only for internal walls .
James Smith worked as a mason on Bruce 's rebuilding of Holyrood Palace . In 1683 he was appointed to be Surveyor and Overseer of the Royal Works , and was responsible for maintenance of Holyrood Palace . With his father @-@ in @-@ law , the master mason Robert Mylne , Smith worked on Caroline Park in Edinburgh ( 1685 ) , and Drumlanrig Castle ( 1680s ) . Smith 's country houses followed the pattern established by William Bruce , with hipped roofs and pedimented fronts , in a plain but handsome Palladian style . Hamilton Palace ( 1695 ) was fronted by giant Corinthian columns , and a pedimented entrance , although was otherwise restrained . Dalkeith Palace ( 1702 – 10 ) was modelled after William of Orange 's palace at Het Loo in the Netherlands .
= = = Eighteenth century = = =
After the Act of Union of 1707 , growing prosperity in Scotland led to a spate of new building . Scotland produced some of the most significant architects of this era , including : Colen Campbell ( 1676 – 1729 ) , James Gibbs ( 1682 – 1754 ) and William Adam ( 1689 – 1748 ) , who created work that to some degree looked to classical models . Campbell was influenced by the Palladian style and has been credited with founding Georgian architecture . Architectural historian Howard Colvin has speculated that he was associated with James Smith and that Campbell may even have been his pupil . He spent most of his career in Italy and England and developed a rivalry with fellow Scot James Gibbs . Gibbs trained in Rome and also practiced mainly in England . His architectural style did incorporate Palladian elements , as well as forms from Italian baroque and Inigo Jones , but was most strongly influenced by the interpretation of the Baroque by Sir Christopher Wren .
William Adam was the foremost architect of his time in Scotland , designing and building numerous country houses and public buildings . Among his best @-@ known works are Hopetoun House near Edinburgh , and Duff House in Banff . His individual , exuberant , style was built on the Palladian , but with Baroque details inspired by Vanbrugh and Continental architecture . After his death , his sons Robert and John took on the family business , which included lucrative work for the Board of Ordnance . Robert emerged as leader of the first phase of the neo @-@ classical revival in England and Scotland from around 1760 until his death . He rejected the Palladian style as " ponderous " and " disgustful " . However , he continued its tradition of drawing inspiration directly from classical antiquity , influenced by his four @-@ year stay in Europe . He influenced the development of architecture , not just in Britain , but in Western Europe , North America and in Russia , where his patterns were taken by Scottish architect Charles Cameron . Adam 's main rival was William Chambers , another Scot , but born in Sweden . He did most of his work in London , with a small number of houses in Scotland . He was appointed architectural tutor to the Prince of Wales , later George III , and in 1766 , with Robert Adam , as Architect to the King . More international in outlook than Adam , he combined Neoclassicism and Palladian conventions and his influence was mediated through his large number of pupils .
= = = Baronial revival = = =
Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland . Inveraray Castle , constructed from 1746 with design input from William Adam , displays the incorporation of turrets . These early Gothic homes were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some external features of the Scots baronial style . Robert Adam 's houses in this style include Mellerstain and Wedderburn in Berwickshire and Seton House in East Lothian , but it is most clearly seen at Culzean Castle , Ayrshire , remodelled by Adam from 1777 .
Important for the adoption of the style in the early nineteenth century was Abbotsford House , the residence of the novelist and poet , Sir Walter Scott . Re @-@ built for him from 1816 , it became a model for the modern revival of the baronial style
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for the Stewart dynasty at their royal palaces . French gardeners were hired by James IV at Stirling in 1501 and James V at Holyrood in 1536 , where archaeological remains indicate there were sophisticated formal gardens . Similar landscaping is also found at Falkland and Linlithgow , including the king 's knot garden at Stirling . From the late sixteenth century , the landscaping of many estate houses was influenced by Italian Renaissance gardens . These were seen as retreats from the troubles of the world and were eulogised in country house poetry like that of William Drummond of Hawthornden ( 1585 – 1649 ) . Extensive gardens were developed at Pinkie House by Alexander Seton , 1st Earl of Dunfermline ( 1555 – 1622 ) , with lawns , fountains , ponds and aviaries for the entertainment of guests . Dunfermline 's nephew , George Seton , 3rd Earl of Winton ( 1584 – 1650 ) , planted a herb garden at Seaton House in 1620 . The Earl of Sutherland 's castle at Dunrobin was surrounded by orchards , herbs and flowers . The best surviving garden from the early seventeenth century is that at Edzell Castle , where , between 1604 and 1610 , David Lindsay ( 1551 ? – 1610 ) created an enclosure adorned with sculptures of the seven Cardinal Virtues , the seven Liberal Arts and the seven Planetary Deities , the expense of which eventually bankrupted him .
The legacy of the Auld Alliance , and the beginnings of the grand tour , meant that French styles were particularly important in Scotland , although adapted for the Scottish climate . From the late seventeenth century the gardens at Versailles , with their formal avenues , parterres and fountains that stressed symmetry and order , were a model . After the Glorious Revolution Dutch influences were also significant , with uniform planting and topiary . Gardening books from the continent and England became widely available in this period and the first gardening book published in Scotland , John Reid 's , Scots Gard 'ner ( 1683 ) , borrowed from John Evelyn 's ( 1658 ) translation of Nicholas de Bonnefon 's Le Jardinair françois ( 1651 ) , adapting its ideas for Scottish conditions . In the late seventeenth century William Bruce put Scotland at the forefront of European garden design , lowering garden walls to incorporate the surrounding countryside into the vista . This allowed a focus on significant landscape features such as Bass rock at Balcaskie and Loch Leven Castle at Kinross . Alexander Edward ( 1651 – 1708 ) continued in the tradition established by Bruce , adding landscapes at houses including Hamilton Palace and Kinnaird castle , Angus . Grand schemes in the French tradition included James Douglas , 2nd Duke of Queensberry ( 1662 – 1711 ) reworking of the terraces at Drumlanrig Castle , which incorporated the Douglas family crest into the parterres design , and the militaristic earthworks undertaken for Field Marshal John Dalrymple , 2nd Earl of Stair ( 1679 – 1747 ) at Castle Kennedy , Wigtownshire . Earl of Mar 's ( 1675 – 1732 ) palace at Alloa was the grandest realisation of the Versailles style gardens in Scotland : it included canals , parterres , statues and ornamental trees .
In the eighteenth century there was a reaction against the " absolutism " and " popery " of the French court and a retreat from the expense of maintaining large formal gardens . Less symmetrical layouts became common with the development of the " natural " style of the jardin anglais , which attempted to create vistas of a rural idyll . The antiquarian John Clerk of Pennycuik ( 1676 – 1755 ) , one of the key figures in defining elite taste in Scotland , eulogising the estate garden in his poem The Country Seat ( 1727 ) , which built on the ideas of Alexander Pope . He created gardens at Mavisbank and Penicuik , Midlothian , with the help of William Adam , which combined formality with undulating ground . The move to a less formal landscape of parklands and irregular clumps of planting , associated in England with Capability Brown ( 1716 – 83 ) , was dominated in Scotland by his followers , Robert Robinson and Thomas White senior and junior . From 1770 and 1809 the Whites were involved in the planning of over 70 estate gardens in Scotland , including those at Glamis Castle and Scone Palace . Important publications included James Justice 's The Scottish Gardiner 's Director ( 1754 ) and the reputation of Scottish gardeners in managing greenhouses , hot walls and the cultivation of fruit trees meant that they began to be in demand in England . At the end of eighteenth century there began to be a reaction to the English style of garden , influenced by Picturesque taste and the spread of Ossianic Romanticism , which encouraged gardens in the wild . This resulted in creation of features like Ossian 's Hall of Mirrors at the Hermitage Dunkeld and the Hermit 's Cave at the Falls of Acharn , which put an emphasis on concealment and the surprise revelation of the natural .
In the nineteenth century the writings of Humphrey Repton ( 1752 – 1818 ) were highly influential in the return of the formal garden near to the house . His sons were directly involved in the restructuring of the landscape at Valleyfield , Fife . Walter Scott 's dislike of the sweeping away of the old formal gardens was also influential in creating an emphasis on preservation and restoration . His ideas were taken up by John Claudius Loudon ( 1783 – 1843 ) , the most prolific gardening author of the century in Britain , and were highly influential throughout the world . By 1850 ambitious formal gardens had been recreated at Drummond Castle , Dunrobin and Drumlandrig . New plants from around the world , often discovered and sampled by Scots , such as the rhododendron and monkey puzzle tree , meant that Victorian and Edwardian gardens were characterised by an eclectic mix of the formal , picturesque and gardenesque . By the end of the century the ideas of William Robinson ( 1838 – 1935 ) , Gertrude Jekyll ( 1843 – 1932 ) and the Edinburgh @-@ based Frances Hope ( d . 1880 ) , arguing for informal flower @-@ based gardens , had begun to dominate . They resulted in a revival of the seventeenth @-@ century mixed flower and kitchen garden , as carried out at Kellie Castle , and Earlshall , Fife by Robert Lorimer .
= = Social life = =
The development of the Palladian country house in the seventeenth century separated the family of the householder from the servants . Previously sharing the hall , and bedding down at a master 's feet , or door , servants were now given separate small chambers . Sometimes these were placed on a mezzanine floor , as at Kinross . Servants were less visible , using backstairs that kept them away from members of the family and guests and they fulfilled necessary and sometimes unpleasant tasks . They were also fewer in number , of lower social status and predominately female . A country house could have 10 to 20 servants and large houses had more . A hierarchy of positions developed from the butler and housekeeper to footmen and maids . The sexes were increasingly segregated into their own quarters .
Relatively isolated , gentry families spent much of their time visiting family , friends or neighbours . As a result hospitality was an important part of life . Leisure activities pursued by the gentry included hunting , cards and chess . Music remained important in noble houses , with accounts listing professional musicians hired to entertain the family and guests . However , professional musicians were expensive to maintain . In the eighteenth century members of the household often provided musical entertainment on the harpsichord , organ and piano . House libraries often contained considerable quantities of music , as at Dalkeith Palace , where the Duke of Buccleuch 's daughter collected vocal music between 1780 and 1800 . In the nineteenth century it was the women of the family who were the chief performers and men were not expected to play the piano in drawing rooms .
The consumption of large and sumptuous meals was an important part of social life . Some were elaborately planned , others the result of unexpected guests . These usually consisted of three or four courses , with a variety of dishes served in each course , from which the diner was expected to select . In the eighteenth century service was service à la française , where all the dishes were impressively displayed on tables at the same time , until the advent of service à la russe in the nineteenth century , when they were served sequentially . Alcohol in various forms and toasts were an important part of formal dining and until the Regency era dessert and drinks were often taken in a separate dessert room .
In the eighteenth century , estate houses were designed as centres of public display , but in the nineteenth century they became increasingly private . The first family wing in Britain was added to Blairquhan Castle in Ayrshire in 1820 by architect William Burn and the style became characteristic of the Victorian country house . From the 1830s distinct male areas of the house began to emerge , to which the men could withdraw and indulge in " masculine " conversation and activities , centred on the smoking and billiard rooms . From the 1870s gun rooms began to be added , mainly to cater for weapons for hunting weekends . The popularity of salmon fishing , deer stalking and grouse shooting , particularly in the Highlands , was confirmed by Queen Victoria 's purchase of the hunting lodge at Balmoral . It rapidly expanded as southern industrialists and businessmen began to see the sports offered by Scottish estates as a status symbol . Large areas of land were designated for hunting and hunting parties became a major part of the life of the Scottish estate house . There were also a wider range of activities that developed in the nineteenth century for members of the leisured classes , such as croquet , lawn tennis , billiards , carriage rides , charades and amateur dramatics .
= = Current ownership = =
In the twentieth century , as the finances and needs of the landed classes changed , many surviving country houses were sold and became boarding schools , hospitals , spa retreats , conference centres and hotels . The National Trust for Scotland ( founded 1931 ) cares for post @-@ Medieval castles and estate houses that were still in occupation until the twentieth century and are open to the public . Historic Scotland ( created as an agency in 1991 ) cares for over 300 properties , which are publicly accessible . The Landmark Trust restores and operates historic buildings as holiday homes .
= Equus ( genus ) =
Equus is a genus of mammals in the family Equidae , which includes horses , asses , and zebras . Within Equidae , Equus is the only recognized extant genus , comprising seven living species . The term equine refers to any member of this genus , including horses . Like Equidae more broadly , Equus has numerous extinct species known only from fossils . The genus most likely originated in North America and spread quickly to the Old World . Equines are odd @-@ toed ungulates with slender legs , long heads , relatively long necks , manes ( erect in most subspecies ) and long tails . All species are herbivorous , and mostly grazers with simpler digestive systems than ruminants but able to subsist on lower quality vegetation .
While the domestic horse and donkey ( along with their feral descendants ) exist worldwide , wild equine populations are limited to Africa and Asia . Wild equine social systems come in two forms ; a harem system with tight @-@ knit groups consisting of one adult male or stallion , several females or mares and their young or foals ; and a territorial system where males establish territories with resources that attract females , which associate very fluidly . In both systems , females take care of their offspring but males may play a role as well . Equines communicate with each other both visually and vocally . Human activities have threatened wild equine populations and out of the seven living species , only the plains zebra remains widespread and abundant .
= = Etymology = =
The word equus is Latin for " horse " , and is cognate with the Greek " ἵππος " ( hippos ) , " horse " , and Mycenaean Greek i @-@ qo / ikkʷos / ( cf. the alternative development of the Proto @-@ Greek labiovelar in Ionic " ἴκκος " ikkos ) , the earliest attested variant of the Greek word , written in Linear B syllabic script .
= = Taxonomy and evolution = =
The genus Equus was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 . It is the only recognized extant genus in the family Equidae . The first equids were small , dog @-@ sized mammals ( e.g. Eohippus ) adapted for browsing on shrubs during the Eocene , around 54 million years ago ( mya ) . These animals had three toes on the hind feet and four on the front feet with small hooves in place of claws but also had soft pads . Equids developed into larger , three @-@ toed animals ( e.g. Mesohippus ) during the Oligocene and Miocene . From there , the tridactyl toes became progressively smaller through the Pleistocene until the emergence of the single @-@ toed Equus .
The genus Equus , which includes all extant equines , is believed to have evolved from Dinohippus , via the intermediate form Plesippus . One of the oldest species is Equus simplicidens , described as zebra @-@ like with a donkey @-@ like head shape . The oldest material to date was found in Idaho , USA . The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World , with the similarly aged E. livenzovensis documented from western Europe and Russia . Molecular phylogenies indicate that the most recent common ancestor of all modern equines ( members of the genus Equus ) lived ~ 5 @.@ 6 ( 3 @.@ 9 @-@ 7 @.@ 8 ) mya . Direct paleogenomic sequencing of a 700 @,@ 000 @-@ year @-@ old middle Pleistocene horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more recent 4 @.@ 07 mya for the most recent common ancestor within the range of 4 @.@ 0 to 4 @.@ 5 mya .
Mitochondrial evidence supports the division of Equus species into non @-@ caballoid ( which includes zebras and asses ) and caballoids or " true horses " ( which includes E. ferus and E. przewalskii ) . Of the extant equine species , the lineage of the asses may have diverged first , possibly as soon as Equus reached the Old World . Zebras appear to be monophyletic and differentiated in Africa where they are endemic .
Molecular dating indicates the caballoid lineage diverged from the non @-@ caballoids 4 mya . Genetic results suggest that all North American fossils of caballine equines , as well as South American fossils traditionally placed in the subgenus E. ( Amerhippus ) , belong to E. ferus . Remains attributed to a variety of species and lumped together as New World stilt @-@ legged horses ( including E. francisci , E. tau , and E. quinni ) probably all belong to a second species that was endemic to North America . The possible causes of the extinction of horses in the Americas ( ca . 12 @,@ 000 years ago ) have been a matter of debate . Hypotheses include climate change and overexploitation by newly arrived humans . Horses only returned to the American mainland with the arrival of the conquistadors in 1519 .
= = = All species and subspecies = = =
[ extinct species / subspecies are marked with † ]
Genus Equus
Subgenus Equus
Equus ferus Wild horse
Equus ferus caballus Domestic horse
† Equus ferus ferus Tarpan
Equus ferus przewalskii Przewalski 's horse
† Equus algericus
† North American caballid horses ( Pleistocene ; most likely synonymous with E. ferus ) :
† Equus lambei Yukon wild horse
† Equus niobrarensis
Subgenus † Amerhippus ( this subgenus and its species are possibly synonymous with E. ferus ) † Equus alaskae
† Equus andium
† Equus neogeus
† Equus santaeelenae
† Equus scotti
† Equus niobrarensis
† Equus conversidens Mexican horse
† New World stilt @-@ legged horse ( all following species within the group may be synonyms or ecomorphs of a single species ) † Equus francisci
† Equus semiplicatus
Subgenus Asinus
Equus africanus African wild ass
Equus africanus africanus Nubian wild ass
Equus africanus asinus Domestic donkey
† Equus africanus atlanticus Atlas wild ass
Equus africanus somalicus Somali wild ass
Equus hemionus Onager or Asiatic ass
Equus hemionus hemionus Mongolian wild ass
† Equus hemionus hemippus Syrian wild ass
Equus hemionus khur Indian wild ass
Equus hemionus kulan Turkmenian kulan
Equus hemionus onager Persian onager
Equus kiang Kiang
Equus kiang chu Northern kiang
Equus kiang kiang Western kiang
Equus kiang holdereri Eastern kiang
Equus kiang polyodon Southern kiang
† Equus hydruntinus European ass
† Equus altidens
† Equus tabeti
† Equus melkiensis
† Equus graziosii
Subgenus Dolichohippus
Equus grevyi Grévy 's zebra
† Equus koobiforensis
† Equus oldowayensis
Subgenus HippotigrisEquus quagga Plains zebra
Equus quagga boehmi Grant 's zebra
Equus quagga borensis Maneless zebra
Equus quagga chapmani Chapman 's zebra
Equus quagga crawshayi Crawshay 's zebra
Equus quagga burchellii Burchell 's zebra
† Equus quagga quagga Quagga
Equus quagga selousi Selous ' zebra
Equus zebra Mountain zebra
Equus zebra hartmannae Hartmann 's mountain zebra
Equus zebra zebra Cape mountain zebra
† Equus mauritanicus
Subgenus † Parastylidequus
† Equus parastylidens Mooser 's horse
incertae sedis
† Equus simplicidens Hagerman horse
† Equus cumminsii
† Equus livenzovensis
† Equus sanmeniensis
† Equus teilhardi
† Equus numidicus
† Equus plicidens
† Equus stenonis group
† Equus stenonis
† Equus stenonis guthi
† Equus stenonis senezensis
† Equus stenonis pamirensis ( Hippotigris pamirensis )
† Equus stenonis petraloniensis
† Equus stenonis vireti
† Equus sivalensis
† Equus stehlini
† Equus bressanus
† Equus sussenbornensis
† Equus verae
† Equus namadicus
† subgenus Allozebra & Hesperohippus
† Equus idahoensis
† Equus ( A. ) occidentalis
† Equus A. excelsus
† Equus ( H. ) pacificus
† Equus complicatus
† Equus fraternus
Equus major
† Equus giganteus group
† Equus giganteus
† Equus pectinatus
† Equus crinidens
= = = Hybrids = = =
Equines species can crossbreed with each other . The most common hybrid is the mule , a cross between a male donkey and a female horse . With rare exceptions , these hybrids are sterile and cannot reproduce . A related hybrid , a hinny , is a cross between a male horse and a female donkey . Other hybrids include the zorse , a cross between a zebra and a horse and a zonkey or zedonk , a hybrid of a zebra and a donkey . In areas where Grévy 's zebras are sympatric with plains zebras , fertile hybrids do occur .
= = Biology = =
= = = Physical characteristics = = =
Equines have significant differences in size , though all are characterized by long heads and necks . Their slender legs support their weight on one digit ( which evolved from the middle digits ) . The Grévy 's zebra is the largest wild species , standing up to 13 @.@ 2 hands ( 54 inches , 137 cm ) and weighing up to 405 kg ( 890 lb ) . Domesticated horses have a wider range of sizes . Heavy or draft horses are usually at least 16 hands ( 64 inches , 163 cm ) high and can be as tall as 18 hands ( 72 inches , 183 cm ) and weigh from about 700 to 1 @,@ 000 kilograms ( 1 @,@ 500 to 2 @,@ 200 lb ) . Some miniature horses are no taller than 30 inches ( 76 cm ) in adulthood . Sexual dimorphism is limited in equines . The penis of the male is vascular and lacks a bone ( baculum ) . Equines are adapted for running and for
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petition to President S. R. Nathan , which was rejected in October 2006 , after which he was hanged .
= = Aftermath = =
Zheng and Shuying returned to Putian where Huang Na was buried in a tomb halfway up a mountain near their house . While alive , Huang Na had asked that her surname be changed to her stepfather 's , so her altar tablet bore the name Zheng Na . The couple decided to focus on raising their remaining child , with Zheng planning to pursue business opportunities in Guangzhou or Shenzhen . In January 2007 , Jack Neo considered making a movie about the murder , but both families objected . A follow @-@ up report in 2009 found that Shuying had given birth to another two children and was running a shoe distribution business in Taiwan .
= Martin Bormann =
Martin Bormann ( 17 June 1900 – 2 May 1945 ) was a prominent official in Nazi Germany as head of the Parteikanzlei ( Nazi Party Chancellery ) . He gained immense power within the Third Reich by using his position as Adolf Hitler 's private secretary to control the flow of information and access to Hitler .
Bormann joined a paramilitary Freikorps organisation in 1922 while working as manager of a large estate . He served nearly a year in prison as an accomplice to his friend Rudolf Höss ( later commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp ) in the murder of Walther Kadow . Bormann joined the Nazi Party in 1927 and the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) in 1937 . He initially worked in the party 's insurance service , and transferred in July 1933 to the office of Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess , where he served as chief of staff .
Bormann used his position to create an extensive bureaucracy and involve himself as much as possible in the decision making . He gained acceptance into Hitler 's inner circle , and accompanied him everywhere , providing briefings and summaries of events and requests . He began acting as Hitler 's personal secretary in 1935 , a post to which he was officially appointed in 1943 . After Hess ' solo flight to Britain on 10 May 1941 to seek peace negotiations with the British government , Bormann assumed Hess ' former duties , with the title of Head of the Parteikanzlei ( Party Chancellery ) . He had final approval over civil service appointments , reviewed and approved legislation , and by 1943 had de facto control over all domestic matters . Bormann was one of the leading proponents of the ongoing persecution of the Christian churches and favoured harsh treatment of Jews and Slavs in the areas conquered by Germany during World War II .
Bormann returned with Hitler to the Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945 as the Red Army approached the city . After Hitler committed suicide , Bormann and others attempted to flee Berlin on 2 May to avoid capture by the Soviets . Bormann probably committed suicide on a bridge near Lehrter station . The body was buried nearby on 8 May 1945 , but was not found and confirmed as genuine until 1972 . Bormann was tried in absentia by the International Military Tribunal in the Nuremberg trials of 1945 and 1946 . He was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity and sentenced to death by hanging .
= = Early life and education = =
Born in Wegeleben ( now in Saxony @-@ Anhalt ) in the Kingdom of Prussia in the German Empire , Bormann was the son of Theodor Bormann ( 1862 – 1903 ) , a post office employee , and his second wife , Antonie Bernhardine Mennong . The family was Lutheran . He had two half @-@ siblings ( Else and Walter Bormann ) from his father 's earlier marriage to Louise Grobler , who died in 1898 . Antonie Bormann gave birth to three sons , one of whom died in infancy . Martin ( born 1900 ) and Albert ( born 1902 ) survived to adulthood . Theodor died when Bormann was three , and his mother soon remarried .
Bormann 's studies at an agricultural trade high school were interrupted when he joined the 55th Field Artillery Regiment as a gunner in June 1918 , in the last days of World War I. He never saw action , but served garrison duty until February 1919 . After working a short time in a cattle feed mill , Bormann became estate manager of a large farm in Mecklenburg . Shortly after starting work at the estate , Bormann joined an antisemitic landowners association . While hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic meant that money was worthless , foodstuffs stored on farms and estates became ever more valuable . Many estates , including Bormann 's , had Freikorps units stationed on site to guard the crops from pillaging . Bormann joined the Freikorps organisation headed by Gerhard Roßbach in 1922 , acting as section leader and treasurer .
On 17 March 1924 Bormann was sentenced to a year in Elisabethstrasse Prison as an accomplice to his friend Rudolf Höss in the murder of Walther Kadow . The perpetrators believed Kadow had tipped off the French occupation authorities in the Ruhr District that fellow Freikorps member Albert Leo Schlageter was carrying out sabotage operations against French industries . Schlageter was arrested and was executed on 23 May 1923 . On the night of 31 May , Höss , Bormann and several others took Kadow into a meadow out of town , where he was beaten and his throat cut . After one of the perpetrators confessed , police dug up the body and laid charges in July . Bormann was released from prison in February 1925 . He joined the Frontbann , a short @-@ lived NSDAP paramilitary organisation created to replace the Sturmabteilung ( SA ; storm detachment or assault division ) , which had been banned in the aftermath of the failed Munich Putsch . Bormann returned to his job at Mecklenburg and remained there until May 1926 , when he moved in with his mother in Oberweimar .
= = Career in the Nazi Party = =
In 1927 , Bormann joined the National Socialist German Workers Party ( Nazi Party ; NSDAP ) . His membership number was 60 @,@ 508 . He joined the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) on 1 January 1937 with number 278 @,@ 267 . By special order of Heinrich Himmler in 1938 , Bormann was granted SS number 555 to reflect his Alter Kämpfer ( Old Fighter ) status .
= = = Early career = = =
Bormann took a job with Der Nationalsozialist , a weekly paper edited by NSDAP member Hans Severus Ziegler , who was deputy Gauleiter ( party leader ) for Thuringia . After joining the NSDAP in 1927 , Bormann began duties as regional press officer , but his lack of public @-@ speaking skills made him ill @-@ suited to this position . He soon put his organisational skills to use as business manager for the Gau ( region ) . He moved to Munich in October 1928 , where he worked in the SA insurance office . Initially the NSDAP provided coverage through insurance companies for members who were hurt or killed in the frequent violent skirmishes with members of other political parties . As insurance companies were unwilling to pay out claims for such activities , in 1930 Bormann set up the Hilfskasse der NSDAP ( NSDAP Auxiliary Fund ) , a benefits and relief fund directly administered by the party . Each party member was required to pay premiums and might receive compensation for injuries sustained while conducting party business . Payments out of the fund were made solely at Bormann 's discretion . He began to gain a reputation as a financial expert , and many party members felt personally indebted to him after receiving benefits from the fund . In addition to its stated purpose , the fund was used as a last @-@ resort source of funding for the NSDAP , which was chronically short of money at the time . After the NSDAP 's success in the 1930 general election , where they won 107 seats , party membership grew dramatically . By 1932 the fund was collecting 3 million Reichsmarks per year .
Bormann also worked on the staff of the SA from 1928 to 1930 , and while there he founded the National Socialist Automobile Corps , precursor to the National Socialist Motor Corps . The organisation was responsible for co @-@ ordinating the donated use of motor vehicles belonging to party members , and later expanded to training members in automotive skills .
= = = Reichsleiter and head of the party chancellery = = =
After the Machtergreifung ( NSDAP seizure of power ) in January 1933 , the relief fund was repurposed to provide general accident and property insurance , so Bormann resigned from its administration . He applied for a transfer and was accepted as chief of staff in the office of Rudolf Hess , the Deputy Führer , on 1 July 1933 . Bormann also served as personal secretary to Hess from 4 July 1933 until May 1941 . Hess ' department was responsible for settling disputes within the party and acted as an intermediary between the party and the state regarding policy decisions and legislation . Bormann used his position to create an extensive bureaucracy and involve himself in as much of the decision @-@ making as possible . On 10 October 1933 Hitler named Bormann Reichsleiter ( national leader – the highest party rank ) of the NSDAP , and in November he was named Reichstag deputy . By June 1934 , Bormann was gaining acceptance into Hitler 's inner circle and accompanied him everywhere , providing briefings and summaries of events and requests .
In 1935 , Bormann was appointed as overseer of renovations at the Berghof , Hitler 's property at Obersalzberg . In the early 1930s , Hitler bought the property , which he had been renting since 1925 as a vacation retreat . After he became chancellor , Hitler drew up plans for expansion and remodelling of the main house and put Bormann in charge of construction . Bormann also commissioned the construction of barracks for the SS guards , roads and footpaths , garages for motor vehicles , a guesthouse , accommodation for staff , and other amenities . Retaining title in his own name , Bormann bought up adjacent farms until the entire complex covered 10 square kilometres ( 3 @.@ 9 sq mi ) . Members of the inner circle built houses within the perimeter , beginning with Hermann Göring , Albert Speer , and Bormann himself . Bormann commissioned the building of the Kehlsteinhaus ( Eagle 's Nest ) , a tea house high above the Berghof , as a gift to Hitler on his fiftieth birthday ( 20 April 1939 ) . Hitler seldom used the building , but Bormann liked to impress guests by taking them there .
While Hitler was in residence at the Berghof , Bormann was constantly in attendance and acted as Hitler 's personal secretary . In this capacity , he began to control the flow of information and access to Hitler . During this period , Hitler gave Bormann control of his personal finances . In addition to salaries as chancellor and president , Hitler 's income included money raised through royalties collected on his book Mein Kampf and the use of his image on postage stamps . Bormann set up the Adolf Hitler Fund of German Trade and Industry , which collected money from German industrialists on Hitler 's behalf . Some of the funds received through this programme were disbursed to various party leaders , but Bormann retained most of it for Hitler 's personal use . Bormann and others took notes of Hitler 's thoughts expressed over dinner and in monologues late into the night and preserved them . The material was published after the war as Hitler 's Table Talk .
The office of the Deputy Führer had final approval over civil service appointments , and Bormann reviewed the personnel files and made the decisions regarding appointments . This power impinged on the purview of Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick , and was an example of the overlapping responsibilities typical of the Nazi regime . Bormann travelled everywhere with Hitler , including trips to Austria in 1938 after the Anschluss ( the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany ) , and to the Sudetenland after the signing of the Munich Agreement later that year . Bormann was placed in charge of organising the 1938 Nuremberg Rally , a major annual party event .
Hitler intentionally played top party members off against each other and the NSDAP against the civil service . In this way , he fostered distrust , competition , and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power . He typically did not give written orders ; instead he communicated them verbally or had them conveyed through Bormann . Falling out of favour with Bormann meant that access to Hitler was cut off . Bormann proved to be a master of intricate political infighting . Along with his ability to control access to Hitler , this enabled him to curtail the power of Joseph Goebbels , Göring , Himmler , Alfred Rosenberg , Robert Ley , Hans Frank , Speer , and other high @-@ ranking officials , many of whom became his enemies . This ruthless and continuous intriguing for power , influence , and Hitler 's favour came to characterise the inner workings of the Third Reich .
As World War II progressed , Hitler 's attention became focused on foreign affairs and the conduct of the war to the exclusion of all else . Hess , not directly engaged in either of these endeavours , became increasingly sidelined from the affairs of the nation and from Hitler 's attention ; Bormann had successfully supplanted Hess in many of his duties and usurped his position at Hitler 's side . Hess was concerned that Germany would face a war on two fronts as plans progressed for Operation Barbarossa , the invasion of the Soviet Union scheduled to take place later that year . He flew solo to Britain on 10 May 1941 to seek peace negotiations with the British government . He was arrested on arrival and spent the rest of the war as a British prisoner , eventually receiving a life sentence for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials in 1946 . Speer later said Hitler described Hess ' departure as one of the worst blows of his life , as he considered it a personal betrayal . Hitler ordered Hess to be shot should he return to Germany and abolished the post of Deputy Führer on 12 May 1941 , assigning Hess ' former duties to Bormann , with the title of Head of the Parteikanzlei ( Party Chancellery ) . In this position he was responsible for all NSDAP appointments , and was answerable only to Hitler . Associates began to refer to him as the " Brown Eminence " , but never to his face .
Bormann 's power and effective reach broadened considerably during the war . By early 1943 , the war produced a labour crisis for the regime . Hitler created a three @-@ man committee with representatives of the State , the army , and the Party in an attempt to centralise control of the war economy . The committee members were Hans Lammers ( head of the Reich Chancellery ) , Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel , chief of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( Armed Forces High Command ; OKW ) , and Bormann , who controlled the Party . The committee was intended to independently propose measures regardless of the wishes of various ministries , with Hitler reserving most final decisions to himself . The committee , soon known as the Dreierausschuß ( Committee of Three ) , met eleven times between January and August 1943 . However , they ran up against resistance from Hitler 's cabinet ministers , who headed deeply entrenched spheres of influence and were excluded from the committee . Seeing it as a threat to their power , Goebbels , Göring , and Speer worked together to bring it down . The result was that nothing changed , and the Committee of Three declined into irrelevance .
= = = Anti @-@ church campaign = = =
While Article 24 of the NSDAP party platform called for conditional toleration of Christian denominations and a Reichskonkordat ( Reich Concordat ) treaty with the Vatican was signed in 1933 , purporting to guarantee religious freedom for Catholics , Hitler believed that religion was fundamentally incompatible with National Socialism . Bormann , who was strongly anti @-@ Christian , agreed ; he stated publicly in 1941 that " National Socialism and Christianity are irreconcilable . " Out of political expediency , Hitler intended to postpone the elimination of the Christian churches until after the war . However , his repeated hostile statements against the church indicated to his subordinates that a continuation of the Kirchenkampf ( church struggle ) would be tolerated and even encouraged .
Bormann was one of the leading proponents of the ongoing persecution of the Christian churches . In February 1937 he decreed that members of the clergy should not be admitted to the NSDAP . The following year he ruled that any members of the clergy who were holding party offices should be dismissed , and that any party member who was considering entering the clergy had to give up his party membership . While Bormann 's push to force the closure of theological departments at Reich universities was unsuccessful , he was able to reduce the amount of religious instruction provided in public schools to two hours per week and mandated the removal of crucifixes from classrooms . Speer notes in his memoirs that while drafting plans for Welthauptstadt Germania , the planned rebuilding of Berlin , he was told by Bormann that churches were not to be allocated any building sites .
As part of the campaign against the Catholic Church , hundreds of monasteries in Germany and Austria were confiscated by the Gestapo and their occupants were expelled . In 1941 the Catholic Bishop of Münster , August von Galen , publicly protested against this persecution and against Action T4 , the Nazi non @-@ voluntary euthanasia programme under which the mentally ill , physically deformed , and incurably sick were to be killed . In a series of sermons that received international attention , he criticised the programme as illegal and immoral . His sermons led to a widespread protest movement among church leaders , the strongest protest against a Nazi policy up until that point . Bormann and others called for Galen to be hanged , but Hitler and Goebbels concluded that Galen 's death would only be viewed as a martyrdom and lead to further unrest . Hitler decided to deal with the issue when the war was over .
= = = Personal Secretary to the Führer = = =
Preoccupied with military matters and spending most of his time at his military headquarters on the eastern front , Hitler came to rely more and more on Bormann to handle the domestic policies of the country . On 12 April 1943 , Hitler officially appointed Bormann as Personal Secretary to the Führer . By this time Bormann had de facto control over all domestic matters , and this new appointment gave him the power to act in an official capacity in any matter .
Bormann was invariably the advocate of extremely harsh , radical measures when it came to the treatment of Jews , the conquered eastern peoples , and prisoners of war . He signed the decree of 31 May 1941 extending the 1935 Nuremberg Laws to the annexed territories of the East . Thereafter , he signed the decree of 9 October 1942 prescribing that the permanent Final Solution in Greater Germany could no longer be solved by emigration , but only by the use of " ruthless force in the special camps of the East " , that is , extermination in Nazi death camps . A further decree , signed by Bormann on 1 July 1943 , gave Adolf Eichmann absolute powers over Jews , who now came under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Gestapo . Historian Richard J. Evans estimates that 5 @.@ 5 to 6 million Jews , representing two @-@ thirds of the Jewish population of Europe , were exterminated by the Nazi regime .
Knowing Hitler viewed Slavic people as inferior , Bormann opposed the introduction of German criminal law into the conquered eastern territories . He lobbied for and eventually achieved a strict separate penal code that implemented martial law for the Polish and Jewish inhabitants of these areas . The " Edict on Criminal Law Practices against Poles and Jews in the Incorporated Eastern Territories " , promulgated 4 December 1941 , permitted corporal punishment and death sentences for even the most trivial of offences .
Bormann supported the hard @-@ line approach of Erich Koch , Reichskommissar in Reichskommissariat Ukraine , in his brutal treatment of Slavic people . Alfred Rosenberg , serving as head of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories , favoured a more moderate policy . After touring collective farms around Vinnytsia , Ukraine , Bormann was concerned about the health and good physical constitution of the population , as he was concerned that they could constitute a danger to the regime . After discussion with Hitler , he issued a policy directive to Rosenberg that read in part :
The Slavs are to work for us . In so far as we don 't need them , they may die . The fertility of the Slavs is undesirable . As to food , they are to not get more than necessary . We are the masters ; we come first .
Bormann and Himmler shared responsibility for the Volkssturm ( people 's militia ) , which drafted all remaining able @-@ bodied men aged 16 to 60 into a last @-@ ditch militia founded on 18 October 1944 . Poorly equipped and trained , the men were sent to fight on the eastern front , where nearly 175 @,@ 000 of them were killed without having any discernible impact on the Soviet advance .
= = = Last days in Berlin = = =
Hitler transferred his headquarters to the Führerbunker ( " Führer 's shelter " ) in Berlin on 16 January 1945 , where he ( along with Bormann , his secretary Else Krüger , and others ) remained until the end of April . The Führerbunker was located under the Reich Chancellery garden in the government district in the centre of the city . The Battle of Berlin , the final major Soviet offensive of the war , began on 16 April 1945 . By 19 April the Red Army started to encircle the city . On 20 April , his 56th birthday , Hitler made his last trip to the surface . In the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery , he awarded Iron Crosses to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth . That afternoon , Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time . On 23 April , Albert Bormann left the bunker complex and flew to the Obersalzberg . He and several others had been ordered by Hitler to leave Berlin .
In the early morning hours of 29 April 1945 , Wilhelm Burgdorf , Goebbels , Hans Krebs , and Bormann witnessed and signed Hitler 's last will and testament . Bormann was named executor of the estate . That same night , Hitler married Eva Braun in a civil ceremony .
As Soviet forces continued to fight their way into the centre of Berlin , Hitler and Braun committed suicide on the afternoon of 30 April . Braun took cyanide and Hitler shot himself . As per Hitler 's instructions , their bodies were carried up to the Reich Chancellery garden and burned . In accordance with Hitler 's last wishes , Bormann was named as Party Minister , thus officially confirming his position as de facto General Secretary of the Party . Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz was appointed as the new Reichspräsident ( president of Germany ) and Goebbels became head of government and Chancellor of Germany . Goebbels and his wife Magda committed suicide later that day .
On 2 May , the Battle in Berlin ended when General der Artillerie Helmuth Weidling , the commander of the Berlin Defence Area , unconditionally surrendered the city to General Vasily Chuikov , the commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army .
= = Death , rumours of survival and discovery of remains = =
= = = Axmann 's account of Bormann 's death = = =
At around 11 : 00 pm on 1 May , Bormann left the Führerbunker with SS doctor Ludwig Stumpfegger , Hitler Youth leader Artur Axmann , and Hitler 's pilot Hans Baur as members of one of the groups attempting to break out of the Soviet encirclement . Bormann carried with him a copy of Hitler 's last will and testament . The group left the Führerbunker and travelled on foot via a U @-@ Bahn tunnel to the Friedrichstraße station , where they surfaced . Several members of the party attempted to cross the Spree River at the Weidendammer Bridge while crouching behind a Tiger tank . The tank was hit by Soviet artillery and destroyed , and Bormann and Stumpfegger were knocked to the ground . Bormann , Stumpfegger , and several others eventually crossed the river on their third attempt . Bormann , Stumpfegger , and Axmann walked along the railway tracks to Lehrter station , where Axmann decided to leave the others and go in the opposite direction . When he encountered a Red Army patrol , Axmann doubled back . He saw two bodies , which he later identified as Bormann and Stumpfegger , on a bridge near the railway switching yard . He did not have time to check thoroughly , so he did not know how they died . Since the Soviets never admitted to finding Bormann 's body , his fate remained in doubt for many years .
= = = Tried at Nuremberg in absentia = = =
During the chaotic days after the war , contradictory reports arose as to Bormann 's whereabouts . Sightings were reported in Argentina , Spain , and elsewhere . Bormann 's wife was placed under surveillance in case he tried to contact her . Jakob Glas , Bormann 's long @-@ time chauffeur , insisted that he saw Bormann in Munich in July 1946 . In case Bormann was still alive , multiple public notices about the upcoming Nuremberg trials were placed in newspapers and on the radio in October and November 1945 to notify him of the proceedings against him .
The trial got underway on 20 November 1945 . Lacking evidence confirming Bormann 's death , the International Military Tribunal tried him in absentia , as permitted under article 12 of their charter . He was charged with three counts : conspiracy to wage a war of aggression , war crimes , and crimes against humanity . His prosecution was assigned to Lieutenant Thomas F. Lambert Jr. and his defence to Dr. Friedrich Bergold . The prosecution stated that Bormann participated in planning and co @-@ signed virtually all of the antisemitic legislation put forward by the regime . Bergold unsuccessfully proposed that the court could not convict Bormann because he was already dead . Due to the shadowy nature of Bormann 's activities , Bergold was unable to refute the prosecution 's assertions as to the extent of his involvement in decision making . Bormann was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity and acquitted of conspiracy to wage a war of aggression . On 15 October 1946 he was sentenced to death by hanging , with the provision that if he were later found alive , any new facts brought to light at that time could be taken into consideration to reduce the sentence or overturn it .
= = = Discovery of remains = = =
Over the coming years , several organisations , including the CIA and the West German Government , attempted to locate Bormann without success . The West German government in 1964 offered a reward of 100 @,@ 000 Deutsche Marks for information leading to Bormann 's capture . Sightings were reported at points all over the world , including Australia , Denmark , Italy , and South America . In his autobiography , Nazi intelligence officer Reinhard Gehlen claimed that Bormann had been a Soviet spy , and that he had escaped to Moscow . Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal believed that Bormann was living in South America . The West German government declared that its hunt for Bormann was over in 1971 .
In 1963 , a retired postal worker named Albert Krumnow told police that around 8 May 1945 the Soviets had ordered him and his colleagues to bury two bodies found near the railway bridge near Lehrter station . One was dressed in a Wehrmacht uniform and the other was clad only in his underwear . Krumnow 's colleague Wagenpfohl found an SS doctor 's paybook on the second body identifying him as Dr. Ludwig Stumpfegger . He gave the paybook to his boss , postal chief Berndt , who turned it over to the Soviets . They in turn destroyed it . He wrote to Stumpfegger 's wife on 14 August 1945 and told her that her husband 's body was " ... interred with the bodies of several other dead soldiers in the grounds of the Alpendorf in Berlin NW 40 , Invalidenstrasse 63 . "
Excavations on 20 – 21 July 1965 at the site specified by Axmann and Krumnow failed to locate the bodies . However , on 7 December 1972 , construction workers uncovered human remains near Lehrter station in West Berlin just 12 m ( 39 ft ) from the spot where Krumnow claimed he had buried them . Upon autopsy , fragments of glass were found in the jaws of both skeletons , suggesting that the men had committed suicide by biting cyanide capsules to avoid capture . Dental records — reconstructed from memory in 1945 by Dr. Hugo Blaschke — identified one skeleton as Bormann 's , and damage to the collarbone was consistent with injuries that Bormann 's sons reported he had sustained in a riding accident in 1939 . Forensic examiners determined that the size of the skeleton and the shape of the skull were identical to Bormann 's . Likewise , the second skeleton was deemed to be Stumpfegger 's , since it was of similar height to his last known proportions . Composite photographs , where images of the skulls were overlaid on photographs of the men 's faces , were completely congruent . Facial reconstruction was undertaken in early 1973 on both skulls to confirm the identities of the bodies . Soon afterward , the West German government declared Bormann dead . The family was not permitted to cremate the body , in case further forensic examination later proved necessary .
The remains were conclusively identified as B
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from Greek δασύπους " rough @-@ legged " . This martin 's closest relatives are the two other members of the Delichon genus , the Nepal house martin and the common house martin . There are three subspecies :
D. d. dasypus , the nominate subspecies described by Bonaparte , which breeds in eastern Russia and nearby islands
D. d. cashmeriensis , the Himalayan and central Asian form described by English ornithologist John Gould in 1858 from a Kashmiri specimen obtained by Andrew Leith Adams
D. d. nigrimentalis , the form which is found in the south east of the breeding range , was described by German ornithologist Ernst Hartert in 1910 from a specimen taken in Fujian , southeast China .
= = Description = =
The adult Asian house martin of the nominate subspecies is 12 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) long , dark steel blue above with a contrasting white rump , grey @-@ washed white underparts , and a slightly forked tail . The tail and upperwings are brownish @-@ black , and the underwings are grey @-@ brown . The legs and feet are brownish @-@ pink and covered with white feathers , the eyes are brown , and the bill is black . There are few differences in appearance between the sexes , although the male is somewhat whiter below than the female , especially in fresh plumage . The juvenile bird is less glossy and has dark brown upperparts , sometimes with a brownish wash to the rump , and grey @-@ white underparts .
D. d. cashmiriensis has brighter blue upperparts and a whiter rump than the slightly larger nominate race . The third , smallest , race is D. d. nigrimentalis . All three subspecies can be distinguished from the similar Nepal house martin by the latter species ' black chin , black undertail coverts and much squarer tail . The Asian house martin is more similar to the common house martin , but is darker underneath and has a less deeply forked tail . Confusion is most likely between adult male Asian house martins , which have paler underparts , and the eastern race of common house martin , D. urbicum lagopodum which has a less forked tail than the western subspecies , although it still shows a more pronounced fork than Asian .
This species ’ song is a rippling metallic trill , and is a sibilant twitter , and call is a dry metallic cheep , often with two or three syllables . It is similar to that of common house martin , but more rasping .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The nominate subspecies of the Asian house martin , D. d. dasypus , breeds in the southeast of Russia , the Kuril Islands , Japan and sometimes Korea . It migrates through eastern China to winter in the Malay Peninsula , Borneo , the Philippines , Java and Sumatra ; a few birds remain around hot springs in Japan . D. d. cashmeriensis breeds in the Himalayas from Afghanistan east to Sikkim and northwards into Tibet and western and central China . It is found between 1 @,@ 500 – 5 @,@ 000 m ( 4 @,@ 900 – 16 @,@ 400 ft ) altitude , although mainly in the 2 @,@ 400 – 4 @,@ 000 m ( 7 @,@ 900 – 13 @,@ 100 ft ) range . This martin is a short @-@ range migrant , mainly wintering at lower altitudes in the foothills of the Himalayas , but with some birds on the plains of northeastern India , and smaller numbers further afield in Burma and northern Thailand . The third race , D. d. nigrimentalis , breeds in southeastern China and southern Siberia . Its wintering grounds are unknown , but birds in Taiwan just move to lower altitudes in winter . Non @-@ breeding Asian house martin have been recorded as far west as the United Arab Emirates . The range of D. d. cashmeriensis overlaps with that of the Nepal house martin , although they breed at somewhat different altitudes . The height separation and the small differences in appearance seem sufficient to prevent interbreeding .
The preferred habitat of the Asian house martin is valleys and gorges in mountainous areas or coastal cliffs , where natural caves or crevices provide nest sites . It will also breed on large man @-@ made sites like temples , hotels or power stations . This martin tends to move to lower altitude open or hilly country in its wintering areas , although it has been recorded at up to 2 @,@ 565 m ( 8 @,@ 415 ft ) in Thailand .
= = Behaviour = =
= = = Breeding = = =
The Asian house martin is a cliff nester , breeding in colonies sited under an overhang on a vertical cliff , usually with the nests not touching . It also frequently nests on large buildings such as temples and bridges , but not to the same extent as the common house martin . The nest is a deep mud cone lined with grasses or feathers . Unlike its relatives , the Asian house martin frequently does not complete the enclosure of its nest , leaving it open instead like a deeper version of a barn swallow nest . A Russian study found half the nests in its Baikal research area to be of the open type , and the Himalayan subspecies D. d. cashmiriensis has also been recorded as building a shallow cup nest .
The normal clutch is three or four ( occasionally up to six ) plain white eggs averaging 20 @.@ 2 mm × 14 @.@ 1 mm ( 0 @.@ 80 in × 0 @.@ 56 in ) and weighing 2 @.@ 1 g ( 0 @.@ 074 oz ) . The incubation and fledging times are unknown , but are probably similar to those of the common house martin , which has an incubation period of 14 to 16 days until the eggs hatch , and a further 22 to 32 days to fledging . Both sexes build the nest , incubate the eggs and feed the chicks .
= = = Feeding = = =
This martin feeds on insects taken in flight . As with its relatives it tends to feed high in the air , taking mostly small flies , aphid and Hymenoptera such as winged ants . A wide range of other insects are caught , including Lepidoptera , beetles and lacewings . The presence in the diet of terrestrial springtails and Lepidoptera larvae indicate that food is sometime picked from the ground .
= = = Predators and parasites = = =
Birds often carry parasites , both external lice and fleas , and internal blood parasites . The Asian house martin is a host of the house martin flea Ceratophyllus hirundinis , and has recently been shown to carry signs of avian malaria . The predators of this martin appear to be little studied , but are presumably similar to those of the common house martin , namely fast flying falcons such as Oriental hobby which can chase down their prey in flight .
= = Conservation status = =
The Asian house martin has a large range that does not appear to be contracting , and its numbers appear to be stable , although the total population is unknown . Since the range is more than 20 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 7 @,@ 700 sq mi ) , and there are more 10 @,@ 000 mature individuals , in the absence of any large decline in distribution or numbers the species does not appear to meet the criteria to be considered vulnerable , and is currently evaluated as Least Concern . This species is locally abundant and appears to be expanding its range northwards in southern Siberia .
= Street House Anglo @-@ Saxon cemetery =
The Street House Anglo @-@ Saxon cemetery is an Anglo @-@ Saxon burial ground , dating to the second half of the 7th century AD , that was discovered at Street House Farm near Loftus , in the unitary authority of Redcar and Cleveland , England . Monuments dating back as far as 3300 BC are located in the vicinity of the cemetery , which was discovered after aerial photography revealed the existence of an Iron Age rectangular enclosure . The excavations , carried out between 2005 and 2007 , revealed over a hundred graves dating from the 7th century AD and the remains of several buildings . An array of jewellery and other artefacts was found , including the jewels once worn by a young high @-@ status Anglo @-@ Saxon woman who had been buried on a bed and covered by an earth mound .
The woman 's identity is unknown , but the artefacts and the layout of the cemetery are similar to finds in the east and south @-@ east of England . There are contradictory indications of whether the occupants of the cemetery were Christian or pagan , as there signs of both traditions are present . It perhaps represents a fusion of the two traditions during the " Conversion Period " when Christianity was taking hold among the Anglo @-@ Saxons but pagan rituals had not yet been displaced , even among Christians . Archaeologists have suggested that the woman and at least some of the people buried around her may have migrated from the south , where bed burials were more common . They may all have been buried together within the space of a single generation , after which the cemetery was abandoned . The finds were acquired by Kirkleatham Museum , Redcar , in 2009 and have been on display there since 2011 .
= = Background = =
The vicinity of Street House Farm , located on Upton Hill to the north @-@ east of the town of Loftus , has been known to archaeologists for some decades as an area of interest . An Early Neolithic long cairn and mortuary structure dating to about 3300 BC , on which a round barrow was built in the Early Bronze Age , was excavated over the course of three seasons between 1979 and 1981 . In 1984 , the archaeologist Blaise Vyner discovered the remains of an enigmatic structure that he dubbed the " Street House Wossit " ( a contraction of " what @-@ is @-@ it " ) . This was a segmented circle of 56 wooden posts built around 2200 BC . In the centre of the structure , which was approximately 8 metres ( 26 ft ) wide , were two D @-@ shaped posts encircled by a raised stone bank . After a short period of usage the Wossit was dismantled and the posts burned . Its purpose is unknown but it is likely to have had some kind of religious or cultic significance .
= = Excavations = =
One of those involved in the 1979 – 81 dig , archaeologist Steve Sherlock , decided to return to the site after aerial photographs revealed the presence of a rectangular Iron Age enclosure in the vicinity of the Bronze Age monuments . Initial excavations were carried out during ten days in September 2004 . It was thought initially that the site was purely Iron Age or perhaps Romano @-@ British . A more in @-@ depth excavation was carried out in July 2005 after a geophysical survey revealed the existence of a large roundhouse , dating from the Iron Age , in the centre of the enclosure . The work revealed three roundhouses , several Iron Age ditches and a series of pits that were evidently graves . The latter came as a complete surprise and were found to date from the Anglo @-@ Saxon period . Various artefacts dating to between 650 and 700 AD were excavated but no bones were recovered , as the acidic soil had destroyed any organic material long ago . Thirty graves were found during the initial excavation .
In 2006 , the archaeologists returned to search for the settlement that they believed was associated with the graves . There are examples elsewhere , such as at Garton Green Lane Crossing in the Yorkshire Wolds , of 7th @-@ century graves associated with prehistoric monuments , and it was initially thought that the Street House graves were a similar example . However , the excavation uncovered another twelve graves . It was realised that the cemetery was far larger than first thought , so the following year an archaeological survey of the entire site was attempted . A total of 109 graves was found by the end of the 2007 dig , forming a complex monument laid out in a unique square fashion around a central mound , a bed burial and a building that had possibly served as a mortuary .
Further excavations were carried out in 2010 and 2011 to examine a Neolithic cairn and a Bronze Age mound found near the cemetery , as well as to investigate two areas within the Iron Age enclosure . In 2012 , a new excavation found the ruins of a sizeable Roman villa dating to around 370 AD , which had possibly been used by an important Romano @-@ British chieftain . It was located only about 100 metres ( 330 ft ) south of the Saxon graves and would have been part of an agricultural estate .
= = Layout of the graves = =
The cemetery consists of neat lines of graves arranged on an east – west alignment , covering a nearly square area of about 36 by 34 metres ( 118 ft × 112 ft ) , in a layout not seen in any other known Anglo @-@ Saxon cemetery . The enclosure within which the cemetery was laid out was many centuries older , dating to about 200 BC ; the establishment of a cemetery within its boundaries was probably intended to serve as a deliberate link to the past . It would still have been clearly visible in Saxon times . The layout of the cemetery seem to have consciously reflected that of the earlier enclosure , with its apparent main entrance aligned with that of the enclosure .
Most of the graves were laid out in a highly ordered fashion with a double row on the north and south sides . Each grave was set 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) apart on an east – west axis and 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) apart north to south . None were intercut . They were arranged in a pattern that formed a square enclosure , with a gap in the southern side forming a main entrance and another smaller gap on the eastern side forming a secondary entrance or exit . The degree of precision visible in the layout strongly suggests that the cemetery was planned in advance .
There are several groups of graves , numbering around 22 per cent of the total , that do not fit into the overall square plan of the cemetery . A few of these seem to have been older burials , possibly Romano @-@ British , but the others may have been laid out by different groups of people in Saxon times . The most notable of these " non @-@ standard " burials is that of the woman dubbed the " Saxon Princess " near the very centre of the enclosure . Although her burial has attracted the most attention for the quality of its finds , it may not have been the most important grave in the cemetery . A second larger mound stood a short distance away , partly surrounded by a ring ditch . No burial was found within and the mound has been interpreted as a mausoleum or memorial to an important individual . It is noteworthy that the " Saxon Princess " and a number of burials in the cemetery 's north @-@ east quadrant were arranged in an arc around the mound , suggesting that it may have been seen as the focal point of the cemetery .
The discovery of the graves ' east – west alignment has prompted suggestions that the cemetery reflected Christian tradition , although the evidence overall is contradictory about whether the occupants were Christians . The individual graves were fairly uniform in size , usually measuring 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) long , 0 @.@ 8 metres ( 2 @.@ 6 ft ) wide and in their original form about 0 @.@ 6 metres ( 2 @.@ 0 ft ) deep . They had a rectangular plan with rounded corners and a flat base . The bodies were not interred in coffins ; the graves ' occupants were buried in their clothes , accompanied by various items that they owned or were given as tokens by mourners . Although none of the bodies have survived it is thought from their size that most of the graves were intended for women , laid out fully extended . A substantial number are too small for an adult of normal height to have been laid out in such a way and , judging from analogous Saxon graves found elsewhere in England , it is thought that these might have contained crouched burials . The two different methods of burial – crouched versus fully extended – may therefore indicate some difference in ethnic affiliations or political or religious identities .
Some of the graves are marked by plain triangular stones set at one end . These are not carved or inscribed with names as in Christian cemeteries , but are similar to markers found in pagan cemeteries . Some graves are interrupted by stakeholes cut into them , possibly indicating the presence of wooden poles that might have served as markers or supported wooden structures within the graves . This is unusual in the north of England , though comparable examples have been found in Kent in the south @-@ east .
In addition to the graves , several buildings stood within the cemetery . A larger rectangular structure with an east @-@ west alignment , identified from postholes left in the ground , stood on the east side . It has been interpreted as a chapel or shrine . A smaller grubenhaus – a type of sunken building – which is thought to have been used as a mortuary chapel was located close by in the central area of the cemetery . An Iron Age roundhouse had also once been located within the north @-@ west quadrant but was no longer standing at the time the cemetery was laid out . All of these buildings would have stood on the crest of a ridge , and would have been especially prominent to travelers arriving from the south .
The cemetery seems to have been laid out on a single occasion and used for only a short time afterwards . It is thought that the mourners would have entered through the south side and assembled in the empty south @-@ western area of the cemetery before proceeding to the shrine to carry out the burial rites . After interring the deceased in a grave they may have used the eastern entrance to leave the cemetery . Alternatively , different groups of people may have used the two entrances , perhaps reflecting the fact that some of the graves do not fit into the overall square plan and may therefore belong to a different group .
= = Artefacts = =
64 individual graves , comprising 59 per cent of the total in the cemetery , were found to contain artefacts . Certain types of artefact can help to identify the gender of the occupants ; male graves , for instance , tend to contain weapons and tools , while female ones are associated with jewellery , shears and chatelaines ( belt hooks ) which were used to suspend keys or small tools . 34 of the graves contained such gender @-@ specific goods , of which 19 were associated with females and 15 with males . The female graves seem to have been predominantly located in the north and west of the cemetery and the males in the south and east . It is possible that the paired graves may have been those of spouses , a pattern that is apparent from Saxon cemeteries elsewhere in the country .
15 of the graves contained beads and items of ironwork were found in 25 graves . A seax ( a type of short sword with a blade on one edge ) was found in grave 29 and was the only weapon found in the cemetery . The discovery of such weapons as grave goods is extremely rare , as their value meant that they were typically passed on from father to son rather than being buried with a person . It originally measured about 55 centimetres ( 22 in ) long but had broken into four pieces , and part of the pommel and handle also survived . Its blade had been decorated with a punched pattern along the top edge . Smaller domestic knives were found in 19 graves as well as other items made of iron such as belt buckles and sets of keys . In grave 81 , two whetstones for sharpening knives were discovered along with the knives themselves , one resting on top of each whetstone .
A variety of jewellery , beads , and charms was also found . 100 beads in total were recovered from 16 graves , though only two had more than 10 beads . The small number of beads found in the remaining 14 graves is indicative of how styles had changed ; in the 6th century it was customary for women to wear up to 100 relatively plain beads at a time in the form of necklaces , but by the mid @-@ 7th century , the fashion was for a small number of high @-@ quality beads which may have been attached with wire or carried in a bag . A very unusual discovery was made in grave 21 – the remnants of a necklace comprising eight beads and two Iron Age gold coins minted by the Corieltauvi tribe of modern Lincolnshire some time between 15 – 45 AD , before the Roman conquest of Britain . Holes had been drilled in the coins , which were more than 600 years old by the time they were buried , to convert them into items of jewellery . Their excellent condition suggests that they had not been used for long , or at all , as currency ; it is possible that they had been part of a hoard buried shortly after they were minted and were rediscovered during Saxon times . The discovery of Roman coins in a Saxon grave of this period is unique to the Street House cemetery . It is likely that they were valued because of the cross @-@ shaped designs on the coins ' reverse .
Jewellery found in the Street House cemetery
An elaborate gold pendant was found in grave 10 along with three beads ; all four had apparently been worn together on a chain or a thread , which did not survive . Although it is small – only 27 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 1 in ) in diameter – it is intricately decorated with a gold filigree in the shape of figures of eight ( though the similarity in form to the numeral is merely coincidental ) . Its design is typical of jewellery made after 650 AD and comparable examples have been found elsewhere in Yorkshire . In grave 70 , a gold pendant measuring 44 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 7 in ) in diameter was found during the 2007 excavation . It is decorated with elaborate filigrees like the brooch but it also incorporates four circular settings , each of which was inset with a red gemstone , though only two of the stones have survived . Several beads were found alongside the pendant and seem to have been part of the necklace of which it was a part .
= = The " Saxon Princess " bed burial = =
The most important grave , and the most spectacular set of artefacts , was found near the centre of the cemetery . Grave 42 was a deep , wide pit in which a high @-@ status individual was buried on top of a wooden bed with iron fittings . The body lying on the bed was most likely that of a woman of very high @-@ ranking noble descent , possibly royalty , as the quantity and quality of the jewellery found in the grave is indicative of a woman ranking at the top of Anglo @-@ Saxon society . Such burials are highly unusual ; only a dozen are known in the whole of the UK , and the one at Street House is the most northerly known .
Although nothing remains of either the body or the bed , surviving artefacts and the 56 pieces of ironwork that held the bed together have enabled the burial to be reconstructed in considerable detail . The bed was made from ash wood , held together with a variety of iron plates , cleats , staples , nails , stays , and decorative scrolls .
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storms formed ; this was above the 1950 – 2000 average of 9 @.@ 6 named storms . Eight of these reached hurricane status , also above of the 1950 – 2000 average of 5 @.@ 9 . Furthermore , seven storms reached major hurricane status ; thus , 1961 had the most major hurricanes , until being tied by 2005 . Of the seven , two became Category 5 hurricanes . Four hurricanes and two tropical storms made landfall during the season , causing 348 deaths and $ 391 @.@ 6 million in damage . Hurricane Debbie also caused damage and deaths , despite remaining offshore and then after becoming extratropical .
Although the season officially began on June 15 , the first tropical cyclone , Hurricane Anna , did not develop until July 20 . After Anna dissipated on July 24 , there were no other systems in July or the month of August . Tropical cyclogenesis did not resume until Hurricane Betsy developed on September 2 . During the next four days , two other tropical cyclones formed – Carla and Debbie . On September 11 , the three storms – Betsy , Carla , and Debbie – existed simultaneously the hurricanes , the most in a single day since 1893 and until 1998 . Esther , which developed on September 10 , did not reach hurricane status until September 12 . Later that day , a tropical storm that went unnamed formed over the Bahamas and moved across the East Coast of the United States for its brief duration .
After Debbie became extratropical on September 26 , another tropical cyclone developed four days later , Hurricane Frances . Thereafter , tropical cyclogenesis slowed in October , which featured only two systems , Gerda and Hattie . The latter was the strongest tropical cyclone of the season , peaking with maximum sustained winds of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 920 mbar ( 27 inHg ) . After weakening slightly , Hattie struck Belize on October 31 , before dissipating on November 1 . Later that day , Hurricane Jenny developed near Antigua . Jenny remained weak for much of its duration and became extratropical on November 8 . The final system , Tropical Storm Inga , formed in the Gulf of Mexico on November 5 . Three days later , Inga dissipated , one week before the season officially ended .
The season 's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 205 , one of the highest values recorded . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) , which is tropical storm strength . Subtropical cyclones are excluded from the total .
= = Storms = =
= = = Hurricane Anna = = =
An easterly wave developed into Tropical Storm Anna in the vicinity of the Windward Islands on July 20 . The storm moved westward across the Caribbean Sea . Favorable environmental conditions allowed Anna to reach hurricane intensity late on July 20 . Early on the following day , the storm strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane . Intensification continued , and later on July 21 , Anna became a major hurricane . After attaining peak intensity on July 22 , the hurricane slightly weakened while brushing the northern coast of Honduras . Further weakening occurred ; when Anna made landfall in Belize on July 24 , winds decreased to 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Anna rapidly weakened over land and dissipated later that day .
As a developing tropical cyclone over the Windward Islands , Anna produced strong winds over Grenada , though damage was limited to some crops , trees , and telephone poles . Other islands experienced gusty winds , but no damage . Passing just north of Venezuela , the hurricane produced strong winds over the country , peaking as high as 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . Strong winds caused widespread damage in northern Honduras . Throughout the country , at least 36 homes were destroyed and 228 were damaged . Severe damage in the Gracias a Dios Department left hundreds of people homeless . Additionally , high winds toppled approximately 10 @,@ 000 coconut trees . Overall , Anna caused one fatality and $ 300 @,@ 000 in damage , primarily in Central America .
= = = Hurricane Betsy = = =
In early September , a tropical wave was noted in the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) . On September 2 , the disturbance was analyzed to have attained tropical storm strength , after nearby ship reports indicated strong winds associated with anomalously low barometric pressures . Moving steadily northwestward , Betsy gradually intensified under favorable conditions . By 12 : 00 UTC the following day , the storm had strengthened to Category 1 hurricane intensity . Shortly after , a trough situated along 50 ° W steered Betsy to a more northerly course . Another low @-@ pressure area later formed in the trough , perturbing the ridge to the north of Betsy for much of its initial stages , causing the hurricane 's central pressure to rise , despite an increase in sustained winds . However , on September 5 , a shortwave forced the low northeastward , allowing for Betsy to strengthen further .
Later on September 5 , Betsy attained Category 4 hurricane strength , before subsequently reaching peak intensity the following day with winds of 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) and a central pressure of 945 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 91 inHg ) , based on reconnaissance flights into the system . However , as a result of missing the short wave itself , the hurricane later weakened and fell to Category 3 intensity while located about 440 miles ( 710 km ) east @-@ northeast of Bermuda . Betsy weakened further to Category 2 hurricane before becoming nearly stationary beginning on September 6 , where it maintained its intensity for several days . A separate , minor trough was later able to move the system northeastwards on September 9 . Moving into highly latitudes , Betsy began to weaken , degenerating back to Category 1 hurricane intensity on September 11 before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone the following day . The extratropical remnants continued northeastward and weakened , before dissipating west of Ireland early on September 12 . Due to its distance from any landmasses , no damage was associated with the tropical cyclone .
= = = Hurricane Carla = = =
A tropical depression developed from an area of squally weather embedded within the ITCZ in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on September 3 . Initially a tropical depression , it strengthened slowly while heading northwestward , and by September 5 , the system was upgraded to Tropical Storm Carla . About 24 hours later , Carla was upgraded to a hurricane . Shortly thereafter , the storm curved northward while approaching the Yucatán Channel . Late on September 7 , Carla entered the Gulf of Mexico while passing just northeast of the Yucatán Peninsula . By early on the following day , the storm became a major hurricane . Resuming its northwestward course , Carla continued intensification and on September 11 , it was upgraded to a Category 5 hurricane . Later that day , Carla weakened slightly , but was still a large and intense hurricane when the storm made landfall near Port O 'Connor , Texas with winds of 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) . It weakened quickly inland and was reduced to a tropical storm on September 12 . Heading generally northward , Carla transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 13 , while centered over southern Oklahoma . However , the remnants continued generally northeastward and entered Canada on September 14 , before dissipating near Cape Chidley early on September 16 .
While crossing the Yucatán Channel , the outer bands of Carla brought gusty winds and severe local flooding in western Cuba and the Yucatán Peninsula , though no damage or fatalities were reported . Although initially considered a significant threat to Florida , the storm brought only light winds and small amounts of precipitation , reaching no more than 3 @.@ 15 in ( 80 mm ) . In Texas , wind gusts as high as 170 mph ( 270 km / h ) were observed in Port Lavaca . Additionally , several tornadoes spawned in the state caused notable impacts , with the most destructive tornado resulting in 200 buildings severely damaged , of which at least 60 were destroyed , and eight deaths and 55 injuries . Throughout the state , Carla destroyed 1 @,@ 915 homes , 568 farm buildings , and 415 other buildings . Additionally , 50 @,@ 723 homes , 5 @,@ 620 farm buildings , and 10 @,@ 487 other buildings suffered damage . There were 34 fatalities and at least $ 300 million in losses in Texas alone . Several tornadoes also touched down in Louisiana , causing the destruction of 140 homes and 11 farms and other buildings , and major damage to 231 additional homes and 11 farm and other buildings . Minor to moderate damage was also reported to 748 homes and 75 farm and other buildings . Six deaths and $ 25 million in losses in Louisiana were attributed to Carla . Heavy rainfall occurred in several other states , especially in Kansas , where flash flooding severely damaged crops and drowned five people . Overall , Carla resulted in $ 325 @.@ 74 million in losses and 46 fatalities . In Canada , the remnants of Carla brought strong winds to Ontario and New Brunswick , though impact was primarily limited to power outages and falling trees and branches .
= = = Hurricane Debbie = = =
A tropical disturbance was first identified in late August over Central Africa . It was estimated to have become a tropical storm on September 6 . Later that day , Debbie passed through the southern Cape Verde Islands as a strong tropical storm or minimal hurricane , resulting in a plane crash that killed 60 people . Once clear of the islands , data on the storm became sparse , and the status of Debbie was uncertain over the following several days as it tracked west @-@ northwestward and later northward . It was not until a commercial airliner intercepted the storm on September 10 that its location was certain . The following day , Debbie intensified and reached its peak intensity as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) . The hurricane gradually slowed its forward motion and weakened . By September 13 , Debbie 's motion became influenced by the westerlies , causing the system to accelerate east @-@ northeastward .
The system passed over the western Azores as a minimal hurricane on September 15 . At this point , there is uncertainty as to the structure of Debbie , whether it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone or maintained identity as a tropical system . Regardless , the system deepened as it neared the British Isles , skirting the coast of Western Ireland on September 16 . Shortly thereafter , the system was confirmed to have become extratropical as it continued towards the northeast . In Ireland , Debbie brought record winds to much of the island , with a peak gust of 114 mph ( 183 km / h ) measured just offshore . Widespread wind damage and disruption occurred , downing tens of thousands of trees and power lines . Countless structures sustained varying degrees of damage , with many smaller buildings destroyed . Agriculture experienced extensive losses to barley , corn and wheat crops . Throughout Ireland , Debbie killed 18 people , with 12 in the Ireland and six in Northern Ireland . It caused $ 40 – 50 million in damage in the Republic and at least £ 1 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 4 million ) in Northern Ireland . The storm also battered parts of Great Britain with winds in excess of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) .
= = = Hurricane Esther = = =
On September 10 , Television Infrared Observation Satellite ( TIROS ) III observed an area of disturbed weather well southwest of the Cape Verde Islands . Later that day , a tropical depression developed about 540 miles ( 870 km ) west @-@ southwest of the southernmost Cape Verde Islands . Moving northwestward , the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Esther on September 11 , before reaching hurricane intensity on the following day . Early on September 13 , Esther curved westward and deepened into a major hurricane . The storm remained a Category 3 hurricane for about four days and gradually moved in west @-@ northwestward direction . Late on September 17 , Esther strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane and peaked with sustained winds of 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) on September 18 .
The storm curved north @-@ northeastward on September 19 , while offshore North Carolina . Esther began to weaken while approaching New England and fell to Category 3 intensity on September 21 . Early on September 22 , the storm turned eastward and rapidly weakened to a tropical storm . It then executed a large cyclonic loop , until curving northward on September 25 . Early on the following day , Esther struck Cape Cod , hours before emerging into the Gulf of Maine . Later on September 26 , the storm made landfall in southeastern Maine , before weakening to a tropical depression and becoming extratropical over southeastern Quebec . The remnants persisted for about 12 hours , before dissipating early on September 27 . Between North Carolina and New Jersey effects were primarily limited to strong winds and minor beach erosion and coastal flooding due to storm surge . In New York , strong winds led to severe crop losses and over 300 @,@ 000 power outages . High tides caused coastal flooding and damage a number of pleasure boats . Similar impact was reported in Massachusetts . Additionally , some areas observed more than 8 inches ( 200 mm ) of rainfall , flooding basements , low @-@ lying roads , and underpasses . Overall , damage was minor , totaling about $ 6 million . There were also seven deaths reported when United States Navy P5M aircraft crashed about 120 miles ( 190 km ) north of Bermuda .
= = = Unnamed Tropical Storm = = =
TIROS III imagery indicated a vortex east of the Bahamas between September 9 and September 12 . A tropical depression formed at 12 : 00 UTC on September 12 , after TIROS revealed a surface circulation . The depression tracked northward and intensified into a tropical storm while located offshore North Carolina . Early on September 14 , it made landfall in the state near Wilmington , North Carolina with winds of 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) . The storm curved northeastward and accelerated across the Mid @-@ Atlantic , New England , and New Brunswick . Upon reaching the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on September 15 , it weakened to a tropical depression and subsequently dissipated .
Impact from the storm was generally minor . In North Carolina , 3 @.@ 12 inches ( 79 mm ) of precipitation fell at Williamston . Strong winds lashed Rhode Island , with winds as high as 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) in Point Judith . About 29 @,@ 000 homes were left without electricity , while 1 @,@ 200 lost telephone service . Hundreds of small crafts and a few ferries and barges were swamped or sank . Hurricane @-@ force wind gusts in Massachusetts felled trees , electrical wires , and TV antennas . Some roads in the southeastern portion of the state were blocked by fallen trees . Similar impact was reported in Maine . Additionally , two homes were damaged by falling trees . One person was injured by a flying wooden plank .
= = = Hurricane Frances = = =
A westward @-@ moving tropical wave organized into a tropical depression on September 30 , east of the northern Lesser Antilles . Six hours later , the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Frances . Heading westward , it crossed through the Leeward Islands and entered the Caribbean Sea on October 1 . Thereafter , the lack of divergence at high levels prevented significant strengthening for a few days . While situated south of Puerto Rico on October 2 , Frances curved northwestward . The storm brought heavy rainfall to Puerto Rico , peaking at 10 @.@ 15 inches ( 258 mm ) in the Indiera Baja barrio of Maricao . Considerable damage to roads and bridges occurred . However , due to swift evacuations of residents by the Civil Defense and American Red Cross , no fatalities were reported .
Tracking to the northwest , Frances made landfall near Cap Cana , Dominican Republic early on October 3 with winds of 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) . No impact was reported on the island . Later on October 3 , Frances emerged into the Atlantic Ocean just southeast of the Turks and Caicos Islands . Thereafter , the storm accelerated somewhat and resumed intensification , reaching hurricane status on October 4 . Around that time , it curved northeastward and deepened further . Early on October 7 , Frances attained its peak intensity with winds of 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 948 mbar ( 28 @.@ 0 inHg ) . The storm passed by Bermuda around that time , where it dropped 1 @.@ 35 inches ( 34 mm ) of precipitation . Later on October 7 , Frances re @-@ curved to the north . Early on the following day , it turned northwestward and began to weaken , falling to tropical storm intensity around 06 : 00 UTC on October 9 . Six hours later , Frances became extratropical over the Gulf of Maine . The remnants curved east @-@ northeastward and struck Nova Scotia , before dissipating early on October 10 .
= = = Tropical Storm Gerda = = =
A westward @-@ moving tropical wave developed into a tropical depression on October 16 , while located south of Jamaica . Shortly thereafter , the depression made landfall in Clarendon Parish . It continued northward and made another landfall near Santa Cruz del Sur , Cuba on October 17 . The depression brought heavy rainfall to Jamaica and eastern Cuba . In the former , flooding caused damage to roads and forced many to evacuate their homes in western Kingston . Five fatalities were reported in Jamaica . Flooding in eastern Cuba resulted in seven deaths . After striking Cuba , the depression emerged into the Atlantic and then crossed the Bahamas .
The depression accelerated to the north @-@ northeast and finally began to strengthen . Late on October 19 , the depression reached tropical storm intensity and was named Gerda , while located between Bermuda and the East Coast of the United States . The storm curved northeastward on October 20 , while peaking with winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . However , a Texas Tower offshore Massachusetts observed hurricane @-@ force winds . At 00 : 00 UTC on October 21 , Gerda transitioned into an extratropical cyclone , while situated about 100 miles ( 160 km ) east @-@ southeast of Barrington , Nova Scotia . Damage from the storm in New England was " about the same as that from a typical wintertime northeaster " . The remnants of Gerda moved northeastward and then to the east , before dissipating between Newfoundland and the Azores late on October 22 .
= = = Hurricane Hattie = = =
In late October , an area of low pressure persisted in the western Caribbean Sea for several days . On October 27 , a ship and the airport on San Andres Island reported a closed center of circulation associated with the low . Thus , the system was classified as Tropical Storm Hattie starting on October 27 . Moving towards the north and north @-@ northeast , the storm quickly gained hurricane status and major hurricane status the following day . Hattie turned towards the west to the east of Jamaica , and strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane , with maximum sustained winds of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) before weakening to Category 4 status at landfall south of Belize City . Continuing southwest , the storm rapidly weakened over the mountainous terrain of Central America , dissipating on November 1 . The remnants may have contributed to the development of Tropical Storm Simone in the eastern Pacific Ocean .
Hattie first affected regions in the southwestern Caribbean , producing hurricane @-@ force winds and causing one death on San Andres Island . It was initially forecast to continue north and strike Cuba , which prompted evacuations . Little effects were reported as Hattie turned to the west , although rainfall reached 11 @.@ 5 in ( 290 mm ) on Grand Cayman . The worst damage was in the country of Belize . The former capital , Belize City , was flooded by a powerful storm surge and high waves and affected by strong winds . The territory governor estimated 70 % of the buildings in the city were damaged , which left over 10 @,@ 000 people homeless . The damage was severe enough that it prompted the government to relocate inland to a new city , Belmopan . In the territory , Hattie left about $ 60 million in damage and caused 307 deaths . The government estimated that Hattie was more damaging than a hurricane in 1931 that killed 2 @,@ 000 people ; the lower toll for Hattie was due to advance warning . Elsewhere in Central America , the hurricane killed 11 people in Guatemala and one in Honduras .
= = = Hurricane Jenny = = =
A surface trough of low pressure developed in the eastern Caribbean Sea on October 30 . The trough split , with the northern portion spawning a tropical depression near Antigua at 12 : 00 UTC on November 1 . In the early stages of Jenny , light rainfall was observed in Puerto Rico , peaking at 4 @.@ 97 inches ( 126 mm ) . Moving northeastward ahead of an upper @-@ level trough , the depression remained weak for over four days . On November 3 , it curved eastward , before briefly turning to the southeast on November 4 . The depression tracked in a circular path during the next 24 hours , moving northeastward , north @-@ northwestward , and then west @-@ northward . Finally , the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Jenny early on November 6 .
Jenny intensified further and reached hurricane status at 12 : 00 UTC on November 6 . Later that day , the United States Weather Bureau began advisories and described Jenny as having " characteristic of many storms in the sub @-@ tropics late in the hurricane season . " Around 18 : 00 UTC on November 6 , Jenny attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 974 mbar ( 28 @.@ 8 inHg ) . Thereafter , the storm briefly decelerated and weakened , falling to tropical storm intensity around midday on November 7 . Jenny curved northeastward and continued to weaken . A reconnaissance flight into the system on November 8 indicated that the storm became extratropical about 895 miles ( 1 @,@ 440 km ) east of Bermuda . The extratropical remnants continued to move northeastward and weakened , dissipating late on November 9 .
= = = Tropical Storm Inga = = =
Early on November 4 , the SS Navigator encountered a weather system in the Gulf of Mexico that produced northwesterly winds of 81 to 92 mph ( 130 to 148 km / h ) . Reconnaissance aircraft data indicated that Tropical Storm Inga developed at 00 : 00 UTC on November 5 , while located about 145 miles ( 233 km ) northeast of Veracruz . A strong high pressure system and a cold front entering the Gulf of Mexico from Texas caused the storm to move southward and then southeastward . Inga slowly strengthened and peaked as a 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) tropical storm early on November 7 . Thereafter , the storm became nearly stationary and began weakening . By 12 : 00 UTC on November 8 , Inga dissipated in the Bay of Campeche , as reconnaissance aircraft found no closed circulation .
= = = Other storms = = =
A report from Mexico indicates that a tropical depression off the west coasts of Tabasco and Coatzacoalcos . The depression significantly impacted the northern portions of Veracruz with heavy rainfall on June 30 . However , the Atlantic hurricane best track does not list this system as a tropical depression .
= = Storm names = =
The following names were used for named storms ( tropical storms and hurricanes ) that formed in the North Atlantic in 1961 . Storms were named Frances , Hattie , Inga and Jenny for the first time in
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had worked on before , as there was no possibility of retakes or selective editing to provide the best footage for the film . Siete mujeres , like Las tres Elenas ( 1954 ) , was never released in Argentina . After ten months , Bence returned to Argentina and ended her marriage to Closas . She attended the first Mar del Plata International Film Festival in 1954 , and then went with Mario Soffici and his production team to La Rioja , Spain to film El hombre que debía una muerte with Carlos Cores .
The play " Pesadilla " premiered in 1955 and involved a tour of Uruguay , Cordoba , Mendoza , Buenos Aires and Rosario , where they remained playing to a full house for two weeks . In the play , Bence played the character " Mary " and her performance received high praise in La Capital . Encouraged by Cecilio Madanes , she also opened " La dama del trébol " , a play that had been successful in Paris . However , soon after its premiere , the Revolución Libertadora or the 1955 coup d 'état that overthrew Juan Domingo Perón , occurred . Bence 's new partner , José María Fernández Unsáin , had served as Eva Perón 's secretary and as Chairman of the Committee on Culture , director of the Teatro Nacional Cervantes , and director general of the Ministry of Culture , under the Perón regime . Fernández 's past led to threats at the theaters and demonstrations outside Bence 's hotel , which in turn led to cancellations by the Theater of the Chilean Society of Authors for " Pesadilla " , " La dama del trébol " , " Eran tres " ... and " la noche " . They also suspended the series " Mis protagonistas " which Bence was performing on Radio Minería with Luis Prendes . In 1956 , she filmed Dos basuras under director Kurt Land , based on the play " Pesadilla " , in which she portrayed a prostitute . It was not released until 1958 during the government of Arturo Frondizi .
In 1957 , she opened the play Testigo para la horca at the Ateneo Theater and began filming her favorite film : Alfonsina ( 1957 ) by Kurt Land , based on the life of poetess Alfonsina Storni . Despite makeup tests , Bence decided to recreate it bare @-@ faced , without any alterations , depending only on her acting abilities . She won the award for Best Actress from the Argentina Film Academy and the film was chosen as the Argentine entry for the 1957 Berlin International Film Festival . Foreign press reviews praised her " interpretative restraint " and compared Bence to Austrian actress Paula Wessely . In the same year she had her first appearance on television playing in Teatro del sábado on Canal 7 , in an episode which recreated Testigo para la horca based on the play by Agatha Christie . In 1957 , Bence became one of the pioneers of the café cantante after the basement of the Santa Fe Galleries was remodeled to turn it into a theater . The presentation of the play " Asamblea de mujeres " , based on a piece by Aristophanes , generated a variety of controversial criticism .
Bence 's meeting in Europe with director José María Forqué led to her being cast in De espaldas a la puerta ( 1959 ) , a crime drama which premiered at the Coliseum in Madrid , shortly before Bence returned to Buenos Aires . She won the Quixote prize for Best Foreign Actress for the role . Returning to Argentina , Bence was persuaded by Cecilio Madanes to perform in " Así es la vida " with the company of Luis Arata and Eva Franco . The newspaper La Prensa gave her good reviews and that led to its being brought by Canal 7 to television on the insistence of Mariano Perla . Simultaneously with her performance for Madanes , she opened the play Maribel y la extraña familia in the Odeón Theater , whose success led to performances in other cities such as Mar del Plata . The box office grossed 2 million pesos in the third month and 400 @,@ 000 in the fourth .
= = = Working abroad = = =
In 1962 , Bence joined an entourage including César Tiempo , Máximo Berrondo , and Enrique Serrano and appeared at the International Film Festival of India , where she met Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru at an official reception for foreign artists . Back in Argentina , she accepted an offer to star in the Uruguayan television production of Maribel y la extraña familia and on Canal 9 in Buenos Aires , a production of Nuestra Natacha . Under the direction of Daniel Tinayre , she participated in the low @-@ budget film La cigarra no es un bicho , intended to revive the national film industry . The film featured performances by Homero Cárpena , Bárbara Mujica and Luis Sandrini and others . In the first week , viewings exceeded 3 @,@ 000 spectators per day and the film spent seven weeks at the Cine Opera and eleven at the Trocadero Theater . In the film , Bence played a prostitute and La Nación reported that she and Luis Sandrini 's performances shone . Shortly after , both were honored as the best Argentine artists of the year by Chilean journalists .
From October to December 1963 , she made a tour of Tucumán , Bahía Blanca , Córdoba , Mendoza , Rosario and Montevideo . By June 1964 , she had started a theatrical season in Chile with " Los millones de Orofino " , to critical acclaim . Directed by Enrique Carreras , Luis Saslavsky and Fernando Ayala , she starred with Tita Merello and Ángel Magaña in La industria del matrimonio , a film shot in episodes , where she played a wealthy spinster . Bence next received an offer to star in " El proceso de Mary Duggan " under the direction of Tinayre ; however , she rejected the offer and was replaced by Malvina Pastorino . In the second season Pastorino quit the production and Bence finished the run . The actor Francisco Petrone , a member of the cast , died of cancer during the season . In 1968 , as part of the cast of Comedy of the Province of Buenos Aires , she debuted in La Plata and simultaneously , in Mar del Plata in the George Bernard Shaw classic , " Cándida " , directed by Milagros de la Vega .
At the end of 1968 , Bence decided to undertake a six @-@ month tour for the following year through Santiago , Bogotá , Cali , Medellín and Manizales . From Colombia , she went to Venezuela and debuted at the Municipal Theater of Caracas with four works : " Cándida " , " Un inocente adulterio " , " Un dios durmió en casa " and " Los amantes " . Then she went on tour through the Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico and Miami , where she earned good reviews . When she returned from this long tour , she took a hiatus for several months and then agreed to do " Flor de cactus " with Juan Carlos Thorry at the Comedy Theater in Rosario . After its opening run , the project continued on tour through the countryside , in Paraná , Cordoba , Santa Fe and Tucumán .
In mid @-@ 1972 , she was invited by the Spanish Repertory Theater Company in New York to participate in a theater season at the Gramercy Arts Theater with " La valija " ( The Suitcase ) . Upon its release , The New York Post wrote : " Play with a hopeless character goes to the heart " . Bence performed on tour at Rosary College Theater at the University of Connecticut , Boston , Chicago and at the headquarters of the Organization of American States in Washington , DC , where her audience was 1 @,@ 200 spectators . When she performed through Florida and in Miami , Howard Thompson of The New York Times , titled his article , " Spanish Impact on Off Broadway " and continued , " Amelia Bence , an artist of strong mercurial quality and wonderfully expressive eyes , illuminates the scene and work ... She makes the role come alive , with eyes that tell the story of a tender woman , slightly naive and carefree . For her work , she won the Association of Latin Entertainment Critics ( ACE ) award for Best Foreign Actress during a dinner held at the Commodore Hotel in New York . Back in Argentina , she did " La valija " with Justo José Rojas and Aldo Cura in Santiago del Estero , Salta , Jujuy and Córdoba , touring for four months . In 1973 , she made her first color film , Adiós , Alejandra , after nearly four decades of making movies . Upon returning to the United States in September 1975 , she opened " Doña Rosita , la soltera " by Federico Garcia Lorca and personally met four @-@ time Oscar @-@ winning actress , Katharine Hepburn . At the request of the director , she took the show to Miami in September 1976 and stayed until early 1977 , when she went to Peru to open " La esposa constante " at the Marsano Theater .
In the early 1980s , Bence participated frequently on television , part of the main casts of Dulce fugitiva , Romina , Bianca and Las 24 horas . " La loba " , which she performed in 1982 in Peru was one of her most famous theatrical successes and also aired on Peruvian television , under the same name coordinated by her former partner Osvaldo Cattone . In 1985 , she starred in a Peruvian soap opera entitled La casa de enfrente , which increased her popularity and the audiences of " La loba " .
= = = Later career = = =
Bence 's career began to decline around 1986 , and she stopped receiving work proposals . The Argentina Actors Association said at the time that 86 % of their members were unemployed ; however , she was hired for one of the two lead roles in the 1987 production of " Solo 80 " . The play , by Colin Higgins was presented at the Blanca Podestá Theater on Corrientes Avenue , with Bence playing the character of Harold 's mother . The play received good reviews , but failed to attract an audience , and ended in February 1988 . Bence spent almost two years out of work and in 1989 traveled to Cuba to attend the International Festival of New Latin American Cinema , where she met Fidel Castro at a reception . Later that year , she was honored with the Silver Condor Award for Lifetime Achievement at the same ceremony where Sabina Olmos was honored . In 1992 , she also won the Pablo Podestá Prize for Lifetime achievement , along with Niní Marshall and Margarita Padín .
In 1990 , Bence was reunited with Closas to act in " Cartas de amor " . She then embarked on the longest road tour of her life and spent the next 21 months ( until November , 1992 ) touring " Esta noche hablamos de amor " in Buenos Aires , Rosario , Córdoba , Mendoza and Mar del Plata . In 1993 , she worked in television on a telenovela Esos que dicen amarse , which starred Carolina Papaleo and Raúl Taibo . She had a supporting role in the series Con alma de tango ( 1995 ) alongside Luisa Kuliok and Gerardo Romano , which had an international run throughout Latin America and in some European countries such as Italy , Israel and Turkey .
In 1998 , Bence and Libertad Lamarque received a Golden Ángel " Cholo " Peco award from the Society of Distributors of Newspapers and Magazines . She was part of the cast of the Teatro de la Ribera in 1998 , playing in " Hoy ensayo Hoy " , which brought together veteran actors Elena Lucena and María Aurelia Bisutti . After participating in " Sin condena " and " Alta comedia " in the mid @-@ 1990s , she was hired in 1999 to do a play at the XIV International Festival of Hispanic Theater , but due to technical problems it was canceled . She persuaded Osvaldo Cattone to direct the play " Venecia " , in which she starred in 2002 in Lima . In 2003 , Bence ventured into children 's theater with the work " Amor invisible " with Gustavo Monje . The play combined magic , dance , music and theater , recreating a fairyland . She returned to television in 2004 joining Pablo Granados and Pachu Peña in the comic series No hay dos sin tres , for which she was nominated in 2005 for the category of " Special Participation in Fiction " for the Martín Fierro Awards .
In recent years , Bence has received many awards acknowledging her long career . In 2006 , she was honored by the Actors Social Work ( OSA ) and in 2007 , she received the inaugural Javolandia Award for lifetime achievement from the Javo Rocha Academy of Theater . She was given a certificate of recognition during the María Guerrero Awards ceremony in 2007 and in 2008 she received the Trinidad Guevara Achievement Award with Jorge Rivera López . In late 2009 , a tribute in her honor was held by the Northern Region of the Argentine Society of Writers , in which the Mayor of San Isidro presented a poetry anthology and designated the hall with Bence 's name .
For 14 years , before a fall which caused a hip fracture , Bence put on her one @-@ man @-@ show , " Alfonsina " . In April 2010 she fell and underwent surgery . In June 2011 , Bence was declared Outstanding Personality of Argentine Culture under an initiative of Deputy Juan Pablo Arenaza . Soon after , with the help of Raul Etchelet , she published her memoirs , La niña del umbral : Amelia Bence : memorias ( Corregidor 2011 ) . In 2012 , El día que cambió la historia , a documentary filmed in 2010 , was released . It was her first film in 40 years and was a film about the labor movement under the Perón regime .
= = Personal life = =
Her first partner was Roberto Fernández Beyró , with whom she had a relationship from 1941 to 1944 : The relationship ended when Fernandez Beyró asked her to give up her career . Two years later , during the filming of Maria Rosa ( 1946 ) , she met the Spanish actor Alberto Closas , whom she married in 1950 . They formed an artistic partnership as well as being a married couple and worked on films and plays together . In 1953 , Bence returned from working abroad to discover Closas was having an affair , and decided to end the marriage . Bence maintained a good relationship with Closas for the rest of his life ; they even worked together again and she mourned his death in 1994 .
In the mid @-@ 1950s she had a brief romance with the writer José María Fernández Unsáin , until his exile to Mexico in 1958 . From 1964 to 1970 , she remained in a relationship with Osvaldo Cattone , who was 19 years her junior . He directed her in " Doña Rosita , la soltera " and she worked with him in Peru on several occasions . Her last husband was " Charlie " Ortiz Basualdo , whom she lived with from 1980 to 1982 . Up until suffering a serious hip fracture she exercised regularly , performing yoga , and maintained a very active life combined with a healthy diet .
Bence died on 8 February 2016 in Buenos Aires at the age of 101 .
= = Legacy = =
Bence has left a film legacy stretching through eight decades . In 1973 , she was awarded the keys to the city of Miami during her season of " La valija " . In 1981 , the Pablo C. Ducrós Hicken Museum of the Cinema designated the Pathé Chamber to her in recognition of her stature as " a first figure of national cinema " . In 1995 , the Senate of the Nation of Argentina awarded a cultural diploma for her contributions to the culture of Argentina and two years later , the National Endowment for the Arts granted her a lifetime achievement award . She was also made an honorary member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences of Argentina in 2007 .
During her career , she was described as " the face of Argentine film " , and through the years , many hailed her as having " the most beautiful eyes in the world . " Bence liked to tell a story that Paul Newman once recounted that he wore sunglasses to hide his eyes so he would be known for his acting . She agreed that the work was the more important legacy . In November 2010 , the journalist Daniel Gómez Rinaldi published a book entitled Amelia Bence : Los ojos más lindos del mundo , a biography of the actress .
I think I caught my dream . I wanted to be an actress and I was . And this dream will never end ... I am of a generation of actresses and actors who made themselves in an adventure of cinema and theater , that dreamt and created poets , madmen and bohemians .
= = Autobiography = =
Bence , Amelia ; Etchelet , Raúl . La niña del umbral : Amelia Bence : memorias Buenos Aires , Argentina : Corregidor ( 2011 ) ( in Spanish )
= = Filmography = =
= = = Films = = =
= = = Television = = =
= Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar =
The Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar or Cincinnati Music Center half dollar was a commemorative coin struck by the United States Bureau of the Mint in 1936 . Produced with the stated purpose of commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of Cincinnati , Ohio , as a center of music , it was conceived by Thomas G. Melish , a coin enthusiast who controlled the group allowed to buy the entire issue from the government , and who resold the pieces at high prices .
Congress approved legislation for the coin on March 31 , 1936 , authorizing 15 @,@ 000 pieces to be struck at the three mints then in operation . Melish had hired sculptor Constance Ortmayer to design the coin , but the Commission of Fine Arts refused to recommend the designs . Members objected to the depiction of Stephen Foster on the obverse , finding no connection between Foster , who died in 1864 , and the supposed anniversary . Nevertheless , the designs were approved by the Bureau of the Mint , and 5 @,@ 000 sets from the three mints were issued and sold to Melish 's group , the only authorized purchaser .
Melish likely held back much of the issue for later resale , and with few pieces available , prices for the set spiked , rising to over five times the issue price . The value dropped somewhat when the boom in commemorative coins burst in late 1936 , but quickly recovered and the coins are valuable today . Melish has been assailed by numismatic writers for greed .
= = Inception = =
Sparked by low @-@ mintage issues which appreciated in value , the market for United States commemorative coins spiked in 1936 . Until 1954 , the entire mintage of such issues was sold by the government at face value to a group authorized by Congress , who then tried to sell the coins at a profit to the public . The new pieces then came on to the secondary market , and in early 1936 , all earlier commemoratives sold at a premium to their issue prices . The apparent easy profits to be made by purchasing and holding commemoratives attracted many to the coin collecting hobby , where they sought to purchase the new issues . Among the pieces , which had recently been struck and had appreciated in value was the 1935 Old Spanish Trail half dollar . This piece had been issued at the behest of L. W. Hoffecker , a Texas entrepreneur and coin dealer , who put aside a fifth of the 10 @,@ 000 mintage for himself , and sold them well into the 1940s , by which time he had served as president of the American Numismatic Association ( ANA ) . Congress authorized an explosion of commemorative coins in 1936 ; no fewer than 15 were issued for the first time . At the request of the groups authorized to purchase them , several coins minted in prior years were produced again , dated 1936 , senior among them the Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar , first struck in 1926 .
Thomas G. Melish , a coin collector and entrepreneur from Cincinnati , came up with an idea for a commemorative coin that he would control and profit from . Melish was a prominent businessman , who had inherited the Bromwell Wire Company . He formed the Cincinnati Musical Center Commemorative Coin Association , and secured the introduction of House of Representatives Resolution ( H.R. ) 10264 on January 31 , 1936 . This bill would have provided for 10 @,@ 000 coins from the Philadelphia Mint , 2 @,@ 000 coins from Denver , and 3 @,@ 000 from the San Francisco Mint . Such a low mintage would have made the Denver coin a significant rarity , increasing Melish 's profit . On February 17 , the House Committee on Coinage , Weights and Measures recommended that it be amended to provide for a total of 15 @,@ 000 coins without dictating at what mint or mints they should be struck . That committee , in its report accompanying the bill , noted that the piece was " in commemoration of the fiftieth ( golden ) anniversary of Cincinnati , Ohio , as a center of music , and its contribution of the annual May festival to the art of music for the past 50 years . " Melish , through political influence , was able to retain the provision that they should be struck " at the mints " , allowing coinage at all three mints . This marked the last time that a coinage bill would pass Congress in the 1930s with that phrasing — later issues were limited to a single mint .
The bill passed Congress , and was signed by President Franklin Roosevelt on March 31 , 1936 . The pieces were to honor " the 50th anniversary of Cincinnati , Ohio , as a center of music , and its contribution to the art of music for the past 50 years " . Anthony Swiatek and Walter Breen , in their volume on commemorative coins , concluded that " pressure from the above @-@ named Association on Congress induced passage of the Act " .
= = Preparation and controversy = =
Melish engaged Constance Ortmayer to design the coin . Ortmayer later remembered , " I was recommended by them , someone came through Cincinnati ... they were just looking for somebody so they recommended me " . Ortmayer apparently prepared a design before the bill passed Congress , for Melish wrote to Assistant Director of the Mint Mary Margaret O 'Reilly on April 4 , 1936 , that the original " lacked distinction and artistic merit " and that Ortmayer would redesign the coin . He wrote again on May 7 , asking if Ortmayer 's new design was satisfactory . The models were submitted to the Commission of Fine Arts , charged since 1921 with advising on coin design , though the government was not bound to follow its recommendations . On May 13 , the chairman , Charles Moore , wrote to Mint Director Nellie Tayloe Ross , withholding approval .
Moore recited the stated purpose of the coin , to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Cincinnati as a center of music , then noted that the obverse depicted Stephen Foster , the composer and songwriter — who died in 1864 , whereas Cincinnati was not notable as a center of music until at least 1873 . " The Commission is at a loss to connect a fiftieth anniversary in 1936 with a movement that began in 1873 . " Foster did live in Cincinnati , Moore admitted , but only for a brief period while working as a bookkeeper , and his main contributions to American music came later , when he lived in Pittsburgh and in New York City . Further , the coin was to commemorate Cincinnati 's contributions to the art of music , and Foster " was an American troubadour , but to music as an art he made no contribution " . Moore felt that if anyone should be depicted , it should be Theodore Thomas , who conducted the Cincinnati May Festival from its beginning in 1873 and in 1878 became director of the Cincinnati College of Music . He stated that " Theodore Thomas was , artistically , the founder of Cincinnati as a musical center . His portrait should appear on any coin commemorative of Cincinnati ' as a center of music ' " .
On May 16 , The Cincinnati Enquirer reported that Thomas would appear on the coin , not Foster . The paper also reported the controversy before the Commission of Fine Arts , that Melish had travelled to Washington the previous day , and had announced he had no objection to the change . Also on May 16 , Melish telephoned Lee Lawrie , sculptor member of the Commission . Melish 's notes indicate that Moore 's objection was on behalf of Alice Roosevelt Longworth and the Longworth family , who had employed Thomas to lead the May Festival , and who wanted Thomas on the coin , although , as ( per Melish ) Lawrie put it , " Thomas looks like a walrus and would be a very hard head to make " . Melish was defiant , stating that he also knew Alice Longworth well , and Foster remained on the coin . Ortmayer remembered that the " boss " of the Bureau of the Mint ( presumably Ross ) objected to the reverse design , not liking the position of the goddess ' legs . Swiatek , in his later volume , averred that Melish 's association put pressure on the Department of the Treasury to approve Ortmayer 's design .
The Philadelphia Mint received the models from Ortmayer . On May 23 its superintendent , Edwin Dressel , sent O 'Reilly a memorandum from Chief Engraver John R. Sinnock , stating that the sculptor 's models were in too high relief , and suggesting that Ortmayer come to the mint to discuss the matter . A letter from O 'Reilly to Melish on June 18 reports that after some modification , Sinnock wrote that the coin was at the very limit of high relief that the mint could coin , and that dies for the Cincinnati piece were expected to be tested by coining trial strikes in early July .
= = Design = =
The obverse of the Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar displays a bust of Stephen Foster , facing to the viewer 's right , and below it , the words " STEPHEN FOSTER AMERICA 'S TROUBADOUR " . This phrase was taken from a biography of Foster published earlier in the 1930s . The artist 's initials , " CO " , are to the left of Foster . The name of the country , and the denomination , appear near the rim . The reverse shows a kneeling figure , intended to be the goddess of music . In the upper left portion of the field , or background , is the date 1886 , in the lower right 1936 , and beneath the latter the mint mark ( unless struck at Philadelphia , which did not then use one ) . The goddess kneels on the mottos required by law to appear , and near the edge is " CINCINNATI A MUSIC CENTER OF AMERICA " .
The design attracted comments from those interested in coins . Frank Duffield , editor of the ANA 's journal The Numismatist , noted in the October 1936 issue that the coin had been awaited with anticipation by hobbyists because of an announcement that it would bear the likeness of Foster , but " when it finally appeared many expressions of approval of the designs were heard and a few criticisms ... Foster deserved a better bust than the one the artist has given us ... the toy four @-@ string lyre [ the goddess ] holds in her hand is not in keeping with the times or the occasion ... After all these years , Music deserved something better . " Coin dealer B. Max Mehl , in his monograph on commemorative coins published in 1937 , agreed with the criticism of the reverse , " apparently this lyre must have been bought at a 5 ¢ and 10 ¢ Store as it seems to be only a toy " .
Art historian Cornelius Vermeule , in his 1971 volume on American coins and medals , Numismatic Art in America , criticized Ortmayer 's design :
The details and style of this coin perpetuate the slender lettering and weak surfaces of the John Sinnock school , as exemplified in the Philadelphia Sesquicentennial half dollar of 1926 . Surfaces are glazed or rubbed over , and the coin has a worn look ... Stephen Foster 's bust on the obverse is a distorted or compressed lump , and the " goddess of music " has much the same appeal of a dancer with cramps .
= = Release , distribution , and collecting = =
The mintage of 15 @,@ 000 was struck in July 1936 . At the Philadelphia and Denver mints , 5 @,@ 005 pieces were produced , and 5 @,@ 006 at San Francisco , with the excess from the even thousands held for inspection and testing at the 1937 meeting of the United States Assay Commission . The first 200 pieces from each mint were collected in sets of three , with a notarized letter from Melish testifying to what number coins they were . Several of these special sets were sent by Melish to government officials .
Melish had been fielding inquiries from collectors since Roosevelt signed the legislation , but from mid @-@ May , those who wrote received back only postcards stating the new issue was oversubscribed . The summer of 1936 was the peak of the commemorative coin boom , and Melish announced the new pieces would be sold in sets of three by mint mark for $ 7 @.@ 75 ( a high price at that time ) . Order blanks were sent to those who had written early , and soon these blanks were selling for $ 10 . Yet few collectors were successful in having their orders filled , with most having their payment returned as the coins had supposedly sold out . The sets quickly jumped in price to $ 40 . At this high level , many coins proved available . Numismatist Q. David Bowers stated that these were most likely surreptitiously sold by Melish and other insiders . Melish also allowed the issuers of the York County Tercentenary half dollar to purchase , at the original issue price , several sets — members of the public could order at most one set at that price . In return , he sought to purchase the other commemorative in quantities beyond the order limit . Nevertheless , when the Oregon Trail Memorial Association , issuer of the long @-@ lived half dollar honoring the trail , tried to purchase a set , Melish replied that they were sold out .
By December , the bottom had dropped out of the commemorative coin market , and dealers who had purchased quantities found themselves unable to dispose of them at a profit . By 1940 the coin sets were selling for $ 15 per set . They thereafter recovered , and by the early 1960s had reached $ 100 a set , and by 1975 $ 550 per set of three . At the height of the second commemorative coin boom in 1980 , they sold for $ 2 @,@ 250 a set . R.S. Yeoman 's A Guide Book of United States Coins , published in 2015 , lists the sets at between $ 875 and $ 2 @,@ 700 depending on condition . Individual coins are cataloged at about a third of the set prices .
The circumstances of the issuance were not clear at first : Mehl wrote that the coin was to honor the 50th anniversary of the " Cincinnati Musical Center " which was " founded in 1886 " and that " either through good distribution or a great demand , the sets did not go around to all those who wanted them " . Later numismatic writers have been harsh to Melish ; Swiatek deemed the coin issued because of " false claims " on its behalf . Kevin Flynn , in his volume on commemoratives , stated that the Cincinnati piece " was made for pure profit and greed " . Swiatek and Breen , in their 1988 book , suggest that Melish 's group " had only one idea in mind : enriching themselves by publicizing and distributing a limited issue which could be priced into orbit by speculators " .
With the success of the issue , Melish tried to get Congress to authorize 1937 @-@ dated pieces ; he was not successful . He had managed to get Congress to allow another commemorative under his control , the 1936 Cleveland Centennial half dollar . In 1942 , when the ANA held its annual convention in Cincinnati , Melish hosted a hospitality suite . Dubbed the " Pirate 's Den " , it featured paintings he had commissioned , depicting coin dealers and other numismatic personalities in piratical clothes . According to Bowers , " Overlooked was the fact that the greatest pirate of all was surely Melish himself , who undoubtedly treated many of his guests with money taken from them a few years earlier in the sale of Cincinnati sets ! "
= Kurt Welter =
Kurt Welter ( 25 February 1916 – 7 March 1949 ) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace and the most successful Jet Expert of World War II . A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat . He claimed a total of
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mando Stamp , named after its founder Major Gerhard Stamp and then Sonderkommando Welter , was re @-@ designated 10 . Staffel / NJG 11 and transferred to the airfield at Burg near Magdeburg ( 28 January 1945 – 12 April 1945 ) . The unit was equipped with radar @-@ less Me 262 jet fighters , and tasked with intercepting Mosquito bomber aircraft of No.8 Group RAF in the Berlin area , with the aid of ground control and the searchlight defences , partially a Wilde Sau form of night combat . Welter had claimed three aerial victories while flying the Me 262 by early February 1945 .
Thereafter , Welter made a string of questionable air combat claims against Mosquito aircraft in the Berlin area – three on the night of 21 February 1945 ( no Mosquitoes lost ) , and another three on the night of 2 March 1945 ( one Mosquito damaged in aerial combat ) . 10 . / NJG 11 made further claims against Mosquito aircraft attacking Berlin on the nights of 21 March 1945 ( three claims ; one Mosquito lost ) , 23 March 1945 ( three claims ; one Mosquito lost , another damaged in aerial combat ) , 24 March 1945 ( two claims ; one Mosquito damaged in aerial combat ) , 27 March 1945 ( two claims ; two Mosquitos lost ) , 30 March 1945 ( four claims ; one Mosquito lost and another damaged in aerial combat ) , 2 April 1945 ( one claim ; one Mosquito lost ) , 3 April 1945 ( two claims ; one Mosquito lost and another damaged in aerial combat ) , and 19 April 1945 ( two claims , no Mosquitos lost ) . The last known aerial combat claim by Welter occurred on the night of 3 April 1945 , when a Mosquito of 139 Squadron , RAF , was shot down over Berlin . Welter was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 11 March 1945 for 48 victories .
= = = Controversy over aerial victories = = =
Much of the controversy surrounding Welter 's claims for success in nocturnal aerial combat with the Me 262 stems from a memorandum written by Welter on 29 May 1945 for his British captors . In this memorandum Welter stated that between December 1944 and the end of January 1945 , as the sole pilot of Kommando Welter , he flew seven Me 262 sorties and achieved three victories against Mosquito aircraft and two victories against Lancaster aircraft . Welter further stated that from the formation of 10 . / NJG 11 on 28 January 1945 to the end of the war , 10 . / NJG 11 flew around another 63 operational sorties and claimed a further 38 victories against Mosquito aircraft at night and five victories against Mosquito aircraft by day ; his share being 20 Mosquitos at night and two during the day . Thus , according to the memo , a total of 25 Mosquitoes and two Lancasters were claimed in aerial combat by Welter , flying the Me 262 with the Kommando / Staffel , while other pilots of the Staffel claimed a further 21 kills ( of which three were achieved with the two @-@ seater Me 262 ) . Official Luftwaffe documents show that by 4 April 1945 , 10 . / NJG 11 had claimed 34 aerial victories , of which only one was claimed in a two @-@ seater Me262 . Research of RAF records show that only a maximum of 15 Mosquitoes could have been possibly destroyed by Kommando Welter — 10 . / NJG 11 .
Officially Kurt Welter was credited with 63 victories in 93 missions , of which 56 victories were achieved at night and seven by day . Among his claimed 63 victories are up to 33 Mosquitos . Thus , there remains some controversy about the exact number of victories achieved while flying the Me 262 , with only three of the Mosquito kills coinciding with RAF records : Welter may have been guilty of overclaiming Welter survived the war and was employed at a sugar factory . He was killed on 7 March 1949 in Leck in Schleswig @-@ Holstein waiting at a level crossing , when logs falling from an improperly loaded passing train crushed his car .
= = Awards = =
Dienstauszeichnung 4th Class ( 1938 )
Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe ( 20 March 1944 )
Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for night fighter pilots in Gold
German Cross in Gold on 10 May 1944 as Fahnenjunker @-@ Oberfeldwebel in the 5 . / JG 301
Iron Cross ( 1939 )
2nd Class ( 5 October 1943 )
1st Class ( 28 October 1943 )
Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Knight 's Cross on 18 October 1944 as Leutnant and pilot in the 10 . / JG 300
769th Oak Leaves on 11 March 1945 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 10 . / NJG 10
= Indianapolis Museum of Art =
The Indianapolis Museum of Art ( known colloquially as the IMA ) is an encyclopedic art museum located in Indianapolis , Indiana , United States . The museum , which underwent a $ 74 million expansion in 2005 , is located on a 152 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 62 km2 ) campus on the near northwest area outside downtown Indianapolis , northwest of Crown Hill Cemetery .
The Indianapolis Museum of Art is the ninth oldest and eighth largest encyclopedic art museum in the United States . The permanent collection comprises over 54 @,@ 000 works , including African , American , Asian , and European pieces . Significant areas of the collection include : Neo @-@ Impressionist paintings ; Japanese paintings of the Edo period ; Chinese ceramics and bronzes ; paintings , sculptures , and prints by Paul Gauguin and the Pont @-@ Aven School ; a large number of works by J. M. W. Turner ; and a growing contemporary art collection . Other areas of emphasis include textiles and fashion arts as well as a recent focus on modern design .
In addition to its collections , the museum consists of 100 Acres : The Virginia B. Fairbanks Art and Nature Park ; Oldfields , a restored American Country Place era estate once owned by Josiah K. Lilly , Jr . ; and restored gardens and grounds originally designed by Percival Gallagher of the Olmsted Brothers firm . The IMA also owns the Miller House , a Mid @-@ Century modern home designed by Eero Saarinen and located in Columbus , Indiana . The museum 's holdings demonstrate the institution 's emphasis on the connections among art , design , and the natural environment .
Founded in 1883 by the Art Association of Indianapolis , the first permanent museum was opened in 1906 as part of the John Herron Art Institute . In 1969 , the Art Association of Indianapolis changed its name to the Indianapolis Museum of Art , and in 1970 the museum moved to its current location at Michigan Road and 38th Street north of downtown Indianapolis . Among the Art Association 's founders was May Wright Sewall ( 1844 – 1920 ) , known for her work in the women 's suffrage movement . Other supporters have included Booth Tarkington ( 1869 – 1946 ) , Eli Lilly ( 1885 – 1977 ) , Herman C. Krannert ( 1887 – 1972 ) , and Caroline Marmon Fesler ( 1878 – 1960 ) . The associated John Herron Art Institute was established with the help of notable Hoosier Group artists T. C. Steele and William Forsyth .
Dr. Charles L. Venable is the current Melvin and Bren Simon Director and CEO . The museum is widely recognized as innovative in its development of open source technologies , institutional transparency , and collaboration between museums . In 2008 , the IMA became the first fine art museum to be named an Energy Star partner due to its greening initiative and efforts to reduce energy consumption . In 2009 , the IMA was awarded the National Medal for Museum and Library Service for public service , specifically the museum 's free admission policy and educational programming .
= = History = =
The Indianapolis Museum of Art was founded as the Art Association of Indianapolis , an open @-@ membership group led by the suffragist May Wright Sewall . Formed in 1883 , the organization aimed to inform the public about visual art and provide art education . The Art Association 's first exhibition , which opened November 7 , 1883 , contained 453 artworks from 137 artists . The death of wealthy Indianapolis resident John Herron in 1895 left a substantial bequest with the stipulation that the money be used for a gallery and a school with his name . The John Herron Art Institute opened in 1902 at the corner of 16th and Pennsylvania street . Emphasis on the Arts and Crafts movement grew throughout the early years of the school , with a focus on applied art . William Henry Fox was hired in 1905 as the Art Institute 's first director . From 1905 to 1910 , Fox managed both the museum and the school while constructing two new buildings on the 16th street site .
From the 1930s until the 1950s , the John Herron Art Institute placed an emphasis on professionalism and growth in collections . Wilbur Peat , director of the museum from 1929 until 1965 , acquired significant portions of the collection . Peat also made connections with benefactors such as Dr. George H. A. Clowes , Booth Tarkington , and Eli Lilly . Caroline Marmon Fesler , president of the Art Association of Indianapolis , gave a number of artworks in the 1940s
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, including 20th @-@ century modern artworks and Post @-@ Impressionist works by Cézanne , Van Gogh , and Seurat . After years of debate surrounding expansion and relocation of the museum and school , the great grandchildren of Eli Lilly , J.K. Lilly III and Ruth Lilly , donated the family estate , Oldfields , to the Art Association of Indianapolis in 1966 . One year later it was decided that the school would become a part of Indiana University 's Indianapolis campus in an effort to assist with accreditation . That same year it was confirmed that the museum would relocate to Oldfields , with the new Krannert Pavilion opening to the public in October 1970 . In 1969 , prior to moving to the new site , the Art Association of Indianapolis officially changed its name to the Indianapolis Museum of Art .
In 2008 , the museum changed its main entrance and address from 1200 West 38th Street to 4000 North Michigan Road .
= = Architecture = =
= = = Construction and renovation = = =
In 1960 , Art Association of Indianapolis board members began discussing the idea of placing the museum at the center of a new cultural campus . Inspired by University Circle in Cleveland , Ohio , board chairman Herman Krannert proposed building an " Acropolitan Area " that would combine a number of cultural institutions in a natural setting . The museum 's location on the grounds of Oldfields allowed architect Ambrose Madison Richardson to build on the idea of an acropolis while also utilizing the natural features of the site . Krannert Pavilion opened in 1970 as the first of four buildings located on the museum 's grounds . Following the opening of Krannert , the expansion continued with the Clowes Pavilion in 1972 , which housed the Clowes ' collection of Old Masters ' . Construction on the Showalter Pavilion and Sutphin Fountain was completed in 1973 . In 1986 Edward Larrabee Barnes was chosen to design the Hulman Pavilion , a new wing of the museum which housed the Eiteljorg collection of African and South Pacific art . The pavilion opened in 1990 and increased the exhibition space to more than 80 @,@ 000 square feet ( 7 @,@ 400 m2 ) . The expansion aimed to provide clearer chronological continuity and a more coherent flow as visitors moved from one gallery to the next .
From the mid @-@ 1990s until 2005 the IMA focused on the next phase of development , the " New Vision " , or what became known as the " New IMA . " After four years of restoration , the Oldfields mansion reopened to the public in June 2002 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2003 . In 2005 the museum completed a three @-@ year , $ 74 million renovation and expansion project that added three new wings and 50 percent more gallery space to the building . In all , the construction added 164 @,@ 000 square feet ( 15 @,@ 200 m2 ) to the museum , in addition to the renovation of 90 @,@ 000 square feet ( 8 @,@ 400 m2 ) of existing space . Renovations included the Hulman and Clowes Pavilions , which house the museum 's European collection , as well as the addition of the Allen Whitehill Clowes Gallery . The expansion aimed to unify the building and campus while creating a more welcoming atmosphere for visitors . As one of three new wings and as a new entry to the building , the Efroymson Pavilion helped to transition visitors between the museum and the surrounding grounds . The Wood Gallery Pavilion added three levels of gallery space as well as a dining area and education suite , while the Deer Zink Pavilion added additional space for private and public events . The architectural focus on welcoming visitors coincided with a new advertising campaign that reached out to a broader , more diverse audience .
= = = Museum grounds = = =
The 152 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 62 km2 ) grounds of the IMA contain distinctive features that have been modified over time to create a greater connection between the museum building and its surroundings . The Oldfields estate has been described as a Gesamtkunstwerk , a unified work of art that combines the arts of landscape design , gardening , architecture , interior design , and decorative arts . In addition to the restored gardens and grounds of Oldfields , other notable areas of the grounds include the Sutphin Mall and Fountain , the wheelchair accessible Garden for Everyone , and a working greenhouse and shop . The IMA grounds are also home to 100 Acres : The Virginia B. Fairbanks Art and Nature Park , located behind the museum proper . Garden areas make use of existing features in the natural landscape and incorporate examples of public art , both historical and contemporary .
= = = 100 Acres : The Virginia B. Fairbanks Art and Nature Park = = =
June 20 , 2010 marked the official opening of a large @-@ scale outdoor project undertaken by the IMA . Formerly a gravel pit , 100 Acres : The Virginia B. Fairbanks Art and Nature Park now encompasses a diverse landscape , including wooded areas , wetlands , open fields , a lake and a series of hiking trails that guide visitors past site @-@ specific works of contemporary art . 100 Acres is one of the largest art parks in the country and is the only park to feature an ongoing commission of temporary works . The first eight artists selected to create site @-@ responsive pieces were Atelier Van Lieshout , Kendall Buster , Alfredo Jaar , Jeppe Hein , Los Carpinteros , TTea Mäkipää , Type A , and Andrea Zittel . These works , along with an LEED certified visitor center , are linked by a variety of walking trails .
= = = Historic properties = = =
= = = = Oldfields : Lilly House and gardens = = = =
Oldfields is a 26 @-@ acre ( 110 @,@ 000 m2 ) historic estate and house museum on the grounds of the Indianapolis Museum of Art . The gardens and grounds were restored by the museum in the 1990s . Together with the restoration of the mansion in 2002 , Oldfields is now a rare example of a surviving American Country Place Era estate . The estate was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 2003 . Oldfields was built between 1910 and 1913 by architect Lewis Ketcham Davis for the family of Hugh McKennan Landon , who occupied the home from 1913 until 1932 when it was sold to J. K. Lilly , Jr . Lilly , the late Indianapolis businessman , collector , and philanthropist , renovated and expanded the estate throughout the 1930s and 1940s , updating interiors as well as adding a number of new buildings to the grounds . The 22 @-@ room mansion has undergone historic restoration and is currently interpreted to reflect the 1930s era when the Lilly family occupied the residence . In addition to the home 's significance as a representation of the American country house movement , Oldfields ' gardens and grounds are a rare example of a preserved estate landscape designed by Percival Gallagher of the Olmsted Brothers firm .
= = = = Miller House and gardens = = = =
The Miller House is a Mid @-@ Century modern home designed by Eero Saarinen and located in Columbus , Indiana . The residence was commissioned by American industrialist , philanthropist , and architecture patron J. Irwin Miller and his wife Xenia Simons Miller in 1953 . Design and construction on the Miller House took four years and was completed in 1957 . The home was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2000 . In 2009 , the home and gardens , along with many of the original furnishings , were donated to the Indianapolis Museum of Art by the Miller family . In addition to Eero Saarinen , the house and gardens showcases the work of leading 20th @-@ century figures such as interior designer Alexander Girard , landscape architect Dan Kiley , and principal design associate at the Saarinen office , Kevin Roche .
= = = = Westerley House and gardens = = = =
Located just south of the museum in the Golden Hill neighborhood , Westerley House is the former home of Dr. George H. A. Clowes and wife Edith , and their son , Allen Clowes . Designed by architect Frederick Wallick and built in 1922 , the four @-@ story home consists of 20 rooms as well as a carriage house , a greenhouse , and the surrounding grounds . Allen Clowes died in 2000 and bequeathed the estate to the museum , intending it to serve as an event space and the home for the IMA director . In 2006 the estate underwent a $ 2 @-@ million renovation , with a major gift of $ 800 @,@ 000 by the Allen Whitehill Clowes Foundation and an anonymous donor . Westerley House historically served as a venue for the Clowes family to showcase their fine art collection , which eventually became the foundation for the IMA 's early European collection .
= = Collections = =
The Indianapolis Museum of Art has a permanent collection of over 54 @,@ 000 works that represent cultures from around the world and span over 5 @,@ 000 years . Areas of the collection include : European painting and sculpture ; American painting and sculpture ; prints , drawings , and photographs ; Asian art ; art of Africa , the South Pacific , and the Americas ; ancient art of the Mediterranean ; Design Arts ; textile and fashion arts ; and contemporary art . The museum holds a significant collection of Neo @-@ Impressionist paintings and prints , many of which were given in 1977 by local industrialist W. J. Holliday . Combined with the Neo @-@ Impressionist collection is the Samuel Josefowitz Collection of Gauguin and the School of Pont @-@ Aven , which includes highlights such as Bretons in a Ferryboat by Émile Bernard . The IMA also holds a large collection of works by J.M.W. Turner , containing highlights such as the 1820 watercolor , Rosslyn Castle . The collection , which was formed by a substantial donation by philanthropist Kurt Pantzer in 1979 , includes over fifty watercolors , as well as oil paintings , prints , and etchings .
The European collection , which is organized into works before 1800 and works from 1800 – 1945 , includes highlights such as Aristotle by Jusepe de Ribera and The Flageolet Player on the Cliff by Paul Gauguin . Rembrandt 's Self @-@ Portrait is part of the Clowes Fund Collection , which comprises a number of significant Old Masters pieces . Part of the Neo @-@ Impressionist collection , The Channel of Gravelines , Petit Fort Philippe by Georges Seurat was one of the first works to be donated by Caroline Marmon Fesler in the 1940s . Fesler would go on to donate a number of important works , including her bequest in 1961 of notable 20th @-@ century modernism pieces that included Pablo Picasso , Chagall , and Matisse . Pieces in the American collection represent American Impressionism and Modernism , including works by Georgia O 'Keeffe and George Inness . Significant pieces include Hotel Lobby ( 1943 ) by Edward Hopper and Boat Builders by Winslow Homer .
The museum has a substantial Asian art collection , with more than 5 @,@ 000 pieces spanning 4 @,@ 000 years . Most notable is the IMA 's acclaimed collection of Japanese Edo Period paintings , scrolls , and screens . Highlights include A Thousand Peaks and Myriad Ravines , a Ming Dynasty work by Wu Bin , and Buddhist , Daoist , and Confucian Patriarchs , an Edo period panel by Kano Sanraku , in addition to a number of Chinese ceramics and bronzes that were donated by Eli Lilly in 1961 , such as a fine Shang bronze guang . The IMA 's collection is also made up of more than 2 @,@ 000 pieces of African art and artifacts , 1 @,@ 200 of which were donated by Harrison Eiteljorg in 1989 . The IMA has expanded the collection to include both historical and contemporary objects from every major region of Africa , including Egypt . The museum is unique in its inclusive display of Islamic and ancient Egyptian works within the African gallery , rather than with Greek or Roman antiquities . Significant pieces include a female ancestor figure of the Senufo people and Magbo helmet mask for Oro association by master carver Onabanjo of Itu Meko .
The museum 's textile and fashion art collection is made up of 7 @,@ 000 items , including 20th @-@ century , custom @-@ designed costumes by Givenchy , Chanel , and Balmain . The collection includes a number of the world 's fabric traditions , including African textiles donated by sisters Eliza and Sarah Niblack between 1916 and 1933 and a significant collection of Baluchi rugs . Based on the museum 's early history of collecting textiles , items range from couture to silks and antique laces spanning 500 years . Some notable pieces include an Imperial Russian court dress by designer Charles Frederick Worth and Bodhisattva of Wisdom ( Mañjusri ) , a Ming Dynasty silk panel . The museum 's Design Arts collection is made up of European and American pieces from the Renaissance to the present . The collection includes Eliel Saarinen 's sideboard designed in 1929 for The Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition The Architect and the Industrial Arts : An Exhibition of Contemporary American Design and the Bubbles chaise longue designed by Frank Gehry in 1979 for the Experimental Edges Series .
In recent years the IMA has begun to focus on developing its contemporary art collection , which includes works such as Two White Dots in the Air by Alexander Calder and Light and Space III , a permanent installation by Robert Irwin located in the Pulliam Great Hall . Since 2007 the museum has featured site @-@ specific contemporary installations in the Efroymson Pavilion , rotating the temporary works every six months . The Efroymson Pavilion has featured works by artists such as William Lamson , Ball @-@ Nogues Studio , Orly Genger , and Heather Rowe to name a few . Contemporary art is also featured in 100 Acres : The Virginia B. Fairbanks Art and Nature Park , which is unique in its inclusion of commissioned works by emerging mid @-@ career artists . Since 2007 , the IMA has committed to building a modern design collection that illustrates the artistic merits of utilitarian objects . The focus on international contemporary design , combined with the opening of the Miller House in 2011 , is expected to reposition the museum as an authority on design .
= = = Transparency = = =
The IMA 's collecting and deaccessioning practices have utilized technology to provide public access , openness , and transparency in museum operations . Unveiled in March 2009 , the museum 's online deaccession database lists every object being deaccessioned and links new acquisitions to the sold objects that provided funds for their purchase . The IMA has been praised for being the first among museums to openly share their deaccessioning practices and for including the ability to post public comments on entries in the searchable database . The IMA also developed the Association of Art Museum Director 's ( AAMD ) Object Registry , a database that helps museums more easily abide by the 1970 UNESCO ruling that prevents illicit trafficking of antiquities . Since 2003 , the IMA has systematically researched the provenance of artworks created before 1946 and acquired after 1932 .
= = Conservation = =
The IMA 's conservation department was established in 1970 by the museum 's first full @-@ time conservator , Paul Spheeris , and quickly became known as a regional center for conservation . In 1978 the department began providing consulting services to regional institutions , taking on contracts from across the Midwest . An early high profile contract involved the preservation of 45 governors ' portraits over the course of 15 months . The 1979 exhibit , Portraits and Painters of the Governors of Indiana , was held at the IMA from January to March before the portraits were placed on permanent display at the Indiana Statehouse . Other major regional projects have included the conservation and restoration of the Thomas Hart Benton murals , first created for the Indiana Hall at the 1933 Chicago World 's Fair and now located at Indiana University , the Wishard Memorial Hospital murals , the Otto Stark and Clifton Wheeler murals in Indianapolis Public School 54 , and most recently the restoration of the May Wright Sewall Memorial Torches at Herron High School , the former site of the John Herron Art Institute .
Currently , the conservation department serves the needs of the museum through the expertise of specialists in paintings , textiles , works on paper , frames , and objects conservation . The department has grown in both size and staff throughout the years , with the most recent expansion occurring in 2007 . As of 2007 , the IMA owned one of the few computer @-@ based X @-@ ray units in the United States , continuing a trend in X @-@ ray technology that the department began in the 1970s . In 1980 , the department helped organize and establish the Midwest Regional Conservation Guild , which includes conservators and conservation scientists from Indiana , Ohio , Illinois , and Michigan . In the mid @-@ 1980s , the department received attention when head conservator Martin Radecki assisted local authorities in uncovering over two dozen forged T.C. Steele and William Forsythe paintings worth more than $ 200 @,@ 000 . The high profile forgery case led Radecki to organize an exhibit in 1989 , Is it Genuine ? Steele , Forsythe and Forgery in Indiana . The exhibit highlighted conservation techniques and examined how forgeries can be discovered . Another public presentation of conservation took place in 2007 with Sebastiano Mainardi : The Science of Art , a Star Studio exhibit that allowed visitors to watch conservators as they worked on the 16th @-@ century altarpiece . The IMA 's Star Studio is an interactive gallery that enables visitors to learn , through the process of art @-@ making and observation , about the museum 's collections .
In February 2010 , the IMA shifted from current environmental control standards within their exhibition spaces , allowing temperature and humidity fluctuation of a few degrees on either side of the suggested standard . The IMA relinquished the standard after concluding that the majority of artworks could sustain a greater range of humidity , so permitting the museum to save on the cost of energy bills and reduce its carbon footprint .
= = = Conservation Science = = =
In October 2008 , the IMA announced a $ 2 @.@ 6 million grant from the Lilly Endowment to be used toward the creation of a state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art conservation science lab . Through a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation , Dr. Gregory Dale Smith , was hired in October 2009 to lead the lab as its senior conservation scientist . A main focus of the lab is researching the IMA 's collection , including couture fashion in the textile collection and objects made of synthetic materials in the design collection . Another focus is scientific research on materials found in the collections , such as resins and dyes on African art pieces and glazes on Asian ceramics . Through the addition of the lab , the IMA aims to establish itself as an internationally recognized conservation center and to increase its potential as a training and professional development resource in conservation science .
= = Exhibitions = =
In 1909 the Art Association campaigned for a major retrospective , the Augustus Saint @-@ Gaudens Memorial Exhibition , to be brought to Indianapolis . The exhibition , also referred to as the Saint @-@ Gaudens Memorial Exhibition of Statuary , attracted 56 @,@ 000 visitors during its three @-@ month run , well beyond the board 's goal of attracting 50 @,@ 000 visitors . A 1937 exhibition , Dutch Paintings of the Seventeenth Century , included loans from the Cincinnati Art Museum , the Metropolitan Museum of Art , and the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam . The six @-@ week exhibition presented 65 pieces , including several Rembrandts , and was considered the beginning of the museum 's rise to connoisseurship .
In 1977 , the IMA acquired a collection of Neo @-@ Impressionist paintings from Indianapolis industrialist W.J. Holliday , which was presented in an exhibition in 1983 titled The Aura of Neo @-@ Impressionism : The W.J. Holliday Collection . From 1986 to 1988 , the exhibit traveled to seven cities in the United States and made one stop in Europe at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam . Opening in the summer of 1987 to coincide with the Pan American Games , Art of the Fantastic : Latin America , 1920 – 1987 presented 125 works by artists from a variety of nations . Well @-@ known artists such as Frida Kahlo and Roberto Matta were featured , as well as artists who had never exhibited outside their native country . The show was the first large @-@ scale presentation of 20th @-@ century Latin American art in the United States in over 20 years and was the museum 's first contemporary exhibition to travel .
In 1992 , the IMA hosted the The William S. Paley Collection , a traveling exhibition organized by the Museum of Modern Art that included Impressionist , Post @-@ Impressionist , and modern pieces collected by the late CBS news chairman William S. Paley . The exhibit helped establish the IMA as a prominent museum venue in the Midwest and brought in a record @-@ setting 60 @,@ 837 visitors . In 2001 , the IMA collaborated with the Armory Museum in Moscow to organize Gifts to the Tsars , 1500 – 1700 : Treasures from the Kremlin . The show helped the IMA form partnerships with local arts organizations , gain international exposure , and attracted a record 70 @,@ 704 visitors . Another important exhibit to travel to the IMA was Roman Art from the Louvre , which attracted 106 @,@ 002 visitors during its 2008 run . The exhibition featured 184 mosaics , frescoes , statues , marble reliefs , and vessels loaned from the permanent collection of the Louvre in Paris , France . It was the largest collection ever loaned from the Louvre to date , and only stopped in three U.S. cities before returning to France .
In 2009 , Sacred Spain : Art and Belief in the Spanish World brought together 71 works of art from a wide variety of lenders , including Peru , Mexico , and the Prado in Spain . The exhibit was composed of a rare collection of pieces , many of which had never been on view in the United States . It featured paintings , sculpture , metalwork , and books by artists such as El Greco , Diego Velázquez , and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo . Andy Warhol Enterprises was displayed at the IMA from October , 2010 to January , 2011 and featured more than 150 works of art by Andy Warhol , as well as archival materials . The exhibition was the largest to illustrate Warhol 's fascination with money and feature consumerism as a central theme . Visitors were able to view the progression of Warhol 's career , from his beginnings as a commercial artist to his multimillion @-@ dollar empire .
= = = Traveling exhibitions = = =
European Design since 1985 : Shaping the New Century was displayed from March 8 to June 21 , 2009 and was the first major survey of contemporary European Design . The exhibition contained a collection of nearly 250 pieces by Western European industrial and decorative designers such as Philippe Starck , Marc Newson and Mathias Bengtsson . Three prominent modes of design emerged from 1985 – 2005 and could be seen in the exhibition : Geometric Minimal design , Biomorphic design and Neo @-@ Pop design . Among the themes addressed throughout the exhibition was the question of what makes something " art " and how to distinguish a museum quality piece in a world full of mass @-@ produced products . Rather than organizing the exhibition by designer or country , the pieces were organized based on the intellectual or philosophical precept under which they fell . After leaving the IMA , the exhibition traveled to the High Museum of Art in Atlanta and the Milwaukee Art Museum in Milwaukee .
Hard Truths : The Art of Thornton Dial , on display from February to September 2011 , includes over 70 large @-@ scale artworks and is the largest assemblage of Thornton Dial 's work ever mounted . The exhibition contextualizes Dial as a relevant , contemporary artist rather than a folk artist or outsider artist as many have portrayed him in the past . The pieces on view in Hard Truths cover a range of social and political themes , many of which address rural life in the south and the treatment of African Americans . After departing Indianapolis , the exhibition is scheduled to travel to New Orleans , Charlotte , North Carolina and Atlanta .
= = = Venice Biennale = = =
In 2010 , the IMA was selected to be the commissioning organization for the United States pavilion at the Venice Biennale ( Biennale di Venezia ) . The IMA 's proposal to create an exhibition featuring the work of Puerto Rican artists Jennifer Allora and Guillermo Calzadilla was accepted by the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs at the U.S. State Department . Allora and Calzadilla were the first collaborative team to be exhibited at the Venice Biennale , and 2011 was the first time American artists from a Spanish @-@ speaking community were selected . Six new works of art will be developed by the pair , who often explore geopolitical themes through their work . The pieces they created for the 2011 U.S. Pavilion will formed an exhibition entitled Gloria and highlighted competitive institutions such as the Olympic Games , the military , and international commerce . Allora and Calzadilla also brought bring elements of performance into their multimedia pieces through the participation of Olympic athletes . Three of the six pieces , entitled Body in Flight ( Delta ) , Body in Flight ( American ) , and Track and Field , featured Olympians Dan O 'Brien , Chellsie Memmel , and David Durante .
= = Administration = =
The Indianapolis Museum of Art is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) corporation which is governed by director and CEO Charles Venable , three vice chairmen , a treasurer , secretary , and 21 additional board members . The museums endowment consists of approximately 120 individual funds devoted to building operations , bond costs , personnel expenses , legal fees and other purposes .
= = = Mission = = =
The Indianapolis Museum of Art serves the creative interests of its communities by fostering exploration of art , design , and the natural environment . The IMA promotes these interests through the collection , presentation , interpretation and conservation of its artistic , historic , and environmental assets .
= = = Affiliates = = =
The IMA has relied on affiliates to support and raise awareness about the museum 's collections since the early 20th century . In 1919 the Friends of American Art was founded to support purchases for the Art Association of Indianapolis and Herron Museum . For two decades the Friends purchased 22 works of art for the collection , funded by members ' annual donations . The Alliance of the Indianapolis Museum of Art was founded in 1958 and planned lectures , black tie balls , and related activities in order to raise funds for the museum . Major gifts included a $ 350 @,@ 000 contribution in 1979 toward the $ 40 million centennial endowment campaign and a $ 500 @,@ 000 contribution toward the IMA 's 1990 expansion . By 2007 the Alliance had provided purchase funds for over 300 works of art . The Contemporary Art Society was formed in 1962 to acquire contemporary art for the museum 's permanent collection . In 1963 , the first major acquisition consisted of 65 works . The Horticultural Society was founded in 1972 to contribute to the care and education of the museum 's gardens and grounds , raising $ 65 @,@ 000 in 1989 toward the restoration of Oldfields ' gardens . In the late 1970s the Second Century Society and the Print and Drawing Society were both formed . The Second Century Society , later known as the IMA Council , was founded to celebrate donations of $ 1 @,@ 000 or more to the museum 's annual operating fund , attracting more than 200 contributors during its inaugural year . In 1979 , the Print and Drawing Society exhibited 70 artworks spanning 500 years in their first exhibit , The Print and Drawing Society Collections . By the late 1980s the museum had expanded its affiliate program to include the Decorative Arts Society , the Asian Arts Society , the Ethnographic Arts Society , and the Fashion Arts Society .
= = = Awards = = =
After undergoing a sustainability initiative that reduced natural gas consumption by 48 percent and electricity consumption by 19 percent , the IMA became the first fine art museum to be named an Energy Star partner in 2008 . As of 2010 , the IMA was one of only 11 museums to receive this recognition by the Environmental Protection Agency . The museum instituted a " greening committee " to organize a variety of efforts to maintain environmental stewardship , a primary component of the institution 's mission .
In 2009 the IMA was awarded the National Medal for Museum and Library Service , one of 10 institutions to receive this annual distinction by the Institute of Museum and Library Services ( IMLS ) . The IMA was recognized for serving its community through a number of programs , including Viewfinders , a school program that serves 9 @,@ 000 local students a year . IMLS also cited the IMA 's free admission , greening and sustainability initiatives , efforts to reach virtual audiences , and improvements in accessibility throughout the museum .
= = Outreach = =
= = = Education = = =
The IMA 's educational initiatives include programming for the local community as well as online audiences . Viewfinders , an art @-@ viewing program that serves 9 @,@ 000 local students a year , uses Visual Thinking Strategy , an arts @-@ based curriculum that teaches critical thinking , communication skills , and visual literacy . The museum 's emphasis on online engagement has led to educational tools such as ArtBabble , a video
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portal for art museum content . Davis Lab , located within the museum next to the Pulliam Great Hall , is a space where visitors can virtually browse the museum 's collection and experiment with new technology . In addition to its focus on technology and school outreach , the museum provides classes , lectures , and film series , as well as ongoing tours of the collections , historic properties , and grounds . Other programming includes the Star Studio , a space for drop @-@ in art making where visitors , along with museum staff , carry out projects inspired by museum exhibitions .
From 1946 until 1981 , the Indianapolis Junior League provided volunteers and monetary support for the museum 's docent program . In 1981 , the museum began its own docent training program , which continues to serve a large number of volunteer docents through classes and training . As of 2009 over 500 individuals volunteer at the IMA .
= = = Accessibility = = =
Since the 1990s the IMA has continually improved accessibility for visitors ; the initiative was a contributing factor to the museum receiving the National Medal for Museum and Library Service in 2009 . The IMA provides captioning on videos produced by the museum , large print binders for exhibits , accessible seating and sign language interpretation in Tobias Theater , and wheelchair @-@ accessible trails in 100 Acres . The museum also maintains partnerships with the Indiana School for the Deaf and the Indiana School for the Blind . In 1993 the IMA opened the Garden for Everyone , a wheelchair @-@ accessible garden designed to emphasize multiple senses . The garden includes varieties of fragrant and textured plants as well as a number of sculptures , including La Hermana del Hombre Boveda by Pablo Serrano .
= = Initiatives = =
= = = IMA Lab = = =
In February 2010 , the IMA announced the launch of IMA Lab , a consulting service within the museum 's technology department . IMA Lab was designed to address museum @-@ specific technology needs not currently met by software vendors and to provide consulting services to museums and nonprofit organizations that want to use technology to help solve problems and meet objectives . IMA Lab projects include TAP , steve.museum , and the IMA Dashboard . TAP is a mobile tour application for iPod Touch that presents visitors with content related to the IMA 's collection , such as artist interviews , text and audio files , and pictures . Steve.museum , for which IMA Lab is the technical lead , is a project that explores social tagging as a new way to describe collections and make them more accessible .
= = = ArtBabble = = =
In 2009 the IMA launched ArtBabble , an online art themed video website that features interviews and full @-@ length documentaries . ArtBabble serves as a repository for art related media content created by not only the IMA but other institutions . The Smithsonian American Art Museum , San Francisco Museum of Modern Art , Los Angeles County Museum of Art , San Diego Museum of Contemporary Art , and the New York Public Library are some of the 30 worldwide partners who contribute content . ArtBabble was a showcase project for the National Summit on Arts Journalism and was chosen " Best Overall " Best of the Web winner at Museums and the Web 2010 .
= = = IMA Art Services = = =
IMA Art Services is a consulting service focused around public art and modeled after the museum 's other consulting arm , IMA Lab . In January 2011 , IMA Art Services signed its first contract with the Indianapolis Airport Authority . With the $ 100 @,@ 000 , one @-@ year contract , the museum will manage the Indianapolis Airport Authority 's art collection , which includes 40 works currently on display in the passenger terminal of the Indianapolis International Airport .
= Typhoon Mary ( 1960 ) =
Typhoon Mary , also nicknamed " Bloody Mary " by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) , was an extremely damaging storm that was part of the 1960 Pacific typhoon season . It began as a circulation in a trough in the South China Sea . A tropical depression formed on June 2 , as it was traveling clockwise . It became a tropical storm on the next day , and received the name Mary . It slowly moved across the sea , strengthening to a typhoon . Mary made landfall in Hong Kong on June 8 , and moved through Guangdong and Fujian . It reemerged back to the Pacific Ocean , and restrengthened into a typhoon temporarily . It then traveled east , weakening and becoming extratropical on June 12 .
Mary caused a significant amount of damage in Hong Kong and China . It was considered the worst storm to hit Hong Kong since the typhoon in 1937 . The storm destroyed weak shacks made by refugees from the mainland , leaving thousands homeless . There were multiple landslides , and most of the infrastructure were damaged . More than 400 small watercraft were either damaged or destroyed . In China , dikes and dams were damaged severely , multiple public buildings collapsed , and destroyed large swaths of farmland . Significant wind and rain was also reported in Taiwan . More than 1 @,@ 600 people died during the storm .
= = Meteorological history = =
In early June , a trough extended from Taiwan to the South China Sea , and a small circulation was found at the southwestern part of it . The Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) designated the system as a tropical depression on June 2 , with a pressure reading of 1 @,@ 000 hectopascals ( 30 inHg ) . JTWC reported it had winds of 55 km / h ( 35 mph ) during that time . On the next day at 1200 UTC , JTWC began tracking the storm as a tropical depression . The system was upgraded to a tropical storm at 1800 UTC , with winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) , and was given the name Mary by the warning center . By 1800 UTC of June 4 , Mary slowly began turning northward near the Paracel Islands , and had intensified slightly to 75 km / h ( 45 mph ) .
On June 5 , JMA recorded Mary 's lowest pressure reading at 980 hPa ( 29 inHg ) . Two days later , the storm had intensified to 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) , and was traveling faster towards Hong Kong . On June 7 , at 0600 UTC , Mary quickly strengthened to a typhoon , with winds up to 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) . Mary peaked at 0600 UTC on June 8 , just offshore of Hong Kong , with winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) , and JTWC estimated the pressure was 975 hPa ( 28 @.@ 8 inHg ) . Twelve hours later , the storm made landfall on Hong Kong northwest of Kowloon . Inland , the typhoon slowly weakened to 90 km / h ( 55 mph ) by June 10 , back to a tropical storm . The system gained speed as it traveled through Guangdong and Fujian provinces . Mary soon reemerged back to the ocean later than day , began restrengthening , and was found to have 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) winds , recorded by the U.S. Navy . The storm briefly became a typhoon at 1800 UTC , and reconnaissance aircraft recorded winds just above typhoon strength , although the circulation did not have eyewalls . It was downgraded to a tropical storm on June 11 at 1200 UTC .
Another reconnaissance aircraft flew into Mary again at 2330 UTC , reporting that there was no eyewall in the storm and recorded winds up to 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . Mary continued to weaken until June 12 , when JTWC and JMA declared the storm had become extratropical southeast of Tokyo . JMA continued to track the extratropical cyclone until it reached the International Date Line on June 18 .
= = Preparations , impact and aftermath = =
Before Mary made landfall , 80 freighters and liners arrived in Hong Kong to ride out the storm . In Okinawa , military personnel were evacuated to safe areas , and planes were all protected . Meanwhile , a joint military exercise by the South Korean and American Marines were delayed by one day due to the storm .
= = = Hong Kong = = =
Typhoon Mary was considered the worst storm to hit Hong Kong in 23 years . The typhoon arrived at the colony on June 8 , dropping 35 @.@ 9 centimetres ( 14 @.@ 12 in ) of rain in 24 hours . Average gusts were reported at 119 kilometres per hour ( 64 kn ) on Waglan Island , with 194 kilometres per hour ( 105 kn ) at times . At the Royal Observatory , the storm dropped 42 @.@ 7 cm ( 16 @.@ 83 in ) of rain . The mean winds blew southwesterly at 87 km / h ( 47 kn ) , exposing many small boats and villages . The No. 10 warning signal was issued by the Royal Observatory . However , according to the report written by the Observatory , the use of No. 10 warning signal was not strictly justified according to international procedures , since sustained surface winds of 119 km / h ( 64 kn ) were not observed . Across the colony , damage to roads , buildings , and communication were significant . Landslides , and other fallen debris blocked roads , and weak refugee shacks in the hills , made out of tin and tar paper , quickly collapsed . All stores and public transportation were shut down inside the city . The Customs reported that more than 50 fishing vessels capsized and sank in the anchorages during the typhoon . Two ocean freighters , the Malaya Fir and the Wan Fu , ran aground onto the Kai Tak Airstrip . Although the floods have caused extreme damage , it helped with the local shortage of water , with reservoirs gaining eleven million kilolitres ( 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 US gal ) of water .
After the storm , 18 @,@ 000 refugees from Mainland China became homeless . The official count was 45 casualties , 11 missing , and 127 injured , with most casualties coming from refugees . Overall , 462 small watercraft were damaged or destroyed .
= = = Elsewhere = = =
In Mainland China , the typhoon brought heavy rain and wind into the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian . Dikes and dams were severely damaged by the storm , leading to severe flooding . Thousands of people were trying to reinforce these as the floodwaters continued to rise . Manpower was also used to gather ripened crops before the storm destroyed them . More than 4 @,@ 800 buildings were damaged , and over 540 @,@ 000 hectares ( 1 @,@ 330 @,@ 000 acres ) of land was affected by the storm . The total number of casualties was reportedly 1 @,@ 600 ; and 180 @,@ 000 cattle were reported killed .
Macau received a similar amount of rain as Hong Kong , which caused local flooding . The winds uprooted trees , blocking local streets .
About 260 kilometres ( 160 mi ) southeast of Hong Kong , the cargo ship Sheng Lee sank during the typhoon . Fifty @-@ four survivors were rescued and safely transported to the British colony by the Royal Navy frigate HMS Torquay , with help from Dutch ships , and the Republic of China Navy and Air Force .
Off the coast of Mainland China , in the Matsu Islands , many fishing boats were damaged by the heavy seas and the torrential rainfall . Three people were injured in the islands . In Taiwan , downtown Taipei received significant flooding , and some rice crops on the south part of the island were damaged . Although there were no reported deaths on the island , four fisherman offshore died . The nearby Okinawa Islands received winds around 105 kilometres per hour ( 65 mph ) .
= Neighborhoods ( Blink @-@ 182 album ) =
Neighborhoods is the sixth studio album by the American rock band Blink @-@ 182 , released September 27 , 2011 through DGC Records and Interscope Records . Their first album of new material in eight years ( the longest gap between albums to date ) , its recording followed the band 's breakup and later reconciliation . Due to conflicts within the trio , the band entered an " indefinite hiatus " in 2005 and the members explored various side @-@ projects . After two separate tragedies regarding the band and their entourage , the members of the band decided to reunite in late 2008 , with plans for a new album and tour . It is the first Blink @-@ 182 album produced by the band members without the help of an outside record producer , as well as the final album with Tom DeLonge before his departure in 2015 .
The band 's studio autonomy , tours , managers and personal projects stalled the recording process , which lasted from shortly after the band 's February 2009 reunion to July 2011 . The band developed Neighborhoods in separate studios and regrouped at various periods to record . The band 's numerous delays in the recording process resulted in the band canceling a European tour and the label setting a deadline for the album to be due . The trio wrote lyrics regarding such subjects as isolation , confusion and death . The band infused inspiration from each member 's various musical tastes to form a unique sound that recalled their separate upbringings , leading the trio to compare the album to separate neighborhoods .
Neighborhoods was released to mixed reviews from critics ; some felt it was a natural evolution from the band 's previous releases , while others found it stale and disjointed . The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 and " Up All Night " and " After Midnight " were released as singles , with both attracting modest success on Billboard 's Alternative Songs chart . Despite this , Neighborhoods did not sell as well as earlier releases and the band would depart from Interscope the following fall . The group would later look back on their comeback album with divided feelings ; DeLonge would admit that the recording methods perhaps created less unity within the group .
= = Background = =
Blink @-@ 182 announced on February 22 , 2005 that they would be going on an " indefinite hiatus " . The decision , in reality a break @-@ up of the group , stemmed from internal band tension , which had arisen in late 2004 during the band 's European tour . Guitarist and vocalist Tom DeLonge expressed his desire to take a half @-@ year respite from touring in order to spend more time with family . Bassist and vocalist Mark Hoppus and drummer Travis Barker were dismayed by his decision , which they felt was an overly long break . Following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , DeLonge agreed to perform at Music for Relief 's Concert for South Asia , a benefit show to aid victims . Further arguments ensued during rehearsals , rooted in the band members ' increasing paranoia and bitterness toward one another . DeLonge felt his priorities were " mad different , " and the breakdown in communication led to heated exchanges , resulting in his exit from the group . During the hiatus , DeLonge formed space rock band Angels & Airwaves while Barker and Hoppus continued playing together in + 44 . Two events in late 2008 would lead to the band 's eventual reformation : the death of longtime producer Jerry Finn ( who suffered a cerebral hemorrhage ) and a near @-@ fatal plane crash involving Barker and collaborator DJ AM .
Immediately the two incidents raised rumors of a possible Blink @-@ 182 reunion . Hoppus was alerted about Barker 's accident by a phone call in the middle of the night and jumped on the next flight to the burn center . DeLonge learned of the crash via the TV news at an airport while waiting to board a flight . He landed and mailed a letter and two photographs to Barker : a photo of Blink aboard a submarine in the Middle East and another of himself and his two kids . " One was ' Do you remember who we were ? ' and the other was ' This is who I am now , ' " DeLonge said DeLonge also commented that , no matter what happened between himself and Barker in the past , " none of it matters when it comes down to somebody getting hurt . " Hoppus first spoke on the matter in a blog post in November 2008 , writing that he " hadn 't had it in him " to post , adding that " these past two months have been the hardest times I can remember . " He also revealed that he , DeLonge , and
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of Karlsruhe began on 27 July 1926 with her keel laying at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel . She was launched on 20 August 1927 , and she was commissioned into the Reichsmarine on 6 November 1929 . Karlsruhe completed sea trials in the Baltic Sea after entering service , after which she was assigned to training ship duty . In May 1930 , she departed on her first overseas training cruise , to Africa and South America . After returning to Germany , she was modernized late in the year ; her foremast was shortened , and her rear superstructure was slightly enlarged . Over the next five years , she embarked on four more world cruises for naval cadets , traveling as far as Japan . Between each cruise , she conducted exercises with the rest of the fleet in German waters . Günther Lütjens served as the ship 's commander from September 1934 to September 1935 . In 1935 , she had more modifications made , including the installation of a pole mast aft of the funnels , along with an aircraft catapult amidships with a crane to handle floatplanes .
On her last training cruise in 1936 , Karlsruhe was badly damaged by a tropical storm in the Pacific Ocean . Structural weaknesses in her mostly @-@ welded hull plating caused significant damage , and the cruiser was forced to put in to San Diego in April for repairs . There , her hull was repaired and strengthened , which increased her displacement and beam slightly . She returned to Germany in June 1936 , and immediately went into drydock for more permanent repairs and a major overhaul . During this period in dockyard hands , she had her two single @-@ mount 8 @.@ 8 cm anti @-@ aircraft guns replaced with three twin @-@ mounts . Fire control directors were also installed for these guns . After emerging from this refit , she conducted sea trials and then joined the non @-@ intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War , though she only remained off Spain for a few months .
= = = World War II = = =
After returning to Germany , she resumed training duties in the Baltic . She was withdrawn from service in May 1938 for a major modernization . The funnels were modified with raked caps and searchlight platforms on their sides . The ship 's 8 @.@ 8 cm guns were replaced with more powerful 10 @.@ 5 cm guns . Work lasted until November 1939 , shortly after the outbreak of World War II . She spent the next several months on trials and training maneuvers . On 4 January , Karlsruhe and the minelayer Schiff 23 were sent to intercept the Swedish steamer Konung Oscar , which was transporting Polish refugees from Riga to Sweden . Karlsruhe caught the Swedish vessel , declared it a prize , and sent it and the 41 Poles aboard to Memel . She was not ready for combat operations by the start of Operation Weserübung , so she was used as a troop transport for the attack on Kristiansand . The attack force also included an E @-@ boat tender , four large torpedo boats , and several E @-@ boats .
The invasion force left Bremerhaven early on 8 April 1940 , bound for Kristiansand . When they arrived , a heavy fog obscured the city , making the passage of the fjord outside the harbor very dangerous . As a result , they had to wait until the following morning to begin the attack . As Karlsruhe entered the fjord , she came under heavy fire from the Norwegian coastal guns . The cruiser turned in the fjord to bring her full broadside into action ; the artillery duel lasted for about two hours before heavy fog again covered the port , forcing both sides to cease fire . The Norwegians surrendered an hour later , and the German ships landed their soldiers .
Karlsruhe then left Kristiansand with three of the torpedo boats as escorts . The British submarine HMS Truant was positioned outside the fjord , and when her crew spotted the German ships , she fired a spread of torpedoes . Karlsruhe zig @-@ zagged to evade the torpedoes , but two still hit the ship ; one struck her bow and the other hit amidships . They blasted large holes in the hull and allowed thousands of tons of water to flood the ship . The flooding disabled her engines and electricity generators , which cut off power to the pumps that were trying to keep pace with the progressively worsening flooding . With the pumps shut off , there was no hope to save Karlsruhe , and so her commander , Friedrich Rieve issued the order to abandon her two hours after the attack . The torpedo boat Greif took off her crew and fired two more torpedoes into the ship to ensure that she sank .
Rieve and his executive officer were both severely criticized for failing to take all possible steps to save Karlsruhe in a later investigation into the sinking . The report concluded that since the ship was still afloat after two hours , and two torpedoes were required to sink her , it might have been possible to take her under tow back to Kristiansand or another port . In addition , the forward pumps still had power , and so the flooding could have been slowed enough to permit a return to a safe harbor .
= South Africa at the 2012 Summer Paralympics =
South Africa competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London with a team of 62 athletes .
The South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee ( SASCOC ) , which is the National Paralympic Committee of South Africa , announced a team of 62 competitors for the 2012 Paralympics on 20 June 2012 . The team of 45 men and 17 women were accompanied by 45 managers , coaches and other support staff . SASCOC released the team 's schedule on 17 August 2012 .
In a surprise announcement in London on 8 September the South African Minister of Sport and Recreation Fikile Mbalula said that Paralympic medal winners and their coaches would receive the same performance bonuses that their Olympic counterparts were promised . The amounts initially promised were significantly lower . The minister said the original plan was discriminatory .
= = Medallists = =
The following South African competitors won medals at the games .
= = Athletics = =
South African track and field athletes won a combined 17 medals at the Games , four gold , seven silver and six bronze . Sprinter Oscar Pistorius , who carried the nation 's flag at the opening ceremony , was the most successful South African athlete winning individual gold in the T44 400 metres , gold in the 4 × 100 metres relay T42 @-@ 46 , setting world records in both , and individual silver in the T44 200 metres . In the 200 metres event Pistorius set a new world record in his heat , but he was defeated in the final by Brazilian Alan Oliveira . After the race Pistorius raised an issue about the length of Oliveira 's blades , he later apologised for the timing of his remarks , but not the content of his complaint . The IPC confirmed the length of Oliveira ’ s blades were proportional to his body and legal , but expressed willingness to engage with Pistorius about the issue .
Key
Note – Ranks given for preliminary rounds are within the athlete 's heat only
Q
= Qualified for the next round
q =
Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or by position without achieving the qualifying target
AF
= African record
NR =
National record
SB
= Seasonal Best
PB =
Personal Best
N / A
= Round not applicable for the event
Bye =
Athlete not required to compete in round
DNS = Did not start / Withdrawn
Men — track
Men — field
Women — track
Women — field
Management Team
Manager : Dion Bishop
Coaches : Suzanne Ferreira , Zelda Hansen , Hennie Koekemoer , Karin le Roux , Ampie Louw
Team assistant : Neels Matthyser
Helper : Illse du Preez .
= = Cycling = =
Key
DNF
= Did not finish
N / A =
Round not applicable for the event
= = = Road = = =
= = = Track = = =
Management team
Manager : Mike Burns
Coach : Ricky Kulsen
Mechanic : Pieter Jansen .
= = Equestrian = =
A team of four represented South Africa in the equestrian competition , one man and three women , although Paralympic equestrian competition is not divided by gender . The competition consists of three dressage events , a championship test , a freestyle test and a team test . There are five competitor classes : Ia , Ib , II , III and IV , with Ia being the most and IV the least impaired .
Individual
Team
* Indicates the three best individual scores that count towards the team total .
Management team
Manager : Tracey Cumming
Coach : Chris Haazen
Vet : Sheelagh Higgerty
Grooms : Enoch Cele , Anton Chimbuanda , Elizabeth Newsome , Teri Smith
= = Rowing = =
Qualification Key : FA = Final A ( medal ) ; FB = Final B ( non @-@ medal ) ; R = Repechage
Management
Manager / coach : Marco Galeone
= = Swimming = =
Natalie du Toit , a veteran of three Paralympics and one Olympics , announced her retirement from competitive swimming after this event . South Africa 's first gold medal came from du Toit winning gold in the women 's 100 m butterfly S9 .
Key
Note – Ranks given for preliminary rounds are within the athlete 's heat only
Q
= Qualified for the next round
q =
Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or by position without achieving the qualifying target
AF
= African record
NR =
National record
N / A
= Round not applicable for the event
Bye =
Athlete not required to compete in round
DNS = Did not start / Withdrawn
Men
Women
Management team
Manager : Queeneth Ndlovu
Coach : Karoly Toros
Coach / tapper : Karin Hugo
Tapper / helper : Eeden Meyer
= = Wheelchair basketball = =
South Africa 's men 's wheelchair basketball team were in Group A with Australia , Italy , Spain , Turkey and the United States . Competing athletes are given an eight @-@ level @-@ score specific to wheelchair basketball , ranging from 0 @.@ 5 to 4 @.@ 5 with lower scores representing a higher degree of disability . The sum score of all players on the court cannot exceed 14 .
= = = Men 's tournament = = =
Group stage
11th / 12th place match
Management team
Manager : Willie Riechert
Coach : Patrick Fick
Assistant coach : Shadrack Moepeng
Technical coach : Franck Belen
= = Wheelchair tennis = =
Management team
Manager / coach : Holger Losch
Assistant coach : Khotso Matshego .
= = General team management = =
The following people made @-@ up the team 's senior management :
Chef de Mission : Pieter Badenhorst
Project manager : Vinesh Maharaj
Manager ( logistics ) : Clifford Cobers
Logistics : Madira Sehlapelo
Manager ( athletes services ) : Chantelle Jardim
Athlete services : Dumisani Mtwa
Chief medical officer : Wayne Derman
Chief physiotherapist : Grace Hughes
Doctor : Paul Maphoto
Physiotherapists : Given Baloyi , Edwin Bodha , Greshne Davids , Shantal Edwards , Dan Ntseke , Evah Ramashala
Classifier : Tarina van der Stockt
= The Nightmare =
The Nightmare is a 1781 oil painting by Anglo @-@ Swiss artist Henry Fuseli ( 1741 – 1825 ) . Since its creation , it has remained Fuseli 's best @-@ known work . With its first exhibition in 1782 at the Royal Academy of London , the image became famous ; an engraved version was widely distributed and the painting was parodied in political satire . Due to its fame , Fuseli painted at least three other versions of the painting .
Interpretations of The Nightmare have varied widely . The canvas seems to portray simultaneously a dreaming woman and the content of her nightmare . The incubus and the horse 's head refer to contemporary belief and folklore about nightmares , but have been ascribed more specific meanings by some theorists . Contemporary critics were taken aback by the overt sexuality of the painting , which has since been interpreted by some scholars as anticipating Jungian ideas about the unconscious .
= = Description and history = =
The Nightmare simultaneously offers both the image of a dream — by indicating the effect of the nightmare on the woman — and a dream image — in symbolically portraying the sleeping vision . It depicts a sleeping woman draped over the end of a bed with her head hanging down , exposing her long neck . She is surmounted by an incubus that peers out at the viewer . The sleeper seems lifeless , and , lying on her back , she takes a position believed to encourage nightmares . Her brilliant coloration is set against the darker reds , yellows , and ochres of the background ; Fuseli used a chiaroscuro effect to create strong contrasts between light and shade . The interior is contemporary and fashionable , and contains a small table on which rests a mirror , phial , and book . The room is hung with red velvet curtains which drape behind the bed . Emerging from a parting in the curtain is the head of a horse with bold , featureless eyes .
For contemporary viewers , The Nightmare invoked the relationship of the incubus and the horse ( mare ) to nightmares . The work was likely inspired by the waking dreams experienced by Fuseli and his contemporaries , who found that these experiences related to folkloric beliefs like the Germanic tales about demons and witches that possessed people who slept alone . In these stories , men were visited by horses or hags , giving rise to the terms " hag @-@ riding " and " mare @-@ riding " , and women were believed to engage in sex with the devil . The etymology of the word " nightmare " , however , does not relate to horses . Rather , the word is derived from mara , a Scandinavian mythological term referring to a spirit sent to torment or suffocate sleepers . The early meaning of " nightmare " included the sleeper 's experience of weight on the chest combined with sleep paralysis , dyspnea , or a feeling of dread . The painting incorporates a variety of imagery associated with these ideas , depicting a mare 's head and a demon crouched atop the woman .
Sleep and dreams were common subjects for the Zürich @-@ born Henry Fuseli , though The Nightmare is unique among his paintings for its lack of reference to literary or religious themes ( Fuseli was an ordained minister ) . His first known painting is Joseph Interpreting the Dreams of the Butler and Baker of Pharaoh ( 1768 ) , and later he produced The Shepherd 's Dream ( 1798 ) inspired by John Milton 's Paradise Lost , and Richard III Visited by Ghosts ( 1798 ) based on Shakespeare 's play .
Fuseli 's knowledge of art history was broad , allowing critics to propose sources for the painting 's elements in antique , classical , and Renaissance art . According to art critic Nicholas Powell , the woman 's pose may derive from the Vatican Ariadne , and the style of the incubus from figures at Selinunte , an archaeological site in Sicily . A source for the woman in Giulio Romano 's The Dream of Hecuba at the Palazzo del Te has also been proposed . Powell links the horse to a woodcut by the German Renaissance artist Hans Baldung or to the marble Horse Tamers on Quirinal Hill , Rome . Fuseli may have added the horse as an afterthought , since a preliminary chalk sketch owned by his biographer did not include it . Its presence in the painting has been viewed as a visual pun on the word " nightmare " and a self @-@ conscious reference to folklore — the horse destabilises the painting 's conceit and contributes to its Gothic tone .
= = = Exhibition = = =
The painting was first shown at the Royal Academy of London in 1782 , where it " excited … an uncommon degree of interest " , according to Fuseli 's early biographer and friend John Knowles .
The painting is owned and currently on display at the Detroit Institute of Arts .
It remained well @-@ known decades later , and Fuseli painted other versions on the same theme . Fuseli sold the original for twenty guineas , and an inexpensive engraving by Thomas Burke circulated widely beginning in January 1783 , earning publisher John Raphael Smith more than 500 pounds . The engraving was underscored by a short poem by Erasmus Darwin , " Night @-@ Mare " :
Darwin included these lines and expanded upon them in his long poem The Loves of the Plants ( 1789 ) , for which Fuseli provided the frontispiece :
= = Interpretation and legacy = =
Contemporary critics often found the work scandalous due to its sexual themes . A few years before he painted The Nightmare , Fuseli had fallen passionately in love with a woman named Anna Landholdt in Zürich , while he was travelling from Rome to London . Landholdt was the niece of his friend , the Swiss physiognomist Johann Kaspar Lavater . Fuseli wrote of his fantasies to Lavater in 1779 :
Last night I had her in bed with me — tossed my bedclothes hugger @-@ mugger — wound my hot and tight @-@ clasped hands about her — fused her body and soul together with my own — poured into her my spirit , breath and strength . Anyone who touches her now commits adultery and incest ! She is mine , and I am hers . And have her I will . …
Fuseli 's marriage proposal met with disapproval from the woman 's father , and in any case Fuseli 's love seems to have been unrequited — Landholdt married a family friend soon after . The Nightmare , then , can be seen as a personal portrayal of the erotic aspects of love lost . Art historian H. W. Janson suggests that the sleeping woman represents Landholdt and that the demon is Fuseli himself . Bolstering this claim is an unfinished portrait of a girl on the back of the painting 's canvas , which may portray Landholdt . Anthropologist Charles Stewart , in his study of erotic dreams and nightmares , characterises the sleeping woman as " voluptuous , " and one scholar of the Gothic describes her as lying in a " sexually receptive position . " In Woman as Sex Object ( 1972 ) , Marcia Allentuck similarly argues that the painting 's intent is to show female orgasm . This is supported by Fuseli 's sexually overt and even pornographic private drawings ( e.g. , Symplegma of Man with Two Women , 1770 – 78 ) . Fuseli 's painting has been considered representative of sublimated sexual instincts . Related interpretations of the painting view the incubus as a dream symbol of male libido , with the sexual act represented by the horse 's intrusion through the curtain . Fuseli himself provided no commentary on his painting .
The Royal Academy exhibition brought Fuseli and his painting enduring fame . The exhibition included Shakespeare @-@ themed works by Fuseli , which won him a commission to produce eight paintings for publisher John Boydell 's Shakespeare Gallery . One version of The Nightmare hung in the home of Fuseli 's close friend and publisher Joseph Johnson , gracing his weekly dinners for London thinkers and writers . The Nightmare was widely plagiarised , and parodies of it were commonly used for political caricature , by George Cruikshank , Thomas Rowlandson , and others . In these satirical scenes , the incubus afflicts subjects such as Napoleon Bonaparte , Louis XVIII , British politician Charles James Fox , and Prime Minister William Pitt . In another example , admiral Lord Nelson is the demon , and his mistress Emma , Lady Hamilton , the sleeper . While some observers have viewed the parodies as mocking Fuseli , it is more likely that The Nightmare was simply a vehicle for ridicule of the caricatured subject . The Danish painter , Nicolai Abraham Abildgaard , whom Fuseli had met in Rome , produced his own version of The Nightmare ( Danish : Mareridt ) which develops on the eroticism of Fuseli 's work . Abildgaard 's painting shows two naked women asleep in the bed ; it is the woman in the foreground who is experiencing the nightmare and the incubus — which is crouched on the woman 's stomach , facing her parted legs — has its tail nestling between her exposed breasts .
Fuseli painted other versions of The Nightmare following the success of the first ; at least three other versions survive . The other important canvas was painted between 1790 and 1791 and is held at the Goethe Museum in Frankfurt . It is smaller than the original , and the woman 's head lies to the left ; a mirror opposes her on the right . The demon is looking at the woman rather than out of the picture , and it has pointed , catlike ears . The most significant difference in the remaining two versions is an erotic statuette of a couple on the table .
= = = Influence on literature = = =
The Nightmare likely influenced Mary Shelley in a scene from her famous Gothic novel Frankenstein , or , The Modern Prometheus ( 1818 ) . Shelley would have been familiar with the painting ; her parents , Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin , knew Fuseli . The iconic imagery associated with the Creature 's murder of the protagonist Victor 's wife seems to draw from the canvas : " She was there , lifeless and inanimate , thrown across the bed , her head hanging down , and her pale and distorted features half covered by hair . " The novel and Fuseli 's biography share a parallel theme : just as Fuseli 's incubus is infused with the artist 's emotions in seeing Landholdt marry another man , Shelley 's monster promises to get revenge on Victor on the night of his wedding . Like Frankenstein 's monster , Fuseli 's demon symbolically seeks to forestall a marriage .
Edgar Allan Poe may have evoked The Nightmare in his short story " The Fall of the House of Usher " ( 1839 ) . His narrator compares a painting hanging in Usher 's house to a Fuseli work , and reveals that an " irrepressible tremor gradually pervaded my frame ; and , at length , there sat upon my heart an incubus of utterly causeless alarm " . Poe and Fuseli shared an interest in the subconscious ; Fuseli is often quoted as saying , " One of the most unexplored regions of art are dreams " .
Armin Greder references " The Nightmare " in his children 's book " The Island " ( 2007 ) in the second panel of the double page spread across pages 17 and 18 .
= = = In the twentieth and twenty @-@ first centuries = = =
Fuseli 's Nightmare reverberated with twentieth @-@ century psychological theorists . In 1926 , American writer Max Eastman paid a visit to Sigmund Freud and claimed to have seen a print of The Nightmare displayed next to Rembrandt 's The Anatomy Lesson in Freud 's Vienna apartment . Psychoanalyst and Freud biographer Ernest Jones chose another version of Fuseli 's painting as the frontispiece of his book On the Nightmare ( 1931 ) ; however , neither Freud nor Jones mentioned these paintings in their writings about dreams . Carl Jung included The Nightmare and other Fuseli works in his Man and His Symbols ( 1964 ) .
Tate Britain held an exhibition titled Gothic Nightmares : Fuseli , Blake and the Romantic Imagination between 15 February and 1 May 2006 , with Fuseli 's Nightmare as the central exhibit . The catalogue indicated the painting 's influence on films such as the original Frankenstein ( 1931 ) and The Marquise of O ( 1976 ) . Among modern artists , Balthus appears to have incorporated elements of The Nightmare in his work ( e.g. , The Room , 1952 – 54 ) .
Ken Russell 's Gothic ( film ) - 1986 features various interpretations of Nightmare as a central theme .
The 1993 Computer Game The 7th Guest features this painting in an animated form where the succubus repeatedly stabs the woman with a dagger while crouched on her stomach .
On 7 November 2011 Steve Bell produced a cartoon with Angela Merkel as the sleeper and Silvio Berlusconi as the monster .
The 2011 film The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 1 displays the painting in a sequence where Edward Cullen researches demon children on the Internet .
In Season 2 , episode 3 of the BBC television show The Fall ( aired November 27 , 2014 on BBC Two ) , Paul Spector sets a digital image of the painting as the wallpaper for DSI Stella Gibson 's laptop when he breaks into her room . A printed copy of the painting also appears in season 2 episode 4 ( aired December 4 , 2014 , on BBC Two ) , as evidence under investigation .
In season 7 , episode 35 of Carton Network 's " Adventure Time " ( aired May 26 , 2016 ) , the character Prince Gumball is portrayed as the woman in this painting . It is shown as imagery during a personal conversation with Butterscotch Butler .
= Symphony No. 8 ( Mahler ) =
The Symphony No. 8 in E @-@ flat major by Gustav Mahler is one of the largest @-@ scale choral works in the classical concert repertoire . Because it requires huge instrumental and vocal forces it is frequently called the " Symphony of a Thousand " , although the work is normally presented with far fewer than a thousand performers and the composer did not sanction that name . The work was composed in a single inspired burst , at Maiernigg in southern Austria in the summer of 1906 . The last of Mahler 's works that was premiered in his lifetime , the symphony was a critical and popular success when he conducted its first performance in Munich on 12 September 1910 .
The fusion of song and symphony had been a characteristic of Mahler 's early works . In his " middle " compositional period after 1901 , a change of direction led him to produce three purely instrumental symphonies . The Eighth , marking the end of the middle period , returns to a combination of orchestra and voice in a symphonic context . The structure of the work is unconventional ; instead of the normal framework of several movements , the piece is in two parts . Part I is based on the Latin text of a 9th @-@ century Christian hymn for Pentecost , Veni creator spiritus ( " Come , Creator Spirit " ) , and Part II is a setting of the words from the closing scene of Goethe 's Faust . The two parts are unified by a common idea , that of redemption through the power of love , a unity conveyed through shared musical themes .
Mahler had been convinced from the start of the work 's significance ; in renouncing the pessimism that had marked much of his music , he offered the Eighth as an expression of confidence in the eternal human spirit . In the period following the composer 's death , performances were comparatively rare . However , from the mid @-@ 20th century onwards the symphony has been heard regularly in concert halls all over the world , and has been recorded many times . While recognising its wide popularity , modern critics have divided opinions on the work ; Theodor W. Adorno , Robert Simpson and Jonathan Carr found its optimism unconvincing , and considered it artistically and musically inferior to Mahler 's other symphonies . Conversely , it has also been compared — by Deryck Cooke — to Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony as a defining human statement for its century .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
By the summer of 1906 , Mahler had been director of the Vienna Hofoper for nine years . Throughout this time his practice was to leave Vienna at the close of the Hofoper season for a summer retreat , where he could devote himself to composition . Since 1899 this haven had been at Maiernigg , near the resort town of Maria Wörth in Carinthia , southern Austria , where Mahler built a villa overlooking the Wörthersee . In these restful surroundings Mahler completed his Fourth , Fifth , Sixth and Seventh symphonies , his Rückert songs and his song cycle Kindertotenlieder ( " Songs on the Death of Children " ) .
Until 1901 , Mahler 's compositions had been heavily influenced by the German folk @-@ poem collection Des Knaben Wunderhorn ( " The Youth 's Magic Horn " ) , which he had first encountered around 1887 . The music of Mahler 's many Wunderhorn settings is reflected in his Second , Third and Fourth symphonies , which all employ vocal as well as instrumental forces . From about 1901 , however , Mahler 's music underwent a change in character as he moved into the middle period of his compositional life . Here , the more austere poems of Friedrich Rückert replace the Wunderhorn collection as the primary influence ; the songs are less folk @-@ related , and no longer infiltrate the symphonies as extensively as before . During this period the Fifth , Sixth and Seventh Symphonies were written , all as purely instrumental works , portrayed by Mahler scholar Deryck Cooke as " more stern and forthright ... , more tautly symphonic , with a new granite @-@ like hardness of orchestration " .
Mahler arrived at Maiernigg in June 1906 with the draft manuscript of his Seventh Symphony ; he intended to spend time revising the orchestration until an idea for a new work should strike . The composer 's wife Alma Mahler , in her memoirs , says that for a fortnight Mahler was " haunted by the spectre of failing inspiration " ; Mahler 's recollection , however , is that on the first day of the vacation he was seized by the creative spirit , and plunged immediately into composition of the work that would become his Eighth Symphony .
= = = Composition = = =
Two notes in Mahler 's handwriting dating from June 1906 show that early schemes for the work , which he may not at first have intended as a fully choral symphony , were based on a four @-@ movement structure in which two " hymns " surround an instrumental core . These outlines show that Mahler had fixed on the idea of opening with the Latin hymn , but had not yet settled on the precise form of the rest . The first note is as follows :
Hymn : Veni Creator
Scherzo
Adagio : Caritas ( " Christian love " )
Hymn : Die Geburt des Eros ( " The birth of Eros " )
The second note includes musical sketches for the Veni creator movement , and two bars in B minor which are thought to relate to the Caritas . The four @-@ movement plan is retained in a slightly different form , still without specific indication of the extent of the choral element :
Veni creator
Caritas
Weihnachtsspiele mit dem Kindlein ( " Christmas games with the child " )
Schöpfung durch Eros . Hymne ( " Creation through Eros . Hymn " )
From Mahler 's later comments on the symphony 's gestation , it is evident that the four @-@ movement plan was relatively short @-@ lived . He soon replaced the last three movements with a single section , essentially a dramatic cantata , based on the closing scenes of Goethe 's Faust , the depiction of an ideal of redemption through eternal womanhood ( das Ewige @-@ Weibliche ) . Mahler had long nurtured an ambition to set the end of the Faust epic to music , " and to set it quite differently from other composers who have made it saccharine and feeble . " In comments recorded by his biographer Richard Specht , Mahler makes no mention of the original four @-@ movement plans . He told Specht that having chanced on the Veni creator hymn , he had a sudden vision of the complete work : " I saw the whole piece immediately before my eyes , and only needed to write it down as though it were being dictated to me . "
The work was written at a frantic pace — " in record time " , according to the musicologist Henry @-@ Louis de La Grange . It was completed in all its essentials by mid @-@ August , even though Mahler had to absent himself for a week to attend the Salzburg Festival . Mahler began composing the Veni creator hymn without waiting for the text to arrive from Vienna . When it did , according to Alma Mahler , " the complete text fitted the music exactly . Intuitively he had composed the music for the full strophes [ verses ] . " Although amendments and alterations were subsequently carried out to the score , there is very little manuscript evidence of the sweeping changes and rewriting that occurred with his earlier symphonies as they were prepared for performance .
With its use of vocal elements throughout , rather than in episodes at or near the end , the work was the first completely choral symphony to be written . Mahler had no doubts about the ground @-@ breaking nature of the symphony , calling it the grandest thing he had ever done , and maintaining that all his previous symphonies were merely preludes to it . " Try to imagine the whole universe beginning to ring and resound . There are no longer human voices , but planets and suns revolving . " It was his " gift to the nation ... a great joy @-@ bringer . "
= = = Instrumental and vocal forces = = =
= = = = Orchestra = = = =
The symphony is scored for a very large orchestra , in keeping with Mahler 's conception of the work as a " new symphonic universe " , a synthesis of symphony , cantata , oratorio , motet , and lied in a combination of styles . La Grange comments : " To give expression to his cosmic vision , it was ... necessary to go beyond all previously known limits and dimensions . " The orchestral forces required are , however , not as large as those deployed in Arnold Schoenberg 's oratorio Gurre @-@ Lieder , completed in 1911 . The string section is conventional in that it contains violins divided , violas , cellos , and double basses . The woodwind section for the Eighth includes two piccolos ( one doubling 5th flute ) , four flutes , four oboes , a cor anglais , three B @-@ flat clarinets , at least two E @-@ flat clarinets , a B @-@ flat bass clarinet , four bassoons and a contrabassoon . The brass section requires eight horns , four trumpets , four trombones , tuba and a " separately placed " ensemble of four trumpets ( the first of which may be doubled ) and three trombones . The percussion forces consist of timpani , cymbals , bass drum , tamtam , triangle and low @-@ pitched bells . Mahler also added a glockenspiel during the final rehearsals . Other instruments include an organ , a harmonium , a piano ( also added during the rehearsals ) , two harps ( although at least four are preferred ) , a celesta , and at least one mandolin ( but preferably several ) . Mahler recommended that in very large halls , the first player in each of the woodwind sections should be doubled and that numbers in the strings should also be augmented .
= = = = Choral and vocal forces = = = =
The choral and vocal forces consist of two SATB choirs , a children 's choir , and eight soloists : three soprano , two alto , tenor , baritone , and bass . In Part II the soloists are assigned to dramatic roles represented in Goethe 's text , as illustrated in the following table .
La Grange draws attention to the notably high tessitura for the sopranos , for soloists and for choral singers . He characterises the alto solos as brief and unremarkable ; however , the tenor solo role in Part II is both extensive and demanding , requiring on several occasions to be heard over the choruses . The wide melodic leaps in the Pater Profundus role present particular challenges to the bass soloist .
= = = Reception and
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his major to drama . He was accepted to the Music Conservatory at the University of Southern California to study opera as a tenor , and subsequently was accepted into the University 's Drama Conservatory . He graduated from USC in 1982 . He also earned a scholarship to the Berkeley , California branch of the Drama Studio London . Whitaker also pursued a degree in The Core of Conflict : Studies in Peace and Reconciliation at New York University 's Gallatin School of Individualized Study .
= = Career = =
= = = Film work = = =
Whitaker has a long history of working with well @-@ regarded film directors and fellow actors , as well as working in direct @-@ to @-@ video films alongside novice actors such as Lil Wayne , Maggie Grace and 50 Cent . In his first onscreen performance of note , he had a supporting role playing a high school football player in the 1982 film version of Cameron Crowe 's coming @-@ of @-@ age teen @-@ retrospective , Fast Times at Ridgemont High . He co @-@ starred and interacted alongside Judge Reinhold , Phoebe Cates , Sean Penn and Robert Romanus . In 1986 , he appeared in Martin Scorsese 's film , The Color of Money ( with Paul Newman and Tom Cruise ) , and in Oliver Stone 's Platoon . The following year , he co @-@ starred with Robin Williams in the comedy Good Morning , Vietnam .
In 1988 , Whitaker played in the film Bloodsport alongside Jean @-@ Claude Van Damme and he had his first lead role starring as musician Charlie " Bird " Parker in the Clint Eastwood @-@ directed film , Bird . To prepare himself for the part , he sequestered himself in a loft with only a bed , couch , and saxophone , having also conducted extensive research and taken alto sax lessons . His performance , which has been called " transcendent , " earned him the Best Actor award at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival and a Golden Globe nomination . Whitaker continued to work with a number of well @-@ known directors throughout the 1990s . He starred in the 1990 film Downtown with Anthony Edwards and Penelope Ann Miller . Neil Jordan cast him in the pivotal role of " Jody " , a captive British soldier in his 1992 film , The Crying Game where Whitaker used an English accent . Todd McCarthy , of Variety , described Whitaker 's performance as " big @-@ hearted , " " hugely emotional , " and " simply terrific . " In 1994 , he was a member of the cast that won the first ever National Board of Review Award for Best Acting by an Ensemble for Robert Altman 's film , Prêt @-@ à @-@ Porter . He gave a " characteristically emotional performance " in Wayne Wang and Paul Auster 's 1995 film , Smoke .
Whitaker played a serene , pigeon @-@ raising , bushido @-@ following , mob hit man in Ghost Dog : The Way of the Samurai , a 1999 film written and directed by Jim Jarmusch . Many consider this to have been a " definitive role " for Whitaker . In a manner similar to his preparation for Bird , he again immersed himself in his character 's world — he studied Eastern philosophy and meditated for long hours " to hone his inner spiritual hitman . " Jarmusch has told interviewers that he developed the title character with Whitaker in mind ; the New York Times review of the film observed that " [ I ] t 's hard to think of another actor who could play a cold @-@ blooded killer with such warmth and humanity . "
Whitaker next appeared in what has been called one of the worst films ever made , the 2000 production of Battlefield Earth , based on the novel of the same name by L. Ron Hubbard . The film was widely criticized as a notorious commercial and critical disaster . However , Whitaker 's performance was lauded by the film 's director , Roger Christian , who commented that , " Everybody 's going to be very surprised " by Whitaker , who " found this huge voice and laugh . " Battlefield Earth won seven Razzie Awards ; Whitaker was nominated for Worst Supporting Actor , but lost to his co @-@ star , Barry Pepper . Whitaker later expressed his regret for participating in the film .
In 2001 , Whitaker had a small , uncredited role in the Wong Kar @-@ wai @-@ directed The Follow , one of five short films produced by BMW that year to promote its cars . He co @-@ starred in Joel Schumacher 's 2002 thriller , Phone Booth , with Kiefer Sutherland and Colin Farrell . That year , he also co @-@ starred with Jodie Foster in Panic Room . His performance as the film 's " bad guy " was described as " a subtle chemistry of aggression and empathy . "
Whitaker 's 2006 portrayal of Idi Amin in the film , The Last King of Scotland earned him positive reviews by critics as well as multiple awards and honors . To portray the dictator , Whitaker gained 50 pounds , learned to play the accordion , and immersed himself in research . He read books about Amin , watched news and documentary footage featuring Amin , and spent time in Uganda meeting with Amin 's friends , relatives , generals , and victims ; he also learned Swahili and mastered Amin 's East African accent . His performance earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor , making him the fourth African @-@ American actor in history to do so , joining the ranks of Sidney Poitier , Denzel Washington , and Jamie Foxx . For that same role , he was also recognized with the British Academy Film Award , Golden Globe Award , National Board of Review Award , Screen Actors Guild Award , and accolades from the Broadcast Film Critics Association , London Film Critics ’ Circle Award , Los Angeles Film Critics Association , National Society of Film Critics , and New York Film Critics Circle among others .
In 2007 , Whitaker played Dr. James Farmer Sr. in The Great Debaters , for which he received an Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor . In 2008 , Whitaker appeared in three films , first as a business man known only as Happiness , who likes butterflies , in the film The Air I Breathe . He also portrayed a rogue police captain in Street Kings , and a heroic tourist in Vantage Point .
In 2013 , after languishing in several limited releases and independent features such as Freelancers and Pawn , Whitaker has enjoyed a bit of career resurgence , having played the lead role in Lee Daniels ' The Butler , which has become one of his greatest critical and commercial successes to date .
Whitaker also starred in the film Black Nativity , alongside Jennifer Hudson , Angela Bassett , and Jacob Latimore . He also co @-@ starred with Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2013 's The Last Stand , playing an FBI agent chasing an escaped drug cartel leader .
Whitaker has been confirmed as a castmember in the upcoming Star Wars anthology film Rogue One .
= = = Television work = = =
After completing several films in the early 1980s , Whitaker gained additional roles in multiple television shows . On the series , Diff 'rent Strokes , he played a bully in the 1985 episode " Bully for Arnold " . That same year , Whitaker also played the part of a comic book salesman in the Amazing Stories episode " Gather Ye Acorns " . He appeared in the first and second parts of North and South in 1985 and 1986 . Throughout the 1990s , Whitaker mainly had roles in television films which aired on HBO , including Criminal Justice , The Enemy Within , and Witness Protection .
From 2002 to 2003 , Whitaker was the host and narrator of 44 new episodes of the Rod Serling classic , The Twilight Zone , which lasted one season on UPN . After working in several film roles , he returned to television in 2006 when he joined the cast of FX 's police serial The Shield , as Lieutenant Jon Kavanaugh , who was determined to prove that the lead character , Vic Mackey , is a dirty cop . As opposed to his previous character work , Whitaker stated that he merely had to draw on his childhood years growing up in South Central Los Angeles for the role . He received rave reviews for his performance — Variety called it a " crackling @-@ good guest stint " — and he reprised the role in the show 's 2007 season .
In the fall of 2006 , Whitaker started a multi @-@ episode story arc on ER as Curtis Ames , a man who comes into the ER with a cough , but quickly faces the long @-@ term consequences of a paralyzing stroke ; he sues , then takes out his anger on Dr. Luka Kovač , who he blames for the strokes . Whitaker received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for his performance in the series . Also in 2006 , Whitaker appeared in T.I. ' s music video " Live in the Sky " alongside Jamie Foxx .
Whitaker was cast in the Criminal Minds spin @-@ off , Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior , that was subsequently cancelled by CBS on May 17 , 2011 .
= = = Theatre = = =
Whitaker made his Broadway debut in 2016 in a revival of Eugene O 'Neill 's play Hughie at the Booth Theatre , directed by Michael Grandage .
= = = Producing and directing = = =
Whitaker branched out into producing and directing in the 1990s . He co @-@ produced and co @-@ starred in A Rage in Harlem in 1991 . He made his directorial debut with a grim film about inner @-@ city gun violence , Strapped , for HBO in 1993 . In 1995 , he directed his first theatrical feature , Waiting to Exhale , which was based on the Terry McMillan novel of the same name . Roger Ebert observed that the tone of the film resembled Whitaker 's own acting style : " measured , serene , confident . " Whitaker also directed co @-@ star Whitney Houston 's music video of the movie 's theme song , " Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) " .
Whitaker continued his directing career with the 1998 romantic comedy , Hope Floats , starring Sandra Bullock and Harry Connick , Jr . He directed Katie Holmes in the romantic comedy , First Daughter in 2004 while also serving as executive producer ; he had previously co @-@ starred with Holmes in Phone Booth in 2002 . He had previously gained experience as the executive producer of several made @-@ for @-@ television movies , most notably the 2002 Emmy @-@ award winning Door to Door , starring William H. Macy . He produced these projects through his production company , Spirit Dance Entertainment , which he shut down in 2005 to concentrate on his acting career .
Whitaker and his partner Nina Yang Bongiovi produced the film Fruitvale Station , which won the Grand Jury Prize and the Audience Award for U.S. dramatic film at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival , as well as Repentance ( 2014 ) and Dope ( 2015 ) .
= = = JuntoBox Films = = =
Whitaker plays an active role as co @-@ chair of JuntoBox Films since his initial involvement as co @-@ chair with the collaborative film studio starting in March 2012 . JuntoBox was developed as a social @-@ media platform for filmmakers and fans to share ideas to create films and then collaborate to make them . Since Whitaker joined as co @-@ chair , five projects have been greenlit for production .
= = Honors = =
In addition to the numerous awards Whitaker won for his performance in The Last King of Scotland , he has also received several other honors . In September 2006 , the 10th Annual Hollywood Film Festival presented him with its " Hollywood Actor of the Year Award , " calling him " one of Hollywood 's most accomplished actors . " He was honored at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival 2007 , where he received the American Riviera Award .
Previously , in 2005 , the Deauville ( France ) Festival of American Film paid tribute to him . On April 16 , 2007 , Whitaker was the recipient of the 2,335th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion pictures industry at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard . He received the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from Xavier University of Louisiana in 2009 at the 82nd Commencement Ceremony . He received the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from California State University , Dominguez Hills on May 16 , 2015 .
= = Personal life = =
In 1996 , Whitaker married actress Keisha Nash , whom he met on the set of Blown Away . The Whitakers have four children : two daughters together ( Sonnet and True ) , and his son ( Sergio Hyatt ) and her daughter ( Autumn ) from previous relationships . On Inside the Actors Studio , Whitaker said that a genetic test indicated he was of Igbo descent through his patrilineal line , and of Akan descent through his matrilineal line .
Whitaker studies yoga and has a black belt in kenpō . He also trains in the Filipino martial art of Kali , under Dan Inosanto . Inosanto is best known for having been a student of the late Bruce Lee and has trained actors such as Denzel Washington and Brandon Lee .
Whitaker 's left eye ptosis has been called " intriguing " by some critics and " gives him a lazy , contemplative look . " Whitaker has explained that the condition is hereditary and that he has considered having surgery to correct it , not for cosmetic reasons but because it affects his vision .
= = Activism = =
= = = Charity work = = =
Whitaker , who is a vegetarian , recorded a public service announcement with his daughter , True , promoting vegetarianism on behalf of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) . He is also a supporter and public advocate for Hope North , a boarding school and vocational training center in northern Uganda for escaped child soldiers , orphans , and other young victims of the country 's civil war .
= = = Politics = = =
In politics , Whitaker supported and spoke on behalf of Senator Barack Obama in his 2008 presidential campaign . On April 6 , 2009 , he was given a chieftaincy title in Imo State , Nigeria . Whitaker , who was named a chief among the Igbo community of Nkwerre , was given the title Nwannedinamba of Nkwerre , which means A Brother in a Foreign Land .
Whitaker was inducted as a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for Peace and Reconciliation , in a ceremony at UNESCO headquarters on June 21 , 2011 . As Goodwill Ambassador , Whitaker works with UNESCO to support and develop initiatives that empower youths and keep them from entering or remaining in cycles of violence . At the induction ceremony , U.S. Ambassador to UNESCO David Killion described Whitaker as a " perfect choice as a Goodwill Ambassador ... He has exemplified compassion in every area of his life , with humility and grace . He does this because it 's the right thing to do . "
In 2010 , Whitaker received the Artist Citizen of the World Award ( France ) .
In May 2011 , Whitaker co @-@ founded the International Institute for Peace ( IIP ) at Rutgers University in Newark , New Jersey . Launched during the international Newark Peace Education Summit , IIP ’ s mission is to develop programs and strategic partnerships to address cutting @-@ edge issues such as increasing citizen security through community @-@ building ; the role of women and spiritual and religious leaders in peace @-@ building ; the impact of climate change ; and the reduction of poverty . IIP operates under the auspices of UNESCO as a Category 2 Center .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Film = = =
= = = Television = = =
= Glass Joe =
Glass Joe ( グラス ・ ジョー , Gurasu Jō ) is a fictional French boxer from Nintendo 's Punch @-@ Out ! ! video game series . He first appeared in the arcade game Punch @-@ Out ! ! in 1984 and three years later in the NES game of the same name . His most recent appearance was in the Wii installment of Punch @-@ Out ! ! . He was originally designed by Shigeru Miyamoto and was revised by Makoto Wada for the NES game . He is voiced by Christian Bernard in the Wii game .
He is the player 's first opponent in all of his roles and is famous for his weakness and cowardice . These elements are considered by critics to be stereotypes of French people . These characteristics were emphasized by the developer of the Wii game which included cutscenes which depict Glass Joe in French settings . Glass Joe is considered one of the most well @-@ known characters in the Punch @-@ Out ! ! series and a Nintendo icon . His name has been used to describe poor performance by sportspeople and teams .
= = Concept and creation = =
Glass Joe is a 38 @-@ year @-@ old French flyweight boxer who hails from Paris . He stands at 177 @.@ 8 centimeters ( 5 ' 10 ' ' ) and weighs in at 49 @.@ 9 kilograms ( 110 lbs . ) . His win record is one win to 99 losses . He is the weakest opponent and the first players encounter in any of his roles . His mediocrity has been attributed to poor blocking and reaction time . He possesses several negative stereotypes of French people .
The character was designed by Shigeru Miyamoto for the original Punch @-@ Out ! ! arcade game . The name " Glass Joe " was conceived by Genyo Takeda as a play on his glass jaw . Glass Joe 's appearance was revised by Makoto Wada for the NES Punch @-@ Out ! ! . The character is voiced by Christian Bernard in the Wii game ; much of his dialogue in between matches consists of counting to ten in French . Next Level Games ( the developer of the Wii game ) introduced cutscenes which depicted Glass Joe as a fashionable Frenchman . They also showed him in front of the Arc de Triomphe and the Eiffel Tower ( both Parisian landmarks ) The designers had croissants burst from Glass Joe as he is knocked out .
= = Appearances = =
Glass Joe 's debut was in the first Punch @-@ Out ! ! game for the arcades in 1984 . His role was to give young players a sense of accomplishment which motivated them to spend more money to try and beat the more difficult opponents . Glass Joe later appeared in Punch @-@ Out ! ! for the NES in 1987 . While he did not appear in the SNES game 's sequel , he opened a boxing school for potential fighters . Gabby Jay ( the game 's first opponent ) attended this school and got his first and only win against Glass Joe . Glass Joe 's most recent appearance was in Punch @-@ Out ! ! for the Wii in 2009 . He was one of the first characters revealed in pre @-@ release material . The Wii Punch @-@ Out ! ! has a mode called " Title Defense " which featured a more difficult version of Glass Joe among other opponents . This mode has Glass Joe wear a protective headgear due to a doctor 's recommendation after an X @-@ ray was done on his skull .
= = Reception = =
Glass Joe has come to be considered one of Punch @-@ Out ! ! ' s signature characters . He was included in a series of trading cards which depict various Punch @-@ Out ! ! boxers . Both UGO 's Chris Plante and G4TV 's " jmanalang " considered the fight with Glass Joe one of the most memorable NES moments . Plante felt that it was even more memorable than the in @-@ game fight with Mike Tyson . GameDaily 's Chris Buffa called Glass Joe one of the most unappreciated Nintendo characters and said that he wanted to see him succeed .
His name has been used as a derogatory term for sportspeople who perform poorly such as Derek Anderson , Ahmad Bradshaw , and the players for the North Penn football team . The name has also been used by ESPN 's Bill Simmons to describe his disappointment with the heavyweight championship fight between boxers Wladimir Klitschko and Chris Byrd . When asked who among his boxing opponents most reminded him of Glass Joe , Mike Tyson said Bruce Seldon whom he claimed he didn 't even need to hit . Yahoo ! Sports ' Mike Oz created the " Glass Joe Title " ( awarded for poor performance in the MLB ) . He has so far awarded it to the Los Angeles Angels , the New York Mets , the New York Yankees , and the Atlanta Braves .
Glass Joe 's French characteristics have been discussed by critics such as writer Sumantra Lahiri and Eurogamer 's Oli Welsh . IGN 's Craig Harris felt that the NES game focused more on his weaknesses and that the Wii game emphasized his stereotypes . A member of the Retronauts podcast also felt that he was defined more by his weakness than his nationality until he learned more about French stereotypes . Chris Buffa felt that the stereotypes could be considered offensive while Giant Bomb 's Ryan Davis felt that there was nothing legitimately offensive .
= = = Difficulty = = =
Glass Joe is considered noteworthy for his weakness . Writers have used him as a test of the usability of NES controllers such as the U @-@ Force and the Power Glove . Hardcore Gamer 's Nikola Suprak compared Glass Joe to the Super Mario enemy Goomba , which was featured alongside Glass Joe on a Nintendo Power list of their " favorite punching bags . " GamesRadar editor Mikel Reparaz included him in his list of the " 13 unluckiest videogame bastards " and gave respect to the fact that he never gives up .
His appearance in the " Title Defense " mode of the Wii Punch @-@ Out ! ! received attention for his increased difficulty . Official Nintendo Magazine 's Chris Scullion praised the fight and felt it proved that the Wii game would not be too easy .
= Boone Carlyle =
Boone Carlyle is a fictional character who was played by Ian Somerhalder on the ABC drama television series Lost , which chronicles the lives of the survivors of a plane crash in the south Pacific . Boone is introduced in the pilot episode as the stepbrother of fellow crash survivor Shannon Rutherford . He tries to contribute as much as he can to the safety of the castaways and eventually becomes John Locke 's protégé .
Also , unlike many other characters of the first season , who were rewritten based on their actors , Boone was largely the same through production . Somerhalder did not want to shoot a pilot ; however , he jumped at the opportunity once he found out he would be working with co @-@ creator / executive producer J.J. Abrams . The character was generally well received by critics and fans ; USA Today described Boone as a " callow , privileged young man striving for maturity . " Boone dies from his injuries after being crushed inside a falling plane .
= = Arc = =
= = = Before the crash = = =
Boone is born in October , 1981 , the son of wealthy Sabrina Carlyle , the head of a wedding company . When Boone was ten years old , Sabrina marries Adam Rutherford , who has an eight @-@ year @-@ old daughter named Shannon . When Boone is twenty years old , he becomes the chief operating officer of his mother 's business in New York City . Boone harbors a fondness for his stepsister , which develops into a romantic attraction . When Boone learns of Shannon ’ s financial difficulties after her father ’ s death he offers to give her money , but she does not accept . Boone " rescues " Shannon several times from abusive relationships by paying the boyfriends to leave her . One such rescue attempt leads Boone to Sydney , Australia in September 2004 , where he learns the relationships are actually scams concocted by Shannon to get his money and attention . Boone is deeply hurt by the deception . Boone and Shannon have sex after her Australian boyfriend runs away with her money . The next day , they board Oceanic Airlines Flight 815 to return to the United States .
= = = In the island = = =
Boone unsuccessfully tries to perform CPR on an unconscious Rose Henderson , which he claims to have learned from when he was a lifeguard , but Jack Shephard convinces him to retrieve a pen , unnecessarily . Boone maintains a generally helpful attitude and remains protective of Shannon ( although he criticizes her for her affectedness ) . His protective attitude combines with jealousy when she develops feelings for Sayid Jarrah , and Boone unsuccessfully attempts to discourage the relationship .
Boone is drawn to the hunting and survival skills of John Locke , a fellow castaway . He becomes Locke ’ s apprentice and begins to distance himself from the other survivors . Boone and Locke find a metal hatch while tracking the kidnapped Claire Littleton and Charlie Pace . The two excavate the hatch , keeping its existence a secret from the other survivors . Locke subjects Boone to a hallucinatory exercise on their twenty @-@ fourth day on the island allowing Boone to resolve his feelings for Shannon , in which Boone sees Shannon after she is killed by the monster . Forty @-@ one days after the crash , Boone and Locke discover a heroin runner 's Beechcraft stuck high in a tree canopy . Boone climbs up into the aircraft and finds a working radio in the cockpit , which he uses to transmit a Mayday signal . He receives a response to his message by a man , later revealed to be Bernard Nadler of the tail @-@ section survivors , but the aircraft unbalances and falls nose @-@ first to the ground . Boone sustains severe injuries and , despite Jack 's attempts to treat him , dies on November 2 , 2004 . Boone tries to pass a message to Shannon through Jack , but dies before he is able to finish the sentence . Somerhalder said the news of his character 's death was " pretty devastating " , which is notable for being the first death of a major character on the series .
Almost four weeks later , Locke experiences a self @-@ induced hallucination , where a longer @-@ haired Boone appears and pushes Locke around in a wheelchair in an imaginary Sydney International Airport , where the other survivors are present but acting in different roles . Boone tells Locke someone in the airport was in serious danger . Close to the end of the hallucination , Locke finds Eko 's stick covered in blood and Boone appears bloody and injured . He tells Locke " They 've got him . You don 't have much time . " In the Oceanic Six 's cover story , Boone was one of the ones who survived the initial crash , but soon died of internal injuries .
= = = In the alternate timeline = = =
In the alternate timeline , Shannon does not go back with Boone . In " LA X " , Boone goes back alone on Flight 815 and sits beside Locke , where he finds out about Locke supposedly going on a Walkabout in Australia . In a parallel with the island timeline , Boone tells Locke if they crashed , he would follow him . Once the plane lands , Boone shakes Locke 's hand and exits the plane . Boone reappears in the final episode of Lost . In " The End " , we see Hurley and Sayid talking in a car on a dark street , and they witness a thug beating up a guy ( Boone ) outside of a bar . Shannon shouts " Leave my brother alone , " and Sayid gets out of the car to intervene . His and Shannon 's memories are restored the moment they touch . Boone , having conspired with Hurley to bring Shannon and Sayid together , wanders over to the car . He jokes with Hurley about how he had to take a beating and " thanks for taking your time . " He also comments how difficult it was to get Shannon to return from Australia with him , but he and Hurley agree the effort was worth it for this moment to have her and Sayid 's memories restored . Boone is one of the first people Jack greets in the church where everyone reunites to move on to the afterlife together .
= = Characteristics = =
USA Today described Boone as " a callow young man who had been toughened by island challenges . " Variety called him " hot @-@ headed " , while Entertainment Weekly wrote he was " even @-@ tempered " . Boone 's quick decisions with good intentions are often rash . On his sixth day on the island , Joanna Miller drowns . As soon as he finds out she is drowning , he immediately tries to save her , although he does not succeed and almost becomes a casualty himself . While trying to take on a leadership role , Boone steals the camp 's water ; however , his plan backfires and the survivors turn on him . When Boone suspects Sawyer has Shannon 's medicine , he attempts to steal it . Aside from Shannon , he was closest to John Locke , who acted as a father figure and mentor to the younger , inexperienced Boone and who , unlike others including Shannon , tried to help him do his part on the island . Boone similarly is one of the few to trust Locke 's guidance and made Locke feel like the hero he had always wanted to be . Boone reflects aspects of
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6 . The contract was secured after Vestlandsreiser on 30 January 1986 had announced that they would terminate their agreement with Swedish airline Transwede , citing the latter 's repeated delays and cancellations . The contract consisted of services from Stavanger Airport , Sola ; Bergen Airport , Flesland ; Haugesund Airport , Karmøy ; and Sandefjord Airport , Torp to Palma de Mallorca Airport , Spain and Crete , Greece . To operate the charter routes , Bergen Aviation bought a 99 @-@ seat Sud Aviation SE @-@ 210 Caravelle from Hispania Líneas Aéreas in January 1986 , financed with a loan from Nevi .
On 10 February , Bergen Aviation announced that they had applied the Norwegian Civil Aviation Administration to operate a scheduled service between Flesland and Oslo Airport , Fornebu . At the time , Scandinavian Airlines System ( SAS ) had a monopoly on the route , which was Norway 's busiest , carrying 2 @,@ 000 to 3 @,@ 000 passengers per day . Einar Falck , Vesta 's chief executive officer , stated that the mechanics strike which had recently hit SAS had shown how vulnerable the SAS monopoly was . He further stated that should Bergen Aviation receive concession , they would acquire Boeing 737 or Douglas DC @-@ 9 aircraft for the route , and the owner group would consider listing the company . The application was part of a trend among smaller Norwegian airlines to apply for the new route . At the time there were 42 pending applications from 15 airlines awaiting decision in the Ministry of Transport and Communications . The Progress Party 's Youth supported Bergen Aviation 's application at its national convention .
The airline sent an application to register the Caravelle in April , but the application was canceled later in the month , and the aircraft was subsequently registered in Sweden . By June the airline had still not received permission to operate , causing problems for Vestlandsreiser , who had to make last @-@ minute leases of aircraft , and had to terminate all flights from Stavanger .
= Italian cruiser Euridice =
Euridice was a torpedo cruiser of the Partenope class built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s . She was built by the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia shipyard , with her keel laying in February 1889 , her launching in September 1890 , and her commissioning in May 1891 . Her main armament were her six torpedo tubes , which were supported by a battery of ten small @-@ caliber guns . Euridice spent most of her career in the main Italian fleet , where she was primarily occupied with training exercises . She was withdrawn from service in 1907 and sold for scrapping .
= = Design = =
Euridice was 73 @.@ 1 meters ( 239 ft 10 in ) long overall and had a beam of 8 @.@ 22 m ( 27 ft 0 in ) and an average draft of 3 @.@ 48 m ( 11 ft 5 in ) . She displaced 904 metric tons ( 890 long tons ; 996 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by four coal @-@ fired locomotive boilers . Specific figures for Euridice 's engine performance have not survived , but the ships of her class had top speeds of 18 @.@ 1 to 20 @.@ 8 knots ( 33 @.@ 5 to 38 @.@ 5 km / h ; 20 @.@ 8 to 23 @.@ 9 mph ) at 3 @,@ 884 to 4 @,@ 422 indicated horsepower ( 2 @,@ 896 to 3 @,@ 297 kW ) . The ship had a cruising radius of about 1 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 300 km ; 2 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 96 – 121 .
Euridice was armed with a main battery of one 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) / 40 gun and six 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) / 43 guns mounted singly.α She was also equipped with three 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) / 20 guns in single mounts . Her primary offensive weapon was her six 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 1 @.@ 6 in ( 41 mm ) thick ; her conning tower was armored with the same thickness of steel plate .
= = Service history = =
The keel for Euridice was laid down on 14 February 1889 at the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia ( Royal Dockyard in Castellammare di Stabia ) . The completed hull was launched on 22 September 1890 . After fitting @-@ out work was completed , the ship was commissioned into the fleet on 1 May 1891 . Euridice took part in the annual fleet exercises in 1893 in the " attacking squadron " , which also included six ironclads , her sister ship Iride and the torpedo cruisers Goito and Monzambano . During the maneuvers , which lasted from 6 August to 5 September , the ships of the Active Squadron simulated a French attack on the Italian fleet .
In 1895 , she was assigned to the 2nd Division of the Permanent Squadron , which included her sister ship Calatafimi , the ironclad battleship Francesco Morosini , and the protected cruiser Etruria . The Squadron was based at La Spezia at the time , though Euridice was stationed primarily in Taranto and Naples , along with most of the other torpedo cruisers of the Italian fleet . In 1896 , she took part in the annual summer maneuvers in July as part of the Second Division of the Reserve Squadron , which also included the ironclads Italia and Ruggiero di Lauria and the protected cruiser Stromboli .
Euridice took part in an international naval demonstration in 1897 off Crete during a period of tension between Greece and the Ottoman Empire that culminated in the Greco @-@ Turkish War . At the time , she was assigned to the 1st Division , which included the three Re Umberto class ironclads and the protected cruisers Giovanni Bausan and Vesuvio . In 1903 , Euridice was assigned to the 1st Squadron , along with her sister Minerva . The unit also included eight battleships , six other cruisers , and six destroyers . The 1st Squadron was kept in active service for seven months of the year for training , and had reduced crews for the remainder of the year . The ship was sold for scrap in March 1907 and subsequently broken up .
= Boydell Shakespeare Gallery =
The Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in London , England , was the first stage of a three @-@ part project initiated in November 1786 by engraver and publisher John Boydell in an effort to foster a school of British history painting . In addition to the establishment of the gallery , Boydell planned to produce an illustrated edition of William Shakespeare 's plays and a folio of prints based upon a series of paintings by different contemporary painters . During the 1790s the London gallery that showed the original paintings emerged as the project 's most popular element .
The works of William Shakespeare enjoyed a renewed popularity in 18th @-@ century Britain . Several new editions of his works were published , his plays were revived in the theatre and numerous works of art were created illustrating the plays and specific productions of them . Capitalising on this interest , Boydell decided to publish a grand illustrated edition of Shakespeare 's plays that would showcase the talents of British painters and engravers . He chose the noted scholar and Shakespeare editor George Steevens to oversee the edition , which was released between 1791 and 1803 .
The press reported weekly on the building of Boydell 's gallery , designed by George Dance the Younger , on a site in Pall Mall . Boydell commissioned works from famous painters of the day , such as Joshua Reynolds , and the folio of engravings proved the enterprise 's most lasting legacy . However , the long delay in publishing the prints and the illustrated edition prompted criticism . Because they were hurried , and many illustrations had to be done by lesser artists , the final products of Boydell 's venture were judged to be disappointing . The project caused the Boydell firm to become insolvent , and they were forced to sell the gallery at a lottery .
= = Shakespeare in the 18th century = =
In the 18th century , Shakespeare became associated with rising British nationalism , and Boydell tapped into the same mood that many other entrepreneurs were exploiting . Shakespeare appealed not only to a social elite who prided themselves on their artistic taste , but also to the emerging middle class who saw in Shakespeare 's works a vision of a diversified society . The mid @-@ century Shakespearean theatrical revival was probably most responsible for reintroducing the British public to Shakespeare . Shakespeare 's plays were integral to the theatre 's resurgence at this time . Despite the upsurge in theatre @-@ going , writing tragedies was not profitable , and thus few good tragedies were written . Shakespeare 's works filled the gap in the repertoire , and his reputation grew as a result . By the end of the 18th century , one out of every six plays performed in London was by Shakespeare .
The actor , director , and producer David Garrick was a key figure in Shakespeare 's theatrical renaissance . His reportedly superb acting , unrivalled productions , numerous and important Shakespearean portraits , and his spectacular 1769 Shakespeare Jubilee helped promote Shakespeare as a marketable product and the national playwright . Garrick 's Drury Lane theatre was the centre of the Shakespeare mania which swept the nation .
The visual arts also played a significant role in expanding Shakespeare 's popular appeal . In particular , the conversation pieces designed chiefly for homes generated a wide audience for literary art , especially Shakespearean art . This tradition began with William Hogarth ( whose prints reached all levels of society ) and attained its peak in the Royal Academy exhibitions , which displayed paintings , drawings , and sculptures . The exhibitions became important public events : thousands flocked to see them , and newspapers reported in detail on the works displayed . They became a fashionable place to be seen ( as did Boydell 's Shakespeare Gallery , later in the century ) . In the process , the public was refamiliarized with Shakespeare 's works .
= = = Shakespeare editions = = =
The rise in Shakespeare 's popularity coincided with Britain 's accelerating change from an oral to a print culture . Towards the end of the century , the basis of Shakespeare 's high reputation changed . He had originally been respected as a playwright , but once the theatre became associated with the masses , Shakespeare 's status as a " great writer " shifted . Two strands of Shakespearean print culture emerged : bourgeois popular editions and scholarly critical editions .
In order to turn a profit , booksellers chose well @-@ known authors , such as Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson , to edit Shakespeare editions . According to Shakespeare scholar Gary Taylor , Shakespearean criticism became so " associated with the dramatis personae of 18th @-@ century English literature ... [ that ] he could not be extracted without uprooting a century and a half of the national canon " . The 18th century 's first Shakespeare edition , which was also the first illustrated edition of the plays , was published in 1709 by Jacob Tonson and edited by Nicholas Rowe . The plays appeared in " pleasant and readable books in small format " which " were supposed ... to have been taken for common or garden use , domestic rather than library sets " . Shakespeare became " domesticated " in the 18th century , particularly with the publication of family editions such as Bell 's in 1773 and 1785 – 86 , which advertised themselves as " more instructive and intelligible ; especially to the young ladies and to youth ; glaring indecencies being removed " .
Scholarly editions also proliferated . At first , these were edited by author @-@ scholars such as Pope ( 1725 ) and Johnson ( 1765 ) , but later in the century this changed . Editors such as George Steevens ( 1773 , 1785 ) and Edmund Malone ( 1790 ) produced meticulous editions with extensive footnotes . The early editions appealed to both the middle class and to those interested in Shakespeare scholarship , but the later editions appealed almost exclusively to the latter . Boydell 's edition , at the end of the century , tried to reunite these two strands . It included illustrations but was edited by George Steevens , one of the foremost Shakespeare scholars of the day .
= = Boydell 's Shakespeare venture = =
Boydell 's Shakespeare project contained three parts : an illustrated edition of Shakespeare 's plays ; a folio of prints from the gallery ( originally intended to be a folio of prints from the edition of Shakespeare 's plays ) ; and a public gallery where the original paintings for the prints would hang .
The idea of a grand Shakespeare edition was conceived during a dinner at the home of Josiah Boydell ( John 's nephew ) in late 1786 . Five important accounts of the occasion survive . From these , a guest list and a reconstruction of the conversation have been assembled . The guest list reflects the range of Boydell 's contacts in the artistic world : it included Benjamin West , painter to King George III ; George Romney , a renowned portrait painter ; George Nicol , bookseller to the king ; William Hayley , a poet ; John Hoole , a scholar and translator of Tasso and Aristotle ; and Daniel Braithwaite , secretary to the postmaster general and a patron of artists such as Romney and Angelica Kauffman . Most accounts also place the painter Paul Sandby at the gathering .
Boydell wanted to use the edition to help stimulate a British school of history painting . He wrote in the " Preface " to the folio that he wanted " to advance that art towards maturity , and establish an English School of Historical Painting " . A court document used by Josiah to collect debts from customers after Boydell 's death relates the story of the dinner and Boydell 's motivations :
[ Boydell said ] he should like to wipe away the stigma that all foreign critics threw on this nation — that they had no genius for historical painting . He said he was certain from his success in encouraging engraving that Englishmen wanted nothing but proper encouragement and a proper subject to excel in historical painting . The encouragement he would endeavor to find if a proper subject were pointed out . Mr. Nicol replied that there was one great National subject concerning which there could be no second opinion , and mentioned Shakespeare . The proposition was received with acclaim by the Alderman [ John Boydell ] and the whole company .
However , as Frederick Burwick argues in his introduction to a collection of essays on the Boydell Gallery , " [ w ] hatever claims Boydell might make about furthering the cause of history painting in England , the actual rallying force that brought the artists together to create the Shakespeare Gallery was the promise of engraved publication and distribution of their works . "
After the initial success of the Shakespeare Gallery , many wanted to take credit . Henry Fuseli long claimed that his planned Shakespeare ceiling ( in imitation of the Sistine Chapel ceiling ) had given Boydell the idea for the gallery . James Northcote claimed that his Death of Wat Tyler and Murder of the Princes in the Tower had motivated Boydell to start the project . However , according to Winifred Friedman , who has researched the Boydell Gallery , it was probably Joshua Reynolds 's Royal Academy lectures on the superiority of history painting that influenced Boydell the most .
The logistics of the enterprise were difficult to organise . Boydell and Nicol wanted to produce an illustrated edition of a multi @-@ volume work and intended to bind and sell the 72 large prints separately in a folio . A gallery was required to exhibit the paintings from which the prints were drawn . The edition was to be financed through a subscription campaign , during which the buyers would pay part of the price up front and the remainder on delivery . This unusual practice was necessitated by the fact that over £ 350 @,@ 000 — an enormous sum at the time , worth about £ 38 @.@ 8 million today — was eventually spent . The gallery opened in 1789 with 34 paintings and added 33 more in 1790 when the first engravings were published . The last volume of the edition and the Collection of Prints were published in 1803 . In the middle of the project , Boydell decided that he could make more money if he published different prints in the folio than in the illustrated edition ; as a result , the two sets of images are not identical .
Advertisements were issued and placed in newspapers . When a subscription was circulated for a medal to be struck , the copy read : " The encouragers of this great national undertaking will also have the satisfaction to know , that their names will be handed down to Posterity , as the Patrons of Native Genius , enrolled with their own hands , in the same book , with the best of Sovereigns . " The language of both the advertisement and the medal emphasised the role each subscriber played in the patronage of the arts . The subscribers were primarily middle @-@ class Londoners , not aristocrats . Edmund Malone , himself an editor of a rival Shakespeare edition , wrote that " before the scheme was well @-@ formed , or the proposals entirely printed off , near six hundred persons eagerly set down their names , and paid their subscriptions to a set of books and prints that will cost each person , I think , about ninety guineas ; and on looking over the list , there were not above twenty names among them that anybody knew " .
= = Illustrated Shakespeare edition and folio = =
The " magnificent and accurate " Shakespeare edition which Boydell began in 1786 was to be the focus of his enterprise — he viewed the print folio and the gallery as offshoots of the main project . In an advertisement prefacing the first volume of the edition , Nicol wrote that " splendor and magnificence , united with correctness of text were the great objects of this Edition " . The volumes themselves were handsome , with gilded pages that , unlike those in previous scholarly editions , were unencumbered by footnotes . Each play had its own title page followed by a list of " Persons in the Drama " . Boydell spared no expense . He hired the typography experts William Bulmer and William Martin to develop and cut a new typeface specifically for the edition . Nicol explains in the preface that they " established a printing @-@ house ... [ and ] a foundry to cast the types ; and even a manufactory to make the ink " . Boydell also chose to use high @-@ quality wove Whatman paper . The illustrations were printed independently and could be inserted and removed as the purchaser desired . The first volumes of the Dramatic Works were published in 1791 and the last in 1805 .
Boydell was responsible for the " splendor " , and George Steevens , the general editor , was responsible for the " correctness of text " . Steevens , according to Evelyn Wenner , who has studied the history of the Boydell edition , was " at first an ardent advocate of the plan " but " soon realized that the editor of this text must in the very scheme of things give way to painters , publishers and engravers " . He was also ultimately disappointed in the quality of the prints , but he said nothing to jeopardize the edition 's sales . Steevens , who had already edited two complete Shakespeare editions , was not asked to edit the text anew ; instead , he picked which version of the text to reprint . Wenner describes the resulting hybrid edition :
The thirty @-@ six plays , printed from the texts of Reed and Malone , divide into the following three groups : ( 1 ) five plays of the first three numbers printed from Reed 's edition of 1785 with many changes adopted from the Malone text of 1790 ( 2 ) King Lear and the six plays of the next three numbers printed from Malone 's edition of 1790 but exhibiting conspicuous deviations from his basic text ( 3 ) twenty @-@ four plays of the last twelve numbers also printed from Malone 's text but made to conform to Steevens 's own edition of 1793 .
Throughout the edition , modern ( i.e. 18th @-@ century ) spelling was preferred as were First Folio readings .
Boydell sought out the most eminent painters and engravers of the day to contribute paintings for the gallery , engravings for the folio , and illustrations for the edition . Artists included Richard Westall , Thomas Stothard , George Romney , Henry Fuseli , Benjamin West , Angelica Kauffman , Robert Smirke , John Opie , Francesco Bartolozzi , Thomas Kirk , Henry Thomson , and Boydell 's nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell .
The folio and the illustrated Shakespeare edition were " by far the largest single engraving enterprise ever undertaken in England " . As print collector and dealer Christopher Lennox @-@ Boyd explains , " had there not been a market for such engravings , not one of the paintings would have been commissioned , and few , if any , of the artists would have risked painting such elaborate compositions " . Scholars believe that a variety of engraving methods were employed and that line engraving was the " preferred medium " because it was " clear and hardwearing " and because it had a high reputation . Stipple engraving , which was quicker and often used to produce shading effects , wore out quicker and was
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2 – 1998 ) – writer , producer , story editor , supervising producer , consulting producer , executive producer , showrunner ( all episodes with Josh Weinstein )
" Marge Gets a Job "
" Marge in Chains "
" Treehouse of Horror IV " ( " Terror at 5 ½ Feet " segment )
" $ pringfield ( Or , How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling ) "
" Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy "
" Sweet Seymour Skinner 's Baadasssss Song "
" Lady Bouvier 's Lover "
" Sideshow Bob Roberts "
" Grampa vs. Sexual Inadequacy "
" Bart vs. Australia "
" Who Shot Mr. Burns " ( parts 1 & 2 )
" 22 Short Films About Springfield " ( Skinner and Chalmers scene )
Mission Hill ( 1999 – 2002 ) – creator , writer , executive producer , voice of George Bang
" Pilot "
Futurama ( 2001 – 2002 ) – consulting producer
Ruling Class ( 2001 ) – writer
The Funkhousers ( 2002 ) – writer
The Mullets ( 2003 ) – creator , executive producer
22 Birthdays ( 2005 ) – writer
Business Class ( 2007 ) – creator , writer
The Cleveland Show ( 2010 – 2012 ) – writer
" Gone with the Wind "
" American Prankster "
" All You Can Eat " ( story with Assem Batra )
Regular Show ( 2010 ) - writer
" Just Set Up the Chairs "
" Caffeinated Concert Tickets "
Portlandia ( 2012 – present ) - writer , consulting producer
With Fred Armisen , Carrie Brownstein and Jonathan Krisel , Oakley has co @-@ written every episode since " Brunch Village "
= Nauru at the 2008 Summer Olympics =
Nauru competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics , that were celebrated in Beijing , China , from August 8 to August 24 , 2008 . Nauru was represented by the Nauru Olympic Committee , and was the only nation out of 204 participating nations and territories that sent only a single athlete , and was one of 117 that won no medals at the Games . The sole athlete to represent the nation was Itte Detenamo , who participated in the weightlifting , and was the flag bearer in both the opening and closing ceremonies . This was the same number of athletes as at the 1996 Olympics , when Marcus Stephen ( who later became President of Nauru ) represented the country in the same sport , but was a decrease from the nation 's last appearance at the Games when three athletes were sent to Athens . Nauru earned a berth for the weightlifting event in the Oceania and South Pacific Olympic Weightlifting Championships in 2008 and a chance to send participants in swimming and athletics events , but chose to send only a weightlifter . Itte Detenamo competed in the Group B of heavyweight class , fifteenth and last event of the weightlifting . He did not earn a medal , but finished with a personal best .
= = Delegation = =
The delegation of the Nauru for the 2008 Summer Olympics consisted of four men . The first , Itte Detenamo , was the sole athlete and competed in the weightlifting competition . Also in the delegation as a manager of Itte was Yukio Peter — 2004 Olympian — who holds the record for the best placing in any Olympics by any Nauruan , eighth in the lightweight category ( 69 kg ) of the weightlifting event in the 2004 Summer Olympics . Delegation was also accompanied by Vinson Detenamo , father of Itte and the then and first President of the Nauru Olympic Committee . As the former sport minister of Nauru , Vinson had helped in the establishment of Nauru Olympic Committee in 1991 during his term in the Ministry of Sport . The final member of the delegation was Lou Keke as Nauru 's Olympic chef de mission .
= = Qualification = =
Nauru earned a qualification place in weightlifting in the International Weightlifting Federation 's continental Olympic qualification event — Oceania and South Pacific Olympic Weightlifting Championships — held in Auckland , New Zealand from March 27 to 30 , 2008 . At the event only those National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) of Oceania which had not gained berths for 2008 Olympics in the 2006 and 2007 World Weightlifting Championships got chance to win qualification places . Itte Detenamo was selected over Yukio Peter to fill the earned quota . Nauru could have sent participants in swimming and athletics also , but chose not to as there was no national governing body of swimming and the nation lacked basic infrastructure and competitive athletes in order to complete in athletics .
Nauru 's representation of sole athlete in the 2008 Games was the same number of athletes as at the 1996 Olympics , when Marcus Stephen — incumbent President of Nauru , President of the Nauru Olympic Committee and Oceania Weightlifting Federation — represented the country in the same sport . Marcus had previously competed for Western Samoa in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona as Nauru was not recognized by the International Olympic Committee as a National Olympic Committee until 1994 . The attendance at the 2008 games was a decrease from the nation 's previous appearance at the Games when three athletes were sent to Athens .
= = Weightlifting = =
Itte Detenamo represented Nauru in the super heavyweight class of weightlifting . It was his second Olympics appearance ; he was ranked previously 14th in the same weight category at the 2004 Athens Olympics . The whole competition took place on August 19 , but was divided in two parts due to the number of competitors . Group B weightlifters competed at 15 : 30 CST , and Group A , at 19 : 00 CST . The event was the fifteenth and last weightlifting event to conclude . Itte competed in group B of the event ; his highest successfully lifted weight in snatch was 175 kg , out of 165 , 170 and 175 kg , and in clean and jerk his best was 210 kg , out of 205 and 210 kg , he also tried a failed attempt for 215 kg . Itte finished in 10th place in the final standings with a total of 385 kg , setting a personal best .
= Traveling Salesmen =
" Traveling Salesmen " is the thirteenth episode of the third season of the US version of The Office . The episode was written by Michael Schur , Lee Eisenberg , and Gene Stupnitsky , and was directed by series creator and executive producer Greg Daniels . It first aired on January 11 , 2007 in the United States on NBC .
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , the sales team goes out on sales calls , with Michael and Andy , Stanley and Ryan , Phyllis and Karen , and Dwight and Jim pairing up . Andy tries to show Dwight in a bad light to Michael , Karen learns of Jim 's previous crush on Pam , and Angela forgets to hand in some important documents to New York , so secret boyfriend Dwight does it for her .
John Krasinski believed " Traveling Salesmen " was the first episode to give a real glimpse into Dwight and Angela 's relationship , and much of the plot centered on the two . It aired to an estimated 10 @.@ 2 million viewers according to Nielsen Media Research . It was positively received by television critics . Along with " The Return " , NBC later re @-@ broadcast " Traveling Salesmen " as a combined hour @-@ long episode as part of their sweeps week . As a result , both episodes underwent editing which included the addition of four minutes of previously unseen footage .
= = Synopsis = =
Dwight Schrute arrives several hours late to work one morning , due to driving to corporate to help out Angela Martin .
Michael announces that the sales department will be pairing up for sales calls . Andy ( Ed Helms ) chooses Michael ( Steve Carell ) , Phyllis ( Phyllis Smith ) chooses Karen ( Rashida Jones ) , and Stanley ( Leslie David Baker ) grudgingly chooses Ryan ( B.J. Novak ) , leaving Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) with Jim ( John Krasinski ) , who used to do sales calls together . Andy learns that Dwight does Michael 's laundry as punishment for meeting with Jan to take over the branch . During their sales call , Andy sabotages the meeting , setting up an opportunity to later apologize to Michael , stating that he had really " Schruted " the situation , a further attempt to deride Dwight .
While the salespeople are out , Angela ( Angela Kinsey ) tells Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) a thinly disguised story of how " Kurt " saves " Noelle " ( " Kurt " and " Noelle " being Dwight 's and Angela 's middle names , respectively ) by delivering the quarterly tax forms to New York .
At first , Jim 's and Dwight 's sales call appears to be a fiasco , but it is soon clear that the joint force of Jim 's straight @-@ and @-@ honest sales approach , along with Dwight 's aggressive , erratic tactics , is a very successful partnership . Ryan asks Stanley if he could lead on this call so Stanley can critique him , which Stanley obliges . However , Ryan freezes up and fails when he realizes that Stanley 's clients are all black . Stanley laughs at an annoyed Ryan during the entire trip back to the office . Phyllis and Karen first stop at a beauty parlor , emerging with gaudy makeovers . Their sales call is a success because , as Phyllis knew , the client obviously likes women with that kind of look , as evidenced by the photo of his wife . Returning to the office , Phyllis tells Karen that she 's pleased that Jim got over his crush on Pam . Karen confronts Jim with this information , and he reassures her that his crush has passed .
Upon returning after the sales call , Andy steals Dwight 's keys , breaks into his car , and finds the toll booth ticket to New York City . Andy gives the evidence to Michael , who then accuses Dwight of disloyalty , and Angela prevents him from clearing his name because it would expose their relationship . Dwight resigns . Andy gloats over his success , but the documentary camera catches Angela in the background glaring at him .
= = Production = =
" Traveling Salesman " was written by Michael Schur , Lee Eisenberg , and Gene Stupnitsky , while co @-@ creator and executive producer Greg Daniels directed . Daniels shot " Traveling Salesmen " and " The Return " in mid @-@ November 2006 before the cast and crew began an eight @-@ week break .
John Krasinski enjoyed the episode because he believed it was the first real glimpse of Angela and Dwight 's relationship , with Rainn Wilson noting that the audience gets " to see how Dwight becomes her hero . " As with other Office episodes , a number of scenes in " Traveling Salesmen " were improvised and unscripted , including Angela with the jelly beans and Stanley laughing at Ryan in the car .
To create the old picture of Jim and Dwight , an actual high school photograph of Krasinski was photoshopped along with a 1991 image of Wilson while Wilson was on tour with an acting company . While standing in the parking lot , the cast had to pretend to shiver in 85 @-@ degree weather . Krasinski actually slapped Wilson at Wilson 's request , which Krasinski considered " one of the craziest acting experiences I 've ever had . " Before deciding on singing to a melody from Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory , Ed Helms and Daniels shot 50 different versions . Another Willy Wonka reference includes Andy 's mention of a chocolate factory and not wishing " to fall into any chocolate river " .
" Traveling Salesmen " was later rebroadcast with " The Return " as a combined hour @-@ long episode on March 15 , 2007 , with four minutes of previously unseen footage added . Greg Daniels explained that it was both an attempt to attract a larger audience and " it 's about giving something extra to our wonderful fans … their loyalty must be rewarded somehow , and we don 't have the budget for 10 million muffin baskets . " As part of the editing process , Pam is seen winning an art contest , four scenes of Andy searching through Dwight 's things were condensed , and an Angela – Pam storyline as well as an extended scene of Andy going to anger management were added . The third season DVD contains a number of deleted scenes , such as Michael using his computer , " Harvey " , to hit on Pam ( this scene was the cold open for " Traveling Salesman " on its original broadcast ; the combined hour @-@ long version of " Traveling Salesman " and " The Return " has no cold open ) . Notable cut scenes included Andy dramatically illustrating to Karen that they are the only two Stamford employees remaining , Jim and Dwight surreptitiously planning their sales tactic , Pam offering to get coffee for her co @-@ workers , and Dwight emotionally giving away selected items to others in the office .
= = Reception = =
" Traveling Salesmen " was first broadcast on January 11 , 2007 in the United States on NBC . According to Nielsen Media Research , an estimated 10 @.@ 2 million viewers tuned in , making it only a handful of other episodes of The Office to reach over 10 million viewers , the others being the show 's pilot episode , " The Injury " , " The Return , " " Ben Franklin " and " Stress Relief , " of which the latter reached over 20 million viewers .
Buddy TV senior writer Oscar Dahl remarked , " It didn 't make me laugh out loud and , yet , I still loved it . " He shed a negative light on Andy 's behavior towards Dwight , calling it " annoying and not that funny . " Dahl hoped Dwight would be reappearing soon , and concluded " Overall , a crucial story episode with a nice cliffhanger . Even if wasn 't as funny as last week or even most episodes this season , The Office still entertains . " AOL TV 's Michael Sciannamea lauded the episode , writing " I cannot remember ever guffawing over every single line in a single sitcom episode as I did watching this one . If the performances in this particular one don 't garner the actors in this show a plethora of Emmys , there ought to be an investigation . " Sciannamea continued that he believed it was Steve Carell 's best series performance thus far because he " displayed the full range of his personality--jokester , arrogant jerk , charming salesman , sensitive soul , and added a new one--anger . "
Entertainment Weekly writer Abby West commented of Dwight 's ouster , " There 's no way Rainn Wilson is off the show , but it was a bold move to let him appear to be bested by the ( slightly ) more Machiavellian Andy . I can 't wait to see how they play out this storyline . " West referred to " Phyllis ' expert psychological move " with the makeovers as her favorite subplot of the night , and appreciated the spotlight on the sales pairings ; she expanded on this latter point , " The trip out of the office was also a great reminder of what these Dunder Mifflin @-@ ers actually do and how good most of them are . Isn 't it interesting that as much as they normally clash , Dwight and Jim make a very effective sales team , while the seeming bond that Michael and Andy share did nothing to keep Andy from punting their pitch ? When Dwight started using the client 's phone , Jim didn 't skip a beat . They 'd either used the ploy ( of dialing the competition 's customer service number and showing how long the wait time was ) before , or Jim is comfortable going with Dwight 's flow , at least in that kind of setting . They essentially played good cop / bad cop ... or good cop / weird cop . " Other television critics also praised the various sales call pairings .
= Team ( Lorde song ) =
" Team " is a song by New Zealand singer Lorde , taken from her debut studio album , Pure Heroine ( 2013 ) . The song was released on 13 September 2013 as the album 's third single in Australia and New Zealand by Universal Music New Zealand , and the second in the United States and the United Kingdom by Lava and Republic Records . The track was written by Lorde and Joel Little and produced by Little , with additional production from Lorde herself . " Team " is a hybrid of alternative pop and electro @-@ hop featuring synthesiser , bass and snare drum instrumentation over a handclap @-@ based beat . Lyrically , the track is a " tribute to her friends and country " .
" Team " was generally well received by most contemporary critics , who praised its musical style , lyrical content and Lorde 's vocal delivery on the track . The single garnered success on charts internationally , peaking at number 6 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and at number 3 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart . In Oceania , it péaked at number 19 in Australia and debuting and debuted at number 3 in New Zealand . " Team " was certified platinum by both the Australian Recording Industry Association and Recorded Music NZ .
A music video for the song was directed by Young Replicant and was released on 4 December 2013 . Filmed in an abandoned building named Red Hook Grain Terminal in Red Hook , Brooklyn , the video 's content was inspired by Lorde 's dream of an own world for teenagers . Upon its release , the clip crashed Vevo 's channel due to a high number of views . To promote " Team " and Pure Heroine , Lorde performed the song on several occasions , including on Late Show with David Letterman and at the ARIA Music Awards of 2013 . It was later featured on a Season 10 episode of Grey 's Anatomy which aired in December 2013 .
= = Background = =
" Team " was written by Lorde and Joel Little while Lorde was travelling the world . The track was recorded , produced and mixed by Little at his Golden Age Studios in Morningside , Auckland , with Lorde providing additional production . The song was produced using the software Pro Tools . On 13 September 2013 " Team " was leaked , justifying an earlier rush out release . Within hours the audio was uploaded on YouTube and Universal Music New Zealand released the digital download single for sale in Australia and New Zealand . On 19 November 2013 , the track was sent to US contemporary hit radio by Lava and Republic Records . " Team " was sent to US rhythmic contemporary radio on 6 January 2014 .
= = Composition = =
" Team " is a hybrid of alternative pop and electro @-@ hop . Written in the key of G @-@ flat major , " Team " features synthesiser , bass , and snare drum instrumentation over a handclap @-@ based beat . Amanda Dobbins of New York magazine and Maura Johnston of Spin likened the chorus of the song to that of Lana Del Rey 's " Born to Die " ( 2011 ) , while Drowned in Sound 's Sammy Maine compared the beats to works produced by Timbaland for Missy Elliott . Lorde 's vocal range spans from B ♭ 2 to D ♭ 5 . The song moves at a tempo of 100 beats per minute .
Lyrically , " Team " is a " tribute to her friends and country " . During an interview with Billboard , Lorde described the song as " her take on most modern music " and explained , " no one comes to New Zealand , no one knows anything about New Zealand , and here I am , trying to grow up and become a person . " Lorde explained that the line " We live in cities you 'll never see on screen " was " to be speaking for the minority " from small cities . She also expresses distaste in common contemporary popular music lyrics telling listeners to " put your hands in the air " through the verse " I 'm kind of over getting told to throw my hands up in the air " . Writer Lily Rothman for the magazine Time commented that the lyrics " we sure know how to run things " in " Team " were a response to the lyrics " we run things , things don ’ t run we " in Miley Cyrus ' " We Can 't Stop " ( 2013 ) .
= = Reception = =
" Team " received critical acclaim from music critics . Brenna Ehrlich from MTV News lauded it as an " insanely catchy jam " . The AV Club critic Kevin McFarland labelled " Team " as a " club @-@ ready " and " sparkly thumper " , while Nathan Jolly from The Music Network simply described it " interesting " . John Murphy , in his review of Pure Heroine for musicOMH , commended the lyrics " I 'm kinda over getting told to throw my hands up in the air " for being catchy . Marlow Stern writing for The Daily Beast listed " Team " as the fifth best song of 2013 .
On 23 September 2013 , " Team " debuted at number three on the New Zealand Singles Chart , becoming Lorde 's third consecutive top @-@ three single in the country following number @-@ one singles " Royals " and " Tennis Court " . Recorded Music NZ certified the single double platinum due to the sales figure of over 30 @,@ 000 copies in the country . " Team " peaked at number nineteen on the Australian Singles Chart , and was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) .
Following its impact on US radio stations , " Team " debuted at number thirty @-@ two on the Billboard Rock Airplay , and topped the chart on 7 October 2013 . It also topped the Adult Top 40 , and charted at number two on the Mainstream Top 40 , number two on the Hot Rock Songs and number two on the Alternative Songs . On the Billboard Hot 100 , " Team " peaked at number six , becoming her second US top @-@ ten hit ( following her debut number @-@ one hit " Royals " ) . The song reached over two million in sales in the US by April 2014 . By December 2014 , " Team " has sold 2 @.@ 45 million copies copies in the US . The single also reached number three on the Canadian Hot 100 , and was certified double @-@ platinum by Music Canada , which denotes 160 @,@ 000 downloads .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Team " was directed by Young Replicant . Filmed the disused Red Hook Grain Terminal in Red Hook , Brooklyn , the video was inspired by Lorde 's dream of " teenagers in their own world , a world with hierarchies and initiations , where the boy who was second in command had acne on his face , and so did the girl who was Queen " . The director explained that Lorde was one of the " kids who have a unique look " , which fitted the clip 's " sad story " concept .
The video begins with shots of the ocean ; The Daily Beast 's editor Marlow Stern draw comparisons between the shots to Paul Thomas Anderson 's drama film The Master ( 2012 ) . The scene revealed an unseen city with ruins of factories on an island and full of teens " without any parental guidance " . On Lorde 's Facebook account , she further explained that world was " so different to anything anyone had ever seen , a dark world full of tropical plants and ruins and sweat " . Inside the ruins , she is seen as the " self @-@ anointed " queen of the city 's citizens in a " blue , foliage @-@ filled universe " . Stern compared her image to that of The Hunger Games ' fictional character Katniss Everdeen . A young boy is transported to the island ; following his arrival , he must joust on a motorbike to become a part of Lorde 's " team " . He loses ; Lorde commented that " sometimes the person who loses is stronger " .
On 4 December 2013 , the video was released on Lorde 's official VEVO channel on YouTube at 10 AM ( New Zealand time ) . Upon its release , the video crashed Vevo 's channel due to a high number of views . Lily Rothman from Time magazine compared the video for " Team " to Miley Cyrus ' " We Can 't Stop " music video for their same " mythical settings " – a party ( " We Can 't Stop " ) and an island ( " Team " ) .
= = Live performances , covers and remixes = =
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a ring around the planet . However , his claim was never confirmed and it is likely that it was an observational artifact . The first reliable detection of a ring was made in 1968 by stellar occultation , although that result would go unnoticed until 1977 when the rings of Uranus were discovered . Soon after the Uranus discovery , a team from Villanova University led by Harold J. Reitsema began searching for rings around Neptune . On 24 May 1981 , they detected a dip in a star 's brightness during one occultation ; however , the manner in which the star dimmed did not suggest a ring . Later , after the Voyager fly @-@ by , it was found that the occultation was due to the small Neptunian moon Larissa , a highly unusual event .
In the 1980s , significant occultations were much rarer for Neptune than for Uranus , which lay near the Milky Way at the time and was thus moving against a denser field of stars . Neptune 's next occultation , on 12 September 1983 , resulted in a possible detection of a ring . However , ground @-@ based results were inconclusive . Over the next six years , approximately 50 other occultations were observed with only about one @-@ third of them yielding positive results . Something ( probably incomplete arcs ) definitely existed around Neptune , but the features of the ring system remained a mystery . The Voyager 2 spacecraft made the definitive discovery of the Neptunian rings during its fly @-@ by of Neptune in 1989 , passing by as close as 4 @,@ 950 km ( 3 @,@ 080 mi ) above the planet 's atmosphere on 25 August . It confirmed that occasional occultation events observed before were indeed caused by the arcs within the Adams ring ( see below ) . After the Voyager fly @-@ by the previous terrestrial occultation observations were reanalyzed yielding features of the ring 's arcs as they were in 1980s , which matched those found by Voyager almost perfectly .
Since Voyager 's fly @-@ by , the brightest rings ( Adams and Le Verrier ) have been imaged with the Hubble Space Telescope and Earth @-@ based telescopes , owing to advances in resolution and light @-@ gathering power . They are visible , slightly above background noise levels , at methane @-@ absorbed wavelengths in which the glare from Neptune is significantly reduced . The fainter rings are still far below the visibility threshold .
= = General properties = =
Neptune possesses five distinct rings named , in order of increasing distance from the planet , Galle , Le Verrier , Lassell , Arago and Adams . In addition to these well @-@ defined rings , Neptune may also possess an extremely faint sheet of material stretching inward from the Le Verrier to the Galle ring , and possibly farther in toward the planet . Three of the Neptunian rings are narrow , with widths of about 100 km or less ; in contrast , the Galle and Lassell rings are broad — their widths are between 2 @,@ 000 and 5 @,@ 000 km . The Adams ring consists of five bright arcs embedded in a fainter continuous ring . Proceeding counterclockwise , the arcs are : Fraternité , Égalité 1 and 2 , Liberté , and Courage . The first three names come from " liberty , equality , fraternity " , the motto of the French Revolution and Republic . The terminology was suggested by their original discoverers , who had found them during stellar occultations in 1984 and 1985 . Four small Neptunian moons have orbits inside the ring system : Naiad and Thalassa orbit in the gap between the Galle and Le Verrier rings ; Despina is just inward of the Le Verrier ring ; and Galatea lies slightly inward of the Adams ring , embedded in an unnamed faint , narrow ringlet .
The Neptunian rings contain a large quantity of micrometer @-@ sized dust : the dust fraction by cross @-@ section area is between 20 % and 70 % . In this respect they are similar to the rings of Jupiter , in which the dust fraction is 50 % – 100 % , and are very different from the rings of Saturn and Uranus , which contain little dust ( less than 0 @.@ 1 % ) . The particles in Neptune 's rings are made from a dark material ; probably a mixture of ice with radiation @-@ processed organics . The rings are reddish in color , and their geometrical ( 0 @.@ 05 ) and Bond ( 0 @.@ 01 – 0 @.@ 02 ) albedos are similar to those of the Uranian rings ' particles and the inner Neptunian moons . The rings are generally optically thin ( transparent ) ; their normal optical depths do not exceed 0 @.@ 1 . As a whole , the Neptunian rings resemble those of Jupiter ; both systems consist of faint , narrow , dusty ringlets and even fainter broad dusty rings .
The rings of Neptune , like those of Uranus , are thought to be relatively young ; their age is probably significantly less than that of the Solar System . Also , like those of Uranus , Neptune 's rings probably resulted from the collisional fragmentation of onetime inner moons . Such events create moonlet belts , which act as the sources of dust for the rings . In this respect the rings of Neptune are similar to faint dusty bands observed by Voyager 2 between the main rings of Uranus .
= = Inner rings = =
The innermost ring of Neptune is called the Galle ring after Johann Gottfried Galle , the first person to see Neptune through a telescope ( 1846 ) . It is about 2 @,@ 000 km wide and orbits 41 @,@ 000 – 43 @,@ 000 km from the planet . It is a faint ring with an average normal optical depth of around 10 − 4 , and with an equivalent depth of 0 @.@ 15 km . The fraction of dust in this ring is estimated from 40 % to 70 % .
The next ring is named the Le Verrier ring after Urbain Le Verrier , who predicted Neptune 's position in 1846 . With an orbital radius of about 53 @,@ 200 km , it is narrow , with a width of about 113 km . Its normal optical depth is 0 @.@ 0062 ± 0 @.@ 0015 , which corresponds to an equivalent depth of 0 @.@ 7 ± 0 @.@ 2 km . The dust fraction in the Le Verrier ring ranges from 40 % to 70 % . The small moon Despina , which orbits just inside of it at 52 @,@ 526 km , may play a role in the ring 's confinement by acting as a shepherd .
The Lassell ring , also known as the plateau , is the broadest ring in the Neptunian system . It is the namesake of William Lassell , the English astronomer who discovered Neptune 's largest moon , Triton . This ring is a faint sheet of material occupying the space between the Le Verrier ring at about 53 @,@ 200 km and the Arago ring at 57 @,@ 200 km . Its average normal optical depth is around 10 − 4 , which corresponds to an equivalent depth of 0 @.@ 4 km . The ring 's dust fraction is in the range from 20 % to 40 % .
There is a small peak of brightness near the outer edge of the Lassell ring , located at 57 @,@ 200 km from Neptune and less than 100 km wide , which some planetary scientists call the Arago ring after François Arago , a French mathematician , physicist , astronomer and politician . However , many publications do not mention the Arago ring at all .
= = Adams ring = =
The outer Adams ring , with an orbital radius of about 63 @,@ 930 km , is the best studied of Neptune 's rings . It is named after John Couch Adams , who predicted the position of Neptune independently of Le Verrier . This ring is narrow , slightly eccentric and inclined , with total width of about 35 km ( 15 – 50 km ) , and its normal optical depth is around 0 @.@ 011 ± 0 @.@ 003 outside the arcs , which corresponds to the equivalent depth of about 0 @.@ 4 km . The fraction of dust in this ring is from 20 % to 40 % — lower than in other narrow rings . Neptune 's small moon Galatea , which orbits just inside of the Adams ring at 61 @,@ 953 km , acts like a shepherd , keeping ring particles inside a narrow range of orbital radii through a 42 : 43 outer Lindblad resonance . Galatea 's gravitational influence creates 42 radial wiggles in the Adams ring with an amplitude of about 30 km , which have been used to infer Galatea 's mass .
= = = Arcs = = =
The brightest parts of the Adams ring , the ring arcs , were the first elements of Neptune 's ring system to be discovered . The arcs are discrete regions within the ring in which the particles that it comprises are mysteriously clustered together . The Adams ring is known to comprise five short arcs , which occupy a relatively narrow range of longitudes from 247 ° to 294 ° . In 1986 they were located between longitudes of :
247 – 257 ° ( Fraternité ) ,
261 – 264 ° ( Égalité 1 ) ,
265 – 266 ° ( Égalité 2 ) ,
276 – 280 ° ( Liberté ) ,
284 @.@ 5 – 285 @.@ 5 ° ( Courage ) .
The brightest and longest arc was Fraternité ; the faintest was Courage . The normal optical depths of the arcs are estimated to lie in the range 0 @.@ 03 – 0 @.@ 09 ( 0 @.@ 034 ± 0 @.@ 005 for the leading edge of Liberté arc as measured by stellar occultation ) ; the radial widths are approximately the same as those of the continuous ring — about 30 km . The equivalent depths of arcs vary in the range 1 @.@ 25 – 2 @.@ 15 km ( 0 @.@ 77 ± 0 @.@ 13 km for the leading edge of Liberté arc ) . The fraction of dust in the arcs is from 40 % to 70 % . The arcs in the Adams ring are somewhat similar to the arc in Saturn 's G ring .
The highest resolution Voyager 2 images revealed a pronounced clumpiness in the arcs , with a typical separation between visible clumps of 0 @.@ 1 ° to 0 @.@ 2 ° , which corresponds to 100 – 200 km along the ring . Because the clumps were not resolved , they may or may not include larger bodies , but are certainly associated with concentrations of microscopic dust as evidenced by their enhanced brightness when backlit by the Sun .
The arcs are quite stable structures . They were detected by ground @-@ based stellar occultations in the 1980s , by Voyager 2 in 1989 and by Hubble Space Telescope and ground @-@ based telescopes in 1997 – 2005 and remained at approximately the same orbital longitudes . However some changes have been noticed . The overall brightness of arcs decreased since 1986 . The Courage arc jumped forward by 8 ° to 294 ° ( it probably jumped over to the next stable co @-@ rotation resonance position ) while the Liberté arc had almost disappeared by 2003 . The Fraternité and Égalité ( 1 and 2 ) arcs have demonstrated irregular variations in their relative brightness . Their observed dynamics is probably related to the exchange of dust between them . Courage , a very faint arc found during the Voyager flyby , was seen to flare in brightness in 1998 ; it was back to its usual dimness by June 2005 . Visible light observations show that the total amount of material in the arcs has remained approximately constant , but they are dimmer in the infrared light wavelengths where previous observations were taken .
= = = Confinement = = =
The arcs in the Adams ring remain unexplained . Their existence is a puzzle because basic orbital dynamics imply that they should spread out into a uniform ring over a matter of years . Several theories about the arcs ' confinement have been suggested , the most widely publicized of which holds that Galatea confines the arcs via its 42 : 43 co @-@ rotational inclination resonance ( CIR ) . The resonance creates 84 stable sites along the ring 's orbit , each 4 ° long , with arcs residing in the adjacent sites . However measurements of the rings ' mean motion with Hubble and Keck telescopes in 1998 led to the conclusion that the rings are not in CIR with Galatea .
A later model suggested that confinement resulted from a co @-@ rotational eccentricity resonance ( CER ) . The model takes into account the finite mass of the Adams ring , which is necessary to move the resonance closer to the ring . A byproduct of this theory is a mass estimate for the Adams ring — about 0 @.@ 002 of the mass of Galatea . A third theory proposed in 1986 requires an additional moon orbiting inside the ring ; the arcs in this case are trapped in its stable Lagrangian points . However Voyager 2 's observations placed strict constraints on the size and mass of any undiscovered moons , making such a theory unlikely . Some other more complicated theories hold that a number of moonlets are trapped in co @-@ rotational resonances with Galatea , providing confinement of the arcs and simultaneously serving as sources of the dust .
= = Exploration = =
The rings were investigated in detail during the Voyager 2 spacecraft 's flyby of Neptune in August 1989 . They were studied with optical imaging , and through observations of occultations in ultraviolet and visible light . The spaceprobe observed the rings in different geometries relative to the Sun , producing images of back @-@ scattered , forward @-@ scattered and side @-@ scattered light . Analysis of these images allowed derivation of the phase function ( dependence of the ring 's reflectivity on the angle between the observer and Sun ) , and geometrical and Bond albedo of ring particles . Analysis of Voyager 's images also led to discovery of six inner moons of Neptune , including the Adams ring shepherd Galatea .
= = Properties = =
* A question mark means that the parameter is not known .
= Now You Know ( Desperate Housewives ) =
" Now You Know " is the fourth season premiere episode of the American comedy @-@ drama series , Desperate Housewives , and the 71st episode overall . The episode premiered on American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) on September 30 , 2007 . It was written by series creator Marc Cherry and directed by Larry Shaw .
In the episode , Susan ( Teri Hatcher ) learns that she is expecting a child while Bree ( Marcia Cross ) continues to fake her own pregnancy . Gabrielle ( Eva Longoria ) begins an affair with her ex @-@ husband , Carlos ( Ricardo Antonio Chavira ) and Lynette ( Fel
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6 , Malmö konstmuseum .
Artists in Georgia . 1985 , Georgia Museum of Art .
Atlanta in France . 1985 , Chapelle de la Sorbonne .
U.S.A. Volta Del Sud . 1985 , Palazzo Venezia .
Commemoration to Soweto . AFRI @-@ COBRA , 1980 , United Nations Headquarters .
Directions and Dimensions . 1980 , Mississippi Museum of Natural Science .
Artists in Georgia . 1980 , High Museum of Art .
Artists in Schools . 1976 , Delaware Art Museum .
Directions in Afro @-@ American Art. 1974 , Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art .
= = Notable collections = =
High Museum of Art
Museum of Contemporary Art of Georgia
National Museum of African American History and Culture
Nortel
The Studio Museum in Harlem
University of Delaware
= Injection moulding =
Injection moulding is a manufacturing process for producing parts by injecting material into a mould . Injection moulding can be performed with a host of materials , including metals , ( for which the process is called diecasting ) , glasses , elastomers , confections , and most commonly thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers . Material for the part is fed into a heated barrel , mixed , and forced into a mould cavity , where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the cavity . After a product is designed , usually by an industrial designer or an engineer , moulds are made by a mouldmaker ( or toolmaker ) from metal , usually either steel or aluminum , and precision @-@ machined to form the features of the desired part . Injection moulding is widely used for manufacturing a variety of parts , from the smallest components to entire body panels of cars . Advances in 3D printing technology , using photopolymers which do not melt during the injection moulding of some lower temperature thermoplastics , can be used for some simple injection moulds .
Parts to be injection moulded must be very carefully designed to facilitate the moulding process ; the material used for the part , the desired shape and features of the part , the material of the mould , and the properties of the moulding machine must all be taken into account . The versatility of injection moulding is facilitated by this breadth of design considerations and possibilities .
= = Applications = =
Injection moulding is used to create many things such as wire spools , packaging , bottle caps , automotive parts and components , Gameboys , pocket combs , some musical instruments ( and parts of them ) , one @-@ piece chairs and small tables , storage containers , mechanical parts ( including gears ) , and most other plastic products available today . Injection moulding is the most common modern method of manufacturing plastic parts ; it is ideal for producing high volumes of the same object .
= = Process characteristics = =
Injection moulding uses a ram or screw @-@ type plunger to force molten plastic material into a mould cavity ; this solidifies into a shape that has conformed to the contour of the mould . It is most commonly used to process both thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers , with the volume used of the former being considerably higher . Thermoplastics are prevalent due to characteristics which make them highly suitable for injection moulding , such as the ease with which they may be recycled , their versatility allowing them to be used in a wide variety of applications , and their ability to soften and flow upon heating . Thermoplastics also have an element of safety over thermosets ; if a thermosetting polymer is not ejected from the injection barrel in a timely manner , chemical crosslinking may occur causing the screw and check valves to seize and potentially damaging the injection moulding machine .
Injection moulding consists of high pressure injection of the raw material into a mould which shapes the polymer into the desired shape . Moulds can be of a single cavity or multiple cavities . In multiple cavity moulds , each cavity can be identical and form the same parts or can be unique and form multiple different geometries during a single cycle . Moulds are generally made from tool steels , but stainless steels and aluminum moulds are suitable for certain applications . Aluminum moulds typically are ill @-@ suited for high volume production or parts with narrow dimensional tolerances , as they have inferior mechanical properties and are more prone to wear , damage , and deformation during the injection and clamping cycles ; however , aluminum moulds are cost @-@ effective in low @-@ volume applications , as mould fabrication costs and time are considerably reduced . Many steel moulds are designed to process well over a million parts during their lifetime and can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to fabricate .
When thermoplastics are moulded , typically pelletized raw material is fed through a hopper into a heated barrel with a reciprocating screw . Upon entrance to the barrel the temperature increases and the Van der Waals forces that resist relative flow of individual chains are weakened as a result of increased space between molecules at higher thermal energy states . This process reduces its viscosity , which enables the polymer to flow with the driving force of the injection unit . The screw delivers the raw material forward , mixes and homogenizes the thermal and viscous distributions of the polymer , and reduces the required heating time by mechanically shearing the material and adding a significant amount of frictional heating to the polymer . The material feeds forward through a check valve and collects at the front of the screw into a volume known as a shot . A shot is the volume of material that is used to fill the mould cavity , compensate for shrinkage , and provide a cushion ( approximately 10 % of the total shot volume , which remains in the barrel and prevents the screw from bottoming out ) to transfer pressure from the screw to the mould cavity . When enough material has gathered , the material is forced at high pressure and velocity into the part forming cavity . To prevent spikes in pressure , the process normally uses a transfer position corresponding to a 95 – 98 % full cavity where the screw shifts from a constant velocity to a constant pressure control . Often injection times are well under 1 second . Once the screw reaches the transfer position the packing pressure is applied , which completes mould filling and compensates for thermal shrinkage , which is quite high for thermoplastics relative to many other materials . The packing pressure is applied until the gate ( cavity entrance ) solidifies . Due to its small size , the gate is normally the first place to solidify through its entire thickness . Once the gate solidifies , no more material can enter the cavity ; accordingly , the screw reciprocates and acquires material for the next cycle while the material within the mould cools so that it can be ejected and be dimensionally stable . This cooling duration is dramatically reduced by the use of cooling lines circulating water or oil from an external temperature controller . Once the required temperature has been achieved , the mould opens and an array of pins , sleeves , strippers , etc. are driven forward to demould the article . Then , the mould closes and the process is repeated .
For a two shot mold , two separate materials are incorporated into one part . This type of injection molding is used to add a soft touch to knobs , to give a product multiple colors , to produce a part with multiple performance characteristics .
For thermosets , typically two different chemical components are injected into the barrel . These components immediately begin irreversible chemical reactions which eventually crosslinks the material into a single connected network of molecules . As the chemical reaction occurs , the two fluid components permanently transform into a viscoelastic solid . Solidification in the injection barrel and screw can be problematic and have financial repercussions ; therefore , minimizing the thermoset curing within the barrel is vital . This typically means that the residence time and temperature of the chemical precursors are minimized in the injection unit . The residence time can be reduced by minimizing the barrel 's volume capacity and by maximizing the cycle times . These factors have led to the use of a thermally isolated , cold injection unit that injects the reacting chemicals into a thermally isolated hot mould , which increases the rate of chemical reactions and results in shorter time required to achieve a solidified thermoset component . After the part has solidified , valves close to isolate the injection system and chemical precursors , and the mould opens to eject the moulded parts . Then , the mould closes and the process repeats .
Pre @-@ moulded or machined components can be inserted into the cavity while the mould is open , allowing the material injected in the next cycle to form and solidify around them . This process is known as Insert moulding and allows single parts to contain multiple materials . This process is often used to create plastic parts with protruding metal screws , allowing them to be fastened and unfastened repeatedly . This technique can also be used for In @-@ mould labelling and film lids may also be attached to moulded plastic containers .
A parting line , sprue , gate marks , and ejector pin marks are usually present on the final part . None of these features are typically desired , but are unavoidable due to the nature of the process . Gate marks occur at the gate which joins the melt @-@ delivery channels ( sprue and runner ) to the part forming cavity . Parting line and ejector pin marks result from minute misalignments , wear , gaseous vents , clearances for adjacent parts in relative motion , and / or dimensional differences of the mating surfaces contacting the injected polymer . Dimensional differences can be attributed to non @-@ uniform , pressure @-@ induced deformation during injection , machining tolerances , and non @-@ uniform thermal expansion and contraction of mould components , which experience rapid cycling during the injection , packing , cooling , and ejection phases of the process . Mould components are often designed with materials of various coefficients of thermal expansion . These factors cannot be simultaneously accounted for without astronomical increases in the cost of design , fabrication , processing , and quality monitoring . The skillful mould and part designer will position these aesthetic detriments in hidden areas if feasible .
= = History = =
American inventor John Wesley Hyatt together with his brother Isaiah , Hyatt patented the first injection moulding machine in 1872 . This machine was relatively simple compared to machines in use today : it worked like a large hypodermic needle , using a plunger to inject plastic through a heated cylinder into a mould . The industry progressed slowly over the years , producing products such as collar stays , buttons , and hair combs .
The German chemists Arthur Eichengrün and Theodore Becker invented the first soluble forms of cellulose acetate in 1903 , which was much less flammable than cellulose nitrate . It was eventually made available in a powder form from which it was readily injection moulded . Arthur Eichengrün developed the first injection moulding press in 1919 . In 1939 , Arthur Eichengrün patented the injection molding of plasticized cellulose acetate .
The industry expanded rapidly in the 1940s because World War II created a huge demand for inexpensive , mass @-@ produced products . In 1946 , American inventor James Watson Hendry built the first screw injection machine , which allowed much more precise control over the speed of injection and the quality of articles produced . This machine also allowed material to be mixed before injection , so that colored or recycled plastic could be added to virgin material and mixed thoroughly before being injected . Today screw injection machines account for the vast majority of all injection machines . In the 1970s , Hendry went on to develop the first gas @-@ assisted injection moulding process , which permitted the production of complex , hollow articles that cooled quickly . This greatly improved design flexibility as well as the strength and finish of manufactured parts while reducing production time , cost , weight and waste .
The plastic injection moulding industry has evolved over the years from producing combs and buttons to producing a vast array of products for many industries including automotive , medical , aerospace , consumer products , toys , plumbing , packaging , and construction .
= = Examples of polymers best suited for the process = =
Most polymers , sometimes referred to as resins , may be used , including all thermoplastics , some thermosets , and some elastomers . Since 1995 , the total number of available materials for injection moulding has increased at a rate of 750 per year ; there were approximately 18 @,@ 000 materials available when that trend began . Available materials include alloys or blends of previously developed materials , so product designers can choose the material with the best set of properties from a vast selection . Major criteria for selection of a material are the strength and function required for the final part , as well as the cost , but also each material has different parameters for moulding that must be taken into account . Common polymers like epoxy and phenolic are examples of thermosetting plastics while nylon , polyethylene , and polystyrene are thermoplastic . Until comparatively recently , plastic springs were not possible , but advances in polymer properties make them now quite practical . Applications include buckles for anchoring and disconnecting outdoor @-@ equipment webbing .
= = Equipment = =
Injection moulding machines consist of a material hopper , an injection ram or screw @-@ type plunger , and a heating unit . Also known as presses , they hold the moulds in which the components are shaped . Presses are rated by tonnage , which expresses the amount of clamping force that the machine can exert . This force keeps the mould closed during the injection process . Tonnage can vary from less than 5 tons to over 9 @,@ 000 tons , with the higher figures used in comparatively few manufacturing operations . The total clamp force needed is determined by the projected area of the part being moulded . This projected area is multiplied by a clamp force of from 1 @.@ 8 to 7 @.@ 2 tons for each square centimeter of the projected areas . As a rule of thumb , 4 or 5 tons / in2 can be used for most products . If the plastic material is very stiff , it will require more injection pressure to fill the mould , and thus more clamp tonnage to hold the mould closed . The required force can also be determined by the material used and the size of the part ; larger parts require higher clamping force .
= = = Mould = = =
Mould or die are the common terms used to describe the tool used to produce plastic parts in moulding .
Since moulds have been expensive to manufacture , they were usually only used in mass production where thousands of parts were being produced . Typical moulds are constructed from hardened steel , pre @-@ hardened steel , aluminum , and / or beryllium @-@ copper alloy . The choice of material to build a mould from is primarily one of economics ; in general , steel moulds cost more to construct , but their longer lifespan will offset the higher initial cost over a higher number of parts made before wearing out . Pre @-@ hardened steel moulds are less wear @-@ resistant and are used for lower volume requirements or larger components ; their typical steel hardness is 38 – 45 on the Rockwell @-@ C scale . Hardened steel moulds are heat treated after machining ; these are by far superior in terms of wear resistance and lifespan . Typical hardness ranges between 50 and 60 Rockwell @-@ C ( HRC ) . Aluminum moulds can cost substantially less , and when designed and machined with modern computerized equipment can be economical for moulding tens or even hundreds of thousands of parts . Beryllium copper is used in areas of the mould that require fast heat removal or areas that see the most shear heat generated . The moulds can be manufactured either by CNC machining or by using electrical discharge machining processes .
Injection moulding die with side pulls
= = = = Mould design = = = =
The mould consists of two primary components , the injection mould ( A plate ) and the ejector mould ( B plate ) . These components are also referred to as moulder and mouldmaker . Plastic resin enters the mould through a sprue or gate in the injection mould ; the sprue bushing is to seal tightly against the nozzle of the injection barrel of the moulding machine and to allow molten plastic to flow from the barrel into the mould , also known as the cavity . The sprue bushing directs the molten plastic to the cavity images through channels that are machined into the faces of the A and B plates . These channels allow plastic to run along them , so they are referred to as runners . The molten plastic flows through the runner and enters one or more specialized gates and into the cavity geometry to form the desired part .
The amount of resin required to fill the sprue , runner and cavities of a mould comprises a " shot " . Trapped air in the mould can escape through air vents that are ground into the parting line of the mould , or around ejector pins and slides that are slightly smaller than the holes retaining them . If the trapped air is not allowed to escape , it is compressed by the pressure of the incoming material and squeezed into the corners of the cavity , where it prevents filling and can also cause other defects . The air can even become so compressed that it ignites and burns the surrounding plastic material .
To allow for removal of the moulded part from the mould , the mould features must not overhang one another in the direction that the mould opens , unless parts of the mould are designed to move from between such overhangs when the mould opens ( using components called Lifters ) .
Sides of the part that appear parallel with the direction of draw ( the axis of the cored position ( hole ) or insert is parallel to the up and down movement of the mould as it opens and closes ) are typically angled slightly , called draft , to ease release of the part from the mould . Insufficient draft can cause deformation or damage . The draft required for mould release is primarily dependent on the depth of the cavity : the deeper the cavity , the more draft necessary . Shrinkage must also be taken into account when determining the draft required . If the skin is too thin , then the moulded part will tend to shrink onto the cores that form while cooling and cling to those cores , or the part may warp , twist , blister or crack when the cavity is pulled away .
A mould is usually designed so that the moulded part reliably remains on the ejector ( B ) side of the mould when it opens , and draws the runner and the sprue out of the ( A ) side along with the parts . The part then falls freely when ejected from the ( B ) side . Tunnel gates , also known as submarine or mould gates , are located below the parting line or mould surface . An opening is machined into the surface of the mould on the parting line . The moulded part is cut ( by the mould ) from the runner system on ejection from the mould . Ejector pins , also known as knockout pins , are circular pins placed in either half of the mould ( usually the ejector half ) , which push the finished moulded product , or runner system out of a mould.The ejection of the article using pins , sleeves , strippers , etc. may cause undesirable impressions
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or distortion , so care must be taken when designing the mould .
The standard method of cooling is passing a coolant ( usually water ) through a series of holes drilled through the mould plates and connected by hoses to form a continuous pathway . The coolant absorbs heat from the mould ( which has absorbed heat from the hot plastic ) and keeps the mould at a proper temperature to solidify the plastic at the most efficient rate .
To ease maintenance and venting , cavities and cores are divided into pieces , called inserts , and sub @-@ assemblies , also called inserts , blocks , or chase blocks . By substituting interchangeable inserts , one mould may make several variations of the same part .
More complex parts are formed using more complex moulds . These may have sections called slides , that move into a cavity perpendicular to the draw direction , to form overhanging part features . When the mould is opened , the slides are pulled away from the plastic part by using stationary “ angle pins ” on the stationary mould half . These pins enter a slot in the slides and cause the slides to move backward when the moving half of the mould opens . The part is then ejected and the mould closes . The closing action of the mould causes the slides to move forward along the angle pins .
Some moulds allow previously moulded parts to be reinserted to allow a new plastic layer to form around the first part . This is often referred to as overmoulding . This system can allow for production of one @-@ piece tires and wheels .
Two @-@ shot or multi @-@ shot moulds are designed to " overmould " within a single moulding cycle and must be processed on specialized injection moulding machines with two or more injection units . This process is actually an injection moulding process performed twice and therefore has a much smaller margin of error . In the first step , the base color material is moulded into a basic shape , which contains spaces for the second shot . Then the second material , a different color , is injection @-@ moulded into those spaces . Pushbuttons and keys , for instance , made by this process have markings that cannot wear off , and remain legible with heavy use .
A mould can produce several copies of the same parts in a single " shot " . The number of " impressions " in the mould of that part is often incorrectly referred to as cavitation . A tool with one impression will often be called a single impression ( cavity ) mould . A mould with 2 or more cavities of the same parts will likely be referred to as multiple impression ( cavity ) mould . Some extremely high production volume moulds ( like those for bottle caps ) can have over 128 cavities .
In some cases multiple cavity tooling will mould a series of different parts in the same tool . Some toolmakers call these moulds family moulds as all the parts are related . Examples include plastic model kits .
= = = = Mould storage = = = =
Manufacturers go to great lengths to protect custom moulds due to their high average costs . The perfect temperature and humidity level is maintained to ensure the longest possible lifespan for each custom mould . Custom moulds , such as those used for rubber injection moulding , are stored in temperature and humidity controlled environments to prevent warping .
= = = Tool materials = = =
Tool steel is often used . Mild steel , aluminum , nickel or epoxy are suitable only for prototype or very short production runs . Modern hard aluminum ( 7075 and 2024 alloys ) with proper mould design , can easily make moulds capable of 100 @,@ 000 or more part life with proper mould maintenance .
= = = Machining = = =
Moulds are built through two main methods : standard machining and EDM . Standard machining , in its conventional form , has historically been the method of building injection moulds . With technological development , CNC machining became the predominant means of making more complex moulds with more accurate mould details in less time than traditional methods .
The electrical discharge machining ( EDM ) or spark erosion process has become widely used in mould making . As well as allowing the formation of shapes that are difficult to machine , the process allows pre @-@ hardened moulds to be shaped so that no heat treatment is required . Changes to a hardened mould by conventional drilling and milling normally require annealing to soften the mould , followed by heat treatment to harden it again . EDM is a simple process in which a shaped electrode , usually made of copper or graphite , is very slowly lowered onto the mould surface ( over a period of many hours ) , which is immersed in paraffin oil ( kerosene ) . A voltage applied between tool and mould causes spark erosion of the mould surface in the inverse shape of the electrode .
= = = Cost = = =
The number of cavities incorporated into a mould will directly correlate in moulding costs . Fewer cavities require far less tooling work , so limiting the number of cavities in @-@ turn will result in lower initial manufacturing costs to build an injection mould .
As the number of cavities play a vital role in moulding costs , so does the complexity of the part 's design . Complexity can be incorporated into many factors such as surface finishing , tolerance requirements , internal or external threads , fine detailing or the number of undercuts that may be incorporated .
Further details , such as undercuts or any feature causing additional tooling , will increase the mould cost . Surface finish of the core and cavity of molds will further influence the cost .
Rubber injection moulding process produces a high yield of durable products , making it the most efficient and cost @-@ effective method of moulding . Consistent vulcanization processes involving precise temperature control significantly reduces all waste material .
= = Injection process = =
With injection moulding , granular plastic is fed by a forced ram from a hopper into a heated barrel . As the granules are slowly moved forward by a screw @-@ type plunger , the plastic is forced into a heated chamber , where it is melted . As the plunger advances , the melted plastic is forced through a nozzle that rests against the mould , allowing it to enter the mould cavity through a gate and runner system . The mould remains cold so the plastic solidifies almost as soon as the mould is filled .
= = = Injection moulding cycle = = =
The sequence of events during the injection mould of a plastic part is called the injection moulding cycle . The cycle begins when the mould closes , followed by the injection of the polymer into the mould cavity . Once the cavity is filled , a holding pressure is maintained to compensate for material shrinkage . In the next step , the screw turns , feeding the next shot to the front screw . This causes the screw to retract as the next shot is prepared . Once the part is sufficiently cool , the mould opens and the part is ejected .
= = = Scientific versus traditional moulding = = =
Traditionally , the injection portion of the molding process was done at one constant pressure to fill and pack the cavity . This method , however , allowed for a large variation in dimensions from cycle @-@ to @-@ cycle . More commonly used now is scientific or decoupled moulding , a method pioneered by RJG Inc . In this the injection of the plastic is " decoupled " into stages to allow better control of part dimensions and more cycle @-@ to @-@ cycle ( commonly called shot @-@ to @-@ shot in the industry ) consistency . First the cavity is filled to approximately 98 % full using velocity ( speed ) control . Although the pressure should be sufficient to allow for the desired speed , pressure limitations during this stage are undesirable . Once the cavity is 98 % full , the machine switches from velocity control to pressure control , where the cavity is " packed out " at a constant pressure , where sufficient velocity to reach desired pressures is required . This allows part dimensions to be controlled to within thousandths of an inch or better .
= = = Different types of injection moulding processes = = =
Although most injection moulding processes are covered by the conventional process description above , there are several important moulding variations including , but not limited to :
Die casting
Metal injection moulding
Thin @-@ wall injection moulding
Injection moulding of liquid silicone rubber
A more comprehensive list of injection moulding processes may be found here : [ 1 ]
= = Process troubleshooting = =
Like all industrial processes , injection moulding can produce flawed parts . In the field of injection moulding , troubleshooting is often performed by examining defective parts for specific defects and addressing these defects with the design of the mould or the characteristics of the process itself . Trials are often performed before full production runs in an effort to predict defects and determine the appropriate specifications to use in the injection process .
When filling a new or unfamiliar mould for the first time , where shot size for that mould is unknown , a technician / tool setter may perform a trial run before a full production run . He starts with a small shot weight and fills gradually until the mould is 95 to 99 % full . Once this is achieved , a small amount of holding pressure will be applied and holding time increased until gate freeze off ( solidification time ) has occurred . Gate freeze off time can be determined by increasing the hold time , and then weighing the part . When the weight of the part does not change , it is then known that the gate has frozen and no more material is injected into the part . Gate solidification time is important , as it determines cycle time and the quality and consistency of the product , which itself is an important issue in the economics of the production process . Holding pressure is increased until the parts are free of sinks and part weight has been achieved .
= = = Moulding defects = = =
Injection moulding is a complex technology with possible production problems . They can be caused either by defects in the moulds , or more often by the moulding process itself .
Methods such as industrial CT scanning can help with finding these defects externally as well as internally .
= = = Tolerances = = =
Moulding tolerance is a specified allowance on the deviation in parameters such as dimensions , weights , shapes , or angles , etc . To maximize control in setting tolerances there is usually a minimum and maximum limit on thickness , based on the process used . Injection moulding typically is capable of tolerances equivalent to an IT Grade of about 9 – 14 . The possible tolerance of a thermoplastic or a thermoset is ± 0 @.@ 200 to ± 0 @.@ 500 millimeters . In specialised applications tolerances as low as ± 5 µm on both diameters and linear features are achieved in mass production . Surface finishes of 0 @.@ 0500 to 0 @.@ 1000 µm or better can be obtained . Rough or pebbled surfaces are also possible .
= = Power requirements = =
The power required for this process of injection moulding depends on many things and varies between materials used . Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide states that the power requirements depend on " a material 's specific gravity , melting point , thermal conductivity , part size , and molding rate . " Below is a table from page 243 of the same reference as previously mentioned that best illustrates the characteristics relevant to the power required for the most commonly used materials .
= = Robotic moulding = =
Automation means that the smaller size of parts permits a mobile inspection system to examine multiple parts more quickly . In addition to mounting inspection systems on automatic devices , multiple @-@ axis robots can remove parts from the mould and position them for further processes .
Specific instances include removing of parts from the mould immediately after the parts are created , as well as applying machine vision systems . A robot grips the part after the ejector pins have been extended to free the part from the mould . It then moves them into either a holding location or directly onto an inspection system . The choice depends upon the type of product , as well as the general layout of the manufacturing equipment . Vision systems mounted on robots have greatly enhanced quality control for insert moulded parts . A mobile robot can more precisely determine the placement accuracy of the metal component , and inspect faster than a human can .
= = Gallery = =
= John Mylne ( 1611 – 1667 ) =
John Mylne ( 1611 – 24 December 1667 ) , sometimes known as " John Mylne junior " , or " the Younger " , was a Scottish master mason and architect , who served as Master Mason to the Crown of Scotland . Born in Perth , he was the son of John Mylne , also a master mason , and Isobel Wilson .
Practising as a stonemason , he also took on the role of architect , designing as well as building his projects . He was one of the last masters of Scottish Renaissance architecture , before new styles were imported by his successors . Alongside his professional career , he also served as a soldier and politician . He married three times but had no surviving children .
= = Career = =
Mylne learned his trade from his father , assisting him with projects including the sundial at Holyrood Palace . In 1633 Mylne was made a burgess of the royal burgh of Edinburgh , and was admitted to the Edinburgh lodge of masons , both due to his father 's position . He was first appointed to the town council in 1636 and , in the same year , was appointed master mason to the Crown , succeeding his father .
His building projects were concentrated in Edinburgh , where , from 1637 , he served as principal master mason to the city . For ten years he was involved in the construction of the Tron Kirk on the High Street , which opened in 1647 . The Tron was built to house the congregation of St Giles ' , which had been raised to cathedral status , and was laid out in the new T @-@ plan form with the pulpit in the centre , to suit reformed worship . The design was informed by contemporary Dutch architecture and , in particular , by the work of Hendrick de Keyser whose Architectura Moderna showcased his church designs in the Netherlands . Mylne worked on the building with master wright John Scott who was responsible for the timber work . The building was executed in a Dutch influenced style with both gothic and classical details . The church was not fully complete before Mylne 's death and was subsequently remodelled in the 18th century . A new spire was added in the 19th century following a fire , but Mylne 's work can be seen in the body of the kirk . The carved tympanum was executed by Mylne 's brother Alexander .
From 1637 to 1649 he was also engaged on the design of Cowane 's Hospital in Stirling , which was executed by Stirling mason James Rynd . Mylne also carved the statue of its founder for the facade . In 1642 , Mylne surveyed the crumbling remains of Jedburgh Abbey , for which services he was made a burgess of Jedburgh . He built the choir , steeple , and north aisle of Airth Old Church , commencing 15 July 1647 .
From 1643 to 1659 , he served as master mason for the construction of Heriot 's Hospital ( now a school ) , succeeding William Aytoun . The building had been started in 1628 by William Wallace , and would not be finally completed until 1700 ; Mylne rebuilt one or two of the towers in 1648 . Also in 1648 , Mylne was engaged to repair the crown steeple of St. Giles ' .
Projects in the 1650s included the building of fortifications in Leith , and the addition of artillery emplacements to Edinburgh 's town wall . He undertook a division of Greyfriars Kirk , to serve two congregations , and constructed a professor 's house for Edinburgh University , which was demolished in the 18th century .
Following the Restoration of Charles II , Mylne was reconfirmed in his post of Royal Master Mason , and was commissioned in 1663 to survey the upper floors of Holyrood Palace . The resulting plans are the earliest surviving architectural drawings from Scotland , and are held in the Bodleian Library in Oxford . His design for the completion of the palace went unexecuted , with the work eventually being carried out by Sir William Bruce in the 1670s .
In 1666 John Mylne designed and was engaged to build Panmure House , near Forfar , for the 2nd Earl of Panmure . After his death , the work was continued by Alexander Nisbet , possibly with the assistance of William Bruce . This house , demolished in 1950 , resembled Heriot 's Hospital and other Scottish 17th @-@ century buildings , rather than looking forward to the new classical styles which would be introduced by Bruce . During the Second Anglo @-@ Dutch War of 1665 – 1667 , Mylne designed and built fortifications at Lerwick , which were later reconstructed as Fort Charlotte . He provided a design for Linlithgow 's tolbooth in 1667 , but following his death another mason was sought , and a different design built . Another scheme was for Leslie House , carried out after his death by Robert Mylne , again with the advice of Bruce .
Mylne 's architectural works are in the Scottish Renaissance tradition , which combined gothic and classical elements , together with mannerist ornament , often derived from imported pattern books . Colvin describes Mylne as " the leading master of the last phase of Scottish mannerism " . By the 1660s , Mylne 's work was becoming old @-@ fashioned , as the European @-@ inspired Palladian began to be imported by William Bruce .
= = Political and military service = =
In 1640 , Mylne joined the Scottish army which invaded northern England during the Second Bishop 's War . He was promoted in 1646 to Captain of Pioneers , and Master Gunner of Scotland .
As well as serving on Edinburgh 's town council from 1636 to 1664 , Mylne played several other political roles in his life . In 1652 , he served as part of a commission sent to the English Parliament in London , to discuss a possible Treaty of Union . From 1654 to 1659 he represented Edinburgh at the Convention of Royal Burghs , and in 1662 he was elected a burgh commissioner for Edinburgh , attending Charles II 's first Scottish parliament .
= = Death = =
In 1667 Mylne was in discussions with the town of Perth for construction of a new market cross . However , he died at Edinburgh in December . He was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard , Edinburgh , where a monument , erected by his nephew and apprentice Robert Mylne , still stands . Another memorial was erected by the Freemasons at their meeting place , St. Mary 's Chapel , although this former church was demolished in the 18th century . His portrait hangs in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery . Robert Mylne succeeded him as master mason to the crown .
= Hurricane Gracie =
Hurricane Gracie was a major hurricane that formed in September 1959 , the strongest during the 1959 Atlantic hurricane season and the most intense to strike the United States since Hurricane Hazel in 1954 . The system was first noted as an area of thunderstorms east of the Lesser Antilles which moved just north of the Greater Antilles , quickly intensifying into a hurricane on September 22 . Gracie was a storm that was very difficult to forecast , with its movement unpredictable . After five days of erratic motion , Gracie became a major hurricane which struck South Carolina , and weakened as it moved up the Appalachians , bringing much needed rain to a drought @-@ plagued region . Much of the destruction related with Gracie was centered on Beaufort , South Carolina . Gracie became an extratropical cyclone on September 30 while moving through the Eastern United States .
= = Meteorological history = =
An area of squally weather was first noted a few hundred miles east of the Lesser Antilles on September 18 . The convective area organized into a tropical depression near the north coast of Hispaniola on September 20 . After moving west @-@ northwestward for a day , it turned northeastward , where upper level winds were very favorable and steering currents were very weak . On September 22 Gracie was named as a tropical depression before it developed into Tropical Storm Gracie , followed by reaching hurricane strength later that night . It turned to the east on September 25 , and turned back west to west @-@ northwest on September 27 as a stable anticyclone built in to its north .
Gracie quickly strengthened and reached its peak of 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) winds on September 29 , but cooler air and land interaction weakened it to a 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) Category 3 major hurricane at the time of its landfall at 1625 UTC over St. Helena Sound near the south end of Edisto Island in South Carolina . After landfall , Gracie moved inland and north and became extratropical on September 30 .
= = Preparations = =
A hurricane watch was issued for the coast of the United States from Savannah , Georgia to Wilmington , North Carolina at 1600 UTC on September 28 , which were quickly updated to hurricane warnings by 1900 UTC the same day . By 1900 UTC , gale warnings were in effect from Daytona Beach , Florida to Savannah , Georgia as well as from Wilmington to Morehead City , North Carolina . At 1200 UTC on September 29 , gale warnings were dropped south of Brunswick , Georgia . At 2200 UTC , gale warnings were extended northward to Cape May , New Jersey , including Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay . At 0400 UTC on September 30 , all warnings south of Cape Hatteras were dropped , leaving gale warnings in effect from Cape Hatteras northward . At 1000 UTC , small craft were advised to remain in port from Cape May northward to Block Island , Rhode Island . By 1600 UTC , due to Gracie 's continued weakening , all remaining gale warnings were downgraded to small craft warnings .
= = Impact = =
= = = Georgia and South Carolina = = =
Storm surge flooding was minimal due to the storm 's landfall near the time of low tide . However , Charleston still recorded their highest tide since 1940 . Along the coast of southern South Carolina , the storm tide was measured up to 11 @.@ 9 feet ( 3 @.@ 6 m ) above mean lower low water ( the average level of the lowest low tide each day ) . The United States Coast Guard vessel Bramble evacuated people stranded in Savannah and Charleston on September 30 . Gracie killed 10 people in South Carolina and Georgia , mainly due to wind and rain @-@ induced automobile accidents , falling trees and electrocution by live wires . The Garden Club of South
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to be given a role in shaping and building the future of his native state , but that he had been snubbed for three years . He said that public figures in South Australia had told him that his high profile and ability to overshadow others could have caused a loss of face to them , and thus his departure would be seen favourably by them , while Victoria 's offer gave him an opportunity to be constructive . Dunstan was appointed to the Victorian Economic Development Corporation on 12 July 1983 , resigning on 23 June 1986 . Dunstan stayed in the Director of Tourism role until 1986 , when he returned to Adelaide after falling out with the government of John Cain . His retirement from these positions followed the provocative publication of a photograph of him with Monsignor Porcamadonna , member of the gay community Order of Perpetual Indulgence , taken after he had launched a collection of coming out stories by gay historian Gary Wotherspoon .
He was the national president of the Freedom from Hunger Campaign ( 1982 – 87 ) , president of the Movement for Democracy in Fiji ( from 1987 ) , and national chairman of Community Aid Abroad ( 1992 – 93 ) . Dunstan was an adjunct professor at the University of Adelaide from 1997 to 1999 and portrayed himself in the 1989 Australian independent film Against the Innocent .
In his retirement , Dunstan continued to be a passionate critic of economic rationalism ( neoliberalism ) and privatisation , particularly of South Australia 's water , gas and electricity supplies . During the 1990s he wrote essays for the Adelaide Review magazine strongly criticising both the Federal Labor Governments of Bob Hawke and Paul Keating , the Federal Liberal Government of John Howard and the State Liberal Governments of Dean Brown and John Olsen . He remained an advocate for multiculturalism and cultural diversity , often writing about the dangers of racism . A year before his death , the ailing Dunstan decried Labor 's economic rationalism in front of 5 @,@ 000 at the Gough Whitlam Lecture . In his last interview , he decried economic rationalism as the " nonsense of the Chicago school with which we 've been beset " . Regardless of the acclaim in which he was held during his decade in power , Dunstan was largely overlooked for honours after leaving office and largely ignored by the state 's elite . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia in June 1979 , but no national parks , gardens , buildings or performance venues were named after him .
In 1986 he met his future partner , Stephen Cheng , with whom he opened a restaurant called " Don 's Table " in 1994 . He lived with Cheng in their Norwood home for the rest of his life . Dunstan was afflicted by illness in his final years . He was diagnosed with throat cancer in 1993 before contracting an inoperable lung cancer , which led to his death on 6 February 1999 . A public memorial service was held on 9 February at the Adelaide Festival Centre as a tribute to Dunstan 's love of the arts . In attendance were former Labor Prime Ministers Gough Whitlam and Bob Hawke , Federal Opposition Leader Kim Beazley , Premier John Olsen , and State Opposition Leader Mike Rann . Thousands more gathered outside the centre in Elder Park along the banks of the River Torrens . State flags were flown at half @-@ mast and the memorial service was televised live .
= = Legacy = =
The Don Dunstan Foundation was established at the University of Adelaide shortly before his death to push for progressive change and to honour Dunstan 's memory . Dunstan had spent his last months helping to lay the platform for its establishment . At the inauguration of the body , Dunstan had said " What we need is a concentration on the kind of agenda which I followed and I hope that my death will be useful in this " . The foundation 's primary work is the giving of scholarships ; an additional aim is to promote causes championed by Dunstan such as human rights , social equality , multiculturalism and aboriginal rights .
Since its commencement in 2003 , the Adelaide Film Festival has presented The Don Dunstan Award in recognition of outstanding contribution by an individual to the Australian film industry . Deemed by the Adelaide Film Festival 's Board to have " enriched Australian screen culture through their work " , its recipients include David Gulpilil , Rolf de Heer , Scott Hicks and others . After receiving the award in 2013 , Hicks acknowledged Dunstan 's vision for the creation of a film industry in South Australia as being instrumental to his professional development .
A theatre in the Festival Centre was renamed the Dunstan Playhouse .
The Electoral Commission of South Australia 's 2012 redistribution included renaming the seat of Norwood to Dunstan which came into existence as of the 2014 election . In 2014 a biography Don Dunstan Intimacy & Liberty by Dino Hodge , written with the co @-@ operation of Dunstan 's family and former lovers , was published .
In 1988 Dunstan donated a collection of files pertaining to his political , professional and personal life , photographs , press clippings , speeches and press releases , audiovisual material , books from his library , some items of clothing and other memorabilia to Flinders University Library , where it can be viewed and accessed for research purposes ( see External links ) .
= Oligonucleotide synthesis =
Oligonucleotide synthesis is the chemical synthesis of relatively short fragments of nucleic acids with defined chemical structure ( sequence ) . The technique is extremely useful in current laboratory practice because it provides a rapid and inexpensive access to custom @-@ made oligonucleotides of the desired sequence . Whereas enzymes synthesize DNA and RNA only in a 5 ' to 3 ' direction , chemical oligonucleotide synthesis does not have this limitation , although it is , most often , carried out in the opposite , 3 ' to 5 ' direction . Currently , the process is implemented as solid @-@ phase synthesis using phosphoramidite method and phosphoramidite building blocks derived from protected 2 ' -deoxynucleosides ( dA , dC , dG , and T ) , ribonucleosides ( A , C , G , and U ) , or chemically modified nucleosides , e.g. LNA , BNA .
To obtain the desired oligonucleotide , the building blocks are sequentially coupled to the growing oligonucleotide chain in the order required by the sequence of the product ( see Synthetic cycle below ) . The process has been fully automated since the late 1970s . Upon the completion of the chain assembly , the product is released from the solid phase to solution , deprotected , and collected . The occurrence of side reactions sets practical limits for the length of synthetic oligonucleotides ( up to about 200 nucleotide residues ) because the number of errors accumulates with the length of the oligonucleotide being synthesized . Products are often isolated by high @-@ performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) to obtain the desired oligonucleotides in high purity . Typically , synthetic oligonucleotides are single @-@ stranded DNA or RNA molecules around 15 – 25 bases in length .
Oligonucleotides find a variety of applications in molecular biology and medicine . They are most commonly used as antisense oligonucleotides , small interfering RNA , primers for DNA sequencing and amplification , probes for detecting complementary DNA or RNA via molecular hybridization , tools for the targeted introduction of mutations and restriction sites , and for the synthesis of artificial genes .
= = History = =
The evolution of oligonucleotide synthesis saw four major methods of the formation of internucleosidic linkages and has been reviewed in the literature in great detail .
= = = Early work and contemporary H @-@ phosphonate synthesis = = =
In the early 1950s , Alexander Todd ’ s group pioneered H @-@ phosphonate and phosphate triester methods of oligonucleotide synthesis . The reaction of compounds 1 and 2 to form H @-@ phosphonate diester 3 is an H @-@ phosphonate coupling in solution while that of compounds 4 and 5 to give 6 is a phosphotriester coupling ( see phosphotriester synthesis below ) .
Thirty years later , this work inspired , independently , two research groups to adopt the H @-@ phosphonate chemistry to the solid @-@ phase synthesis using nucleoside H @-@ phosphonate monoesters 7 as building blocks and pivaloyl chloride , 2 @,@ 4 @,@ 6 @-@ triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride ( TPS @-@ Cl ) , and other compounds as activators . The practical implementation of H @-@ phosphonate method resulted in a very short and simple synthetic cycle consisting of only two steps , detritylation and coupling ( Scheme 2 ) . Oxidation of internucleosidic H @-@ phosphonate diester linkages in 8 to phosphodiester linkages in 9 with a solution of iodine in aqueous pyridine is carried out at the end of the chain assembly rather than as a step in the synthetic cycle . If desired , the oxidation may be carried out under anhydrous conditions . Alternatively , 8 can be converted to phosphorothioate 10 or phosphoroselenoate 11 ( X = Se ) , or oxidized by CCl4 in the presence of primary or secondary amines to phosphoramidate analogs 12 . The method is very convenient in that various types of phosphate modifications ( phosphate / phosphorothioate / phosphoramidate ) may be introduced to the same oligonucleotide for modulation of its properties .
Most often , H @-@ phosphonate building blocks are protected at the 5 ' -hydroxy group and at the amino group of nucleic bases A , C , and G in the same manner as phosphoramidite building blocks ( see below ) . However , protection at the amino group is not mandatory .
= = = Phosphodiester synthesis = = =
In the 1950s , Har Gobind Khorana and co @-@ workers developed a phosphodiester method where 3 ’ -O @-@ acetylnucleoside @-@ 5 ’ -O @-@ phosphate 2 ( Scheme 3 ) was activated with N , N ' -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( DCC ) or 4 @-@ toluenesulfonyl chloride ( Ts @-@ Cl ) . The activated species were reacted with a 5 ’ -O @-@ protected nucleoside 1 to give a protected dinucleoside monophosphate 3 . Upon the removal of 3 ’ -O @-@ acetyl group using base @-@ catalyzed hydrolysis , further chain elongation was carried out . Following this methodology , sets of tri- and tetradeoxyribonucleotides were synthesized and were enzymatically converted to longer oligonucleotides , which allowed elucidation of the genetic code . The major limitation of the phosphodiester method consisted in the formation of pyrophosphate oligomers and oligonucleotides branched at the internucleosidic phosphate . The method seems to be a step back from the more selective chemistry described earlier ; however , at that time , most phosphate @-@ protecting groups available now had not yet been introduced . The lack of the convenient protection strategy necessitated taking a retreat to a slower and less selective chemistry to achieve the ultimate goal of the study .
= = = Phosphotriester synthesis = = =
In the 1960s , groups led by R. Letsinger and C. Reese developed a phosphotriester approach . The defining difference from the phosphodiester approach was the protection of the phosphate moiety in the building block 1 ( Scheme 4 ) and in the product 3 with 2 @-@ cyanoethyl group . This precluded the formation of oligonucleotides branched at the internucleosidic phosphate . The higher selectivity of the method allowed the use of more efficient coupling agents and catalysts , which dramatically reduced the length of the synthesis . The method , initially developed for the solution @-@ phase synthesis , was also implemented on low @-@ cross @-@ linked " popcorn " polystyrene , and later on controlled pore glass ( CPG , see " Solid support material " below ) , which initiated a massive research effort in solid @-@ phase synthesis of oligonucleotides and eventually led to the automation of the oligonucleotide chain assembly .
= = = Phosphite triester synthesis = = =
In the 1970s , substantially more reactive P ( III ) derivatives of nucleosides , 3 ' -O @-@ chlorophosphites , were successfully used for the formation of internucleosidic linkages . This led to the discovery of the phosphite triester methodology . The group led by M. Caruthers took the advantage of less aggressive and more selective 1H @-@ tetrazolidophosphites and implemented the method on solid phase . Very shortly after , the workers from the same group further improved the method by using more stable nucleoside phosphoramidites as building blocks . The use of 2 @-@ cyanoethyl phosphite @-@ protecting group in place of a less user @-@ friendly methyl group led to the nucleoside phosphoramidites currently used in oligonucleotide synthesis ( see Phosphoramidite building blocks below ) . Many later improvements to the manufacturing of building blocks , oligonucleotide synthesizers , and synthetic protocols made the phosphoramidite chemistry a very reliable and expedient method of choice for the preparation of synthetic oligonucleotides .
= = Synthesis by the phosphoramidite method = =
= = = Building blocks = = =
= = = = Nucleoside phosphoramidites = = = =
As mentioned above , the naturally occurring nucleotides ( nucleoside @-@ 3 ' - or 5 ' -phosphates ) and their phosphodiester analogs are insufficiently reactive to afford an expedite synthetic preparation of oligonucleotides in high yields . The selectivity and the rate of the formation of internucleosidic linkages is dramatically improved by using 3 ' -O- ( N , N @-@ diisopropyl phosphoramidite ) derivatives of nucleosides ( nucleoside phosphoramidites ) that serve as building blocks in phosphite triester methodology . To prevent undesired side reactions , all other functional groups present in nucleosides have to be rendered unreactive ( protected ) by attaching protecting groups . Upon the completion of the oligonucleotide chain assembly , all the protecting groups are removed to yield the desired oligonucleotides . Below , the protecting groups currently used in commercially available and most common nucleoside phosphoramidite building blocks are briefly reviewed :
The 5 ' -hydroxyl group is protected by an acid @-@ labile DMT ( 4 @,@ 4 ' -dimethoxytrityl ) group .
Thymine and uracil , nucleic bases of thymidine and uridine , respectively , do not have exocyclic amino groups and hence do not require any protection .
Although the nucleic base of guanosine and 2 ' -deoxyguanosine does have an exocyclic amino group , its basicity is low to an extent that it does not react with phosphoramidites under the conditions of the coupling reaction . However , a phosphoramidite derived from the N2 @-@ unprotected 5 ' -O @-@ DMT @-@ 2 ' -deoxyguanosine is poorly soluble in acetonitrile , the solvent commonly used in oligonucleotide synthesis . In contrast , the N2 @-@ protected versions of the same compound dissolve in acetonitrile well and hence are widely used . Nucleic bases adenine and cytosine bear the exocyclic amino groups reactive with the activated phosphoramidites under the conditions of the coupling reaction . By the use of additional steps in the synthetic cycle or alternative coupling agents and solvent systems , the oligonucleotide chain assembly may be carried out using dA and dC phosphoramidites with unprotected amino groups . However , these approaches currently remain in the research stage . In routine oligonucleotide synthesis , exocyclic amino groups in nucleosides are kept permanently protected over the entire length of the oligonucleotide chain assembly .
The protection of the exocyclic amino groups has to be orthogonal to that of the 5 ' -hydroxy group because the latter is removed at the end of each synthetic cycle . The simplest to implement , and hence the most widely used , strategy is including a base @-@ labile protection group on the exocyclic amino groups . Most often , two protection schemes are used .
In the first , the standard and more robust scheme ( Figure ) , Bz ( benzoyl ) protection is used for A , dA , C , and dC , while G and dG are protected with isobutyryl group . More recently , Ac ( acetyl ) group is used to protect C and dC as shown in Figure .
In the second , mild protection scheme , A and dA are protected with isobutyryl or phenoxyacetyl groups ( PAC ) . C and dC bear acetyl protection , and G and dG are protected with 4 @-@ isopropylphenoxyacetyl ( iPr @-@ PAC ) or dimethylformamidino ( dmf ) groups . Mild protecting groups are removed more readily than the standard protecting groups . However , the phosphoramidites bearing these groups are less stable when stored in solution .
The phosphite group is protected by a base @-@ labile 2 @-@ cyanoethyl group . Once a phosphoramidite has been coupled to the solid support @-@ bound oligonucleotide and the phosphite moieties have been converted to the P ( V ) species , the presence of the phosphate protection is not mandatory for the successful conducting of further coupling reactions .
In RNA synthesis , the 2 ' -hydroxy group is protected with TBDMS ( t @-@ butyldimethylsilyl ) group. or with TOM ( tri @-@ iso @-@ propylsilyloxymethyl ) group , both being removable by treatment with fluoride ion .
The phosphite moiety also bears a diisopropylamino ( iPr2N ) group reactive under acidic conditions . Upon activation , the diisopropylamino group leaves to be substituted by the 5 ' -hydroxy group of the support @-@ bound oligonucleotide ( see " Step 2 : Coupling " below ) .
= = = = Non @-@ nucleoside phosphoramidites = = = =
Non @-@ nucleoside phosphoramidites are the phosphoramidite reagents designed to introduce various functionalities at the termini of synthetic oligonucleotides or between nucleotide residues in the middle of the sequence . In order to be introduced inside the sequence , a non @-@ nucleosidic modifier has to possess at least two hydroxy groups , one of which is often protected with the DMT group while the other bears the reactive phosphoramidite moiety .
Non @-@ nucleosidic phosphoramidites are used to introduce desired groups that are not available in natural nucleosides or that can be introduced more readily using simpler chemical designs . A very short selection of commercial phosphoramidite reagents is shown in Scheme for the demonstration of the available structural and functional diversity . These reagents serve for the attachment of 5 ' -terminal phosphate ( 1 ) , NH2 ( 2 ) , SH ( 3 ) , aldehydo ( 4 ) , and carboxylic groups ( 5 ) , CC triple bonds ( 6 ) , non @-@ radioactive labels and quenchers ( exemplified by 6 @-@ FAM amidite 7 for the attachment of fluorescein and dabcyl amidite 8 , respectively ) , hydrophilic and hydrophobic modifiers ( exemplified by hexaethyleneglycol amidite 9 and cholesterol amidite 10 , respectively ) , and biotin amidite 11 .
= = = Synthetic cycle = = =
Oligonucleotide synthesis is carried out by a stepwise addition of nucleotide residues to the 5 ' -terminus of the growing chain until the desired sequence is assembled . Each addition is referred to as a synthetic cycle ( Scheme 5 ) and consists of four chemical reactions :
= = = = Step 1 : De @-@ blocking ( detritylation ) = = = =
The DMT group is removed with a solution of an acid , such as 2 % trichloroacetic acid ( TCA ) or 3 % dichloroacetic acid ( DCA ) , in an inert solvent ( dichloromethane or toluene ) . The orange @-@ colored DMT cation formed is washed out ; the step results in the solid support @-@ bound oligonucleotide precursor bearing a free 5 ' -terminal hydroxyl group . It is worth remembering that conducting detritylation for an extended time or with stronger than recommended solutions of acids leads to depurination of solid support @-@ bound oligonucleotide and thus reduces the yield of the desired full @-@ length product .
= = = = Step 2 : Coupling = = = =
A 0 @.@ 02 – 0 @.@ 2 M solution of nucleoside phosphoramidite ( or a mixture of several phosphoramidites ) in acetonitrile is activated by a 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 7 M solution of an acidic azole catalyst , 1H @-@ tetrazole , 5 @-@ ethylthio @-@ 1H @-@ tetrazole , 2 @-@ benzylthiotetrazole , 4 @,@ 5 @-@ dicyanoimidazole , or a number of similar compounds . A more extensive information on the use of various coupling agents in oligonucleotide synthesis can be found in a recent review . The mixing is usually very brief and occurs in fluid lines of oligonucleotide synthesizers ( see below ) while the components are being delivered to the reactors containing solid support . The activated phosphoramidite in 1 @.@ 5 – 20 @-@ fold excess over the support @-@ bound material is then brought in contact with the starting solid support ( first coupling ) or a support @-@ bound oligonucleotide precursor ( following couplings ) whose 5 ' -hydroxy group reacts with the activated phosphoramidite moiety of the incoming nucleoside phosphoramidite to form a phosphite triester linkage . The coupling of 2 ' -deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites is very rapid and requires , on small scale , about 20 s for its completion . In contrast , sterically hindered 2 ' -O @-@ protected ribonucleoside phosphoramidites require 5 @-@ 15 min to be coupled in high yields . The reaction is also highly sensitive to the presence of water , particularly when dilute solutions of phosphoramidites are used , and is commonly carried out in anhydrous acetonitrile . Generally , the larger the scale of the synthesis , the lower the excess and the higher the concentration of the phosphoramidites is used . In contrast , the concentration of the activator is primarily determined by its solubility in acetonitrile and is irrespective of the scale of the synthesis . Upon the completion of the coupling , any unbound reagents and by @-@ products are removed by washing .
= = = = Step 3 : Capping = = = =
The capping step is performed by treating the solid support @-@ bound material with a mixture of acetic anhydride and 1 @-@ methylimidazole or , less often , DMAP as catalysts and , in the phosphoramidite method , serves two purposes .
After the completion of the coupling reaction , a small percentage of the solid support @-@ bound 5 ' -OH groups ( 0 @.@ 1 to 1 % ) remains unreacted and needs to be permanently blocked from further chain elongation to prevent the formation of oligonucleotides with an internal base deletion commonly referred to as ( n @-@ 1 ) shortmers . The unreacted 5 ' -hydroxy groups are , to a large extent , acetylated by the capping mixture .
It has also been reported that phosphoramidites activated with 1H @-@ tetrazole react , to a small extent , with the O6 position of guanosine . Upon oxidation with I2 / water , this side product , possibly via O6 @-@ N7 migration , undergoes depurination . The apurinic sites thus formed are readily cleaved in the course of the final deprotection of the oligonucleotide under the basic conditions ( see below ) to give two shorter oligonucleotides thus reducing the yield of the full @-@ length product . The O6 modifications are rapidly removed by treatment with the capping reagent as long as the capping step is performed prior to oxidation with I2 / water .
The synthesis of oligonucleotide phosphorothioates ( OPS , see below ) does not involve the oxidation with I2 / water , and , respectively , does not suffer from the side reaction described above . On the other hand , if the capping step is performed prior to sulfurization , the solid support may contain the residual acetic anhydride and N @-@ methylimidazole left after the capping step . The capping mixture interferes with the sulfur transfer reaction , which results in the extensive formation of the phosphate triester internucleosidic linkages in place of the desired PS triesters . Therefore , for the synthesis of OPS , it is advisable to conduct the sulfurization step prior to the capping step .
= = = = Step 4 : Oxidation = = = =
The newly formed tricoordinated phosphite triester linkage is not natural and is of limited stability under the conditions of oligonucleotide synthesis . The treatment of the support @-@ bound material with iodine and water in the presence of a weak base ( pyridine , lutidine , or collidine ) oxidizes the phosphite triester into a tetracoordinated phosphate triester , a protected precursor of the naturally occurring phosphate diester internucleosidic linkage . Oxidation may be carried out under anhydrous conditions using tert @-@ Butyl hydroperoxide or , more efficiently , ( 1S ) - ( + ) - ( 10 @-@ camphorsulfonyl ) -oxaziridine ( CSO ) . The step of oxidation is substituted with a sulfurization step to obtain oligonucleotide phosphorothioates ( see Oligonucleotide phosphorothioates and their synthesis below ) . In the latter case , the sulfurization step is best carried out prior to capping .
= = = Solid supports = = =
In solid @-@ phase synthesis , an oligonucleotide being assembled is covalently bound , via its 3 ' -terminal hydroxy group , to a solid support material and remains attached to it over the entire course of the chain assembly . The solid support is contained in columns whose dimensions depend on the scale of synthesis and may vary between 0 @.@ 05 mL and several liters . The overwhelming majority of oligonucleotides are synthesized on small scale ranging from 40 nmol to 1 μmol . More recently , high @-@ throughput oligonucleotide synthesis where the solid support is contained in the wells of multi @-@ well plates ( most often , 96 or 384 wells per plate ) became a method of choice for parallel synthesis of oligonucleotides on small scale . At the end of the chain assembly , the oligonucleotide is released from the solid support and is eluted from the column or the well .
= = = = Solid support material = = = =
In contrast to organic solid @-@ phase synthesis and peptide synthesis , the synthesis of oligonucleotides proceeds best on non @-@ swellable or low @-@ swellable solid supports . The two most often used solid @-@ phase materials are controlled pore glass ( CPG ) and macroporous polystyrene ( MPPS ) .
CPG is commonly defined by its pore size . In oligonucleotide chemistry , pore sizes of 500 , 1000 , 1500 , 2000 , and 3000 Å are used to allow the preparation of about 50 , 80 , 100 , 150 , and 200 @-@ mer oligonucleotides , respectively . To make native CPG suitable for further processing , the surface of the material is treated with ( 3 @-@ aminopropyl ) triethoxysilane to give aminopropyl CPG . The aminopropyl arm may be further extended to result in long chain aminoalkyl ( LCAA ) CPG . The amino group is then used as an anchoring point for linkers suitable for oligonucleotide synthesis ( see below ) .
MPPS suitable for oligonucleotide synthesis is a low @-@ swellable , highly cross @-@ linked polystyrene obtained by polymerization of divinylbenzene ( min 60 % ) , styrene , and 4 @-@ chloromethylstyrene in the presence of a porogeneous agent . The macroporous chloromethyl MPPS obtained is converted to aminomethyl MPPS .
= = = = Linker chemistry = = = =
To make the solid support material suitable for oligonucleotide synthesis , non @-@ nucleosidic linkers or nucleoside
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v , was so shocked by his description of Sobibor that he permitted Pechersky to go to Moscow and speak to the Commission of Inquiry of the Crimes of Fascist @-@ German Aggressors and their Accomplices . The Commission listened to Pechersky and published the report Uprising in Sobibor based on his testimony . This report was included in the Black Book , one of the first comprehensive compilations about the Holocaust , written by Vasily Grossman and Ilya Ehrenburg .
For fighting the Germans as part of the penal battalions , Pechersky was promoted to the rank of captain and received a medal for bravery . He was eventually discharged after a serious foot injury . In a hospital in Moscow , he was introduced to his future wife , Olga Kotova .
= = After the war = =
After the end of World War II , Pechersky returned to Rostov @-@ on @-@ Don , where he lived before the war , and started working as administrator in an Operetta theater . The mass murder of Jews at the Sobibor death camp became part of the charges against leading Nazis at the Nuremberg Trials . The International Tribunal at Nuremberg wanted to call Pechersky as a witness , but the Soviet government wouldn 't allow him to travel to Germany to testify .
In 1948 , during Stalin 's persecution of Jews , known as the ' Rootless cosmopolitan ' campaign targeting those who allegedly lacked true loyalty and commitment to Stalinism and the Soviet Union , Pechersky was arrested along with his brother . Only after Stalin 's death in 1953 and mounting international pressure for his release , was Pechersky freed from prison . His brother , however , succumbed to a diabetic coma while incarcerated . Alexander Pechersky was permitted to resume working at a small amateur musical theater but in a far more menial position .
The Soviet government prevented Pechersky from testifying at the Eichmann Trial in Israel , only allowing a short deposition in Moscow which was controlled by the KGB . In 1963 , he appeared as a witness during the Soviet trial of 11 former Ukrainian guards at Sobibor ; all of whom were convicted and 10 of whom were executed . According to his daughter in an interview , Pechersky was prevented by the Soviet Union government from testifying in multiple international trials related to Sobibor . The final time Pechersky was refused permission to leave the country and testify was in 1987 for a trial in Poland , and according to his daughter , this refusal " just crippled my father . He almost stopped getting out of bed and instantly aged . "
Alexander Pechersky died on January 19 , 1990 , and was buried at the northern cemetery in Rostov @-@ on @-@ Don , Russia . As of 2009 , Pechersky 's daughter , granddaughter and two great @-@ grandsons live in Rostov @-@ on @-@ Don ( his niece , her son and their descendants live in the United States ) .
= = Remembrance = =
Alexander Pechersky features prominently in a Dutch @-@ Soviet documentary Revolt in Sobibor ( 1989 ) by director Pavel Kogan .
An award @-@ winning documentary about the escape was made by Claude Lanzmann , entitled Sobibor , 14 Octobre 1943 , 16 heures . The revolt was also dramatized in the 1987 British TV movie Escape from Sobibor , in which Rutger Hauer received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Television ) for his portrayal of " Sasha " . Pechersky however did not attend the premiere of the movie ; his widow later stated that the Soviet government denied him permission to travel to the United States .
Only in 2007 , 17 years after his death , was a small memorial plaque placed on the side of the building where he lived in Rostov @-@ on @-@ Don . There is also a memorial wall with his name engraved on it in Boston . A street was named in his honor in Safed , Israel , and a stone memorial erected in Tel Aviv more recently .
In January 2016 , he was posthumously awarded the Russian Order of Courage by decree of Vladimir Putin .
= West Midlands ( Regional ) League =
The West Midlands ( Regional ) League is an English association football competition for semi @-@ professional and amateur teams based in the West Midlands county , Shropshire , Herefordshire , Worcestershire and southern Staffordshire . It has three divisions , the highest of which is the Premier Division , which sits at step 6 of the National League System , or the tenth level of the overall English football league system .
The league was formed in 1889 as the Birmingham & District League to cater for teams in Birmingham and the surrounding area , but soon became established as one of the strongest leagues outside the Football League itself , with teams from as far afield as Bristol and Wales taking part . After the Second World War it absorbed the rival Birmingham Combination to become firmly established as the leading league in the area , but a gradual decline in its status began in the late 1950s and it now operates at a much lower level than in its heyday .
The league currently acts as a feeder to the Midland Football League Premier Division , to which one team is promoted to each season . Approximately fifty teams compete in the league each season , with new members regularly joining from a number of lower , more local leagues .
= = History = =
= = = Early years = = =
In the late 1880s , Birmingham and the surrounding region boasted many of the country 's strongest football teams . Six of the region 's leading clubs joined the first two national leagues set up in England , the Football League and the Football Alliance , but there were still many teams in the area keen to participate in league play . On 31 May 1889 a meeting took place at Birmingham 's Grand Hotel with the view to forming a Birmingham & District League . A total of 17 clubs were invited but only 13 attended , of which 12 were selected to form the new league , to commence play in the 1889 – 90 season . The one club which sent a representative to the meeting but was not invited to take part in the league , for unknown reasons , was Worcester Rovers .
The 12 clubs competing in the league 's inaugural season were Aston Victoria , Great Bridge Unity , Hednesford Town , Ironbridge , Kidderminster Harriers , Kidderminster Olympic , Langley Green Victoria , Oldbury Town , Smethwick Carriage Works , Unity Gas Department , Wellington St George 's , and Willenhall Pickwick . Although Kidderminster Olympic topped the final table , no championship was awarded as a number of fixtures had not been completed . This situation was to be repeated in each of the subsequent two seasons , in both of which Brierley Hill Alliance , who had joined the league for its second season , topped the table but did not win the title . The early years of the league also saw new teams joining and existing ones dropping out almost every season , but once the league 's structure settled down , it came to be regarded as one of the strongest leagues outside the Football League itself , rivalled only by the Southern League and the Midland League .
Despite the league 's name , in the years prior to the First World War it came to include teams from as far afield as Bristol , Wrexham and Crewe , as well as including the reserve teams of local Football League clubs . A number of clubs which had enjoyed success in the Birmingham Combination also joined the league , which was seen as a step up to a better standard of football . The league 's large coverage area began to create problems in the 1930s , however , as many clubs found the long and costly journeys to away matches difficult , and began to drop out in favour of playing in leagues which covered smaller areas . In 1938 , Bangor City , Worcester City , Wellington Town and the reserve teams of Cardiff City and Wrexham all resigned from the league , reducing the numbers so much that instead of the usual format the organising committee decided to run two separate competitions each lasting for half of the 1938 – 39 season , the first named the Keys Cup and the second the League Cup . By the time competitive football was abandoned in 1939 due to the outbreak of the Second World War , the rival Birmingham Combination , which had not chosen to accept teams from such a wide area , had consolidated and come to be regarded as the region 's top league .
= = = Post @-@ war years = = =
Although the league lost further clubs to the Combination , which was quicker to restart after the war , within a few years the League had regained its position of pre @-@ eminence in the region , increasing to almost twice its pre @-@ war size . During the 1952 – 53 season the League 's committee proposed a merger of the two competitions , but the Combination rejected the idea , whereupon the Combination 's six best teams all resigned and joined the League . The Combination 's committee then attempted to re @-@ open the merger talks but , having just bolstered its ranks with six new members , the League was not interested . A year later , all of the Combination 's 14 remaining clubs , with the exception of West Bromwich Albion 's ' A ' ( third ) team , left to join the League , which effectively absorbed its former rival . The 40 member clubs were split into Northern and Southern divisions , which a year later were re @-@ arranged into Divisions One and Two , with promotion and relegation taking place between the two .
At the end of the 1957 – 58 season , Burton Albion and Nuneaton Borough left to join an expanding Southern League , followed a year later by Hinckley Athletic . In an attempt to consolidate the league decided to expel all remaining reserve teams , reducing to a single division of 22 clubs . Four years later it changed its name to the West Midlands ( Regional ) League to more accurately reflect its catchment area , which now included very few teams from Birmingham or its immediate environs . For the 1965 – 66 season the league was able to revert to a two @-@ division structure when it rebranded its existing single division the Premier Division and added a new Division One . By 1976 , a steady flow of teams joining from smaller regional leagues led to Division One being split into Divisions One ( A ) and One ( B ) , revised a year later to Divisions One and Two .
= = = Modern era = = =
The Alliance Premier League was formed in 1979 , pushing the Regional League further down the English football league system . Successful Regional League clubs such as Bilston Town , Hednesford Town and Halesowen Town began applying to , and being accepted into , the Southern League , reducing the Regional League to the status of a feeder league , although their departures continued to be offset by a flow of new members from lower @-@ level leagues . Reflecting the demographics of the West Midlands area , a number of British Asian teams joined the league , including Sikh Hunters , England 's first ever all @-@ Sikh team . At the same time the catchment areas of the Regional League and the Midland Football Combination were increasingly converging , and by the early 1990s the standard of play and geographical coverage of the two competitions were considered to be almost identical . A new competition was formed in 1994 to cater for the best clubs previously split across the two leagues , and thus the Regional League lost ten of its member clubs to the new Midland Football Alliance , further reducing its own status .
The reduction in numbers forced the league to revert to a two @-@ division structure , but within two seasons numbers had grown again to the extent that Division One was split into Divisions One ( North ) and One ( South ) for the 1996 – 97 season , a format retained until 2004 when the two Division Ones were re @-@ organised into Division One and Division Two . Although the league now operates at a level much below that which it occupied in its heyday it continues to survive and holds the distinction , jointly with the Northern League , of being the second oldest football league in existence , behind only the Football League itself .
= = Structure = =
The league currently has no title sponsor . Previously it has been sponsored by Sport Italia , the Wolverhampton @-@ based Express & Star newspaper , and Black Country brewery Banks 's . In the 2014 – 15 season , 55 teams are competing in the league , comprising 22 in the Premier Division , 16 in Division One and 17 in Division Two . Some of the teams in the lower two divisions are reserve teams of clubs playing at a higher level . Each division is contested on a double round @-@ robin basis , with each team playing each of the other teams in the division once at home and once away . Three points are awarded for a win ( increased from two with effect from the 1988 – 89 season ) , one for a draw and zero for a defeat . Goal difference is used to separate teams on the same points , having replaced goal average at the start of the 1978 – 79 season .
Since the 1994 – 95 season the Regional League , along with the Midland Football Combination , has served as one of the two official feeders to the Midland Football Alliance . The highest @-@ placed team which meets the Alliance 's entry requirements is promoted to the Alliance , and one or more teams may be relegated into the Regional League from the Alliance depending on the number of clubs remaining in each league . Prior to the 2006 – 07 season , the league was defined as a step 7 league within the National League System , even though it fed into the Alliance , which is graded as step 5 . In 2006 the Regional League was re @-@ graded by the Football Association as a step 6 league . Teams in the top two divisions are eligible to take part in the FA Cup and FA Vase as long as their grounds meet the required standards .
Since the formation of the Midland Alliance , the Regional League has accepted applications for membership from successful teams in smaller local leagues within its catchment area . Leagues whose clubs have joined the Regional League include the Shropshire County League , the Herefordshire League , the Wolverhampton Combination , and the Kidderminster & District League . Several ambitious local Sunday league teams have also switched to Saturday play and entered the league . Bewdley Town , Bromyard Town and Ellesmere Rangers have all joined from county leagues since 1994 and subsequently gone on to gain promotion to the Premier Division . Regional League teams could also theoretically be relegated to the local leagues but in practice this almost never happens . The only teams in recent history to drop down to a county league have been Leominster Town , Kington Town and Hinton , who dropped down to the Herefordshire League in 2004 , 2006 and 2007 respectively , although all three clubs resigned voluntarily in favour of playing in a more local league as opposed to being relegated due to finishing at the bottom of the table .
= = Attendance = =
At one time the league attracted large crowds for matches , with 3 @,@ 000 spectators watching a match between Coventry City and Shrewsbury Town in 1899 . By the early 1960s , despite the league 's decline in status , Kidderminster Harriers were still able to attract crowds of around 1 @,@ 000 fans for home matches . In the modern era , however , crowds are much smaller . In the 1993 – 94 season Rocester averaged around 100 fans for home games , and several of the team 's away matches drew crowds of less than 40 . Attendance figures are not currently published for league fixtures , however in the FA Vase in the 2005 – 06 season home attendances for Regional League teams averaged around 50 , with only Wellington 's match against Alvechurch of the Midland Alliance drawing over 100 spectators .
= = Current member clubs 2015 – 16 = =
The member clubs of the league for the 2015 – 16 season are as follows :
= = = Premier Division = = =
= = League champions = =
= = = Birmingham & District League = = =
Initially the league consisted of a single division
Between 1915 and 1919 the competition was suspended due to the First World War .
Due to the number of teams having dropped dramatically , the 1938 – 39 season consisted of two separate " half @-@ season " leagues . The Keys Cup was contested until Christmas and the League Cup for the remainder of the season .
The 1939 – 40 season was abandoned due to the outbreak of the Second World War and the league did not resume operations until 1946 .
For the 1954 – 55 season the league was split into two regional sections .
For the 1955 – 56 season the league was re @-@ organised into Division One and Division Two .
The league reverted to a single @-@ division format for the 1960 – 61 season .
= = = West Midlands ( Regional ) League = = =
For the 1965 – 66 season the league reverted to a two @-@ division format , now comprising the Premier Division and Division One .
For the 1976 – 77 season Division One was split into ' A ' and ' B ' sections .
For the 1977 – 78 season Division One ( A ) and Division One ( B ) were re @-@ organised into Division One and Division Two .
For the 1993 – 94 season Division Two was discontinued .
For the 1996 – 97 season Division One was split into two regional sections .
For the 2004 – 05 season Division One ( North ) and Division One ( South ) were re @-@ organised back into Division One and Division Two .
= FernGully : The Last Rainforest =
FernGully : The Last Rainforest is a 1992 Australian @-@ American animated musical fantasy film , directed by Bill Kroyer . It was produced by Peter Faiman and Wayne Young , with the screenplay written by Jim Cox , adapted from a book of the same name written 15 years prior by Diana Young . Alan Silvestri composed the film 's score .
The film features the voices of Jonathan Ward , Samantha Mathis , Tim Curry , Christian Slater and Robin Williams . FernGully is set in a fictitious Australian rainforest inhabited by fairies including Crysta , who accidentally shrinks a young logger named Zak to the size of a fairy . Together they rally the fairies and the animals of the rainforest to protect their home from the loggers and a malevolent pollution entity , Hexxus .
The film was released to mainly positive reviews , and was also generally considered a
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s vice president of consumer product management , voiced concern over Windows Vista 64 @-@ bit 's PatchGuard feature . PatchGuard was designed by Microsoft to ensure the integrity of the kernel , a part of an operating system which interacts with the hardware . Rootkits often hide in an operating system 's kernel , complicating removal . Mike Dalton , European president of McAfee said , " The decision to build a wall around the kernel with the assumption it can 't be breached is ridiculous " , claiming Microsoft was preventing security vendors from effectively protecting the kernel while promoting its own security product , Windows Live OneCare . Hicks said Symantec did not mind the competition from OneCare . Symantec later published a white paper detailing PatchGuard with instructions to obtain a PatchGuard exploit . After negotiations and investigations from antitrust regulators , Microsoft decided to allow security vendors access to the kernel by creating special API instructions .
= Japanese battleship Kawachi =
Kawachi ( 河内 ) was the lead ship of the two @-@ ship Kawachi @-@ class dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) in the first decade of the 20th century . Following the Japanese ship @-@ naming conventions , Kawachi was named after Kawachi Province , now a part of Osaka prefecture . During World War I she bombarded German fortifications at Tsingtao during the Battle of Tsingtao in 1914 , but saw no other combat . She sank in 1918 after an explosion in her ammunition magazine with the loss of over 600 officers and crewmen .
= = Background = =
The Kawachi class was ordered on 22 June 1907 under the 1907 Warship Supplement Program after the Russo @-@ Japanese War as Japan 's first dreadnoughts , although their construction was delayed by a severe depression . Their design was based on the Aki with a uniform 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) main @-@ gun armament , although cost considerations prevented all the guns from having the same barrel length .
= = Design and description = =
The ship had an overall length of 526 feet ( 160 @.@ 3 m ) , a beam of 84 feet 3 inches ( 25 @.@ 7 m ) , and a normal draft of 27 feet ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) . She displaced 20 @,@ 823 long tons ( 21 @,@ 157 t ) at normal load . Her crew ranged from 999 to 1100 officers and enlisted men . Kawachi was fitted with a pair of license @-@ built Curtis steam turbine sets , each set driving one propeller , using steam from 16 Miyabara water @-@ tube boilers . The turbines were rated at a total of 25 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 19 @,@ 000 kW ) for a design speed of 21 knots ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) . She carried enough coal and fuel oil to give her a range of 2 @,@ 700 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 000 km ; 3 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) .
Kawachi 's main armament consisted of four 50 @-@ caliber 12 @-@ inch 41st Year Type guns in two twin @-@ gun turrets , one each fore and aft of the superstructure , and eight 45 @-@ caliber 12 @-@ inch 41st Year Type guns mounted in four twin @-@ gun turrets , two on each side of the superstructure . Kawachi 's secondary armament was ten 45 @-@ caliber 6 @-@ inch 41st Year Type guns , mounted in casemates in the sides of the hull , and eight 40 @-@ caliber quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch 41st Year Type guns . The ship was also equipped with a dozen 40 @-@ caliber 3 @-@ inch 4th Year Type guns and four others were used as saluting guns . In addition , the battleship was fitted with five submerged 18 @-@ inch ( 457 mm ) torpedo tubes , two on each broadside and one in the stern .
The waterline main belt of the ship had a maximum thickness of 12 inches amidships . It tapered to a thickness of 5 inches ( 127 mm ) at the ends of the ship . A 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) strake of armor protected the casemates . The barbettes for the main guns were 9 – 11 inches ( 229 – 279 mm ) thick . The armor of Kawachi 's main gun turrets had a maximum thickness of 11 inches . The deck armor was 1 @.@ 1 inches ( 29 mm ) thick and the conning tower was protected by 6 to 10 inches of armor .
= = Construction and career = =
Kawachi was laid down at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 1 April 1909 . She was launched on 15 October 1910 in a ceremony attended by Emperor Meiji and completed on 31 March 1912 at a cost of ¥ 11 @,@ 130 @,@ 000 . On 3 October 1912 , the ship was present when the battleship Mikasa had a fire that was started by a sailor in the forward magazine . It was flooded before the fire could get out of control and Kawachi sent over fire @-@ fighting teams to assist Mikasa 's crew in case they were needed . When World War I began in August 1914 , Kawachi was at Yokosuka .
Together with her sister ship , Settsu , she bombarded German fortifications in October – November 1914 during the final stage of the Battle of Tsingtao . The ship was present in Yokosuka on 8 January 1915 when the victorious Second Squadron returned to Japan after the Battle of Tsingtao . She was assigned to the First Squadron from 1915 – 1917 and refitted that latter year .
Kawachi rejoined the First Squadron after her refit commanded by Captain Yoshimoto Masaki and entered Tokuyama Bay on the evening of 11 July 1918 . The following morning torpedo target practice was cancelled due to rough seas and the battleship remained at anchor for the rest of the day . That afternoon a loud explosion was heard at 15 : 51 in the vicinity of the starboard forward main @-@ gun turret and large quantities of smoke erupted from the turret and between the first and second funnels . Two minutes later , she began to list to starboard and capsized at 15 : 55 , only four minutes after the explosion . Over a thousand men were aboard Kawachi at the time of the explosion and over 600 were killed , with 433 survivors .
The Imperial Japanese Navy convened a commission to investigate the explosion the day after the incident with Vice Admiral Murakami Kakuichi as chairman . The commission first suspected arson , but no plausible suspect could be found and it reported that the cordite in her magazine might have spontaneously ignited due to decomposition . Kawachi 's magazines had been inspected in January – February 1918 , however , and no problems were discovered , which made that possibility less likely . The commission made recommendations on tighter control of production and handling of cordite that were successfully adopted by the navy . The Japanese Navy considered salvaging Kawachi , but ultimately decided that it would be too expensive and would delay the construction of one battlecruiser by over a year . Stricken from the navy list on 21 September 1918 , the wreck was later partially dismantled although most of the hull was abandoned in place to serve as an artificial reef .
= Volcano ( South Park ) =
" Volcano " is the second episode of the American animated television series South Park . It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on August 20 , 1997 . In the episode , Stan , Kyle , Cartman and Kenny go on a hunting trip with Stan 's uncle Jimbo and his war buddy Ned . While on the trip , Stan is frustrated by his inability to shoot a living creature and Cartman tries to scare the hunting party with tales of a creature named Scuzzlebutt . Meanwhile , the group is unaware that a nearby volcano is about to erupt .
The episode was written by series co @-@ creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone . It was inspired by the 1997 disaster films Volcano and Dante 's Peak , both of which Parker and Stone strongly disliked . The plot was also based on the large amount of hunting Parker and Stone witnessed while growing up in Colorado ; Stan 's hesitation about the sport mirrors Parker 's real @-@ life feelings about hunting . " Volcano " was the third episode produced , but it was broadcast as the second . Parker and Stone felt the computer animation in " Volcano " had greatly improved compared to the early episodes ; they were particularly pleased with the lava , which was made to resemble orange construction paper .
" Volcano " received generally positive reviews and was nominated for a 1997 Environmental Media Award . Slightly more than 1 million viewers watched the original broadcast , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode featured the first appearances of recurring characters Ned Gerblansky and Randy Marsh . The latter , who is also the town geologist , is established as Stan 's father in later episodes . It also marked the first of two appearances for Scuzzlebutt , who became a popular minor character and appeared in the video games South Park 10 : The Game and South Park Rally . The episode parodied the Duck and Cover educational videos from the 1950s and 1960s that advised people to hide under tables in the event of a nuclear attack .
= = Plot = =
Stan 's Uncle Jimbo and his Vietnam War buddy Ned take Stan , Kenny , Kyle , and Cartman on a hunting trip in the mountains . As they arrive , Jimbo explains to the boys how to hunt . Whenever they see a creature , they shoot it after yelling , " It 's coming right for us ! " , so they can claim the shooting was in self @-@ defense . Stan does not have the proper temperament to enjoy hunting , and finds himself unable to shoot a living target . Unlike Stan , Kenny is able to shoot animals , impressing Jimbo . Meanwhile , South Park geologist Randy discovers that the mountain on which the boys are hunting is a volcano that is about to erupt . He reports his findings to the Mayor , who directs one of her aides to make appropriate decisions about the crisis .
During the hunting trip , Jimbo proclaims Kenny his honorary nephew , upsetting Stan . When night falls , Cartman tells the story of Scuzzlebutt , a creature that has a piece of celery in place of one of its hands and Patrick Duffy for a leg . The boys are skeptical , so Cartman decides to dress up as the creature the next morning in order to convince and scare them . When he disappears the next morning , the others set out to find him . They then see Cartman disguised as Scuzzlebutt and start shooting at him . When they catch up with Cartman at the base of the mountain , Stan tries to shoot him in order to redeem himself in his uncle 's eyes . However , he is unable to do so and the delay gives Cartman time to remove the costume . At a lower elevation , Randy orders the South Park residents to dig a trench to divert the lava away from the town .
Suddenly the volcano erupts . The hunters try to flee , but find themselves trapped on the other side of the trench . The real Scuzzlebutt then appears , and Jimbo apologizes to the boys for their seemingly imminent deaths , just before realizing that Scuzzlebutt is weaving a wicker basket to carry the hunting party to safety . The lava then flows through the trench just as Randy planned , but due to a miscalculation he made , the trench leads the lava to Denver , destroying it . However , in a misguided attempt to prove he can kill something and impress his uncle , Stan kills Scuzzlebutt . Unfortunately for Stan , Jimbo is less than impressed , telling Stan that he will always be his nephew but that " some things you do kill and some you don 't . " Stan does not understand , since Jimbo tried to kill Scuzzlebutt earlier . Ned states that he now understands the folly of guns and drops his rifle , which accidentally fires , killing Kenny . Finally , the boys decide that hunting is stupid and go home to watch cartoons .
= = Production = =
" Volcano " was written and directed by series co @-@ creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone . The episode was inspired by volcano @-@ related Hollywood disaster films , such as Dante 's Peak ( 1997 ) and Volcano ( 1997 ) , which came out around the time they were writing the script ; Parker and Stone considered the films two of the worst ever made . Stone said , " If you watch this episode and then go watch Volcano , this makes more sense than Volcano does . " Debbie Liebling , who served as a South Park producer at the time of the episode 's broadcast , said the volcano erupting in South Park helped establish the setting as a place where " anything can happen " . Although Stone and Parker acknowledged that a volcano could not actually erupt in this Colorado town , they felt they were entitled to create the episode anyway because the Volcano film was set in Los Angeles ; Stone said , " If they could do it , we could . " Similarly , the duo acknowledge the tunnel built in the episode would not really divert the lava , but they included it because Parker said , " Any movie today , that 's basically how dumb they are . "
Another influence on the plot was the large amount of hunting Parker and Stone saw around them while growing up in Colorado . Neither of them were hunters , and Parker said Stan 's hesitation about hunting was based largely on himself and his father , who hated the idea of killing an animal even though Parker 's grandfather , like Jimbo , was enthusiastic about the sport . Parker said he feels many of the first season episodes considered taboo in 1997 would have been considered less controversial five years later , but that " Volcano " is an exception . Since the episode involved children drinking beer and threatening each other at gunpoint during hunting trips , Parker said he did not believe Comedy Central would have aired it following the Columbine High School massacre in 1999 . Parker said , " Back then , it was just sort of funny , kids pointing guns at each other , and it 's just not so funny now . "
South Park animators spent the first four episodes of the show trying to perfect the animation of the characters . By " Volcano " – which was produced after " Weight Gain 4000 " – , Parker and Stone felt the textures were improved , as well as smaller details like the lines around the eyes of the characters . While the series pilot " Cartman Gets an Anal Probe " was animated with construction paper , subsequent episodes were made using computers . Nevertheless , Parker and Stone wanted the show to maintain its crude paper look ; for example , they specifically asked for the night sky in this episode to look like a black piece of paper with holes cut into it for stars , just as it was in the pilot episode . Stone and Parker were especially proud of the animation of the lava , which they said took hours to perfect , although they acknowledged it ended up simply resembling orange construction paper . The lava ball shooting out of the volcano and almost killing Kenny was directly inspired by the Volcano film . Parker and Stone came up with the character of Scuzzlebutt during a random conversation with Comedy Central executive Debbie Liebling . While meeting with her , they simply started drawing the character , and decided to add a celery hand and Patrick Duffy leg for no particular reason . Scuzzlebutt also appeared in a second episode , " City on the Edge of Forever " from the second season . Scuzzlebutt turning out to be a real character rather than a ridiculous story was the first instance of a common characteristic of the Cartman character , in which Cartman says outrageous and completely unrealistic things that turn out to be true . Stone commented , " He 's right more often than he 's wrong . "
The " Volcano " episode was in production when South Park debuted on August 13 , 1997 . Comedy Central executives did not object to most of the content of the episode , but said the scene in which Kyle farted while talking to Stan should have been removed because nothing happened after the fart , and they said it was not funny . Parker and Stone , however , insisted it stay in the episode , and they said the lack of any reaction whatsoever to the fart was what made it funny . During close @-@ ups of Cartman 's face while telling the story of Scuzzlebutt around the campfire , the flames from the fire stop moving . Parker and Stone noticed the consistency error after the episode was filmed , but they did not have enough time to go back and fix it before the broadcast date , so it was left in . A cat featured in the background of one of the outdoor scenes was designed to look exactly like Parker 's cat , Jake . The scene in which Ned catches fire was based on an experience Parker had during a Colorado camping trip where he tried to do an " Indian Fire Trick " , in which one pours gasoline onto a fire to create large flames . Although nobody caught fire , Parker said the trick misfired and he nearly burned down the forest . After finishing the episode , Parker and Stone realized " Volcano " was about two minutes shorter than the time length required for the episode . In order to add time to the episode , Parker and Stone added the scene with Ned singing the song " Kumbaya " around the fire , as well as the long freeze @-@ frame on a shocked Chef and Mayor McDaniels reacting to the news of the volcano 's imminent eruption .
In addition to Scuzzlebutt , " Volcano " included the first appearances of recurring characters Randy Marsh and Ned Gerblanski . In this first appearance , Randy is identified only as the South Park geologist , and it is only in the episode " An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig " that he is first introduced as Stan 's father . Parker , who provides the voice of Randy Marsh , said the design , voice , and personality of the character are based on his real @-@ life father , who works as a geologist for the United States Geological Survey . Parker said his father is very calm in real life and Randy 's relaxed reaction to learning of the volcano — calmly sipping his coffee — is " about how my dad would react to anything " . The look of the Ned character was based on a drawing Parker made in high school , although the character did not originally have a voice box . The voice was inspired by a waitress who worked at a Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant in Boulder , Colorado , where Parker and Stone would visit while attending the University of Colorado . The duo said they would go to the restaurant just to hear her voice , but that it was so low they would lose their appetite when she took their orders . Stone and Parker had trouble creating the right voice for the character ; they tried putting the microphone directly on their throat , and also bought an actual voice box , but ultimately decided that the best way to provide the character 's voice was with natural voice simulation .
" Volcano " was released alongside five other episodes in a three @-@ VHS set on May 5 , 1998 , marking the first time South Park was made available on video . The episode was released on the " Volume I " video along with " Cartman Gets an Anal Probe " ; other featured episodes included " An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig " , " Death " , " Weight Gain 4000 " , and " Big Gay Al 's Big Gay Boat Ride " . " South Park : The Complete First Season " , a DVD box set featuring all thirteen episodes , including " Volcano " , was released on November 12 , 2002 . Parker and Stone recorded commentary tracks for each episode , but the tracks were not included on the DVDs due to " standards " issues with some of the statements ; Parker and Stone refused to allow the tracks to be edited and censored , so they were released on a separate CD .
= = Cultural references and impact = =
The episode features a fictional education film called Lava and You , which says lava will pass harmlessly over potential victims who duck and cover their heads . The film was inspired by actual " Duck and Cover " films from the 1950s and 1960s , in which children were instructed to hide under tables or lean against walls in the case of a nuclear weapon attack ; Parker and Stone , like many critics of the films , found the methods painfully simplistic and did not believe they would actually help in the case of such an attack . Jimbo and Ned are described as veterans of the Vietnam War , the military conflict between North Vietnam and South Vietnam that lasted from 1959 to 1975 ; Cartman , who is far too young to have participated in the war , claims to have flashbacks to his experiences in it . Patrick Duffy , the American television actor best known for his roles in the shows Dallas and Step by Step , appears in the episode as the living leg of Scuzzlebutt . Matt Stone claimed there was no particular reason Duffy was chosen as the leg except that he is such a nondescript actor : " He 's just super bland . Like , how could you possibly be a fan of Patrick Duffy ? "
The scene where Scuzzlebutt puts a star on top of a tree is a reference to a similar scene in the 1964 television special Rudolph the Red @-@ Nosed Reindeer , in which the Abominable Snow Monster places a Christmas star atop a large tree . Mount Evanston , the fictional mountain in " Volcano " , was named after the real Mount Evans in the Front Range region of the Rocky Mountains in Clear Creek County , Colorado ; Nichols Canyon in the episode was named after Kirt Nichols , a friend of Trey Parker . Jimbo blames the Democratic Party for passing overly restrictive laws on hunters and gun owners . Upon learning children are in danger due to the volcano , Mayor McDaniels seeks publicity for herself by contacting the television news programs Entertainment Tonight and Inside Edition .
Several lines of dialogue from " Volcano " became especially popular among South Park fans , including " It 's coming right for us ! " by Jimbo , and the two Cartman lines , " Democrats piss me off ! " and " Cartoons Kick Ass ! " , the last of which was featured on T @-@ shirts . Despite the relatively small role Scuzzlebutt played in the series , he nevertheless became a popular minor South Park character . He was included in the South Park video games South Park 10 : The Game and South Park Rally . The song " Hot Lava " , sung by the Chef in the episode , was featured on the 1998 soundtrack Chef Aid : The South Park Album .
= = Reception = =
" Volcano " originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on August 20 , 1997 . " Volcano " , like the early South Park episodes preceding it , was viewed by slightly more than 1 million viewers , according to Nielsen ratings . This was considered high for a cable program in the United States at the time . The Environmental Media Association nominated the episode for an Environmental Media Award in the " TV Episodic Comedy " category . However , the eventual recipient of the award was The Simpsons , for the episode " The Old Man and the Lisa " .
" Volcano " received generally positive reviews . USA Today critic Matt Roush praised the episode , especially the " Duck and Cover " films . The Advertiser called the episode " outrageously lewd " and " hysterically funny " . The Washington Post critic Tom Shales considered the episode funnier than its precedent " Weight Gain 4000 " . Peter Hawes of The Sunday Star @-@ Times in Auckland , New Zealand , said the episode was funny and intelligent . He said of the episode , " Once again , the US national psyche is imperishably captured by a crude cartoon . " He liked the way adults were portrayed as less sensible than the children , and he particularly enjoyed the " Duck and Cover " videos : " It is terrifyingly funny , for it is a word @-@ for @-@ word recreation of the insane Atom @-@ bomb Safety film , created and distributed in 1952 by the US government , who never for a second thought it would work . " The Daily Record of Glasgow , Scotland , praised the episode and described it as " hardcore humour " : " Love it or loathe it , you can 't ignore the adult animation series whose bite is worse than its bark . "
= Streeterville =
Streeterville is a neighborhood in the Near North Side community area of Chicago , Illinois , United States , north of the Chicago River in Cook County . It is bounded by the river on the south , the Magnificent Mile portion of
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be supported by electron degeneracy pressure and it will undergo a collapse . For a core primarily composed of oxygen , neon and magnesium , the collapsing white dwarf is likely to form a neutron star . In this case , only a fraction of star 's mass will be ejected as a result . If the core is instead made of carbon @-@ oxygen , however , increasing pressure and temperature will initiate carbon fusion in the center prior to attainment of the Chandrasekhar limit . The dramatic result is a runaway nuclear fusion reaction that consumes a substantial fraction of the star within a short time . This will be sufficient to unbind the star in a cataclysmic , Type Ia supernova explosion .
Such a supernova event may pose some threat to life on the Earth . It is thought that the primary star , IK Pegasi A , is unlikely to evolve into a red giant in the immediate future . As shown previously , the space velocity of this star relative to the Sun is 20 @.@ 4 km / s . This is equivalent to moving a distance of one light year every 14 @,@ 700 years . After 5 million years , for example , this star will be separated from the Sun by more than 500 light years . A Type Ia supernova within a thousand parsecs ( 3300 light @-@ years ) is thought to be able to affect the Earth , but it must be closer than about 10 parsecs ( around thirty light @-@ years ) to cause a major harm to the terrestrial biosphere .
Following a supernova explosion , the remnant of the donor star ( IK Pegasus A ) would continue with the final velocity it possessed when it was a member of a close orbiting binary system . The resulting relative velocity could be as high as 100 – 200 km / s , which would place it among the high @-@ velocity members of the galaxy . The companion will also have lost some mass during the explosion , and its presence may create a gap in the expanding debris . From that point forward it will evolve into a single white dwarf star . The supernova explosion will create a remnant of expanding material that will eventually merge with the surrounding interstellar medium .
= Ideology of the SS =
The ideology espoused by the Schutzstaffel ( " Protection Squadron " ; SS ) , a paramilitary force and instrument of terror of the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany , emphasized a racist vision of " racial purity " , antisemitism , and loyalty to Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany .
SS men were indoctrinated with the belief they were members of a " master race " . The ideology of the SS was , even more so than in Nazism in general , built on the belief in a superior " Aryan race . " This led to the SS playing the main role in political violence and crimes against humanity , including the Holocaust and " mercy killing " of those with congenital illnesses . After the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II , the SS and Nazi Party were found to be criminal organizations at the Nuremberg Trials .
= = Ideological foundations = =
The ideology of the SS was built upon and mainly congruent with Nazi ideology . At its center laid the belief in a superior " Nordic race " and the " inferiority " of other races . The SS also served as the central institution for the extension of Nazi ideology and its realisation . Representing the ideological opponents of the regime in one form or fashion , historian George C. Browder identified the Nazi state 's list of enemies as follows : enemy states , miscegenation , the Jews , Catholicism , freemasonry , Communism , the Republic ( hostility directed at the liberal republican constitution and form of government ) , homosexuality , moral decay , capitalists , and the " Old Guard " ( hate and fear of traditionally powerful influences and institutions of the old society as unjust , retarding influences in German society ) . All of these " enemies " became the focus of the main power instrument of Nazi totalitarianism , the SS , as they sought to direct and influence ideology and ethics within the Reich .
Himmler intended for the SS to be a hierarchical system of " ideological fighters " from the organization 's inception . The SS proved to be that and more , becoming the instrument most responsible for the actualization of Nazi beliefs . SS ideology comprised perhaps the single most significant philosophical dimension of Nazism , employing in the process , ontological , anthropological , and ethical elements to their methods under the guise of science , shaping the Nazi state 's doctrine and crystallizing ideals ( no matter how callous ) into dogmatic truths . SS principles and thinking provided pseudo @-@ scientific rationales for the devaluation of humanity , and ideological justification for Nazi violence and genocide .
The SS placed an intense emphasis in their indoctrination upon elitism and portrayed themselves as part of an " elite " order which " explicitly modelled [ themselves ] on an historical version of religious orders , such as the Teutonic Knights or the Jesuits , whose dedication to a higher idea was admired in these otherwise anti @-@ clerical circles " . Even though Himmler and the other SS leaders repeatedly demanded sobriety within their ranks , alcoholism was a frequent problem with SS @-@ men . 700 members were excluded from the SS for " listlessness and laziness " in 1937 / 38 alone . A further 12 @,@ 000 left the SS in the same period for unknown reasons , calling into question the institution 's claims of " loyalty for life " .
= = Indoctrination = =
The strict training program was focused on the fundamental ideological principles of the Nazi Party , namely the belief in a " superior Nordic race " , loyalty and absolute obedience to Adolf Hitler , and hatred for those who were considered " inferior people " , with great emphasis on antisemitism . Students studied the most anti @-@ Semitic passages of Mein Kampf ( " My Struggle " ) , Hitler 's autobiographical manifesto , and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion , a fraudulent anti @-@ Semitic document first published in Russia in 1903 , which purported to describe a Jewish plan for global domination . The SS educational leaders were also responsible for general anti @-@ religious training , which was part of the Nazi attempt at " reversing the bourgeois @-@ Christian system of values . " Educational training was clearly linked with " racial selection , at the end of which stood the ' weeding out ' and selective breeding of human beings " ; this facet coincided the impending Nazi effort to Germanize Europe and formed part of the policy for the racial @-@ imperialist conquest in the East .
Following the Nazi seizure of power in 1933 , membership in the SS grew considerably , prompting an increase in ideological instruction . The SS @-@ Schulungsamt took over the task of heading the educational matters of the SS , led by Karl Motz . The SS published two additional magazines for ideological propaganda : the monthly FM @-@ Zeitschrift , funded by 350 @,@ 000 non @-@ member financial patrons of the SS , and the weekly Das Schwarze Korps , the second biggest weekly paper in Nazi Germany .
Beginning in 1938 , the SS intensified the ideological indoctrination of the Hitler @-@ Jugend Landdienst ( " Hitler Youth Land Service " ) . It set out the ideal of the German " Wehrbauer " ( " Soldier Peasant " ) . Special high schools were created under SS control to form a Nazi agrarian " elite " that was trained according to the principle of " blood and soil " . While SS leader Heinrich Himmler remained concerned about the racial elitism of his SS , it was Reinhard Heydrich , Himmler 's deputy and protégé , who focused his attention on their political indoctrination through the creation of " racial detectives " who would become Hitler 's " ideological Shock Troops " . This being done through the Sicherheitsdienst ( Security Service ; SD ) which was tasked with the detection of actual or potential enemies of the Nazi leadership and the neutralization of any opposition . The SD used its organization of agents and informants , all part of the development of an extensive SS state and a totalitarian regime without parallel .
The SS practiced a wide variety of disciplinary measures , with punishments composed of reprimands , prohibition to wear the uniform , detention , demotion , suspension , and expulsion . Contrary to claims made by many SS @-@ members after 1945 , no one had to fear being incarcerated in a concentration camp for delinquencies . Starting in June 1933 , the SS had its own courts to deal with crimes and misdemeanors within its ranks . On 17 October 1939 , Himmler succeeded in having the SS put under its own special jurisdiction . Once this change occurred , SS @-@ members could no longer be tried in civil courts .
= = Racial policies = =
Consistent with the eugenic and racial policies of the Third Reich , Himmler advocated racial elitism for his SS members . Throughout the existence of the SS , its members were regularly encouraged to procreate to maintain and increase the " Aryan @-@ Nordic bloodline ; " the SS members , along with their wives and children , were to become an exclusive racial community ( Sippengemeinschaft ) within the Nazi state . Along these lines , Himmler stated on 8 November 1937 at a Gruppenführer meeting in Munich in the officers ' quarters :
The SS is a National Socialist order of soldiers of Nordic race and a community of their clans bound together by oath ... what we want for Germany is a ruling class destined to last for centuries and the product of repeated selection , a new aristocracy continuously renewed from the best of the sons and daughters of our nation , a nobility that never ages , stretching back into distant epochs in its traditions , where these are valuable , and representing eternal youth for our nation .
Hitler subscribed to these views and once remarked that the " elite " of the future Nazi state would stem from the SS since " only the SS practices racial selection . " Wives of SS members were scrutinized accordingly for their " racial fitness " , and marriages had to be approved through official channels as part of the SS ideological mandate . According to their ideology , SS men were believed to be the bearers of the very best of the so @-@ called Nordic blood , and it was their ideological tenets and scholarly justifications that shaped numerous Nazi actions and policies , merging racial determinism , Nordicism , and antisemitism .
An SS Doctors ' Leader School was established in the small village of Alt @-@ Rehse which encouraged the practice of " racial hygiene " and focused on the future of " German genetic streams " ( deutsche Erbströme ) . Medical journal articles written by SS intellectuals stressed the importance of genetic heritage , arguing that " biology and genetics are the roots from which the National Socialist worldview has derived its knowledge , and from which it continues to derive new strength . " In order to promote its role as a preserver of the Germanic heritage , the SS founded the Ahnenerbe institute in 1935 . It conducted anthropological , historic , and archeologic studies to provide scientific backing to Himmler 's ideological ideas . In the years until 1939 , the institute worked in a hybrid state between important findings such as the Viking village Hedeby and erratic studies into the Welteislehre and medieval witch @-@ hunts , which Himmler thought to have been murders committed by the Roman Catholic church against Germanic women of " good blood " . After World War II started , the Ahnenerbe was heavily involved in experiments conducted in concentration camps , costing the lives of thousands of inmates .
Not only was contact with racial " others " a concern , but attrition through war was an additional factor . Fear of losing a large percentage of Germanic racial stock once the Second World War began drove SS ideology , as victory in the field could not prevail without a corresponding biological legacy of children to carry on the mission . Himmler stressed that SS men were obliged to procreate to preserve Germany 's genetic legacy so the " master race " could secure and sustain the " Thousand Year Reich " of the future .
However , SS men did not fulfill the expectations : at the end of 1938 , 57 % of the members were still unmarried , only 26 % had fathered a child and just 8 % had reached Himmler 's desired goal of at least four children . Also in 1935 , the SS initiated Lebensborn , an association created to provide unmarried , pregnant women of " good blood " with opportunities to deliver their children , who were then given up for adoption into families deemed racially suited . The Lebensborn facilities were situated in remote locations , guaranteeing the anonymity of the women . Lebensborn was only moderately successful , producing only an estimated 8 @,@ 000 - 11 @,@ 000 births in the ten years of its existence .
After the beginning of World War II , the SS recruited large numbers of non @-@ Germans from the " inferior races " espoused by the Nazi and SS ideology . To justify this contradiction , Himmler began to stress a shared European identity more strongly in the early 1940s , promising that " all those who are of good blood will be given the possibility to grow into the German Volk " . According to historian Mark P. Gingerich , of the one million Waffen @-@ SS men who served during the war , over half were not even German citizens .
= = Attitude toward religion = =
According to Himmler biographer Peter Longerich , Himmler saw a main task of the SS to be that of " acting as the vanguard in overcoming Christianity and restoring a Germanic way of living " as part of preparations for the coming conflict between " humans and subhumans " . Longerich wrote that , while the Nazi movement as a whole launched itself against Jews and Communists , " by linking de @-@ Christianisation with re @-@ Germanization , Himmler had provided the SS with a goal and purpose all of its own . " Himmler was vehemently opposed to Christian sexual morality and the " principle of Christian mercy " , both of which he saw as a dangerous obstacle to his planned battle with " subhumans " . In 1937 , he said that the movement was an era of the " ultimate conflict with Christianity " and that " It is part of the mission of the SS to give the German people in the next half century the non @-@ Christian ideological foundations on which to lead and shape their lives . "
The SS developed an anti @-@ clerical agenda : no chaplains were allowed in its units ( although they were allowed in the regular army ) . The Sicherheitsdienst ( Security Service ; SD ) department of the SS and Gestapo under Reinhard Heydrich were used to identify and assist other Nazi organizations in suppressing Catholic influence in the press , youth clubs , schools , publications , " pilgrimages and processions " .
Himmler used the Jesuits as the model for the SS , since he found they had the core elements of absolute obedience and the cult of the organisation . Hitler is said to have called Himmler " my Ignatius of Loyola " . As an order , the SS needed a coherent doctrine that would set it apart . Himmler attempted to construct such an ideology , and deduced a " pseudo @-@ Germanic tradition " from history . Himmler dismissed the image of Christ as a Jew and rejected Christianity 's basic doctrine and its institutions . In a 1936 memorandum , he set forth a list of approved holidays based on pagan and political precedents meant to wean SS members from their reliance on Christian festivities . Starting in 1934 , the SS hosted " solstice ceremonies " ( Sonnenwendfeiern ) to increase team spirit within their ranks . In an attempt to replace Christianity within the SS with the new doctrine , SS @-@ men were able to choose special Lebenslauffeste , substituting common Christian ceremonies such as baptisms , weddings and burials . Since the ceremonies were held in small private circles , it is unknown how many SS @-@ members opted for these kind of celebrations .
= = = Rejection of Christian precepts = = =
Many of the concepts promoted with the SS violated accepted Christian doctrine , but neither Himmler nor his deputy Heydrich expected the Christian church to support their stance on abortion , contraception or sterilization of the unfit – let alone their shared belief in polygamy for the sake of racial propagation . This did not however represent disbelief in a higher power from either man nor did it deter them on their ideological quest . In fact , atheism was banned within the SS as Himmler believed it to be a form of egotism that placed the individual at the center of the universe , and thus constituted a rejection of the SS principle of valuing the collective over the individual . All SS men were required to list themselves as Protestant , Catholic or Gottgläubig ( " Believer in God " ) . Himmler preferred the neo @-@ pagan " expression of spirituality " . Still , by 1938 " only 21 @.@ 9 percent of SS members described themselves as gottgläubig , whereas 54 percent remained Protestant and just under 24 percent Catholic . " Belief in God among the SS did not constitute adherence to traditional Christian doctrine nor were its members consummate theologians , as the SS outright banned certain Christian organizations like the International Bible Research Association , a group whose pacifism the SS rejected . Dissenting religious organizations like the Jehovah 's Witnesses were severely persecuted by the SS for their pacifism , failure to participate in elections , non @-@ observance of the Hitler salute , not displaying the Nazi flag , and for their non @-@ participation in Nazi organizations ; many were sent to concentration camps where they perished . Heydrich once quipped that any and all opposition to Nazism originated from either " Jews or politicized clergy . "
= = = Neo @-@ pagan doctrine = = =
In order to promote his religious ideas and link them to an alleged Germanic tradition , Himmler began to establish cult sites . The most important of these was the Wewelsburg , close to Paderborn . The SS leased the castle in 1934 , after Himmler had first seen it in November 1933 while campaigning with Hitler . Originally planned as a school for high ranking SS @-@ men , the castle soon became the object of far reaching construction plans , with an aim at establishing the Wewelsburg as the " ideological center " of the SS and its pseudo @-@ Germanic doctrine . In accordance with the other efforts of Himmler to replace Christian rituals and establish the SS as the Nazi " elite " , the Wewelsburg received special rooms , such as crypts , a General 's hall with a sun wheel embedded in the floor and a crest hall . As a second location , Himmler ordered for a memorial of 4 @,@ 500 giant foundlings to be placed near Verden an der Aller , the scene of the infamous Massacre of Verden in 782 , calling the place Sachsenhain . At the sight of the Externsteine , which at the time was believed to be close to the scene of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest , Himmler ordered excavations to take place there in order to prove that Christian monks had destroyed a Germanic cult site known as Irminsul during the Middle Ages . As a last site of Himmler 's cult , the SS took over and remodelled Quedlinburg Abbey , burial place of Henry the Fowler , who was celebrated by Himmler for his refusal to be anointed by a Roman bishop .
Himmler also instituted these rites and rituals to try and foster a greater sense of belonging to a fraternal order . For example , each year on the anniversary of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch , the SS men duty @-@ bound for the military units were sworn in at 10 : 00 pm in front of Hitler . There by torchlight they swore " obedience unto death " .
However , these attempts to establish a new , neo @-@ pagan religion were not successful . Historian Heinz Höhne observes that the " neo @-@ pagan customs " Himmler introduced into the SS " remained primarily a paper exercise " . Most of Himmler 's attempts to link " old Teutonic " traditions into the spiritual life of the SS and society at large were criticised by the Church as a form of " new heathenism . " Although the SS never endorsed Christian beliefs , the traditional rituals and practices of the Christian faith were generally tolerated and respected . According to Bastian Hein , two reasons contributed to Himmler 's Ersatz religion never catching on : On the one hand , Himmler himself was in a constant search for religious certainty , leaving his doctrine vague and unclear . On the other hand , Hitler personally intervened after the churches lamented the " neo @-@ heathenish " tendencies within the SS , telling Himmler and Alfred Rosenberg to " cut out the cultic nonsense " .
= = Culture of violence = =
The SS was built on a culture of violence , which was exhibited in extreme form by the mass murder of civilians and prisoners on the Eastern Front . Historian Hans Buchheim wrote that the mentality and ideal values of the SS men were to be " hard , " with no emotions such as love or kindness ; hatred for the " inferior " and contempt for anyone who was not in the SS ; unthinking obedience ; " camaraderie " with fellow members of the SS ; and an intense militarism that saw the SS as part of an " elite order " fighting for a better Germany . The principal " enemy " of the SS , represented as a force of uncompromising , utter evil and depravity , was " world Jewry " . Members of the SS were encouraged to fight against the " Jewish Bolshevik sub @-@ humans " .
The SS value of " fighting for fighting 's sake " could be traced back to the values of the front @-@ line German soldiers in World War I and the post @-@ war Freikorps , and in turn led SS members to see violence as the highest possible value , and conventional morality as a hindrance to achieving victory . The SS mentality fostered violence and " hardness " . The ideal SS man was supposed to be in a state of permanent readiness . As historian Hans Buchheim quips , " the SS man had to be forever on duty . " For members of the SS their mentality was such that for them , nothing was impossible no matter how arduous or cruel , to include the " murder of millions " . SS men who attempted to live by that principle of violence had an unusually high suicide rate . The " soldier
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Town , Rhodes signed with Brentford in November 2003 for £ 10 @,@ 000 . It was the first time Brentford had paid a transfer fee for a player since Jean @-@ Philippe Javary three years earlier , with the money donated by the club 's fans . In his final game with Newmarket , he scored a hat @-@ trick in a 4 – 3 victory against Great Yarmouth Town .
= = = Brentford = = =
Rhodes made his Brentford debut on Boxing Day 2003 in a 2 – 1 defeat to Bristol City but had to wait more than four months for his second game . He scored his first senior goal in his third game to ensure Brentford avoided relegation from the Second Division when they defeated Bournemouth 1 – 0 .
Rhodes returned to Newmarket Town for a pre @-@ season friendly game with Brentford in August 2004 , during which he scored a hat @-@ trick in a 5 – 0 win . It helped him to win a place in the first team , and he scored on the first day of the 2004 – 05 season when Brentford lost 3 – 1 to Chesterfield . It was not until November 2004 that he scored his second goal in another defeat — 2 – 1 to Bradford City . Five days later , he scored the winning penalty against Bristol City to take Brentford through to the second round of the FA Cup . In December , Rhodes scored in successive games , first in the league against Sheffield Wednesday , then another penalty in the FA Cup as Brentford 's 2 – 1 victory against Hinckley United set up a third round tie with Luton Town . He was unable to play in the third round tie after he suffered a serious knee injury against Walsall which kept him out of action for the rest of the season . Although Rhodes had been a regular in the Brentford squad , his 22 league games included just four starts .
Injury again hit Rhodes ' 2005 – 06 season , during which he scored just one goal in a 2 – 1 victory over Yeovil Town . He started just five league games during the season , as Brentford reached the League One play @-@ offs . Rhodes started the second leg of the play @-@ off semi @-@ finals but a 2 – 0 defeat to Swansea City denied them a place in the final .
He made 11 appearances for Brentford at the start of the 2006 – 07 season , but on 10 October 2006 , Rhodes signed for League Two side Swindon Town on a month 's loan deal . He made his debut for Swindon against Grimsby Town , when he had a goal disallowed . Rhodes played just four games for Swindon all as substitute without scoring before returning to Brentford , before being immediately placed on the transfer list by Brentford manager Scott Fitzgerald . Rhodes played another three games for Brentford and had a trial with Yeovil Town in January 2007 but stayed with Brentford . In March 2007 , he was loaned out again , to Conference side Grays Athletic for seven weeks . He played 12 league games and twice in the FA Trophy during his spell at Grays , scoring once in each competition , before he returned to Brentford in time to play in their final game of the season . Rhodes was offered a new contract by new Brentford manager Terry Butcher but turned it down and left the club on 25 June 2007 . He played 65 games in all competitions for Brentford , but two @-@ thirds of those were as substitute , scoring just six goals .
= = = Bradford City = = =
After trials with League Two sides Darlington and Bradford City , Rhodes signed for the latter on a short @-@ term deal . He made his debut in City 's first game of the season when they drew 1 – 1 with Macclesfield Town in a team featuring six new players . He scored his first goal in a 2 – 1 win over Chester City on 6 November 2007 . He extended his stay at Bradford City until the end of the season in January 2008 . Despite signing a new contract , injury kept Rhodes out of the side at the start of 2008 until 23 February when he scored his second Bradford goal in a 3 – 1 victory at Notts County after coming on as substitute . His performance in the Notts County victory earned him a place in the starting side three days later when he again scored in a 3 – 2 win against Rotherham United . On 29 April , he was one of 13 players released by manager Stuart McCall . Rhodes played a total of 30 games for Bradford , but started only 11 of those , scoring three goals .
= = = Rotherham United = = =
In June 2008 , Rhodes returned to League Two , when he signed a one @-@ year deal with Rotherham United , after their manager Mark Robins was impressed by Rhodes ' performance against them the previous season . Rotherham were deducted 17 points at the start of the 2008 – 09 season because of improperly exiting administration . They started the season with a 1 – 0 against Lincoln City , in which Rhodes made his debut before he was substituted in the second half . He scored his first goal for Rotherham in a League Cup first round tie against local rivals Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough on 12 August 2008 . Rhodes ' goal game only seconds after Wednesday had opened the scoring , before the game finished 2 – 2 . Rotherham eventually won through to the second round on penalties . His first league goal for the club came less than two weeks later as Rotherham beat Chester City 3 – 1 to maintain their winning start to the season . Rhodes was a regular in the Rotherham side at the start of the season as the team overhauled their point deduction to go above Grimsby Town in the league , but he was dropped for a game against his former side Bradford City in November 2008 . He briefly returned to the side the following month for a Football League Trophy area semi @-@ final with Darlington , which Rotherham won on penalties , but did not play again until the two sides met once more in a league game at the end of January 2009 .
It was only a brief return to the side and two months later Rhodes joined Conference National side Woking on loan for the rest of the season . His debut for Woking came two days later in the club 's 1 – 1 draw with Wrexham , with Rhodes being substituted towards the end of the second half by Joel Ledgister . He played three games for Woking , scoring one goal . Rhodes returned to Rotherham but was released by the club having played 18 games and scoring four goals during his one season stay .
= = = Return to non @-@ League = = =
Having been released , Rhodes returned to the Conference by joining Oxford United on a free transfer in May 2009 . Rhodes made his Oxford debut in their opening game of the season against York City as a second @-@ half substitute for Jack Midson to help his team come from 1 – 0 down to win 2 – 1 . However , after he had played just four games , Rhodes left by mutual consent .
Rhodes immediately joined Conference South side Braintree Town , initially on a contract until the start of January . His new assistant manager Jason Broom described Rhodes as an " exciting " talent . He made his debut against St Albans City helping to create his new side 's goal in a 1 – 1 draw . Rhodes failed to impress and was released after Christmas 2009 .
Rhodes rejoined former club Grays Athletic , where he had played on loan in 2007 , on 19 January 2010 . He scored a goal on his debut in a hastily arranged friendly , after their league game with Kidderminster Harriers was postponed , later in the week during a 4 – 1 victory against Aveley . Rhodes ' senior debut came at the end of the same week , when he was one of six new members of manager Julian Dicks ' side , only for them to lose 4 – 0 to Rhodes ' former team Oxford United . Rhodes was substituted by Harry Agombar during the second half . He was released at the end of the 2009 – 10 season , having made 15 appearances .
Rhodes instead started to train with A.F.C. Sudbury and played in a pre @-@ season friendly against Bury Town , during which he scored to help Sudbury win 4 – 3 . However , although Rhodes said he would like to join the semi @-@ professional Isthmian League Division One North side , he wanted to keep his options open in case he could remain in the professional game . A week later , he was given a trial with League Two Hereford United . Instead , the following week , Rhodes signed for Isthmian League Premier Division side Canvey Island and immediately went into the first @-@ team to make his debut on 28 August in a home league match against Carshalton Athletic , which finished 1 – 1 , with Rhodes close to scoring what would have been a late winning goal for his new club . Rhodes ' first goals for Canvey Island came in a FA Cup first round qualifying match against Newport Pagnell Town , scoring twice in a 4 – 1 victory . He scored again in the next round to put Canvey into the third qualifying round . Rhodes signed a contract to keep him with the club until the end of the season and scored two more in Canvey 's ultimate exit from the FA Cup .
= = Playing statistics = =
Updated to 10 December 2011 .
= Jerry West =
Jerry Alan West ( born May 28 , 1938 ) is an American retired basketball player who played his entire professional career for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . His nicknames include " Mr. Clutch " , for his ability to make a big play in a clutch situation , such as his famous buzzer @-@ beating 60 @-@ foot shot that tied Game 3 of the 1970 NBA Finals against the New York Knicks ; " The Logo " , in reference to his silhouette being incorporated into the NBA logo ; " Mr. Outside " , in reference to his perimeter play with the Los Angeles Lakers ; and " Zeke from Cabin Creek " , for the creek near his birthplace of Chelyan , West Virginia . Playing the small forward position early in his career , West was a standout at East Bank High School and at West Virginia University , leading the Mountaineers to the 1959 NCAA championship game , earning the NCAA Final Four Most Outstanding Player honor despite the loss . He then embarked on a 14 @-@ year career with the Los Angeles Lakers , and was the co @-@ captain of the 1960 U.S. Olympic gold medal team in Rome , a squad that would be inducted as a unit into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2010 .
West ’ s NBA career was highly successful . Playing the guard position as a professional , he was voted 12 times into the All @-@ NBA First and Second Teams , was elected into the NBA All @-@ Star Team 14 times , and was chosen as the All @-@ Star MVP in 1972 , the same year that he won the only title of his career . West holds the NBA record for the highest points per game average in a playoff series with 46 @.@ 3 . He was also a member of the first five NBA All @-@ Defensive Teams ( one second , followed by four firsts ) , which were introduced when he was 32 years old . Having played in nine NBA Finals , he is also the only player in NBA history to be named Finals MVP despite being on the losing team ( 1969 ) . West was inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in 1980 and voted as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA history in 1996 .
After his playing career , West was head coach of the Lakers for three years , leading Los Angeles into the playoffs each year and earning a Western Conference Finals berth once . Working as a player @-@ scout for three years , West was named general manager of the Lakers prior to the 1982 – 83 NBA season . Under his reign , Los Angeles won six championship rings . In 2002 , West became general manager of the Memphis Grizzlies and helped the franchise win their first @-@ ever playoff berths . For his contributions , West won the NBA Executive of the Year Award twice , once as a Lakers manager ( 1995 ) and then as a Grizzlies manager ( 2004 ) . West 's son , Jonnie , played college basketball for the West Virginia Mountaineers team .
= = Early life = =
Jerry Alan West was born into a poor household in Chelyan , West Virginia . He was the fifth of six children of his mother Cecil Sue West , a housewife , and her husband Howard Stewart West , a coal mine electrician . West was a shy , introverted boy , who became even more withdrawn when his closest brother David died in the Korean War at age 22 when Jerry was 12 . He was so small and frail that he needed vitamin injections from his doctor and was kept apart from children 's sports , to prevent him from getting seriously hurt . Growing up , West spent his days hunting and fishing , but his main distraction was shooting at a basketball hoop that a neighbor had nailed to his storage shed . West spent days shooting baskets from every possible angle , ignoring mud and snow in the backyard , as well as his mother 's whippings when he came home hours late for dinner ; he played so often that the NBA acknowledged it as " obsessive " .
= = = High school = = =
West attended high school in East Bank , West Virginia from 1952 to 1956 . During his first year , he was mostly benched by his coach Duke Shaver due to his lack of height . Shaver emphasized the importance of conditioning and defense , lessons which the teenager appreciated . Soon , West became the captain of the freshman team and , during the summer of 1953 , he grew to 6 ft 0 in ( 1 @.@ 83 m ) . Eventually becoming the team 's starting small forward , West quickly established himself as one of the finest West Virginian high school players of his generation . He was named All @-@ State from 1953 – 56 , then All @-@ American in 1956 when he was West Virginia Player of the Year , becoming the state 's first high @-@ school player to score more than 900 points in a season , with an average of 32 @.@ 2 points per game . West 's mid @-@ range jump shot became his trademark and he often used it to score while under pressure from opposing defense . West led East Bank to a state championship on March 24 that year , prompting East Bank High School to change its name to " West Bank High School " every year on March 24 in honor of their basketball prodigy , until its closure in 1999 .
= = West Virginia Mountaineers = =
After graduating from high school in 1956 , more than 60 universities showed interest in West , and he eventually chose to attend West Virginia University ( WVU ) , located in Morgantown . In his freshman year ( 1956 – 57 ) , West was a member of the WVU freshman squad that achieved a perfect record of 17 wins without a loss over the course of the season ; other team members included Jay Jacobs and Willie Akers . In his first varsity year under head coach Fred Schaus , West scored 17 @.@ 8 points per game and averaged 11 @.@ 1 rebounds ; he also started in all 28 games while shooting 49 @.@ 6 % from the field and 73 @.@ 2 % from the free throw line . These performances earned him a multitude of honors , among them an All @-@ American Third Team call @-@ up ; First Team All @-@ Southern Conference ; Southern Conference Tournament Most Valuable Player Award and First Team honors ; Chuck Taylor @-@ Converse Second @-@ team All @-@ American honors ; and Associated Press and United Press International Third @-@ team All @-@ American honors . The Mountaineers went 26 – 2 that year , ending the season with a loss to Manhattan College in post @-@ season tournament play .
During his junior year ( 1958 – 59 ) , West scored 26 @.@ 6 points per game and grabbed 12 @.@ 3 rebounds per game . He tied the NCAA five @-@ game tournament record of 160 points ( 32 @.@ 0 points per game ) and led all scorers and rebounders in every West Virginia game , including getting 28 points and 11 rebounds in a 71 – 70 loss to California in the final . West was named Most Outstanding Player of that year 's Final Four . Further awards were All @-@ American , Southern Conference Tournament MVP and Southern Conference Player of the Year and Athlete of the Year . He was also named to be a member of the U.S. Pan American Games basketball team which won the gold medal . West demonstrated his tenacity to the game in a match against the Kentucky Wildcats ; an incident in the game broke his nose , but he continued playing despite intense pain and having to breathe through his mouth . He scored 19 points in the second @-@ half , leading WVU to an upset victory .
In his final collegiate season ( 1959 – 60 ) West averaged several career highs , such as scoring 29 @.@ 3 points per game , a 134 season @-@ assists , 16 @.@ 5 rebounds per game , and a shooting average of 50 @.@ 4 % from the field , 76 @.@ 6 % from the free throw line . He was honored again with several awards : a call @-@ up to the All @-@ American selection , and being voted Southern Conference MVP . West 's best performance was a game against Virginia , in which he grabbed 16 rebounds and scored 40 points . Moreover , during that final year , he had 30 double @-@ doubles and fifteen 30 @-@ point games . In his collegiate career , West totaled 2 @,@ 309 points and 1 @,@ 240 rebounds . He averaged 24 @.@ 8 points per game and 13 @.@ 3 rebounds . As of 2011 , West holds 12 WVU all @-@ time records . Along with Oscar Robertson , West co @-@ captained the U.S. men 's basketball team at the 1960 Summer Olympics and won the gold medal .
= = Los Angeles Lakers = =
= = = " Mr. Inside " and " Mr. Outside " = = =
West then made himself available for the 1960 NBA draft , and was drafted with the 2nd overall pick by the Minneapolis Lakers , shortly before the team relocated to Los Angeles . West became the first draft pick ever of the relocated franchise . His college coach was also hired to coach the Lakers . He played West as a guard , in contrast to West 's college days as a forward . The Lakers were captained by Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame forward Elgin Baylor , who was complemented by centers Jim Krebs and Ray Felix ; forwards Rudy LaRusso and Tom Hawkins ; and guards Rod Hundley ( from West Virginia , like West ) , Frank Selvy , and Bob Leonard . This team perennially had strong forwards and guards , but was constantly weak at center , giving them a disadvantage against the Boston Celtics with their Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame center , Bill Russell .
Initially , West felt odd in his new environment . He was a loner . His high @-@ pitched voice earned him the nickname " Tweety Bird " , and he spoke with such a thick Appalachian accent that his teammates also referred to him as " Zeke from Cabin Creek " ( his nickname acknowledged his country roots , and his accent was so thick that he squeaked his nickname sheepishly - " Zeek fr 'm Cab 'n Creek " ) . However , West soon impressed his colleagues with his defensive hustle , with his vertical jump — he could reach up 16 inches above the rim when he went up — and with his work ethic , spending countless extra hours working on his game . On the floor , West scored 17 @.@ 6 points , grabbed 7 @.@ 7 rebounds and gave 4 @.@ 2 assists per game . West won Schaus 's trust and , alternating with Hundley , Selvy , and Leonard , played 35 minutes per game and established himself as the Lakers ' second scoring option . The NBA commented that the Lakers now had a potent one @-@ two @-@ punch — with " Mr. Inside " ( the low @-@ post scorer , Baylor ) and " Mr. Outside " ( the long @-@ distance shooter , West ) . These performances soon earned West his first of fourteen NBA All @-@ Star Game call @-@ ups .
West helped the Lakers improve from their previous 25 @-@ win season to 36 wins as they reached the 1961 NBA Playoffs . They needed all five games to put away the Detroit Pistons ; but then lost to the St. Louis Hawks in seven games , losing the final game 105 – 103 .
In West 's second NBA season , the Lakers could only make limited use of Baylor , who was called up by the U.S. Army Reserves and could play only 48 games . However , West seamlessly took over the role of team leader and established himself as the main Lakers scorer , averaging 30 @.@ 8 points , 7 @.@ 9 rebounds and 5 @.@ 4 assists per game , winning All @-@ NBA First Team honors . West became known especially for hitting important late @-@ game shots , and Lakers ' announcer Chick Hearn named him " Mr. Clutch " a handle which stuck with West for his entire career .
The Lakers won 54 regular season games and secured a first @-@ round bye in the 1962 NBA Playoffs . They beat the Pistons four games to two to advance to the 1962 NBA Finals against the Boston Celtics . The teams split the first two games , and at the end of Game 3 in Los Angeles , West tied the game at 115 . The Celtics ' Sam Jones inbounded the ball at half @-@ court with three seconds left . West stole the ball , raced upcourt , and converted a running layup as the buzzer sounded . The Celtics tied the series in Game 6 at three games apiece , and the teams headed to Boston for Game 7 . For most of the game , the Lakers trailed , but West and Frank Selvy hit several clutch baskets and tied the game at 100 . Selvy then missed an open 8 @-@ foot shot which would have won the Lakers their first title . Baylor 's tip @-@ in attempt was thwarted by Sam Jones . In overtime , Jones scored several clutch baskets to ensure a 110 – 107 win for the Celtics . The 1962 NBA finals would serve as the beginning of the greatest rivalry in NBA history
In the 1962 – 63 NBA season , Baylor
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@.@ 18 in ( 55 mm ) in Savannah , Georgia . High winds damaged a few houses and downed trees near Albany , Georgia . The winds overturned a bus at Fort Gordon , injuring 11 soldiers . The storm caused about $ 50 @,@ 000 in damage in the state . Effects were minor in South Carolina , although heavy rainfall totaled 7 @.@ 80 in ( 198 mm ) in Wilmington , North Carolina . Rainfall and increased storm tides extended into Virginia and New Jersey .
= Bill Clinton =
William Jefferson Clinton ( born William Jefferson Blythe III ; August 19 , 1946 ) is an American politician who was the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 . Clinton was previously Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1992 , and the Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979 . A member of the Democratic Party , ideologically Clinton was a New Democrat , and many of his policies reflected a centrist " Third Way " political philosophy .
Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas , and is an alumnus of Georgetown University , where he was a member of Kappa Kappa Psi and Phi Beta Kappa and earned a Rhodes Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford . Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton , who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 , and who was a Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009 , and is the Democratic nominee for president in 2016 . Both Clintons earned law degrees from Yale Law School , where they met and began dating . As Governor of Arkansas , Clinton overhauled the state 's education system , and served as chairman of the National Governors Association .
Clinton was elected President in 1992 , defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush . At age 46 , Clinton was the third @-@ youngest president , and the first from the Baby Boomer Generation . Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history , and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement . After failing to pass national health care reform , the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994 , for the first time in 40 years . Two years later , Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected President twice . Clinton passed Welfare Reform and the State Children 's Health Insurance Program , providing health coverage for millions of children . He was reelected to a second term in 1996 .
In 1998 , Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives for perjury before a grand jury and obstruction of justice during a lawsuit against him , both related to a scandal involving White House ( and later Department of Defense ) employee Monica Lewinsky . Clinton was acquitted by the U.S. Senate in 1999 , and served his complete term of office . The Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000 , the last three years of Clinton 's presidency . In foreign policy , Clinton ordered U.S. military intervention in the Bosnia and Kosovo wars , signed the Iraq Liberation Act in opposition to Saddam Hussein , and participated in the 2000 Camp David Summit to advance the Israeli – Palestinian peace process .
Clinton left office with the highest end @-@ of @-@ office approval rating of any U.S. President since World War II . Since then , Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work . Clinton created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes , such as the prevention of AIDS and global warming . In 2004 , Clinton published his autobiography My Life . Clinton has remained active in politics by campaigning for Democratic candidates , including his wife 's campaigns for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008 and 2016 , and Barack Obama 's presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012 .
In 2009 , Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti , and after the 2010 Haiti earthquake , Clinton teamed with George W. Bush to form the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund . Since leaving office , Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U.S. Presidents .
= = Early life and career = =
Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19 , 1946 , at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope , Arkansas . Clinton 's father , William Jefferson Blythe Jr . ( 1910 – 1946 ) , was a traveling salesman who died in an automobile accident three months before Clinton was born . His mother , Virginia Dell ( née Cassidy ; 1923 – 1994 ) , traveled to New Orleans to study nursing soon after he was born . She left Clinton in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy , who owned and ran a small grocery store . At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially , Clinton 's grandparents sold goods on credit to people of all races . In 1950 , Bill 's mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. , who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs , Arkansas , with his brother and Earl T. Ricks . The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950 .
Although he immediately assumed use of his stepfather 's surname , it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather . Clinton says he remembers his stepfather as a gambler and an alcoholic who regularly abused his mother and half @-@ brother , Roger Clinton Jr . , to the point where he intervened multiple times with the threat of violence to protect them .
In Hot Springs , Clinton attended St. John 's Catholic Elementary School , Ramble Elementary School , and Hot Springs High School — where he was an active student leader , avid reader , and musician . Clinton was in the chorus and played the tenor saxophone , winning first chair in the state band 's saxophone section . He briefly considered dedicating his life to music , but as he noted in his autobiography My Life :
Sometime in my sixteenth year , I decided I wanted to be in public life as an elected official . I loved music and thought I could be very good , but I knew I would never be John Coltrane or Stan Getz . I was interested in medicine and thought I could be a fine doctor , but I knew I would never be Michael DeBakey . But I knew I could be great in public service .
Clinton 's interest in law also began in Hot Springs High , when in his Latin class he took up the challenge to argue the defense of the ancient Roman Senator Catiline in a mock trial . After a vigorous defense that made use of his " budding rhetorical and political skills " , he told the Latin teacher Elizabeth Buck that it " made him realize that someday he would study law . "
Clinton has named two influential moments in his life that contributed to his decision to become a public figure , both occurring in 1963 . One was his visit as a Boys Nation senator to the White House to meet President John F. Kennedy . The other was watching Martin Luther King , Jr . ' s 1963 I Have a Dream speech on TV , which impressed him enough that he later memorized it .
= = College and law school years = =
= = = Georgetown University = = =
With the aid of scholarships , Clinton attended the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , receiving a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service ( B.S. ) degree in 1968 . In 1964 and 1965 he won elections for class president . From 1964 to 1967 he was an intern and then a clerk in the office of Arkansas Senator J. William Fulbright . While in college , he became a brother of co @-@ ed service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa . Clinton was also a member of the Order of DeMolay , a youth group affiliated with Freemasonry , but he never became a Freemason . He is a member of Kappa Kappa Psi honorary band fraternity .
= = = Rhodes Scholar = = =
Upon graduation , he won a Rhodes Scholarship to University College , Oxford where he studied Philosophy , Politics and Economics , though because he had switched programs and had left early for Yale University , he did not receive a degree there . He developed an interest in rugby union , playing at Oxford and later for the Little Rock Rugby club in Arkansas .
= = = Vietnam War opposition and draft controversy = = =
While at Oxford he also participated in Vietnam War protests and organized an October 1969 Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam event .
Clinton received Vietnam War draft deferments during 1968 and 1969 while he was in England . Planning to attend law school in the U.S , and aware that he might lose his draft deferment , he tried unsuccessfully to obtain positions in the National Guard or Air Force , and then made arrangements to join the Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( ROTC ) program at the University of Arkansas .
He subsequently decided not to join the ROTC , saying in a letter to the officer in charge of the program he had planned to join that he opposed the war , but did not think it was honorable to use ROTC , National Guard , or Reserve service to avoid serving in Vietnam . He further stated that because he opposed the war , he would not volunteer to serve in uniform , but would subject himself to the draft , and would serve if selected only as a way " to maintain my political viability within the system . " Clinton registered for the draft and received a high number ( 311 ) , meaning that those whose birthdays had been drawn as numbers 1 to 310 would have to be drafted before him , making it unlikely that he would be drafted . ( In fact , the highest number drafted was 195 . )
Colonel Eugene Holmes , the Army officer who had been involved with Clinton 's ROTC application , suspected that Clinton attempted to manipulate the situation to avoid the draft and avoid serving in uniform . He issued a notarized statement during the 1992 presidential campaign :
I was informed by the draft board that it was of interest to Senator Fulbright 's office that Bill Clinton , a Rhodes Scholar , should be admitted to the ROTC program ... I believe that he purposely deceived me , using the possibility of joining the ROTC as a ploy to work with the draft board to delay his induction and get a new draft classification .
During the 1992 campaign it was revealed that Clinton 's uncle had attempted to secure him a position in the Navy Reserve , which would have kept him from going to Vietnam . This effort was unsuccessful and Clinton said in 1992 that he had been unaware of it until then . Although legal , Clinton 's actions with respect to the draft and deciding whether to serve in the military were criticized by conservatives and some Vietnam veterans during his first presidential campaign , some of whom charged that he had used Fulbright 's influence to avoid military service . Clinton 's 1992 campaign manager , James Carville , successfully argued that Clinton 's letter in which he declined to join the ROTC should be made public , insisting that voters , many of whom had also opposed the Vietnam War , would understand and appreciate his position .
= = = Law school = = =
After Oxford , Clinton attended Yale Law School and earned a Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) degree in 1973 . In the Yale Law Library in 1971 he met fellow law student Hillary Rodham , who was a year ahead of him . They began dating and soon were inseparable . After only about a month , Clinton postponed his plans to be a coordinator for the George McGovern campaign for the 1972 United States presidential election in order to move in with her in California . They married on October 11 , 1975 , and their only child , Chelsea , was born on February 27 , 1980 .
Clinton did eventually move to Texas with Rodham to take a job leading George McGovern 's effort there in 1972 . He spent considerable time in Dallas , at the campaign 's local headquarters on Lemmon Avenue , where he had an office . Clinton worked with future two @-@ term mayor of Dallas , Ron Kirk , future governor of Texas , Ann Richards , and then unknown television director ( and future filmmaker ) Steven Spielberg .
= = Early political career = =
= = = Governor of Arkansas ( 1979 – 81 and 1983 – 92 ) = = =
After graduating from Yale Law School , Clinton returned to Arkansas and became a law professor at the University of Arkansas . In 1974 he ran for the House of Representatives . Running in a conservative district against incumbent Republican John Paul Hammerschmidt , Clinton 's campaign was bolstered by the anti @-@ Republican and anti @-@ incumbent mood resulting from the Watergate scandal . Hammerschmidt , who had received 77 percent of the vote in 1972 , defeated Clinton by only a 52 percent to 48 percent margin . In 1976 Clinton ran for Arkansas Attorney General . With only minor opposition in the primary and no opposition at all in the general election , Clinton was elected .
Clinton was elected Governor of Arkansas in 1978 , having defeated the Republican candidate Lynn Lowe , a farmer from Texarkana . He became the youngest governor in the country at 32 . Due to his youthful appearance , Clinton was often called the " Boy Governor " . He worked on educational reform and Arkansas 's roads , with wife Hillary leading a successful committee on urban health care reform . However , his term included an unpopular motor vehicle tax and citizens ' anger over the escape of Cuban refugees ( from the Mariel boatlift ) detained in Fort Chaffee in 1980 . Monroe Schwarzlose of Kingsland in Cleveland County , polled 31 percent of the vote against Clinton in the Democratic gubernatorial primary of 1980 . Some suggested Schwarzlose 's unexpected voter turnout foreshadowed Clinton 's defeat in the general election that year by Republican challenger Frank D. White . As Clinton once joked , he was the youngest ex @-@ governor in the nation 's history .
Clinton joined friend Bruce Lindsey 's Little Rock law firm of Wright , Lindsey and Jennings . In 1982 , he was again elected governor and kept the office for ten years ; beginning with the 1986 election , Arkansas had changed its gubernatorial term of office from two to four years . During his term he helped transform Arkansas 's economy and improved the state 's educational system . For senior citizens , he removed the sales tax from medications and increased the home property @-@ tax exemption . He became a leading figure among the New Democrats , a group of Democrats who advocated welfare reform , smaller government , and other policies not supported by liberals . Formally organized as the Democratic Leadership Council ( DLC ) , the New Democrats argued that in light of President Ronald Reagan 's landslide victory in 1984 , the Democratic Party needed to adopt a more centrist political stance in order to succeed at the national level . Clinton delivered the Democratic response to President Reagan 's 1985 State of the Union Address and served as Chair of the National Governors Association from 1986 to 1987 , bringing him to an audience beyond Arkansas .
In the early 1980s , Clinton made reform of the Arkansas education system a top priority . Chaired by Clinton 's wife Hillary Rodham Clinton , also an attorney and chair of the Legal Services Corporation , the Arkansas Education Standards Committee transformed Arkansas 's education system from the worst in the United States to one of the best . Proposed reforms included more spending for schools ( supported by a sales @-@ tax increase ) , better opportunities for gifted children , vocational education , higher teachers ' salaries , more course variety , and compulsory teacher competency exams . The reforms passed in September 1983 after Clinton called a special legislative session — the longest in Arkansas history . Many have considered this the greatest achievement of the Clinton governorship . He defeated four Republican candidates for governor : Lowe ( 1978 ) , White ( 1982 and 1986 ) , Jonesboro businessmen Woody Freeman ( 1984 ) , and Sheffield Nelson of Little Rock ( 1990 ) .
The Clintons ' personal and business affairs in the 1980s included transactions that became the basis of the Whitewater controversy investigation that later dogged his presidential administration . After extensive investigation over several years , no indictments were made against the Clintons related to the years in Arkansas .
According to some sources , Clinton was in his early years a death penalty opponent who switched positions . During Clinton 's term , Arkansas performed its first executions since 1964 ( the death penalty had been re @-@ enacted on March 23 , 1973 ) . As Governor , he oversaw four executions : one by electric chair and three by lethal injection . Later , as president , Clinton was the first President to pardon a death @-@ row inmate since the federal death penalty was reintroduced in 1988 .
= = = 1988 Democratic presidential primaries = = =
In 1987 , there was media speculation Clinton would enter the race after then @-@ New York Governor Mario Cuomo declined to run and Democratic front @-@ runner Gary Hart withdrew owing to revelations of marital infidelity . Clinton decided to remain as Arkansas governor ( following consideration for the potential candidacy of Hillary Rodham Clinton for governor , initially favored — but ultimately vetoed — by the First Lady ) . For the nomination , Clinton endorsed Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis . He gave the nationally televised opening night address at the 1988 Democratic National Convention , but his speech , which was 33 minutes long and twice as long as it was expected to be , was criticized for being too long and poorly delivered . Presenting himself as a moderate and a member of the New Democrat wing of the Democratic Party , he headed the moderate Democratic Leadership Council in 1990 and 1991 .
= = Presidency ( 1993 – 2001 ) = =
During his presidency , Clinton advocated for a wide variety of legislation and programs , much of which was enacted into law or was implemented by the executive branch . His policies , particularly the North American Free Trade Agreement and welfare reform , have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance . On budgetary matters his policy of fiscal conservatism helped to reduce deficits . Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history . The Congressional Budget Office reported budget surpluses of $ 69 billion in 1998 , $ 126 billion in 1999 , and $ 236 billion in 2000 , during the last three years of Clinton 's presidency . The U.S. treasury reported a debt of $ 5 @.@ 413 trillion in 1997 , and a debt of $ 5 @.@ 656 trillion in 1999 . At the end of his presidency , Clinton moved to New York and helped his wife win election to the U.S. Senate there .
= = = 1992 presidential campaign = = =
In the first primary contest , the Iowa Caucus , Clinton finished a distant third to Iowa Senator Tom Harkin . During the campaign for the New Hampshire primary , reports of an extramarital affair with Gennifer Flowers surfaced . As Clinton fell far behind former Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas in the New Hampshire polls , following Super Bowl XXVI , Clinton and his wife Hillary went on 60 Minutes to rebuff the charges . Their television appearance was a calculated risk , but Clinton regained several delegates . He finished second to Tsongas in the New Hampshire primary , but after trailing badly in the polls and coming within single digits of winning , the media viewed it as a victory . News outlets labeled him " The Comeback Kid " for earning a firm second @-@ place finish .
Winning the big prizes of Florida and Texas and many of the Southern primaries on Super Tuesday gave Clinton a sizable delegate lead . However , former California Governor Jerry Brown was scoring victories and Clinton had yet to win a significant contest outside his native South . With no major Southern state remaining , Clinton targeted New York , which had many delegates . He scored a resounding victory in New York City , shedding his image as a regional candidate . Having been transformed into the consensus candidate , he secured the Democratic Party nomination , finishing with a victory in Jerry Brown 's home state of California .
During the campaign , questions of conflict of interest regarding state business and the politically powerful Rose Law Firm , at which Hillary Rodham Clinton was a partner , arose . Clinton argued the questions were moot because all transactions with the state had been deducted before determining Hillary 's firm pay . Further concern arose when Bill Clinton announced that , with Hillary , voters would be getting two presidents " for the price of one " .
While campaigning for U.S. President , the then @-@ Governor Clinton returned to Arkansas to see that Ricky Ray Rector would be executed . After killing a police officer and a civilian , Rector shot himself in the head , leading to what his lawyers said was a state where he could still talk but did not understand the idea of death . According to Arkansas state and Federal law , a seriously mentally impaired inmate cannot be executed . The courts disagreed with the allegation of grave mental impairment and allowed the execution . Clinton 's return to Arkansas for the execution was framed in a The New York Times article as a possible political move to counter " soft on crime " accusations .
Because Bush 's approval ratings were around 80 percent during the Gulf War , he was described as unbeatable . However , when Bush compromised with Democrats to try to lower Federal deficits , he reneged on his promise not to raise taxes , hurting his approval rating . Clinton repeatedly condemned Bush for making a promise he failed to keep . By election time , the economy was souring and Bush saw his approval rating plummet to just slightly over 40 percent . Finally , conservatives were previously united by anti @-@ communism , but with the end of the Cold War , the party lacked a uniting issue . When Pat Buchanan and Pat Robertson addressed Christian themes at the Republican National Convention — with Bush criticizing Democrats for omitting God from their platform — many moderates were alienated . Clinton then pointed to his moderate , " New Democrat " record as governor of Arkansas , though some on the more liberal side of the party remained suspicious . Many Democrats who had supported Ronald Reagan and Bush in previous elections switched their support to Clinton . Clinton and his running mate , Al Gore , toured the country during the final weeks of the campaign , shoring up support and pledging a " new beginning " .
Clinton won the 1992 presidential election ( 43 @.@ 0 percent of the vote ) against Republican incumbent George H. W. Bush ( 37 @.@ 4 percent of the vote ) and billionaire populist Ross Perot , who ran as an independent ( 18 @.@ 9 percent of the vote ) on a platform focusing on domestic issues ; a significant part of Clinton 's success was Bush 's steep decline in public approval . Clinton 's election ended twelve years of Republican rule of the White House and twenty of the previous twenty @-@ four years . The election gave Democrats full control of the United States Congress , the first time one party controlled both the executive and legislative branches since Democrats held the 96th United States Congress during the presidency of Jimmy Carter .
= = = First term = = =
Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States on January 20 , 1993 . Shortly after taking office , Clinton signed the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 on February 5 , which required large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or a serious medical condition . This action had bipartisan support , and proved quite popular with the public .
Two days after taking office , on January 22 , 1993 — the 20th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade , Clinton reversed restrictions on domestic and international family planning programs that had been imposed by Clinton 's predecessors , Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush . Clinton said that abortion should be kept " safe , legal , and rare " — a slogan that had been suggested by University of California , San Diego political scientist Samuel L. Popkin and first used by Clinton in December 1991 , while campaigning . During the eight years of the Clinton administration , the U.S. abortion rate declined by about 18 @.@ 4 percent .
On February 15 , 1993 , Clinton made his first address to the nation , announcing his plan to raise taxes to cap the budget deficit . Two days later , in a nationally televised address to a joint session of Congress , Clinton unveiled his economic plan . The plan focused on reducing the deficit rather than on cutting taxes for the middle class , which had been high on his campaign agenda . Clinton 's advisers pressured him to raise taxes on the theory that a smaller federal budget deficit would reduce bond interest rates .
On May 19 , 1993 , Clinton fired seven employees of the White House Travel Office , causing the White House travel office controversy even though the Travel Office staff served at the pleasure of the president and could be dismissed without cause . The White House responded to the controversy by claiming the firings were done because of financial improprieties that had been revealed by a brief FBI investigation . Critics contended the firings had been done to allow friends of the Clintons to take over the travel business and that the involvement of the FBI was unwarranted .
Clinton signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 in August of that year , which passed Congress without a Republican vote . It cut taxes for fifteen million low @-@ income families
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taluk , and extended prohibitory orders under the Section 144 Criminal Procedure Code for two more days in the wake of the attacks and protests as a precaution .
Over 25 Christians were initially arrested by the police during the Adoration incident , in comparison to seven young members of the Bajrang Dal who had initiated the attacks . Chief Minister B. S. Yeddyurappa later stated in a press conference that a total of 153 people had been arrested during the attacks and resultant protests within a two @-@ day period and that some had been charged with looting , arson and rioting , saying that they would be " punished in accordance with the provisions of the law under they were charged . " The BBC reported that over 170 people had been arrested during the events . However , Superintendent of Police in Mangalore , N. Satheesh Kumar , claimed to have made just 89 arrests in total . Four policemen , half a dozen people and journalist Anil Jogi were reportedly injured in the Adoration incident , and three police vehicles damaged . The police stated that over 30 people were injured and eight police vehicles had been damaged in the overall attacks , and that nearly 40 people and 20 police were injured in the attacks in total . Several of the injured were taken to Father Muller Medical College and Wenlock District Hospital . Although three churches were attacked in neighbouring Udupi district , it remained peaceful during the aftermath .
Many congregations gathered in their churches upon hearing news of the attacks , volunteering to spend the night there to protect them from further attacks . The local Catholic leaders demanded a peaceful bandh on 15 September in and around the city of Mangalore , and as a response Catholic traders and transport owners closed their shops and stopped their vehicles . A memorandum was submitted to the district council at 10 @.@ 30 am , seeking protection for the lives and property of Christians . Prayers were to be held in all the 48 churches of the district on Wednesday , 17 September . On 6 October 2008 , some 10 @,@ 000 people from civil society and religious organisations organised a march to protest against the anti @-@ Christian perpetrators of the attacks .
= = = Reports of state and police misconduct = = =
The Christian community of Mangalore accused the police of doing nothing to prevent attacks by Hindu radicals . Mangalore Police Superintendent N. Satheesh Kumar himself admitted that the police did have information that pro @-@ Hindu organisations were planning to attack Christian places of worship in the district , but failed to do anything about it . The Christian community accused the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) government under B. S. Yeddyurappa of involvement in the attacks and backing the anti @-@ Christian campaigns . In response to the report that the police had information , Fr . Henry Sequeira , chancellor of the Mangalore Diocese said , " If the police knew about this in advance and still could not prevent the attacks , then we have no hope . " However , Superintendent Kumar had made security arrangements near the New Life Prayer Centre in Kankanady and had successfully barred the miscreants from entering and vandalising the centre at that particular location , leading to a violent conflict with the police . The police were also criticised by Christians for using excessive force in suppressing the protests and aggressively subduing Christian protesters whilst failing to punish the offending Hindu nationalist perpetrators ; photographs and video footage has emerged of the beating of some of the protestors with canes . Caning by the police was also reported at Panemangalore and Farangipet .
Phelix D 'Souza , a resident of Permannur , alleged that the police took him into custody and tortured him and opened a baseless case against him , sending him to jail for 11 days . Lance Rego , a Mangalore resident , claimed that " many of the police personnel who entered the premises of Holy Cross Church at Kulshekar were wearing helmets usually worn by two @-@ wheeler drivers and not the ones meant for police personnel . Hence , I wonder whether they were police personnel or cadres of the Bajrang Dal . " Another resident , Marcel Henry Ferao , alleged that " prohibitory orders were imposed on those who were inside the church compound and not on the Bajrang Dal cadres who were outside the church compound and were pelting stones " . Dinal Saldanha of Kulshekar alleged that the police used tear @-@ gas shells which were past their expiry date on the premises , and that exposure to the gas resulted in problems with her eyesight . Many Catholic women reported incidents of police violence to the Deputy Commissioner M. Maheshwar Rao and other government officials , revealing their bruises , and demanding that action be taken against them .
Girija Vyas , President of the National Commission for Women ( NCW ) , met with the affected women of Mangalore and visited various hospitals , schools and parishes in the area , and expressed concern at the way in which the police had handled the event . Two police constables , Nandakumar and Shivaram , were suspended following a stone throwing incident within Siddapura police jurisdiction , in which windows of a church had been smashed . Chief Minister of State Yeddyurappa stated that senior civil and police officials of the districts would be held responsible if attacks on churches and prayer halls occurred in areas under their jurisdiction , further stating : " Strict action will be taken against you [ the police ] without fear or favour " . In Dakshina Kanada district , community members reported that the administration had attempted to have Superintendent of Police N. Satish Kumar transferred . However , the official report into the attacks initiated by the government , released on January 2011 , contradicted this and stated " the impression and allegations that the top police officers and the district administration had colluded with the attackers in attacking the churches or places of worship has no merit . The concerned police in all districts did their best and have been successful in nabbing most of such miscreants and large number of charge @-@ sheets have been filed in various courts which have to finally adjudicate their identity . "
Mahendra Kumar , the former state convener of the Bajrang Dal , claimed that he was incarcerated for 42 days in Mangalore before being released on conditional bail by Karnataka High Court Justice Ashok B. Hinchigeri on 25 October 2008 , and was used as a scapegoat by the BJP regime to " save the government from further embarrassment after the church attacks and on instructions from the Sangh Parivar leaders . The police had originally protested against his being released on bail , a week after the attacks . Kumar stated that the BJP government in permitting the attacks had " fallen low on values and is engrossed in corruption . "
= = Reactions = =
= = = Political response = = =
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh spoke to Karnataka Governor Rameshwar Thakur and Chief Minister B. S. Yeddyurappa by phone from his Delhi residence in the aftermath of the attacks on churches and Christians , and expressed shock at the attacks . He directed the chief minister to take immediate steps to provide ample protection to religious institutions and maintain communal harmony . The Udupi district Congress committee submitted a memorandum to Deputy Commissioner P. Hemalatha , demanding that the state government initiate legal action and punish the culprits of the attacks . The Congress party opposition leader Mallikarjun Kharge said , " The BJP is responsible for the attacks . It is creating social disharmony " further adding that they were " actively inciting further violence " against Christians in the state . Special Home Secretary M. L. Kumawat visited some of the areas affected by the attacks and said that the state government " needs to do more and arrest all those responsible for the attacks . "
Yeddyurappa strongly denied any involvement of his government in the attacks , but admitted that the police were to blame for not taking precautionary measures , describing it as a " dereliction of duty " . He believed the attacks were a response from " some vested interest trying to tarnish the secular image of his government " . He said at the press conference , " My government is committed to maintaining peace and harmony in the state ; law and order has been top priority by my government .... Nobody is above law , irrespective of caste and creed the culprits will be punished " . The state government ensured that special security was given to important places of worship throughout the state in the aftermath of the attacks and Yeddyurappa set up a corps of detectives to investigate . He promised the Christian community leaders that all churches and shrines vandalised in the districts of Dakshina Kannada , Udupi , and Chikkamagaluru during the attacks would be restored and paid a visit to all of the areas affected by communal riots and attacks . Some politicians such as former Prime Minister and Janata Dal ( Secular ) ( JDS ) national president H.D. Deve Gowda and M. P. Prakash also visited the Christian institutions in the aftermath . In February 2010 , Yeddyurappa allocated ₹ 500 millions for Christian development projects in Karnataka in his state budget , the first time he had ever done so .
The Home Ministry advised the Karnataka government to do all it could in its power to prevent the recurrence of the attacks and to restore faith in the authorities in the region , asking for them to strongly suppress violence and vandalism and to punish the offenders . Senior BJP leader L. K. Advani , during his two @-@ day visit to Assam and Meghalaya , denounced the attacks in Orissa and Karnataka , saying , " I strongly condemn these acts of violence and vandalism . The law must take its course and the culprits must be brought to justice . " Former defence minister George Fernandes wrote to Yeddyurappa urging him to restore peace and challenging radicals to prove alleged conversions . Deve Gowda wrote a letter to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh asking for him to impose a " blanket ban " on the Bajrang Dal and Sri Ram Sena in the wake of the attacks , remarking that it " would send a categorical message across the world that secular India will not tolerate fascism , fanaticism and fundamentalism of any colour or kind . " He described the attacks as nothing but " state sponsored rowdism " , and accused the Karnataka government of trying to turn the state into a " Hindutva laboratory " .
= = = Religious response = = =
The Bishop of Mangalore Diocese Aloysius Paul D 'Souza stated that Christians were " deeply hurt " over the desecration of the Holy Cross and Sacred Sacrament in the Adoration monastery . The Archbishop of Bangalore Archdiocese , Bernard Moras , who met with Yeddyurappa in the aftermath of the attacks said , " I want to tell you , Mr. Yeddyurappa we are wounded ! " Fr . William Menezes , the public relations officer of the Mangalore Diocese , said : " After consulting various leaders and based on the assurance given by Chief Minister B. S. Yeddyurappa , district in @-@ charge Minister J. Krishna Palemar , the police and district administration , we hereby appeal to our community to stop agitation immediately to maintain peace . " Fr . Prashant Madtha , former principal of St. Aloysius College said in response to the attacks and resultant protests , " The retaliation from the Christian community you saw was happening for the very first time in the history of the state . It was not the correct response , I condemn it , but then our youth have started imitating the enemy . There is a lot of fear . We don 't know when the stones will rain on our roofs . We are even scared to talk . " Fr . Joseph Valiaparambil , Bishop of Belthangady , also said that Christian community of Belthangady was deeply hurt and shocked at the attacks , saying that " We strongly condemn the act . We are not violent and do not believe in violence . We respect the administration and the law of the country . We respect all religions . We , the Christian minority community , need protection from kinds of anti @-@ social , anti @-@ religious activities " . The community leaders in a press conference also appealed internationally , stating " we want to bring to the notice of the world and human right commissions and authorities in Canada to use their diplomatic channels about the total collapse of law and order in Mangalore and other parts of India , and the failure of the state to protect the lives of the clergy and the minority community " .
Joseph Dias , General Secretary of the Mumbai @-@ based Catholic Secular Forum ( CSF ) , visited most of the churches attacked in Karnataka during the event and said :
" The vested political and economic interests are hitting back with vengeance . Christians are sitting ducks , where no or negligible retaliation expected . The Church works in areas , where even the government dares not to go because it is not profitable . The Church 's education , healthcare and social services in these backward areas has empowered the weak , poor and deprived vested interests of vote banks and cheap labour . The emancipation through education , healthcare , awareness of alternatives and provision of opportunities have set the oppressed classes free from the clutches of the upper caste or rich Hindus and slavery of their political masters . These interests are therefore hitting back at the Christians to maintain their hold on those , whom they have been exploiting since ages ... We condemn those indulging in conversion by force or inducement . Catholics do not accept a conversion , unless it comes from the heart . But the saffron brigade raises this bogey , since in believes in Geobbels 's ( Nazi Propaganda Chief Joseph Goebbels ) [ sic ] principle of repeating a lie umpteen times , so that it will stick . Another ploy is to divide us into Catholics and Protestants , so that they can divide and rule . This makes it easy for Hindutva radicals to take the remaining Christian population . Those who criticise groups that convert by inducement , must realise that an individual , who converts , will do so only if he finds his previous religion with limitations and Christianity a better faith . "
Indian Christian expatriates in the Middle East united to condemn the attacks . In Kuwait City , Indian Catholics met in Kuwait Cathedral under Reverend Fr . Melwyn D 'Cunha on 15 September to voice their support to the Catholic community in Mangalore . They held a special " Prayer Service for Peace & Solidarity " on 18 September at the Cathedral auditorium . In Doha , Qatar , advisory and executive committee members of the Mangalore Cultural Association met on 17 September at the residence of Felix Lobo and denounced the attacks . In the United States on 17 September , many Christian leaders from various organisations met at the residence of Bishop , Rt. Rev. Dr. Jacob Angadiath of Syro Malabar Catholic Mission ( SMCC ) and announced a day of prayer vigil , fasting and a peace rally at the Syro Malabar Cathedral in Bellwood , Illinois on 28 September . Fr . George Madathiprambil , Vicar General of the Diocese , urged all Christians to " unite under one umbrella " , and Jos Anthony Puthenveetil , the Regional Vice @-@ President of FIACONA , urged the communities to unite , regardless of religions . Rev. M. J. Thomas of the Church of South India said " since many Indian Churches and American local Churches are expected to join in the peace seeking rally , this will be a history making event . " Various Hindu leaders , including those from Ayodhya , also denounced the attacks .
Mahendra Kumar , one of the leaders of the Hindu militant youth organisation , denied that any Catholic churches were attacked by his group but reportedly accepted responsibility for the attacks on prayer halls belonging to the New Life Fellowship Trust . He stated that the Bajrang Dal were not against Christianity in the region , but were offended by the alleged forced conversions . Kumar had initially denied any involvement in the attacks before being arrested on 20 September . When asked again at a later date however if he had accepted responsibility for the attacks , he denied it . Kumar resigned from Bajrang Dal on 1 October 2008 after witnessing a Hindu woman who had decided to commit suicide with her three children but was saved by Christian missionaries . He stated " That was the time I realised that life is more important than dharma ( religion ) . A lot needs to be done for the betterment of life . My dream is to build a society that values life more than religion . In jail I read several literary works . I joined Bajrang Dal so that we could mobilise the youth for a good cause , but at the end of the day all our concepts were politically motivated . " In February 2011 , after the commission reports into the attacks were published , Kumar formally apologised to the public for the attacks and accused the BJP Government of corruption . On 21 February 2011 he joined the JDS , declaring , " I am today shedding the shackles of communalism to strive for communal harmony , for which the JDS is working . " His successor Suryanarayana also denied any involvement in the attacks . Some pro @-@ Hindu elements believed that the attacks were politically motivated by the main opposition parties in the state rather than being purely based upon religious indifference , especially the Milagres Church attack .
In response to the alleged forced conversions , the VHP gave a 3 @-@ month deadline for New Life Fellowship Trust to stop all conversion activities in Mangalore . Bishop Aloysius Paul D 'Souza declared that the Mangalore Diocese would distance itself from the New Life Fellowship Trust , stating that the " Catholic Church does not believe in forceful religious conversion " . However , this was opposed by Margaret Alva , General Secretary of the All India Congress Committee ( AICC ) . She stated , " Christians were a microscopic minority in India . We must put aside the differences between our various sects and come together to fight fascist forces . " She further described the stance taken by the diocese as " improper " . Alva also objected to the peace agreement between the local Catholic leadership and the VHP in which the latter had allegedly laid down a code of ethics for the Christians to follow , and remarked that " the Indian Constitution is the only code of ethics for all Indians " . An investigation in the Udupi district headed by Mohammad Shafi Qureshi , Chairman of the National Commission for Minorities ( NCM ) , failed to discover any evidence of forced conversion . Qureshi stated that his commission had not received any report of forced conversion from the district administration of Udupi district and said , " Every Indian had the right to profess and propagate any religion . Conversion by force is not permitted " .
= = Investigations = =
An initial report by a committee , composed of some 17 human rights activists from Orissa , Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , Puducherry , Karnataka and Maharashtra , which formed to look into the violence in Mangalore , stated that the attacks were carried out by the Bajrang Dal and the Sri Ram Sena . They asserted that the event was a " pretext by the police to let loose a savage assault on the community and its sacred institutions " , and that the police " conducted themselves as activists of the Bajrang Dal and not as officers of the law , under the benign gaze of the friendly state government . " The police were reported to be " more interested in interrogating the nuns than in investigating the assaults . " The National Commission for Minorities asked for a ban on the Bajrang Dal , after conducting reports into events in Orissa and Karnataka .
Retired Justice M. F. Saldanha , formerly of the Bombay High Court , was outspoken against the protests and published a report in 2011 investigating the attacks on Christian institutions and people , written up after he visited 413 locations , examined 673 witnesses and 2 @,@ 114 victims of the attacks . He described the attacks as " state @-@ sponsored terrorism " , and concluded that " the attacks and incidents which took place were instigated and pre @-@ planned . They were not only supported by the state , but were also covered up for by the state . " The report also stated , " The responsibility for this devolves squarely on Home Minister V. S. Acharya and the Chief Minister B S Yediyurappa " . Saldanha believes that the " communal forces " at work attacking Christian institutions are also part of an anti @-@ Islam movement on the coastal belt of India . This was later backed by Joseph Dias of the Catholic Secular Forum who said that the Karnataka riots were " part of a wider plan of radical Hindutva elements targeting the Christian community after the Muslim community " , which had manifested in all of the BJP @-@ ruled states of India . Saldanha further stated , " There is 100 per cent evidence of two things : the state machinery and the police had a role in attacks on churches . There is videographic and photographic evidence of police entering places of worship . "
The official commission enquiring into the attacks on Christians , originally constituted on 19 September 2009 for a period of three months , had been extended ten times , causing dismay amongst local Christians . Yeddyurappa initially stated that a judicial inquiry into the attacks was unnecessary , as he believed that the state police were competent enough to investigate and bring the perpetrators to justice themselves . Jesuit priest Fr . M. K. George remarked that " The government does not seem to be serious about the early release of the commission report ... the government is lacking the political will to act " . Revd . Manohar Chandra Prasad criticised the government for " soft pedaling " and believed that the extension was an indication of the government 's " step @-@ motherly " attitude toward Christians . The official report of Justice B. K. Somasekhara , initiated by Yeddyurappa 's BJP @-@ led state government was eventually made public in January 2011 , in which it stated that the attacks were suspected to have been initiated by the Bajrang Dal , denying any involvement of the state government and the police , " true Hindus " , or any cover @-@ up in the attacks after collecting 2 @,@ 204 exhibits and 30 materials related to the attacks , 25 spot inspections and examining attacks on 57 churches in Karnataka . The report stated , " There is no basis to apprehension of Christian petitioners that politicians , BJP , mainstream Sangh Parivar and State Government directly or indirectly are involved in the attacks . No politicians or representative of any political party in the state who politicised the incidents of attack for their benefits immediately did not come before the commission with their affidavits or to give evidence or opinion in the matter . " The report — which cost around ₹ 30 million and took over 28 months , 300 sittings , and 800 pieces of recorded evidence to be realised — concluded that the district authorities and the police had , in most cases , taken the " appropriate steps regarding the Church and the people including the required protection . " Somasekhara concluded that the attacks were " carried out by ' misguided elements ' following circulation of literature insulting Hindu gods and reports of conversion activity by some Christian groups " and that " the Roman Catholic church and its leaders were not involved in conversion . " In the case of Chikkamagaluru district , Somasekhara noted that " the Government may enquire and withdraw the privileges to every people who is indulging or getting converted in such illegal activities of conversions commercially . " The report was widely criticised by the Christian community for being " biased " and activists belonging to the Religious Christian Minority Wing of the JDS burnt a copy of the Somasekhara report . Archbishop of Bangalore Archdiocese Bernard Moras rejected the Somasekhara report , stating , " It has failed to address the terms of reference of the Commission and has failed to do justice to the Christian community . " He demanded that the state government launch a Central Bureau of Investigation probe into the attacks , also saying that " we will make a representation to the government putting forth our demand . We will make a representation to the chief minister , the governor , various organisations including the Human Rights and the Central government " . Bajrang Dal State convener Suryanarayana also disputed the veracity of the Somasekhara report in its statements about the Bajrang Dal involvement and former Bajrang Dal state convener Mahendra Kumar . He issued a statement saying that " Bajrang Dal had no role to play in the incidents
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bs , Croats and Slovenes ) , Czechoslovakia . Similar treaties were also imposed on Greece and Entente @-@ allied Romania in exchange for their territorial enlargement , and on some of the nations defeated in the First World War ( Hungary , Austria , Bulgaria , Turkey ) . At the same time , Albania , Lithuania , Estonia , Latvia and , outside of Europe , Iraq were persuaded to accept minority obligations as part of the terms of their admission to the League of Nations .
The Polish treaty ( signed in June 1919 , as the first of the Minority Treaties , and serving as the template for the subsequent ones ) is often referred to as either the Little Treaty of Versailles or the Polish Minority Treaty ; the Austrian , Czechoslovak and Yugoslavian treaties are referred to as Treaty of St Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye ( 1919 ) ; the Romanian treaty as the Treaty of Paris ( 1919 ) , the Greek as the Treaty of Sèvres ( 1920 ) ; the Hungarian as the Treaty of Trianon ( 1920 ) , the Bulgarian as the Treaty of Neuilly @-@ sur @-@ Seine ( 1919 ) , and the Turkish as the Treaty of Lausanne ( 1923 ) . In most of the above cases the minority treaties were only one of many articles of the aforementioned treaties .
= = = List of unilateral declarations = = =
Declaration by the government of Albania , issued 2 October 1921 .
Declaration by the government of Latvia , issued 19 July 1923 , heard by the Council of the League on 11 September 1923 .
Declaration by the government of Lithuania , issued 12 May 1922 .
Declaration by the government of Bulgaria , issued 29 September 1924 .
Declaration by the government of Greece , issued 29 September 1924 .
= = = List of bilateral treaties = = =
Austrian – Czechoslovak treaty , concluded 7 June 1920 . Ratifications exchanged in Vienna , March 10 , 1921 . Registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 29 March 1921 . Supplemented by additional protocol relating to Carlsbad on 23 August 1920 .
= = = List of multilateral treaties = = =
Treaty between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and Poland ( June 28 , 1919 ) ;
Treaty between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and Czechoslovakia ( September 10 , 1919 )
Treaty between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( September 10 , 1919 )
Treaty between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and Greece ( August 10 , 1920 )
Treaty between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and Roumania , signed at Paris on 9 December 1919 and went into effect on 16 July 1920 . Ratified by the British government on 12 January 1921 , by the Japanese government on 25 January 1921 and by the Italian government on 3 March 1921 . Registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 21 July 1921 .
= = System = =
The Minority Treaties were the basis of the League 's system of minorities . Their aim was to protect the minorities without alienating the majority of the countries ' population . The procedure was centered on the Council of the League ( rather than the more encompassing Assembly ) which had the right and obligation to raise complaints of treaty violations . Individual Council members had the unique privilege of placing complaints on the agenda , even through the petitions for that could be sent from any source . The majority of cases , however , has never been handled by the council . Before reaching the Council , the petition passed through : the minority section of the Secretariat which selected the petitions according to some criteria ( prohibition of violent language , integrity of the state , complaints about specific violations ... ) , tried a first mediation and asked for supplementary information ; the special committee of three that was appointed by the council and had the faculty of :
dismissing the petition ;
trying a second stage of mediation
submitting the question to the Council , which had the opportunity to seek a final agreement between the parties . If the accused government and the League could not reach a satisfactory compromise , the final decision was referred to the Permanent Court of International Justice ( most cases were solved by negotiations between affected governments before the International Court intervention ) .
= = Importance = =
The Minority Treaties , recognized as history 's first minority treaties , were an important step in protection of minorities and recognition of human rights , bringing the subject to an international forum . In them , for the first time , states and international communities recognized that there are people living outside normal legal protection and who required an additional guarantee of their elementary rights from an external body , as protection within individual states itself may not be sufficient . Among issues successfully resolved by the Minority Treaties was the Åland crisis .
Nonetheless , the treaties were also subject to past and present criticism . The countries subject to the treaties saw it as limiting their sovereignty and infringing their right for self @-@ determination , as the League was allowed to influence national , religious and educational policy in those countries , and suggesting that they were not competent enough to deal with their internal matters . Further criticism centered on the treaties not being obligatory for the established countries ( like France , Germany , United Kingdom or Russia ) . The Western countries , who dictated the treaties in the aftermath of the First World War , saw minority safeguards as unnecessary for themselves , and trusted that they could fulfill the " standard of civilization " . It was the new Central and Eastern European countries that were not trusted to respect those rights , and , of course , Bolshevik Russia , still in the throes of the Russian Revolution , was a separate case .
This inequality further offended the smaller countries . Finally , this inequality also meant that the minority rights were not seen as a universal right ; it was exclusively a foreign policy issue , and thus populations that had no state to back up their claims were relatively disadvantaged when compared to ones backed up by a powerful state or group of interests .
With the decline of League of Nations in the 1930s , the treaties were increasingly considered unenforceable and useless . The League Council , charged with enforcing the various minority treaties , often failed to act upon complaints from minorities . There was an unwritten rule that state policies aimed at the cultural assimilation of minorities should be ignored as the " minor evil " with regard to the rights enshrined in the Minority Treaties when those policies were seen as guaranteeing the internal stability of the state concerned .
When the Council did review cases , the reviews were commonly dominated by the countries whose ethnic groups were affected and that tried not only to resolve the problem of mistreatment of their minorities but also score other political goals on the international scene , sometimes even sacrificing the very minority in question ( German and Hungarian governments are recognized as having abused the system the most ) . Also , of course , the League , lacking its own army , could not coerce any state to adhere to its recommendations .
Even before Adolf Hitler seized control of Germany in 1933 , the problems with the Minority Treaties were evident . Various European governments continued to abuse minorities , the latter loudly protested , their complaints were exploited by interested parties with ulterior motives , and the League interfered as little as possible . The system suffered an apparent death blow with Poland 's rejection of its treaty in 1934 .
= = = Renewed interest = = =
Judge Sir Hersch Lauterpacht explained the legal effectiveness of the operation of this system of minority protection treaties . He pointed out the Court 's determination to discourage the evasion of these international obligations , and its repeated affirmation of
the self @-@ evident principle of international law that a State cannot invoke its municipal law as the reason for the non @-@ fulfillment of its international obligations .
The United Nations established a formal minority rights protection system as an integral part of the Plan for the Future Government of Palestine .
The status of the treaties was questioned by the United Nations Secretariat in 1950 , but a modern @-@ day Chairman @-@ Rapporteur of the UN Working Group on Minorities subsequently advised that no competent UN organ had made any decision which that extinguish the obligations under those instruments . He added that it was doubtful whether that could even be done by the United Nations . The provision that ' No discrimination of any kind shall be made between the inhabitants on the ground of race , religion , language or sex . ' is enshrined in a multitude of international human rights conventions and the UN Charter itself .
Li @-@ ann Thio , a professor of international and human rights law at the National University of Singapore noted that many international law norms and customary practices developed in the inter @-@ war years by the League of Nations are still in use today . She specifically addressed the procedures for managing intrastate and inter @-@ ethnic issues through ( 1 ) international supervision , ( 2 ) supranational integration , ( 3 ) minority protection , ( 4 ) plebiscites , and ( 5 ) partitions . She cited the Palestine and Bosnian Partition Plans and 1990s European practice as examples of conditioning recognition of statehood on human rights , democracy , and minority protection guarantees .
The International Court of Justice performed a legal analysis of the status of the territory of Palestine in order to determine the applicable law , before seeking to establish whether that law had been breached . The Court said that in addition to the general guarantees of freedom of movement under Article 12 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , account had to be taken of specific guarantees of access to the Christian , Jewish and Islamic Holy Places . It noted that minority and religious rights had been placed under international guarantee by Article 62 of the Treaty of Berlin , 13 July 1878 , and observed that those " existing rights " had been preserved in accordance with the safeguarding provisions of Article 13 of the League of Nations Mandate and a chapter of General Assembly resolution 181 ( II ) on the future government of Palestine .
The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples recognized the urgent need to respect and promote the rights of indigenous peoples affirmed in treaties , agreements and other constructive arrangements with States . It also noted that the rights affirmed in treaties , agreements and other constructive arrangements between States and indigenous peoples are , in some situations , matters of international concern , interest , responsibility and character . In many instances the minority rights treaties provided for arbitration and granted the International Court of Justice jurisdiction to resolve disputes .
= Over There ( Fringe ) =
" Over There " is the two @-@ part second season finale of the Fox science fiction drama series Fringe . They are the 22nd and 23rd episodes of the season , and the 42nd and 43rd episodes of the series overall . Both parts were written by Academy Award @-@ winning screenwriter Akiva Goldsman , together with showrunners Jeff Pinkner and J. H. Wyman . Goldsman also served as director , his first such credit since the season premiere .
Fringe 's premise is based on the idea of two parallel universes , our own and the Other Side , each of which contains historical idiosyncrasies . The two universes began to clash in 1985 , after Dr. Walter Bishop ( John Noble ) stole the parallel universe version of his son , Peter , following his own son 's death . The finale 's narrative recounts what happens when Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) is taken back to the Other Side by his real father , dubbed " Walternate " ( Noble ) . FBI agent Olivia Dunham ( Anna Torv ) and Walter lead a team of former Cortexiphan test subjects to retrieve him , after discovering that Peter is an unwitting part of Walternate 's plans to bring about the destruction of our universe using an ancient doomsday device .
In the finale , the main characters spend the longest amount of time in the parallel universe to date . The writers sought to emphasize the differences between the two worlds : Anna Torv created a unique personality and physical demeanor for her character 's doppelgänger , Fauxlivia ; DC Comics designed special covers based upon some of their classic editions to display in the Other Side . These and other popular culture differences were noted and appreciated by critics , persuading the writers to add more in the third season . The episodes mark the first appearance of recurring character Lincoln Lee ( Seth Gabel ) , as well as the return of actors Leonard Nimoy and Kirk Acevedo as William Bell and Agent Charlie Francis , respectively .
Although originally intended to air on the same night , the two parts were broadcast in the United States a week apart . On its initial airing on May 13 , 2010 , an estimated 5 @.@ 99 million viewers watched part one . Part two aired on May 20 , and was viewed by an estimated audience of 5 @.@ 68 million . Both episodes received overwhelmingly positive reviews , and the season was chosen for a significant number of " best of " lists by various media outlets ; many critics praised the second episode 's cliffhanger in particular . The finale was included in most of the categories at Entertainment Weekly 's voter @-@ driven TV Season Finale Awards , placing first in two . Pinkner , Wyman , and Goldsman submitted both episodes for the drama writing and directing categories for the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards , and
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Nimoy submitted his work from the second episode for consideration in the Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series category ; none received a nomination .
= = Plot = =
= = = Part one = = =
Dr. Walter Bishop ( John Noble ) and FBI agent Olivia Dunham ( Anna Torv ) discover that Peter Bishop ( Joshua Jackson ) has agreed to return with his real father , dubbed " Walternate " ( Noble ) , to his own universe called the Other Side , which runs parallel to ours . One of the mysterious Observers ( Michael Cerveris ) leaves Olivia a note indicating that Peter is named in a prophecy as the one responsible for the end of the world . To warn Peter of his impending role , the Fringe Division work with biotechnology corporation Massive Dynamic to come up with a way to cross over . They form a plan that takes advantage of Olivia 's universe @-@ hopping ability , and recruit three other Cortexiphan test subjects who have unique abilities : Nick Lane ( David Call ) , Sally Clark ( Pascale Hutton ) , and James Heath ( Omar Metwally ) , two of whom appeared in previous episodes . The team — composed of Walter , Olivia , Nick , Sally , and James — successfully arrives on the Other Side . James dies shortly after arrival , but the rest manage to escape the alternate reality 's Fringe Division , who had used their special technology to detect their arrival . It is revealed that Walternate is the Secretary of Defense on the Other Side .
Peter reunites with his real mother , Elizabeth ( Orla Brady ) , while Walter 's team journeys to meet with William Bell ( Leonard Nimoy ) at Central Park . But instead of Bell the alternate Fringe Division appears , and attacks Walter 's team . Nick is shot and Sally stays with him ; she produces a suicidal fireball that torches both her and Nick to ashes and severely burns the Other Side Fringe Division 's principal investigator Lincoln Lee ( Seth Gabel ) . Walter is shot and walks to the hospital . Olivia follows her alternate counterpart and encounters Bell , who insists he did not betray their location to the Fringe Division and tells her that Walter is in trouble . Walternate is seen in the room housing the doomsday device Peter will be a part of , and leaves with its final component .
= = = Part two = = =
Walternate learns of Walter 's presence in the hospital and dispatches " Fauxlivia " ( Torv ) and " Alt @-@ Charlie " ( Kirk Acevedo ) to apprehend him , but before their arrival Bell and Olivia liberate Walter and escape . Fauxlivia sees a surveillance shot of Olivia and Walter and decides to confer with Walternate about the doppelgängers . During a discussion in his office , Walternate lies to Peter about the doomsday machine 's real purpose , claiming it can help to heal both worlds . Fauxlivia meets Peter in Walternate 's office and subsequently drives him to his new apartment . Walter and Bell travel to Harvard to collect some equipment necessary for the journey back to their own universe , and Walter reveals his intense dislike for Bell , whom he considers to have been a selfish war profiteer while he himself was locked away for seventeen years . Bell tells Walter that the parallel universe equivalent of himself died in a car accident as a young man . Olivia confronts Fauxlivia , who recognizes that Olivia has feelings for Peter . The women fight , and after rendering Fauxlivia unconscious Olivia dyes her hair to assume Fauxlivia 's identity . Meanwhile , Peter discovers that the machine is symbiotic and needs a particular human to control it — him .
Olivia and an oblivious alt @-@ Charlie visit Peter to take him to a safe location . Olivia knocks out alt @-@ Charlie and reveals herself to Peter , informing him of the machine 's real purpose and Walternate 's intentions . Peter tells her that he does not belong in either reality , following which Olivia admits her romantic feelings for him and convinces him to leave with her . The couple race to meet Walter and Bell at the Opera House , where Fauxlivia and a team of Fringe Commandos catch up with them . Bell and Olivia hold off the assault while Peter and Walter set up the dimensional device to enable their return home . Lacking a fuel source for the device , Bell sacrifices himself to create a nuclear reaction , using his body 's unstable molecular state . Close to death , Bell reveals that he removed Walter 's memories at his own request , and he and Walter are reconciled . Olivia , Walter , and Peter return home . Peter tells Walter he will never understand him , but because Walter traveled to another universe twice to save him — which has " gotta count for something " — he forgives him . Olivia is revealed to be Fauxlivia , infiltrating Our Side , when she arrives at a typewriter communication station to await orders . The Olivia from our world is then seen in a military detention center on the Other Side . Walternate visits and stares at Olivia without speaking before leaving her in the dark , in solitary confinement .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing and filming = = =
" Over There " was written by Academy Award @-@ winning screenwriter and frequent Fringe collaborator Akiva Goldsman , together with showrunners Jeff Pinkner and J. H. Wyman . Goldsman directed the episodes , his first such credit since the season premiere . He explained the finale in a January 2010 interview with Entertainment Weekly : " We 're trying to do the last two episodes as a singular event , a little bit more movie @-@ like . It 's really one big story . We 're approaching it like a mini @-@ feature . It 'll have a singular narrative drive . " They originally intended for the two parts to air on the same night , but Fox told them it would be shown on two nights , a week apart . The episodes first aired in the United States on May 13 and May 20 , 2010 . The writers , finding the script to be easily divisible , ended the first episode with William Bell and Olivia meeting outside Fauxlivia 's apartment , and began the second with Bell helping Walter escape from the hospital .
Pinkner and Wyman brought back the " Cortexiphan kids " , introduced in the first two seasons , because they felt that part of the storyline was really interesting . They wanted the end of the season to be a " beautiful culmination of everything " while traveling to the Other Side . The show had been developing a parallel universe storyline since its conception , but " Over There " marked the longest time spent in that world thus far . Pinker explained the idea of two worlds : " One of the big themes of the show is how small choices that you make define you as a person and can change your life in large ways down the line . " Wyman said that the parallel universe " is a reminder to our viewers that your life is what your choices are . " The two began discussing details about the Other Side early on , especially what the differences between the two universes would be . Pinkner commented in an interview with the Los Angeles Times that " a lot of them are ideas that we jokingly threw out . Some of them , like the notion of zeppelins or the Statue of Liberty if we didn 't let it oxidize or the Grand Central Hotel , we 're not making up . Had the Hindenburg not blown up , zeppelins would be passenger air ships docking at the Empire State Building . That was the plan . We opened ourselves to the standard that it had to be possible . " Pinkner later elaborated , " We 're interested in world building and all that stuff is the texture that actually makes it a world . The richness of detail is what makes it feel real . " They used comic books as one way to subtly differentiate the two worlds . Goldsman , Wyman , and actor Joshua Jackson are longstanding comic book fans and decided to make the character of Peter a fan as well . Goldsman called on his friend Geoff Johns , Chief Creative Officer at DC Comics . He arranged for DC to specially design ten alternate covers for some of their most iconic editions , which were displayed in Peter 's apartment on the Other Side . Visual effects company Eden FX created Peter 's apartment and the alternate New York skyline visible outside his window . When fans reacted positively to these detailed characteristics written into the parallel universe , the producers stated their intention to show a lot more similar details in the third season .
The finale introduces parallel @-@ universe versions of familiar characters , including the Fauxlivia version of Olivia Dunham , both played by actress Anna Torv . One topic of conversation among fans , journalists , and those working on the show was what to call the alternate Olivia to differentiate the two . Names varied , with many using " Fauxlivia " , " Bolivia " , and / or " Altlivia " . The writers chose Fauxlivia because a character in a season three episode referred to her as such . Torv and Akiva Goldsman discussed various ways to differentiate the two depictions of Olivia ; ultimately two different physical demeanors were created . Torv wanted to make the new character " completely different " , but she and Goldsman recognized that the two share some major similarities , as they both are in the same profession and are " fundamentally , genetically really the same person . " According to Torv , Fauxlivia holds herself differently and has " a different silhouette . She 's got a little firefighter , a little military in her . " Torv further explained , " Olivia wants to be the best , but [ Fauxlivia ] just wants to win ; " " There 's just a front @-@ footedness I think to [ her ] , simply because she just doesn 't carry the weight of the world on her shoulders like Olivia does . Olivia 's mum died when she was really little , and [ Fauxlivia ] ' s mum is still around . There 's lots of little , subtle differences . " The producers discussed cutting her hair , but ultimately decided on the auburn hair color to differentiate her . They also made her " a little bit more playful " . Pinkner describes shooting the Fauxlivia scenes in the DVD audio commentary : " When [ Torv ] first showed up on set in this different guise , she had really embodied this other character in a very playful and sexy way . She turned a lot of heads . " Goldsman remarked that Torv 's depiction of Fauxlivia was actually much closer to the actress ' real personality than her performance as Olivia . The producers were so pleased with her Fauxlivia depiction that they thought " it really opened up a bunch of possibilities ... it went from ' let 's see if this experiment works ' to ' how can we get more of this ? ' "
" Over There " marks the first time Olivia meets Fauxlivia . Their meeting was one of the first scenes to be shot ; this caused Anna Torv to be anxious about her new character 's traits " coming across " , as she had not yet developed all her mannerisms for Fauxlivia . While filming the conversation between the two , they did not use a double ; Torv memorized the timing and where she should be looking and pointing her gun , and the characters were filmed one at a time . Torv commented about the scene , " You 're talking to air . Learning both sides ... was tough . " For the fight scene that followed , Torv had to block and aim her gun carefully while being mindful of her movements and the camera 's location — though she was aided by stunt doubles . Torv credits the crew for successfully completing the scene : " I give them all the credit in the world . It took a while . They had to change the makeup , change the clothes , change the hair , change every little thing , every time they [ moved ] the camera . "
A later scene depicts Walter in a hospital recovering from a gunshot wound . Olivia and William Bell try to smuggle him out . As it was a real emergency room in a Vancouver hospital , the crew had only one day of shooting . One of the scenes included " monitor acting " , in which Torv had to react to a blank computer screen , because the writers had not yet chosen what images they wanted to display . The scene between Olivia , Walter , and Bell was originally set in a coffee shop , but the producers changed their minds when they realized they needed more funding for the finale . Consequently , they began " hawking " the scene in the hopes of gaining a sponsor . KFC responded , agreeing to pay them for shooting the scene at one of their locations . Walternate 's office scenes were shot in a mortuary overlooking a cemetery . Goldsman had Joshua Jackson react in different ways during his first meeting with Fauxlivia , including showing " anger and testiness " . He ultimately decided he would be " quite taken with her " . For the second episode 's cliffhanger , the producers worried about making it as " provocative " as the first season 's . They were originally going to have Olivia sacrifice herself to allow Peter and Walter 's return to Our Side , but changed their minds when Wyman suggested she be secretly swapped with Fauxlivia instead . Wyman commented , " We were ecstatic when we figured [ the cliffhanger ] out . " Co @-@ creator J.J. Abrams and other cast members were also pleased with it , with Abrams calling it " different , but I think equally impactful . " They wrote the cliffhanger before they knew whether the series had been renewed — they would have had to make an " eleventh @-@ hour redraft " had the show been canceled by Fox .
= = = Casting = = =
On April 5 , 2010 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Dirty Sexy Money actor Seth Gabel had been cast as the lead Fringe investigator in the parallel universe , and would be making his first appearance in the finale as a possible recurring character . Jeff Pinkner described the character as " the scientist @-@ cop @-@ leader of the team on the Other Side . " In an interview with TV Guide , Gabel commented that during shooting he felt that he looked " like such a doofus holding a gun , " but changed his mind when he saw the finished production . Gabel elaborated , " I was so scared that I wouldn 't pull it off . Once I saw myself being a scientist @-@ slash @-@ FBI hero , I felt more confident and relaxed . " His character is caught in a large explosion in the finale , but Gabel confirmed , in a Chicago Tribune interview , that his character would be returning for the third season . He states that the parallel universe has " special technology than can heal burns " .
The finale marked the return of actor Kirk Acevedo as the Other Side FBI agent Charlie Francis . In the DVD audio commentary , the producers admit they " faced a bit of hatred " when they killed off Acevedo 's character near the beginning of the season . They were aware the entire time that Charlie exists in the parallel universe , and that " nobody ever dies on Fringe " . Acevedo describes the parallel universe version of his character as someone who is " so much more fun . " He is subtly different , with a lighter personality ; he jokes around more , and is less " doom and gloom " than the original character . Some viewers refer to the new character as " alt @-@ Charlie " to differentiate the two . The actor , the producers , and some fans have called the new character " Scarlie " in reference to a scar on his cheek , which takes ten minutes to apply before shooting , according to Acevedo . Previous guest actors Orla Brady , Lily Pilblad , Ari Graynor , Omar Metwally , Ryan McDonald , and David Call appear in the finale , as well as new guest stars Philip Winchester and Pascale Hutton .
Some cast members portray alternate versions of their characters , including John Noble , Lance Reddick , and Jasika Nicole . Noble described his doppelgänger — nicknamed " Walternate " by Walter — as " [ physically ] the same man and the same actor . " He continued , " I think of [ Walternate ] as a soldier . He 's like a general in the army . He 's very upright , he 's very strong . " Reddick called alt @-@ Broyles " a great patriot and a great mind , " but " a bit of a maverick , so I guess we 'll see just how that loyalty and relationship plays out . " Nicole based " alterna @-@ Astrid " ' s characteristics on her sister , who has Asperger syndrome , partly by avoiding eye contact with the other characters when relaying information to them and by focusing solely on the data in front of her .
Though guest actor Leonard Nimoy was reluctant to return after completing his three @-@ episode commitment on the show that had ended with the season 's tenth episode , he returned for the season finale when the producers " essentially called him up and pleaded " . They discussed their plans for the character , and " told him it was a story we couldn 't tell without him . " He " graciously agreed . " " Over There " marked Nimoy 's longest appearance on Fringe , a longer and " much more involv [ ed ] " shoot of roughly seven days was required . Despite Leonard Nimoy 's planned exit from the show , the show 's producers have said that nothing is final in the Fringe world . Pinkner commented that Nimoy 's retirement from acting obviously hinders his character 's possible return but , " if Leonard chooses to come back , there is a story in place that we 'd love to tell . " Wyman elaborated that " I think it 's fair to say that you have not experienced the last of William Bell " . When the producers told Nimoy their ideas for Bell 's storyline in the third season , he returned for some brief voice and animation work in the episode " Lysergic Acid Diethylamide " .
= = Cultural references = =
A number of popular culture references are used to subtly differentiate the two universes . The American drama series The West Wing is beginning its 11th season in the parallel universe , and US politicians Barack Obama and Sarah Palin are in one of the show 's advertisements . The parallel universe 's Statue of Liberty is still its original shiny copper . " We imagined that Over There , they really liked copper and they cleaned it all the time , " one of the creators says . Liberty Island is the location of Fringe Division and the Department of Defense on the Other Side . The Hotel Attraction project by Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí was built in 1908 in the parallel universe , whereas in our world it never went past initial planning . Former president Richard Nixon is shown on a dollar coin in the parallel universe , rather than Dwight Eisenhower . Fauxlivia finds a twenty @-@ dollar bill from Our Side and questions who Andrew Jackson is , implying that he was either never president or is far less known in their universe . Civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. is shown on their version of the bill , which has been nicknamed a " junior " .
Aviator Charles Lindbergh is less well known in the parallel universe , and the famous kidnapping of his son presumably did not occur , as Fauxlivia expresses confusion when his name is brought up . When Walter , Bell , and Olivia are on the Other Side eating at KFC , Walter puts on a Brooklyn Dodgers baseball cap . Unlike in Our Side , the team never moved to Los Angeles . The parallel universe has a number of famous comic book issues from DC Comics , similar to Our Side , but with notable differences . For instance , the Red Arrow and Red Lantern exist on the Other Side , rather than the green versions of both characters in our universe , and there are different members in the Justice League . Fauxlivia 's cellphone ringtone is taken from the 1975 film The Rocky Horror Picture Show . Other films , both real and invented , are also shown in the parallel universe , such as Superman vs. Batman 2 , Indiana Jones and the Hex of the Hydra , Star Wars : Legion of Droids , Splash 7 , Smokey and the Bandit : The Final Lap and Mask vs. Joker .
= = Reception = =
= = = Broadcast and ratings = = =
Fox renewed Fringe for a third season in early March 2010 . The episodes aired on May 13 and May 20 , 2010 , in the United States and Canada . On May 17 Fox announced that the show would remain in its Thursday timeslot for the new season . A deleted scene cut from the finale featured Walternate and Peter discussing the fictional band " Violet Sedan Chair " while driving a Ford Taurus ; the scene 's reference to a " Ford exclusive " , as well as the perceived " loving shots " of the car , caused it to be noted as a prime example of product placement by some critics . The scene was advertised during the second episode 's commercial breaks in the US , advising viewers to view the clip at Fox 's official website . As with other Fringe episodes , Fox released two science lesson plans for grade school children focusing on the science seen in both parts of " Over There " ; the first part 's intention was to have " students learn about how the various forms of energy can be converted into other forms of energy and how these conversions can be used to either disperse or concentrate energy . " The second part 's purpose was for " students [ to ] learn about how various types of sensors can be used to remotely collect information about a geographical area , which allows for unique scientific analyses and discoveries . "
According to the Nielsen ratings system , upon its original US broadcast , part one garnered an estimated 5 @.@ 99 million viewers and a 3 @.@ 6 / 6 ratings share among all households . It received a 2 @.@ 3 / 7 ratings share among adults 18 – 49 . In keeping with the rest of its second season , Fringe 's ratings suffered due to tough competition from episodes of CBS 's CSI : Crime Scene Investigation and ABC 's Grey 's Anatomy , as these programs were also broadcast in the same time slot . Fringe and its lead @-@ in , Bones , helped Fox place third for the night , behind CBS and ABC . The second part was viewed by an estimated 5 @.@ 68 million viewers , with a 2 @.@ 0 ratings share among adults 18 – 49 . This was a 13 percent fall in the 18 – 49 ratings share from the previous week , as the second episode faced competition from the season finale of CSI : Crime Scene Investigation and the two @-@ part season finale of Grey 's Anatomy . " Over There 's " second part helped Fox place third for total viewers that night , behind CBS and ABC , and tie with NBC for third place among viewers 18 – 49 .
The finale aired on two separate nights in the United Kingdom . The first part was scheduled to air on May 25 , 2010 , on the UK 's Sky1 , but was put back a week to make room for the series finale of Lost . The first part aired on June 1 in the UK , with an estimated 195 @,@ 000 viewers tuning in . The second part aired on June 8 to an estimated 246 @,@ 000 viewers .
= = = Reviews = = =
The first part of the finale received critical acclaim . Ramsey Isler of IGN thought it " fantastic , " because it was " a great story that leads us into one hell of a conclusion to the season , " and that it " right away [ gave ] us the deepest , most exciting look into the alternate universe we 've seen so far . " He rated it 9 @.@ 0 / 10 . Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly and MTV 's Josh Wigler agreed on this last point , with Tucker noting the first part " was a complete success and a blast at giving us a fully lived @-@ in alternate universe . " Noel Murray of The Onion 's A.V. Club graded the first part with an A − , calling it " a fun , exciting episode that nicely set up next week 's finale " . Isler , Wigler , and Murray loved the return of the Cortexifan subjects ; Murray docked the episode a half point , explaining " I love the idea of Olivia & The Cortexifanatics so much that I 'm bummed Fringe burned through the group so quickly . " Critic Andrew Hanson , writing for the Los Angeles Times , noted that because of the parallel universe focus , the first part felt like the following season 's premiere . He praised the opening scene , and believed the scenes between Peter and his mother helped " ground the episode . They might be out of pace with the action and drama pouring out of every other moment , but there was weight and emotion . Bravo Joshua Jackson and Orla Brady . Bravo . " Ken Tucker noted that the scenes with Peter and his true mother indicated " a great , humantistic use of a sci @-@ fi trope " . MTV 's Josh Wigler praised Torv 's performance , but wished the two @-@ part finale was not broken up , explaining " I could have easily tuned in for another several hours . Heck , I could watch an entire parallel series focused solely on the alternate universe ! "
Like part one , the second part premiered to critical acclaim . IGN 's Ramsey Isler wrote that it " changed the whole landscape of the show 's main plot arc . Although there were some rough spots in the execution of this story , overall it 's one hell of a way to end the season . " He rated the episode 8 @.@ 6 / 10 . While praising Noble 's performance , Isler criticized some plot aspects . He was " kind of torn " on the Peter @-@ Olivia kiss , wished Peter and the doomsday device had been set up more for the third season , and believed the Olivia @-@ Fauxlivia interaction to be " a little strange , " as the two went from discussing their respective families to " ass kicking " . Isler did praise the fight itself . Ken Tucker praised the acting and the writers , noting " The fact that the series can accommodate a fan like me only confirms what a well @-@ wrought piece of pop culture Fringe has become . " Tucker included the second part of the season in his mid @-@ year " Top 10 " list for 2010 , partly attributing this ranking to Fringe " offer [ ing ] the season 's best cliffhanger " , alongside Breaking Bad . Noel Murray declared that he enjoyed part two slightly more , grading it an A. He praised Torv and Noble 's performances for " inhabiting their respective worlds so well " , and Goldsman for " [ shooting ] this episode with an emphasis on the characters more than the setting " .
Andrew Hanson of the Los Angeles Times felt the second part fulfilled all of the criteria for an incredible season finale : the season 's arc had a " pay @-@ off " he " didn 't see coming " in the aftermath of Walternate crossing universes to take back Peter ; the entire episode was an " event " because it spent more time in the parallel universe than ever before , and it had an " A + cliffhanger " . MTV 's Fringe reviewer Josh Wigler enjoyed the ending , calling it " one heck of a cliffhanger ! " James Poniewozik from Time Magazine positively compared both parts of the finale to The X @-@ Files , writing that , unlike that series , Fringe 's standalone episodes contribute to the overall mythology of the show . To him the finale " demonstrates how well the show now manages to balance its far @-@ fetched sci @-@ fi with grounded character storylines . " Poniewozik concluded his review by expressing that it was not as strong as " Peter " , but " ' Over There ' was a season @-@ ender that did what it should — left me wanting more " .
Many critics praised the many subtle differences between the two universes , while others lauded Leonard Nimoy 's appearance as William Bell and his scenes with Walter . Website blogger io9 listed both parts of " Over There " as one of the select few " crucial " episodes new viewers must watch to understand the show , referring to it as " one of the most epic season finales ever " . Another io9 reviewer called the ending one of the " best SF / fantasy cliffhangers ever shown on television " in a September 2010 list . The finale helped propel Fringe onto a number of 2010 " best of television " lists , including Digital Spy , Entertainment Weekly , the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer , The Daily Beast , The New York Times , TV Squad , the New York Post , and IGN ; the last of these named Fringe the best sci @-@ fi series of 2010 , beating fellow nominees Lost , Caprica , and Stargate Universe . Some critics predicted that , because of the increased focus on looking into the alternate universe and advancing its mythology , Fringe 's " monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week " episodes would become less frequent . This could make it more difficult for casual viewers to follow the show in its third season .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
Writers J.H. Wyman , Jeff Pinkner , and Akiva Goldsman submitted both parts of " Over There " for consideration in the Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series category at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards , and director Goldsman made a submission of both parts for the Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series category . None of the three secured a nomination . Leonard Nimoy submitted part two for consideration in the Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series category . He and fellow guest actor Peter Weller ( who appeared in " White Tulip " ) were not chosen for nominations . At Entertainment Weekly 's June 2010 voter @-@ driven TV Season Finale Awards , Fringe was nominated for multiple awards , and won in several categories . The Olivia @-@ Fauxlivia swap was named the " Best Non @-@ Romantic Cliff @-@ hanger " of the season and placed third for the " Single Most Clever Twist " , but it also came in third place for " Single Weakest Twist " . The ending scene with Walternate and Olivia was voted the winner of the " Spookiest Image " category . Olivia 's kiss with Peter finished in fifth place for the " Best Kiss " category , and her fight with Fauxlivia placed second in the " Best Fight " category . In the " Biggest Regret That I Didn 't See the Finale , I Just Read About It " category Fringe won third place .
= Grim Fandango =
Grim Fandango is an adventure game developed and published by LucasArts in 1998 for Microsoft Windows , with Tim Schafer as the game 's project leader . It is the first adventure game by LucasArts to use 3D computer graphics overlaid on pre @-@ rendered , static backgrounds . As with other LucasArts adventure games , the player must converse with other characters and examine , collect , and use objects correctly to solve puzzles in order to progress .
Grim Fandango 's world combines elements of the Aztec belief of afterlife with style aspects of film noir , including The Maltese Falcon , On the Waterfront and Casablanca , to create the Land of the Dead , through which recently departed souls , represented in the game as calaca @-@ like figures , must travel before they reach their final destination , the Ninth Underworld . The story follows travel agent Manuel " Manny " Calavera as he attempts to save Mercedes " Meche " Colomar , a newly arrived but virtuous soul , during her long journey .
The game received universal acclaim from critics , who praised its artistic design and overall game direction in particular . Grim Fandango was selected for several gaming awards at the time of release , and is often listed as one of the greatest video games of all time . However , the game was considered a commercial failure and factored into LucasArts ' termination of their adventure game development , contributing to the decline of the adventure game genre .
A remastered version of Grim Fandango was announced during Sony 's press conference at E3 2014 , and was developed by Schafer 's current studio Double Fine Productions with help from Sony to secure the property after Disney 's acquisition and closure of the LucasArts studio . The remastered title , featuring improved character graphics and textures , an orchestrated score , and directors ' commentary , was released on January 27 , 2015 for the PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita , Microsoft Windows , OS X , and Linux platforms . Android and iOS versions were released on May 5 , 2015 .
= = Gameplay = =
Grim Fandango is an adventure game , in which the player controls Manuel " Manny " Calavera ( calavera being Spanish for ' skull ' ) as he follows Mercedes " Meche " Colomar in the Underworld . The game uses the GrimE engine , pre @-@ rendering static backgrounds from 3D models , while the main objects and characters are animated in 3D . The player controls Manny 's movements and actions with a keyboard , a joystick , or a gamepad . Manny must collect objects that can be used with either other collectible objects , parts of the scenery , or with other people in the Land of the Dead in order to solve puzzles and progress in the game . The game lacks any type of HUD . Unlike the earlier 2D LucasArts games , the player is informed of objects or persons of interest not by text floating on the screen when the player passes a cursor over them , but instead by the fact that Manny will turn his head towards that object or person as he walks by . The player reviews the inventory of items that Manny has collected by watching him pull each item in and out of his coat jacket . Manny can engage in dialogue with other characters through conversation trees to gain hints of what needs to be done to solve the puzzles or to progress the plot . As in most LucasArts adventure games , the player can never die or otherwise get into a no @-@ win situation ( that prevents completion of the game ) .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Setting = = =
Grim Fandango takes place in the Land of the Dead
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the area of literature , William Styron won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1968 for his novel The Confessions of Nat Turner and is well known for his 1979 novel Sophie 's Choice . Anne Tyler also received the Pulitzer Prize for her 1988 novel Breathing Lessons . Additionally , Elizabeth A. Fenn won the Pulitzer Prize for History in 2015 . Other acclaimed writers include John W. Campbell and Reynolds Price .
In the visual arts realm , Annabeth Gish ( actress in the X @-@ Files and The West Wing ) , Ken Jeong ( actor in The Hangover and Community ) , Retta ( actress and comedian ) , Jared Harris ( actor in Mad Men ) , Randall Wallace ( screenwriter , producer , and director , Braveheart , Pearl Harbor , We Were Soldiers ) , Mike Posner ( singer , songwriter , and producer , Cooler Than Me , Please Don 't Go ) , David Hudgins ( television writer and producer , Everwood , Friday Night Lights ) and Robert Yeoman ( cinematographer , The Grand Budapest Hotel ) headline the list .
= = = Business = = =
On the business front , the current or recent President , CEO , or Chairman of each of the following Fortune 500 companies is a Duke alumnus : Apple ( Tim Cook ) , BB & T ( John A. Allison IV ) , Boston Scientific Corporation ( Peter Nicholas ) , Chesapeake Energy ( Aubrey McClendon ) , Cisco Systems ( John Chambers ) , General Motors ( Rick Wagoner ) , JPMorgan Chase ( Steven Black ) , Medtronic ( William A. Hawkins ) , Morgan Stanley ( John J. Mack ) , Norfolk Southern ( David R. Goode ) , Northwest Airlines ( Gary L. Wilson ) , PepsiCo ( Karl von der Heyden ) , Procter & Gamble ( David S. Taylor ) , Pfizer ( Edmund T. Pratt , Jr . ) , The Bank of New York Mellon ( Gerald Hassell ) , and Wachovia ( Robert K. Steel ) . Kevin Martin was Chairman of the FCC , and Rex Adams serves as the Chairman of PBS . Another alumna , Melinda Gates , is the co @-@ founder of the $ 31 @.@ 9 billion Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , the nation 's wealthiest charitable foundation . Some startups founded by Duke alumni include Box ( Dylan Smith ) and Yext ( Howard Lerman ) .
= = = Athletics = = =
Management and ownership of professional athletic franchises include Adam Silver ( NBA commissioner ) , John P. Angelos ( Executive Vice President of the Baltimore Orioles ) , Aubrey McClendon ( partial owner of the Oklahoma City Thunder ) , John Canning , Jr . ( co @-@ owner of Milwaukee Brewers ) , Danny Ferry ( former general manager of the Cleveland Cavaliers ) , Stephen Pagliuca ( co @-@ owner of Boston Celtics ) , and Jeffrey Vinik ( owner of the Tampa Bay Lightning ) .
Finally , several athletes have become stars at the professional level , especially in basketball 's NBA . Shane Battier , Corey Maggette , Elton Brand , Carlos Boozer , Luol Deng , Christian Laettner , Bobby Hurley , Grant Hill , Kyrie Irving and J.J. Redick are among the most famous .
= Exploding cigar =
An exploding cigar is a variety of cigar that explodes shortly after being lit . Such cigars are normally packed with a minute chemical explosive charge near the lighting end or with a non @-@ chemical device that ruptures the cigar when exposed to heat . The customary intended purpose of exploding cigars is as a form of hostile practical joke , rather than to cause lasting physical harm to the butt of the joke . Nevertheless , the high risk of unintended injuries from their use caused a decline in their manufacture and sale .
Although far rarer than their prank cousins , exploding cigars used as a means to kill or attempt to kill targets in real life has been claimed , and is well represented as a fictional plot device . The most famous case concerning the intentionally deadly variety was an alleged plot by the CIA of the US in the 1960s to assassinate Fidel Castro . Notable real @-@ life incidents involving the non @-@ lethal ilk include an exploding cigar purportedly given by Ulysses S. Grant to an acquaintance and a dust @-@ up between Turkish military officers and Ernest Hemingway after he pranked one of them with an exploding cigar .
= = Manufacture and decline = =
During the early- to mid @-@ 20th century , exploding cigars were a popular practical joke device , frequently advertised and mentioned in newspapers of the era . Despite their popularity , the history of the exploding cigar 's development is apparently not well documented , including how , where and when they first appeared . The largest manufacturer and purveyor of exploding cigars in the United States during the middle of the 20th century was the S. S. Adams Company , which , according to The Saturday Evening Post , made more exploding cigars and other gag novelty items as of 1946 than its next eleven competitors combined .
The company was founded by Soren Sorensen Adams , dubbed " king of the professional pranksters " , who invented and patented many common gag novelties such as sneezing powder , itching powder , the dribble glass and the joy buzzer . The largest New York – based manufacturer of exploding cigars was Richard Appel , a German refugee from Nuremberg , who in or about 1940 opened a gag novelty factory on Manhattan 's Lower East Side .
By the time exploding cigars were being turned out by manufacturers such as Adams and Appel , the chemical explosive variety had fallen out of favor . According to Adams , the large @-@ scale switch to a non @-@ chemical device occurred in approximately 1915 in the aftermath of a death caused by a homemade exploding cigar rigged with dynamite . Though exploding cigars were not normally rigged with dynamite but with explosive caps using a less powerful incendiary , following the incident , a number of U.S. states banned the product altogether . The replacement for chemical explosives was a metal spring mechanism , bound with cord — as the victim puffed away , the cord burned through , causing the device to spring open , thus rupturing the cigar 's end .
However , the decline in the use and advertisement of the exploding cigar was neither complete , nor permanent , and they can be obtained worldwide . In the United States , makers include Don Osvaldo and Hawkins Joke Shop . However , their availability in the USA is limited , as some states , such as Massachusetts , have banned their sale entirely .
Prank exploding cigars have caused many injuries over their history . For example , in 1902 one Edward Weinschreider sued a cigar shop for an exploding cigar which burned his hand so badly three of his fingers had to be amputated . As has been observed by one legal scholar , " [ t ] he utility of the exploding cigar is so low and the risk of injury so high as to warrant a conclusion that the cigar is defective and should not have been marketed at all . " Laws have been enacted banning the sale of exploding cigars entirely , such as Chapter 178 of Massachusetts ' Acts and Resolves , passed by its legislature in 1967 .
= = In fiction = =
Both prank and intentionally deadly exploding cigars have been featured in numerous works of fiction , spanning many forms of media including literature , film , comics books , cartoons and others . A well @-@ known use of the exploding cigar in literature , for example , appears in Thomas Pynchon 's 1973 novel , Gravity 's Rainbow . In it , the character Etzel Ölsch symbolically betrays his death wish by eagerly smoking a cigar he knows to be of the prank explosive variety . Other book examples include Robert Coover 's 1977 novel , The Public Burning , where a fictionalized Richard Nixon hands an exploding cigar to Uncle Sam , and Sherburne James ' Death 's Clenched Fist ( 1982 ) , in which a Tammany Hall politico of the 1890s is murdered with an exploding cigar .
Film examples include Cecil B. DeMille 's 1921 romance Fool 's Paradise , wherein the main character is blinded by an exploding cigar ; Laurel and Hardy 's Great Guns ( 1941 ) , which features a gag in which tobacco is replaced by gunpowder ; the Elke Sommer vehicle , Deadlier Than the Male ( 1967 ) , where a murder by exploding cigar is a key plot element ; in The Beatles ' 1968 animated feature film , Yellow Submarine , where an exploding cigar is used to rebuff a psychedelic boxing monster ; the 1984 comedy Top Secret ! , in which Omar Sharif 's British secret agent character is pranked with an exploding cigar by a blindman ; and in the 2005 film V for Vendetta , where the main antagonist 's cigar is swapped with an exploding one during a comedy skit .
Appearance of exploding cigars in the Warner Bros. cartoon franchises , Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes was fairly common , often coupled with the explosion resulting in the pranked character appearing in blackface . Some examples include : Bacall to Arms ( 1942 ) , wherein an animated Humphrey Bogart gets zapped by an exploding cigar leaving him in blackface , 1949 's Mississippi Hare , where the character , ' Colonel Shuffle ' likewise ends up in blackface after the explosion , 1952 's Rabbit 's Kin , in which Pete Puma offers Bugs Bunny an exploding cigar ( true to form , Bugs Bunny turns the tables on the hapless feline , placing the cigar in Pete 's mouth after he is dazed and lighting it with expected results ) , and 1964 's Dr. Devil and Mr. Hare , where the Tasmanian Devil successfully gets Bugs Bunny to smoke an exploding cigar .
Other media examples include television appearances such as when Peter Falk 's Columbo must solve an industrial magnate 's death by exploding cigar in the episode " Short Fuse " ( 1972 ) , in a season four episode of the United States television , CBS crime drama , CSI : NY titled " Child 's Play " , wherein the forensic team investigate the death of a man killed by an exploding cigar , and in a 1966 episode of The Avengers entitled " A Touch of Brimstone " ; in video games such as Day of the Tentacle where the player can offer George Washington an exploding cigar ; and as a stock device by the Joker in Batman comic books . For example , in Batman # 251 ( 1973 ) entitled The Joker 's Five @-@ way Revenge , an exploding cigar is used by the Joker to decapitate a man .
= = In reality = =
= = = CIA plot to assassinate Castro = = =
In the late 1950s under Dwight D. Eisenhower 's presidential administration and in the early 1960s under John F. Kennedy 's , the CIA had been brainstorming and implementing plots to assassinate Fidel Castro , going as far as enlisting the help of mafia leaders such as Johnny Roselli and Santo Trafficante , Jr. to assist in carrying out their plans . Many assassination ideas were floated by the CIA in the covert operation which was dubbed " Operation Mongoose . " The most infamous was the CIA 's alleged plot to capitalize on Castro 's well known love of cigars by slipping into his supply a very real and lethal " exploding cigar . " A November 4 , 1967 Saturday Evening Post article reported that during Castro 's visit to the United Nations in 1966 a CIA agent approached New York City police chief inspector Michael J. Murphy with a plan to get Castro to smoke an exploding cigar .
While numerous sources state the exploding cigar plot as fact , at least one source asserts it to be simply a myth , and another , mere supermarket tabloid fodder . Another suggests that the story does have its origins in the CIA , but that it was never seriously proposed by them as a plot . Rather , the plot was made up by the CIA as an intentionally " silly " idea to feed to those questioning them about their plans for Castro , in order to deflect scrutiny from more serious areas of inquiry .
Whether true or not , the CIA 's exploding cigar assassination plot inspired the cover of the October 1963 issue ( # 82 ) of Mad Magazine . The cover ( pictured at right ) bears the headline , " You 'll Get a BANG out of this issue of Mad Magazine " , and features a painting by Norman Mingo depicting Castro in the act of lighting a cigar wrapped with a cigar band on which is drawn Alfred E. Neuman with his fingers plugging his ears , awaiting the explosion . An exploding cigar is also featured on the poster for the Channel 4 British Documentary , 638 Ways to Kill Castro , which shows Castro with a cigar in his mouth that has a fuse projecting from the end and a lit match approaching . An exploding cigar was tested on a season 2 episode of Deadliest Warrior , KGB vs. CIA . The cigar completely destroyed the upper and lower jaw of a gel head but was determined to be very unreliable due to its timed fuse and small explosive payload .
= = = Ulysses S. Grant 's delayed gift = = =
According to a 1932 Associated Press story , U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant gave Horace Norton , the founder of a defunct college in Chicago , an exploding cigar soon after being introduced to him , but the " joke " wasn 't revealed until many years later .
According to the story , unaware of the nature of the gift , Norton saved the cigar , keeping it on display in his college 's museum . Years later , when the school was shutting its doors for good , the alumni thought it would be a fitting gesture to smoke the cigar at the college 's annual reunion . The honor was given to Winstead Norton , Horace 's grandson . During the sober speech he was presenting , Winstead lit the cigar , and after two puffs , it exploded . A 1952 news report contradicts one detail , holding that the explosion ultimately occurred at a family reunion rather than the alumni affair noted .
The tale of " Grant 's cigar " has unquestionably been embellished over time . The possibility exists that the tale is a hoax or urban legend or that the cigar was tampered with by someone after Grant 's purported presentation .
= = = Ernest Hemingway = = =
Reportedly , Ernest Hemingway , urged on by a group of journalists with whom he was drinking at the Palace Hotel bar in Rapallo , Italy , presented an exploding cigar to one of four bodyguards of Turkish general İsmet İnönü . When the cigar " went off " , all four guards drew their guns and aimed at Hemingway . He apparently escaped without any grievous bodily injury .
= Hungarian Revolution of 1956 =
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 or the Hungarian Uprising of 1956 ( Hungarian : 1956 @-@ os forradalom or 1956 @-@ os felkelés ) was a nationwide revolt against the government of the Hungarian People 's Republic and its Soviet @-@ imposed policies , lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956 . Though leaderless when it first began , it was the first major threat to Soviet control since the USSR 's forces drove out Nazi Germany from its territory at the end of World War II and broke into Central and Eastern Europe .
The revolt began as a student demonstration , which attracted thousands as they marched through central Budapest to the Parliament building , calling out on the streets using a van with loudspeakers via Radio Free Europe . A student delegation , entering the radio building to try to broadcast the students ' demands , was detained . When the delegation 's release was demanded by the demonstrators outside , they were fired upon by the State Security Police ( ÁVH ) from within the building . One student died and was wrapped in a flag and held above the crowd . This was the start of the revolution . As the news spread , disorder and violence erupted throughout the capital .
The revolt spread quickly across Hungary and the government collapsed . Thousands organised into militias , battling the ÁVH and Soviet troops . Pro @-@ Soviet communists and ÁVH members were often executed or imprisoned and former political prisoners were released and armed . Radical impromptu workers ' councils wrested municipal control from the ruling Hungarian Working People 's Party and demanded political changes . A new government formally disbanded the ÁVH , declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact , and pledged to re @-@ establish free elections . By the end of October , fighting had almost stopped and a sense of normality began to return .
After announcing a willingness to negotiate a withdrawal of Soviet forces , the Politburo changed its mind and moved to crush the revolution . On 4 November , a large Soviet force invaded Budapest and other regions of the country . The Hungarian resistance continued until 10 November . Over 2 @,@ 500 Hungarians and 700 Soviet troops were killed in the conflict , and 200 @,@ 000 Hungarians fled as refugees . Mass arrests and denunciations continued for months thereafter . By January 1957 , the new Soviet @-@ installed government had suppressed all public opposition . These Soviet actions , while strengthening control over the Eastern Bloc , alienated many Western Marxists , leading to splits and / or considerable losses of membership for Communist Parties in the West .
Public discussion about this revolution was suppressed in Hungary for more than 30 years . Since the thaw of the 1980s , it has been a subject of intense study and debate . At the inauguration of the Third Hungarian Republic in 1989 , 23 October was declared a national holiday .
= = Prelude = =
During World War II Hungary was a member of the Axis powers , allied with the forces of Nazi Germany , Fascist Italy , Romania , and Bulgaria . In 1941 , the Hungarian military participated in the occupation of Yugoslavia and the invasion of the Soviet Union . The Soviet army was able to force back the Hungarian and other Axis invaders . By 1944 Soviet armies were advancing towards Hungary .
Fearing invasion , the Hungarian government began armistice negotiations with the Allies . These ended when Nazi Germany invaded and occupied the country and set up its own pro @-@ Axis regime , the Government of National Unity .
Both Hungarian and German forces stationed in Hungary were subsequently defeated when the Soviet Union invaded the country in 1945 .
= = = Postwar occupation = = =
After World War II , the Soviet Army occupied Hungary , with the country coming under the Soviet Union 's sphere of influence . At the time , Hungary was a multiparty democracy , and elections in 1945 produced a coalition government under Prime Minister Zoltán Tildy . However , the Hungarian Communist Party , a Marxist – Leninist group who shared the Soviet government 's ideological beliefs , constantly wrested small concessions in a process named salami tactics , which sliced away the elected government 's influence , despite the fact that it had received only 17 % of the vote .
After the elections of 1945 , the portfolio of the Interior Ministry , which oversaw the Hungarian State Security Police ( Államvédelmi Hatóság , later known as the ÁVH ) , was forcibly transferred from the Independent Smallholders Party to a nominee of the Communist Party . The ÁVH employed methods of intimidation , falsified accusations , imprisonment , and torture to suppress political opposition . The brief period of multi @-@ party democracy came to an end when the Communist Party merged with the Social Democratic Party to become the Hungarian Working People 's Party , which stood its candidate list unopposed in 1949 . The People 's Republic of Hungary was then declared . By 1949 , the Soviets had concluded a mutual assistance treaty , the Comecon , with Hungary , that granted the Soviet Union rights to a continued military presence , assuring ultimate political control .
The Hungarian Working People 's Party set about to modify the economy into socialism by undertaking radical nationalization based on the Soviet model . This forced method of economic socialisation during infrastructural recovery from the war initially resulted in economic stagnation , lower standards of living , and a deep malaise . Writers and journalists were the first to voice open criticism of the government and its policies , publishing critical articles in 1955 . By 22 October 1956 , Technical University students had resurrected the banned MEFESZ student union , and staged a demonstration on 23 October that set off a chain of events leading directly to the revolution .
= = = Political repression and economic decline = = =
Hungary became a communist state under the severely authoritarian leadership of Mátyás Rákosi . Under Rákosi 's reign , the Security Police ( ÁVH ) began a series of purges , first within the Communist Party to end opposition to Rákosi 's reign . The victims were labeled as " Titoists , " " western agents , " or " Trotskyists " for as insignificant a crime as spending time in the West to participate in the Spanish Civil War . In total , about half of all the middle and lower level party officials — at least 7 @,@ 000 people — were purged .
From 1950 to 1952 , the Security Police forcibly relocated thousands of people to obtain property and housing for the Working People 's Party members , and to remove the threat of the intellectual and ' bourgeois ' class . Thousands were arrested , tortured , tried , and imprisoned in concentration camps , deported to the east , or were executed , including ÁVH founder László Rajk . In a single year , more than 26 @,@ 000 people were forcibly relocated from Budapest . As a consequence , jobs and housing were very difficult to obtain . The deportees generally experienced terrible living conditions and were interned as slave labor on collective farms . Many died as a result of poor living conditions and malnutrition .
The Rákosi government thoroughly politicised Hungary 's educational system to supplant the educated classes with a " toiling intelligentsia " . Russian language study and Communist political instruction were made mandatory in schools and universities nationwide . Religious schools were nationalized and church leaders were replaced by those loyal to the government . In 1949 the leader of the Hungarian Catholic Church , Cardinal József Mindszenty , was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment for treason . Under Rákosi , Hungary 's government was among the most repressive in Europe .
The post @-@ war Hungarian economy suffered from multiple challenges . Hungary agreed to pay war reparations approximating US $ 300 million to the Soviet Union , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia and to support Soviet garrisons . The Hungarian National Bank in 1946 estimated the cost of reparations as " between 19 and 22 per cent of the annual national income . " In 1946 , the Hungarian currency experienced marked depreciation , resulting in the highest historic rates of hyperinflation known . Hungary 's participation in the Soviet @-@ sponsored COMECON ( Council Of Mutual Economic Assistance ) prevented it from trading with the West or receiving Marshall Plan aid .
In addition , Rákosi began his first Five @-@ Year Plan in 1950 @-@ based on Joseph Stalin 's industrial program of the same name that sought to raise industrial output by 380 percent . Like its Soviet counterpart , the Five @-@ Year Plan never achieved these outlandish goals due in part to the crippling effect of the exportation of most of Hungary 's raw resources and technology to the Soviet Union as well as Rákosi 's purges of much of the former professional class . In fact , the Five @-@ Year Plan weakened Hungary 's existing industrial structure and caused real industrial wages to fall by 18 percent between 1949 and 1952 . Rákosi 's agricultural programs met with the same lack of success , with attempted collectivization of the peasantry causing a marked fall in agricultural output and a rise in food shortages .
Although national income per capita rose in the first third of the 1950s , the standard of living fell . Huge income deductions to finance industrial investment reduced disposable personal income ; mismanagement created chronic shortages in basic foodstuffs resulting in rationing of bread , sugar , flour , and meat . Compulsory subscriptions to state bonds further reduced personal income . The net result was that disposable real income of workers and employees in 1952 was only two @-@ thirds of what it had been in 1938 , whereas in 1949 , the proportion had been 90 % . These policies had a cumulative negative effect and fueled discontent as foreign debt grew and the population experienced shortages of goods .
= = = International events = = =
On 5 March 1953 , Joseph Stalin died , ushering in a period of moderate liberalization , when most European communist parties developed a reform wing . In Hungary , the reformist Imre Nagy replaced Rákosi , " Stalin 's Best Hungarian Disciple " , as Prime Minister . However , Rákosi remained General Secretary of the Party , and was able to undermine most of Nagy 's reforms . By April 1955 , he had Nagy discredited and removed from office . After Khrushchev 's " secret speech " of February 1956 , which denounced Stalin and his protégés , Rákosi was deposed as General Secretary of the Party and replaced by Ernő Gerő on 18 July 1956 . Radio Free Europe would broadcast the " secret speech " to Eastern Europe on the advice of Ray S. Cline , who saw it as a way to " as I think I told [ Allen Dulles ] to say , ' indict the whole Soviet system ' . "
On 14 May 1955 , the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact , binding Hungary to the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe . Among the principles of this alliance were " respect for the independence and sovereignty of states " and " non @-@ interference in their internal affairs " .
In 1955 , the Austrian State Treaty and ensuing declaration of neutrality established Austria as a demilitarised and neutral country . This raised Hungarian hopes of also becoming neutral and in 1955 Nagy had considered " ... the possibility of Hungary adopting a neutral status on the Austrian pattern " .
In June 1956 , a violent uprising by Polish workers in Poznań was put down by the government , with scores of protesters killed and wounded . Responding to popular demand , in October 1956 , the government appointed the recently rehabilitated reformist communist Władysław Gomułka as First Secretary of the Polish United Workers ' Party , with a mandate to negotiate trade concessions and troop reductions with the Soviet government . After a few tense days of negotiations , on 19 October the Soviets finally gave in to Gomułka 's reformist demands . News of the concessions won by the Poles , known as Polish October , emboldened many Hungarians to hope for similar concessions for Hungary and these sentiments contributed significantly to the highly charged political climate that prevailed in Hungary in the second half of October 1956 .
Within the Cold War context of the time , by 1956 , a fundamental tension had appeared in US policy towards Hungary and the Eastern Bloc generally . The United States hoped to encourage European countries to break away from the bloc through their own efforts but wanted to avoid a US @-@ Soviet military confrontation , as escalation might lead to nuclear war . For these reasons , US policy makers had to consider other means of diminishing Soviet influence in Eastern Europe , short of a rollback policy . This led to the development of containment policies such as economic and psychological warfare , covert operations , and , later , negotiation with the Soviet Union regarding the status of the Eastern states . Vice President Richard Nixon had also argued to the National Security Council that it would serve US interests if the Soviet Union would turn on another uprising as they had in Poland , providing a source of anti @-@ Communist propaganda . However , while CIA director Allen Dulles had claimed he was creating an extensive network in Hungary , at the time the agency had no Hungarian station , almost no agents who spoke the language , and unreliable , corrupt local assets . The agency 's own secret history would admit " at no time did we have anything that could or should have been mistaken for an intelligence operation " .
In the summer of 1956 , relations between Hungary and the US began to improve . At that time , the US responded very favourably to Hungary 's overtures about a possible expansion of bilateral trade relations . Hungary 's desire for better relations was partly attributable to the country 's catastrophic economic situation . Before any results could be achieved , however , the pace of negotiations was slowed by the Hungarian Ministry of Internal Affairs , which feared that better relations with the West might weaken Communist rule in Hungary .
= = = Social unrest builds = = =
Rákosi 's resignation in July 1956 emboldened students , writers , and journalists to be more active and critical in politics . Students and journalists started a series of intellectual forums examining the problems facing Hungary . These forums , called Petőfi circles , became very popular and attracted thousands of participants . On 6 October 1956 , László Rajk , who had been executed by the Rákosi government , was reburied in a moving ceremony that strengthened the party opposition .
On 16 October 1956 , university students in Szeged snubbed the official communist student union , the DISZ , by re @-@ establishing the MEFESZ ( Union of Hungarian University and Academy Students ) , a democratic student organization , previously banned under the Rákosi dictatorship . Within days , the student bodies of Pécs , Miskolc , and Sopron followed suit . On 22 October , students of the Technical University compiled a list of sixteen points containing several national policy demands . After the students heard that the Hungarian Writers ' Union planned on the following day to express solidarity with pro @-@ reform movements in Poland by laying a wreath at the statue of Polish @-@ born General Bem , a hero of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 ( 1848 – 49 ) , the students decided to organize a parallel demonstration of sympathy .
= = Revolution = =
= = = First shots = = =
On the afternoon of 23 October 1956 , approximately 20 @,@ 000 protesters convened next to the statue of József Bem — a national hero of Poland and Hungary . Péter Veres , President of the Writers ' Union , read a manifesto to the crowd , which included : The desire for Hungary to be independent from all foreign powers ; a political system based on democratic socialism ( land reform and public ownership of some businesses ) ; Hungary joining the United Nations ; and citizens of Hungary should have all the rights of free men . After the students read their proclamation , the crowd chanted a censored patriotic poem the " National Song " , with the refrain : " This we swear , this we swear , that we will no longer be slaves . " Someone in the crowd cut out the Communist coat of arms from the Hungarian flag , leaving a distinctive hole and others quickly followed suit . Afterwards , most of the crowd crossed the River Danube to join demonstrators outside the Parliament Building . By 18 : 00 , the multitude had swollen to more than 200 @,@ 000 people ; the demonstration was spirited , but peaceful .
At 20 : 00 , First Secretary Ernő Gerő broadcast a speech condemning the writers ' and students ' demands . Angered by Gerő 's hard @-@ line rejection , some demonstrators decided to carry out one of their demands , the removal of Stalin 's 30 @-@ foot @-@ high ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) bronze statue that was erected in 1951 on the site of a church , which was demolished to make room for the monument . By 21 : 30 , the statue was toppled and crowds celebrated by placing Hungarian flags in Stalin 's boots , which was all that was left of the statue .
At about the same time , a large crowd gathered at the Radio Budapest building , which was heavily guarded by the ÁVH . The flash point was reached as a delegation attempting to broadcast their demands was detained and the crowd grew increasingly unruly as rumours spread that the protesters had been shot . Tear gas was thrown from the upper windows and the ÁVH opened fire on the crowd , killing many . The ÁVH tried to re @-@ supply itself by hiding arms inside an ambulance , but the crowd detected the ruse and intercepted it . Hungarian soldiers sent to relieve the ÁVH hesitated and then , tearing the red stars from their caps , sided with the crowd . Provoked by the ÁVH attack , protesters reacted violently . Police cars were set ablaze , guns were seized from military depots and distributed to the masses and symbols of the Communist regime were vandalised .
= = = Fighting spreads , government falls = = =
During the night of 23 October , Hungarian Working People 's Party Secretary Ernő Gerő requested Soviet military intervention " to suppress a demonstration that was reaching an ever greater and unprecedented scale . " The Soviet leadership had formulated contingency plans for intervention in Hungary several months before . By 02 : 00 on 24 October , acting in accordance with orders of Georgy Zhukov , the Soviet defence minister , Soviet tanks entered Budapest .
By noon , on 24 October , Soviet tanks were stationed outside the Parliament , and Soviet soldiers guarded key bridges and crossroads . Armed revolutionaries quickly set up barricades to defend Budapest , and were reported to have already captured some Soviet tanks by mid @-@ morning . That day , Imre Nagy replaced András Hegedüs as Prime Minister . On the radio , Nagy called for an end to violence and promised to initiate political reforms that had been shelved three years earlier . The population continued to arm itself as sporadic violence erupted .
Armed protesters seized the radio building . At the offices of the Communist newspaper Szabad Nép unarmed demonstrators were fired upon by ÁVH guards who were then driven out as armed demonstrators arrived . At this point , the revolutionaries ' wrath focused on the ÁVH ; Soviet military units were not yet fully engaged , and there were reports of some Soviet troops showing open sympathy for the demonstrators .
On 25 October , a mass of protesters gathered in front of the Parliament Building . ÁVH units began shooting into the crowd from the rooftops of neighbouring buildings . Some Soviet soldiers returned fire on the ÁVH , mistakenly believing that they were the targets of the shooting . Supplied by arms taken from the ÁVH or given by Hungarian soldiers who joined the uprising , some in the crowd started shooting back .
During this time , the Hungarian Army was divided as the central command structure disintegrated with the rising pressures from the protests on the government . The majority of Hungarian military units in Budapest and the countryside remained uninvolved , as the local commanders generally avoided using force against the protesters and revolutionaries . From 24 to 29 October , however , there were 71 cases of armed clashes between the army and the populace in fifty communities , ranging from the defence of attacks on civilian and military objectives to fighting with insurgents depending on the commanding officer .
One example is in the town of Kecskemét on 26 October , where demonstrations in front of the office of State Security and the local jail led to military action by the Third Corps under the orders of Major General Lajos Gyurkó , in which seven protesters were shot and several of the organizers were arrested . In another case , a fighter jet strafed a protest in the town of Tiszakécske , killing 17 people and
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wounding 117 .
The attacks at the Parliament forced the collapse of the government . Communist First Secretary Ernő Gerő and former Prime Minister András Hegedüs fled to the Soviet Union ; Imre Nagy became Prime Minister and János Kádár First Secretary of the Communist Party . Revolutionaries began an aggressive offensive against Soviet troops and the remnants of the ÁVH .
Units led by Béla Király , after attacking the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party , executed dozens of suspected communists , state security members , and military personnel . Photographs showed victims with signs of torture . On 30 October , Király 's forces attacked the Central Committee of the Communist Party building . Hungarian politician János Berecz referred to how rebels detained thousands of people , and that thousands more had their names on death lists . In the city of Kaposvár , 64 persons including 13 army officers were detained on 31 October .
In Budapest and other areas , the Hungarian Communist committees organised defence . At the Csepel neighbourhood of Budapest , some 250 Communists defended the Csepel Iron and Steel Works . On 27 October , army units were brought in to secure Csepel and restore order . They later withdrew on 29 October , after which the rebels seized control of the area . Communists of Budapest neighbourhood Angyalföld led more than 350 armed workers and 380 servicemen from the Láng Factory . Anti @-@ fascist resistance veterans from World War II participated in the offensive by which the Szabad Nép newspaper 's building was recaptured . In the countryside , defence measures were taken by pro @-@ Communist forces . In Békés County , in and around the town of Szarvas , the armed guards of the Communist Party were in control throughout .
As the Hungarian resistance fought Soviet tanks using Molotov cocktails in the narrow streets of Budapest , revolutionary councils arose nationwide , assumed local governmental authority , and called for general strikes . Public Communist symbols such as red stars and Soviet war memorials were removed , and Communist books were burned . Spontaneous revolutionary militias arose , such as the 400 @-@ man group loosely led by József Dudás , which attacked or murdered Soviet sympathisers and ÁVH members . Soviet units fought primarily in Budapest ; elsewhere the countryside was largely quiet . One armoured division stationed in Budapest , commanded by Pál Maléter , instead opted to join the insurgents . Soviet commanders often negotiated local cease @-@ fires with the revolutionaries .
In some regions , Soviet forces managed to quell revolutionary activity . In Budapest , the Soviets were eventually fought to a stand @-@ still and hostilities began to wane . Hungarian general Béla Király , freed from a life sentence for political offences and acting with the support of the Nagy government , sought to restore order by unifying elements of the police , army and insurgent groups into a National Guard . A ceasefire was arranged on 28 October , and by 30 October most Soviet troops had withdrawn from Budapest to garrisons in the Hungarian countryside .
= = = Interlude = = =
Fighting ceased between 28 October and 4 November , as many Hungarians believed that Soviet military units were withdrawing from Hungary . There were approximately 213 Hungarian Working People 's Party members lynched or executed during this period .
= = = = New Government = = = =
The rapid spread of the uprising in the streets of Budapest and the abrupt fall of the Gerő @-@ Hegedüs government left the new national leadership surprised , and at first disorganised . Nagy , a loyal party reformer described as possessing " only modest political skills " , initially appealed to the public for calm and a return to the old order . Yet Nagy , the only remaining Hungarian leader with credibility in both the eyes of the public and the Soviets , " at long last concluded that a popular uprising rather than a counter @-@ revolution was taking place " . At 13 : 20 on 28 October , Nagy announced an immediate and general cease @-@ fire over the radio and , on behalf of the new national government , declared the following :
that the government would assess the uprising not as counter @-@ revolutionary but as a " great , national and democratic event "
an unconditional general ceasefire and amnesty for those who participated in the uprising ; negotiations with the insurgents
the dissolution of the ÁVH
the establishment of a national guard
the immediate withdrawal of Soviet troops from Budapest and negotiations for the withdrawal of all Soviet forces from Hungary
On 1 November , in a radio address to the Hungarian people , Nagy formally declared Hungary 's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact as well as Hungary 's stance of neutrality . Because it held office only ten days , the National Government had little chance to clarify its policies in detail . However , newspaper editorials at the time stressed that Hungary should be a neutral , multi @-@ party social democracy . Many political prisoners were released , most notably Cardinal József Mindszenty . Political parties that were previously banned , such as the Independent Smallholders and the National Peasant Party ( under the name " Petőfi Party " ) , reappeared to join the coalition .
During this time , in 1 @,@ 170 communities across Hungary there were 348 cases in which revolutionary councils and protesters dismissed employees of the local administrative councils , 312 cases in which they sacked the persons in charge , and 215 cases in which they burned the local administrative files and records . In addition , in 681 communities demonstrators damaged symbols of Soviet authority such as red stars , Stalin or Lenin statues ; 393 in which they damaged Soviet war memorials , and 122 communities in which book burnings took place .
Local revolutionary councils formed throughout Hungary , generally without involvement from the preoccupied National Government in Budapest , and assumed various responsibilities of local government from the defunct Communist party . By 30 October , these councils had been officially sanctioned by the Hungarian Working People 's Party , and the Nagy government asked for their support as " autonomous , democratic local organs formed during the Revolution " . Likewise , workers ' councils were established at industrial plants and mines , and many unpopular regulations such as production norms were eliminated . The workers ' councils strove to manage the enterprise while protecting workers ' interests , thus establishing a socialist economy free of rigid party control . Local control by the councils was not always bloodless ; in Debrecen , Győr , Sopron , Mosonmagyaróvár and other cities , crowds of demonstrators were fired upon by the ÁVH , with many lives lost . The ÁVH were disarmed , often by force , in many cases assisted by the local police .
In total there were approximately 2 @,@ 100 local revolutionary and workers councils with over 28 @,@ 000 members . These councils held a combined conference in Budapest decided to end the nationwide labour strikes and resume work on 5 November , with the more important councils sending delegates to the Parliament to assure the Nagy government of their support .
= = = = Soviet perspective = = = =
On 24 October , the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( the Politburo ) discussed the political upheavals in Poland and Hungary . A hard @-@ line faction led by Molotov was pushing for intervention , but Khrushchev and Marshal Zhukov were initially opposed . A delegation in Budapest reported that the situation was not as dire as had been portrayed . Khrushchev stated that he believed that Party Secretary Ernő Gerő 's request for intervention on 23 October indicated that the Hungarian Party still held the confidence of the Hungarian public . In addition , he saw the protests not as an ideological struggle , but as popular discontent over unresolved basic economic and social issues . The concurrent Suez Crisis was another reason to not intervene ; as Khrushchev said on 28 October , it would be a mistake to imitate the " real mess " of the French and British .
After some debate , the Presidium on 30 October decided not to remove the new Hungarian government . Even Marshal Georgy Zhukov said : " We should withdraw troops from Budapest , and if necessary withdraw from Hungary as a whole . This is a lesson for us in the military @-@ political sphere . " They adopted a Declaration of the Government of the USSR on the Principles of Development and Further Strengthening of Friendship and Cooperation between the Soviet Union and other Socialist States , which was issued the next day . This document proclaimed : " The Soviet Government is prepared to enter into the appropriate negotiations with the government of the Hungarian People 's Republic and other members of the Warsaw Treaty on the question of the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of Hungary . " Thus for a brief moment it looked like there could be a peaceful solution .
On 30 October , armed protesters attacked the ÁVH detachment guarding the Budapest Hungarian Working People 's Party headquarters on Köztársaság tér ( Republic Square ) , incited by rumours of prisoners held there and the earlier shootings of demonstrators by the ÁVH in the city of Mosonmagyaróvár . Over 20 ÁVH officers were killed , some of them lynched by the mob . Hungarian army tanks sent to rescue the party headquarters mistakenly bombarded the building . The head of the Budapest party committee , Imre Mező , was wounded and later died . Scenes from Republic Square were shown on Soviet newsreels a few hours later . Revolutionary leaders in Hungary condemned the incident and appealed for calm , and the mob violence soon died down , but images of the victims were nevertheless used as propaganda by various Communist organs .
On 31 October the Soviet leaders decided to reverse their decision from the previous day . There is disagreement among historians whether Hungary 's declaration to exit the Warsaw Pact caused the second Soviet intervention . Minutes of the 31 October meeting of the Presidium record that the decision to intervene militarily was taken one day before Hungary declared its neutrality and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact . Historians who deny that Hungarian neutrality — or other factors such as Western inaction in Hungary or perceived Western weakness due to the Suez crisis — caused the intervention state that the Soviet decision was based solely on the rapid loss of Communist control in Hungary . However , some Russian historians who are not advocates of the Communist era maintain that the Hungarian declaration of neutrality caused the Kremlin to intervene a second time .
Two days earlier , on 30 October , when Soviet Politburo representatives Anastas Mikoyan and Mikhail Suslov were in Budapest , Nagy had hinted that neutrality was a long @-@ term objective for Hungary , and that he was hoping to discuss this matter with the leaders in the Kremlin . This information was passed on to Moscow by Mikoyan and Suslov . At that time , Khrushchev was in Stalin 's dacha , considering his options regarding Hungary . One of his speech writers later said that the declaration of neutrality was an important factor in his subsequent decision to support intervention . In addition , some Hungarian leaders of the revolution as well as students had called for their country 's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact much earlier , and this may have influenced Soviet decision making .
Several other key events alarmed the Presidium and cemented the interventionists ' position :
Simultaneous movements towards multi @-@ party parliamentary democracy , and a democratic national council of workers , which could " lead towards a capitalist state . " Both movements challenged the pre @-@ eminence of the Soviet Communist Party in Eastern Europe and perhaps Soviet hegemony itself . For the majority of the Presidium , the workers ' direct control over their councils without Communist Party leadership was incompatible with their idea of socialism . At the time , these councils were , in the words of Hannah Arendt , " the only free and acting soviets ( councils ) in existence anywhere in the world " .
Khrushchev stated that many in the Communist Party would not understand a failure to respond with force in Hungary . Destalinisation had alienated the more conservative elements of the Party , who were alarmed at threats to Soviet influence in Eastern Europe . On 17 June 1953 , workers in East Berlin had staged an uprising , demanding the resignation of the government of the German Democratic Republic . This was quickly and violently put down with the help of the Soviet military , with 84 killed and wounded and 700 arrested . In June 1956 , in Poznań , Poland , an anti @-@ government workers ' revolt had been suppressed by the Polish security forces with between 57 and 78 deaths and led to the installation of a less Soviet @-@ controlled government . Additionally , by late October , unrest was noticed in some regional areas of the Soviet Union : while this unrest was minor , it was intolerable .
Hungarian neutrality and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact represented a breach in the Soviet defensive buffer zone of satellite nations . Soviet fear of invasion from the West made a defensive buffer of allied states in Eastern Europe an essential security objective .
In the light of what was taking place in China and the news from Budapest , these militants arrived at the conclusion that " the Party is the incarnation of bureaucratic despotism " and that " socialism can develop only on the foundations of direct democracy " . For them the struggle of the Hungarian workers was a struggle " for the principle of direct democracy " and " all power should be transferred to the Workers Committees of Hungary " . The Presidium decided to break the de facto ceasefire and crush the Hungarian revolution . The plan was to declare a " Provisional Revolutionary Government " under János Kádár , who would appeal for Soviet assistance to restore order . According to witnesses , Kádár was in Moscow in early November , and he was in contact with the Soviet embassy while still a member of the Nagy government . Delegations were sent to other Communist governments in Eastern Europe and China , seeking to avoid a regional conflict , and propaganda messages prepared for broadcast when the second Soviet intervention had begun . To disguise these intentions , Soviet diplomats were to engage the Nagy government in talks discussing the withdrawal of Soviet forces .
According to some sources , the Chinese leader Mao Zedong played an important role in Khrushchev 's decision to suppress the Hungarian uprising . Chinese Communist Party Deputy Chairman Liu Shaoqi pressured Khrushchev to send in troops to put down the revolt by force . Although the relations between China and the Soviet Union had deteriorated during the recent years , Mao 's words still carried great weight in the Kremlin , and they were frequently in contact during the crisis . Initially , Mao opposed a second intervention , and this information was passed on to Khrushchev on 30 October , before the Presidium met and decided against intervention . Mao then changed his mind in favour of intervention but , according to William Taubman , it remains unclear when and how Khrushchev learned of this and thus if it influenced his decision on 31 October .
From 1 to 3 November , Khrushchev left Moscow to meet with his European allies and inform them of the decision to intervene . At the first such meeting , he met with Władysław Gomułka in Brest . Then , he had talks with the Romanian , Czechoslovak , and Bulgarian leaders in Bucharest . Finally Khrushchev flew with Malenkov to Yugoslavia , where they met with Josip Broz Tito , who was on holiday on his island Brioni in the Adriatic . The Yugoslavs also persuaded Khrushchev to choose János Kádár instead of Ferenc Münnich as the new leader of Hungary . Two months after the Soviet crackdown , Tito confided in Nikolai Firiubin , the Soviet ambassador to Yugoslavia , that " the reaction raised its head , especially in Croatia , where the reactionary elements openly incited the employees of the Yugoslav security organs to violence . "
= = = = International reaction = = = =
Although John Foster Dulles , the United States Secretary of State recommended on 24 October for the United Nations Security Council to convene to discuss the situation in Hungary , little immediate action was taken to introduce a resolution , in part because other world events unfolded the day after the peaceful interlude started , when allied collusion started the Suez Crisis . The problem was not that Suez distracted US attention from Hungary but that it made the condemnation of Soviet actions very difficult . As Vice President Richard Nixon later explained , " We couldn 't on one hand , complain about the Soviets intervening in Hungary and , on the other hand , approve of the British and the French picking that particular time to intervene against [ Gamel Abdel ] Nasser " .
The US response was reliant on the CIA to covertly effect change , with both covert agents and Radio Free Europe . However , their Hungarian operations collapsed rapidly and they could not locate any of the weapon caches hidden across Europe , nor be sure who they 'd send arms too . The agency 's main source of information were the newspapers and a State Department employee in Budapest called Geza Katona . By the 28th of October , on the same night that the new Nagy government came to power , RFE was ramping up its broadcasts – encouraging armed struggle , advising on how to combat tanks and signing off with " Freedom or Death ! " – on the orders of Frank Wisner . When Nagy did come to power , CIA director Allen Dulles advised the White House that Cardinal Mindszenty would be a better leader ( due to Nagy 's communist past ) ; he had CIA radio broadcasts run propaganda against Nagy , calling him a traitor who 'd invited Soviet troops in . Broadcasts continued to broadcast armed response while the CIA mistakenly believed that the Hungarian army was switching sides and the rebels were gaining arms . ( Wisner was recorded as having a " nervous breakdown " by William Colby as the uprising was crushed )
Responding to the plea by Nagy at the time of the second massive Soviet intervention on 4 November , the Security Council resolution critical of Soviet actions was vetoed by the Soviet Union ; instead resolution 120 was adopted to pass the matter onto the General Assembly . The General Assembly , by a vote of 50 in favour , 8 against and 15 abstentions , called on the Soviet Union to end its Hungarian intervention , but the newly constituted Kádár government rejected UN observers .
US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was aware of a detailed study of Hungarian resistance that recommended against US military intervention , and of earlier policy discussions within the National Security Council that focused upon encouraging discontent in Soviet satellite nations only by economic policies and political rhetoric . In a 1998 interview , Hungarian Ambassador Géza Jeszenszky was critical of Western inaction in 1956 , citing the influence of the United Nations at that time and giving the example of UN intervention in Korea from 1950 to 1953 .
During the uprising , the Radio Free Europe ( RFE ) Hungarian @-@ language programs broadcast news of the political and military situation , as well as appealing to Hungarians to fight the Soviet forces , including tactical advice on resistance methods . After the Soviet suppression of the revolution , RFE was criticised for having misled the Hungarian people that NATO or United Nations would intervene if citizens continued to resist . Allen Dulles lied to Eisenhower that RFE had not promised US aid ; Eisenhower believed him , as the transcripts of the broadcasts were kept secret .
= = = Soviet intervention of 4 November = = =
On 1 November , Imre Nagy received reports that Soviet forces had entered Hungary from the east and were moving towards Budapest . Nagy sought and received assurances ( which proved false ) from Soviet ambassador Yuri Andropov that the Soviet Union would not invade . The Cabinet , with János Kádár in agreement , declared Hungary 's neutrality , withdrew from the Warsaw Pact , and requested assistance from the diplomatic corps in Budapest and the UN Secretary @-@ General to defend Hungary 's neutrality . Ambassador Andropov was asked to inform his government that Hungary would begin negotiations on the removal of Soviet forces immediately .
On 3 November , a Hungarian delegation led by the Minister of Defense Pál Maléter were invited to attend negotiations on Soviet withdrawal at the Soviet Military Command at Tököl , near Budapest . At around midnight that evening , General Ivan Serov , Chief of the Soviet Security Police ( KGB ) ordered the arrest of the Hungarian delegation , and the next day , the Soviet army again attacked Budapest .
During the early morning hours of 4 November , Ferenc Münnich announced on Radio Szolnok the establishment of the " Revolutionary Workers ' -Peasants ' Government of Hungary " .
The second Soviet intervention , codenamed " Operation Whirlwind " , was launched by Marshal Ivan Konev . The five Soviet divisions stationed in Hungary before 23 October were augmented to a total strength of 17 divisions . The 8th Mechanized Army under command of Lieutenant General Hamazasp Babadzhanian and the 38th Army under Lieutenant General Hadzhi @-@ Umar Mamsurovs from the nearby Carpathian Military District were deployed to Hungary for the operation . Some rank @-@ and @-@ file Soviet soldiers reportedly believed they were being sent to Berlin to fight German fascists . By 21 : 30 on 3 November , the Soviet Army had completely encircled Budapest .
At 03 : 00 on 4 November , Soviet tanks penetrated Budapest along the Pest side of the Danube in two thrusts : one up the Soroksári road from the south and the other down the Váci road from the north . Thus before a single shot was fired , the Soviets had effectively split the city in half , controlled all bridgeheads , and were shielded to the rear by the wide Danube river . Armoured units crossed into Buda and at 04 : 25 fired the first shots at the army barracks on Budaörsi Road . Soon after , Soviet artillery and tank fire was heard in all districts of Budapest . Operation Whirlwind combined air strikes , artillery , and the co @-@ ordinated tank @-@ infantry action of 17 divisions .
Between 4 and 9 November , the Hungarian Army put up sporadic and disorganised resistance , with Marshal Zhukov reporting the disarming of twelve divisions , two armoured regiments , and the entire Hungarian Air Force . The Hungarian Army continued its most formidable resistance in various districts of Budapest and in and around the city of Pécs in the Mecsek Mountains , and in the industrial centre of Dunaújváros ( then called Stalintown ) . Fighting in Budapest consisted of between ten and fifteen thousand resistance fighters , with the heaviest fighting occurring in the working @-@ class stronghold of Csepel on the Danube River . Although some very senior officers were openly pro @-@ Soviet , the rank and file soldiers were overwhelmingly loyal to the revolution and either fought against the invasion or deserted . The United Nations reported that there were no recorded incidents of Hungarian Army units fighting on the side of the Soviets .
At 05 : 20 on 4 November , Imre Nagy broadcast his final plea to the nation and the world , announcing that Soviet Forces were attacking Budapest and that the Government remained at its post . The radio station , Free Kossuth Rádió , stopped broadcasting at 08 : 07 An emergency Cabinet meeting was held in the Parliament but was attended by only three ministers . As Soviet troops arrived to occupy the building , a negotiated evacuation ensued , leaving Minister of State István Bibó as the last representative of the National Government remaining at his post . He wrote For Freedom and Truth , a stirring proclamation to the nation and the world .
At 06 : 00 , on 4 November , in the town of Szolnok , János Kádár proclaimed the " Hungarian Revolutionary Worker @-@ Peasant Government " . His statement declared " We must put an end to the excesses of the counter @-@ revolutionary elements . The hour for action has sounded . We are going to defend the interest of the workers and peasants and the achievements of the people 's democracy . " Later that evening , Kádár called upon " the faithful fighters of the true cause of socialism " to come out of hiding and take up arms . However , Hungarian support did not materialise ; the fighting did not take on the character of an internally divisive civil war , but rather , in the words of a United Nations report , that of " a well @-@ equipped foreign army crushing by overwhelming force a national movement and eliminating the Government . "
By 08 : 00 organised defence of the city evaporated after the radio station was seized , and many defenders fell back to fortified positions . During the same hour , the parliamentary guard laid down their arms , and forces under Major General K. Grebennik captured Parliament and liberated captured ministers of the Rákosi @-@ Hegedüs government . Among the liberated were István Dobi and Sándor Rónai , both of whom became members of the re @-@ established socialist Hungarian government . Hungarian civilians bore the brunt of the fighting , as Soviet troops spared little effort to differentiate military from civilian targets . For this reason , Soviet tanks often crept along main roads firing indiscriminately into buildings . Hungarian resistance was strongest in the industrial areas of Budapest , which were heavily targeted by Soviet artillery and air strikes
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to rival Ottoman dominance in the region . Recognizing the need to reassert naval preeminence in the Mediterranean , Suleiman appointed an exceptional naval commander in the form of Khair ad Din , known to Europeans as Barbarossa . Once appointed admiral @-@ in @-@ chief , Barbarossa was charged with rebuilding the Ottoman fleet , to such an extent that the Ottoman navy equaled in number those of all other Mediterranean countries put together .
In 1535 , Charles V won an important victory against the Ottomans at Tunis , which together with the war against Venice the following year , led Suleiman to accept proposals from Francis I of France to form an alliance against Charles . In 1538 , the Spanish fleet was defeated by Barbarossa at the Battle of Preveza , securing the eastern Mediterranean for the Turks for 33 years , until the defeat at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 .
East of Morocco , huge Muslim territories in North Africa were annexed . The Barbary States of Tripolitania , Tunisia and Algeria became autonomous provinces of the Empire , serving as the leading edge of Suleiman 's conflict with Charles V , whose attempt to drive out the Turks failed in 1541 . The piracy carried on thereafter by the Barbary pirates of North Africa can be seen in the context of the wars against Spain . For a short period Ottoman expansion secured naval dominance in the Mediterranean .
In 1542 , facing a common Habsburg enemy , Francis I sought to renew the Franco @-@ Ottoman alliance . As a result , Suleiman dispatched 100 galleys under Barbarossa to assist the French in the western Mediterranean . Barbarossa pillaged the coast of Naples and Sicily before reaching France , where Francis made Toulon the Ottoman admiral 's naval headquarters . The same campaign saw Barbarossa attack and capture Nice in 1543 . By 1544 , a peace between Francis I and Charles V had put a temporary end to the alliance between France and the Ottoman Empire .
Elsewhere in the Mediterranean , when the Knights Hospitallers were re @-@ established as the Knights of Malta in 1530 , their actions against Muslim navies quickly drew the ire of the Ottomans , who assembled another massive army in order to dislodge the Knights from Malta . The Ottomans invaded Malta in 1565 , undertaking the Great Siege of Malta , which began on 18 May and lasted until 8 September , and is portrayed vividly in the frescoes of Matteo Perez d 'Aleccio in the Hall of St. Michael and St. George . At first it seemed that this would be a repeat of the battle on Rhodes , with most of Malta 's cities destroyed and half the Knights killed in battle ; but a relief force from Spain entered the battle , resulting in the loss of 10 @,@ 000 Ottoman troops and the victory of the local Maltese citizenry .
= = Administrative reforms = =
While Sultan Suleiman was known as " the Magnificent " in the West , he was always Kanuni Suleiman or " The Lawgiver " ( قانونی ) to his own Ottoman subjects . As the historian Lord Kinross notes , " Not only was he a great military campaigner , a man of the sword , as his father and great @-@ grandfather had been before him . He differed from them in the extent to which he was also a man of the pen . He was a great legislator , standing out in the eyes of his people as a high @-@ minded sovereign and a magnanimous exponent of justice " . The overriding law of the empire was the Shari 'ah , or Sacred Law , which as the divine law of Islam was outside of the Sultan 's powers to change . Yet an area of distinct law known as the Kanuns ( قانون , canonical legislation ) was dependent on Suleiman 's will alone , covering areas such as criminal law , land tenure and taxation . He collected all the judgments that had been issued by the nine Ottoman Sultans who preceded him . After eliminating duplications and choosing between contradictory statements , he issued a single legal code , all the while being careful not to violate the basic laws of Islam . It was within this framework that Suleiman , supported by his Grand Mufti Ebussuud , sought to reform the legislation to adapt to a rapidly changing empire . When the Kanun laws attained their final form , the code of laws became known as the kanun ‐ i Osmani ( قانون عثمانی ) , or the " Ottoman laws " . Suleiman 's legal code was to last more than three hundred years .
Suleiman gave particular attention to the plight of the rayas , Christian subjects who worked the land of the Sipahis . His Kanune Raya , or " Code of the Rayas " , reformed the law governing levies and taxes to be paid by the rayas , raising their status above serfdom to the extent that Christian serfs would migrate to Turkish territories to benefit from the reforms . The Sultan also played a role in protecting the Jewish subjects of his empire for centuries to come . In late 1553 or 1554 , on the suggestion of his favorite doctor and dentist , the Spanish Jew Moses Hamon , the Sultan issued a firman ( فرمان ) formally denouncing blood libels against the Jews . Furthermore , Suleiman enacted new criminal and police legislation , prescribing a set of fines for specific offenses , as well as reducing the instances requiring death or mutilation . In the area of taxation , taxes were levied on various goods and produce , including animals , mines , profits of trade , and import @-@ export duties . In addition to taxes , officials who had fallen into disrepute were likely to have their land and property confiscated by the Sultan .
Education was another important area for the Sultan . Schools attached to mosques and funded by religious foundations provided a largely free education to Muslim boys in advance of the Christian countries of the time . In his capital , Suleiman increased the number of mektebs ( مكتب , primary schools ) to fourteen , teaching boys to read and write as well as the principles of Islam . Young men wishing further education could proceed to one of eight medreses ( مدرسه , colleges ) , whose studies included grammar , metaphysics , philosophy , astronomy and astrology . Higher medreses provided education of university status , whose graduates became imams ( امام ) or teachers . Educational centers were often one of many buildings surrounding the courtyards of mosques , others included libraries , refectories , fountains , soup kitchens and hospitals for the benefit of the public .
= = Cultural achievements = =
Under Suleiman 's patronage , the Ottoman Empire entered the golden age of its cultural development . Hundreds of imperial artistic societies ( called the اهل حرف Ehl @-@ i Hiref , " Community of the Talented " ) were administered at the Imperial seat , the Topkapı Palace . After an apprenticeship , artists and craftsmen could advance in rank within their field and were paid commensurate wages in quarterly annual installments . Payroll registers that survive testify to the breadth of Suleiman 's patronage of the arts , the earliest of documents dating from 1526 list 40 societies with over 600 members . The Ehl @-@ i Hiref attracted the empire 's most talented artisans to the Sultan 's court , both from the Islamic world and from the recently conquered territories in Europe , resulting in a blend of Arabic , Turkish and European cultures . Artisans in service of the court included painters , book binders , furriers , jewellers and goldsmiths . Whereas previous rulers had been influenced by Persian culture ( Suleiman 's father , Selim I , wrote poetry in Persian ) , Suleiman 's patronage of the arts saw the Ottoman Empire assert its own artistic legacy .
Suleiman himself was an accomplished poet , writing in Persian and Turkish under the takhallus ( nom de plume ) Muhibbi ( محبی , " Lover " ) . Some of Suleiman 's verses have become Turkish proverbs , such as the well @-@ known Everyone aims at the same meaning , but many are the versions of the story . When his young son Mehmed died in 1543 , he composed a moving chronogram to commemorate the year : Peerless among princes , my Sultan Mehmed . In addition to Suleiman 's own work , many great talents enlivened the literary world during Suleiman 's rule , including Fuzuli and Baki . The literary historian E. J. W. Gibb observed that " at no time , even in Turkey , was greater encouragement given to poetry than during the reign of this Sultan " . Suleiman 's most famous verse is :
The people think of wealth and power as the greatest fate ,
But in this world a spell of health is the best state .
What men call sovereignty is a worldly strife and constant war ;
Worship of God is the highest throne , the happiest of all estates .
Suleiman also became renowned for sponsoring a series of monumental architectural developments within his empire . The Sultan sought to turn Constantinople into the center of Islamic civilization by a series of projects , including bridges , mosques , palaces and various charitable and social establishments . The greatest of these were built by the Sultan 's chief architect , Mimar Sinan , under whom Ottoman architecture reached its zenith . Sinan became responsible for over three hundred monuments throughout the empire , including his two masterpieces , the Süleymaniye and Selimiye mosques — the latter built in Adrianople ( now Edirne ) in the reign of Suleiman 's son Selim II . Suleiman also restored the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Jerusalem city walls ( which are the current walls of the Old City of Jerusalem ) , renovated the Kaaba in Mecca , and constructed a complex in Damascus .
= = Personal life = =
= = = Consorts and progeny = = =
Suleiman had three known consorts :
Gülfem Hatun , mother of Şehzade Murad ( the fact that she really was a consort is disputed )
Mahidevran Gülbahar ( m . 1512 / 14 ) , a Circassian or Albanian
Haseki Hürrem Sultan ( also known as Roxelana ) ( m . 1531 ) , Suleiman 's concubine and later legal wife and first Haseki Sultan , possibly a daughter of the Ruthenian Orthodox priest .
Suleiman had some children with his consorts :
Şehzade Mahmud , born 1512 ( died in 1521 )
Şehzade Mustafa – son with Mahidevran , born 1515 ( killed in 1553 on the Sultan 's orders )
Şehzade Murad – son with Gülfem , born 1519 ( died in 1521 )
Şehzade Mehmed – son with Hürrem , born 1521 ( died in 1543 )
Mihrimah Sultan – daughter with Hürrem , born 1522 ( died in 1578 )
Şehzade Abdullah – son with Hürrem or Mahidevran , born 1523 ( died in 1525 )
Sultan Selim II – son with Hürrem , born 1524 ( died in 1574 )
Şehzade Bayezid – son with Hürrem , born 1525 ( killed by his brother Selim with the support of his father in 1561 )
Şehzade Cihangir – son with Hürrem , born 1531 ( died in 1553 )
Raziye Sultan – daughter with Mahidevran
= = = Relationship with Hürrem Sultan = = =
Suleiman was infatuated with Hürrem Sultan , a harem girl from Ruthenia , then part of Poland . Western diplomats , taking notice of the palace gossip about her , called her " Russelazie " or " Roxelana " , referring to her Ruthenian ( Ukrainian ) origins . The daughter of an Orthodox priest , she was captured by Tatars from Crimea , sold as a slave in Constantinople , and eventually rose through the ranks of the Harem to become Suleiman 's favorite . Breaking with two centuries of Ottoman tradition , a former concubine had thus become the legal wife of the Sultan , much to the astonishment of the observers in the palace and the city . He also allowed Hürrem Sultan to remain with him at court for the rest of her life , breaking another tradition — that when imperial heirs came of age , they would be sent along with the imperial concubine who bore them to govern remote provinces of the Empire , never to return unless their progeny succeeded to the throne .
Under his pen name , Muhibbi , Sultan Suleiman composed this poem for Hürrem Sultan :
" Throne of my lonely niche , my wealth , my love , my moonlight .
My most sincere friend , my confidant , my very existence , my Sultan , my one and only love .
The most beautiful among the beautiful ...
My springtime , my merry faced love , my daytime , my sweetheart , laughing leaf ...
My plants , my sweet , my rose , the one only who does not distress me in this room ...
My Istanbul , my Caraman , the earth of my Anatolia
My Badakhshan , my Baghdad and Khorasan
My woman of the beautiful hair , my love of the slanted brow , my love of eyes full of misery ...
I 'll sing your praises always
I , lover of the tormented heart , Muhibbi of the eyes full of tears , I am happy . "
= = = Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha = = =
Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha was the boyhood friend of Suleiman . Ibrahim was originally a Christian from Parga ( in Epirus ) , and when he was young was educated at the Palace School under the devshirme system . Suleiman made him the royal falconer , then promoted him to first officer of the Royal Bedchamber . Ibrahim Pasha rose to Grand Vizier in 1523 and commander @-@ in @-@ chief of all the armies . Suleiman also conferred upon Ibrahim Pasha the honor of beylerbey of Rumelia ( first @-@ ranking military governor @-@ general ) , granting Ibrahim authority over all Turkish territories in Europe , as well as command of troops residing within them in times of war . According to a 17th @-@ century chronicler , Ibrahim had asked Suleiman not to promote him to such high positions , fearing for his safety ; to which Suleiman replied that under his reign , no matter what the circumstance , Ibrahim would never be put to death .
Yet Ibrahim eventually fell from grace with the Sultan . During his thirteen years as Grand Vizier , his rapid rise to power and vast accumulation of wealth had made Ibrahim many enemies at the Sultan 's court . Reports had reached the Sultan of Ibrahim 's impudence during a campaign against the Persian Safavid empire : in particular his adoption of the title serasker sultan ( سرعسكر سلطان ) was seen as a grave affront to Suleiman .
Suleiman 's suspicion of Ibrahim was worsened by a quarrel between the latter and the finance secretary ( defterdar ) Iskender Çelebi . The dispute ended in the disgrace of Çelebi on charges of intrigue , with Ibrahim convincing Suleiman to sentence the defterdar to death . Before his death however , Çelebi 's last words were to accuse Ibrahim of conspiracy against the Sultan . These dying words convinced Suleiman of Ibrahim 's disloyalty , and on 15 March 1536 Ibrahim was executed .
= = Succession = =
Sultan Suleiman 's two wives ( Hürrem and Mahidevran ) had borne him six sons , four of whom survived past the 1550s . They were Mustafa , Selim , Bayezid , and Cihangir . Of these , only Mustafa , the eldest , was not Hürrem Sultan 's son , but rather Mahidevran Sultan 's , and therefore preceded Hürrem 's children in the order of succession . Hürrem was aware that should Mustafa become Sultan her own children would be strangled . Yet Mustafa was recognized as the most talented of all the brothers and was supported by Pargalı İbrahim Pasha , who was by this time Suleiman 's Grand Vizier . The Austrian ambassador Busbecq would note " Suleiman has among his children a son called Mustafa , marvelously well educated and prudent and of an age to rule , since he is 24 or 25 years old ; may God never allow a Barbary of such strength to come near us " , going on to talk of Mustafa 's " remarkable natural gifts " .
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Hürrem is usually held at least partly responsible for the intrigues in nominating a successor . Although she was Suleiman 's wife , she exercised no official public role . This did not , however , prevent Hürrem from wielding powerful political influence . Since the Empire lacked , until the reign of Ahmed I , any formal means of nominating a successor , successions usually involved the death of competing princes in order to avert civil unrest and rebellions . In attempting to avoid the execution of her sons , Hürrem used her influence to eliminate those who supported Mustafa 's accession to the throne .
Thus in power struggles apparently instigated by Hürrem , Suleiman had Ibrahim murdered and replaced with her sympathetic son @-@ in @-@ law , Rüstem Pasha . By 1552 , when the campaign against Persia had begun with Rüstem appointed commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the expedition , intrigues against Mustafa began . Rüstem sent one of Suleiman 's most trusted men to report that since Suleiman was not at the head of the army , the soldiers thought the time had come to put a younger prince on the throne ; at the same time he spread rumors that Mustafa had proved receptive to the idea . Angered by what he came to believe were Mustafa 's plans to claim the throne , the following summer upon return from his campaign in Persia , Suleiman summoned him to his tent in the Ereğli valley , stating he would " be able to clear himself of the crimes he was accused of and would have nothing to fear if he came " .
Mustafa was confronted with a choice : either he appeared before his father at the risk of being killed ; or , if he refused to attend , he would be accused of betrayal . In the end , Mustafa chose to enter his father 's tent , confident that the support of the army would protect him . Busbecq , who claims to have received an account from an eyewitness , describes Mustafa 's final moments . As Mustafa entered his father 's tent , Suleiman 's eunuchs attacked Mustafa , with the young prince putting up a brave defence . Suleiman , separated from the struggle only by the linen hangings of the tent , peered through the chamber of his tent and " directed fierce and threatening glances upon the mutes , and by menacing gestures sternly rebuked their hesitation . Thereupon , the mutes in their alarm , redoubling their efforts , hurled Mustafa to the ground and , throwing the bowstring round his neck , strangled him . "
Cihangir is said to have died of grief a few months after the news of his half @-@ brother 's murder . The two surviving brothers , Selim and Bayezid , were given command in different parts of the empire . Within a few years , however , civil war broke out between the brothers , each supported by his loyal forces . With the aid of his father 's army , Selim defeated Bayezid in Konya in 1559 , leading the latter to seek refuge with the Safavids along with his four sons . Following diplomatic exchanges , the Sultan demanded from the Safavid Shah that Bayezid be either extradited or executed . In return for large amounts of gold , the Shah allowed a Turkish executioner to strangle Bayezid and his four sons in 1561 , clearing the path for Selim 's succession to the throne seven years later .
= = Death = =
His mausoleum is adjacent to Hurrem ’ s , a separate and more sombre domed structure , at the courtyard of the Süleymaniye Mosque . On 5 September 1566 , Suleiman , who had set out from Constantinople to command an expedition to Hungary , died before an Ottoman victory at the Battle of Szigetvár in Hungary and the Grand Vizier kept his death secret during the retreat for the enthronement of Selim II . Just the night before the sickly sultan died in his tent , two months before he would have turned 72 . The sultan ’ s body was taken home to be buried in Istanbul , leaving behind the legend along with his heart and internal organs in Hungary , buried under the military tent where he died , in a golden casket .
= = Legacy = =
At the time of Suleiman 's death , the Ottoman Empire was one of the world 's foremost powers . Suleiman 's conquests had brought under the control of the Empire the major Muslim cities ( Mecca , Medina , Jerusalem , Damascus , Cairo and Baghdad ) , many Balkan provinces ( reaching present day Croatia and Austria ) , and most of North Africa . His expansion into Europe had given the Ottoman Turks a powerful presence in the European balance of power . Indeed , such was the perceived threat of the Ottoman Empire under the reign of Suleiman that Austria 's ambassador Busbecq warned of Europe 's imminent conquest : " On [ the Turks ' ] side are the resources of a mighty empire , strength unimpaired , habituation to victory , endurance of toil , unity , discipline , frugality and watchfulness ... Can we doubt what the result will be ? ... When the Turks have settled with Persia , they will fly at our throats supported by the might of the whole East ; how unprepared we are I dare not say . "
Even thirty years after his death , " Sultan Solyman " was quoted by the English playwright William Shakespeare as a military prodigy in The Merchant of Venice , where the Prince of Morocco boasts about his prowess by saying that he defeated Suleiman in three battles ( Act 2 , Scene 1 ) .
Suleiman 's legacy was not , however , merely in the military field . The French traveler Jean de Thévenot bears witness a century later to the " strong agricultural base of the country , the well being of the peasantry , the abundance of staple foods and the pre @-@ eminence of organization in Suleiman 's government " . The administrative and legal reforms which earned him the name Law Giver ensured the Empire 's survival long after his death , an achievement which " took many generations of decadent heirs to undo " .
Through his personal patronage , Suleiman also presided over the Golden Age of the Ottoman Empire , representing the pinnacle of the Ottoman Turks ' cultural achievement in the realm of architecture , literature , art , theology and philosophy . Today the skyline of the Bosphorus and of many cities in modern Turkey and the former Ottoman provinces , are still adorned with the architectural works of Mimar Sinan . One of these , the Süleymaniye Mosque , is the final resting place of Suleiman and Hürrem Sultan : they are buried in separate domed mausoleums attached to the mosque .
However , after his death , the Ottoman Empire entered into a state of decline and stagnation during the reign of Sultan Selim II and later ( not so great ) sultans . The Ottoman conquests of Europe were ended permanently by major defeats such as the Battle of Lepanto and the Battle of Vienna . As the years passed , the Ottoman Empire slowly turned into a shadow of its former glory , becoming known as the " sick man of Europe " , where the Christian powers gradually regained their might , gaining new technologies and weapons for their armies until the Empire 's dissolution by the reign of Mehmed VI , the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire , who was removed after World War I , which allowed the empire 's total dismemberment as even the Muslim provinces became independent or part of colonial empires and Atatürk opted for a republican Turkish nation state .
= = Popular culture = =
Suleiman the Magnificent appears in P. J. Parker 's internationally acclaimed historic fiction Roxelana and Suleyman ( 2001 ; Published 2012 ; Revised 2016 )
Suleiman the Magnificent appears as the lead character of the 2011 – 14 Turkish TV series Muhtesem Yuzyil and occurs in TV series Hürrem Sultan ( 2003 ) .
Suleiman I also features in the movies Les trois sultanes ( 1912 ) and Egri csillagok aka Stars of Eger ( 1968 ) .
Suleiman is portrayed as a young man in the game Assassin 's Creed : Revelations .
Suleiman the Magnificent appears as the leader of the Ottomans in the computer strategy games , Age of Empires III , Civilization IV , and Civilization V.
Suleiman the Magnificent is also portrayed in the strategic video game Europa Universalis IV loading screen .
= Reunion ( 30 Rock ) =
" Reunion " is the fifth episode of the third season of American television comedy series 30 Rock , and the 41st episode of the series overall . It was written by supervising producer Matt Hubbard and directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) network in the United States on December 4 , 2008 . Guest stars in this episode include Susan Barrett , Marceline Hugot , Robyn Lively , Janel Moloney , Diane Neal , Rip Torn , and Steve Witting .
In the episode , Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) is opposed to going to her high school reunion , but her boss , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) , manages to convince her otherwise . Meanwhile , Don Geiss ( Torn ) wakes up from his coma only to inform Jack of his decision to remain CEO of General Electric ( GE ) . At the same time , Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) and Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) feel threatened by NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) when he gets more laughs than they do in the elevator .
" Reunion " has received generally positive reception from television critics . According to the Nielsen ratings system , it was watched by 7 @.@ 2 million households during its original broadcast . Matt Hubbard won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , while Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller received a nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series .
= = Plot = =
Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) receives an invitation to her upcoming high school reunion in White Haven , Pennsylvania . She is reluctant to attend as she was a lonely nerd but is persuaded to go by her boss , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) . Don Geiss ( Rip Torn ) wakes up from his diabetic coma and tells Jack he will remain CEO of General Electric ( GE ) . Distraught by the revelation , as Don had chosen Jack as the CEO to run GE , Jack decides to fly to Miami for a vacation , and offers to drop Liz off on the way to her reunion . When they land in White Haven after a major snowstorm , Jack is stranded with her .
Meanwhile , at the 30 Rock studios , Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) , is shocked when NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) gets more laughs than he does in the elevator , compelling him to go to Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) for help . The same thing happens to Jenna and in retaliation , she starts singing " Wind Beneath My Wings " , prompting Kenneth to start singing " 99 Bottles of Beer " , to which everyone in the elevator joins in . As revenge for upstaging them , Tracy and Jenna start doing his page duties which upsets Kenneth , and so swears never to upstage them again .
Liz goes to the reunion but learns that she was not the quiet , lonely nerd she thought , but the angry bully everyone hated . Jack in search of a drink ends up at the reunion as well , and is mistaken for a former popular student Larry Braverman and still unhappy with Geiss ' decision , takes on the persona . Liz tries to regain the friendship of her classmates — Kelsey Whintrop ( Robyn Lively ) , Erin O 'Neil ( Diane Neal ) , Rob Sussman ( Steve Witting ) , and Diane ( Susan Barrett ) — without success . Jack , as Larry Braverman , persuades them to like Liz , until an ex @-@ girlfriend ( Janel Moloney ) of Larry 's reveals he has a son , at which point Jack confesses he is not Larry and Liz and Jack both make a quick escape whilst being booed off stage ; Liz happily going back to mistreating her former classmates after they attempt to reenact the pig 's blood scene from Carrie on her .
= = Production = =
" Reunion " was written by 30 Rock supervising producer Matt Hubbard , making it his fifth writing credit after " The Rural Juror " , " Hard Ball " , " The Collection " , and " MILF Island " . The episode was directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller , making it her fourth for the series . " Reunion " originally aired in the United States on December 4 , 2008 , on NBC as the fifth episode of the show 's third season and the 41st overall episode of the series .
Actor Rip Torn made his sixth appearance on the show as GE CEO Don Geiss , after appearing in the episodes " The C Word " , " Corporate Crush " , " Jack Gets in the Game " , " Succession " , and " Sandwich Day " . This was actress Marceline Hugot 's sixth guest spot in the series as Kathy Geiss , the daughter of Don Geiss . St. Cecilia 's Catholic Church served as the high school where Liz Lemon attends her high school reunion . In September 2008 , it was reported that actresses Blake Lively and Leighton Meester , who star on Gossip Girl , were set to guest star on the show as former high school classmates of Liz 's in a flashback sequence , but the appearances fell through . 30 Rock and Gossip Girl are shot next to each other at Silvercup Studios in Queens , New York . Actress Robyn Lively , the half @-@ sister of Blake Lively , guest starred in " Reunion " as Kelsey Winthrop , a former classmate of Liz 's .
In this episode , Liz says the line " I want to go to there " , twice , which according to series creator , executive producer and lead actress Tina Fey was " coined " by her daughter , Alice . In an interview with the New York Daily News , Jane Krakowski , who portrays Jenna Maroney , revealed " Some of the great catchphrases of 30 Rock have come from Alice . Like , ' I want to go [ to ] there ! ' – that 's Alice . It 's so funny because I hear people say it on the street , and that was [ Tina 's ] daughter ! "
= = Cultural references = =
Jack , believing that Don Geiss will give him the CEO job , and after learning about Liz 's high school reunion , says " I wish I had a Princeton reunion right now . I 'd wipe the smug smile off Michelle Obama 's face " , a reference to Michelle Obama who graduated from Princeton , and to her husband , Barack Obama , who won the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election . At the reunion , Rob Sussman , a past classmate of Liz 's , complains that Liz said he was gayer than the volleyball scene in the 1986 action film Top Gun . During the reunion , Liz 's former classmates play Seven minutes in heaven , a game in which two people are selected to go into a closet or other dark enclosed space and do whatever they like for seven minutes , often kissing . Later , Liz 's classmates plan to " Carrie " her on stage as revenge for her being mean to them , but is stopped by Jack saying " we cannot Carrie Liz Lemon " . This is a reference to the 1976 horror film Carrie in which the title character is drenched with pig 's blood .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Reunion " was watched by 7 @.@ 2 million households , according to the Nielsen ratings system . It received a 3 @.@ 4 rating / 8 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic , meaning that 3 @.@ 4 percent of all people in that group , and 8 percent of all people from that group watching television at the time , watched the episode . " Reunion " finished in ninth place in the weekly ratings for the week of December 1 – 7 , 2008 . Matt Hubbard won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , while Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller received a nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards . This episode was submitted for consideration on the behalf of Tina Fey for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series at the same awards show , but lost it to actress Toni Collette . Hubbard was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for " Reunion " , but lost it in a tie to fellow 30 Rock writer Robert Carlock for the episode " Apollo , Apollo " and Modern Family 's Steven Levitan and Christopher Lloyd for the pilot episode .
IGN contributor Robert Canning gave the episode an 8 @.@ 9 rating out of 10 and wrote " ... the real reason to watch , as always , was Tina Fey and Alec Baldwin and their fantastic comedic performances . " Canning responded favorably to the episode with the exception of the Tracy , Jenna , and Kenneth storyline , calling it " silly " . Television columnist Alan Sepinwall for The Star @-@ Ledger wrote that Jack taking on the Larry Braverman persona " gave Baldwin a chance to play a delightfully goofy strain of those occasional glimpses we get of a happy Jack . " Like Sepinwall , Bob Sassone of AOL 's TV Squad was favorable to Jack going to the reunion , but most enjoyed the character impersonating Larry Braverman , observing it was a " well @-@ used plot device " as Baldwin " made it believable " . TV Guide 's Matt Mitovich was positive about " Reunion " , calling it a " nice " episode . Jeff Labrecque for Entertainment Weekly enjoyed the episode , and said that " Reunion " was the first episode of the season that " I think the show benefited from the refocused attention on its core characters . The reunion plot was so strong , and the Carrie finale so inspired , that I hope the viewership ratings reflect positively and encourage a continuance of this creative trend . " The A.V. Club 's Nathan Rabin wrote that he was " much more amused " by Rob Sussman 's " still @-@ simmering rage " against Liz , because he " scored many of the show 's biggest laughs . " He said that he found the second plot " a little underwhelming though I thought there was a neat meta @-@ textual element to it " , but wrote that it " scored some nice shots at the vapid narcissism of actors but it promised more than it could deliver . " Rick Porter of Zap2it said that despite the " super @-@ capital @-@ A @-@ list guest stars " that guest starred at the beginning of the season , " Reunion " got back " to the show 's core cast ... [ and ] the show gave us probably the best episode of the season . " Time contributor James Poniewozik opined that this episode was " pretty good " and " funny in most of the usual 30 Rock ways . "
Not all reviews were positive . Jeremy Medina of Paste wrote that " Reunion " was " essentially unremarkable ( especially in its portrayal of Liz ) " . Medina disliked that Tina Fey 's Liz was portrayed in " unlikable light " , and after insulting her former classmates at the high school reunion it " seemed a bit uncharacteristic and unflattering to her character . "
= La Stazione =
La Stazione ( Italian pronunciation : [ la statˈtsjone ] , " The Station " ) is an Italian restaurant and former train station in the village of New Paltz in Ulster County , New York . The building was the first of two railroad stations constructed in the town of New Paltz , and it is the only former Wallkill Valley Railroad station standing at its original location .
After a lengthy public debate over whether to place the station to the east or west of the Wallkill River , it was built in 1870 on the east bank , within the village of New Paltz . The rail line was formally opened during a large ceremony on December 20 , 1870 . A decade later the station had become a popular departure point for the Mohonk Mountain House by many vacationers , including two U.S. presidents . In the late 19th century , over a dozen stagecoaches ran between the station and Mohonk daily .
The station burned down in 1907 and was rebuilt later that year . The rise of the automobile caused the railroad to end passenger service in 1937 ; by 1959 the station was completely closed and sold off . After closure , it was used for a variety of businesses , including serving as a public @-@ access television station . Freight service along the Wallkill Valley line continued until 1977 , when the corridor was shut to regular rail traffic .
The building was in such a state of disrepair by the 1980s that it was almost demolished , and the nearby tracks were torn up and sold for scrap by 1984 . However , the station avoided demolition and was renovated in 1988 . It was used as a real estate office , and the rail corridor itself was formally opened five years later as the Wallkill Valley Rail Trail . In 1999 , the station became an Italian restaurant and received its current name , La Stazione . The building was expanded in 2003 and served as the setting for a scene in a 2008 mob film .
= = Planning and construction = =
In February 1864 , plans were in place to extend the route of the proposed Wallkill Valley Railroad between the towns of Shawangunk and New Paltz . A civil engineering survey to determine a possible route and cost of such an endeavor was undertaken in March of that year . The proposal sparked a controversy as to whether the route would run east or west of the Wallkill River in New Paltz . The western route was roughly 100 feet ( 30 m ) shorter , and the eastern route would cost $ 25 @,@ 000 more . However , it was felt that the increased economic activity from having the rail line run east of the river , and directly through the village of New Paltz , would offset the expense . Bonding for the rail line through New Paltz , at a cost of $ 123 @,@ 000 , was completed by January 1869 . The Wallkill Valley Railroad was the first rail line in Ulster County , and was heralded as a cure for the region 's isolation from the rest of the industrialized world .
By November 1869 , the Gardiner rail depot , to the south of New Paltz , was ceremoniously opened by the railroad 's president , Floyd McKinstry . The station immediately began to see regular traffic . A second Gardiner station was constructed in the hamlet of Forest Glen , in the northern part of Gardiner . The railroad company was contractually obligated to start construction in New Paltz by May 18 , 1870 , and work on the New Paltz station commenced that day . The depot was designed to be 20 by 80 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 by 24 @.@ 4 m ) . The design included freight and baggage rooms , as well as a water tank and engine house . The station had two waiting rooms , while most stations on the Wallkill line only had one . The New Paltz
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. Adams took charge after a fifth straight league defeat and announced the return to the club of Chris Shuker as assistant manager while Alex Russell left the club . Also , a double loan signing was made in order to strengthen the attack line : Armand Gnanduillet joined from Chesterfield and Danny Johnson signed from Cardiff City , while midfielder Steve Jennings , who was signed by Adams for Port Vale last summer , rejoined him at Tranmere on loan until January .
In the first game under Micky Adams Tranmere ended their losing streak after a goalless draw against Mansfield Town . It was followed by a 2 – 2 draw at Wimbledon , both Rovers goals were scored by Gnanduillet .
= = = November = = =
November started with a third draw in a row against Stevenage , with Jennings scoring a goal in the first game after his comeback . Ahead of the game , a bronze statue of Tranmere Rovers ' most successful manager Johnny King was unveiled outside Prenton Park near the entrance to the Main Stand . The statue was funded by supporters and sculpted by Liverpool artist Tom Murphy .
On 3 November , assistant manager Matthew Gill left the club by mutual consent . Rovers defeated Bristol Rovers in the First Round of FA Cup thanks to a Max Power goal on 54th minute . Three days later Tranmere upheld their good cup form in the Football League Trophy with an away victory at Bury . After narrow defeats against Luton Town and Southend United , Tranmere finally achieved their first league victory under Micky Adams on 29 November against Portsmouth . The win was clouded by the serious injury of young loanee Will Aimson , who fractured both his tibia and fibula in a collision with teammate Danny Holmes . 17 @-@ year old defender Evan Gumbs made his first appearance for the senior team against Luton Town as a second half substitute , following an injury to Josh Thompson who picked up a hamstring injury on his Tranmere debut .
= = = December = = =
On 6 December , Tranmere earned an FA Cup Second Round home replay after a draw at Oxford United thanks to a late Jason Koumas goal . The League Trophy area semifinal ended in another 2 – 2 draw against League One opponents Walsall . Rovers were one shot off the victory during the penalties but Liam Ridehalgh and Marc Laird misses cost Tranmere a place in Northern section final . A Max Power strike earned Tranmere victory in the next league game at Dagenham & Redbridge to climb out of the relegation zone . FA Cup replay brought Rovers another victory and a place in the Third Round thanks to Kayode Odejayi and Max Power goals . Tranmere almost hit a third consecutive league victory versus Cambridge United , but their 10 @-@ man rivals managed to equalise in the final minutes . The unbeaten run finally came to end with an away defeat to promotion contenders Burton Albion after Liam Ridehalgh was sent off following a foul in the penalty box in the middle of the first half . The game was also notable for the second Chris Shuker debut six months after he officially ended his career . The year was ended with a 2 – 1 home victory against relegation rivals Northampton Town . Good December form resulted in Micky Adams being nominated League Two Manager of the Month .
= = = January = = =
Tranmere started 2016 with the FA Cup defeat at Premier League team Swansea City in the Third round , conceding six goals .
Steve Jennings became the first signing of the winter transfer window , returning to Tranmere on a permanent basis , signing a six @-@ month deal . He was followed by Northern Irish striker Rory Donnelly who joined on loan from Swansea City until the end of the season . At the same time , Adams announced five players as transfer listed – Antonie Boland , Eliot Richards , James Rowe , Abdulai Bell @-@ Baggie and George Donnelly . On the next day former Tranmere defender Alan Rogers joined the Club 's coaching staff . Defender Marcus Holness suffered serious knee ligament damage on 10 January that ruled him out until the end of the season . On 17 January , youth midfielder Mitch Duggan made his senior debut as a late substitute for Shamir Fenelon .
Rovers kept good league form at the end of January , defeating Accrington Stanley and Exeter City , hence losing only one league game in last nine . On @-@ loan striker Rory Donnelly was nominated and then named Football League Two Player of the Month after scoring three goals in January . By 31 January , Tranmere climbed to 17th place , their highest since August , though above the relegation zone by only two points . Adams continued refreshing the squad by signing Canadian international striker Iain Hume , who returned to Tranmere after ten years , midfielders Rob Taylor and Lee Molyneux and defender Adam Dugdale .
= = = February = = =
Tranmere started February with a home loss to Carlisle United after two Charlie Wyke second half goals . Three days later Rory Donnelly scored his fourth goal for Tranmere at Newport County , but the hosts ' late goal denied Rovers victory . Tranmere were defeated by relegation rivals for the second time in three matches , this time at York City after Wes Fletcher scored a goal either side of half @-@ time . On 21 February Tranmere unexpectedly beat league leaders Shrewsbury Town 2 – 1 at Prenton Park as Donnelly scored his fifth goal for Rovers . On the next matchday Tranmere conceded three late goals at Portsmouth to give away a two @-@ goal lead and lose the game . It was followed by another 0 – 2 defeat against close rivals Cheltenham Town .
= = = March = = =
Tranmere ’ s relegation worries took another turn for the worse as they suffered a fourth straight defeat to sink back into the bottom two after the home encounter against Dagenham & Redbridge that saw Rovers back in the relegation zone . On 14 March Tranmere 's loss at Northampton Town after a single Ryan Cresswell goal became their fifth straight defeat . Three days later Tranmere broke the losing run with an away victory at Cambridge City , thanks to Dan Gardner and Max Power goals . Later , Tranmere was outplayed 1 – 4 by Burton Albion at Prenton Park , in the game that marked the senior debut of 17 @-@ year old midfielder Ben Jago . Young loanee George Green 's goal scored in the ninety @-@ fourth minute cancelled Adebayo Akinfenwa 's first half goal to earn Tranmere Rovers one point against Wimbledon to end March in the relegation zone , one point off survival .
= = = April and May = = =
Paired Easter games saw the second 2 – 2 draw of the season against Stevenage and a narrow home defeat at Luton Town . Three more back @-@ to @-@ back defeats followed as Rovers failed to score in each of them . Finally , on 19 April , Micky Adams left Tranmere by mutual consent . The team were bottom of the table but still had a chance to avoid relegation with the games against Plymouth Argyle and Bury to be played . Assistant manager Alan Rogers and Academy manager Shaun Garnett took temporary charge of the first team .
Max Power conceded a penalty scored by Reuben Reid early in the penultimate game of the season against Plymouth . He himself equalised the score inside the first half , but soon after Plymouth regained the lead through Tareiq Holmes @-@ Dennis . With ten minutes remaining , the hosts doubled the lead and though Kayode Odejayi scored in the final minutes it was another Tranmere defeat . As Hartlepool United , since December led by former Tranmere Rovers manager Ronnie Moore , won their home game against Exeter City , Tranmere lost their last chance to remain in the Football League . In the final game of the season Alan Rogers gave teenager Tolani Omotola an opportunity to make his Football League debut as Bury won the game by a single Tom Soares goal , to win promotion to the League One .
= = League Two = =
= = = League table = = =
Last updated : 3 May 2015 .
Source : Football League Official Site
= = = Results by matchday = = =
Last updated : 3 May 2015 .
Source : Statto.comGround : A
= Away ; H =
Home . Result : D
= Draw ; L =
Loss ; W
= Win ; P =
Postponed .
= = = Matches = = =
= = FA Cup = =
= = Football League Cup = =
= = Football League Trophy = =
= = Players = =
Transfers , contract extensions and loans are listed from the last day of the previous season till the final day of this season
= = = Transfers = = =
= = = Contract extensions = = =
= = = Loans = = =
= = = Season statistics = = =
† Statuses are mentioned for youth academy players without senior contract and players who were signed on non @-@ contract basis or on loan . Dates joined and left are mentioned only for players who changed club between the first and the last matchday of the season .
Last updated : 3 May 2015 .
Source : 11v11.com
= God of War : Ghost of Sparta =
God of War : Ghost of Sparta is a third person action @-@ adventure video game developed by Ready at Dawn and Santa Monica Studio , and published by Sony Computer Entertainment ( SCE ) . It was first released for the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) handheld console on November 2 , 2010 . The game is the sixth installment in the God of War series and the fourth chronologically . Loosely based on Greek mythology , Ghost of Sparta is set in ancient Greece with vengeance as its central motif . The player controls the protagonist Kratos , the God of War . Kratos is still haunted by the visions of his mortal past and decides to explore his origins . In Atlantis , he finds his mother Callisto , who claims that his brother Deimos is still alive . Kratos then journeys to the Domain of Death to rescue his brother . After initial resentment from Deimos , the brothers team up to battle the God of Death , Thanatos .
The gameplay is similar to that of the previous installments , and focuses on combo @-@ based combat , achieved through the player 's main weapon — the Blades of Athena — and a secondary weapon acquired later in the game . It features quick time events that require the player to complete various game controller actions in a timed sequence to defeat stronger enemies and bosses . Up to three magical attacks and a power @-@ enhancing ability can be used as alternative combat options . Ghost of Sparta also features puzzles and platforming elements . The combat system was updated with 25 percent more gameplay than its PSP predecessor , God of War : Chains of Olympus .
Ghost of Sparta received praise for its story , gameplay , and graphics . Several critics agree that it is the best @-@ looking game on the PSP . Others have compared the overall game to those on the PlayStation 3 ( PS3 ) , and some have said that the graphics are better than those of the PlayStation 2 ( PS2 ) . Ghost of Sparta received several awards , including " Best Handheld Game " , " Best PSP Game " , and " PSP Game of Show " at the 2010 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) , and " Best Handheld Game " at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards . By June 2012 , it had sold almost 1 @.@ 2 million copies worldwide , making it the fifteenth best @-@ selling PlayStation Portable game of all time . Together with Chains of Olympus , Ghost of Sparta was remastered and released on September 13 , 2011 , as part of the God of War : Origins Collection and the remastered version was re @-@ released on August 28 , 2012 , as part of the God of War Saga , both for the PlayStation 3 .
= = Gameplay = =
The gameplay of God of War : Ghost of Sparta resembles that of the previous installments . It is a third @-@ person single player video game viewed from a fixed camera perspective . The player controls the character Kratos in combo @-@ based combat , platforming , and puzzle game elements , and battles foes who primarily stem from Greek mythology , including minotaurs , cyclopes , harpies , Gorgons , and satyrs . The undead legionnaires , keres wraiths , geryons , automatons , Boreas beasts , and Triton warriors were influenced by the mythology , but created specifically for the game . Platforming elements require the player to climb walls , jump across chasms , swing on ropes , and balance across beams to proceed through sections of the game . Some puzzles are simple , such as moving a box so that the player can use it to access a pathway unreachable with normal jumping , but others are more complex , such as finding several items across different areas of the game to unlock one door . The game features new weapons , magical powers , and navigational abilities not present in previous games and has been cited as featuring 25 percent more gameplay than God of War : Chains of Olympus .
= = = Combat = = =
Kratos ' main weapon is the Blades of Athena , a pair of blades attached to chains that are wrapped around the character 's wrists and forearms . In gameplay , the blades can be swung offensively in various maneuvers . Later in the game , Kratos acquires a new weapon , the Arms of Sparta — a spear and shield offering alternative combat options ( e.g. , Kratos can use the shield for defense and the spear for offense , such as throwing it at distant targets ) . Kratos gains a special ability , Thera 's Bane , that infuses his blades with fire , and is similar to the Rage ability in previous games , providing increased attack damage that is strong enough to pierce through enemy armor . As with the Items in God of War III , this ability automatically replenishes itself ( represented by the Fire meter ) , allowing further usage . Both the Arms of Sparta and Thera 's Bane are used to overcome environmental obstacles ( e.g. , certain doors require the use of Thera 's Bane to open ) . Kratos learns to use up to three magical abilities , including the Eye of Atlantis , Scourge of Erinys , and the Horn of Boreas , giving him a variety of ways to attack and kill enemies . The relic Poseidon 's Trident is retained from the prior installment , which allows him to breathe underwater , a necessary ability as parts of the game require long periods of time there .
The combat system has been updated to allow Kratos to " pummel enemies to the ground as well as throw them " , and perform air @-@ to @-@ air attacks . An " augmented death system " is also used , featuring specific weapon and magic death animations . This game 's challenge mode is called the Challenge of the Gods , which features five Challenges of Ares , with an additional eight Challenges of Athena that can be unlocked . The challenge mode requires players to complete a series of specific tasks ( e.g. , kill all enemies without being attacked ) . A new mode exclusive to this game has been added called The Temple of Zeus , which allows players to sacrifice collected red orbs ( from both in @-@ game and the challenge mode ) to unlock additional features , such as the Challenges of Athena , bonus costumes for Kratos , behind @-@ the @-@ scenes videos , and concept art of the characters and environments . Completing each difficulty level unlocks additional rewards . A Combat Arena ( similar to the version in God of War III ) allows players to pick adversaries and adjust the level of difficulty to improve their skills .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Setting = = =
As with other games in the God of War franchise , God of War : Ghost of Sp
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988 ) was an Israel @-@ born American musician best known as the original guitarist and founding member of the Los Angeles rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers . Prior to his death of a heroin overdose in 1988 , Slovak recorded two albums with the band , Freaky Styley ( 1985 ) and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan ( 1987 ) . His guitar work was primarily rooted in funk and hard rock , although he often experimented with other genres including reggae and speed metal . He is considered to have been a major influence on the Red Hot Chili Peppers ' early sound .
Born in Haifa , Israel , Slovak immigrated with his family to the United States in 1967 when he was five years old . Slovak met future band mates Anthony Kiedis , Flea , and Jack Irons while attending high school in Los Angeles . He joined the group Anthym along with Irons while attending Fairfax High School ; Flea would later join the group , which later changed its name to What Is This ? . Slovak , Flea , Kiedis , and Irons started Red Hot Chili Peppers in 1982 , which became popular in the Los Angeles area , playing various shows around the city . However , Slovak quit the band to focus on What is This ? , which had gotten a record deal , leaving the Red Hot Chili Peppers to record their debut album without him . He rejoined the Chili Peppers in 1985 , and recorded the albums Freaky Styley and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan with the band .
During his career , Slovak developed a serious heroin addiction . He attempted to quit the drug many times , but ultimately succumbed to his addiction , dying of an overdose on June 25 , 1988 at age 26 . He was replaced by guitarist John Frusciante , who was greatly influenced by Slovak 's playing style . Several Red Hot Chili Peppers songs have been written as tributes to Slovak , including " Otherside " , " Knock Me Down " , " My Lovely Man " , and Feasting on the Flowers . In 1999 , his brother James Slovak published a book entitled Behind the Sun : The Diary and Art of Hillel Slovak , which features Slovak 's diaries and paintings . Slovak was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Red Hot Chili Peppers on April 14 , 2012 , with his brother accepting on his behalf .
= = Early years = =
Hillel Slovak was born in Haifa , Israel , to Jewish parents who were survivors of the Holocaust . The family emigrated to the U.S. when Slovak was five years old . They settled in the Queens borough of New York City , then in 1967 relocated to Southern California . As a child , Slovak developed an interest in art , and would often spend time painting with his mother , Esther . He attended Laurel Elementary School in West Hollywood and Bancroft Jr . High School in Hollywood , where he met future bandmates Jack Irons and Michael " Flea " Balzary . Slovak received his first guitar at age 13 as a bar mitzvah present , and would often play the instrument into the late hours of the night . During this time , he was highly influenced by hard rock music such as Jimi Hendrix , Led Zeppelin , and Kiss .
As a freshman at Fairfax High School , Slovak formed a band with Irons on drums and two other high school friends , Alain Johannes and Todd Strassman . They called their band Chain Reaction , then changed the name to Anthem after their first gig . After one of the group 's shows , Slovak met audience member Anthony Kiedis , and invited him to his house for a snack . Kiedis later described the experience in his autobiography Scar Tissue : " Within a few minutes of hanging out with Hillel , I sensed that he was absolutely different from most of the people I 'd spent time with ... He understood a lot about music , he was a great visual artist , and he had a sense of self and a calm about him that were just riveting . " Slovak , Kiedis and Flea became best friends and often used LSD , heroin , cocaine and methamphetamine recreationally .
The original bassist for Anthem , which renamed to Anthym , was deemed unsatisfactory , so Slovak began teaching Flea to play bass . Following several months of commitment to the instrument , Flea developed proficiency and a strong musical chemistry with Slovak . When Strassman saw Flea playing Anthym songs on his equipment he quit the band , with Flea quickly replacing him . Shortly afterwards Anthym entered a local Battle of the Bands contest and won second place . Anthym started to play at local nightclubs , despite the fact that the members were all underage . After graduating from high school , the band changed their name to What Is This ? . Flea left Anthym around this time to accept an offer of playing bass in the prominent L.A. punk band Fear . What Is This ? continued on and performed many shows along the California coast .
= = Red Hot Chili Peppers = =
Slovak , Kiedis , and Flea began to create their own music after finding inspiration in a punk @-@ funk fusion band called Defunkt . The three formed a band with former Anthym @-@ drummer Jack Irons called Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem . The band had only one song , entitled " Out in L.A. " , and was formed for the purpose of playing the song once . The song was based on a guitar riff that Slovak wrote while " jamming " with Irons , and was not meant to become a real song until Kiedis decided to rap over the music . Following the group 's first show at The Rhythm Lounge , the owner of the bar asked them to return , but with two songs instead of one . After several more shows , and the addition of several songs to their repertoire , the band 's name was changed to Red Hot Chili Peppers .
After the band started to gain popularity amongst the L.A. club scene , Kiedis began writing more lyrics . The lyrics would eventually become songs such as " Green Heaven " and " True Men Don 't Kill Coyotes " , and the band 's concert repertoire quickly grew to nine songs as a result of months of playing local nightclubs and bars . Over the course of the next six months , the Red Hot Chili Peppers played many shows in L.A. clubs and became something of an underground hit . Slovak , Kiedis , and Flea moved into a small house in a high @-@ crime area in Hollywood where they collaborated musically and continued their drug addictions . The threesome traveled to New York City to perform more shows and to " spread Chili Pepperdom " . Shortly after the trip , Slovak moved out of the group 's shared house to live with his girlfriend .
The Red Hot Chili Peppers entered Bijou Studios to record a demo tape and subsequently secured a record deal with EMI . Flea left Fear to pursue the Red Hot Chili Peppers . At the same time , What is This ? had also gotten a record deal . Since Slovak considered the Chili Peppers to merely be a side project and not a serious commitment , he left them to concentrate on What is This ? Flea ultimately respected the decision , but felt the band would suffer musically without them . He and Kiedis hired drummer Cliff Martinez and guitarist Jack Sherman to fill Irons ' and Slovak 's places , respectively . During the recording of the second What is This ? album , Slovak became frustrated with the band and contacted Flea about rejoining the Red Hot Chili Peppers . This came at an opportune time , as the group was dissatisfied with Slovak 's replacement , Jack Sherman . Kiedis felt that Sherman 's guitar work " didn 't have the same spirit " that Slovak contributed to the band 's sound . When Flea asked Kiedis how he felt about Slovak rejoining the band , Kiedis responded by saying " I 'd give my firstborn son to get him back in the band . " After the culmination of the promotional tour for their first album , Sherman was fired and Slovak rejoined the band .
Slovak returned to the Chili Peppers for their second album , Freaky Styley , which was released on August 16 , 1985 . What is This ? had finally disbanded , and Irons returned to the Chili Peppers in mid 1986 after Martinez was fired . Flea , Slovak and Kiedis especially were involved in heavy drug use and their relationships became strained . Flea recalled that " it began to seem ugly to me and not fun ; our communication was not healthy " . Kiedis became dependent on heroin , leaving the rest of the group to work on much of the album 's material by themselves . The band lived in Detroit for a portion of the recording of the album , where Kiedis and Slovak indulged in heavy cocaine use . When Slovak was under the influence , he would often wear brightly colored clothing and dance in a " shuffling " fashion , which became the inspiration for the song " Skinny Sweaty Man " from the band 's next album . After Kiedis completed a stint in rehab , he rejoined the Red Hot Chili Peppers in Los Angeles to record their third album The Uplift Mofo Party Plan . Slovak felt a deep connection to the album ; he reflected in his diary " It was so fun . I 'm so extremely proud of everybody 's work — it is at times genius . " Slovak was the subject of the songs " Skinny Sweaty Man " , " Me and My Friends " , & " No Chump Love Sucker " . He was nicknamed " Slim Bob Billy " , " Slim " , or " Huckleberry " , and throughout the albums Kiedis calls him by these nicknames before he starts a guitar solo . On The Uplift Mofo Party Plan , Slovak experimented with different musical styles , playing the sitar on the song " Behind the Sun " .
= = Death = =
Slovak and Kiedis became addicted to heroin early in their careers , and Slovak often attempted to conceal his addiction from his friends and family . The band was generally more worried about Kiedis 's addiction , which was much more open and noticeable to the other members , while Slovak was " much more subtle and much more cunning in his disguise . " During the tour in support of Freaky Styley , Slovak 's health began to deteriorate . Slovak and Flea would wrestle regularly on tour , but Slovak became too weak to participate . Kiedis commented on the situation : " I could tell that Hillel had no inner core of strength ; he had been robbed by his addiction of the life force that allows you to at least defend yourself . It was a sad moment . " A roadie of the band who was concerned for Slovak 's health contacted his brother , James , who had been unaware that Slovak had ever used heroin .
Deciding to give sobriety a chance , both Kiedis and Slovak stopped using drugs prior to their European tour in support of The Uplift Mofo Party Plan , and decided to help each other " steer clear " of heroin . An entry from Slovak 's diary on January 21 , 1988 discusses his attempts to " begin a new drug @-@ free phase of [ his ] life " . During the tour both experienced intense heroin withdrawal , with Slovak much more unstable than Kiedis . His withdrawal symptoms took a toll on his ability to play his instrument ; at one point Slovak had a mental breakdown and was unable to play a show , leaving the rest of the band to play an entire set with no guitar . He recovered a few days later , but was briefly kicked out of the band and replaced by DeWayne McKnight for a few shows . After a few days with McKnight , the band decided to give Slovak another chance , and he rejoined for the European leg of the tour . Kiedis attempted to take Slovak to drug addiction counseling , but Slovak had difficulty admitting that his addiction was serious enough to require medical help .
Upon returning home , Slovak isolated himself from the rest of his bandmates , and struggled to resist the drug without the support of his friends , and Kiedis in particular . He stopped painting and writing in his diary during this time , and little is known about his life the weeks following the tour , aside from a phone call to his brother on June 24 , in which Slovak told him that he was having difficulty staying clean despite his desire to stop taking heroin . A few weeks after the band returned from the tour , the members attempted to contact Slovak , but were unable to for several days . Slovak was found dead by police in his Hollywood apartment on June 27 , 1988 . After his autopsy , authorities determined that he had died two days earlier due to a heroin overdose . He is interred at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery in Hollywood Hills , California .
Following Slovak 's death Kiedis fled town and did not attend the funeral , considering the situation to be surreal and dreamlike . Although he found the death to be a shock , he was not initially " scared straight " and continued to use heroin . However , a few weeks later his friend convinced him both to check into rehab and visit Slovak 's grave , which inspired him to get clean for five years . Irons was unable to cope with Slovak 's death and subsequently quit the band , saying that he did not want to be part of something that resulted in the death of his friend . Irons has suffered from severe depression since Slovak 's death . Kiedis and Flea decided to continue making music , hoping to continue what Slovak " helped build " . They hired John Frusciante and Chad Smith as replacements shortly after .
= = Musical style and legacy = =
Slovak was primarily influenced by hard rock artists such as Jimi Hendrix , Santana , and Led Zeppelin . His playing method was markedly based on improvisation , a style commonly used in funk music . He was also noted for his aggressive playing style ; he would often play with such force that his fingers would " come apart . " Kiedis observed that his playing evolved during his time away from the group in What is This ? , with Slovak adopting a more fluid style featuring " sultry " elements as opposed to his original hard rock techniques . On Uplift , Slovak experimented with genres outside of traditional funk music including reggae and speed metal . His guitar riffs would often serve as the basis of the group 's songs , with the other members writing their parts to complement his guitar work . His melodic riff featured in the song " Behind the Sun " inspired the group to create " pretty " songs with an emphasis on melody . Kiedis describes the song as " pure Hillel inspiration " . Slovak also used a talk box on songs such as " Green Heaven " and " Funky Crime " , in which the sounds of his amplified guitar would be played through a tube into his mouth and then back into a microphone , creating psychedelic voice @-@ like effects . Slovak helped to incorporate new sounds in the group 's work , including adding occasional drum machines . Despite the fact that the group billed itself as " The Organic Anti @-@ Beat Box Band " , Kiedis states that Slovak showed the group that drum machines could be used as artistic instruments .
Slovak 's work was one of the major contributing factors to the Red Hot Chili Peppers ' early sound . When Kiedis and Flea were searching for a new guitarist to replace Slovak , Kiedis likened the experience to " shopping for a new Mom and Dad " because of his influence over the band . Flea , who originally listened exclusively to jazz , added that Slovak introduced him to a new genre of music , saying that " it was Hillel who first got me into hard rockin ' " . He was also a huge influence on a young John Frusciante , who would later replace him as guitarist in the band . Frusciante based a lot of his playing style on Slovak 's work , and explained , " I learned everything I needed to know about how to sound good with Flea by studying Hillel 's playing and I just took it sideways from there . " Just like Slovak before him , Frusciante developed a heroin addiction . Unlike Slovak , Frusciante eventually managed to break and defeat the habit . The songs " Knock Me Down " ( from Mother 's Milk ) , " My Lovely Man " ( from Blood Sugar Sex Magik ) , and " Feasting on the Flowers " ( from The Getaway ) were written as tributes to Slovak . In 1999 , a book titled Behind the Sun : The Diary and Art of Hillel Slovak was published . The book was authored by Slovak 's brother , James Slovak , and features writings from his brother 's diaries , paintings , photos and hand written notes from Kiedis and Flea .
On December 7 , 2011 , the Red Hot Chili Peppers were announced as 2012 inductees to the Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Kiedis expressed his excitement with Slovak 's induction , explaining " He 's a beautiful person that picked up a guitar in the 1970s and didn 't make it out of the 1980s , and he is getting honored for his beauty " . Flea echoed those comments on the same day : " Hillel grew up loving rock and roll so much , he hasn 't been here for some time , but I know how much it would mean to him . It 's a powerful thing . "
= = Discography = =
With Addie Brik
Wattsland - EP – ( 1984 )
With What Is This ?
Squeezed - EP – ( 1984 )
What Is This – ( 1985 )
3 Out Of 5 Live - EP – ( 1985 )
With Red Hot Chili Peppers
The Red Hot Chili Peppers – ( 1984 )
Co @-@ wrote " Baby Appeal " , " Get Up and Jump " , " Green Heaven " , " Out In L.A. " , and " Police Helicopter "
Freaky Styley – ( 1985 )
The Uplift Mofo Party Plan – ( 1987 )
The Abbey Road E.P. – ( 1988 )
Mother 's Milk – ( 1989 )
Performs on only one track , " Fire "
What Hits ! ? – ( 1992 )
Out in L.A. – ( 1994 )
Under the Covers : Essential Red Hot Chili Peppers – ( 1998 )
The Best of Red Hot Chili Peppers – ( 1998 )
= $ pringfield ( or , How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling ) =
" $ pringfield ( Or , How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling ) " , also known as " $ pringfield " , is the tenth episode of The Simpsons ' fifth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 16 , 1993 . In the episode , Springfield decides to legalize gambling to revitalize its economy . A casino owned by Mr. Burns is created and Homer gets a job as a blackjack dealer . Meanwhile , Marge develops a gambling addiction , Bart starts his own casino , and Burns develops an odd personality in a parody of Howard Hughes .
The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , and directed by Wes Archer . Gerry Cooney and Robert Goulet guest starred as themselves . The episode features cultural references to films such as Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb , The Wizard of Oz , Rain Man , and 2001 : A Space Odyssey . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 7 , and was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired .
= = Plot = =
The economy of Springfield is in decline , so Mayor Quimby listens to suggestions from citizens on how to improve it . Principal Skinner states that legalized gambling has helped rejuvenate run @-@ down economies , and that it can work for Springfield as well . Everybody , even Marge , likes the idea . Mr. Burns and Mayor Quimby work together to build a casino , where Homer gets a job as a blackjack dealer . The casino is designed by Mr. Burns himself , as the proposals he received were not to his liking . While Marge waits for Homer 's shift to end at the casino , she finds a quarter on the floor and uses it to play a slot machine . She wins and almost immediately becomes addicted to gambling . Meanwhile , since Bart is too young to gamble at Burns ' Casino , he starts his own casino for his friends to play in his treehouse , and intercepts Robert Goulet to perform there . Burns also grows even richer , but in the process becomes a Howard Hughes @-@ type hermit , developing a profound fear of microscopic germs , urinates in jars , and wears tissue boxes instead of shoes .
Due to her addiction , Marge spends every waking moment at the casino and neglects her family . For instance , she forgets to help Lisa make a costume for her geography pageant . Enraged , Homer bursts into the casino and barges around searching for Marge . The security cameras capture Homer 's rampage , and when Burns sees him he demotes him back to his old job at the power plant . After realizing how much he misses the plant , Burns decides to return . Homer confronts Marge with her behavior , and she finally realizes that she has a problem . Lisa does win a special prize in the geography pageant , as Homer 's poor costume design gives Lisa the appearance that she did the work all by herself . Ralph Wiggum receives the same prize , as his costume is simply a note taped to his shirt that reads " Idaho " .
= = Production = =
The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , and directed by Wes Archer . The story of the episode originated from a newspaper article that Oakley and Weinstein found about a town in Mississippi that was introducing riverboat gambling . Oakley said another inspiration for it was that there had not been many episodes about Springfield as a whole and how " crummy " the town was , so they filled the whole first act with scenes showing how " crummy " and " dismal " Springfield was . Oakley particularly liked the animation of the lights inside the casino on the slot machines and the lamps in the ceiling . The " way they radiate out " had always amazed him . Archer , who directed the animation of the episode , also thought they turned out well . The lights were especially hard for them to animate back then because the show was animated traditionally on cels , so Archer was pleased with the results . A deleted scene from the episode shows Homer dealing cards to James Bond . The staff liked the scene , so they decided to put it in the clip show episode " The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular " .
There was a brief period when the
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Preise , Jerusalem , den Herrn ( Praise the Lord , Jerusalem ) , BWV 119 , is a sacred cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach . He composed it in Leipzig for Ratswechsel , the inauguration of a new town council , and first performed it on 30 August 1723 .
Bach composed the cantata in his first year as Thomaskantor in Leipzig , about three months after taking office at the end of May 1723 . A festive service at the Nikolaikirche was an annual event , celebrating the inauguration of a new town council , always held on the Monday after St. Bartholomew ( August 24 ) . The text by an anonymous poet includes psalm verses and an excerpt from Martin Luther 's German Te Deum . It is focused on acknowledgement of authority as a gift of God , thanks for past blessings , and prayer for future help .
The cantata is structured in nine movements , three of them choral ( 1 , 7 , 9 ) , the others alternating arias and recitatives . The orchestra is large and representative , with four trumpets , timpani , two recorders and three oboes , in addition to strings and basso continuo . Bach led the Thomanerchor in the first performance .
In 2015 the cantata was performed by the Thomanerchor at the place of its premiere on 12 June , opening the Bachfest and celebrating both the 1000th anniversary of the first recorded mention of Leipzig and the 850th anniversary of the Nikolaikirche .
= = History and words = =
As Thomaskantor , Bach served as music director of Leipzig and had to compose not only for music in the four major churches but also for public municipal functions . The Ratswechsel was celebrated with an annual church service at the Nikolaikirche on the Monday after St. Bartholomew , August 24 . It was not a democratic election , but a " ceremonial transfer of office " of council members who were appointed . The service was not part of the liturgical year with cantata texts related to prescribed biblical epistle and gospel readings . For the Ratswechsel service , Bach could count on the entire council ( his employer ) listening , and probably also civil servants and representatives of the Elector 's administration for the region . The musicologist Klaus Hofmann notes : " It was an opportunity for Bach to show how sacred music was flourishing under his direction and to present himself as a composer . "
The cantata was Bach 's first for the occasion in Leipzig . Early in his career he had written at least one cantata for the equivalent service at Mühlhausen . There are five surviving cantatas for the Ratswechsel at Leipzig , and librettos of three more , BWV Anh . I 3 , 4 and 193 . The other four extant cantatas are Ihr Tore zu Zion , BWV 193 , composed for the occasion in 1727 but partly lost , Wir danken dir , Gott , wir danken dir , BWV 29 , composed for the occasion in 1731 , Gott , man lobet dich in der Stille , BWV 120 , adapted from earlier cantatas for wedding and homage probably in 1742 , and Lobe den Herrn , meine Seele , BWV 69 , adapted from Lobe den Herrn , meine Seele , BWV 69a , for the occasion in 1748 .
The text was written by an unknown librettist who included psalm verses ( 147 , 85 and 126 ) and lines from Martin Luther 's German Te Deum " Herr Gott , dich loben wir " . To suit the event for which it was written , these are all turned into hymns of thanking and praising God for Leipzig 's prosperity and asking him to protect the city in the future .
Bach led the Thomanerchor in the performance on 30 August 1723 .
= = Scoring and structure = =
Bach structured the cantata in nine movements with choral movements as a frame and in movement 7 , otherwise alternating recitatives and arias . He scored it for four vocal soloists ( soprano ( S ) , alto ( A ) , tenor ( T ) and bass ( B ) ) , a four @-@ part choir , and an orchestra of four trumpets ( Tr ) , timpani ( Ti ) , two recorders ( Fl ) , three oboes ( Ob ) , two of them also playing oboes da caccia ( Oc ) , two violins ( Vl ) , viola ( Va ) , and basso continuo ( Bc ) .
In the following table of the movements , the scoring follows the Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe . The keys and time signatures are taken from the Bach scholar Alfred Dürr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 / 4 ) . The instruments are shown separately for winds and strings , while the continuo , playing throughout , is not shown .
= = Music = =
Even among other festive music written by Bach , this work 's scoring for four trumpets is unusual . It is characterised by a very solemn character and the attributes of courtly homage music , such as the opening chorus in the form of a French overture or fanfare @-@ like trumpet interjections in the bass recitative . Bach created a work that in musical terms corresponds less to sacred music and more to the type of secular music for a princely court , as had been required of him during his time in office in Köthen . Only in its final two movements does Bach again use simple forms to emphasize the work 's character of a church cantata , implying that earthly powers do not last , but God – the supreme ruler – is entitled to have the last word .
= = = 1 = = =
The cantata opens with a French overture , unusual in featuring the chorus in the faster middle section . At the time of Louis XIV an overture in this style was played when the king and his entourage entered a performance . Bach 's music expresses a similar respect for the authority of the town councils . The mostly homophonic slow opening is in the typical dotted rhythms , and shows a remarkable concerto of the trumpets versus the rest of the orchestra . The chorus appears only in the middle section , proclaiming verses from Psalm 147 , " Preise , Jerusalem , den Herrn " ( Praise the Lord , Jerusalem ) . It uses both fugal techniques and paired entries . The coda is a recapitulation of the first section . Analysis of corrections show that Bach probably used an instrumental piece composed earlier , and that the characteristic upward run on the first word " Preise " was added later . The text from psalm 147 @,@ 12 – 14a addresses Jerusalem , but the Leipzig congregation understood it as their city .
= = = 2 = = =
A secco recitative introduces the topic , " Gesegnet Land , glückselge Stadt " ( Blessed land , fortunate city ) : a town is blessed if God reigns in it .
= = = 3 = = =
The oboes da caccia present a dotted @-@ rhythm ritornello to introduce the tenor aria . The vocal entry is before the ritornello cadence , " Wohl dir , du Volk der Linden " ( Good fortune , you people of the lindens ) , a reference to Leipzig sometimes being called Lindenstadt .
= = = 4 = = =
The bass recitative , " So herrlich stehst du , liebe Stadt ! " ( So gloriously you stand , dear city ! ) , is introduced and concluded with a fanfare @-@ like trumpet and timpani line , further wind instruments , recorders and oboes da caccia add colour to the middle section , in an unusual movement for the Leipzig congregation .
= = = 5 = = =
The alto aria , " Die Obrigkeit ist Gottes Gabe " ( Authority is God 's gift ) , is accompanied by two obbligato recorders in unison . It is the only minor @-@ mode movement of the cantata . The obbligato presents high repeated notes beginning midway through the ritornello theme , which recurs as episodes and at the conclusion of the movement . The movement is , in effect , a trio sonata .
= = = 6 = = =
A soprano recitative , " Nun ! Wir ekennen es und bringen dir " ( Now ! we acknowledge it and bring to You ) , expresses thanks for God 's gift and acknowledgement of the burden on the people serving as town council , those who did it the last year and those who succeed .
= = = 7 = = =
A choral movement confirms " Der Herr hat Guts an uns getan " ( The Lord has done good things for us ) . The movement is structured like a da capo aria , with a fugue in the opening and repeat , while the contrasting middle section is mostly homophonic . A a long ritornello theme features an " imperious " trumpet melody , which is played four times during the movement . The voices enter from the lowest to the highest , then additional instruments lead to a climax . In the middle section motifs from the ritornello are played " above and between " the voices . One fanfare motif appears also in Bach 's first Brandenburg Concerto and would later be used in the bass aria Großer Herr und starker König in the Christmas Oratorio . The Bach scholar Klaus Hofmann assumes , reflecting its secular character as a hunting signal and fanfare , that the movement is derived from an earlier homage cantata .
= = = 8 = = =
A very short alto recitative , " Zuletzt ! Da du uns , Herr , zu deinem Volk gesetzt " ( Finally ! Since You have established us as Your people ) , is harmonically " adventurous " .
= = = 9 = = =
The cantata ends with the ninth stanza from Luther 's German Te Deum , " Hilf deinem Volk , Herr Jesu Christ " ( Help Your people , Lord Jesus Christ ) , a prayer for further help and preservation . It is a four @-@ part setting " with the subtlest touches of flamboyance " in a chorale . No performance material for the cantata has survived ; and the score , where the last two movements appear in free space within movement 7 , provides only the four @-@ part setting without mentioning which instruments would play with which voice . Hofmann imagines that there might have been additional parts for trumpets and timpani for an ending to match the opening of the cantata .
= = Selected recordings = =
The sortable table are excerpt from the selection on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website . Choirs and orchestras are grouped roughly :
Large choirs ( red background ) : Bach ( choir dedicated to Bach 's music , founded in the mid @-@ 20th century ) , Boys ( choir of all male voices )
Medium @-@ size choirs
Large orchestras ( red background ) : Bach ( orchestra dedicated to Bach 's music , founded in the mid @-@ 20th century ) , Symphony
Orchestra on period instruments ( green background )
= = 2015 = =
The cantata was performed in the opening concert of the Bachfest Leipzig on 12 June 2015 , celebrating 1000 years since the first recorded mention of Leipzig and the 850th anniversary of the Nikolaikirche . A line from the libretto was the festival 's motto for the occasion : " So herrlich stehst du , liebe Stadt ! " ( So gloriously you stand , dear city ! ) . The cantata was performed at the Nikolaikirche by Ute Selbig , Britta Schwarz , Patrick Grahl , Jochen Kupfer , the Thomanerchor and the Händelfestspielorchester Halle , conducted by Gotthold Schwarz .
= John Struthers ( anatomist ) =
Sir John Struthers FRSE FRCSE LLD ( ( 1823 @-@ 02 @-@ 21 ) 21 February 1823 – 24 February 1899 ( 1899 @-@ 02 @-@ 24 ) ) was the first Regius Professor of Anatomy at the University of Aberdeen . He was a dynamic teacher and administrator , transforming the status of the institutions in which he worked . He was equally passionate about anatomy , enthusiastically seeking out and dissecting the largest and finest specimens , including whales , and troubling his colleagues with his single @-@ minded quest for money and space for his collection .
Among scientists , he is perhaps best known for his work on the ligament which bears his name . His work on the rare and vestigial Ligament of Struthers came to the attention of Charles Darwin , who used it in his Descent of Man to help argue the case that man and other mammals shared a common ancestor .
Among the public , Struthers was famous for his dissection of the " Tay Whale " , a humpback whale that appeared in the Firth of Tay , was hunted and then dragged ashore to be exhibited across Britain . Struthers took every opportunity he could to dissect it and recover its bones .
In the medical profession , he was known for transforming the teaching of anatomy , for the papers and books that he wrote , as well as for his efficient work in his medical school , for which he was successively awarded medicine 's highest honours , including membership of the General Medical Council , fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , the presidency of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh , and finally a knighthood .
= = Early life = =
John Struthers was the son of Dr Alexander Struthers ( 1767 – 1853 ) and his wife Mary Reid ( 1793 – 1859 ) . They lived in Brucefield , a large stone @-@ built 18th century house with spacious grounds , which was then just outside Dunfermline ; John was born in the house . Alexander was a wealthy mill owner and linen merchant . He bought Brucefield early in the 19th century , along with Brucefield Mill , a linen spinning mill built in 1792 . Linen was threshed at the nearby threshing mill , and bleached in the open air near the house . There were still linen bleachers living in Brucefield House in 1841 , but they had gone by 1851 , leaving the house as the seat of the Struthers family . Mary 's father , Deacon John Reid , was also a linen maker . Alexander and Mary were married in 1818 ; the marriage , though not warmly affectionate , lasted until Alexander 's death despite the large age difference . Both Alexander and Mary are buried at Dunfermline Abbey .
Struthers was one of six children , three boys and three girls . The boys were privately tutored in the classics , mathematics and modern languages at home in Brucefield House . They went out boating in summer , skating in winter on the nearby dam ; they rode ponies , went swimming in the nearby Firth of Forth , and went for long walks with wealthy friends . Both his older brother James and his younger brother Alexander studied medicine . James became a doctor at Leith ; Alexander died of cholera while serving as a doctor in the Crimean War . His sisters Janet and Christina provided a simple education at Brucefield for some poor friends , Daniel and James Thomson . Daniel ( 1833 – 1908 ) became a Dunfermline weaver as well as a historian and reformer .
= = Medical career = =
Struthers studied medicine at Edinburgh , winning prizes as an undergraduate . He completed his M.D. degree in 1845 , becoming a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh at the same time . In 1847 , the college licensed him and his brother James to teach anatomy . The courses that they taught at the medical school in Argyle Square , Edinburgh were recognized by the examining bodies of England , Scotland and Ireland .
He worked his way up at the Royal Infirmary from dresser ( surgical assistant ) , to surgical clerk , to house physician , house surgeon and finally full surgeon . His passion was for anatomy ; he told the story of how he had been so concentrated on an anatomy dissection one day in 1843 that he failed to look outside to observe the street procession known as the " Disruption " which launched the Free Church of Scotland . He became Lecturer of Anatomy at the University of Edinburgh .
In 1863 , Struthers became the first Regius Professor of Anatomy at the recently formed University of Aberdeen . This was a " Crown Chair " ( a professorship recognized by the government ) , a prestigious position . Struthers ' application for the chair was supported by over 250 letters , many from public figures including well @-@ known doctors such as Joseph Lister and James Paget , and politicians such as Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey , who became Home Secretary , and James Moncreiff , who became the Scottish Lord Advocate . The support of these men was actively solicited by Struthers ' well @-@ connected friends and relatives , including his cousin the Reverend John Struthers of Prestonpans , and his energetic wife Christina . With the success of their campaign , the family moved to Aberdeen .
Struthers held the professorship at Aberdeen for 26 years . In that time , he radically transformed anatomy teaching at the university , improved the Aberdeen medical school ; set up the museum of anatomy ; and helped to lead the reconstruction of the Aberdeen Infirmary . He vigorously collected specimens for his museum , " prepared or otherwise provided , mainly by the work of my own hands , and at my own expense " . The specimens were arranged to enable students to compare the anatomy of different animals . He intended the comparative anatomy exhibits to demonstrate evolution through the presence of homologous structures . For example , in mammals , the arm and hand of a human , the wing of a bird , the foreleg of a horse , and the flipper of a whale are all homologous forelimbs . He continually made demands of the University of Aberdeen 's Senate for additional room space and money for the museum , against the wishes of his colleagues in the faculty . Struthers could go to great lengths to obtain specimens he particularly wanted , and on at least one occasion this led to court action . He had long admired a crocodile skeleton at Aberdeen 's Medico @-@ Chirurgical Society . In 1866 he borrowed it , ostensibly to clean and remount it , but despite the society 's urgent requests to have it returned , it stayed in Struthers ' museum at Marischal College for ten years . Struthers still hoped to obtain the specimen , and when in 1885 he was made president of the Medico @-@ Chirurgical Society , he again tried to take the crocodile to his museum . The society then obtained an interdict ( a court order ) restraining him from removing the skeleton .
Struthers published about 70 papers on anatomy . He set up a popular series of lectures for the public , held on Saturday evenings . Many of the methods he used remain relevant today . He had a powerful effect on medical education in Britain , in 1890 establishing the format of three years of " pre @-@ clinical " academic teaching and examination in the sciences underlying medicine , including especially anatomy . His system lasted until the reform of medical training in 1993 and 2003 . His 21st century successors at the anatomy school in Aberdeen write that " He would undoubtedly be greatly dismayed at the drastic reduction in the teaching of basic medical sciences , and the subsequent perceived decline in the anatomical knowledge of medical students and practicing clinicians , " and they quote one of Struthers ' sayings to his students :
Unless you are well informed in the foundation sciences and principles , you may practise your profession , but you will never understand disease and its treatment ; your practice will be routine , the unintelligent application of the dogmas and directions of your textbook or teacher .
= = Awards and honours = =
Struthers was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the University of Glasgow in 1885 for his work in medical education . In 1892 he was given honorary membership of the Royal Medical Society ; he also became president of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh . He was appointed to the General Medical Council in 1883 and remained a member until 1891 . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1894 . In 1895 he was made president of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh ; he held the position for two years . In 1898 , he was knighted ( as Sir John Struthers ) by Queen Victoria for his service to medicine .
= = Scientific work = =
= = = Evolution and Struthers ' ligament = = =
Struthers was one of the first advocates of the theory of evolution , speaking publicly and corresponding with Charles Darwin about observations he made during his comparative anatomy studies .
Struthers was interested in abnormal variations in anatomy , such as additional toes , and he collected many specimens which he offered to show Darwin . Among other curiosities , Struthers described the " Ligament of Struthers " , a rare extra band of connective tissue present in 1 % of humans running from a bony projection on the humerus down to the elbow , and showed that its presence was inherited .
The significance of Struthers ' ligament , as Darwin and Struthers understood , is that the vestigial organ has no function in humans , but is inherited from a structure , the supra @-@ condyloid foramen , which certainly had a function in other mammals including marsupials and carnivores . In those other mammals , the supra @-@ condyloid foramen is an opening in the bone that important structures , the median nerve and the brachial artery , run through . Struthers observed that when his ligament was present in humans , the nerve and artery did run through it . Darwin took this to mean that humans and other mammals had a common ancestor , and used Struthers ' work as evidence in Chapter 1 of his Descent of Man ( 1871 ) :
In some of the lower Quadrumana , in the Lemuridae and Carnivora , as well as in many marsupials , there is a passage near the lower end of the humerus , called the supra @-@ condyloid foramen , through which the great nerve of the fore limb and often the great artery pass . Now in the humerus of man , there is generally a trace of this passage , which is sometimes fairly well developed , being formed by a depending hook @-@ like process of bone , completed by a band of ligament . Dr. Struthers , who has closely attended to the subject , has now shewn that this peculiarity is sometimes inherited , as it has occurred in a father , and in no less than four out of his seven children . When present , the great nerve invariably passes through it ; and this clearly indicates that it is the homologue and rudiment of the supra @-@ condyloid foramen of the lower animals . Prof. Turner estimates , as he informs me , that it occurs in about one per cent of recent skeletons . But if the occasional development of this structure in man is , as seems probable , due to reversion , it is a return to a very ancient state of things , because in the higher Quadrumana it is absent .
= = = Whale anatomy = = =
Aberdeen , a coastal city , gave Struthers the opportunity to observe the whales which were from time to time washed up on Scotland 's coast . In 1870 he observed , dissected and described a Blue Whale ( which he called a " Great Fin @-@ Whale " ) from Peterhead . He brought the entire skeleton of a Sei Whale back to the anatomy department at Aberdeen , where for a century it was suspended overhead in the hall . He vigorously collected examples of a wide range of species to form a museum of zoology , with the intention of illustrating Darwin 's theories . As an energetic and forceful personality with a strong enthusiasm for zoology , he alarmed his colleagues at the University of Aberdeen by constantly asking for money and space to acquire and house his collection .
= = = Dissecting the " Tay Whale " = = =
Struthers became known to the general public for his dissection of the " Tay Whale " — one of his largest specimens .
At the end of December 1883 , a humpback whale appeared in the Firth of Tay off Dundee , attracting much local interest . It was harpooned , but after an all @-@ night struggle escaped . A week later it was found dead , and was towed on to the beach at Stonehaven , near Aberdeen . Struthers quickly visited the carcass , measuring it as 40 feet long with a tail 11 feet 4 inches wide . Struthers was not able to start dissecting it at once , as a local entrepreneur , John Woods , bought the whale and took it to his yard in Dundee , where on the first Sunday , 12 @,@ 000 people paid to see it .
Struthers was not allowed to dissect the famous specimen until it was too badly decomposed for further public exhibition . He was well used to working on stinking carcasses : his dissecting room was reputed to stink " like the deck of a Greenland whaler " . The dissection was disturbed by John Woods , who admitted the public , for a fee , to watch Struthers and his assistants at work , with a military band playing in the background . Progress on the dissection was impeded by snow showers . Struthers was able to remove much of the skeleton before Woods had the flesh embalmed ; the carcass was then stuffed and sewn up to be taken on a profitable tour as far as Edinburgh and London . After months of waiting , on 7 August 1884 , Struthers was able to remove the skull and the rest of the skeleton . Over the next decade , Struthers wrote seven anatomy articles on the whale , with a complete monograph on it in 1889 .
= = Life and family = =
Struthers ' siblings included James Struthers MD ( 1821 @-@ 1891 ) , a doctor at Leith hospital for 42 years , and his youngest brother Alexander Struthers MB who died at Scutari in the Crimea .
Struthers married Christina Margaret Alexander ( born 15 January 1833 ) on 5 August 1857 . Christina was the sister of John Alexander , chief clerk to Bow Street Police Court . She too came from a Scottish medical family ; her parents were Dr James Alexander ( 1795 – 1863 ) and Margaret Finlay ( 1797 @-@ 1865 ) , both of old Dunfermline families ; James practised as a surgeon just across the English border in the small town of Wooler , Northumberland . On James ' death as a " country practitioner " , the city @-@ dweller Struthers wrote
The great majority of the profession are and must be country practitioners ; the hardest work of the profession is done by them ; in the winter nights , when the world is asleep , they have many a long and weary drive ; they are far from libraries , from hospitals and museums , and from societies ; and thus in their comparative isolation want that stimulus and guidance which tend to keep the city practitioner up to the mark .
Struthers was father @-@ in @-@ law of nitroglycerine chemist David Orme Masson , who married his daughter Mary . He was grandfather of another explosives chemist , Sir James Irvine Orme Masson , and father @-@ in @-@ law of educator Simon Somerville Laurie , who married his daughter Lucy .
= = = Retirement = = =
On retiring from the University of Aberdeen , Struthers returned to Edinburgh . He was buried in the north @-@ east section of the central roundel of Warriston Cemetery , Edinburgh , in 1899 ; his wife Christina joined him there in 1907 . All three of their sons , Alexander , James and John also worked in the medical profession ; John followed his father by working at Leith Hospital , then at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and finally by also becoming president of the Royal College of Surgeons .
= = Publications = =
Struthers authored over 70 manuscripts and books , including the following .
= = = Books = = =
Struthers , John ( 1854 ) . Anatomical and Physiological Observations . Edinburgh : Sutherland and Knox .
Struthers , John ( 1867 ) . Historical Sketch of the Edinburgh Anatomical School . Edinburgh : Maclachlan and Stewart .
Struthers , John ( 1889 ) . Memoir on the Anatomy of the Humpback Whale , Megaptera Longimana . Edinburgh : Maclachlan .
= = = Papers = = =
Struthers , John ( 1854 ) . " On some points in the abnormal anatomy of the arm " . Br . Foreign Medico @-@ Chir . Rev. 13 : 523 – 533 .
Struthers , John ( 1871 ) . " On some points in the anatomy of a Great Fin Whale ( Balaenoptera musculus ) " . Journal of Anatomical Physiology 6 : 107 – 125 .
Struthers , John ( 1881 ) . " On the bones , articulations and muscles of the rudimentary hind limbs of the Greenland Right Whale ( Balena mysticetus ) " . Journal of Anatomical Physiology 15 : 141 – 321 .
Struthers , John ( October 1893 ) . " The New Five @-@ Year Course of Study : Remarks on the position of Anatomy among the Earlier Studies , and on the relative value of Practical Work and of Lectures in Modern Medical Education " . Edinburgh Medical Journal .
Struthers , John ( 1895 ) . " On the external characters and some parts of the anatomy of a Beluga ( Delphinapterus leucas ) " . Journal of Anatomical Physiology 30 : 124 – 156 .
= Tom Harley =
Thomas ' Tom ' Harley ( born 18 July 1978 ) is a former Australian rules footballer for the Geelong Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . A defender at 1 @.@ 93 metres ( 6 ft 4 in ) and 95 kilograms ( 209 lb ) , Harley was a two @-@ time premiership @-@ winning captain at the club .
After a successful junior career which culminated with selection in the under @-@ 18 All @-@ Australian team , Harley was drafted to the Port Adelaide Football Club as a zone selection . Although an inaugural member of the club , Harley struggled to force his way into the senior team and spent the majority of his early years playing for Norwood in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . After making just one appearance for Port Adelaide , Harley was traded to the Geelong Football Club in exchange for the 37th draft pick in the 1998 AFL Draft .
Harley quickly established himself within the Geelong defence and received a range of accolades and club honours , including multiple Best Clubman awards . Prior to the 2007 AFL season , Harley was appointed club captain and went on to enjoy great individual and team success . He led the club to its first premiership in 44 years during 2007 , and became a dual premiership captain after their victory in 2009 . In between , he achieved All @-@ Australian honours as vice @-@ captain of the team , and won the AFL Players Association ( AFLPA ) Best Captain Award . Harley also participated in the 2008 AFL Hall of Fame all @-@ star game , and was inducted into the Geelong Football Club Hall of Fame .
He is noted for being a leading ambassador to various community campaigns , including the anti @-@ violence program ' Just Think ' and Barwon Health . Since his retirement as a player , Harley has undertaken various roles in the sporting industry : he currently holds positions as General Manager - Football Sydney Swans , .
= = Early life = =
One of three children born to Rick and Trish ( née Rofe ) Harley in Adelaide , South Australia . Tom played most of his junior football for the Walkerville Junior Football Club and St Peter 's College from the under – 11s to under – 15s .
Despite being regularly overlooked for a place in the elite South Australian junior state squads , he continued to follow the rest of the squad to training sessions in order to learn alongside them . Harley 's persistent attendance at training was rewarded when he was called up to the under – 18s squad as a late injury replacement a week prior to the National AFL Championships . Playing at centre half @-@ back , Harley 's performance in defence earned him end @-@ of @-@ year All @-@ Australian honours and brought him to the attention of AFL scouts .
= = AFL career = =
= = = Port Adelaide experience ( 1998 ) = = =
Following their entry into the AFL in 1997 , Port Adelaide drafted Harley to the club as part of their zone selections , which entitled them to recruit uncontracted players from the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) prior to the 1996 National Draft . He struggled to break into the Port Adelaide senior team , and often found himself playing in the SANFL reserves for Norwood during the 1997 season , where he helped the team reach the SANFL reserves Grand Final , where they were defeated by the Port Magpies . Harley 's contributions in the reserves team throughout the year saw him promoted to the senior Norwood side , where he featured in two of their SANFL finals before missing selection for the senior SANFL Grand Final .
Harley continued to ply his trade in the SANFL reserves during the 1998 season , before being rewarded mid @-@ season with a senior team debut for Port Adelaide in round fourteen against Geelong . The team opted to use Harley sparingly off the bench , with Harley 's only meaningful contribution being a late goal scored with his only kick for the game . Returning to the Norwood reserves team , Harley helped the team reach their second successive Grand Final appearance against the Port Magpies and capture the reserves premiership . However , after struggling to break into the senior side , Harley was traded to Geelong during the off @-@ season for the 37th pick in the 1998 AFL Draft .
= = = Mixed success ( 1999 – 2006 ) = = =
Harley made his debut for Geelong in round fourteen of the 1999 AFL season against Adelaide , and kept his position in the senior team for the final nine games of the home @-@ and @-@ away campaign . The following season , Harley helped Geelong achieve a 12 @-@ 9 @-@ 1 record to qualify for the finals series . Harley made his finals debut in the First Elimination Final against Hawthorn , where he gathered 7 disposals and took 2 marks in the clubs ' nine @-@ point loss .
His consistency throughout the year , during which he played in all club fixture games for the first time in his career , was rewarded when he won the club 's Most Determined and Dedicated Player Award . Harley made his 50th senior appearance for the club the following season , and again featured in all 22 games over the next two seasons . Despite the club 's inability to qualify for the finals series , Harley 's consistency in the backline was recognised with successive top five placings in the club best and fairest award . During this period Harley was also awarded the Coach 's Award and Best
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During the 18th century the Akokisa population in the area was estimated at about 3500 .
Though earlier surveys of the coastline had been made , the first known Europeans to land in the vicinity were under the command of Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca when he and his crew were shipwrecked in 1528 , though it is unclear precisely where they landed . Though subsequent explorers described cannibalism among the local tribes , Cabeza de Vaca made no mention of the practice . He and the other survivors left the area as soon as they were able traveling to safety into Mexico .
The Rivas @-@ Iriarte expedition , one of several Spanish maritime expeditions charting the Gulf Coast , performed a detailed scientific exploration of the Galveston Bay in 1687 , probably the first such exploration . A 1785 expedition by José Antonio de Evia charting the Gulf Coast gave the bay and the island the name Galveztown , or Galvezton , for the Spanish Viceroy Bernardo de Gálvez .
During the early 18th Century , French traders first began trade with the Akokisa and the nearby Bidai tribes for furs . In 1754 several traders including Joseph Blancpain established a trading post on the Trinity River a just north of the bay , near modern Wallisville . Spanish authorities quickly seized the post and transformed it into the San Augustín de Ahumada fort . They named the site El Orcoquisac and established a Catholic mission . The Spanish were not successful in maintaining trade with the natives and the post was abandoned within a few years . Encroachment by Spanish as well as U.S. settlers continued such that by the end of the century native populations had declined dramatically due to disease and territorial pressures from the Europeans .
In 1816 Galveston Island was claimed by the pirate Louis @-@ Michel Aury as a base of operations to support Mexico 's rebellion against Spain . Aury was succeeded as leader by Jean Lafitte , the famed Louisiana pirate and American hero of the War of 1812 . Lafitte , at the time serving as a privateer for the Spanish Empire , transformed Galveston Island and the bay into a pirate kingdom he called Campeche . He established bases for smuggling and ship repair on the Trinity River near the bay and at Eagle Point ( modern San Leon ) . His gang also created a hide @-@ out on the shores of Clear Lake . As late as 1965 , treasure from this era was discovered at Kemah . In response to the piracy , the United States Navy ousted Lafitte from the island in 1821 and the colony was abandoned . Some settlers in the region remained such as Anson Taylor who had supplied produce and game from the Clear Lake area for Campeche .
= = Mexican dominion and the Republic of Texas = =
In the early 19th century following the Louisiana Purchase , Texas , particularly southeastern Texas , had become an increasing point of contention between Spain and the United States . Various failed attempts , such as the Long Expedition , were made by groups from the U.S. to take control of parts of Texas , resulting in some temporary settlements near the bay including Perry 's Point near modern Anahuac . Spanish authorities began efforts to colonize Texas to help protect its claim to the territory . Hoping to spur settlement , the Spanish government granted land to pioneers from the United States , including Moses Austin .
Soon afterward , though , Mexico declared its independence from Spain and moved to establish its own control over Texas . Because of fears of the indigenous tribes , officials found it difficult to find settlers in Mexico willing to move into the territory 's coastal areas , and therefore continued to allow settlers from the United States into the area with the promise of allegiance to Mexico . Austin 's son , Stephen F. Austin , established a colony which extended from east central Texas to Galveston Bay and the Gulf Coast . Some of Austin 's original Old 300 settlers , including John Dickson , William Scott , and John Iiams , established homesteads and commercial enterprises around the bay . The Port of Galveston and a permanent settlement were established on the island in 1825 to spur trade . Communities including Lynchburg , San Jacinto , and Campbell 's Bayou ( founded by one of Lafitte 's former officers ) were gradually established around the bay . In addition to the Anglo @-@ American and Mexican settlers in the area , a Cajun settlement was established along Armand Bayou . The Mexican Colonization Law of 1824 , however , forbade the creation of settlements near the coast with the intention of protecting the native tribes in the area . The law was not enforced and settlers continued to encroach upon tribal lands . Native tribes remained in the area years afterward but were gradually driven out as European settlers moved into the region . The Akokisa were driven inland where they merged with the Bidai . The Karankwa were driven southward where they eventually established their current homelands in northeastern Mexico .
The Galveston Bay and Texas Land Company was formed in New York in 1830 to promote additional settlement around Galveston Bay and other parts of southeast Texas . The company gradually brought in many colonists from the United States and Europe , although conflict with Mexican officials over colonization laws initially made these efforts difficult . In 1830 , Mexican authorities created a customs and garrison post near the bay commanded by Juan Davis Bradburn . The post , which later became the modern city of Anahuac , was the first major outpost on the mainland shores and temporarily replaced Galveston as a port of entry . New Washington ( modern Morgan 's Point ) and Austinia ( within modern Texas City ) were also founded by settlers from the company . Conflicts between Bradburn and the settlers in the region over land rights , slavery laws , and customs duties led to the Anahuac Disturbances , a prelude to the larger Texas rebellion . As a result , Mexican authorities were driven out of eastern Texas and the settlers began to discuss independence .
Following a coup in the Mexican government , Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna became president and revoked many freedoms previously enjoyed by the Texans further deteriorating the government 's relations with the region 's settlers . Texas declared its independence and revolted in 1835 . Following a number of battles with the Mexican army , the Texas army , under the leadership of General Sam Houston , finally defeated Santa Anna in the Battle of San Jacinto , near modern Pasadena .
The new Republic of Texas grew rapidly . The shores of the bay were initially home to farms and ranches . Longhorn cattle , which had roamed wild throughout Texas , became free resources for producing hides and beef shipped throughout North America . The famed Allen Ranch was established near Harrisburg in what is now southeast Houston and Pasadena , in addition to the Bay Lake Ranch and other ranches established around the bay . The range land of these ranches came to encompass most of the terrain around the bay south of the San Jacinto River . Cedar Bayou ( part of modern Baytown ) , Shoal Point ( part of modern Texas City ) , and other small communities began to develop during this period . Eagle Point ( part of modern San Leon ) became an important shipping and trading post for slaves .
Inland from the bay , the towns of Harrisburg and Houston were both founded on the Buffalo Bayou by entrepreneurs from New York and competed as commercial centers , but neither was as significant as Galveston . Throughout the 19th century these three cities developed increasing influence on the Bay Area communities , particularly as railroads were built through the region .
Multiple hurricanes struck the region during this time and after . Though none during the 19th century were catastrophic , they nevertheless caused substantial damage and caused some loss of life .
= = Annexation by the United States = =
Texas succeeded in its bid to join the United States in 1845 , one of the key causes of the subsequent Mexican @-@ American War . Texas ' annexation brought more people to Texas . Ranching interests expanded around the bay , along with the growth of the farming and lumber enterprises in the region . The construction of the Galveston , Houston and Henderson ( GH & H ) Railroad , begun in 1857 , further spurred more growth in the region .
During the American Civil War , in which Texas seceded from the United States , the area served a limited role in the conflict though no major battles were fought on the mainland shoreline . New fortifications , like Fort Chambers near Anahuac , were constructed to ward off a mainland invasion by Union forces and to protect supply routes to and from Galveston . The GH & H Railroad was used in the recapture of Galveston by Confederate forces in 1863 . Makeshift hospitals , such as the Nolan home in Dickinson , were established in the bayside communities .
In the aftermath of the war the Texan economy declined for a period . Nevertheless , ranching interests became major economic drivers spawning many other economic enterprises like hide processing plants and shipping companies . Some former slaves were able to take advantage of ranching 's economic influence as some successful African American communities were established , including the " Settlement " in what is now League City . The success of the various enterprises in the area and the growth of Galveston as one of the prime commercial centers in the South and Southwest helped promote the construction of the Gulf , Colorado and Santa Fe Railway , and the La Porte , Houston and Northern Railroad over the course of the 19th century . These railroads built lines near the southwest shore of the bay and led to the creation of La Porte , Clear Creek ( modern League City ) , Webster , Edward 's Point / North Galveston ( modern San Leon ) , and others ( eventually including Texas City ) . Toward the end of the century , as ranching 's profitability declined , many communities turned increasingly to agriculture . The farming community of Pasadena was established during this time . By the end of the 19th century , the land south of Buffalo Bayou came to be known as the " Texas Fruit Belt " for the oranges , pears , grapes , and other fruits and vegetables grown in the area . The Sylvan Beach park was created at La Porte as a beachfront summer getaway from Houston . With amenities including bathhouses , boating piers , and a Victorial hotel with a dance pavilion , Sylvan Beach quickly became the most popular tourist destination in the Houston area .
In 1900 a massive hurricane devastated the city of Galveston and heavily damaged communities around the bay . According to some estimates the death toll on the coast outside of Galveston may have been over one thousand . Bridges between Galveston and the mainland were destroyed . Communities along the shoreline declined for some time as economic growth moved inland and Houston became the dominant economic center in Southeast Texas . The region received a population boost from some Galveston refugees who relocated to the mainland following the catastrophe .
= = The wars and the oil boom = =
The sparsely populated communities around the bay transformed during the 20th century . Following the devastating 1900 hurricane , donations by the newly created Red Cross , including millions of strawberry plants to Gulf Coast farmers , helped revive area communities . This and the subsequent establishment of a major strawberry farm in the area by Texaco founder Joseph S. Cullinan made Pasadena an important fruit producer for many years afterward . The newly established community of Texas City opened its port and railroad junctions shipping cotton and grain . In fact , because the port had opened just before the 1900 hurricane , it was able to handle Galveston 's diverted shipping traffic until the island 's damaged port was repaired . Following another hurricane in 1915 , the Texas City Dike was built to protect the Texas City ship channel from sediment movement in future storms , thus helping to build confidence in the safety of the port . One of the most immediate effects of the dike , however , was to increase the salt levels in West Bay , between Galveston and the southwest coastline .
Major tracts of the Allen Ranch were liquidated opening up new development around Pasadena and other bayside communities . Commercial fishing for oysters and shrimp grew as a significant area industry . The lumber industry also continued to grow . A sugar refinery opened in Texas city , a paper mill in Pasadena , and other factories in the early 20th century .
Following the petroleum discovery at Spindletop ( roughly 40 miles ( 64 km ) from Galveston Bay ) in 1901 Texas entered an era of economic development known as the Texas Oil Boom . Petroleum exploration at Galveston Bay began shortly afterward with the discovery of the Goose Creek Oil Field in 1903 . The first well at Goose Creek was built in 1907 with significant production beginning in 1908 ( in 1924 it was the state 's third largest field ) . In 1915 the first offshore oil drilling site in the state was opened at Goose Creek . Gradually other oil fields were discovered around the bay as well , including the Anahuac oil field in 1935 . The first refinery by the bay was built in 1908 at Texas City , followed by refineries in Baytown and Pasadena . The main refinery in Baytown , built by Humble Oil ( now ExxonMobil ) , became the largest in the state .
The wealth brought on by the boom transformed the region . The population increased rapidly due to significant immigration from within the United States , from Mexico , and overseas . Mexicans , fleeing the Mexican Revolution in 1910 , added significantly to the population of what is now Baytown ; Sicilian immigrants added greatly to the community of Dickinson ; and Japanese rice farmers settled in Webster , Pasadena ,
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Legalism .
= = Names = =
In traditional accounts , Laozi 's personal name is usually given as Li Er ( 李耳 , Old * Rəʔ Nəʔ , Mod . Lǐ Ěr ) and his courtesy name as Boyang ( trad . 伯陽 , simp . 伯阳 , Old * Pˤrak @-@ lang , Mod . Bóyáng ) . A prominent posthumous name was Li Dan ( 李聃 , Lǐ Dān ) .
Laozi itself is an honorific title : 老 ( Old * rˤuʔ , " old , venerable " ) and 子 ( Old * tsə ′ , " master " ) . It is usually pronounced / ˌlaʊˈdzʌ / in English . It has been romanized numerous ways , sometimes leading to confusion . The most common present form is Laozi or Lǎozǐ , based on the Hanyu Pinyin system adopted by Mainland China in 1958 and Taiwan in 2009 . During the 20th century , Lao @-@ tzu was more common , based on the formerly prevalent Wade – Giles system . In the 19th century , the title was usually romanized as Lao @-@ tse . Other forms include the variants Lao @-@ tze and Lao @-@ tsu .
As a religious figure , he is worshipped under the name " Supreme Old Lord " ( 太上老君 , Tàishàng Lǎojūn ) and as one of the " Three Pure Ones " . During the Tang , he was granted the title " Supremely Mysterious and Primordial Emperor " ( 太上玄元皇帝 , Táishāng Xuānyuán Huángdì ) .
= = Historical views = =
In the mid @-@ twentieth century , a consensus emerged among scholars that the historicity of the person known as Laozi is doubtful and that the Tao Te Ching was " a compilation of Taoist sayings by many hands . " Alan Watts urged more caution , holding that this view was part of an academic fashion for skepticism about historical spiritual and religious figures and stating that not enough would be known for years – or possibly ever – to make a firm judgment .
The earliest certain reference to the present figure of Laozi is found in the 1st @-@ century BCE Records of the Grand Historian collected by the historian Sima Qian from earlier accounts . In one account , Laozi was said to be a contemporary of Confucius during the 6th or 5th century BCE . His surname was Li and his personal name was Er or Dan . He was an official in the imperial archives and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the west . In another , Laozi was a different contemporary of Confucius titled Lao Laizi ( 老莱子 ) and wrote a book in 15 parts . In a third , he was the court astrologer Lao Dan who lived during the 4th @-@ century BCE reign of Duke Xian of Qin . The oldest text of the Tao Te Ching so far recovered was written on bamboo slips and dates to the late 4th century BCE .
According to traditional accounts , Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of Zhou . This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the Yellow Emperor and other classics of the time . The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples . There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius , most famously in the Zhuangzi .
He was sometimes held to have come from the village of Chu Jen in Chu . In accounts where Laozi married , he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier . Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi , including the emperors of the Tang dynasty . This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage ( 隴西李氏 ) . According to the Simpkinses , while many ( if not all ) of these lineages are questionable , they provide a testament to Laozi 's impact on Chinese culture .
The third story in Sima Qian states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in Chengzhou and noted the kingdom 's decline . He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80 . At the western gate of the city ( or kingdom ) , he was recognized by the guard Yinxi . The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass . The text Laozi wrote was said to be the Tao Te Ching , although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods . In some versions of the tale , the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi , never to be seen again . In others , the " Old Master " journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of Siddartha Gautama , the Buddha . Others claim he was the Buddha himself .
A seventh @-@ century work , the Sandong Zhunang ( " Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns " ) , embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi . Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate , but was recognized by Yinxi , who asked to be taught by the great master . Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation . Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the Tao and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi 's approach . Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple . This is considered an exemplary interaction between Daoist master and disciple , reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted . A would @-@ be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent , clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the Tao .
The Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns continues the parallel of an adherent 's quest . Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the Daodejing , along with other texts and precepts , just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods , teachings and scriptures at ordination . This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue , thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Dao . Yinxi gave himself over to a full @-@ time devotional life . After the appointed time , Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust , sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign . He eventually meets again with Laozi , who announces that Yinxi 's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals . The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe , even into the nine heavens . After this fantastic journey , the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians . The training period , reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called " Preceptor of the Three Caverns " . In this legend , Laozi is the perfect Daoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student . Laozi is presented as the Tao personified , giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation . Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation , testing , training and attainment .
The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the Han dynasty . As Taoism took root , Laozi was worshipped as a god . Belief in the revelation of the Tao from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the Way of the Celestial Master , the first organized religious Taoist sect . In later mature Taoist tradition , Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the Tao . He is said to have undergone numerous " transformations " and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way . Religious Taoism often holds that the " Old Master " did not disappear after writing the Tao Te Ching but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the Tao .
Taoist myths state that Laozi was conceived when his mother gazed upon a falling star . He supposedly remained in her womb for 62 years before being born while his mother was leaning against a plum tree . ( The Chinese surname Li shares its character with " plum " . ) Laozi was said to have emerged as a grown man with a full grey beard and long earlobes , both symbols of wisdom and long life . Other myths claim that he was reborn 13 times after his first life during the days of Fuxi . In his last incarnation as Laozi , he lived nine hundred and ninety years and spent his life traveling to reveal the Tao .
= = Tao Te Ching = =
Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the Daodejing ( Tao Te Ching ) , though the identity of its author ( s ) and / or compiler ( s ) has been debated throughout history . It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese cosmogony . As with most other ancient Chinese philosophers , Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox , analogy , appropriation of ancient sayings , repetition , symmetry , rhyme , and rhythm . In fact , the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness , or self , in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body , senses and desires .
The Tao Te Ching , often called simply Laozi after its reputed author , describes the Dao ( or Tao ) as the source and ideal of all existence : it is unseen , but not transcendent , immensely powerful yet supremely humble , being the root of all things . People have desires and free will ( and thus are able to alter their own nature ) . Many act " unnaturally " , upsetting the natural balance of the Dao . The Daodejing intends to lead students to a " return " to their natural state , in harmony with Dao . Language and conventional wisdom are critically assessed . Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial , widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point .
Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach , or return to " nature " , rather than action . Technology may bring about a false sense of progress . The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology , but instead seeking the calm state of wu wei , free from desires . This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in " ignorance " , or " simple @-@ minded " . Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context , and others question it as an apologetic of the philosophical coherence of the text . It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant . However , some terms in the text , such as " valley spirit " ( gushen ) and " soul " ( po ) , bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work .
Wu wei ( 無爲 ) , literally " non @-@ action " or " not acting " , is a central concept of the Daodejing . The concept of wu wei is multifaceted , and reflected in the words ' multiple meanings , even in English translation ; it can mean " not doing anything " , " not forcing " , " not acting " in the theatrical sense , " creating nothingness " , " acting spontaneously " , and " flowing with the moment . "
It is a concept used to explain ziran ( 自然 ) , or harmony with the Dao . It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source . Laozi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues , often in contrast to selfish action . On a political level , it means avoiding such circumstances as war , harsh laws and heavy taxes . Some Taoists see a connection between wu wei and esoteric practices , such as zuowang " sitting in oblivion " ( emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought ) found in the Zhuangzi .
Some of Laozi 's famous sayings include :
" When goodness is lost , it is replaced by morality . "
" Without Darkness , there can be no Light . "
" The usefulness of a pot comes from its emptiness . "
" The best people are like water , which benefits all things and does not compete with them . It stays in lowly places that others reject . This is why it is so similar to the Way . "
" When people see some things as beautiful , other things become ugly . When people see some things as good , other things become bad . "
" Try to change it and you will ruin it . Try to hold it and you will lose it . "
" Those who know do not say . Those who say do not know . "
" When you realize there is nothing lacking , the whole world belongs to you . "
" Nature does not hurry , yet everything is accomplished . "
" A good traveler has no fixed plans , and is not intent on arriving . "
" Music in the soul can be heard by the universe . "
" A journey of a thousand miles starts under one 's feet . "
" The more that laws and regulations are given prominence , the more thieves and robbers there will be . "
= = = Taoism = = =
Laozi is traditionally regarded as the founder of Taoism , intimately connected with the Daodejing and " primordial " ( or " original " ) Taoism . Popular ( " religious " ) Taoism typically presents the Jade Emperor as the official head deity . Intellectual ( " elite " ) Taoists , such as the Celestial Masters sect , usually present Laozi ( Laojun , " Lord Lao " ) and the Three Pure Ones at the top of the pantheon of deities .
= = Influence = =
Potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non @-@ Confucian sages , especially Laozi and Zhuangzi , to deny serving any ruler at any time . Zhuangzi , Laozi 's most famous follower in traditional accounts , had a great deal of influence on Chinese literati and culture .
Political theorists influenced by Laozi have advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft , either for ethical and pacifist reasons , or for tactical ends . In a different context , various anti @-@ authoritarian movements have embraced the Laozi teachings on the power of the weak .
Left @-@ libertarians have been highly influenced by Laozi . In his 1937 book Nationalism and Culture , the anarcho @-@ syndicalist writer and activist Rudolf Rocker praised Laozi 's " gentle wisdom " and understanding of the opposition between political power and the cultural activities of the people and community . In his 1910 article for the Encyclopedia Britannica , Peter Kropotkin also noted that Laozi was among the earliest exponents of essentially anarchist concepts . More recently , anarchists such as John P. Clark and Ursula K. Le Guin have written about the conjunction between anarchism and Taoism in various ways , highlighting the teachings of Laozi in particular . In her rendition of the Tao Te Ching , Le Guin writes that Laozi " does not see political power as magic . He sees rightful power as earned and wrongful power as usurped ... He sees sacrifice of self or others as a corruption of power , and power as available to anyone who follows the Way . No wonder anarchists and Taoists make good friends . "
The right @-@ libertarian economist Murray Rothbard suggested that Laozi was the first libertarian , likening Laozi 's ideas on government to F.A. Hayek 's theory of spontaneous order . James A. Dorn agreed , writing that Laozi , like many 18th century liberals , " argued that minimizing the role of government and letting individuals develop spontaneously would best achieve social and economic harmony . " Similarly , the Cato Institute 's David Boaz includes passages from the Daodejing in his 1997 book The Libertarian Reader . Philosopher Roderick Long , however , argues that libertarian themes in Taoist thought are actually borrowed from earlier Confucian writers .
= = Additional sources = =
Kaltenmark , Max ( 1969 ) , Lao Tzu and Taoism , Translated by Greaves , Roger , Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press , p . 176 , ISBN 0 @-@ 8047 @-@ 0689 @-@ 1
Kohn , Livia ; Lafargue , Michael , eds . ( 1998 ) , Lao @-@ Tzu and the Tao @-@ Te @-@ Ching , Albany : State University of New York Press , p . 320 , ISBN 0 @-@ 7914 @-@ 3599 @-@ 7
Lao , Tzu ( 2009 ) , Lao @-@ Tzu 's Taoteching , Porter , Bill ( Red Pine ) ( 3rd Revised ed . ) , Port Townsend , WA : Copper Canyon Press , p . 200 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 55659 @-@ 290 @-@ 4
= = Translations into English = =
Henricks , Robert G. ( 1992 ) , Lao Tzu : Te @-@ Tao Ching – A New Translation Based on the Recently Discovered Ma @-@ wang @-@ tui Texts ( Classics of Ancient China ) , New York : Ballantine Books , p . 320 , ISBN 0 @-@ 345 @-@ 37099 @-@ 6
Klaus , Hilmar ( 2009 ) , The Tao of Wisdom . Laozi – Daodejing . Chinese – English – German . Aachen : Hochschulverlag , Aachen , Germany : Hochschulverlag , p . 600 , ISBN 978 @-@ 3 @-@ 8107 @-@ 0055 @-@ 1
Legge , James , The Tao Teh King , or The Tao and its characteristics
Le Guin , Ursula K. ( 2009 ) , Lao Tzu : Tao Te Ching : A Book about the Way and the Power of the Way ( 2nd ed . ) , Washington , D.C : Shambhala Publications Inc . , p . 192 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 59030 @-@ 744 @-@ 1
Roberts , Moss ( 2004 ) , Dao De Jing : The Book of the Way , Berkeley : University of California Press , p . 235 , ISBN 0 @-@ 520 @-@ 24221 @-@ 1
Waley , Arthur ( 1994 ) , The Way and Its Power : Lao Tzu 's Tao Te Ching and Its Place in Chinese Thought , UNESCO Collection of Representative Works , New York : Grove Press , p . 262 , ISBN 0 @-@ 8021 @-@ 5085 @-@ 3
Side @-@ by @-@ side translations of the Tao Te Ching
= Edinburgh Trams =
Edinburgh Trams is a tramway in Edinburgh , Scotland , operated by Transport for Edinburgh . It is a 14 @-@ kilometre ( 8 @.@ 7 mi ) line between York Place in New Town and Edinburgh Airport , with 15 stops .
Construction began in June 2008 , and after encountering delays it opened on 31 May 2014 . The scheme had an initial estimated cost of £ 375 million in 2003 , but by May 2008 , when contracts were signed , the cost had risen to £ 521 million . The final cost after delays was £ 776 million .
= = History = =
Edinburgh Corporation Tramways ran from 1871 until 16 November 1956 . After that date , public transport consisted of buses and a limited network of commuter rail lines . Towards the end of the 20th century , there was revived interest in trams and networks were introduced in Birmingham , Croydon , Manchester , Nottingham and Sheffield .
Proposals for a tram network were made in the 1990s , and a plan to build a line along Princes Street and Leith Walk to Newhaven was proposed in 1999 by the City of Edinburgh Council , Lothian and Edinburgh Enterprise and the New Edinburgh Tramways Company .
= = = Proposals for the Edinburgh tram network = = =
A 2001 proposal envisaged three routes , lines 1 , 2 and 3 . The first was a circular route around the northern suburbs , and the others were radial routes to Newbridge in the west and Newcraighall in the south . All lines would have passed through the city centre . In May 2004 , a 15 @-@ year operating contract was awarded to Transdev , to operate and maintain the tram network . This contract was cancelled in 2009 .
Two bills to reintroduce a tram network were passed by the Scottish Parliament in March 2006 . Lines 1 and 2 received parliamentary permission , but funding the entire network was deemed impossible . Line 3 , to be paid for by a proposed Edinburgh congestion charge , was scrapped when the charge was heavily defeated in a referendum and construction of the remaining two lines was split into four phases :
Phase 1a 18 @.@ 5 @-@ kilometre ( 11 @.@ 5 mi ) from Newhaven to Edinburgh Airport via Princes Street , combining parts of lines 1 and 2
Phase 1b 5 @.@ 6 @-@ kilometre ( 3 @.@ 5 mi ) from Haymarket to Granton Square via Crewe Toll , comprising most of the remainder of line 1
Phase 2 linking Granton Square and Newhaven , completing the line 1 loop
Phase 3 extending the airport line to Newbridge , completing line
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The future of the scheme came under threat in 2007 , when the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) published its manifesto for the Scottish Parliamentary election . The party made clear its intention to cancel the scheme , along with the Edinburgh Airport Rail Link , to save £ 1.1bn.
Following a lost vote in the Scottish Parliament , the SNP @-@ led minority Scottish Government agreed to continue the line from the airport to Leith on condition that no more public money would be supplied . A report by Audit Scotland , commissioned by the Scottish Government , confirmed that the cost projections were sound . The cost of the scheme in 2003 was estimated at £ 498 million , £ 375 million in funding from the Scottish Government and £ 45 million from Edinburgh Council .
On 25 October 2007 , the council approved the final business case . Approval was given on 22 December 2007 for TIE to sign contracts with CAF to supply vehicles and BBS ( a consortium of Bilfinger Berger and Siemens ) to design and construct the network . Contract negotiations finished in April 2008 , and construction started in June 2008 . By this stage the cost of the project was estimated at £ 521 million . Funding problems and political disputes led to the scaling back of the original plans . In April 2009 , the council cancelled phase 1b , citing revenue shortfall created by the economic slowdown to save an estimated £ 75 million . The Granton extension was also cancelled .
= = = Construction : 2007 – 2012 = = =
Until August 2011 , the project was overseen by Transport Initiatives Edinburgh ( TIE ) , a company wholly owned by the City of Edinburgh Council , who were responsible for project @-@ managing the construction of the tramway .
After the draft business case was accepted by the Scottish Government in March 2007 , initial construction work commenced in July 2007 , with the diversion of underground utilities in preparation for track @-@ laying in Leith . These works followed a plan by System Design Services ( SDS ) , a joint design team led by Parsons Brinckerhoff and Halcrow Group .
In May 2008 , final contracts to build the tram system were awarded to BSC , a consortium of Bilfinger Berger , Siemens and Spanish tram builder Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles ( CAF ) .
The tramway uses a mix of street running and segregated off @-@ road track , with conventional tram stop platforms . Stops are fitted with shelters , ticket machines , lighting and CCTV . The network is operated from a depot in Gogar , close to the A8 roundabout , north of Gyle Centre tram stop .
The route of the line required the construction of bridges to cross railway lines at Edinburgh Park and Stenhouse , and a tunnel under the A8 near the Gogar roundabout . A bridge at Balgreen was widened . Works to build a tram interchange at Haymarket station involved the demolition of a Category C ( S ) listed building , the former Caledonian Alehouse on Haymarket Terrace .
Some on @-@ street track was laid in a special foundation with cobbled road surfacing designed to be sympathetic with the style of Edinburgh streets but was removed in many places due to objections from cyclists . The trams are powered by overhead cables attached to purpose @-@ built poles or mounted on the sides of buildings . Nine electrical sub @-@ stations were planned for the line to Newhaven , both underground and above @-@ ground but only five were built after the line was truncated at York Place .
= = = = Project revisions and delays = = = =
In 2008 and 2009 , the project met with delays to work on tramway infrastructure . Phase 1b of the project was cancelled because of a funding shortfall in April 2009 . Contractual disputes delayed track @-@ laying in the city centre . In December 2009 , media reported that the project budget was running over £ 545 million , and the system was unlikely to come into operation until February 2012 or later . The operating contract with Transdev was cancelled in December 2009 to reduce costs and it was announced that the trams would be operated by Edinburgh Trams Limited , a subsidiary of Transport for Edinburgh . In March 2010 , Bilfinger Berger announced that the estimated completion date would be in 2014 .
= = = = Contractual disputes = = = =
In February 2009 , work on the Princes Street section stopped due to contractual disagreements between TIE and BSC after the latter submitted a request for an additional £ 80 million of funding . Edinburgh Council believed the contractors ' claims were unjustified as they had agreed to fixed @-@ price contracts . After negotiations , BSC agreed to commence construction in March 2009 within the original budget , although disagreements remained . Work restarted and line construction went ahead .
In August 2009 , TIE began legal proceedings against the BSC consortium over delays to the project , and track @-@ laying on Leith Walk , Shandwick Place and Haymarket was suspended . At issue were alleged changes to BSC 's work specification , including track works on Princes Street and £ 5 million additional costs for foundation work near Murrayfield Stadium . The BSC consortium alleged that TIE had not diverted the underground utilities in time for track @-@ laying to begin , breaching contractual agreements and costing the consortium additional staffing expenditure .
In January 2010 the independent arbiter found in favour of TIE on some points , but on most of the disputed issues ruled in favour of BSC and awarded the consortium 90 % of its additional costs , estimated to be up to £ 80m .
Delays in track laying and depot construction affected vehicle testing . By September 2009 , construction was reported to be nine months behind schedule , and CAF was due to deliver the first trams from its factory in Spain . With key project dependency out of synchronisation , TIE held discussions with Transport for London about delivering the trams to Croydon to conduct operational tests on the Tramlink network . Tram vehicle testing commenced in March 2010 on the Siemens test track in Wildenrath , Germany . The tests included recreating the steep gradients of Leith Walk , and using weights to simulate the heavy passenger load expected during a Murrayfield match day .
= = = = Funding crisis = = = =
Following further disputes and delays , it was reported in March 2010 that Edinburgh Council was considering cancelling the contract with Bilfinger Berger . By June 2010 , the project 's cost had risen to £ 600 million . Council project managers were reported to be in crisis talks , considering options including : borrowing £ 55 million to fund the increased costs ; phasing the introduction of the tram line , so that trams would initially run between the airport and Haymarket ; and terminating the contract with Bilfinger Berger . The council asked TIE to draw up costs for truncating the line at four places : Haymarket station , York Place , the foot of Leith Walk or Ocean Terminal .
Work resumed in May 2011 at priority locations , Haymarket Yards and Gogar , while the project 's future was decided by the council . In August 2011 it was announced TIE would be disbanded and consultants Turner & Townsend would manage the project .
On 30 June 2011 , Edinburgh Council voted to continue the line between Edinburgh Airport and St Andrew Square . Costs rose to an estimated £ 770m , leaving the council with a shortfall of more than £ 200m . The option to scrap the project was considered , but rejected . On 25 August 2011 , the council voted to cut the line to run between the airport and Haymarket , reducing the expected cost to £ 715m . A week later , after the Scottish Government threatened to withhold £ 72 million of funding , the council reversed its decision , restoring the terminus at St Andrew Square . On 29 November 2011 it was announced that the eastern terminus would be at York Place instead of St Andrew Square ; the intention had been to build the tracks to a reversing point at York Place ( without a stop for passengers ) . Extending passenger services from St Andrew Square to York Place would enable Broughton Street , Picardy Place and the surrounding area to be better served at comparatively little additional cost .
The first electric wires were energised in October 2011 within the depot at Gogar . Testing trams began in December 2011 near the depot at Gogar , on a 500 metres ( 550 yd ) length of track . On 15 December 2011 , the contractors handed the depot to the City of Edinburgh Council .
The first completed section of line , between the depot and Edinburgh Airport , was used to test a tram at full speed on 19 December 2012 .
With extra interest payments factored in , the cost of the line is expected to exceed £ 1 billion .
= = = = Criticism = = = =
Delays in construction were criticised by businesses , who claimed their income was damaged by long @-@ term road closures in the centre of the city , and also by some residents .
Cycling groups voiced safety concerns after cyclists suffered accidents when bicycle wheels became caught in the track . They reported the road surface around the tracks was crumbling , raising further safety problems . In response , TiE promised to carry out repairs and Edinburgh Trams agreed to fund special training for cyclists . Further safety concerns were raised by residents along the routes about the suspension of overhead electric cables from residential buildings , and some property owners refused permission for cables to be attached .
To remedy crumbling tarmac along the tracks on Princes Street , the road was closed in September 2011 and remained closed for ten months . A road closure between Haymarket and Shandwick Place in March 2012 led to complaints from businesses and residents . It remained closed until October 2013 .
= = = Completion : 2013 – 2014 = = =
From late 2012 , work continued mostly on schedule . More than 150 metres ( 160 yd ) of flawed concrete trackbed had to be replaced between Shandwick Place and Haymarket . In June 2013 , overhead electric wires were installed on the city centre portion of the route . This was considered the last major step in the construction process .
Controversy erupted over concessionary travel for the elderly and disabled . Originally , it was planned that concessionary travel , that is the ability of those with a Scottish National Entitlement Card to travel on public transport free @-@ of @-@ charge , was not going to be offered on the tramway . This was despite the fact that Edinburgh Trams is to be run by Lothian Buses , who are mandated to offer free travel to those with concession cards on all their bus routes . This revelation quickly caused city leaders to support an Edinburgh Evening News campaign to ensure that concessionary travel would be offered on the new tramway . City transport convener Lesley Hinds stated " People in Edinburgh have paid through their council tax and their taxes for the trams to get up and running and it would be wrong for a large proportion of the population not to be allowed to use their concessionary bus pass " .
Despite this , the Scottish Government refused to pay for concessionary travel for the tram scheme , as it does for all bus routes in Scotland . Talks between the Scottish Government and Edinburgh Council eventually decided that concession cards should be valid for tram travel , but that they should be paid for by the Council instead of the Government . It was revealed on 15 August 2013 that the cards would be valid , and that travel would be paid for by Edinburgh Council . However , only people with cards issued in Edinburgh would be able to use them . This compromise upset many people in the Lothians , who often commute or travel into Edinburgh .
Works on the tram scheme were running two months ahead of schedule by September 2013 , when Edinburgh Council announced the tramway would open by May 2014 . All tram and road works were completed by 19 October with testing of the trams between the depot and Edinburgh Park commencing on 8 October 2013 . This was followed by the energising of tram wires from Bankhead tram stop to York Place on
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19 November , marking the first time that the route was completely energised . Testing along the full length of the route began on 5 December .
The tramway opened to passengers on 31 May 2014 .
= = = Post @-@ completion = = =
A non @-@ statutory public inquiry to scrutinise the delivery of the project was announced on 5 June 2014 . This was subsequently upgraded by the Scottish Government on 7 November 2014 to a statutory inquiry to ensure that key personnel would provide evidence . Edinburgh Council stated on 17 March 2014 that works would be conducted along Leith Walk to prepare it for a possible future extension of tram service . In December 2014 , Edinburgh Council ordered a detailed business case for extending the line to Leith . The council said in July 2015 that three options for an extension to Leith had been costed . These were a £ 144 @.@ 7 million extension to Newhaven , a £ 126 @.@ 6 million extension to Ocean Terminal , or a £ 78 @.@ 7 million extension to the Foot of the Leith Walk . On 19 November 2015 , the Council received the backing of the City Chambers to extend the line to Newhaven , as originally intended .
= = Rolling stock = =
A £ 40 million contract to build 27 Urbos 3 trams , sufficient for phase 1a and ( unbuilt ) 1b lines , was awarded to CAF . When the line was cut back to York Place , only 17 trams would be needed . An unsuccessful attempt was made in 2011 to lease ten trams to Transport for London for use on Tramlink .
The trams are bi @-@ directional , 42 @.@ 8 metres ( 140 ft 5 in ) long and with low @-@ floor access to meet UK Rail Vehicle Access Regulations for disabled people . Each tram has a capacity of 250 , allowing for 78 seated and 170 standing passengers and 2 wheelchairs .
A full @-@ size mockup of the front of the tram was constructed in 2009 and displayed on Princes Street for public viewing , moving to Constitution Street at the foot of Leith Walk in April 2009 .
In April 2010 , the first tram was delivered and displayed at the Princes Street stop at the bottom of The Mound . It was moved to open storage in Broxburn . The 27th tram was delivered in December 2012 .
All of the trams are painted white with rose madder and platinum stripes , a livery mandated by Transport for Edinburgh shared with minor variation by Lothian Buses .
= = Operations , fares and ticketing = =
= = = Route = = =
The 14 @-@ kilometre ( 8 @.@ 7 mi ) route begins running on @-@ street at York Place , in the city centre . It turns into North St Andrew Street , crosses St Andrew Square . From the square , it heads southeast into Princes Street , and west along the street toward Haymarket , via Shandwick Place , Atholl Place , and West Maitland Street . At Haymarket , the route heads onto a segregated track parallel to the Glasgow to Edinburgh mainline . It follows the railway line west for about 6 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 2 mi ) , to Edinburgh Park railway station . There , it leaves the railway line on a segregated track and heads north to Gogar Roundabout from where it heads northwest via Ingliston Park and Ride to Edinburgh Airport , where it terminates .
An additional tram stop is planned to open in December 2016 in the Gogar area , between the Gyle Centre and Gogarburn tram stops . This stop , to be called Edinburgh Gateway , will be built alongside a new railway station on the Fife Circle Line to form a transport interchange between Edinburgh Trams and the Fife Circle and Edinburgh to Aberdeen Lines .
= = = Fare structure = = =
Ticketing and fares are integrated with Lothian Buses . The single fare is the same as on Lothian Buses , and day tickets and Ridacards are valid on trams and buses . A single journey between any two stops with the exception of Edinburgh Airport costs £ 1 @.@ 60 for adults and 80p for children . For travel including the Edinburgh Airport tram stop , a single fare is £ 5 , and an open return ticket is available for £ 8 .
The " Ridacard " is a smartcard season ticket issued by Transport for Edinburgh ; it is valid on both Edinburgh Trams and Lothian Buses ( available for 1 week , 4 weeks or annually ) . On 1 September 2014 , a rechargeable pre @-@ paid smartcard for single journeys on both buses and trams , called " Citysmart " , was introduced .
Free travel is available to holders of City of Edinburgh Council @-@ issued Scottish National Entitlement Cards which are eligible for concessionary travel , and for a companion travelling with the cardholder of National Entitlement Cards with a companion entitlement . Passengers with National Entitlement Cards eligible for concessionary travel but issued by other local authorities are not offered any fare concession , with the exception of blind or visually impaired cardholders .
An onboard fare of £ 10 is charged to passengers who have not pre @-@ purchased a ticket or validated either a Ridacard , a National Entitlement Card or an m @-@ ticket before boarding .
= = = Ticket machines = = =
At the request of Lothian Buses , installation of 30 ticket machines at key bus stops began in 2007 . Passengers had to purchase tickets before boarding the bus , reducing dwell times but were not popular with users and were scrapped in 2011 . Consideration was given to installing similar on @-@ street ticket machines and new , advanced machines ( capable of reading smartcards and accepting credit / debit cards ) were installed in early 2014 at each tram stop . The new ticket machines are the Galexio @-@ Plus type supplied by the French @-@ based company Parkeon .
= = = Bikes on board = = =
In May and June 2015 cyclists were allowed to board the trams with their bikes , during a trial period which was supported by cycle campaign groups Spokes and Pedal on Parliament . Following this , Edinburgh trams became the first light rail network in the UK to permit the carriage of bikes on a permanent basis , with up to two bicycles being allowed per tram outwith peak hours ( 7.30am to 9.30am , and 4pm to 6.30pm ) and excluding the festival period ( 7 − 31 August ) and other large events .
= = = Staffing = = =
Fifty @-@ two ticket inspectors have been recruited to prevent fare dodging . Edinburgh Council is aiming for a 3 % fare evasion rate , lower than any other tramway in Britain . Thirty @-@ two drivers were employed , after passing psychological tests designed to eliminate risk @-@ takers .
= = = Journey times and frequency = = =
Services operate between 05 : 00 and midnight , at 8- to 10 @-@ minute intervals from Monday to Saturday and at 12 @-@ 15 @-@ minute intervals on Sundays . Journey times are approximately 40 minutes from the city centre to the airport . The first morning and last evening services commence and terminate at the Gyle Centre .
= = = Financial performance = = =
During 2014 Edinburgh Trams lost almost £ 450 @,@ 000 , though this was less than expected due to higher than predicted passenger numbers .
= George O 'Malley =
George O 'Malley is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes , and was portrayed by actor T. R. Knight from 2005 to 2009 . Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , O 'Malley worked his way up to resident level , while his relationships with his colleagues Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) formed a focal point of the series . O 'Malley married and divorced Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , and also entertained romantic correlations with Meredith , Izzie Stevens , and Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) .
Knight auditioned for the show , expecting a one @-@ season run . In 2007 , Knight 's co @-@ star Isaiah Washington ( Preston Burke ) insulted him with a homophobic slur , which resulted in the termination of Washington 's Grey 's Anatomy contract . In 2009 , after the conclusion of the fifth season , it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show 's sixth season . The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a " breakdown in communication " with Rhimes , his character 's lack of screen time , as well as his decision to come out as openly gay . Knight received generally positive reviews for his performance as O 'Malley , and garnered a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards . Despite this , his death received mixed feedback .
= = Storylines = =
George O 'Malley is introduced as a fellow surgical intern to Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) ; the five of them working under Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) . O 'Malley and Stevens move in with Meredith , for whom he has romantic feelings . On the first day of internship , O 'Malley is selected by chief of cardiothoracic surgery Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington
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) as the first intern to perform surgery . He freezes in the operating room , and is mocked by his peers , and earns the nickname " 007 " because of almost killing a patient in such a simple operation ( referring to James Bond 's " licence to kill " ) . O 'Malley dates nurse Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) , breaking up with her when he contracts syphilis from her , which she in turn contracted from Karev . His friendship with Karev is further strained when the two become trapped in an elevator with a patient who begins to bleed out . Karev freezes , and O 'Malley is able to save the patient single @-@ handedly . He goes on to admit his feelings to Meredith , and the two have a one @-@ night stand . When Meredith tells him that sleeping together was a mistake , O 'Malley begins avoiding her and starts dating orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) .
During a camping trip , O 'Malley learns that Torres has slept with chief of plastic surgery Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , and also discovers that Burke is experiencing tremors in his hand . When O 'Malley 's father is diagnosed with esophageal cancer and a leaking aortic valve , he refuses to allow Burke to operate on him , instead contacting Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , Burke 's medical school rival . His relationship with Torres is strained when he confronts her about sleeping with Sloan , but he allows her to support him through his father 's deteriorating health . Complications from his father 's surgery leave him in multi @-@ system organ failure , and his life support is turned off . In an attempt to overcome his grief , O 'Malley elopes with Callie to Las Vegas . He later begins to feel that he was mistaken to marry her , and sleeps with Stevens while intoxicated . Stevens confesses that she is in love with him , so O 'Malley considers transferring to a different hospital so he can be faithful to his wife . However , he is ineligible to transfer after failing the intern exams . O 'Malley decides to repeat his intern year , and confesses to Torres that he slept with Stevens , leading the two to divorce . O 'Malley and Stevens embark on a short @-@ lived relationship , only to discover there is no real chemistry between them .
O 'Malley moves in with new intern Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Meredith 's half @-@ sister . Lexie and O 'Malley discover that he only failed his exam by a single point , leading him to confront Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , the chief of surgery , to ask for a chance to retake the exam . He passes the second attempt , and begins to distance himself from Lexie , who has fallen in love with him . O 'Malley supports Stevens when she discovers she has melanoma , and walks her down the aisle as she marries Karev . O 'Malley begins to display a talent for trauma surgery , and is told by the chief of trauma surgery Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) that it is definitely his specialty . He then abruptly and inexplicably decides to join the United States army . While his friends at the hospital prepare an intervention to convince O 'Malley to stay , they all work on a severely disfigured John Doe , brought in after a horrible bus accident , in which he pushed a woman out of the way and saved her life . When Meredith goes to check on John Doe , he seems to recognize her and will not let go of her hand . After several attempts at trying , he succeeds in tracing " 007 " on Meredith 's hand . Shocked , she realizes " John Doe " is in fact O 'Malley . She informs the other surgeons and they rush him to surgery . However , he flatlines and is ultimately declared braindead . His organs are donated after Stevens confirms that is what O 'Malley would have wanted , and he is buried a week later .
= = Development = =
= = = Casting and creation = = =
T. R. Knight signed on for the pilot as O 'Malley , expecting that the role might be short @-@ lived , because he liked that the character was multi @-@ faceted . In October 2006 , news reports surfaced that Washington had insulted Knight with a homophobic slur , during an argument with Patrick Dempsey ( Derek Shepherd ) . Shortly after , the details of the argument became public , and Knight later disclosed that the slur made him come out as gay . " I was under no delusions , " Knight said at the time . " My friends on the set knew . We talked about it . Publicly it 's not my thing to call up People magazine and be like , ' Hey , you want to know something about me ? ' ... I could 've just let it slide and not said anything , but it became important . It became important to make the statement . " The situation seemed somewhat resolved when Washington issued a statement , apologizing for his " unfortunate use of words during the recent incident on @-@ set " .
At the 64th Golden Globe Awards , while being interviewed on the red carpet , Washington joked , " I love gay . I wanted to be gay . Please let me be gay . " Later , Washington claimed he never used the slur , labeling it " vile " . In June 2007 , it was reported that the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) and Shonda Rhimes had chosen not to renew Washington 's contract with the show , not immediately specifying a reason . In a subsequent interview , Washington claimed that " they fired the wrong guy " ( referring to Knight ) , and said he was considering filing a lawsuit as a result . He accused Knight of using the controversy to bolster his own career and increase his salary on Grey 's Anatomy .
On July 2 , 2007 , Washington appeared on Larry King Live , to present his side of the controversy . According to Washington , he never used the " F Word " in reference to Knight , but rather blurted it out in an unrelated context in the course of an argument " provoked " by Dempsey , who he felt was treating him like a " B @-@ word " , a " P @-@ word " , and the " F @-@ word " , which Washington said conveyed " somebody who is being weak and afraid to fight back " . In 2009 , Rhimes told Entertainment Weekly that she may not have handled the incident correctly , stating : " I wasn 't interested in what anybody thought publicly . I was interested in what was going on right here on the ground ... with the people I work with every day . Did I do it perfectly ? Of course not . This is my first television show . It was a learning experience . " Knight said that Rhimes was among those for discouraging him to come out , however Rhimes said : " I remember saying [ to fellow executive producer ] , ' This is our proudest day here . T.R. got to come out and I got to say to him that it wouldn 't affect his character ' because he was concerned he was going to come out and George would suddenly be gay . [ ... ] The idea that a gay actor can 't play a straight man is insulting . "
In December 2008 , reports speculated that Knight requested to be released from his contract and that " they were working out the details " at that time . In June 2009 , after the conclusion of the fifth season of Grey 's Anatomy , it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show 's sixth season . The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a " breakdown in communication " with Rhimes , O 'Malley 's lack of screen time , as well as his decision to be openly gay . Prior to the official announcement of his departure , there was speculation that the role of O 'Malley would be recast , but Rhimes labeled it as a " hilarious , ridiculous rumor " . After the confirmation of his exit , Knight told TV Guide : " Leaving Grey 's Anatomy was not an easy decision for me to make . I am extremely grateful to have had the opportunity to play this character and will miss my fellow cast and crew very much . I continue to wish them the very best , and wholeheartedly thank all of the fans who have supported me and the show with such passion and enthusiasm . " In a statement confirming Knight 's departure , Rhimes said : " I think I speak for the entire Grey 's Anatomy family when I say we wish T.R. Knight the best in his future endeavors . He is an incredibly talented actor and a person whose strength of character is admired by all of us . "
In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Rhimes said she tried to talk him out of quitting , explaining : " I looked in his face and he was really sure . It felt like the right thing for him . " However , in another interview , Knight said of his exit : " My five @-@ year experience proved to me that I could not trust any answer that was given [ about O 'Malley ] . " Knight was " at peace " with his departure , saying : " There just comes a time when it 's so clear that moving on is the best decision . " However , Heigl tried to talk Knight out of leaving , saying : " I didn 't think it was the right decision . I felt like some of the problems could be worked through . But by the time it came to fruition , I was [ glad ] for him because he was ready to go . " On the topic of losing a US $ 14 million contract , Knight commented : " From an outsider 's perspective , I get the [ impression that ] ' He 's just a spoiled actor , he doesn ’ t know how good he has it . ' There are a lot of people who would like to be in my position . But in the end , I need to be fulfilled in my work . "
= = = Characterization = = =
O 'Malley was characterized a " hapless naif " . On the topic of O 'Malley 's longtime crush on Meredith in the second season , Knight said : " What 's going to be very interesting to see is what he 's going to do with Meredith . It 's getting close to time . Whatever he chooses to do will inform who he is the rest of his life . " After their sexual encounter occurred onscreen , Knight said in an interview with Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune : " George wasn 't really paying full attention . He was letting his own feelings override his respect for Meredith . A person really clued in would get that there wasn 't anything coming back , but he was so in his head about it and caught up in his own feelings that he wasn 't listening . It 's not just that he loves her ... it 's a kind of selfish love he had for her . " He also added that , " I think George has a lot of growing up to do . Part of that is making horrible , stupid mistakes . He 's been pretty sheltered . "
Series writer Stacy McKee said of the sexual encounter : " There 's no turning back . There 's nothing George and Meredith can do . The damage is done – things will never be the same . They 've just changed something important in their lives forever . " When asked if O 'Malley was becoming more assertive , Knight said :
Knight also commented that the character does not appreciate himself and his positive traits . On the topic of O 'Malley performing open heart surgery in an elevator , Knight said : " It 's a slow change but he 's starting to realize , ' The way I have been doing things is not working . ' The big thing about the open @-@ heart surgery in the elevator was he was forced into it . He needs to be kind of kicked in the ( butt ) to do these things . "
Knight felt a parallel to George in that his " confidence isn 't always at its absolute highest " , but overall he sees more differences than similarities . However , when the actor starts to think he is so different from O 'Malley , an awkward move can suggest otherwise . " I was walking , doing a scene with Katherine Heigl . I finished my line with her , and then I walked straight into the light stand . " Critical of her affair with O 'Malley , Knight 's co @-@ star Heigl explained : " They really hurt somebody , and they didn 't seem to be taking a lot of responsibility for it . I have a really hard time with that kind of thing . I 'm maybe a little too black and white about it . " Speaking of O 'Malley 's relationship with Lexie , Rhimes offered her insight : " I love them as friends . They make good friends . We all have that friend we met in school or the gym or somewhere – we just hit it off right away . And right away there was no pretense or airs . Just pure honesty . That 's Lexie and George . They 're really good friends and I can see the friendship evolving into something even greater . " When asked what his " favorite George moment " was , Knight said his relationships with Stevens and Bailey .
= = Reception = =
Fans were " widely against " O 'Malley 's affair with Meredith in the second season , however certain fans who supported their relationship were critical when Torres was introduced as a love interest for him . Fans and critics were also against O 'Malley 's relationship with Stevens in the fourth season ; Maclean 's said : " George must die . He 's slept with virtually everyone except the male cast and has been in love with virtually everyone except the male cast . And he 's not that great of a doctor . Evolve or die . " Christopher Monfette of IGN said O 'Malley and Stevens were a " mismatch " , adding : " Unfortunately , while it 's refreshing to see a plotline driven by activity versus apathy , the idea of these two ever @-@ affable , best @-@ friend characters suddenly discovering their potential , out @-@ of @-@ nowhere love for each other quickly feels both force @-@ fed and emotionally @-@ incorrect . " Similarly , DVD Verdict stated that George and Izzie were " one of the strongest ' best friend ' vibes on television " for the first three seasons , explaining " they were perfect as friends [ while ] George and Callie made a good couple . " UGO.com put the two on their list of " Character Couples Who Should Have Never Happened " .
Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly said that when O 'Malley told Torres about his affair with Stevens , the scene was too " melodramatic " . Laura Burrows , also of IGN , said that the fourth season premiere " introduced a new side of George " . Armstrong said of O 'Malley and Stevens ' reconciliation : " George and Izzie are finally on the old Grey 's Anatomy road to ruin . And I admit this is a good lesson in Grey 's viewing as well as life : Sit tight if you hate something , as nothing is permanent . " Armstrong also commented that the " sparkling " friendship development between Lexie and O 'Malley " won her over " . The following year , Monfette observed of O 'Malley 's lack of screen time : " His growing interest in trauma surgery at the side of Owen leads to an interesting development in the finale , but the character is virtually side @-@ lined this season . " Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times said of the character 's death : " The time @-@ lapse episode was an interesting choice , and though we sped through six weeks of mourning in two hours , it didn 't feel rushed to me . I 'm not sure the show could have held my attention for another season of crippling sadness . "
The Huffington Post 's Michael Pascua commented that O 'Malley 's funeral did not live up to his expectations , writing that it " wasn 't as sad as [ he ] thought it would be " . In 2006 , Knight and the other cast of Grey 's Anatomy were nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series , at the 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards . Also in 2006 , the cast won the award for Best Cast – Television Series at the 11th Satellite Awards . The cast won the award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards , and were nominated again the following year . Knight 's performance in season three earned him a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards .
= Supply of Goods ( Implied Terms ) Act 1973 =
The Supply of Goods ( Implied Terms ) Act 1973 ( c 13 ) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that provided implied terms in contracts for the supply of goods and for hire @-@ purchase agreements , and limited the use of exclusion clauses . The result of a joint report by the England and Wales Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission , First Report on Exemption Clauses , the Act was granted the Royal Assent on 18 April 1973 and came into force a month later . It met with a mixed reaction from academics , who praised the additional protection it offered while at the same time questioning whether it was enough ; several aspects of the Act 's draftsmanship and implementation were also called into question . Much of the Act was repealed by the Sale of Goods Act 1979 , which included many of the 1973 Act 's provisions .
= = Background = =
Under earlier contractual theory a contract was an " empty form " that the two parties , as equal partners , could use to create such obligations and rights as they saw fit . Once a contract was signed , ways to get out of it were limited to whether it had been signed under duress , misrepresentation , or fraud . The general theory was freedom of contract ; a contract can include almost any terms , as long as both parties agree to them . But in reality this doctrine was problematic . Firstly , while the idea that a person should be held to those terms he agrees to and signs works well with individually negotiated contracts , it does not with " standard form " contracts – printed , non @-@ specific contracts drawn up in advance by one party , such as those used by banks . Such contracts can include clauses that severely restrict the rights of one party ( exclusion clauses ) . Secondly , while the idea that signing a contract indicates consent worked well when there was little disparity between the parties , when the parties are a small business or individual and a major corporation , the smaller party may have to " take or leave " the contract , which can be a problem if all other corporations in the industry use similar terms . Although it had long been argued that " unfair " clauses should be struck down , the courts were obliged by the doctrine of freedom of contract to uphold them .
In Karsales ( Harrow ) Ltd v Wallis [ 1956 ] 1 W.L.R. 936 the courts developed the doctrine of fundamental breach ; if one party had breached the contract in such a way that , if there was no exclusion clause , it would void the contract , such a contract could be set aside . Although a step forward , this doctrine was problematic , as pointed out by Lord Reid in Suisse Atlantique Societe d 'Armament SA v NV Rotterdamsche Kolen Centrale [ 1967 ] 1 AC 361 ; it failed to discriminate between exclusion clauses that were the result of unequal bargaining and those that were not . In 1970 the England and Wales Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission produced their First Report on Exemption Clauses , designed to reform this area of law . The Supply of Goods ( Implied Terms ) Act 1973 was partially based on that report , but it went further in some respects . It was given the Royal Assent on 18 April 1973 , and came into force a month later .
= = Act = =
The Act extends the reach of implied conditions first laid out in the Sale of Goods Act 1893 . Section 1 replaced Section 12 of the 1893 Act , containing 3 types of implied undertakings to title ; a condition that the seller has the right to sell , or will when the property has passed to him , a warranty that the goods have no additional costs that the buyer has not been informed of , and a warranty of quiet possession . These provisions cannot be excluded , although if there is , in the original contract , a provision that the seller can only transfer what title he has , there is no condition that the seller has the right to sell . The Act also regulated sale by description , where products are sold based on a description given of them . Section 2 provides that " a sale of goods shall not be prevented from being a sale by description by reason only that , being exposed for sale or hire , they are selected by the buyer " . This is to ensure that a sale in a self @-@ service store is considered sale by description , and that the sale is therefore covered by other provisions .
Section 3 covers the " merchantable quality " of goods . With the exception of defects that are pointed out to the consumer , or which the consumer should easily have been able to see , sellers are expected to provide goods of " merchantable quality " . This is defined as goods " fit for the purpose or purposes for which goods of that kind are commonly bought as it is reasonable to expect having regard to any description applied to them , the price ( if relevant ) and all the other circumstances " . Unlike the 1893 Act , the goods must be fit for purpose only if sold " in the course of a business " . Previously , those provisions did not extend to goods sold by an agent ; under the new Act all implied terms were extended to sales by agents , unless it was clear that the goods were not being sold in the course of a business .
The Act is designed to prevent the avoidance of implied terms through exclusion clauses . It provides ( in Section 4 ) that any attempt to exclude a seller in consumer sales from Sections 2 and 3 is void . In non @-@ consumer sales an exclusion clause is void " to the extent that it is shown that it would not be fair or reasonable to allow reliance on the term " . The burden of proof in such situations is on the party seeking to avoid liability through the exclusion clause . For determining whether it is " fair or reasonable " to allow the exclusion clause , five tests are used ; 1 ) whether the parties were of equal bargaining strength , 2 ) whether the buyer was induced to agree to the clause , 3 ) whether the buyer knew , or ought to have known of the exclusion clause , 4 ) where the liability is conditional , if the condition is reasonable and 5 ) whether the goods were supplied as part of a special order . These basic tests were later extended into the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 .
Hire @-@ purchase agreements are also regulated by this Act . The provisions are very similar to those for sale of goods agreements , with the section on exclusion clauses identical . Under the 1893 Act , conditional sale agreements ( where the buyer takes possession of the goods , but the seller retains the right to repossess them ) were treated as hire @-@ purchase agreements , despite being fundamentally sales . With the unification of provisions for hire @-@ purchase and sale of goods agreements , conditional sale agreements are now treated as sales .
= = Impact = =
Christopher Carr , an academic and practising lawyer , called the implementation of Section 1 " slightly awkward " , suggesting that in some ways it was more limited than the provisions contained in the Sale of Goods Act 1893 from the seller 's point of view . Unlike with the 1893 Act , a seller cannot exclude the provisions , and while the right to sell can be excluded it is not clear how this might be done . Turpin complimented the section on hire @-@ purchase agreements , although noting some flaws in draftsmanship ; he also questioned whether or not the protection given to consumers would be sufficient . Prior to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 , the Supply of Goods ( Implied Terms ) Act 1973 was one of the few limitations on clauses in consumer contracts . Most of it was eventually superseded by the Sale of Goods Act 1979 , which included many of the Act 's provisions .
= Death Valley National Park =
Death Valley National Park is a national park in the United States . Straddling the border of California and Nevada , located east of the Sierra Nevada , it occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts in the United States . The park protects the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and contains a diverse desert environment of salt @-@ flats , sand dunes , badlands , valleys , canyons , and mountains . It is the largest national park in the lower 48 states and has been declared an International Biosphere Reserve . Approximately 95 % of the park is a designated wilderness area . It is the hottest and driest of the national parks in the United States . The second @-@ lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin , which is 282 feet ( 86 m ) below sea level . The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment . Some examples include creosote bush , bighorn sheep , coyote , and the Death Valley pupfish , a survivor of much wetter times .
A series of Native American groups inhabited the area from as early as 7000 BC , most recently the Timbisha around 1000 AD who migrated between winter camps in the valleys and summer grounds in the mountains . A group of European @-@ Americans that became stuck in the valley in 1849 while looking for a shortcut to the gold fields of California gave the valley its name , even though only one of their group died there . Several short @-@ lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to mine gold and silver . The only long @-@ term profitable ore to be mined was borax , which was transported out of the valley with twenty @-@ mule teams . The valley later became the subject of books , radio programs , television series , and movies . Tourism blossomed in the 1920s , when resorts were built around Stovepipe Wells and Furnace Creek . Death Valley National Monument was declared in 1933 and the park was substantially expanded and became a national park in 1994 .
The natural environment of the area has been shaped largely by its geology . The valley itself is actually a graben . The oldest rocks are extensively metamorphosed and at least 1 @.@ 7 billion years old . Ancient , warm , shallow seas deposited marine sediments until rifting opened the Pacific Ocean . Additional sedimentation occurred until a subduction zone formed off the coast . This uplifted the region out of the sea and created a line of volcanoes . Later the crust started to pull apart , creating the current Basin and Range landform . Valleys filled with sediment and , during the wet times of glacial periods , with lakes , such as Lake Manly .
In 2013 , Death Valley National Park was designated as a dark sky park by the International Dark @-@ Sky Association .
= = Geographic setting = =
There are two major valleys in the park , Death Valley and Panamint Valley . Both of these valleys were formed within the last few million years and both are bounded by north – south @-@ trending mountain ranges . These and adjacent valleys follow the general trend of Basin and Range topography with one modification : there are parallel strike @-@ slip faults that perpendicularly bound the central extent of Death Valley . The result of this shearing action is additional extension in the central part of Death Valley which causes a slight widening and more subsidence there .
Uplift of surrounding mountain ranges and subsidence of the valley floor are both occurring . The uplift on the Black Mountains is so fast that the alluvial fans ( fan @-@ shaped deposits at the mouth of canyons ) there are small and steep compared to the huge alluvial fans coming off the Panamint Range . Fast uplift of a mountain range in an arid environment often does not allow its canyons enough time to cut a classic V @-@ shape all the way down to the stream bed . Instead , a V @-@ shape ends at a slot canyon halfway down , forming a ' wine glass canyon . ' Sediment is deposited on a small and steep alluvial fan .
At 279 feet ( 85 m ) below sea level , Badwater Basin on Death Valley 's floor is the second @-@ lowest depression in the Western Hemisphere ( behind Laguna del Carbón in Argentina ) , while Mount Whitney , only 85 miles ( 137 km ) to the west , rises to 14 @,@ 505 feet ( 4 @,@ 421 m ) . This topographic relief is the greatest elevation gradient in the contiguous United States and is the terminus point of the Great Basin 's southwestern drainage . Although the extreme lack of water in the Great Basin makes this distinction of little current practical use , it does mean that in wetter times the lake that once filled Death Valley ( Lake Manly ) was the last stop for water flowing in the region , meaning the water there was saturated in dissolved materials . Thus the salt pans in Death Valley are among the largest in the world and are rich in minerals , such as borax and various salts and hydrates . The largest salt pan in the park extends 40 miles ( 64 km ) from the Ashford Mill Site to the Salt Creek Hills , covering some 200 square miles ( 520 km2 ) of the valley floor . The best known playa in the park is the Racetrack , known for its moving rocks .
= = Climate = =
Death Valley is the hottest and driest place in North America because of its lack of surface water and its low relief . It is so frequently the hottest spot in the United States that many tabulations of the highest daily temperatures in the country omit Death Valley as a matter of course .
On the afternoon of July 10 , 1913 , the United States Weather Bureau recorded a high temperature of 134 ° F ( 56 @.@ 7 ° C ) at Greenland Ranch ( now Furnace Creek ) in Death Valley . This temperature stands as the highest ambient air temperature ever recorded at the surface of the Earth . ( A report of a temperature of 58 ° C ( 136 @.@ 4 ° F ) recorded in Libya in 1922 was later determined to be inaccurate . ) Daily summer temperatures of 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) or greater are common , as well as below freezing nightly temperatures in the winter . July is the hottest month , with an average high of 115 ° F ( 46 ° C ) and an average low of 88 ° F ( 31 ° C ) . December is the coldest month , with an average high of 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) and an average low of 39 ° F ( 4 ° C ) . The record low is 15 ° F ( − 9 @.@ 4 ° C ) .
Several of the larger Death Valley springs derive their water from a regional aquifer , which extends as far east as southern Nevada and Utah . Much of the water in this aquifer has been there for many thousands of years , since the Pleistocene ice ages , when the climate was cooler and wetter . Today 's drier climate does not provide enough precipitation to recharge the aquifer at the rate at which water is being withdrawn .
The highest range within the park is the Panamint Range with Telescope Peak being its highest point at 11 @,@ 049 feet ( 3 @,@ 368 m ) . The Death Valley region is a transitional zone in the northernmost part of the Mojave Desert and consists of five mountain ranges removed from the Pacific Ocean . Three of these are significant barriers : the Sierra Nevada , the Argus Range , and the Panamint Range . Air masses tend to lose moisture as they are forced up over mountain ranges , in what climatologists call a rainshadow effect .
The exaggerated rainshadow effect for the Death Valley area makes it North America 's driest spot , receiving about 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 mm ) of rainfall annually at Badwater ( some years fail to register any measurable rainfall ) . Annual average precipitation varies from 1 @.@ 92 inches ( 49 mm ) overall below sea level to over 15 inches ( 380 mm ) in the higher mountains that surround the valley . When rain does arrive it often does so in intense storms that cause flash floods which remodel the landscape and sometimes create very shallow ephemeral lakes .
The hot , dry climate makes it difficult for soil to form . Mass wasting , the down @-@ slope movement of loose rock , is therefore the dominant erosive force in mountainous area , resulting in " skeletonized " ranges ( mountains with very little soil on them ) . Sand dunes in the park , while famous , are not nearly as widespread as their fame or the dryness of the area may suggest . The Mesquite Flat dune field is the most easily accessible from the paved road just east of Stovepipe Wells in the north @-@ central part of the valley and is primarily made of quartz sand . Another dune field is just 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the north but is instead mostly composed of travertine sand . The highest dunes in the park , and some of the highest in North America , are located in the Eureka Valley about 50 miles ( 80 km ) to the north of Stovepipe Wells , while the Panamint Valley dunes and the Saline Valley dunes are located west and northwest of the town , respectively . The Ibex dune field is near the seldom @-@ visited Ibex Hill in the southernmost part of the park , just south of the Saratoga Springs marshland . All of the latter four dune fields are accessible only via unpaved roads . Prevailing winds in the winter come from the north , and prevailing winds in the summer come from the south . Thus the overall position of the dune fields remains more or less fixed .
There are rare exceptions to the dry nature of the area . In 2005 , an unusually wet winter created a ' lake ' in the Badwater Basin and led to the greatest wildflower season in the park 's history . In October 2015 , a " 1000 year flood event " with over three inches of rain caused major damage in Death Valley National Park .
= = Human history = =
= = = Early inhabitants and transient populations = = =
Four Native American cultures are known to have lived in the area during the last 10 @,@ 000 years . The first known group , the Nevares Spring People , were hunters and gatherers who arrived in the area perhaps 9 @,@ 000 years ago ( 7000 BC ) when there were still small lakes in Death Valley and neighboring Panamint Valley . A much milder climate persisted at that time , and large game animals were still plentiful . By 5 @,@ 000 years ago ( 3000 BC ) the Mesquite Flat People displaced the Nevares Spring People . Around 2 @,@ 000 years ago the Saratoga Spring People moved into the area , which by then was probably already a hot , dry desert . This culture was more advanced at hunting and gathering and was skillful at handcrafts . They also left mysterious stone patterns in the valley .
One @-@ thousand years ago , the nom
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in " Mother Simpson " and also had a large role in " My Mother the Carjacker " . The character appeared again in Season 19 's " Mona Leaves @-@ a " , but died during the episode . An Inception @-@ inspired dream version of her appears in Season 23 's " How I Wet Your Mother " . In the episode " Let 's Go Fly a Coot " , she is revealed to have met Abe when she was a waitress in a cantina bar and he broke the sound barrier to impress her .
The character is named after writer Richard Appel 's ex @-@ wife , the American author Mona Simpson . The inspiration for the character is Bernardine Dohrn of the Weather Underground .
= = Biography = =
Many of the details of Mona 's life are unknown , but various pieces of her story have been revealed . Mona was first mentioned in season one and made two brief flashback appearances , but her first major appearance was in " Mother Simpson " . In the episode , it is revealed that in the 1960s , Mona was a homemaker who lived with her husband Abraham Simpson and Homer , who at the time was a child . She became caught up in the hippie movement after her beliefs were ignited by seeing Joe Namath 's long hair during Super Bowl III .
Mona soon after became a political activist and , at one event , Mona and a group of other activists protesting germ research entered Montgomery Burns 's laboratory and destroyed all the biological warfare experiments . As the gang escaped , she stayed behind to help a fallen Burns , who in turn , swore to have her thrown in jail for the rest of her life . Since that night , Mona was forced to leave her family . Abe lied and said Mona had died while Homer was at the movies , in order to spare him of the trauma that his mother was a wanted criminal . For 27 years , Homer presumed that his mother was dead . He was accidentally reunited with Mona in " Mother Simpson " after he faked his own death to get a day off from work and Mona visited his supposed grave site . Overjoyed at their reunion , he brings Mona home to meet his family . At first , Mona does not reveal her whereabouts and spends time catching up with her family , but is forced to reveal her past . She later travels to the post office with Homer , where Mr. Burns recognizes her face and tracks her down with FBI assistance . However , a tip @-@ off to Homer from Chief Wiggum allows Mona to escape . Wiggum is grateful to Mona because his asthma was cured by the " antibiotic bomb " her group detonated during their lab infiltration , thereby allowing him to join the police force . Forced to go on the run again , Mona tells Homer she loves him and escapes to the underground .
In " D 'oh @-@ in in the Wind " , it is revealed that at some point , Mona spent time at a commune with two hippies , Seth and Munchie , after life with Abraham became unbearable . It is also strongly implied that she was unfaithful to Abraham . In the episode " Homer 's Paternity Coot " , a long lost letter reveals that Mona had an affair with life guard Mason Fairbanks , leading Homer to falsely believe that he might in fact be his real father .
In " My Mother the Carjacker " , Homer discovers a secret message left for him in a newspaper that tells him to go to a location . There Homer finds Mona , who explains she had to return after she saw a macaroni pencil holder Homer made for her when he was five . She is captured by police and put on trial for the crime she committed . Due to Homer 's heartfelt testimony she is acquitted . Mr. Burns is angered by this and has her imprisoned for the minor charge of signing into a national park under a false name . As she is being transported to jail , Homer attempts to break her free from the prison bus , but the chase ends in what appears to be her death when the bus drives off a cliff and lands in the water , where it explodes and sets off a rock avalanche which buries it . In truth , she narrowly escaped before the bus went off the cliff , and is still on the run .
Mona returns in " Mona Leaves @-@ a " to try to make up for lost time with Homer , but he angrily refuses , saying that she will just abandon him again . Homer feels guilty about being angry with her and tries to make up only to learn she has died . She is cremated and , according to her will , Homer is supposed to throw her ashes on a mountain , where they disrupt a missile guidance system which would have devastated the Amazon Rainforest , once again plotted by Burns . Although disappointed that the last thing his mother asked him to do was " another hippie protest " , Homer successfully stops the launch .
Mona briefly returned in " How I Wet Your Mother " , where she rescues the family in a dream of Homer 's , saying that she lives on in his dreams . It is revealed in this episode that a couple of weeks before she left Homer as a child , Homer and Grampa went on a fishing trip that was unsuccessful as the boat capsized . Homer would later feel guilt , believing that the incident prompted Mona to leave him and his father . Mona solves Homer 's problem by telling him that the fishing trip never played a role in her leaving .
= = Character = =
= = = Creation = = =
Mona Simpson is first mentioned in season one 's " There 's No Disgrace Like Home " , where Homer recalls his mother telling him that he 's a " big disappointment " . She later made two brief flashback appearances , the first being season two 's " Oh Brother , Where Art Thou ? " and the second being season six 's " Grampa vs. Sexual Inadequacy " , and in both cases she was voiced by Maggie Roswell .
Mona 's first major appearance was in the seventh season episode " Mother Simpson " . The episode was pitched by Richard Appel , who had been desperately trying to think of a story idea and decided to do something about Homer 's mother .
Many of the writers were surprised that an episode about Homer 's mother had not previously been produced . The writers used the episode as an opportunity to solve several puzzles about the show , such as where Lisa 's intelligence came from .
The character is named after Richard Appel 's wife , who is the novelist Mona Simpson . The inspiration for the character comes from Bernardine Dohrn of the Weather Underground , although the writers acknowledge that several people fit her description . Her crime was intentionally the least violent crime the writers could think of , as she did not harm anyone and was only caught because she came back to help Mr. Burns .
Mona Simpson was drawn in a way so that she has a little bit of Homer in her face , such as the shape of her upper lip and her nose . There were several design changes because the directors were trying to make her an attractive older and younger woman , but still be " Simpson @-@ esque " .
= = = Voice = = =
Glenn Close was convinced to voice the character in " Mother Simpson " partially because of James L. Brooks . She was directed in her first performance by Josh Weinstein . When Mona gets in the van , her voice is done by Pamela Hayden because Glenn Close could not say " d 'oh ! " properly and thus they used the original temp track recorded by Hayden .
Glenn Close recorded original material for two other episodes : season 15 's " My Mother the Carjacker " and season 19 's " Mona Leaves @-@ a " . A deleted scene featuring Mona from " Mother Simpson " appears in season seven 's " The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular " . The character also has a speaking appearance in season ten 's " D 'oh @-@ in in the Wind " , this time voiced by Tress MacNeille .
= = Reception = =
Glenn Close has been well @-@ received as the voice of Mona . IGN.com ranked Close as the 25th best guest star in the show 's history for her first two performances as Mona . In 2007 , Entertainment Weekly called Close one of " fourteen guest stars whose standout performances on TV make us wish they 'd turn up in a Simpsons Movie 2 " . In 2008 , Entertainment Weekly also named Close one of the 16 best Simpsons guest stars . The Phoenix.com placed Close in the second position on their list of the best 20 Simpsons guest stars . Star News Online listed Close as one of the four hundred reasons why they love The Simpsons . Close appeared on AOL 's list of their favorite 25 Simpsons guest stars . Robert Canning of IGN wrote that Close " gave us the sweet voice of Mona Simpson . She 's a perfect fit , able to convey a loving , motherly tone , while still convincing the audience she 's a headstrong hippie activist . "
" Mother Simpson " is one of Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein 's favorite episodes as they feel it is a perfect combination of real emotion , good jokes and an interesting story and they have expressed regret about not submitting it for the Emmy Award in the Outstanding Animated Program ( For Programming less than One Hour ) category . " My Mother the Carjacker " received a Writers Guild of America Award nomination in 2004 in the animation category . " Mona Leaves @-@ a " received mixed reviews from critics . Robert Canning described it as " clunky and forced and wasn 't all that funny " but still gave it a 7 / 10 . Richard Keller called it a decent episode , but despised Mona 's brief appearance .
= Ontario Highway 55 =
King 's Highway 55 , commonly referred to as Highway 55 and historically as the Niagara Stone Road and Black Swamp Road , was a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario , which connected the Queen Elizabeth Way ( QEW ) with Niagara @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Lake , following Niagara Stone Road . The route divided a swath of wineries at the foot of the Niagara Escarpment , passing at an oblique angle to the concession road grid .
A former Highway 55 designation connected Highway 6 with Highway 53 , passing through the Mountain district of Hamilton . The more recent designation was applied in 1970 , following the establishment of the Regional Municipality of Niagara . On April 1 , 1997 , Highway 55 was transferred to Niagara and designated as Niagara Regional Road 55 .
= = Route description = =
Highway 55 began at an intersection with the old Iroquois Trail , now known as Queenston Street to the west and York Road to the east . This road was part of Highway 8 until 1970 , when it was transferred to Niagara Region and redesignated Niagara Regional Road 81 . The roadway that carried Highway 55 continued south of this intersection as Taylor Road ( Niagara Regional Road 70 ) . Continuing north , the highway passed beneath the QEW , which ascends over the Welland Canal on the Garden City Skyway . The highway entered Homer , then curved northeast and entered farmland . From here to its northern terminus , the highway was completely straight . It passed south of the St. Catharines / Niagara District Airport and later intersected Niagara Regional Road 106 .
Highway 55 passed through the small town of Virgil , which is centred on the Four Mile Creek . It intersected Four Mile Creek Road ( Niagara Regional Road 100 ) in the centre of the town , then entered back into an agricultural area . Shortly thereafter , the highway entered the urban area of Niagara @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Lake , where it ended at Mary Street ( Niagara Regional Road 87 ) .
Several wineries are established along the former route of Highway 55 , most notably the Jackson @-@ Triggs Estate .
= = History = =
A former Highway 55 designation connected Highway 6 and the QEW with Highway 53 , passing through the Mountain district of Hamilton ; this route was decommissioned in 1961 . The more recent designation was applied in late 1970 , following the establishment of Niagara Region .
During the initial settlement period of the Niagara area , following the American Revolutionary War , new wagon routes were built over native footpaths . Grimsby and Newark ( now Niagara @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Lake ) quickly became established settlements , but travel was cumbersome between them . Pioneers were forced to travel south along the Niagara Road to Queenston , where they turned west and followed the Iroquois Road . To remedy the situation , locals gathered in 1798 and constructed the Black Swamp Road to connect Newark with the Iroquois Road near its crossing of Ten Mile Creek ( now the location of the Welland Canal ) . The route , often subject to flooding from the waterlogged soil which it travelled over , was gradually improved , especially during the 1830s . In the late 1840s the Niagara and Ten Mile Creek Plank Road Company planked the length of the road . During the latter half of the 1800s , the road was macadamized , and gradually came to be known as the Niagara Stone Road as the surrounding swampland was drained and farmed .
The original incarnation of Highway 55 travelled through Hamilton . It was established in 1937 , following Upper Gage Avenue north from Rymal Road ( itself designated Highway 53 that same year ) to Crockett Avenue and the Sherman Access . It turned west and followed the access down the Niagara Escarpment , ending at Highway 6 ( John Street ) . The route of this highway changed several times through the late 1950s as the Burlington Skyway was constructed . By 1959 , a route down the new Kenilworth Access , north along Kenilworth Avenue and along what is now Burlington Street to the QEW was designated as Highway 55 ; both routes existed simultaneously between 1957 and 1958 . By 1961 , this route had been decommissioned .
The recent incarnation of Highway 55 was established following the release of the Niagara Peninsula Planning Study in 1964 , which recommended that the province take jurisdiction of the Niagara Stone Road ( then designated Lincoln County Road 3 ) . It was subsequently assumed on November 5 , 1970 , the same year the Regional Municipality of Niagara was formed . The route followed the entire length of the Niagara Stone Road from Homer to Niagara @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Lake and remained unchanged over its 27 years of existence . Highway 55 was transferred to the Regional Municipality of Niagara on April 1 , 1997 , as part of the first round of mass downloading . It is now designated as Niagara Regional Road 55 . The majority of the former route is named the Niagara Stone Road ; within Niagara @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Lake it is named Mississauga Street .
= = Major intersections = =
The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 55 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . The entire route was located in the Regional Municipality of Niagara .
= Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits =
Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits is the first greatest hits album by American recording artist Christina Aguilera . Released on November 6 , 2008 by RCA Records , the compilation contains Aguilera 's hits from all of her studio albums released up to 2008 . It also featured four new additions : two remakes of her previous singles — " Genie in a Bottle " ( 1999 ) and " Beautiful " ( 2002 ) , and two original songs , " Keeps Gettin ' Better " and " Dynamite " . The compilation was released exclusively through Target retailer in the United States .
Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits was reviewed favorably by music critics , who praised her musical career over her first decade entering the music industry . The compilation debuted at number nine on the US Billboard 200 and has sold over 530 @,@ 000 copies in the US . Additionally , it entered the top ten record charts of multiple countries and achieved several certifications . Its only single " Keeps Gettin ' Better " debuted within the top ten of the US Billboard Hot 100 . To promote the album , Aguilera performed at the American Music Awards of 2008 and the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards .
= = Background and content = =
In September 2008 , it was announced that Aguilera would release a greatest hits album titled Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits , whose distribution rights in the United States belonged to Target retailer via her record label RCA Records . On the compilation 's title , Aguilera said : " I 'm looking forward to the next 10 years , which is partly why I named the album , Keeps Gettin ' Better , ' cause it does " . People who pre @-@ ordered the compilation would receive a free digital download version of the single " Keeps Gettin ' Better " . During an interview with the Los Angeles Times , Aguilera explained that Target " got such a great creative team " , and that 's why she worked with the retailer for the album . Released in November 2008 , Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits features all of Aguilera 's hits from her previous studio albums released up to 2008 and four new songs produced by Linda Perry . Two of which are remakes of her previous singles , " Genie 2 @.@ 0 " ( " Genie in a Bottle " ) , and " You Are What You Are ( Beautiful ) " ( " Beautiful " ) . The other new songs were " Keeps Gettin ' Better " and " Dynamite " . The new material is inspired by electropop , which was deemed as Lady Gaga @-@ influenced by a reviewer from Rolling Stone .
= = Promotion = =
" Keeps Gettin ' Better " was released as a single from the album and was released on September 22 , 2008 . An accompanying video saw Aguilera as Catwoman and performing in front of green screens . The single experienced moderate commercial success , peaking at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number four on the Canadian Hot 100 . On September 7 , 2008 , Aguilera performed a medley of " Genie 2 @.@ 0 " and " Keeps Gettin ' Better " at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards in Hollywood . On November 23 , Aguilera opened the American Music Awards of 2008 with a seven @-@ minute medley of her previous singles , which included " Beautiful " , " Keeps Gettin ' Better " , " Genie in a Bottle " , " Dirrty " , " Ain 't No Other Man " , and " Fighter " .
= = Critical reception = =
Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits received generally positive reviews from music critics . AllMusic writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented that the compilation " proves that no other teen pop singer of her era has a better track record than Christina and if the new songs are any indication , the title of this hits comp is no lie either . " Nick Levine from Digital Spy noted the " spunky attitude " of the compilation and compared her recordings to those of Britney Spears : " She may have started out with similar material to another Mickey Mouse Club alumnus , but Aguilera moved on to bigger and better things more quickly than Britney . " He further complimented on Aguilera 's songwriting skills .
Chris Willman from Entertainment Weekly noted the lack of traditional Aguilera styles on the new songs , stating : " The singer has banished melisma and belting from these electronic confections , and her chops sound just as hot set on simmer . " Writing for Sputnikmusic , Nick Butler positively reviewed Aguilera 's new material , saying : " Christina the pop singer is dead , long live Electro Christina [ ... ] At any rate , these four tracks are more than enough to build anticipation for what could be a very , very good album . " In a mixed review , an editor from Rolling Stone shared that Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits was " weighed down by four bland attempts at 2008 's trendy , Lady Gaga @-@ jacking electropop . "
= = Commercial performance = =
In the United States , Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits debuted at number nine on the US Billboard 200 on the issue date of November 29 , 2008 , selling 73 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of release . The album spent six weeks on the Top Catalog Albums , where it peaked at number 2 in 2010 . As of September 2014 , the greatest hits album has sold over 530 @,@ 000 copies , according to data compiled by Nielsen SoundScan . In Canada , the album charted at number twelve on the Canadian Albums Chart .
In Australia , Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits peaked at number eight on the ARIA Albums Chart on the issue date of November 23 , 2008 and spent nine weeks on the chart . In Austria , the album debuted at number ten on the Austrian Albums Chart on the issue date of November 21 , 2008 and remained on the chart for five weeks . The album also experienced moderate success in various European regions , including France ( number seven ) , Ireland and Finland ( number nine ) , and the United Kingdom ( number ten ) . In 2008 , Keeps Gettin ' Better sold 19 @,@ 030 physical copies and 250 digital units in France .
= = Track listings = =
Notes
^ [ a ] signifies a vocal producer
^ [ b ] signifies a co @-@ producer
^ [ c ] signifies an additional producer
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Battle of Marash =
The Battle of Marash ( Turkish : Maraş Muharebesi ) was a battle that took place in the early winter of 1920 between the French forces occupying the city of Maraş in the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish National Forces linked to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk . It was the first major battle of the Turkish War of Independence , and the three @-@ week @-@ long engagement in the city ultimately forced the French to abandon and retreat from Marash and resulted in a Turkish massacre of Armenian refugees who had just been repatriated to the city following the Armenian Genocide . The controversial retreat , along with the massacre that took place under French watch , was subsequently dubbed the " Marash Affair . "
= = Background = =
After the surrender of the Ottoman Empire to the Allies in October 1918 , the city of Marash had come under the joint @-@ occupation of the British and French armies ( the latter largely composed of Armenians from the French Armenian Legion ) . In February 1919 , Field Marshal Edmund Allenby appointed a number of French officers to oversee the administration of the region of Cilicia and the repatriation of tens of thousands of Armenians who had been deported during the war in the course of the Genocide . Within a few months , approximately 150 @,@ 000 Armenians had been repatriated , including 20 @,@ 000 natives from Marash .
In the months following the end of the war , Cilicia had also become a source of dispute between the British and French , who both aspired to establish influence in the region . The British government , however , was under strong domestic pressure to withdraw and demobilize its forces in the Middle East and on 15 September 1919 , Prime Minister David Lloyd George begrudgingly accepted a proposal by Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau to have the French formally assume control of Cilicia . The transfer of command took place on 4 November , but Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch 's promise to reinforce the existing forces in the area with at least 32 infantry battalions , 20 cavalry squadrons and 14 artillery batteries went unfulfilled . The French units were thus deprived of armored cars and air support and lacked automatic weapons , heavy artillery and even wireless transmitters and carrier pigeons .
= = Turkish Nationalist movements = =
The Anglo @-@ French rivalry had led to the coalescence and strengthening of the Turkish National Movement under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha . Kemal had denounced the Allied occupation of Cilicia in November 1919 and the forces loyal to him were tenaciously preparing to launch a major insurrection against the thinly spread French units garrisoned in Marash , Antep and Urfa . Experienced officers , including the Kurdish captain Ali Kılıç , were sent by Mustafa Kemal to organize the tribal units and chete ( irregular fighters ) bands in the region . The Turkish forces in Marash numbered 2 @,@ 500 . Some of them were armed with old hunting rifles and others with melee weapons . Before the battle , they obtained 850 rifles , 2 machine guns , 2 cannons ( not used during the fighting ) , from the gendarmerie building in Marash .
Those without firearms would arm themselves with rifles acquired from killed French soldiers . By January 1920 , French supply convoys and communication lines were regularly coming under attack by the partisans and those Armenians who had been repatriated were being harassed and pressured to leave their homes once more . The French attempted to mollify the minority Muslim elements ( Circassians , Alevis , Kurds ) in Marash by creating gendarmerie units but this only emboldened the Turkish Nationalists to hoist the Turkish flag over Marash 's abandoned citadel and to intimidate those Muslims who cooperated with the French . The French troops in Marash included many Algerians , and also Armenians who had been recently enlisted , and it was stated that the latter had supposedly " annoyed the local population , by their arrogant attitude as they strolled on the streets in their French uniforms . "
Seeing all this , Captain Pierre @-@ Jean Daniel André , the head of the Marash detachment , requested additional reinforcements but , due to the indecisiveness of his superior , Lt. Colonel Jean Flye @-@ Sainte @-@ Marie , he was ordered to go to Adana to apprise the division commander , Brigadier General Julien Dufieux , of the situation . Dufieux agreed to send extra men under the command of General Quérette to Marash but by 17 January , when the reinforcements arrived , the French had already lost the initiative : supply convoys in Bel Punar and El @-@ Oghlu had come under attack and a relief column led by battalion commander Major Corneloup had been ambushed . On 21 January , General Quérette summoned the Muslim notables of Marash to his headquarters located at a barracks in the north of the city and presented them with evidence pointing to their complicity in the attacks and demanded that they put an end to the hostilities . As the leaders departed , Turkish police chief Arslan Toğuz drew out his pistol and fired five rounds into the air , signaling the beginning of the uprising .
= = Active stage = =
The first French units to come under attack were those officers accompanying the local gendarmerie or standing guard . The contingents of the French garrison at Marash , numbering only 2 @,@ 000 men , were separated from one another in the city @-@ wide siege . Direct communications did not exist between Marash and division headquarters and General Dufieux was only informed of the insurrection on 31 January , after several Armenians from the French Armenian Legion managed to disguise themselves as Muslims and cross the battle lines . He immediately appointed Lieutenant Colonel Robert Normand to lead a relief expedition , composed of three infantry battalions and half a squadron of cavalry , to Marash , and dispatched aerial recon flights , giving hope to the besieged French , Armenians and American relief workers who were assisting the local population .
On 7 February , Normand 's unit fought its way into the city and began to bombard the Turkish positions with heavy artillery . The following day , he relieved Cornelope 's column , which had held its position for two weeks , and broke through to reach General Quérette 's headquarters . To Quérette 's astonishment , Normand told that he had come with orders from General Dufieux to begin the full evacuation of the French garrison of Marash , followed by the Christian and loyal Muslim population . Quérette was reluctant to carry out such a command but Normand claimed that no more reinforcements or supplies would be sent . With this in mind Quérette agreed to the evacuation . The order to evacuate ironically came at precisely the same moment that the Turkish Nationalists were seeking a ceasefire : no sooner had General Quérette begun negotiations with the Turkish representative , Dr. Mustafa , when he was told by Normand to prepare to evacuate . By 3 : 00 in the morning of 11 February , Quérette had destroyed the remaining ammunition dumps and was preparing to slip out under the cover of darkness , in order to prevent the terrified Armenian population from hindering his troops ' withdrawal . They were , however , unable to do so and 4 @,@ 000 – 5 @,@ 000 Armenians managed to flee with the French troops in a three @-@ day , 75 @-@ mile ( 121 km ) long march to İslahiye . Subsequently called the " Marash Affair , " many of the Armenian refugees died from exhaustion and from the bitter cold , such that there were only 1 @,@ 500 of their number when they reached İslahiye on 13 February .
The French casualties of the battle included 160 killed , 280 wounded , 170 missing and 300 severely frostbitten .
= = Massacre of Armenians = =
The three @-@ week siege of Marash was also accompanied by the wholesale massacre of the Armenian repatriates . Roving Turkish bands threw kerosene @-@ doused rags on Armenian homes and laid a constant barrage upon the American relief hospital . The Armenians themselves , as in previous times of trouble , sought refuge in their churches and schools . Women and children found momentary shelter in Marash 's six Armenian Apostolic , three Armenian Evangelical churches and in the city 's sole Catholic cathedral . The Armenian legionnaires attempted to put up a defense but were ultimately overwhelmed . All the churches and eventually the entire Armenian districts were put to flames . The plight of the Armenians was only exacerbated when the French decided to pull out on 10 February . When the 2 @,@ 000 Armenians who had taken shelter in the Catholic cathedral attempted to follow the retreat , they were cut down by Turkish rifle and machine gun fire .
Early reports put the number of Armenian dead at no less than 16 @,@ 000 , although this was later revised down to 5 @,@ 000 – 12 @,@ 000 , which were considered far more likely figures .
= = Aftermath = =
Though news of the siege of the French army and the massacre of the Armenians reached Allied and American representatives in Europe , the French High Command did not publicly indicate that anything serious had taken place . Internally , however , they were astonished by this move launched by the Turkish Nationalists . The battle and the massacre were discussed fervently in the European and American press , as well as the British Parliament . Colonel Normand 's role in ordering the evacuation , in particular , stirred controversy as members of General Dufieux 's staff maintained that no evacuation order had ever been given . Dufieux , however , was inexplicably told by senior commander and General of the Army of the Levant Henri Gouraud that he should let the matter drop . French Colonel Édouard Brémond , the chief administrator of the occupation zone , reflected on the decision in his memoirs :
The decision for the retreat remains a mystery . It was not made in Beirut , nor in Adana , but at Marash . There seems to be no doubt that the order to leave would not have been given if a wireless outfit had been
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Fox for $ 50 @,@ 000 , but with the provision that Wyatt 's name be removed from the title , and after she received $ 5 @,@ 000 , the movie was released as Frontier Marshal starring Randolph Scott playing Wyatt Earp . Sol M. Wurtzel produced both films .
Lake wrote another book about Wyatt Earp titled My Darling Clementine in 1946 that Director John Ford developed into the movie My Darling Clementine , which further boosted Wyatt 's reputation . The book later inspired a number of stories , movies and television programs about outlaws and lawmen in Dodge City and Tombstone . Lake wrote a number of screenplays for these movies and twelve scripts for the 1955 – 61 television series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp starring Hugh O 'Brian as Earp .
The popular movie Gunfight at the O.K. Corral released in 1957 starring Burt Lancaster as Earp cemented his place in Western history as a hero lawman . The movie also altered the public 's perception of cowboys , who in Earp 's time and locale were outlaws , but in the movies were reinvented as good guys assisting the lawmen in their fight against the outlaws .
Director John Ford said that when he was a prop boy in the early days of silent pictures , Earp would visit pals he knew from his Tombstone days on the sets . " I used to give him a chair and a cup of coffee , and he told me about the fight at the O.K. Corral . So in My Darling Clementine , we did it exactly the way it had been . " When Ford was working on his last silent feature Hangman 's House in 1928 , which included the first credited screen appearances by John Wayne , Earp used to visit the set . John Wayne later told Hugh O 'Brian that he based his Western lawman walk , talk and persona to his acquaintance with Wyatt Earp , who was good friends with Mix . " I knew him ... I often thought of Wyatt Earp when I played a film character . There 's a guy that actually did what I 'm trying to do . " Wyatt Earp 's character has been the central figure in 10 films and featured in many more . Among the best @-@ known actors who have portrayed him are Randolph Scott , Guy Madison , Henry Fonda , Joel McCrea , Burt Lancaster , James Garner , Jimmy Stewart , Hugh O 'Brian , Kurt Russell and Kevin Costner .
With the emergence of television in the 1950s , producers spun out a large number of western @-@ oriented shows . At the height of their popularity in 1959 , there were more than two dozen " cowboy " programs on each week . At least six of them were connected to some extent with Wyatt Earp : The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp , Bat Masterson , Tombstone Territory , Broken Arrow , Johnny Ringo , and Gunsmoke .
= = = Earp legend in film and television = = =
Frontier Marshal ( 1934 ) – The first film adaptation of Stuart N. Lake 's novel . George O 'Brien plays " Michael Wyatt " .
Frontier Marshal ( 1939 ) – Randolph Scott as Wyatt Earp .
Tombstone , the Town Too Tough to Die ( 1942 ) – Stars Richard Dix .
My Darling Clementine ( 1946 ) – Stars Henry Fonda and directed by John Ford .
Wichita ( 1955 ) – Stars Joel McCrea .
The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp TV series ( 1955 – 1961 ) – Starring Hugh O 'Brian as Wyatt Earp .
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral ( 1957 ) – Stars Burt Lancaster .
Hour of the Gun ( 1967 ) – Stars James Garner in the first of two movies with Garner as Earp .
Doc ( 1971 ) – Gunfight of the O.K. Corral from Doc Holliday 's point of view . Stacy Keach as Doc and Harris Yulin as Wyatt .
Tombstone ( 1993 ) – Stars Kurt Russell .
Wyatt Earp : Return to Tombstone ( 1994 ) – Film combines colorized footage of The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp with new scenes filmed in Tombstone .
Wyatt Earp ( 1994 ) – Stars Kevin Costner .
Wyatt Earp 's Revenge ( 2012 ) – Stars Val Kilmer .
= = = Earp as a character or adaptation of the legend = = =
Law and Order ( 1932 ) – Walter Huston as Frame Johnson , inspired by Wyatt Earp .
Dodge City ( 1939 ) – Errol Flynn as Wade Hatton , inspired by Wyatt Earp .
Winchester ' 73 ( 1950 ) – James Stewart wins a rare Winchester rifle that is stolen . Will Geer portrays Wyatt Earp .
Gun Belt ( 1953 ) – Outlaw Billy Ringo tries to go straight .
Masterson of Kansas ( 1954 ) – Bat Masterson is assisted by Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday .
Badman 's Country ( 1958 ) – Pat Garrett catches up to Butch Cassidy 's gang and calls in Wyatt Earp .
Alias Jesse James ( 1959 ) – Bob Hope stars and Hugh O 'Brian briefly appears as Wyatt Earp .
The Secret World of Eddie Hodges ( 1960 ) – TV musical starring Jackie Gleason and Hugh O 'Brian as Wyatt Earp .
Cheyenne Autumn ( 1964 ) James Stewart as Wyatt Earp and Arthur Kennedy as Doc Holliday .
Desafío en Rio Bravo ( 1965 ) – Guy Madison as Wyatt Earp .
" The Gunfighters " ( 1966 ) , an episode of Doctor Who – The TARDIS materializes in Tombstone prior to the gunfight .
Hour of the Gun ( 1967 ) James Garner as Wyatt Earp .
" Spectre of the Gun " ( 1968 ) , an episode of Star Trek : The Original Series – Officers of the USS Enterprise are cast as the Cowboys . Ron Soble plays Wyatt Earp .
Alias Smith and Jones – Cameron Mitchell as Wyatt Earp and Bill Fletcher plays Doc Holliday .
I Married Wyatt Earp ( 1983 ) – Based on the supposed memoir . Marie Osmond as Josephine Earp .
Sunset ( 1988 ) – Bruce Willis as Tom Mix and James Garner as Wyatt Earp .
Deadwood ( 2006 ) – Gale Harold as Wyatt Earp .
Hannah 's Law ( 2012 ) – Greyston Holt as Wyatt Earp .
Wynonna Earp ( TV Series ) ( 2016 ) – Ryan Northcott as Wyatt Earp and Tim Rozon as Doc Holliday .
= = Additional reading = =
= Desert Strike =
Desert Strike : Return to the Gulf , commonly known as Desert Strike , is a shoot ' em up video game released by Electronic Arts ( EA ) in February 1992 for the Sega Genesis . The game was later released on several other formats such as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , including a much upgraded version for the Amiga home computer . The game was inspired by the Gulf War and depicts a conflict between an insane Middle Eastern dictator , General Kilbaba , and the United States . The player controls a lone Apache helicopter and attempts to destroy enemy weapons and installations , rescue hostages and capture enemy personnel , while managing supplies of fuel and ammunition .
The lead designer , Mike Posehn , had no video game experience prior to developing Desert Strike . Inspired by Choplifter , he aimed to create a nonlinear game with smoothly animated vehicles . Posehn , a PhD in Mechanical Engineering , developed a camera system with momentum to mimic realistic helicopter movements . Three @-@ dimensional ( 3D ) modeling was used to generate the vehicle sprites , which were later touched up on the pixel level with color .
Desert Strike was a strong commercial success : it was a chart @-@ topping best seller and at the time Electronics Arts ' highest ever selling game . The game also received a favourable critical response , with several magazines awarding scores of over 90 % . Reviewers praised the game 's enjoyability , mix of action and strategy , graphics and sound . There was some controversy regarding the game 's subject matter , with commentators criticising it as in poor taste due the proximity of its release to the recently ended Gulf War .
= = Gameplay = =
Desert Strike is a shoot ' em up game in which the player pilots an AH @-@ 64 Apache helicopter . The game is less frantic than typical shoot ' em ups , with the addition of greater strategic elements . The action takes place on open , multi @-@ directional scrolling levels viewed from an isometric perspective . The player views the action from outside the helicopter , rather than from within the cockpit .
Levels consist of several missions , which are based around the destruction of enemy weapons and installations , as well as rescuing hostages or prisoners of war , or capturing enemy personnel . The Apache is armed with a machine gun , more powerful Hydra rockets and yet more deadly Hellfire missiles . The more powerful the weapon , the fewer can be carried : the player must choose an appropriate weapon for each situation . Enemy weapons range from soldiers with small arms , to anti @-@ aircraft missiles to tanks and armoured cars .
The player 's craft has a limited amount of armour , which is depleted as the helicopter is hit by enemy fire . Should the armour reach zero , the craft will be destroyed , costing the player a life . The player must outmanoeuvre enemies to avoid damage , but can replenish armour by means of power @-@ ups or by airlifting rescued friendlies or captives to a landing zone . The helicopter has a finite amount of fuel which is steadily depleted over time . Should the fuel run out the Apache will crash , again costing the player a life . The craft can refuel by collecting fuel barrels : the player must therefore plan mission routes carefully in order to maximise efficiency . The helicopter also carries limited ammunition , which must be replenished by means of ammo crates .
= = Plot = =
The game opens with a self @-@ proclaimed general named Kilbaba ( Mubaba in the Super NES version ) seizing control of an unnamed , fictional Gulf state . Installing himself as dictator , Kilbaba quickly begins fortifying his position with military weapons and installations , including nuclear facilities with which to build bombs . The United States decides to send in a single helicopter , piloted by the player 's unnamed character and aided by a co @-@ pilot , to infiltrate and destroy Kilbaba 's forces in a series of swift strikes . In the final level , Kilbaba attempts to escape in a bomber plane armed with nuclear bombs , but the player destroys him and his plane before it leaves the runway . In the ending , the player and co @-@ pilot are seen at the White House , where they are commended by President Bill Clinton for their heroism .
The game 's plot was felt by commentators to be a thinly disguised reference to the Gulf War , while comparisons were drawn between Kilbaba and Saddam Hussein , and between the game 's unnamed desert setting and Iraq .
= = Development and release = =
The game was developed by a team headed by Mike Posehn . In the 1980s , Posehn had previously worked for EA as a software developer . Soon after leaving EA , he obtained a publishing deal with the company for Video Deluxe . The success of the software spurred Posehn to branch out and experiment with a flight simulator titled Fly for the IBM Personal Computer ; however , International Business Machines cancelled the project . Posehn later met with EA president Trip Hawkins who suggested that Posehn develop a game for the Genesis , which was soon to be released . He also recommended that Posehn create a game similar to the Apple II game Choplifter ; Hawkins felt flying a helicopter and rescuing people was " cool " .
Desert Strike underwent few changes from the plans outlined in the original design documents . The initial concept involved smoothly animated vehicles on an isometric playing field . The developers also aimed to include cinematic scenes , similar to The Revenge of Shinobi { { } } s introduction sequence . The game began development some time before any discussion of an American invasion of Iraq , originally based on the Lebanese Civil War and titled Beirut Breakout ; this was later changed to the Persian Gulf region . A special point system intended to punish players was omitted ; the system would have deducted points from the player 's score if they destroyed objects that resulted in negative economic and political results . The control scheme was not well received at internal reviews of the game 's early versions , and Posehn had to alter his original design to obtain approval for further development .
John Manley , an EA employee , assisted writing the game 's program . He and Posehn collaborated to create the game 's sandbox format , which they nicknamed " SNAFU " . Posehn wanted the game to have nonlinear gameplay , and Manley felt having a storyline and puzzles would help the player progress . Posehn disliked common gameplay elements like series of bosses and power @-@ ups . As a compromise , the developers only included power @-@ ups to replenish ammunition , armour , and other helicopter resources . To provide the player with options , the SNAFU system was designed to allow players to complete side missions in addition to main objectives . If the player alters the game scenario so that the objectives cannot be completed , the game instructs the player to reset the mission by returning to base .
Inspired by Matchbox toys he played with as a child , Posehn decided to make the size of the game sprites resemble toys . Posehn contacted his friend , Tim Calvin , to assist with designing and creating the vehicle sprites . Though Calvin was a practising dentist at the time , he also had experience with 3D modelling . He rendered 3D models on a computer and reduced them to the desired size . Different views were obtained by rotating the models along a single axis . Calvin added colour to the sprites to meet the production staff 's specifications ; most required black , white , red , and blue , as well as four shades of colours like green and brown . Calvin eventually felt the rendering process was a waste of resources and attempted to create sprites on the pixel level himself without 3D models . The developers , however , preferred the sprites created from the models over Calvin 's freestyle ones .
Posehn had a difficult time working within the Genesis 's output resolution of 320 × 240 . He wanted to show as much of the playing field as possible without losing the details of the sprites ; he felt a lack of graphical detail would make them less interesting . Posehn developed a dynamic camera system to help maintain what he felt was the right balance between the size of the field in view and the size of the game objects . The camera travels on an elliptic curve as the helicopter rotates to change the direction it travels ; this puts whatever is in front of the helicopter more in view on screen . Posehn also integrated momentum to the camera movements to smooth transitions . He spent several months working on the physics for the screen and helicopter to ensure realistic movement . Instead of using completely accurate physics , Posehn chose to model movement that he believed players would assume a helicopter would have . He believed players would be put off by physics that didn 't match their perceived movement .
After the success of the Genesis / Mega Drive version , work began on a conversion for the Amiga , with Gary Roberts ( known for a John Madden Amiga conversion ) and David Colclough ( responsible for Myth ) in charge of development . The developers retouched and redrew the graphics and added additional sound effects taken from military training videos . Conversions for other systems include the Atari Lynx , Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Master System , Game Gear and Game Boy . The game was also ported to the Game Boy Advance , ten years later in 2002 , as Desert Strike Advance , and was re @-@ released in 2006 for the PlayStation Portable as part of a budget compilation .
= = Reception = =
Commentators have felt the game was an attempt to capitalize on then @-@ recent , extensive news coverage of the Gulf War , which had focused on the use of advanced , impersonal weapons ( such as aircraft and guided missiles ) to destroy enemy weapons and installations . Some commentators considered the game 's subject matter in bad taste , with one magazine reporting an incident of veterans burning copies of the game .
Desert Strike was an immediate commercial success , going straight to the top of sales charts . The game remained a top @-@ 10 best seller for months after its release , and was at the time Electronic Arts ' highest selling game ever .
Mean Machines praised the sophistication and tactical freedom found in the game , as well as its longevity and graphics . The magazine deemed it one of the best shooters on the Mega Drive thus far , as well as the best game released for the console that month . Computer and Video Games felt the game 's subject matter was somewhat in bad taste , but praised its depth , soundtrack and sound effects . The magazine felt the game was " essential " for Mega Drive owners . ACE praised the balance of action and strategy , as well as the variety of missions . The magazine felt some of the graphics , particularly the explosions , were a little weak and complained that the fact that the helicopter is not fully rearmed and refuelled after the loss of a life was unduly frustrating . MegaTech magazine praised the graphics and gameplay , and said it was " one of the best shoot ' em ups on the Megadrive " . Retro Gamer included this " thinking man 's shoot- ' em @-@ up " among top ten Mega Drive games .
Amiga Action felt the game was not particularly innovative , but praised its open @-@ ended gameplay , graphics and sound . The reviewer claimed the Amiga version of the game ran more slowly than the Mega Drive version but overall felt the port was " a more than satisfactory translation " . Amiga Computing noted the improved graphics and sound over the Mega Drive version and praised the game as " EA 's finest moment since Populous " . The reviewer also acclaimed the game 's " brilliant playability " . Amiga Format commended the " Successful cross between a shoot ' em up and a flight simulator " , graphics , sound , varied missions and " tremendous fun " of the game , although the reviewer noted some " occasional glitches " occurring in the sound and graphics . CU Amiga praised the Amiga version 's improved graphics and sound , particularly the explosions , though the reviewer derided friendly units ' invincibility as unrealistic and complained of poor enemy artificial intelligence . The magazine however said that " All things considered , Desert Strike couldn 't be a better game " , praising the " fast and frantic " action and " just @-@ one @-@ more @-@ go appeal " . The One praised the mix of action and strategy as well as opining that the Amiga version was a strong improvement over the Mega Drive game . The magazine said the game " plays like a dream " and was " one of the best shoot ' em ups available for any games machine " .
The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave varying praise to the Lynx version 's controls and graphics , but concurred that on the smaller portable screen Desert Strike loses much of its impact and playability , as it is difficult to identify enemies or even see the bullets the player character fires .
GamePro gave the Game Boy version a positive review , saying it " has almost everything that made the original title great . " They particularly praised the graphics and extensive , realistic sound effects , remarking that they were very impressive given the limitations of Game Boy cartridges . Mike Weigand of Electronic Gaming Monthly likewise deemed it " A fairly faithful portable version of the 16 @-@ Bit military classic . "
= = Legacy = =
Desert Strike was followed by four sequels Jungle Strike , Urban Strike , Soviet Strike , and Nuclear Strike that expanded on the basic gameplay it established . The design staff made efforts to retain game mechanics they felt embodied the core of the original . They believed removing those elements would result in a loss of focus of what attracted fans . As the series moved to more advanced consoles , Posehn became less involved in the programming side of development . Jungle Strike and Urban Strike , both released for the Genesis , featured additional vehicles and locations . Soviet Strike , released for the original PlayStation and the Sega Saturn in 1996 , featured 3D graphics , as did Nuclear Strike , released on PC and PlayStation in 1997 and the Nintendo 64 in 1999 . A fifth sequel provisionally titled Future Strike was planned , but the game was eventually released as Future Cop : LAPD , a mech @-@ based shooter game .
= The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour =
The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour ( also known as the Prohibited Tour ) was a comedy tour by American comedian and talk show host Conan O 'Brien . Its title is a reference to the 2010 Tonight Show host and timeslot conflict , which resulted in O 'Brien resigning from his position as host of The Tonight Show in January 2010 . O 'Brien reached a settlement with NBC that barred him from appearing on television until September 2010 , but it did not bar him from performing before a live audience in a concert setting . From April through June 2010 , O 'Brien performed 42 shows in the United States and Canada .
O 'Brien announced on March 11 , 2010 via his Twitter account that he would embark on a 30 @-@ city live tour beginning April 12 . Even with the unconventional marketing campaign of a single Twitter announcement , many locations sold out within hours of the tweet and additional shows were added on to meet demand . During the tour , O 'Brien announced that his new show , Conan , would debut on TBS in November 2010 . A documentary following O 'Brien during the tour , Conan O 'Brien Can 't Stop , was released in June 2011 .
= = Background and announcement = =
In January 2010 , late @-@ night talk show hosts Conan O 'Brien and Jay Leno engaged in a public relations conflict over who should host The Tonight Show . Due to low ratings for The Jay Leno Show and The Tonight Show with Conan O 'Brien , NBC announced a schedule change , moving Leno from 10 : 00 pm to 11 : 30 pm , and O 'Brien from 11 : 30 pm to 12 : 00 am . This change resulted in a public outcry and public demonstrations largely in support of O 'Brien . O 'Brien indicated that he would quit his show and leave the network if NBC were to implement it , citing the " destruction " of the venerable franchise which had aired at or around 11 : 30 pm for over 60 years .
As part of the deal between O 'Brien and NBC , O 'Brien was legally prohibited from appearing on television prior to September 1 , 2010 . He began to utilize social media to remain engaged with his fan base . O 'Brien started a Twitter account on February 24 , 2010 . After about one hour , O 'Brien 's subscriber list had reached over 30 @,@ 000 members and , approximately 30 minutes later , he was on the brink of passing 50 @,@ 000 followers . After 24 hours , O 'Brien had well over 300 @,@ 000 followers . In late May 2010 , he surpassed the one million mark for number of Twitter followers .
O 'Brien announced via his Twitter account that he would embark on a 30 @-@ city live tour on March 11 , 2010 , beginning on April 12 , 2010 . On the same day , teamcoco.com , an official website , was launched . According to TMZ , O 'Brien decided not to keep any of the proceeds from the tour , in order to employ his show 's staff members .
= = Format = =
Several members of O 'Brien 's staff joined him for the tour , including sidekick Andy Richter , and the former Tonight Show Band , temporarily renamed " The Legally Prohibited Band " . Max Weinberg , the band leader , was unable to participate in the tour due to his recent heart surgery , although he did appear at one of the New York City shows .
Signs at each venue encouraged audience members using Twitter during the show to use a unique hashtag . Reggie Watts served as the tour 's opening act . In the video introduction to the show , Conan appeared as an obese and bearded version of himself struggling to cope with the loss of his talk show while Eric Carmen 's " All By Myself " plays . He then transforms back into his thin self during his exercise montage ( by merely pulling off his body suit ) after getting the call to go on tour .
The tour differed from his television shows in that there was no desk or celebrity interviews , but presented as more of a variety show than a stand @-@ up routine . Many elements from TV were incorporated into the show , including video bits , musical and comic performers , and cameo appearances by celebrities . Classic sketches were also revived for the tour , albeit under different names due to legal issues over the ownership rights . The Masturbating Bear , for example , made a brief appearance before being transformed into the Self @-@ Pleasuring Panda . Also , the " Walker , Texas Ranger lever " was retitled the " Chuck Norris Rural Policeman Handle " . Triumph the Insult Comic Dog mocked the city the tour was appearing in as himself in a prerecorded bit that inserts information about the city by dubbing over the original audio . O 'Brien also introduced a giant inflatable bat he claimed to have purchased during Meat Loaf 's Bat Out of Hell tour and at one point walked onstage wearing a replica of Eddie Murphy 's purple suit from his comedy special Eddie Murphy Raw . In addition , O 'Brien performed music throughout the show , including the disco hit " I Will Survive " and a personal parody of " On the Road Again " .
= = Opening act = =
Reggie Watts ( select dates )
= = Special guests = =
= = Tour dates = =
Festivals and other miscellaneous performances
This concert is a part of the " Bonnaroo Music Festival "
= = = Box office score data = = =
= = Response = =
Just hours before the first show of the tour , O 'Brien announced that he would host a new show on cable station TBS , titled Conan , which debuted in November 2010 . In addition to the announcement of the television series , TBS also announced a one @-@ hour TBS Special , featuring several writers for Conan , as well Watts .
Even with ticket prices starting at $ 40 , The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour sold out . Footage of O 'Brien 's tour has been uploaded onto YouTube by fans in attendance and immediately went viral . A clip of O 'Brien 's performance of " I Will Survive " , for example , has received more than 320 @,@ 000 views .
Conan O 'Brien Can 't Stop , a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes documentary film shot during the tour , was released in June 2011 . It focuses on the production of the tour , O 'Brien 's interactions with fans and his crew , and O 'Brien 's thoughts on the Tonight Show conflict and legal injunction that inspired the tour . The movie was filmed , directed and produced by director Rodman Flender , a college friend of O 'Brien .
= 1952 Atlantic hurricane season =
The 1952 Atlantic hurricane season was a near normal Atlantic hurricane season , although it was the least active since 1946 . The season officially started on June 15 ; however , a pre @-@ season unnamed storm formed on Groundhog Day , becoming the only storm on record in the month of February . The other six tropical cyclones were named using the Joint Army / Navy Phonetic Alphabet , the first of which formed on August 18 . The final storm of the season dissipated on October 28 , two and a half weeks before the season officially ended on November 15 .
Four of the tropical cyclones made landfall during the season , the first being the February tropical storm that crossed southern Florida . The first hurricane , named Able , struck South Carolina with winds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) , causing heavy damage near the coast and widespread power outages . It moved up most of the East Coast of the United States , leaving 3 deaths and widespread damage . As a developing tropical cyclone , Hurricane Charlie caused damaging flooding and landslides in southwest Puerto Rico . The final and strongest of the season , Hurricane Fox , struck Cuba with winds of 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) ; it killed 40 people and left heavy damage , particularly to the sugar crop , reaching $ 10 million ( 1952 USD , $ 89 @.@ 1 million 2016 USD ) .
= = Storms = =
= = = Tropical Storm One = = =
On February 2 , a non @-@ frontal low formed in the western Caribbean Sea two months after the end of the hurricane season . It moved quickly north @-@ northwestward and acquired gale @-@ force winds as it brushed the northern coast of Cuba . Early on February 3 , the storm struck Cape Sable , Florida and quickly crossed the state . The Miami National Weather Service office recorded a wind gust of 68 mph ( 110 km / h ) during its passage . The winds damaged windows and power lines , catching residents and tourists off @-@ guard . The cyclone also dropped 2 – 4 inches ( 50 – 100 mm ) of precipitation along its path , causing crop damage in Miami @-@ Dade County .
After leaving Florida , the storm continued rapidly northeastward and transitioned into a tropical storm during the afternoon of February 3 . While off the coast of the Southeastern United States , it attained peak winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . On February 4 it evolved into an extratropical cyclone off the coast of North Carolina . Later that day , it passed over Cape Cod , and early on February 5 dissipated after crossing into Maine . The storm caused scattered power outages and gusty winds across New England . The cyclone remains the only tropical or subtropical storm on record during the month of February .
= = = Hurricane Able = = =
Over six months after the previous storm dissipated , a tropical depression developed just off the west coast of Africa on August 18 . It moved generally west- to west @-@ northwestward for much of its duration , intensifying into a tropical storm on August 24 east of the Lesser Antilles . The next day , Hurricane Hunters confirmed the presence of Tropical Storm Able . Passing north of the islands , the storm attained hurricane status on August 27 . On August 30 , Able turned to the north @-@ northwest due to an approaching cold front , and the next day made landfall near Beaufort , South Carolina as a Category 2 hurricane with peak winds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) . The town was heavily damaged , and was briefly isolated after winds downed power and telephone lines . Across South Carolina , the hurricane caused two indirect deaths , as well as moderate damage totaling $ 2 @.@ 2 million ( 1952 USD , $ 19 @.@ 6 million 2016 USD ) .
As Able turned north and northeastward over land , the winds quickly weakened to tropical storm force , although it retained gale force winds through North Carolina , Virginia , and Maryland ; this was due to remaining over the flat terrain east of the Appalachian Mountains , as well as retaining a plume of tropical moisture from its south . It left light damage in North Carolina , some of it due to a tornado . In Maryland , heavy rainfall caused widespread flooding , which washed out the tracks of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad near Baltimore . In Ellicott City , Maryland , the rains flooded several houses , forcing families to evacuate . Two tornadoes were also reported in the region , and damage in the Washington , D.C. area reached $ 500 @,@ 000 ( 1952 USD , $ 4 @.@ 46 million 2016 USD ) . Further northeast , the storm continued to produce heavy rainfall , causing flooding , as well as one indirect death in Pennsylvania . After moving through New England , Able dissipated on September 2 near Portland , Maine .
= = = Tropical Storm Three = = =
A cold front was located north of the Bahamas on August 26 , with a broad area of cyclonic turning located east of northern Florida . Atmospheric pressures were falling in the region , and gale force winds were recorded by 12 : 00 UTC on August 27 . Based on the structure , it is estimated that the frontal low developed into a tropical storm by 18 : 00 UTC that day . Ship reports in the region suggested peak winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . There was very dry air on the west side of the system , unusual for August , and the radius of maximum winds was around 115 mi ( 185 km ) , suggesting that the structure could have been akin to a subtropical cyclone . The storm continued to the northwest , making landfall very near Myrtle Beach , South Carolina at 02 : 00 UTC on August 28 . It spread rainfall across the Carolinas , later enhanced by Hurricane Able just days later , while cities reported winds of around 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) . The storm weakened over land and dissipated late on August 28 over eastern Kentucky .
= = = Hurricane Baker = = =
The third tropical cyclone of the season developed on August 31 a short distance east of the northern Lesser Antilles . Its presence was reported by a ship the next day that encountered rough seas and gale force winds . As a result , the Weather Bureau sent the Hurricane Hunters to investigate the system , which reported a strengthening hurricane moving northwestward . Given the name Baker , the hurricane passed north of the Lesser Antilles , reaching peak winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) late on September 3 . For several days , the Hurricane Hunters reported similar winds , along with gusts up to 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) .
With a large anticyclone located over the Ohio Valley , Baker turned to the northeast on September 5 , passing about halfway between Bermuda and North Carolina . The hurricane slowly weakened as it moved through the north Atlantic Ocean , just missing Newfoundland while maintaining winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Wind gusts on Avalon Peninsula reached 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) , and heavy fishing damage was reported in Lower Island Cove . After affecting the island , Baker transitioned into an extratropical storm , which lasted another day before dissipating south of Greenland .
= = = Tropical Storm Five = = =
A dissipating cold front stalled across the northeastern Atlantic Ocean on September 7 , northeast of the Azores . That day , a closed circulation developed and quickly became independent of the front . Based on a uniform thermal structure , as well as ship reports in the region of gale @-@ force winds
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Magic " . Despite stating that there was " no need whatsoever " for the release , the NME ranked " Do or Die " at number 55 in their single of the year list for 2000 . In a 2005 review of the reissued Guerrilla , Pitchfork described the track as " near @-@ perfect sunny pop " while , in an earlier review of Songbook : The Singles , Vol . 1 , the website called " Do or Die " " proggy quasi @-@ Britpop " and likened its guitar part to " Jessica " by The Allman Brothers Band . Also reviewing Songbook ... , the BBC described " Do or Die " as one of several " great hairy rock outs " on the record , The Washington Post called it " straightforward pop @-@ punk " and Drowned in Sound labelled it a " guitar @-@ laden sugar rush " . Website Cokemachineglow likened the track to the work of The Stooges . Pitchfork claimed that the single 's b @-@ sides , the " inescapably sha @-@ la @-@ la @-@ ing ' Colorblind ' " and the " piano @-@ accented bounder " " Missunderstanding ( sic ) " , pale beside " Do or Die " and the other tracks on Guerilla although they " do manage to scratch the itch for more SFA " .
= = = Accolades = = =
* denotes an unordered list
= = Music video = =
A promotional music video was produced to accompany the release of " Do or Die " as a single . The video was directed by Jake & Jim who also directed the video for the group 's previous single , " Fire in My Heart " . The video begins with the camera zooming in through the door of a cartoon house in the desert to reveal Super Furry Animals playing along to the track in a room . The band 's heads and instruments are live action footage , filmed in London , while their bodies and surroundings are brightly coloured animations . During the first verse , shots of the group playing the track in the room are intercut with images of band members on cartoon surfboards superimposed onto real life footage of giant waves . This process is repeated during the second chorus , with the video cutting between shots of the band playing in the room and images of the band superimposed onto live footage of tornados . After 1 minute and 4 seconds images of the group 's heads being swept along in a lava flow are intercut with the band playing along with the track in the now red room with lava visible through the windows . Snow then begins to fall in the room and the video cuts to shots of the group eascaping an avalanche in a bobsled . As the track ends the lightbulb in the room begins to swing frantically and Super Furry Animals are bathed in a green " radioactive or alien glow " . A shot of the house in front of a nuclear explosion cuts to footage of the band frozen mid @-@ word , with the camera moving through 360 degrees to reveal them as two dimensional cutouts . The " Do or Die " music video was named as ' Video of the week ' in the 12 – 18 January issue of Melody Maker and was included on the DVD release of the band 's greatest hits album , Songbook : The Singles , Vol . 1 .
= = Track listing = =
All songs by Super Furry Animals .
CD with fold @-@ out poster ( CRESCD329 ) , MC ( CRES329 ) , 7 " ( CRE329 )
" Do or Die " – 2 : 05
" Missunderstanding ( sic ) " – 3 : 24
" Colorblind " – 3 : 32
= = Personnel = =
Gruff Rhys – vocals
Huw Bunford – guitar
Guto Pryce – bass guitar
Cian Ciaran – keyboards
Dafydd Ieuan – drums
= = Singles chart position = =
= SexyBack =
" SexyBack " is a song recorded by American singer @-@ songwriter Justin Timberlake for his second studio album , FutureSex / LoveSounds ( 2006 ) . It was released on July 18 , 2006 , to US mainstream and rhythmic radio stations by Jive Records as the lead single from the album . The song was written and produced by Nate Hills , Tim Mosley , and Timberlake himself . Discussing " SexyBack " , Timberlake revealed that he went " left " , singing the song in a rock style , not an R & B style . He described the song as musicians David Bowie and David Byrne " covering " James Brown 's 1970 song " Sex Machine " . The track features Timbaland on backing vocals , while Timberlake 's voice is distorted . The instrumentation used in the song includes a pounding bass beat , electronic chords , and drum machine sounds .
" SexyBack " became Timberlake 's first number @-@ one single on the Billboard Hot 100 , staying seven weeks at the top spot . It also topped several of Billboard magazine 's other charts , including the Billboard Pop 100 , Hot Dance Airplay , and Hot Digital Songs charts , and entered the top ten on most singles charts . Internationally , it became Timberlake 's first single to reach number one in the United Kingdom . In Australia , the track was Timberlake 's second number @-@ one single , spending two consecutive weeks at the top . " SexyBack " was certified three @-@ times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and three @-@ times platinum by Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) . " SexyBack " is one of the best selling singles of all time .
The track won Best Dance Recording at the 2007 Grammy Awards . In addition , the song won Timberlake the People 's Choice Award for Favorite R & B song and the Male Artist of the Year at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards . The music video was filmed in June 2006 ; Timberlake decided to work with director Michael Haussman based on the latter 's work on Madonna 's 1994 music video " Take a Bow " .
= = Production = =
Timberlake began working on his second studio album , FutureSex / LoveSounds , in December 2005 . Within three weeks , " SexyBack " was one of several songs that were recorded for the album , having been recorded in less than a day . Timberlake told The Weekend Mail in 2006 that it was the " second or third song " he did with Timbaland in a list of 10 songs they recorded for the album . The song was written and produced by Justin Timberlake , Timbaland , and Nate " Danja " Hills , and mixed by Jimmy Douglass , using Pro Tools . Mixing took place in April 2006 , using a Neve VR @-@ series console .
Hills played the Akai MPC3000 and other virtual synths on his Macintosh computer , while Timbaland performed instruments on the Ensoniq ASR @-@ 10 sampling keyboard . Bill Pettaway played the guitar , which his part was recorded in two minutes , while Darryl Pearson was the bassist . Both the guitar and bass were digitally imported in Pro Tools during mixing , and only a section of the guitar recording was copied and pasted throughout the song .
= = Music = =
Timberlake described " SexyBack " as " an experiment gone right from the sort of synthesizer influence to the distorted vocals " , adding that it was " one of the songs that the more you listen to it its just hook after hook after hook . Its just one of those ' flow off the top of your head ' tracks , in terms of melody . We wanted to keep it loose and not too rehearsed , it 's one of those very experimental records though . " Timberlake revealed that he went " left " , regarding going more rock , not in how he developed the song , but in the way he sang the song . " I wanted to sing the song like a rock and roll singer , not an R & B singer . That 's the approach . " The day before recording , Timberlake and Timbaland had listened to David Bowie 's " Rebel Rebel " and the Rapture 's " House of Jealous Lovers " . Timberlake wanted to achieve the songs ' " raw energy " . Timberlake said that he modeled himself on Bowie and Prince , and described the song as Bowie and David Byrne " covering " James Brown 's 1970 song " Sex Machine " . Timberlake said that the song " doesn 't qualify as rock or straight funk " and that he was happy with the description " club funk " . He was " keen for a new musical direction " following the release of his first album , Justified . " I listened to the radio for a few months and thought , ' All this sounds like shit , what do I want to hear ? ' . That 's really all I did . Everything 's [ sic ] got so repetitive , everything sounds the same . I had to create something unique otherwise there 's no point putting it out . "
" SexyBack " is an " urgent , pulsing track , a cocktail of soaring , distorted vocals and heavy , electronic chords threaded together with rap " , according to Camilla Long from The Observer . The song is composed in the key of A Phrygian dominant mode — and is set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 117 beats per minute . The song features a pounding bass beat and electronic sounds , and does not include Timberlake 's " famous falsetto " . The song 's musicscape includes two @-@ note dirty electronic riffs , " leapfrogging keyboards " , beat box sound , and incorporates the " same leaky faucet " sounds of musician Obie Trice 's 2004 song " The Setup " . In addition , the track features Timbaland on backing vocals .
Timberlake 's voice in the song is processed , slowed down to where his voice is unrecognizable , with muffled vocals . The song also features Timberlake 's " low register distorted vocals . " Timberlake revealed that the vocals in the song were influenced by Prince .
= = Lyrics = =
Douglas explained the title of the song , and how it affected the concept :
" Justin [ Timberlake ] goes in the chorus ' Go head be gone with it ' , I called the song ' Be Gone With It ' , just to label it . So they 're developing this song and they 're going nuts and loving it , and as they play it , and I 'm like : ' I don 't think this hook is strong enough . ' But then , at the very last minute , Justin very , very cleverly decided to call it ' Sexyback ' , and that changed the whole dimension of the song . The first thing you hear when you listen to the song is ' I 'm bringing sexy back ' , and after that you don 't care or don 't notice that there is no hook . And then there 's the
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unique thing of Timbaland acting as a narrator , saying things like ' take it to the bridge ' , or ' yeah ' . Every time Justin leaves a space , he fills it in . It 's two guys interacting . "
Timberlake said that the chorus was " very James Brown @-@ ish , call out and repeat , like ' Sex Machine ' . " He wrote the track " from top to bottom . ' I 'm bringing sexy back , yeah ! I 'm bringing . . . ' It 's a very physical song , meant to provoke ... sexual dance . ' Sex Machine ' is the closest reference . " Timberlake said that the lyric , " bringing sexy back " , was one of the first lines he came up with . In addition , he admitted that the song was not going to be titled " SexyBack " , saying , " We weren 't originally going to call it ' SexyBack ' . I definitely didn 't think it would become the most worn @-@ out phrase of 2006 . It just sounded like a nice opening to the song . "
Adam Graham of The Detroit News noted that Timberlake sings about whips and chains , while Bill Lamb of About.com said the song has a " bit of s & m tease about shackles and whips " . Furthermore , The Georgia Straight 's Martin Turenne said that Timberlake is " shackled to the bedpost , invites the crack of his mistress 's whip . " Ben Williams of New York magazine wrote that Timberlake had been working on his pickup lines , with " You see these shackles baby I 'm your slave / I 'll let you whip me if I misbehave . " Jason Bracelin of the Las Vegas Review @-@ Journal reported that Timberlake sings about " threatening to steal your girl . " Charlie Brooker for The Guardian , in regards to the lyric , " them other fuckers don 't know how to act " , writing that Timberlake 's translation is of him telling everyone in the world that they are a " clueless fornicator " . Further in his report , Brooker opined that Timberlake " threatens us " by using " language so offensive " with the line , " You motherfuckers , watch how I attack " . In addition , Brooker noted that the line , " If that 's your girl you 'd better watch your back " , as Timberlake stating his intention to meddle in the private affairs of others . Barry Schwartz of Stylus noted that the song features " pillow talk " , in reference of the song 's " sex @-@ crazed lyrics " .
= = Critical reception = =
In the Billboard magazine review of the album , contributor Katy Kroll wrote that Timberlake " claims to be bringing ' sexy ' back to pop music , and indeed he is . You can almost feel beads of sweat rolling off the title track and ' SexyBack ' featuring Timbaland " . Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly was complimentary towards Timbaland , producer of the song , writing that Timbaland offers " tougher , trickier rhythms , minimal live playing , a plethora of hip @-@ hop cameos , and a self @-@ consciously hard , edgy club sensibility " to " SexyBack " . Russell Baillie of The New Zealand Herald noted , " The producer 's angular synthesizer crunch is all over it – at best on the single ' SexyBack ' where they dispense with a chorus , leaving the song sustained by its vocal fireworks , electrofunk and Timberlake 's repeated declaration that ' I 'm bringing sexy back . ' " PopMatters ' contributor Quentin B. Huff wrote that " SexyBack " was the " fraternal twin " to Nelly Furtado 's 2006 song " Promiscuous " . Andrew Murfett of The Age wrote that the song was a " raunchy club banger that slyly suppresses " Timberlake 's customary falsetto . He continues , " it 's introduced a new phrase into the pop cultural lexicon " . Glenn Gamboa of Newsday was complimentary towards the song , writing that it was " Timberlake at his best , mainstreaming a combination of the wild , edgy dance @-@ pop style of Basement Jaxx with Missy Elliott 's more experimental hip @-@ hop to create a boldly inventive sound that still pleases the masses . "
Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times wrote : " ... ' SexyBack ' , a twitchy , emaciated track that shot to the top of the charts and also became an irritating catchphrase . ( Suddenly everyone was bringing AdjectiveBack . ) " Dagny Salas of North by Northwestern commented that Timberlake and Timbaland trade ridiculous lines , with " Get your sexy on / Go ahead , be gone with it " and " Dirty babe / You see these shackles / Baby I ’ m your slave / I ’ ll let you whip me if I misbehave . " Salas continued in her review that it was not a song that should be good , " but does that really matter when it ’ s Good in the way that songs are during the summer [ ... ] That kind of good makes songs like ' SexyBack ' completely irresistible . " Matt Burns of The Post wrote , " Take the polarizing summer single ' SexyBack ' , a repetitive song with little structure that doesn 't know when to stop , all centered on a ridiculous declaration . Somehow , it works . " The Diamondback 's Michael Greenwald reported that " SexyBack " was " lyrically , musically and vocally the weakest song " on the album . A writer of The State Journal @-@ Register was not impressed with the song and concluded , with " ' SexyBack ' is the most annoyingly dumb song to hit Billboard 's No. 1 since ' Hollaback Girl ' " . Guy Blackman of The Sunday Age wrote : " The distorted vocals and stilted production of first single ' Sexyback ' make Timberlake 's claim to be ' bringing sexy back ' ... seem almost laughable . " Entertainment Weekly put it on its end @-@ of @-@ the @-@ decade , " best @-@ of " list , saying , " Justin Timberlake We didn 't even know that sexy was missing until 2006 . We 're just happy Justin brought it back safe and sound . " Charlie Brooker , columnist for The Guardian , jokingly criticised Timberlake , saying " How DARE this dot @-@ eyed , crop @-@ haired , fun @-@ sized , guff @-@ tongued , pirouetting waif @-@ boy scamper on to the world 's airwaves and loudly proclaim to be the sole global administrator of all things sexy ? You 'd think it takes massive balls to do something like that , but given the shrill , squeaking vocals cheeping through his ghastly little gobhole , it 's safe to assume he 's got testes the size of capers . He 's practically a human dog whistle , the shrieking , high @-@ pitched , mosquito @-@ lunged ponce . "
Upon the song 's release , it received divided opinions , which pleased Timberlake . " This is such a departure from the first record , " said Timberlake . " More people might like it , less people might like it , but you can 't call me a chicken . "
= = Legacy and accolades = =
" SexyBack " helped introduce EDM sounds to top 40 radio , as it brought together variations of electronic dance music with Timberlake ’ s R & B sounds . VH1 listed it 3rd on their list of the " 100 Greatest Songs of the ’ 00s , " while Los Angeles Times listed it as an honorable mention among " the most timeless tunes of the 2000s " , with an editor stating it " sounded wholly unfamiliar and unique . " Entertainment Weekly deemed it a " modern day classic . "
" SexyBack " won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite R & B song at the 2007 awards ceremony . At the 49th Grammy Awards , " SexyBack " won a Grammy Award in the category of Best Dance Recording . At the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards , Timberlake won Male Artist of the Year for " SexyBack " , " Let Me Talk To You / My Love " , and " What Goes Around ... Comes Around " . Additionally , it won an ASCAP Pop Music Award in 2007 in the category Most Performed Songs .
= = Chart performance = =
" SexyBack " was commercially successful in the United States . The single debuted at number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 in July 2006 . After climbing to number 31 , it propelled to number one the following week . " SexyBack " became Timberlake 's first number @-@ one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 from his Futuresex / Lovesounds album . The single spent seven consecutive weeks at the number @-@ one position on the Hot 100 . In addition to the Hot 100 , " SexyBack " also topped the following Billboard charts : Hot Dance Airplay , Hot Dance Club Play , Hot Dance Singles Sales , Pop 100 Airplay , Pop 100 , and Top 40 Mainstream charts . " SexyBack " was certified three @-@ times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . This song made the then @-@ seventh @-@ biggest jump to number one in the Billboard Hot 100 history , climbing thirty spots from number 31 landing it at the summit of the chart on September 9 , 2006 . According to Nielsen SoundScan , the song had its biggest selling week in September 2006 and sold 250 @,@ 000 as a digital download . As of June 2014 , the song has sold 4 @,@ 494 @,@ 000 copies .
In the United Kingdom , " SexyBack " debuted at number 13 on the UK Singles Chart based solely on download sales one week prior to its physical release , and ascended to the top of the chart the following week , becoming Timberlake 's first UK number @-@ one single . On the Australian ARIA Charts , " SexyBack " debuted at number one and spent two consecutive weeks at the top becoming Timberlake 's second number one single there ( after " Rock Your Body " reached the summit in 2003 ) , and has been certified two @-@ times Platinum by ARIA Charts . Also , in Canada and Austria , the single has peaked at number three and number five respectively , becoming his most successful single tied with his third released single " What Goes Around ... / ... Comes Around " in both nations . It has also been certified three @-@ times Platinum in Canada .
In Sweden , " SexyBack " peaked at number four , while in France it peaked at number eight becoming Timberlake 's first top ten hit from the album , and would later score two more top ten singles with " My Love " and " What Goes Around ... / ... Comes Around " . The song peaked at number one in Germany , Ireland , New Zealand and Norway , and at number two in Switzerland and Belgium .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " SexyBack " was directed by Michael Haussman and features Spanish actress Elena Anaya . The video was filmed in June 2006 and shot in a luxury building in Barcelona , Spain . In discussion of the video filmed in Barcelona , Timberlake said : " Obviously we went for the architecture , the exteriors , the interiors — the vibe in Spain is different than anywhere else in the world . It 's so cool to shoot there , but the girls are also pretty hot , so that doesn 't hurt either " .
Timberlake decided to work with director Michael Haussman , following his work on Madonna 's 1994 music video for " Take a Bow " . " It 's one of my favorite videos Madonna 's ever done , " Timberlake said . " Even today , I still remember the visuals , the images , how he captured her . A lot of times , Madonna seems like she 's the person in control , and in that video , she seemed vulnerable . It was a cool thing to see . " The video
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was first shown on MTV 's Making the Video on July 25 , 2006 .
The video starts off with a cable car looking over a large city ( Barcelona , from the West looking East ) while a German newscast featuring Alexander von Roon plays on TV and switches to a luxurious @-@ looking hotel in Plaça de Catalunya with Elena Anaya taking off her sweater . It then cuts to Timberlake in a different room ; then to a club scene and Timberlake in front of a white background . The video alternates between those four viewpoints , with Timberlake and Anaya seeming to be spies in the hotel room and strangers in the club . At a certain point , Timberlake goes over to Anaya 's room by jumping over to her balcony . Then when Anaya goes to check it out , Timberlake traps and passionately has sex with her . In the club , it ends with Timberlake kissing Anaya in a bathroom stall . In the hotel room scene , Timberlake leaves by the same way he entered and moments later jumps to the next balcony before an explosion ensues . It ends with the figure of Anaya sitting in a chair beside a small television in which a kiss is frozen on the screen .
= = Live performances = =
Timberlake performed " SexyBack " and " My Love " as a medley for the opening of the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards and again for the MTV Europe Music Awards 2006 , which he also hosted . In addition , he performed the song at the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show . On August 25 , 2013 , Timberlake performed " SexyBack " in a medley with other of his songs at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards .
" SexyBack " was featured on FutureSex / LoveShow ( 2007 ) , Legends of the Summer ( 2013 ) and The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour ( 2013 / 14 ) .
= = Cover versions = =
The indie rock band Rock Plaza Central gained attention for their radically different cover of " SexyBack " , with brass @-@ and @-@ banjo roots @-@ rock stylings . It was released as a promotional single and a bonus track on the Wal @-@ Mart version of the 2007 cover album Poison 'd ! by American rock band Poison . British soul singer Corinne Bailey Rae recorded a jazz / swing version whilst appearing on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge in 2007 . American pop rock band Maroon 5 covered the beginning of the song as part of a medley during their 2012 Overexposed Tour . Cartoon stars Weebl and Bob covered the song with their version " Pastry " including the refrain " I 'm bringing pastry back "
= = Track listings = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Rebellion of Cao Qin =
The Rebellion of Cao Qin ( simplified Chinese : 曹石之变 ; traditional Chinese : 曹石之變 ; pinyin : Cáoshí Zhī Biàn ) was a day @-@ long uprising in the Ming Dynasty capital of Beijing on August 7 , 1461 , staged by Chinese general Cao Qin ( 曹钦 ; d . 1461 ) and his Ming troops of Mongol and Han descent against the Tianshun Emperor ( 1457 – 1464 ) . The rebellion was orchestrated by Cao and his officers due to fear of being next on Tianshun 's purge @-@ list of those who helped him gain back the throne from his half @-@ brother the Jingtai Emperor , who had earlier succeeded during the 1449 Tumu Crisis . The leaked plot of rebellion was a failure , three of Cao 's brothers were killed during the ensuing battle , and Cao Qin was forced to commit suicide during the effort of a last stand against imperial troops storming his Beijing residential compound . The rebellion marked the high point in political tension over allowing Mongols to be employed in the Ming military command structure . Ming Chinese officials often made recompense with Mongol subordinates for military merits while at the same time strategically relocating their troops and families away from the capital .
= = Background = =
During the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 – 1644 ) , the Mongols enrolled in military service were either originally prisoners of war or they were those who voluntarily submitted to the Ming and settled in China . Others fled their homeland on the northern steppe due to natural disasters such as droughts , seeking refuge in China where Mongol families found lodging and hospitality . Some Mongols became distinguished military officers , were granted noble ranks , and on rarer occasions became ministers in the state bureaucracy . Mongols of noble lineage socialized with Chinese literati of the two capitals ( Nanjing and Beijing ) while they also had their sons educated in the Chinese classic texts . Nonetheless , Mongols in the Ming Empire were often held in suspicion by Chinese Ming authorities . Mongols of lower social stature were often accused by Chinese officials of being prone to violence , banditry , and becoming beggars and even prostitutes . Ming officials used the excuse of military campaigns to relocate and scatter Mongol troops and families throughout China so that they would not be concentrated in North China ( which neighbored the enemy territory of the Mongol heartland ) . Wu Tingyun argues that there was a noticeable shift in Ming court policies after the 1449 Tumu Crisis in dealing with the Mongols ; he stated that beforehand the Ming court actively encouraged Mongol immigration , and afterwards merely managed those who had already sided with the Ming .
On July 20 , 1461 , after Mongols had staged raids in June into Ming territory along the northern tracts of the Yellow River , the Minister of War Ma Ang ( 马昂 ; 1399 – 1476 ) and General Sun Tang ( 孙镗 ; d . 1471 ) were appointed to lead a force of 15 @,@ 000 troops to bolster the defenses of Shaanxi . Historian David M. Robinson states that " these developments must also have fed suspicion about Mongols living in North China , which in turn exacerbated Mongol feelings of insecurity . However , no direct link can be found between the decision by the Ming Mongols in Beijing to join the [ 1461 ] coup and activities of steppe Mongols in the northwest . "
= = Day before the coup = =
On August 6 , 1461 , the Tianshun Emperor issued an edict telling his nobles and generals to be loyal to the throne ; this was in effect a veiled threat to Cao Qin , after the latter had his associate in the Imperial Guard murdered to cover up crimes of illegal foreign transactions . This soldier in the imperial guard had acted as Cao 's private commercial agent , but when this man failed to keep affairs secret , Cao had the soldier 's wife tell authorities that her husband had gone mad and fled . Lu Gao ( 逯杲 ; d . 1461 ) , head officer of the Imperial Guard , had authorities apprehend the missing soldier with approval of the Emperor , whereupon Cao had his former commercial agent beaten to death before authorities could reach him .
The General Shi Heng ( 石亨 ; d . 1459 ) , who aided Tianshun 's succession , starved to death in prison after a similar warning from an imperial edict ; his son Shi Biao ( 石彪 ) was executed in 1460 . Cao Qin was to take no chances in allowing himself to be ruined in similar fashion . Cao 's Mongol troops were veterans who had fought in several campaigns under the eunuch Cao Jixiang ( 曹吉祥 ) — Cao Qin 's adoptive father — in the 1440s . The loyalty of Cao 's Mongol @-@ officer clients was secure due to circumstances of thousands of military officers who had to accept demotions in 1457 because of earlier promotions in aiding Jingtai 's succession . Robinson states that " Mongol officers no doubt expected that if Cao fell from power , they would soon follow . "
Cao either planned to kill Ma Ang and Sun Tang as they were to depart the capital with 15 @,@ 000 troops to Shaanxi on the morning of August 7 , or he simply planned to take advantage of their leave . The conspirators are said to have planned to place their heir apparent on the throne and demote Tianshun 's position to " grand senior emperor " , the title delegated to him during the years of his house arrest from 1450 to 1457 , under Jingtai 's rule .
= = Murder of Lu Gao and Li Xian 's memorial = =
While Cao held a banquet for his Mongol officers on the night of August 6 , two of his Mongol officers slipped away from the festivity and leaked Cao 's plot to the high @-@ level Mongol commanders Wu Jin ( 吴瑾 ) and Wu Cong ( 吴琮 ) around 1 : 00 am to 3 : 00 am in the morning of August 7 . Wu Jin alerted General Sun Tang about the plot , and soon after Sun alerted the emperor with a message slipped through the Western Chang 'an Gate . Upon receiving this warning , the Emperor arrested the eunuch conspirator Cao Jixiang and had all nine gates of Beijing and all four gates of the Forbidden City blockaded . Meanwhile , Cao Qin began to suspect that the plot was leaked , and so moved with his troops around 5 : 00 to 7 : 00 am in the morning of August 7 to inspect the gates of the Imperial City ; when the Dongan Gate ( the eastern entrance ) failed to open , his suspicions were confirmed .
While his forces searched for Ma Ang and Sun Tang , Cao visited the home of Lu Gao , head of the Imperial Guard who led the efforts to investigate Cao Jixiang and Cao Qin , and killed Lu in his own home ( decapitating and dismembering him ) . After killing Lu Gao , Cao Qin found and detained the Grand Secretary Li Xian ( 李贤 ; 1408 – 1467 ) , showing him the severed head of Lu Gao and explaining that Lu had driven him to rebellion . Li Xian agreed to draft a memorial to the throne explaining that Cao Qin wished the emperor no harm , that his vengeance against Lu Gao was finished , and asked for an imperial pardon . Cao 's men had also detained the Minister of Personnel , Wang Ao ( 王翱 ; 1384 – 1467 ) , and using writing materials from his office Li and Wang composed the memorial . Wang and Li slipped the message through the door panels of the gate to the Imperial City , but the gates remained tightly shut , so Cao Qin began calling for the death of Li Xian . Wang Ao and Wan Qi ( 万祺 ; d . 1484 ) , a director of the Ministry of Personnel , dissuaded Cao Qin from killing Li , noting Li had written the funerary inscription for Cao 's adopted father Jixiang .
= = The failed coup and inner city battle = =
After Li 's message was unable to get through , Cao Qin began the assault on Dongan Gate , East Chang 'an Gate and West Chang 'an Gate , setting fire to the western and eastern gates ; these fires were extinguished later in the day by pouring rain . Defending these gates were 5 @,@ 610 imperial bodyguards , who were generously rewarded after the conflict for their merit in maintaining a strong defense . Ming troops poured into the area outside the Imperial City to counterattack ; Li Xian and Wang Ao were able to flee , but Wu Jin and the head of the Censorate , Kou Shen ( 寇深 ; 1391 – 1461 ) , were killed by Cao 's soldiers . Kou had earlier denounced Cao as a criminal and was an associate of Lu Gao ; when Cao 's soldiers found Kou in a waiting room outside Chang 'an Gate , he cursed at them before they cut him down .
General Sun led the charge against Cao Qin right outside Donghua Gate , while Ma Ang approached Cao Qin 's forces from the rear in a flank . Cao was forced to withdraw and set up temporary camp at Dongan Gate . By midday , Sun Tang 's forces had killed two of Cao Qin 's brothers ( Sun personally shot the second with an arrow after Cao Qin 's brother led cavalry charges against imperial troops ) . Sun 's forces had also severely wounded Cao Qin in both his arms ; his forces took up position in the Great Eastern Market and Lantern Market northeast of Dongan Gate , while Sun deployed artillery units against the rebels . Cao lost his third brother , Cao Duo ( 曹铎 ) , while attempting to flee out of Beijing by the Chaoyang Gate . Cao made another dash for the northeastern gates of the capital ( Anding Gate and Dongzhi Gate ) , and then back to Chaoyang Gate , all of which remained closed . Finally , Cao fled with his remaining forces to fortify his residential compound in Beijing . Ming troops under Sun Tang and the newly arrived Marquis of Huichang , Sun Jizong ( 孙继宗 ) , stormed the residence . To avoid arrest and execution , Cao Qin committed suicide by throwing himself down a well . Imperial troops recovered his body and then decapitated it .
= = Aftermath = =
As promised by Grand Secretary Li Xian before the final assault on the Cao residence , imperial troops were allowed to confiscate for themselves what they could find from Cao Qin 's property . Li had also given another incentive that any imperial soldier who captured a rebel would be rewarded with the same title and office their captive had . Those found to be followers of Cao Qin were soon after executed , including members of the Imperial Guard and the Yuzhou Guard on August 22 , 1461 . On August 8 , Cao Jixiang was publicly dismembered , a sentence and execution which ministers of state were made aware of by the Tianshun Emperor once he held an audience at the Median Gate . The dismembered corpses of Cao Qin and his brothers were left outside and exposed to the elements . Cao 's father @-@ in @-@ law was spared from punishment since it was known that he had refused to communicate with Cao Qin during the latter 's rise to power as a career general .
The Tianshun Emperor spared some of the culprits the sentence of death by commuting their sentence to imprisonment instead ; this included Vice Commissioner @-@ in @-@ chief Esen Temür , who lowered himself down the city walls of Beijing and was later found in a farmer 's melon patch as far as Tongzhou District . Others were exiled to Lingnan to " suffer the inhospitable tropical climate for the remainder of their lives , " according to Robinson . Li Xian also pressured the Emperor to pardon and exonerate " those who had been forced to join " Cao 's rebellion .
Rewards were given to those who captured the escapees of the plot , including Chen Kui , Grand Defender of Tianjin , who was promoted . On August 9 , the Mongol officer Wu Cong was put in charge of the Chief Military Commission of the Left ; in September , twenty taels of silver and two @-@ hundred piculs of grain were added to his stipend . Ma Ang was made the Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent in September . Plaques were made to commemorate the dead who fought against Cao Qin .
Besides the handling of punishments and rewards , the court made other efforts to reestablish order in the capital region . Nonessential taxes were suspended . Nobles of the imperial clan patrolled the gates of the imperial city while rebels were still at large . Some residents in Beijing abused the order that they alert authorities of remaining culprits of the coup in order to label personal enemies as " rebels " to take their property . To discourage this , the emperor had several dozen of these looters beaten and paraded through the streets as criminals . In an edict of August 9 , the Emperor reassured loyal Mongol officers of Baoding that Mongol participation in Cao 's rebellion did not mean persecution for them . In October , Mi Duo @-@ duo @-@ lai , commander of Baoding and veteran Mongol officer who fought against Esen Tayisi 's 1449 invasion , was ordered to stay put in Baoding , a gesture by the emperor that there was no need to worry about loss of authority .
Three weeks after Cao Qin 's failed uprising , the Mongol leader Bolai , who had been staging raids into northern China , sent an embassy into China to request formal tribute relations and to serve as a vassal to the Ming . News of this rebellion reached the Joseon court of Korea by September 9 , while the Korean official in charge of the report perhaps embellished the level of gore and violence by stating that tens of thousands had died and the three days of pouring rain following the rebellion flooded even the Forbidden City with streams of blood and rain . A native rebellion would not threaten the capital city again until the fall of Beijing to the army of Li Zicheng in 1644 , marking the end of the dynasty and , shortly after , the beginning of Manchu conquest . Until the conquest of the Manchu Qing Dynasty , Chinese officials continued to show a large degree of apprehension over Mongols in military service to the Ming , and still favored relocation schemes . However , Cao 's rebellion marked the last event when Ming Mongols were of great importance to court affairs ; although many Mongol officers retained hereditary titles of noble lineage , the nobility within the military command structure declined as a whole while men from more humble origins eventually displaced them .
= = Historiography = =
= = = Pre @-@ modern sources = = =
The general Chinese history texts on the Ming Dynasty , including the Mingdai Shi and the Mingshi , briefly mention Cao Qin 's failed coup of 1461 . Cao Qin 's coup and the events leading up to it were covered in Gao Dai 's Hong you lu of 1573 , Jiao Hong 's Guochao Xianzheng lu of 1594 – 1616 , the Huang Ming shi gai of 1632 and the Mingshi jishi benmo of 1658 . Li Xian also wrote about Cao Jixiang 's career in his " Cao Jixiang zhi bian , " featured in the Huang Ming mingchen jingji lu that was edited by Huang Xun in 1551 .
= = = Modern sources = = =
The historian Meng Sen ( 1868 – 1938 ) , who compiled , edited , and commented on texts dealing with the Ming and Qing eras , stressed that Tianshun was an incompetent ruler for having allowed Shi Heng and Cao Jixiang to develop into formidable threats to central rule . Henry Serruys , whom Robinson calls " the most authoritative writer on the Ming Mongols " , did not mention this rebellion in any of his written works . Historians Tang Gang and Nan Bingwen remark in their 1985 publication of the Mingshi that the 1461 coup weakened the power of Ming rule . The historian David M. Robinson devoted the article Politics , Force and Ethnicity in Ming China to the subject of Cao Qin 's rebellion and the Ming Mongols . The historian Okuyama Norio wrote an essay in 1977 arguing that Cao Qin 's coup of 1461 should be understood as a single event in the wider context of continuous power struggles between civil officials and military officers during Tianshun 's reign .
= Zinc =
Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30 . It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table . In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium : the ion is of similar size and the only common oxidation state is + 2 . Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth 's crust and has five stable isotopes . The most common zinc ore is sphalerite ( zinc blende ) , a zinc sulfide mineral . The largest workable lodes are in Australia , Asia , and the United States . Zinc is refining by froth flotation of the ore , roasting , and final extraction using electricity ( electrowinning ) .
Brass , an alloy of copper and zinc in various proportions , was used as early as the third millennium BC in the Aegean , Iraq , the United Arab Emirates , Kalmykia , Turkmenistan and Georgia , and the second millennium BC in West India , Uzbekistan , Iran , Syria , Iraq , and Israel ( Judea ) . Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India and was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century . The mines of Rajasthan have given definite evidence of zinc production going back to the 6th century BC . To date , the oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar , in Rajasthan , as early as the 9th century AD when a distillation process was employed to make pure zinc . Alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called " philosopher 's wool " or " white snow " .
The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke ( prong , tooth ) . German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746 . Work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800 . Corrosion @-@ resistant zinc plating of iron ( hot @-@ dip galvanizing ) is the major application for zinc . Other applications are in electrical batteries , small non @-@ structural castings , and alloys such as brass . A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used , such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate ( as dietary supplements ) , zinc chloride ( in deodorants ) , zinc pyrithione ( anti @-@ dandruff shampoos ) , zinc sulfide ( in luminescent paints ) , and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory .
Zinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of " exceptional biologic and public health importance " , especially regarding prenatal and postnatal development . Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases . In children , deficiency causes growth retardation , delayed sexual maturation , infection susceptibility , and diarrhea . Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry , such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans . Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia , lethargy and copper deficiency .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = Physical properties = = =
Zinc is a bluish @-@ white , lustrous , diamagnetic
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2700 BCE . Other fragments have been recovered from royal tombs in the Shang Dynasty ( c . 1600 – c . 1046 BCE ) .
During the later epoch , the Chinese lost their secret to the Koreans , the Japanese , and , later , the Indians , as these cultures discovered how to make silk . Allusions to the fabric in the Old Testament show that it was known in western Asia in biblical times . Scholars believe that starting in the 2nd century BCE the Chinese established a commercial network aimed at exporting silk to the West . Silk was used , for example , by the Persian court and its king , Darius III , when Alexander the Great conquered the empire . Even though silk spread rapidly across Eurasia , with the possible exception of Japan its production remained exclusively Chinese for three millennia .
= = = Myths and legends = = =
The writings of Confucius and Chinese tradition recount that , in the 27th century BCE , a silk worm 's cocoon fell into the tea cup of the empress Leizu . Wishing to extract it from her drink , the 14 @-@ year @-@ old girl began to unroll the thread of the cocoon .
She then had the idea to weave it . Having observed the life of the silk worm on the recommendation of her husband , the Yellow Emperor , she began to instruct her entourage in the art of raising silk worms , sericulture . From this point , the girl became the goddess of silk in Chinese mythology . Silk eventually left China via the heir of a princess who was promised to a prince of Khotan . This probably occurred in the early 1st century CE . The princess , refusing to go without the fabric that she loved , would finally break the imperial ban on silk @-@ worm exportation .
Though silk was exported to foreign countries in great amounts , sericulture remained a secret that the Chinese carefully guarded . Consequently , other peoples invented wildly varying accounts of the source of the incredible fabric .
In classical antiquity , most Romans , great admirers of the cloth , were convinced that the Chinese took the fabric from tree leaves . This belief was affirmed by Seneca the Elder in his Phaedra and by Virgil in his Georgics . Notably , Pliny the Elder knew better . Speaking of the bombyx or silk moth , he wrote in his Natural History " They weave webs , like spiders , that become a luxurious clothing material for women , called silk . "
= = Silk usage in Ancient and Medieval China = =
In China , silk @-@ worm farming was originally restricted to women , and many women were employed in the silk @-@ making industry . Even though some saw the development of a luxury product as useless , silk provoked such a craze among high society that the rules in the Li Ji were used to limit its use to the members of the imperial family . For approximately a millennium , the right to wear silk was reserved for the emperor and the highest dignitaries . Silk was , at the time , a sign of great wealth , because of its shimmering appearance . This appearance was due to silk 's prism @-@ like shape / structure , which refracted light from every angle . After some time , silk gradually extended to other classes of Chinese society . Silk began to be used for decorative means and also in less luxurious ways : musical instruments , fishing , and bow making . Peasants did not have the right to wear silk until the Qing dynasty ( 1644 – 1911 ) .
Paper was one of the greatest discoveries of ancient China . Beginning in the 3rd century BCE paper was made in all sizes with various materials . Silk was no exception , and silk workers had been making paper since the 2nd century BCE . Silk , bamboo , linen , wheat and rice straw were all used differently , and paper made with silk became the first type of luxury paper . Researchers have found an early example of writing done on silk paper in the tomb of a Marchioness who died around 168 , in Mawangdui , Hunan . The material was certainly more expensive , but also more practical than bamboo slips . Treatises on many subjects , including meteorology , medicine , astrology , divinity , and even maps written on silk have been discovered .
During the Han Dynasty , silk became progressively more valuable in its own right , and became more than simply a material . It was used to pay government officials and compensate citizens who were particularly worthy . By the same token that one would sometimes estimate the price of products according to a certain weight of gold , the length of the silk cloth became a monetary standard in China ( in addition to bronze coins ) . The wealth that silk brought to China stirred envy in neighboring peoples . Beginning in the 2nd century BCE , the Xiongnu regularly pillaged the provinces of the Han Chinese for around 250 years . Silk was a common offering by the emperor to these tribes in exchange for peace .
Silk is described in a chapter on mulberry planting by Si Shengzhi of the Western Han ( 206 BC – 9 AD ) . There is a surviving calendar for silk production in an Eastern Han ( 25 – 220 AD ) document . The two other known works on silk from the Han period are lost .
" [ T ] he military payrolls tell us that soldiers were paid in bundles of plain silk textiles , which circulated as currency in Han times . Soldiers may well have traded their silk with the nomads who came to the gates of the Great Wall to sell horses and furs . "
For more than a millennium , silk remained the principal diplomatic gift of the emperor of China to his neighbors or to his vassals . The use of silk became so important that silk ( 糸 ) soon constituted one of the principal radicals of Chinese script .
Broadly speaking , the use of silk was regulated by a very precise code in China . For example , the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty imposed upon bureaucrats the use of particular colors according to their different functions in society . Under the Ming , silk began to be used in a series of accessories : handkerchiefs , wallets , belts , or even an embroidered piece of fabric displaying dozens of animals , real or mythical . These fashion accessories remained associated with a particular position : there was a specific bonnet for warriors , for judges , for nobles , and others for religious use . The women of high Chinese society heeded codified practices and used silk in their garments to which they added countless motifs . A 17th @-@ century work , Jin Ping Mei , gives a description of one such motif :
Golden lotus having a quilted backgammon pattern , double @-@ folded , adorned with savage geese pecking at a landscape of flowers and roses ; the dress ' right figure had a floral border with buttons in the form of bees or chrysanthemums .
Chinese silk making process
= = Chinese silk and its commerce = =
Numerous archaeological discoveries show that silk had become a luxury material appreciated in foreign countries well before the opening of the Silk Road by the Chinese . For example , silk has been found in the Valley of the Kings in a tomb of a mummy dating from 1070 BCE . First the Greeks , then the Romans began to speak about the Seres ( people of silk ) , a term to designate the inhabitants of the far @-@ off kingdom , China . According to certain historians , the first Roman contact with silk was that of the legions of the governor of Syria , Crassus . At the Battle of Carrhae , near to the Euphrates , the legions were said to be so surprised by the brilliance of the banners of Parthia that they fled .
The silk road toward the west was opened by the Chinese in the 2nd century CE . The main road left from Xi 'an , going either to the north or south of the Taklamakan desert , one of the most arid in the world , before crossing the Pamir Mountains . The caravans that employed this method to exchange silk with other merchants were generally quite large , including from 100 to 500 people as well as camels and yaks carrying around 140 kg ( 300 lb ) of merchandise . They linked to Antioch and the coasts of the Mediterranean , about one year 's travel from Xi 'an . In the South , a second route went by Yemen , Burma , and India before rejoining the northern route .
Not long after the conquest of Egypt in 30 BCE regular commerce began between the Romans and Asia , marked by the Roman appetite for silk cloth coming from the Far East , which was then resold to the Romans by the Parthians . The Roman Senate tried in vain to prohibit the wearing of silk , for economic reasons as well as moral ones . The import of Chinese silk resulted in vast amounts of gold leaving Rome , to such an extent that silk clothing was perceived as a sign of decadence and immorality .
In the late Middle Ages , transcontinental trade over the land routes of the Silk Road declined as sea trade increased . The Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the civilizations of China , India , Ancient Egypt , Persia , Arabia , and Ancient Rome . Though silk was certainly the major trade item from China , many other goods were traded , and various technologies , religions and philosophies , as well as the bubonic plague ( the " Black Death " ) , also traveled along the Silk Routes . Some of the other goods traded included luxuries such as silk , satin , hemp and other fine fabrics , musk , other perfumes , spices , medicines , jewels , glassware , and even rhubarb , as well as slaves . China traded silk , teas , and porcelain ; while India traded spices , ivory , textiles , precious stones , and pepper ; and the Roman Empire exported gold , silver , fine glassware , wine , carpets , and jewels . Although the term the Silk Road implies a continuous journey , very few who traveled the route traversed it from end to end ; for the most part , goods were transported by a series of agents on varying routes and were traded in the bustling markets of the oasis towns . The main traders during Antiquity were the Indian and Bactrian traders , then from the 5th to the 8th century CE the Sogdian traders , then afterward the Arab and Persian traders .
= = Spread of production = =
Although silk was well known in Europe and most of Asia , China was able to keep a near monopoly on silk production . The monopoly was defended by an imperial decree , condemning to death anyone attempting to export silkworms or their eggs . Only around the year 300 CE did a Japanese expedition succeed in taking some silkworm eggs and four young Chinese girls , who were forced to teach their captors the art of sericulture . Techniques of sericulture were subsequently introduced to Japan on a larger scale by frequent diplomatic exchanges between the 8th century and 9th centuries .
Starting in the 4th century BCE silk began to reach the Hellenistic world by merchants who would exchange it for gold , ivory , horses or precious stones . Up to the frontiers of the Roman Empire , silk became a monetary standard for estimating the value of different products . Hellenistic Greece appreciated the high quality of the Chinese goods and made efforts to plant mulberry trees and breed silkworms in the Mediterranean basin . Sassanid Persia controlled the trade of silk destined for Europe and Byzantium . The Greek word for " silken " was σηρικός , from the name of the Seres ( Σῆρες ) , according to Strabo the people from whom silk was first obtained . The Greek word gave rise to Latin sericum und ultimately Old English sioloc , Middle English silk .
According to a story by Procopius , it was not until 552 CE that the Byzantine emperor Justinian obtained the first silkworm eggs . He had sent two Nestorian monks to Central Asia , and they were able to smuggle silkworm eggs to him hidden in rods of bamboo . While under the monks ' care , the eggs hatched , though they did not cocoon before arrival . The Byzantine church was thus able to make fabrics for the emperor , with the intention of developing a large silk industry in the Eastern Roman Empire , using techniques learned from the Sassanids . These gynecia had a legal monopoly on the fabric , but the empire continued to import silk from other major urban centres on the Mediterranean . The magnificence of the Byzantine techniques was not a result of the manufacturing process , but instead of the meticulous attention paid to the execution and decorations . The weaving techniques they used were taken from Egypt . The first diagrams of semple looms appeared in the 5th century .
The Arabs , with their widening conquests , spread sericulture across the shores of the Mediterranean , leading to the development of sericulture in North Africa , Andalusia and Sicily . The interactions among Byzantine and Muslim silk @-@ weaving centers of all levels of quality , with imitations made in Andalusia and Lucca , among other cities , have made the identification and date of rare surviving examples difficult to pinpoint .
While the Chinese lost their monopoly on silk production , they were able to re @-@ establish themselves as major silk supplier ( during the Tang dynasty ) , and to industrialize their production in a large scale ( during the Song dynasty ) . China continued to export high @-@ quality fabric to Europe and the Near East along the silk road .
After the start of the Crusades , techniques of silk production began to spread across Western Europe . In 1147 while Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos was focusing all his efforts on the Second Crusade , the Norman king Roger II of Sicily attacked Corinth and Thebes , two important centres of Byzantine silk production . They took the crops and silk production infrastructure , and deported all the workers to Palermo , thereby causing the Norman silk industry to flourish . The sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204 brought decline to the city and its silk industry , and many artisans left the city in the early 13th century . Italy developed a large domestic silk industry after 2000 skilled weavers came from Constantinople . Many also chose to settle in Avignon to furnish the popes of Avignon .
The sudden boom of the silk industry in the Italian state of Lucca , starting in the 11th and 12th centuries was due to much Sicilian , Jewish , and Greek settlement , alongside many other immigrants from neighbouring cities in southern Italy . With the loss of many Italian trading posts in the Orient , the import of Chinese styles drastically declined . Gaining momentum , in order to satisfy the rich and powerful bourgeoisie 's demands for luxury fabrics , the cities of Lucca , Genoa , Venice and Florence were soon exporting silk to all of Europe . In 1472 there were 84 workshops and at least 7000 craftsmen in Florence alone .
= = = Reciprocal influences = = =
Silk was made using various breeds of lepidopterans , both wild and domestic . While wild silks were produced in many countries , there is no doubt that the Chinese were the first to begin production on such a large scale , having the most effective species for silk production , the Bombyx mandarina and its domesticated descendent B. mori . Chinese sources claim the existence of a machine to unwind silkworm cocoons in 1090 . The cocoons were placed in a large basin of hot water , the silk would leave the cauldron by tiny guiding rings , and would be wound onto a large spool , thanks to a backwards and forward motion . Little information exists about spinning techniques in use in China . The spinning wheel , in all likelihood moved by hand , was known by the beginning of the Christian era . The first accepted image of a spinning wheel appears in 1210 . There is an image of a silk spinning machine powered by a water wheel that dates to 1313 .
More information is known about the looms used . The Nung Sang Chi Yao , or Fundamentals of Agriculture and Sericulture , compiled around 1210 , is rich with pictures and descriptions , many pertaining to silk . It repeatedly claims the Chinese looms to be far superior to all others . It speaks of two types of loom that leave the worker 's arms free : the draw loom , which is of Eurasian origin , and the pedal loom which is attributed to East Asian origins . There are many diagrams originate in the 12th and 13th centuries . When examined closely , many similarities between Eurasian machines can be drawn . Since the Jin dynasty , the existence of silk damasks has been well recorded , and since the 2nd century BCE , four @-@ shafted looms and other innovations allowed the creation of silk brocades .
= = Silk in the medieval world = =
= = = A more abundant luxury = = =
The high Middle Ages saw continued use of established techniques for silk manufacture without any changes to speak of , neither in materials nor
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were survivors from the cargo liner Umona , which had been sunk a week earlier . In mid @-@ May , she participated in Operation Splice , another mission in which the carriers Ark Royal and Furious flew off fighters for Malta .
Force H was ordered to join the escort of Convoy WS 8B in the North Atlantic on 24 May , a day after the Battle of the Denmark Strait , but they were directed to search for the German battleship Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen on the 25th . Heavy seas increased fuel consumption for all of the escorts and Foxhound was forced to return to Gibraltar to refuel later that day before rejoining the capital ships of Force H on the 29th , after Bismarck had been tracked down and sunk . The destroyer screened another flying @-@ off mission to Malta on 14 June ; two days later , after German blockade runners reached France , Force H sortied into the Atlantic on a failed search for more blockade runners . Together with her sisters Faulknor , Fearless , Forester and Foresight , Foxhound helped to sink the German submarine U @-@ 138 on 18 June . Four days later , the 8th DF was tasked to intercept a German supply ship spotted heading towards the French coast . The next day they intercepted MS Alstertor which was scuttled by her crew upon the approach of the British ships . They rescued 78 British POWs taken from ships sunk by German raiders and the crew . In late June , Foxhound screened Ark Royal and Furious as they flew off more fighters for Malta in Operation Railway .
During Operation Substance , Firedrake and Foxhound were each leading a column of the convoy , streaming their TSDS minesweeps , through the Sicilian Narrows on 23 July when an Italian bomb near missed Firedrake and disabled her so that she had to be towed back to Gibraltar . The bulk of the convoy reached Malta the next day before the escorts rejoined Force H. A week later she screened the capital ships of Force H as they covered another Malta convoy ( Operation Style ) . Foxhound returned to the UK in August for a refit that lasted until November . The ship was briefly assigned to Escort Group EG.3 in the North Atlantic for convoy escort duties later that month until she was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in late December .
= = = 1942 – 46 = = =
Foxhound screened the light cruisers of Force B and the freighter Glengyle of Convoy MF 2 from Alexandria , Egypt , to Malta in early January 1942 . A week later , she escorted the cruisers covering Convoy MF 3 to Malta and was detached to escort the freighter MV Thermopylae to Benghazi , Libya , after she developed engine trouble on 18 January . En route the freighter was sunk by German aircraft and Foxhound arrived back at Alexandria on 20 January . By 29 March , the ship had been transferred to the Eastern Fleet and was assigned to the fast ships of Force A as Somerville organised his forces in anticipation of the Japanese invasion of the Indian Ocean . Shortly afterwards she was transferred to South Africa and the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla to escort convoys . Foxhound was then transferred to 4th Destroyer Flotilla at Freetown , Sierra Leone , in May – July 1943 .
Foxhound was converted to an escort destroyer from August 1943 and she was transferred to Canada on completion on 8 February 1944 . The ship was commissioned into the Royal Canadian Navy that same day as HMCS Qu 'Appelle . After working up at the Anti @-@ Submarine Training School at Tobermory on the Isle of Mull , she was assigned to the Western Approaches Command . Initially Qu 'Appelle was a part of the 6th Escort Group based at Londonderry Port , but she was transferred to the 12th Escort Group in May where she later patrolled the western entrance to the English Channel after the Normandy landings to protect shipping from German attacks .
Together with the destroyers Saskatchewan , Skeena , and Restigouche , Qu 'Appelle attacked three German patrol boats off Brest on the night of 5 – 6 July , with the German patrol boat V715 being sunk and Qu 'Appelle lightly damaged . On 11 August , the ship , Restigouche , Skeena and the destroyer Assiniboine intercepted a small convoy south of Brest . While they sank two naval trawlers , Qu 'Appelle was accidentally rammed by Skeena during the engagement and was under repair until 5 September . The following month she joined the 11th Escort Group for patrols off Iceland until the end of November . The ship arrived at Halifax on 29 November to begin a refit at Pictou , Nova Scotia , that lasted from 5 December to 30 June 1945 .
Qu 'Appelle made four trips to the UK to ferry Canadian troops back to Canada by 25 September . The ship then became a stationary training ship for the Torpedo School at Halifax . She was placed in reserve on 27 May 1946 and then sold to German and Milne for scrap in December 1947 .
= Like Father , Like Clown =
" Like Father , Like Clown " is the sixth episode of The Simpsons ' third season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 24 , 1991 . In the episode , after recalling a traumatic memory , Krusty the Clown reveals to the Simpson family that he is of Jewish heritage , and that his father , Rabbi Hyman Krustofski , disowned him for pursuing a career in comedy . Krusty is emotionally upset and Bart and Lisa decide to try to reunite Krusty with his long @-@ estranged father .
" Like Father , Like Clown " was written by the duo of Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky . Krusty 's religion had not been part of the original concept of the character , so Kogen and Wolodarsky decided to parody the 1927 film The Jazz Singer and establish that Krusty is Jewish . The episode was carefully researched and two rabbis , Lavi Meier and Harold M. Schulweis , were credited as " special technical consultants " . It was directed by Jeffrey Lynch and Brad Bird ; as it was Lynch 's first credit as a director , Bird was assigned to help him . Comedian Jackie Mason , who had once been an ordained rabbi , provided the voice of Rabbi Krustofski . The rabbi later became an infrequently recurring character voiced by Dan Castellaneta . Mason returned to voice the character in several later episodes .
In its original broadcast , " Like Father , Like Clown " finished 34th in ratings with a Nielsen rating of 12 @.@ 7 . Jackie Mason won a Primetime Emmy Award in 1992 for Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance for his performance as Rabbi Krustofski .
= = Plot = =
Although Krusty the Clown agrees to have dinner with the Simpson family as part of his repayment for Bart 's help in exonerating him in the episode " Krusty Gets Busted " , Krusty keeps canceling , much to Bart 's disappointment . An upset Bart writes a letter to Krusty saying he is no longer his fan . Krusty 's secretary is so moved by the letter that she angrily threatens to quit if Krusty does not keep his promise to Bart , finally persuading him to do so . Upon learning that Krusty is coming to the Simpson house for dinner , Milhouse comes along , to which Bart reluctantly allows . When asked to say grace , Krusty recites a Hebrew blessing . Realizing that Krusty is Jewish , Lisa speaks of his heritage , making Krusty break down in tears . After some convincing from the family to why he 's so depressed about it , Krusty tells the family his real name , Herschel Krustofski , and describes his upbringing in the Lower East Side of Springfield .
His father , Hyman Krustofski , was a rabbi and strongly opposed young Herschel 's wish to become a comedian ; he wanted the boy to go to yeshiva instead . Krusty did attend the school , where he said he made the other students laugh by doing funny impressions of his father . As a result , Krusty became a slapstick comedian behind his father 's back . One night , Krusty performed at a rabbi 's convention and a rabbi squirted seltzer on him , washing off his clown makeup . Rabbi Krustofski , who was in the audience , recognized him , was furious and disowned his son , and now it has been 25 years since they have seen or spoken to each other .
In the weeks following this admission , Krusty thinks about his father and becomes depressed , breaking down on live television after watching a father @-@ son related Itchy and Scratchy cartoon . Bart and Lisa decide to help reunite father and son , but the rabbi still refuses to accept Krusty 's career choice , explaining that Krusty " turned his back on their traditions , on their faith , and on him " . They decide to try to outsmart the rabbi , and Lisa does research and finds Judaic teachings that urge forgiveness , but Rabbi Krustofski has responses for each of them out of stubbornness . In a last @-@ ditch effort , Bart convinces the rabbi to realize his stubborn ways with a quote from Sammy Davis , Jr . , a Jewish entertainer just like Krusty , in which the entertainer makes a passionate speech about the struggles that the Jewish people have overcome . This quote finally convinces Rabbi Krustofski that entertainers have a place in Jewish heritage . A deeply depressed Krusty is glumly doing a live telecast of his show , when Rabbi Krustofski appears . The two joyously hug and reconcile in front of the audience of children , with Rabbi Krustofsky accepting a cream pie from Bart and throwing it in his son 's face .
= = Production = =
" Like Father , Like Clown " was written by the duo of Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky . Krusty 's religion had not been part of the original concept of the character , so Kogen and Wolodarsky decided to parody The Jazz Singer and establish that Krusty is Jewish . They pitched the idea to co @-@ executive producer Sam Simon , who rejected it , but it was approved by James L. Brooks . Krusty 's last name , Krustofski , was established in this episode as pitched by Al Jean . The portion of the episode where characters quote the Bible in support or opposition of clowning were carefully researched . Cited passages from the Bible include Exodus 20 : 12 and Joshua 1 : 8 . The quotations from the Talmud were also researched , and two rabbis , Lavi Meier and Harold M. Schulweis , were credited as " special technical consultants " . Schulweis was asked to take a look at a draft of the script . While not a fan of the show , he felt " it was profound " and added some corrections . He later commented , " I thought it had a Jewish resonance to it . I was impressed by the underlying moral seriousness . "
The episode was co @-@ directed by Jeffrey Lynch and Brad Bird . It was Lynch 's first credit as a director , so Bird was assigned to help him out and " usher [ Lynch ] into the world of directing things quickly " . Krusty is one of Bird 's favorite characters , and he always tries to animate a scene in every Krusty episode .
Rabbi Krustofski was voiced by Jackie Mason , who had once been an ordained rabbi , but had resigned to become a comedian . Mason recorded his lines in New York City , and Dan Castellaneta , voice of Krusty , went there to record with him . In the script , Bart and Lisa try to trick Rabbi Krustofski into meeting with Krusty by arranging a lunch date between him and Saul Bellow , the " Nobel Prize @-@ winning Jewish novelist " . Originally , this was intended to be Isaac Bashevis Singer , but the writers changed it when Singer died . Mason 's lines had to be re @-@ recorded in order to complete the change . Rabbi Krustofski became an infrequently recurring character , and his occasional speaking parts were voiced by Castellaneta . Mason later returned to voice the rabbi in " Today I Am a Clown " in the fifteenth season , " Once Upon a Time in Springfield " in the twenty @-@ first season , and " Clown in the Dumps " in the twenty @-@ sixth season , in which the character dies .
= = Cultural references = =
The episode is an homage to the film The Jazz Singer , about a son with a strict religious upbringing who defies his father to become an entertainer . The film is mentioned when Rabbi Krustofski states , " Oh , if you were a musician or a jazz singer , this I could forgive ! " Lisa tells Homer that there are many Jewish entertainers , including Lauren Bacall , Dinah Shore , William Shatner and Mel Brooks , the latter of which shocks Homer . In Krusty 's flashback , he and his father walk down the street in a parody of a scene from The Godfather Part II . In the Simpsons house , Krusty plays The Concert for Bangladesh . In Krusty 's studio , there are pictures of him with Alfred Hitchcock and The Beatles . At the end of the episode , Krusty and his father sing " O Mein Papa " , a 1952 song originally by Eddie Fisher . Bart quotes a passage from Sammy Davis , Jr . ' s 1965 autobiography Yes , I Can . When Rabbi Krustofski reads the menu at a restaurant , the sandwiches are named after Jewish comedians including Joey Bishop , Jackie Mason ( the voice of Rabbi Krustofski ) and Krusty the Clown himself .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " Like Father , Like Clown " finished 34th in ratings for the week of October 21 – 27 , 1991 , with a Nielsen rating of 12 @.@ 7 . It was the highest rated program on Fox that week . Mason won a Primetime Emmy Award in 1992 for Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance for his performance as Rabbi Krustofski . He was one of six voice actors from The Simpsons to win the award in its inaugural year . He is one of three The Simpsons guest stars to win the award ; Marcia Wallace won in 1992 for voicing Edna Krabappel , and Kelsey Grammer won for voicing Sideshow Bob in 2006 .
The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , called the episode , " a magnificent show , with Jackie Mason wonderfully over the top as Krusty 's long @-@ lost pa , and Lois Pennycandy giving Krusty a good talking to about Bart. " Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz of The Star @-@ Ledger listed " Like Father , Like Clown " as one of the ten episodes of The Simpsons that shows the " comic and emotional scope of the show . " They wrote , " Most Krusty the Klown episodes go heavy on celebrity cameos , while playing up the character 's misanthropic greed . This one gave him a heart , as Bart and Lisa try to reunite him with his estranged rabbi father ( voice of Jackie Mason ) , who has never forgiven his son for going into show biz . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson wrote that the episode " lacks a surfeit of guffaws , but it manages to be sweet and heartfelt without becoming sappy . It 's more of a charming show than a laughfest , but it does the job . "
= Somerset Coalfield =
The Somerset Coalfield in northern Somerset , England is an area where coal was mined from the 15th century until 1973 . It is part of a larger coalfield which stretched into southern Gloucestershire . The Somerset coalfield stretched from Cromhall in the north to the Mendip Hills in the south , and from Bath in the east to Nailsea in the west , a total area of about 240 square miles ( 622 km2 ) . Most of the pits on the coalfield were concentrated in the Cam Brook , Wellow Brook and Nettlebridge Valleys and around Radstock and Farrington Gurney . The pits were grouped geographically , with clusters of pits close together working the same coal seams often under the same ownership . Many pits shared the trackways and tramways which connected them to the Somerset Coal Canal or railways for distribution .
The early pits were adits where coal outcropped or bell pits where coal was close to the surface . These methods were abandoned when deep seams were mined . The deepest shaft on the coalfield was at the Strap mine at Nettlebridge which reached 1 @,@ 838 feet ( 560 m ) . Flooding and coal dust explosions in some mines required improved ventilation and pumping engines . Several pits closed in the 19th century as the coal was worked out . Those that survived until 1947 became part of the National Coal Board , but the expense of improving equipment and working conditions meant that these became uneconomical and the last pit closed in 1973 . There is still evidence of the mine workings , with the remains of buildings , spoil heaps and tramways in the area .
= = Geology = =
= = = Structure = = =
The Somerset Coalfield covers a total area of about 240 square miles ( 622 km2 ) . It consists of three synclines , informally referred to as ' coal basins ' . The Pensford Syncline in the north and the Radstock Syncline in the south are separated by the east @-@ west trending Farmborough Fault Belt . Further to the west is the smaller Nailsea Syncline . The Radstock Syncline in particular is cut by a series of east @-@ west thrust faults and north @-@ south trending normal faults .
= = = Stratigraphy = = =
The Coal Measures are divided into a Lower , Middle and Upper with coal seams found within each of these divisions . Lower and Middle Coal Measures are found at depths between 500 and 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 152 @-@ 1 @,@ 525 m ) . Together the Lower and Middle Coal Measures are 2 @,@ 000 to 2 @,@ 500 feet ( 610 – 762 m ) thick with the Middle Coal Measures averaging about 1 @,@ 600 feet ( 488 m ) and the Lower Coal Measures about 600 feet ( 183 m ) .
Only in the southern part of the Radstock Syncline have coals of the Lower and Middle Coal Measures been worked , mainly at the Newbury and Vobster collieries in the southeast and in the New Rock and Moorewood pits to the southwest . Only in the eastern part of Pensford Syncline have coals of the Lower and Middle Coal Measures been worked , at the Globe Pit in the Newton St Loe area in the 19th century . The Variscan orogeny involved lateral compression of the rock sequence resulting in the tight folding , fracturing and faulting of the sandstone and mudstone strata , and the associated Coal Measures . Along the Radstock Slide Fault the distance between the broken ends of a coal seam can be as much as 1 @,@ 500 feet ( 457 m ) . The complex geology and thin seams gained the field notoriety and three underground explosions , in 1893 , 1895 and 1908 were amongst the first attributable solely to airborne coal dust .
= = = William Smith = = =
Exploratory surveys of the local geology were carried out by William Smith , who became known as the " father of English geology " , building on work by John Strachey . Smith worked for the Stracheys who owned Sutton Court , at one of their older mines , the Mearns Pit at High Littleton . As he observed the rock strata at the pit , he realised that they were arranged in a predictable pattern that the various strata could always be found in the same relative positions and each particular stratum could be identified by the fossils it contained and the same succession of fossil groups from older to younger rocks could be found in other parts of England . Smith noticed an easterly dip in the beds of rock- small near the surface ( about three degrees ) then greater after the Triassic rocks which led to him a testable hypothesis , which he termed the principle of faunal succession , and he began to determine if the relationships between the strata and their characteristics were consistent throughout the country . During work as a surveyor ( appointed by engineer John Rennie ) for the Somerset Coal Canal Company and subsequently , he mapped the locations of rock strata , and their vertical extent , and drew cross @-@ sections and tables of what he saw and earned the name " Strata Smith " .
= = = Coal seams = = =
The following coal seams are recognised within the coalfield . They are listed stratigraphically i.e. uppermost / youngest first . Note that not all seams are continuous across the coalfield and that correlation of some seams from one basin to another is uncertain .
= = History = =
It is believed that coal was mined in the area during Roman times and there is documentary evidence of coal being dug on the Mendips in 1305 and at Kilmersdon in 1437 . By the time of Henry VIII there were coal pits at Clutton , High Littleton and Stratton @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Fosse .
During the early 17th century coal was largely obtained by excavating the outcrops and driving drifts which followed the seam into the ground . Only small amounts of coal could be obtained by these methods and bell pits were also dug . These were vertical pits , with a 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) diameter shaft up to 60 feet ( 18 @.@ 3 m ) deep , which were opened out at the bottom . When all the coal that could safely be extracted from the pit had been recovered , another pit was sunk close by to intersect the seam and the waste from the second pit thrown into the first .
At the beginning of the 19th century there were about 4000 people employed on the coalfield . The Somerset Miners ' Association was founded in 1872 , later becoming an area of the National Union of Mineworkers .
The uses of coal were varied . Coal was used in limekilns to produce lime for mortar used in building and by farmers to improve the soil . From 1820 coal was used to produce gas for lighting and to power steam driven woollen mills in the area . Coke was used to dry malt for the brewing industry .
= = = Transport = = =
The coalfield had a relatively low population density and did not have a major coal @-@ consuming industry nearby . Transporting coal to market was a key problem for the coalfield 's development . In the pre @-@ turnpike era , the roads serving the coalfield were unsuited to moving coal . Bulley notes " The problem ... was rendered far worse by the state of the roads in Somerset , which were notorious down to the middle of the 18th century . Parishes in the area sometimes neglected or refused to repair those roads which were heavily used by coal carts . Thus in 1617 the inhabitants of Stoke St Michael ... complained that " of late by reason of many coalmines ... the highways there are much in decay and grown very founderous " .
In Somerset , turnpike roads began in 1707 with the establishment of the Bath Trust , but turnpikes did not reach the coalfield until the mid @-@ 1700s . The Bristol Trust , which passed close to the western boundary of the coalfield , established in 1727 was of little importance , as Bristol was never a significant market , having its own coalfield . Turnpikes facilitated the movement of coal , and John Billingsley enthused " Nothing so much contributes to the improvement of a county as good roads . Before the establishment of turnpikes , many parts of the county were scarcely accessible . .... coal was carried on horses ' backs to the distance of fifteen or twenty miles from the colliery ; each horse carried about two hundred and half weight . Now one horse with a light cart will draw four hundred weight or four times more than a horse could carry . Can an insignificant toll be put in competition with this saving ? "
Not all roads were improved , and in 1819 John Skinner observed roads " rendered bad " by the passage of coal wagons . Expansion of production was limited by access to market . Such a need implied a canal project , following Lord Middleton 's dictum " Water transport is what all coal owners must aim at " . There were large gains from being connected to a canal system , as stated by the Coal Commission : " At about this period ( 1800 ) the system of coal navigation was being rapidly extended , and the result was that coals were gradually finding their way into districts that could not be reached unless at great cost , by road " .
A scheme for an extension of the Avon Navigation was proposed in 1766 , but canals did not reach the coalfield for almost another 50 years . In 1794 coal proprietors formed a committee to construct the Somerset Coal Canal with two branches into the Cam Brook and Wellow Brook Valleys , and from a junction at Midford , to join the proposed Kennet and Avon Canal at the Dundas Aqueduct near Bath . Coal was transported by the Somerset Coal Canal and later by the Bristol and North Somerset Railway and Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway , which were accessed from the pits by a series of tramways . After 1854 , when the first railway line was opened , the tonnage carried by the coal canal declined rapidly .
= = = Decline and closure = = =
The total tonnage of coal produced by the coalfield increased throughout the 19th century , reaching a peak around 1901 , when there were 79 separate collieries and production was 1 @,@ 250 @,@ 000 tons per annum . The peak years for production were 1900 to 1920 . However decline took hold and the number of pits reduced from 30 at the beginning of the 20th century to 14 by the mid @-@ 1930s , 12 at nationalisation when the National Coal Board was created on 1 January 1947 , under the Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946 , 5 in 1959 and none after 1973 . Despite some investment in new infrastructure , particularly at Norton Hill , thin seams made production expensive , limiting profit and investment . The conversion of Portishead power station from coal to oil and reduced national demand together with competition from more economical coalfields led to the closure of the last two pits , Kilmersdon and Writhlington , in September 1973 .
= = = Area today = = =
Although there are still the remains of mines , disused or redeveloped buildings and a few spoil tips , most have been removed or landscaped , the area has returned to a largely rural nature between the Mendip Hills and the River Avon in north east Somerset . The towns and villages have some light industry but are often commuter towns for Bath and Bristol . There are several limestone quarries particularly in the Mendips .
The Colliers Way ( NCR24 ) national cycle route passes landmarks associated with the coalfield , and other roads and footpaths follow tramways developed during the coal mining years . The cycleway runs from Dundas Aqueduct to Frome via Radstock , and is intended to provide part of a continuous cycle route to Southampton and Portsmouth .
Radstock Museum has exhibits which offer an insight into life in north Somerset since the 19th century . Exhibits relate to the coalfield and its geology . Artefacts and memorabilia from the Somerset Coal Canal , Somerset and Dorset and Great Western Railways are also on display .
= = Pensford coal basin = =
The Pensford coal basin is in the northern part of the coalfield around Bishop Sutton , Pensford , Stanton Drew , Farmborough and Hunstrete . At least one pit was operating near Bishop Sutton before 1719 . Four bell pits in Bishop Sutton were marked on field tithe No 1409 , and four shaft pits on field tithe No 1428 , but were no longer working by 1824 .
The Old Pit at Bishop Sutton , which was also known as Sutton Top Pit or Upper Sutton Pit was dug before 1799 and owned by Lieutenant Henry Fisher , who sold it in 1821 to Robert Blinman Dowling . After Dowling 's death in 1852 the Old Pit was sold to Mr T.T. Hawkes , but he defaulted on the payments and it was sold in 1853 to William Rees @-@ Mogg ( ancestor of William Rees @-@ Mogg ) and his associates . The shaft reached a depth of 304 feet ( 93 m ) , but the pit went out of production by 1855 , when " New Pit " , which had been sunk in the early 19th century but then closed , was reopened and deepened to exploit deeper seams . New Pit had two shafts of 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) diameter , one for winding and one for pumping . In 1896 it was owned by F. Spencer of New Rock Colliery , and in 1908 by Jesse Lovell and Sons . By 1921 the pit employed 150 men and boys and produced 10 @,@ 000 tins per annum . The pit finally closed in 1929 .
Pensford Colliery , which opened in 1909 , had the latest equipment at the time including coal cutters . It had a red brick winding house , pithead baths and a coal washery . Faulting made coal production expensive and it closed in 1958 .
= = Earl of Warwick 's Clutton Collieries = =
The Earl of Warwick 's estates included sawmills , quarries , brickworks and collieries in addition to agricultural holdings . Bell pits , around Clutton and High Littleton , were described in a survey
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of 1610 . All were closed by 1836 . The first deep mine in the parish of High Littleton was Mearns Coalworks which began in 1783 . The Greyfield Coal Company did not start until 1833 and expanded after the opening of the Bristol and North Somerset Railway in 1847 . Greyfield Colliery closed in 1911 , and the railway in 1964 . Maynard Terrace in Clutton was built to house some of the miners .
= = Paulton Basin = =
Collieries in the Paulton basin were connected to the terminal basin of the northern branch of the Somerset Coal Canal which was the focus for tramroads that connected at least 15 collieries around Paulton , Timsbury and High Littleton . On the northern side of canal was the terminus for the tramroad which served Old Grove , Prior 's , Tyning and Hayeswood pits , with a branch line to Amesbury and Mearns pits . Parts of this line were still in use in 1873 , probably carrying horse @-@ drawn wagons of coal . The southern side of the canal basin was connected to the pits at Brittens , Littlebrook , Paulton Ham , Paulton Hill , Simons Hill by a tramway which terminated at Salisbury Colliery . In addition the Paulton Foundry used this line . The entire line was disused by 1871 as were the collieries it served .
The area has been designated as an ‘ area of special architectural or historic interest , the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance ’ under section 69 of the Planning ( Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas ) Act 1990 .
= = Timsbury and Camerton = =
The first of the collieries around Timsbury village was sunk in 1791 and known as Conygre ( Conigre in old spellings ) . Camerton Old Pit opened in 1781 and the shaft went down to 921 feet ( 281 m ) . It closed around circa 1898 but the shaft was then used as an airway and escape route for the New Pit , until 1930 when it was closed and capped . The New Pit was half a mile east of the Old Pit and went down to 1 @,@ 818 feet ( 554 m ) . In 1928 it was joined underground to Braysdown Colliery and eventually closed in 1950 .
There is very little landscape evidence remaining of the previous mining activities around Clutton , Temple Cloud , High Littleton and Timsbury . There are small batches at Clutton , east of Radford Hill and at Greyfields , High Littleton .
= = East of Camerton = =
East of Camerton the coal is buried beneath newer rock strata , which meant that mining in the area was more difficult .
The dominant features of the valleys of the Cam and Wellow Brooks are remnants of coal mining from the 18th @-@ 20th centuries . In both valleys there are frequent shafts and batches together with the remains of the railway and tram lines that connected the mines to the Avon Valley . Remains of the Somersetshire Coal Canal are also significant reminders of this coal mining history in this area .
= = Farrington Gurney = =
Mining around Farrington Gurney has been undertaken since the 17th century where , by 1780 the pits were known as Farrington Colliery .
The main geological feature south of Hallatrow consists of Supra @-@ Pennant Measures which include the upper coal measures and outcrops of sandstone . Relics of its industrial past are evident in the area , including the highly visible and distinct conical shaped Old Mills Batch with its generally unvegetated surface . The three disused colliery sites have been developed for light industry , a depot and a superstore .
= = Duchy Mines = =
The Duchy of Cornwall owned most of the mineral rights around Midsomer Norton and various small pits opened around 1750 to exploit these .
= = Earl Waldegrave 's Radstock Collieries = =
In 1763 coal was discovered in Radstock and mining began on land owned by the Waldegrave family , Lords of the Manor since the English Civil War . In 1896 the pits were owned by the Trustee of Frances , late Countess of Waldegrave .
Radstock was the terminus for the southern branch of the Somerset Coal Canal which was subsequently turned into a tramway and became the centre for railway development and coal depots , coal washeries , workshops and a gas works . As part of the development of the Wiltshire , Somerset and Weymouth Railway , an 8 @-@ mile ( 13 km ) line from Radstock to Frome was built to carry coal . In the 1870s the broad @-@ gauge line was converted to standard gauge and connected to the Bristol and North Somerset Line connecting it to the Great Western Railway . The Radstock railway site comprises approximately 8 @.@ 8 hectares of land which has been subject to planning and development applications .
= = Writhlington Collieries = =
The Writhlington Collieries , close to the Waldegrave Collieries , were further east of Radstock and under different ownership . In 1896 they were owned by the Writhlington , Huish and Foxcote Colliery Co . , and in 1908 by the Writhlington Collieries Co . Ltd . The Upper and Lower Writhlington , Huish & Foxcote pits were merged into a single colliery .
The base of the Kilmersdon valley consists of alluvium deposits . Above these , on both sides of all of the valleys , is a band of shales and clays from the Penarth group from the Triassic period . Most of the upland in this area is Lias Limestone ( white and blue ) while the highest part , above 130 m , south of Haydon , is an outcrop of Inferior Oolitic Limestone , both are from the Jurassic period . The steepest slopes of both the Kilmersdon and Snail ’ s Bottom valleys have frequently slipped . Below these rocks are the coal bearing Carboniferous strata . Haydon is an outlying settlement of Radstock built to house miners from the local pit . The disused railway line and inclined railway at Haydon are important elements in the Kilmersdon valley east of Haydon . The modern landscape has a less maintained and ‘ rougher ’ character and texture than neighbouring agricultural areas caused mainly by the remnants of the coal industry and its infrastructure and changes in agricultural management . Disturbance caused by coal mining and the railways and the subsequent end of mining and abandonment of the railways has created valuable habitats for nature conservation .
The Writhlington spoil heap or " batch " is a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) because of the rich collection of fossils in the spoil . The Braysdown batch was planted with conifers , and is known as Braysdown Hill . The offices , blacksmith 's shop and stables at the Upper Writhlington Colliery were converted into dwellings .
= = Norton Hill Collieries = =
Norton Hill Collieries at Westfield were owned by members of the Beauchamp family such as Sir Frank Beauchamp and his brother Louis Beauchamp who owned other collieries and related works on the coalfield at various times . They were also known as the Beauchamp goldmines as they were the most productive mines in the whole coalfield .
In 1900 a railway linking the colliery to the main Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway was constructed , and sidings laid in 1905 and 1907 which were reconstructed in 1953 .
On 9 April 1908 an explosion approximately 1 @,@ 500 feet ( 460 m ) underground killed 10 men and boys . As there were no mines rescue teams at that time , the manager and volunteers searched for survivors for 10 days . In 1911 , partly as a result of the Norton Hill explosion , Winston Churchill was instrumental in the passing of the Coal Mines Act 1911 .
After nationalisation after World War II the National Coal Board spent £ 500 @,@ 000 on modernising the mine 's infrastructure to give it the capability for annual production of 315 @,@ 000 tons , however manpower shortages and geological problems caused the pit to close in 1966 .
= = Nettlebridge Valley = =
There were numerous coal workings in the area from Gurney Slade east to Mells around the villages of Holcombe , Coleford and Stratton @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Fosse . These included at least 52 bell pits , some with deeper shafts and 16 adits . Some coal may have been mined during Roman times and in the 13th century , making them the earliest coal mines in Somerset , but most development occurred in the 17th century . Most mining ended in the 19th century , however Strap Colliery was opened in 1953 as Mendip Colliery and worked until 1969 .
The Vobster Breach colliery had a unique system of long coking ovens which , along with the other buildings , have been designated as a Scheduled monument . The boiler chimney of Oxley 's Colliery near Buckland Dinham which operated for a few years in the 1880s is a Grade II listed
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Type 184 torpedo bombers and three or four smaller fighters or scouts ; a Type 184 made its first takeoff from the flight deck on 3 June 1916 , also using a wheeled trolley . This success prompted the Admiralty to order the world 's first aircraft designed for carrier operations , the Fairey Campania . The ship received the first of these aircraft in late 1917 where they joined smaller Sopwith 1 ½ Strutter scouts . At various times Campania also carried the Sopwith Baby and Sopwith Pup .
Campania failed to receive the signal to deploy when the Grand Fleet departed Scapa Flow on 30 May 1916 en route to the Battle of Jutland , but she sailed two hours and fifteen minutes later . Even though she was slowly overtaking the fleet early in the morning of 31 May , she was ordered to return to Scapa Flow as she lacked an escort and German submarines had been reported in the area . The ship participated in some anti @-@ submarine and anti @-@ Zeppelin patrols , but she was later declared unfit for fleet duty because of her defective machinery and became a seaplane training and balloon depot ship . In April 1918 Campania , along with the Grand Fleet , was transferred from Scapa Flow to Rosyth .
On the morning of 5 November 1918 , Campania was lying at anchor off Burntisland in the Firth of Forth . A sudden Force 10 squall caused the ship to drag anchor . She collided first with the bow of the nearby battleship Royal Oak , and then scraped along the side of the battlecruiser Glorious . Campania 's hull was breached by the initial collision with Royal Oak , flooding her engine room and shutting off all main electrical power . The ship then started to settle by the stern , and sank some five hours after breaking free . The ship 's crew were all rescued by neighbouring vessels . A Naval Board of Inquiry into the incident held Campania 's watch officer largely responsible for her loss , citing specifically the failure to drop a second anchor once the ship started to drift .
The wreck of HMS Campania was designated in 2001 under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 as a site of historic importance , making it an offence to dive it without a licence . The remains of the four Campania aircraft and seven 1 ½ Strutters that she had on board when she sank are still entombed in her wreck .
= Red Tail Squadron =
The Red Tail Squadron , part of the non @-@ profit Commemorative Air Force ( CAF ) and until June 2011 , known as the Red Tail Project , maintains and flies a World War II era North American P @-@ 51C Mustang . The twice @-@ restored aircraft flies to create interest in the history and accomplishments of the members of the World War II @-@ era 332nd Fighter Group , also known as the Tuskegee Airmen , whose distinctive red markings on the tails of the P @-@ 51s they flew during that war , gave the organization its name .
The all African American 332d Fighter Group originally flew 15 @,@ 550 sorties as bomber escorts in the Mustang ; eventually the Airmen , who were originally shunned in the white military , acquired the right to fly combat missions . In 1970 , the Commemorative Air Force acquired an original P @-@ 51 to include in their educational program . In 1980 , Don Hinz took charge of the aircraft 's restoration , and developed the idea of the Red Tail Project , named for the distinctive red paint on the Airmen 's aircraft . Originally conceived as a restoration project , Red Tail evolved into an education program . Although the P @-@ 51 was restored , mechanical failure caused a crash and the death of the pilot , a retired U.S. Navy commander ; the Tuskegee Airmen endorsed and encouraged the aircraft 's second restoration , and the newly restored P @-@ 51C made its debut at AirVenture 2009 in Oshkosh , Wisconsin .
Since the 1990s , the Red Tail Squadron has raised over $ 2 million ( US ) for the aircraft 's two restorations , its ongoing maintenance and associated educational programs . The Mustang has been featured in two documentary films : Red Tail Reborn , and Flight of the Red Tail .
= = The Tuskegee Airmen = =
The Tuskegee Airmen / tʌsˈkiːɡiː / is the popular name of a group of African American pilots who fought in World War II as the 332nd Fighter Group of the US Army Air Corps . This was the first unit of African American military aviators in the United States armed forces . During World War II , in much of the United States , African Americans were still subjected to Jim Crow laws and the American military itself was racially segregated . Legal and social prejudice prevented the Airmen from flying combat missions . Despite their adversities , the Tuskegee Airmen flew with distinction : In 2007 , 350 Tuskegee Airmen and their widows received the Congressional Gold Medal , and the airfield where they trained has been designated as Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site . Although some sources claimed the Airmen had a perfect record in their 15 @,@ 000 missions as bomber escorts , recent research has revealed they lost 25 bombers .
= = Provenance = =
At the conclusion of World War II in 1945 , The United States Army sold off military surplus and for $ 1 ( $ 13 @.@ 1 today ) Montana State University in Bozeman , Montana bought a P @-@ 51C aircraft , which it parked on its campus in front of the engineering building . According to the Red Tail Reborn Internet Movie Database page , in a prank , drunken students taxied the aircraft around the campus in the late 1940s . Thereafter , the aircraft was secured to the ground with steel and concrete . Otherwise , the P @-@ 51C was essentially left alone in Montana , except for an occasional coat of silver paint . In 1965 , when the University wanted to add a parking lot , restorer Lloyd Creek bought it from the University for $ 1 , provided that he could remove it from the campus in 24 hours of notification in winning the bid . To move the P @-@ 51C promptly to Billings , Montana necessitated the removal of the wings , which were sawed off with a circular saw . When the aircraft arrived in Billings , the wings were reattached to the fuselage .
In 1970 , frustrated with restoration efforts , Creek donated the P @-@ 51C to the CAF , which disassembled the aircraft and shipped it to the organization 's home base in Texas . While awaiting restoration , the aircraft endured a hurricane described erroneously in the documentary as Hurricane Beulah , although that storm was an earlier , 1967 storm . Regardless , a hurricane exposed numerous parts of the aircraft to seawater damage . Several CAF volunteers attempted to rehab the aircraft in Minneapolis , Minnesota , Texas , Council Bluffs , Iowa , and finally in the late 1980s at the home of the Southern Minnesota wing of the CAF , which had just completed the restoration of the North American B @-@ 25 Mitchell bomber , Miss Mitchell . After noting the P @-@ 51C was in need of restoration , Don Hinz channeled his energy and talents into the emerging Red Tail project . The aircraft is now one of only four existing P @-@ 51C Mustangs in existence . As one of the four flying Mustangs , it is worth $ 2 @.@ 5 million .
= = History = =
The Commemorative Air Force , which has approximately 9 @,@ 000 members and a fleet of 156 aircraft , is an educational association with the purpose to pay tribute to American military aviation through flight , exhibition and remembrance . It has been collecting , restoring and flying vintage historical aircraft for more than half a century . In the 1990s , the CAF 's Minnesota Wing began restoring a P @-@ 51 that many branches of the CAF organization had attempted to restore but found the task beyond their capabilities . The P @-@ 51C once served Capt. Andrew " Jug " Turner . Pilot Don Hinz , a retired United States Navy commander based at Fleming Field in South St. Paul , Minnesota , heard of the project and enlisted some experts as well as named the effort " The Red Tail Project " .
Originally , the restoration was attempted at Fleming Field . After soliciting the assistance of outside contractors from North Dakota , the aircraft was airborne in May 2001 . The P @-@ 51C , which was named " Tuskegee Airmen " , was included in numerous air shows to tell the history of the pilot group . From May 2001 to May 2004 , the aircraft flew before more than an estimated three million people . By 2004 , Hinz envisioned an educational program around the restored aircraft . In a May 2004 show in Red Wing , Minnesota the camshaft drive of the Rolls Royce Merlin engine failed . Although Hinz successfully landed the aircraft between two houses in a residential suburb , both wings were ripped off and the body was badly damaged . A tree damaged in the crash fell on Hinz , causing head trauma from which he did not recover .
The Tuskegee Airmen decided to restore the aircraft . The five @-@ year restoration occurred at Tri @-@ State Aviation in Wahpeton , North Dakota . In 2007 , Gerry Beck , one of the primary restorers , was in a fatal collision of his P @-@ 51A and a P @-@ 51D during AirVenture 2007 . Beck was the owner of Tri @-@ State Aviation , but about a half dozen other CAF volunteer aviation mechanics contributed to the effort to pick up where he left off . The rebuilding continued with the mounting of the engine in 2008 and the mating of the wing in 2009 . On July 22 , 2009 , four days before AirVenture 2009 in Oshkosh , Wisconsin , the P @-@ 51C had its first flight . Then , it was flown to Wisconsin for its public debut . After the show it returned to Minnesota with a 6 AT @-@ 6 escort . The aircraft has also served a tribute via military flyovers for fallen Tuskegee Airmen .
In 2011 , the volunteer @-@ driven organization changed its name from the " Red Tail Project " to the " CAF Red Tail Squadron " and also completed construction of the RISE ABOVE Traveling Exhibit as an additional tool to help tell the story of these pilots and their support personnel ( who are also known as Tuskegee Airmen ) . The Mustang and the RISE ABOVE Traveling Exhibit appear together at air shows , and the Traveling Exhibit also goes to schools and other youth @-@ oriented venues .
= = Documentary = =
After the 2004 crash , the restoration became the impetus for a nationwide fund raising effort and attracted the attention of Adam White , an independent film maker who was , at the time , filming a documentary on vintage aircraft restoration called The Restorers . He was attracted to both the aircraft and the cause , and his 2007 historical documentary , Red Tail Reborn won Emmy Award recognition in his home state of Ohio , where it was first broadcast in February 2007 , and , subsequently released on DVD in March of that year . Narrated by Michael Dorn of Star Trek fame , himself a pilot and warbird owner , the film documents the difficulties of the restoration of the P @-@ 51C and the travails of the Tuskegee Airmen . The following year PBS picked up the film in its Black History Month programming . White also completed a sequel , Flight of the Red Tail , a 12 @-@ minute film released in 2009 .
The restoration , completed in 2009 , cost $ 1 million . In 2005 , the Red Tail Project , which is not for profit , sought to raise about $ 2 million to fund the initial restoration . The organization held several types of events to raise funds . Since then , community @-@ based organizations adopted the project . For example , in Wahpeton , North Dakota , where the aircraft was restored , each August , the " Red Tail Run " is held . This motorcycle and vehicle run , which starts at the Harry Stern Airport , raises money for the project . In 2008 , the organization hired Fund Raising Strategies , a fund raising specialist firm , to develop a direct mail fund raising program .
= = The RISE ABOVE Traveling Exhibit = =
The Red Tail Project endavors to preserve the legacy of the airmen through aviation education . Going forward , the group made plans in 2009 , to add a mobile exhibition in the form of a semi @-@ trailer truck and a 53 @-@ foot ( 16 m ) semi @-@ trailer . The name of the educational traveling exhibition program is entitled " RISE ABOVE " . It is intended to precede the Red Tail Project P @-@ 51 exhibitions .
The " RISE ABOVE Traveling Exhibit " was introduced at EAA AirVenture 2011 . It consists of a 53 @-@ foot ( 16 @.@ 2 m ) long semi trailer and tractor . The trailer , which has colorful graphics on all four sides , has expandable sides and houses a 40 @-@ foot ( 12 @.@ 2 m ) long , curved IMAX movie screen plus comfortable seating for 30 guests ; it is also climate controlled . An original IMAX movie called RISE ABOVE , developed and filmed specifically for the Red Tail Squadron and the unique movie screen , is shown . The traveling exhibit goes to air shows with the Red Tail Project Mustang and spends 40 weeks per year at schools and places where young people congregate . The idea is to take the story of the Tuskegee Airmen , and how they overcame so many obstacles by setting goals and working to meet them , directly to the students who can benefit from hearing about the Airmen 's experiences . The RISE ABOVE Traveling Exhibit is sponsored by the Texas Flying Legends Museum .
= Sága and Sökkvabekkr =
In Norse mythology , Sága ( Old Norse : [ saːɣa ] , possibly meaning " seeress " ) is a goddess associated with the wisdom Sökkvabekkr ( Old Norse : [ sɔkːwabekːr ] ; " sunken bank " , " sunken bench " , or " treasure bank " ) . At Sökkvabekkr , Sága and the god Odin merrily drink as cool waves flow . Both Sága and Sökkvabekkr are attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , and in the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . Scholars have proposed theories about the implications of the goddess and her associated location , including that the location may be connected to the goddess Frigg 's fen residence Fensalir and that Sága may be another name for Frigg .
= = Etymology = =
The etymology of the name Sága is generally held to be connected to the Old Norse verb sjá , meaning " to see " ( from Proto @-@ Germanic * sehwan ) . This may mean that Sága is to be understood as a seeress . Since Frigg is referred to as a seeress in the poem Lokasenna , this etymology has led to theories connecting Sága to Frigg . Rudolf Simek says that this etymology raises vowel problems and that a link to saga and segja ( meaning " say , tell " ) is more likely , yet that this identification is also problematic .
= = Attestations = =
In the Poetic Edda poem Grímnismál , Sökkvabekkr is presented fourth among a series of stanzas describing the residences of various gods . In the poem , Odin ( disguised as Grímnir ) tells the young Agnar that Odin and Sága happily drink there from golden cups while waves resound :
In the Poetic Edda poem Helgakviða Hundingsbana I , the hero Sinfjötli references Sága in the name of a location found in a stanza where Sinfjötli flyts with Guðmundr . The location name , nes Ságu , has been variously translated as " Saga 's Headland , " " Saga 's Cape , " and " Saga 's ness " Part of the stanza may be missing and , due to this , some editors have joined it with the stanza prior .
Sága is mentioned once in both the Prose Edda books Gylfaginning and Skáldskaparmál , while Sokkvabekk is only mentioned once , in Gylfaginning . In chapter 35 of Gylfaginning , High tells Gangleri ( described as king Gylfi in disguise ) about the ásynjur . High follows a description of Frigg and her dwelling Fensalir with " Second is Saga . She dwells in Sokkvabekk , and that is a big place . " In chapter 75 of the book Skáldskaparmál , Sága is present among a list of 27 ásynjur , but no information is provided about her there .
= = Theories = =
John Lindow says that due to similarity between Sökkvabekkr and Fensalir , " Odin 's open drinking with Sága " , and the potential etymological basis for Sága being a seeress has " led most scholars to understand Sága as another name for Frigg . " Stephan Grundy states that the words Sága and Sökkvabekkr may be by @-@ forms of Frigg and Fensalir , respectively , used for the purpose of composing alliterative verse .
Britt @-@ Mari Näsström theorizes that " Frigg 's role as a fertility goddess is revealed in the name of her abode , Fensalir [ ... ] " , that Frigg is the same as Sága , and that both the names Fensalir and Sökkvabekkr " imply a goddes [ sic ] living in the water and recall the fertility goddess Nerthus " . Näsström adds that " Sökkvabekkr , the subterranean water , alludes to the well of Urd , hidden under the roots of Yggdrasil and the chthonic function , which is manifest in Freyja 's character . "
Rudolf Simek says that Sága should be considered " one of the not closer defined Asyniur " along with Hlín , Sjöfn , Snotra , Vár , and Vör , and that they " should be seen as female protective goddesses . " Simek adds that " these goddesses were all responsible for specific areas of the private sphere , and yet clear differences were made between them so that they are in many ways similar to matrons . "
19th century scholar Jacob Grimm comments that " the gods share their power and influence with goddesses , the heroes and priests with wise women . " Grimm notes that Sökkvabekkr is " described as a place where cool waters rush " and that Odin and Sága " day to day drink gladly out of golden cups . " Grimm theorizes that the liquid from these cups is :
the drink of immortality , and at the same time of poesy . Saga may be taken as wife or as daughter of Oðinn ; in either case she is identical to him as god of poetry . With the Greeks the Musa was a daughter of Zeus , but often hear of three or nine Muses , who resemble our wise women , norns and schöpferins ( shapers of destiny ) , and dwell beside springs or wells . The cool flood well befits the swanwives , daughters of Wish . Saga can be no other than our sage ( saw , tale ) , the ' mære ' [ ... ] personified and deified .
= Stupid in Love =
" Stupid in Love " is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her fourth studio album , Rated R ( 2009 ) . The song was written by Shaffer Smith , Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen , with production helmed by StarGate . Ne @-@ Yo served as the assistant producer . It was written two days before Rihanna and then boyfriend Chris Brown 's altercation on the night of the 2009 Grammy Awards , which occurred on February 8 , 2009 . The lyrical content , which describes an abusive relationship , led Ne @-@ Yo to describe the song as a " premonition " .
" Stupid in Love " is a R & B power ballad . Instrumentation is provided by finger snapping , minor piano keys and piano riffs . The lyrics of the song revolve around a female protagonist who realizes that she needs to escape an abusive and adulterous boyfriend . " Stupid in Love " received a mixed to positive response from music critics . Some critics praised Rihanna 's emotional delivery of the song whereas others criticized it as being overly dark . Upon the release of Rated R , the song peaked at number seven on the South Korea Gaon International Chart on December 27 , 2009 .
= = Background and development = =
" Stupid in Love " was written by Shaffer Smith , under his stage name Ne @-@ Yo , and Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen , under their production name StarGate . Ne @-@ Yo served as the assistant producer . The song was recorded in 2009 at Metropolis Studios , London . On February 8 , 2009 , Rihanna 's scheduled performance at the 2009 Grammy Awards was cancelled . Reports later surfaced regarding an alleged altercation with then boyfriend , singer Chris Brown , who was arrested on suspicion of making criminal threats . On March 5 , 2009 , Brown was charged with assault and making criminal threats . In the months that proceeded the altercation , both Rihanna and Brown kept low profiles and avoided media attention .
In an interview for MTV News , co @-@ writer of " Stupid in Love " Ne @-@ Yo , who had collaborated with Rihanna on her previous albums A Girl like Me ( 2006 ) and Good Girl Gone Bad ( 2007 ) , clarified that he would not write a song for Rihanna with regard to Brown as he found it unnecessary and because of his friendship with Brown . Producer Chuck Harmony concurred with Ne @-@ Yo 's statement , saying that no matter what song Rihanna released as the lead single people would immediately think that the song is about Brown . In an interview with USA Today , Ne @-@ Yo later revealed that the song was written two days before Rihanna and Brown 's altercation , citing it as " a premonition . " In an interview with Sway Calloway for MTV News at Rated R 's preview in New York City , Rihanna stated that the album represented her honesty and vulnerbility . During the preview , Calloway noted that " Stupid in Love " was the song most likely to receive comparisons to Brown , with emphasis on the lyric " I still love you , but I can 't do this / I may be dumb but I 'm not stupid . "
= = Composition = =
" Stupid in Love " is a R & B power ballad which lasts for 4 : 01 ( four minutes , one second ) . Instrumentation is provided by finger snapping , minor piano keys and piano riffs , a style of repeated chord progression . The lyrics of " Stupid in Love " revolve around a woman in an abusive and adulterous relationship , progressing to the female protagonist leaving her boyfriend . The song begins with the line " Let me tell you somethin ' / Never / Have I ever / Been a size 10 in my whole life . " Rihanna sings the line " This is stupid / I 'm not stupid / Don 't talk to me / Like I 'm stupid " during the chorus . The bridge consists of Rihanna singing " Trying to make this work / but you act like a jerk . " As noted by Rob Harvilla of The Village Voice , the bridge represents the moment when Rihanna realizes that it is not worth her while to stay in the relationship , writing " the dunce cap is off " . " Stupid in Love " contains a lyrical metaphor , " Blood on your hands . "
= = Critical reception = =
" Stupid in Love " garnered mixed to positive reviews from music critics . Leah Greenblatt for Entertainment Weekly praised Rihanna 's high level of emotional conviction on " Stupid in Love " , writing that it is a piece of " self @-@ lacerating balladry . " Neil McCormick for The Daily Telegraph thought that the song was a direct reference to Rihanna and Brown , writing " Rihanna notoriously received a black eye prior to the 2009 Grammy awards when she was attacked by her then boyfriend , R & B singer Chris Brown . Clearly , this is a potentially life @-@ changing incident , and we get some sense of the emotional aftermath on the ballad Stupid In Love . " Norman Mayers for Nu @-@ Soul Magazine concurred with McCormick , writing that Rihanna does not shy away from what happened between herself and Brown , rather , she confronts it directly on " Stupid in Love " . Alex Thornton for HipHopDX wrote that it is difficult to listen to the song without thinking of " you know who , " referring to Brown .
Michaelangelo Matos for The A.V. Club wrote that " Stupid in Love " sounded more like a therapy sessions than a song . Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork Media was critical of the song , labeling it as " quite @-@ dim . " Emily Tartanella for Popmatters was not impressed by the song , writing " ' Stupid in Love ' might be aiming for something more , but they arrive at something less . " Chris Richards for The Washington Post wrote that " Stupid in Love " , along with the lead single released from the album " Russian Roulette " , consisted of " plodding beats " and " forgettable hooks " . Richards continued in his review to write that the song is about " heavyhearted confessions to the treacliest of melodies . " Eric Henderson for Slant Magazine was critical of the first six songs on Rated R ( " Mad House " , " Wait Your Turn " , " Hard " , " Stupid in Love " , " Rockstar 101 " and " Russian Roulette " ) were " grim and relentless . "
= = Track listing = =
Album version
" Stupid in Love " – 4 : 01
Remix version
" Stupid in Love " ( Chew Fu Small Room Fix ) – 5 : 32
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording
Recorded at Metropolis Studios , London ;
Mixed at Chung King Studios , New York City
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Rated R , Def Jam Recordings .
= = Charts = =
Upon the release of Rated R , " Stupid in Love " debuted at number eight on the South Korea Gaon International Chart on December 27 , 2009 . The following week , it peaked at number seven for two consecutive weeks .
= Petrified Forest National Park =
Petrified Forest National Park is a United States national park in Navajo and Apache counties in northeastern Arizona . Named for its large deposits of petrified wood , the fee area of the park covers about 170 square miles ( 440 square kilometers ) , encompassing semi @-@ desert shrub steppe as well as highly eroded and colorful badlands . The park 's headquarters is about 26 miles ( 42 km ) east of Holbrook along Interstate 40 ( I @-@ 40 ) , which parallels the BNSF Railway 's Southern Transcon , the Puerco River , and historic U.S. Route 66 , all crossing the park roughly east – west . The site , the northern part of which extends into the Painted Desert , was declared a national monument in 1906 and a national park in 1962 . About 800 @,@ 000 people visit the park each year and take part in activities including sightseeing , photography , hiking , and backpacking .
Averaging about 5 @,@ 400 feet ( 1 @,@ 600 m ) in elevation , the park has a dry windy climate with temperatures that vary from summer highs of about 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) to winter lows well below freezing . More than 400 species of plants , dominated by grasses such as bunchgrass , blue grama , and sacaton , are found in the park . Fauna include larger animals such as pronghorns , coyotes , and bobcats , many smaller animals , such as deer mice , snakes , lizards , seven kinds of amphibians , and more than 200 species of birds , some of which are permanent residents and many of which are migratory . About half of the park is designated wilderness .
The Petrified Forest is known for its fossils , especially fallen trees that lived in the Late Triassic Period , about 225 million years ago . The sediments containing the fossil logs are part of the widespread and colorful Chinle Formation , from which the Painted Desert gets its name . Beginning about 60 million years ago , the Colorado Plateau , of which the park is part , was pushed upward by tectonic forces and exposed to increased erosion . All of the park 's rock layers above the Chinle , except geologically recent ones found in parts of the park , have been removed by wind and water . In addition to petrified logs , fossils found in the park have included Late Triassic ferns , cycads , ginkgoes , and many other plants as well as fauna including giant reptiles called phytosaurs , large amphibians , and early dinosaurs . Paleontologists have been unearthing and studying the park 's fossils since the early 20th century .
The park 's earliest human inhabitants arrived at least 8 @,@ 000 years ago . By about 2 @,@ 000 years ago , they were growing corn in the area and shortly thereafter building pit houses in what would become the park . Later inhabitants built above @-@ ground dwellings called pueblos . Although a changing climate caused the last of the park 's pueblos to be abandoned by about 1400 CE , more than 600 archeological sites , including petroglyphs , have been discovered in the park . In the 16th century , Spanish explorers visited the area , and by the mid @-@ 19th century a U.S. team had surveyed an east – west route through the area where the park is now located and noted the petrified wood . Later , roads and a railway followed similar routes and gave rise to tourism and , before the park was protected , to large @-@ scale removal of fossils . Theft of petrified wood remains a problem in the 21st century .
= = Geography = =
Petrified Forest National Park straddles the border between Apache County and Navajo County in northeastern Arizona . The park is about 30 miles ( 48 km ) long from north to south , and its width varies from a maximum of about 12 miles ( 19 km ) in the north to a minimum of about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) along a narrow corridor between the north and south , where the park widens again to about 4 to 5 miles ( 6 to 8 km ) .
I @-@ 40 , former U.S. Route 66 , the BNSF Railway , and the Puerco River bisect the park generally east – west along a similar route . Adamana , a ghost town , is about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) west of the park along the BNSF tracks . Holbrook , about 26 miles ( 42 km ) west of park headquarters along I @-@ 40 , is the nearest city . Bisecting the park north – south is Park Road , which runs between I @-@ 40 near park headquarters on the north and U.S. Route 180 on the south . Historic Highway 180 , an earlier alignment of the modern route , crosses the southern edge of the park . Like Route 66 , it has deteriorated and is closed . Many unpaved maintenance roads , closed to the public , intersect Park Road at various points .
The fee area of the park covers about 170 square miles ( 440 km2 ) . The Navajo Nation borders the park on the north and northeast . State @-@ owned land , federal land controlled by the Bureau of Land Management , and private land , much of it used for cattle ranching , adjoin the other borders . The park ’ s elevation above sea level varies from a low of 5 @,@ 340 feet ( 1 @,@ 630 m ) along the Puerco River to a high of 6 @,@ 230 feet ( 1 @,@ 900 m ) at Pilot Rock ; the average elevation is about 5 @,@ 400 feet ( 1 @,@ 600 m ) . The terrain varies from gentle hills and major petrified wood deposits in the south to eroded badlands in the north . Most of the park 's intermittent streams — including Lithodendron Wash , Dead Wash , Ninemile Wash , and Dry Wash — empty into the Puerco River . In the southern part of the park , Cottonwood Wash and Jim Camp Wash flow into the Little Colorado River .
= = Geology = =
Petrified Forest National Park is known for its fossils , especially of fallen trees that lived in the Late Triassic period of the Mesozoic era , about 225 million years ago . During this period , the region that is now the park was near the equator on the southwestern edge of the supercontinent Pangaea , and its climate was humid and sub @-@ tropical . What later became northeastern Arizona was a low plain flanked by mountains to the south and southeast and a sea to the west . Streams flowing across the plain from the highlands deposited inorganic sediment and organic matter , including trees as well as other plants and animals that had entered or fallen into the water . Although most organic matter decays rapidly or is eaten by other organisms , some is buried so quickly that it remains intact and may become fossilized . Within the park , the sediments containing the fossil logs for which the park is named are part of the Chinle Formation .
The colorful Chinle , which appears on the surface in many parts of the southwestern United States and from which the Painted Desert gets its name , is up to 800 feet ( 240 m ) thick in the park . It consists of a variety of sedimentary rocks including beds of soft , fine @-@ grained mudstone , siltstone , and claystone — much of which is bentonite — as well as harder sandstone and conglomerate , and limestone . Exposed to wind and water , the Chinle usually erodes differentially into badlands made up of cliffs , gullies , mesas , buttes , and rounded hills . Its bentonite clay , which swells when wet and shrinks while drying , causes surface movement and cracking that discourages plant
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a developing plot to oust Diệm . Some of the signatories were to become personally involved in Diệm 's overthrow and death in November . Generals Dương Văn Minh and Trần Văn Đôn , the presidential military advisor and the chief of the army who were to lead the coup , were overseas .
Madame Nhu , a Catholic convert from Buddhism and the wife of Diệm 's younger brother and chief adviser Ngô Đình Nhu , who was regarded as the First Lady of South Vietnam at the time ( as Diệm was a bachelor ) , said she would " clap hands at seeing another monk barbecue show " . Later that month , Diệm 's government charged that Đức had been drugged before being forced to commit suicide . The regime also accused Browne of bribing Đức to burn himself .
= = = Political and media impact = = =
Photographs taken by Malcolm Browne of the self @-@ immolation quickly spread across the wire services and were featured on the front pages of newspapers worldwide . The self @-@ immolation was later regarded as a turning point in the Buddhist crisis and a critical point in the collapse of the Diệm regime .
Historian Seth Jacobs asserted that Duc had " reduced America 's Diệm experiment to ashes as well " and that " no amount of pleading could retrieve Diệm 's reputation " once Browne 's images had become ingrained into the psyche of the world public . Ellen Hammer described the event as having " evoked dark images of persecution and horror corresponding to a profoundly Asian reality that passed the understanding of Westerners . " John Mecklin , an official from the U.S. embassy , noted that the photograph " had a shock effect of incalculable value to the Buddhist cause , becoming a symbol of the state of things in Vietnam . " William Colby , then chief of the Central Intelligence Agency 's Far East Division , opined that Diệm " handled the Buddhist crisis fairly badly and allowed it to grow . But I really don 't think there was much they could have done about it once that bonze burned himself . "
President John F. Kennedy , whose government was the main sponsor of Diệm 's regime , learned of Đức 's death when handed the morning newspapers while he was talking to his brother , Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , on the phone . Kennedy reportedly interrupted their conversation about segregation in Alabama by exclaiming " Jesus Christ ! " He later remarked that " no news picture in history has generated so much emotion around the world as that one . " U.S. Senator Frank Church ( D @-@ ID ) , a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee , claimed that " such grisly scenes have not been witnessed since the Christian martyrs marched hand in hand into the Roman arenas . "
In Europe , the photographs were sold on the streets as postcards during the 1960s , and communist China distributed millions of copies of the photograph throughout Asia and Africa as evidence of what it called " US imperialism " . One of Browne 's photographs remains affixed to the sedan in which Đức was riding and is part of a tourist attraction in Huế . For Browne and the Associated Press ( AP ) , the pictures were a marketing success . Ray Herndon , the United Press International ( UPI ) correspondent who had forgotten to take his camera on the day , was harshly criticized in private by his employer . UPI estimated that 5 @,@ 000 readers in Sydney , then a city of around 1 @.@ 5 – 2 million , had switched to AP news sources .
Diệm 's English @-@ language mouthpiece , the Times of Vietnam , intensified its attacks on both journalists and Buddhists . Headlines such as " Xá Lợi politburo makes new threats " and " Monks plot murder " were printed . One article questioned the relationship between the monks and the press by posing the question as to why " so many young girls are buzzing in and out of Xá Lợi early [ in the day ] " and then going on to allege that they were brought in for sexual purposes for the U.S. reporters .
Browne 's award @-@ winning photograph of Quảng Đức 's death has been reproduced in popular media for decades , and the incident has been used as a touchstone reference in many films and television programs .
A still photograph of the footage of Quảng Đức 's self @-@ immolation ( the one taken by Browne ) was used for the cover of American rap metal band Rage Against the Machine 's debut album which came out in 1992 , as well as the cover of their single " Killing in the Name " .
= = = Precedents and influence = = =
Despite the shock of the Western public , the practice of Vietnamese monks self @-@ immolating was not unprecedented . Instances of self @-@ immolations in Vietnam had been recorded for centuries , usually carried out to honor Gautama Buddha . The most recently recorded case had been in North Vietnam in 1950 . The French colonial authorities had tried to eradicate the practice after their conquest of Vietnam in the nineteenth century , but had not been totally successful . They did manage to prevent one monk from setting fire to himself in Huế in the 1920s , but he managed to starve himself to death instead . During the 1920s and 1930s , Saigon newspapers reported multiple instances of self @-@ immolations by monks in a matter @-@ of @-@ fact style . The practice had also been seen in the Chinese city of Harbin in 1948 when a monk seated down in the lotus position on a pile of sawdust and soybean oil and set fire to himself in protest against the treatment of Buddhism by the communists of Mao Zedong . His heart remained intact , as did that of Đức .
After Đức , five more Buddhist monks self @-@ immolated up until late October 1963 as the Buddhist protests in Vietnam escalated . On 1 November , the Army of the Republic of Vietnam overthrew Diệm in a coup . Diệm and Nhu were assassinated the next day . Monks have followed Đức 's example since for other reasons .
Đức 's actions were copied by United States citizens in protests against the Vietnam War :
Norman Morrison , a 31 @-@ year @-@ old Quaker pacifist , poured kerosene over himself and set himself alight below the third @-@ floor window of Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara at the Pentagon on 2 November 1965 .
Alice Herz , an 82 @-@ year @-@ old woman , also burned herself that year in Detroit , Michigan .
Roger Allen LaPorte self @-@ immolated outside the United Nations building in New York City on 9 November 1965 .
Florence Beaumont burned herself to death outside the Federal Building in Los Angeles on 15 October 1967 .
George Winne , Jr . , a student , self @-@ immolated on 10 May 1970 on the campus of the University of California , San Diego and died the following day .
In an apparently non @-@ political case of imitation of Thich Quang Duc , the young son of an American officer based at the U.S. Embassy in Saigon doused himself with gasoline and set himself on fire . He was seriously burned before the fire was extinguished and later could only offer the explanation that " I wanted to see what it was like . "
= M @-@ 155 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 155 was a signed state trunkline in the US state of Michigan that served as a spur route from Business Loop Interstate 96 ( BL I @-@ 96 ) in Howell in Livingston County to the Hillcrest Center , the former Howell State Hospital . It was originally designated in the early 1930s and outlasted the hospital which closed in 1982 . The roadway was removed from state maps after 1991 but remains under state maintenance as an unsigned trunkline listed as either M @-@ 155 or Old M @-@ 155 .
= = Route description = =
OLD M @-@ 155 begins in front of the former state hospital on High Hillcrest Drive and runs north and northwesterly through a field and out of the property . The road passes some houses in the area as it curves onto Country Farm Road next to Sanatorium Lake , turning northward . From there , the trunkline follows Country Farm Road to Norton Road through Marion Township . The trunkline follows Norton Road east over the South Branch of the Shiawassee River and then northeasterly past a residential subdivision . OLD M @-@ 155 then turns due east on Mason Road , running along the Marion – Howell township line before crossing into the city of Howell next to I @-@ 96 . There is no interchange for the unsigned trunkline as it crosses over the freeway . The trunkline runs through more residential subdivisions before it turns northward onto Michigan Avenue . After one @-@ half mile ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) , the trunkline terminates at the intersection with BL I @-@ 96 ( Grand River Avenue ) in downtown Howell .
As the highway is still under state jurisdiction , M @-@ 155 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) . In 2011 , the department 's traffic surveys showed that on average , 13 @,@ 699 vehicles used the highway daily in Howell and 3 @,@ 960 vehicles did so each day near the souther terminus , the highest and lowest counts along the highway , respectively . No section of OLD M @-@ 155 is listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
The Michigan State Sanatorium was opened on September 1 , 1907 , to treat adult patients with tuberculosis . Children were later treated there starting in 1915 . After 1955 the hospital also handled patients with mental illnesses . In 1961 the sanatorium became the Howell State Hospital , and later the Hillcrest Center in 1978 . The facility operated until September 30 , 1982 , when it was closed. and the building finally demolished a few years after . M @-@ 155 was designated in 1931 ; it began at the hospital and ran to a junction with US Highway 16 ( modern BL I @-@ 96 ) in Howell . After the hospital was abandoned , the trunkline designation remained on the road , serving a field . The designation last appeared on official state maps in 1991 . The highway remains an unsigned trunkline .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is in Livingston County .
= The Great American Bash ( 2005 ) =
The Great American Bash ( 2005 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It was the second annual event and took place on July 24 , 2005 , at the HSBC Arena in Buffalo , New York . The event featured wrestlers and other talent that performed on the SmackDown ! program .
The main event was Batista defending the World Heavyweight Championship against John " Bradshaw " Layfield ( JBL ) . JBL won the match after Batista was disqualified , but did not win the title because a championship can only be won via pinfall or submission . One of the featured matches on the undercard was Rey Mysterio versus Eddie Guerrero , which Mysterio won by pinfall . The other was Orlando Jordan versus Chris Benoit for the WWE United States Championship , which Jordan won , also by pinfall .
The event grossed over $ 375 @,@ 000 in ticket sales from an attendance of 8 @,@ 000 , and received about 233 @,@ 000 pay @-@ per @-@ view buys , the same amount as the following year 's event . This enabled WWE 's pay @-@ per @-@ view revenue to increase by $ 4 @.@ 7 million from the previous year . When the 2005 event was released on DVD , it reached a peak position of second on Billboard 's DVD Sales Chart . The event was also available free of charge for Armed Forces members and their families .
= = Background = =
The Great American Bash event featured a card , which contained matches that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted feuds , plots and storylines . Wrestlers portrayed either a villainous or fan favorite gimmick as they followed a series of events which generally built tension , leading to a wrestling match . The name of a wrestler 's character was not always the person 's birth name , as wrestlers often use a stage name to portray their character .
The main event at The Great American Bash was a standard wrestling match for the World Heavyweight Championship , in which Batista defended the championship against John " Bradshaw " Layfield ( JBL ) . The buildup to the match began when WWE Champion John Cena was drafted to the Raw brand , taking the title with him and leaving SmackDown ! without a top @-@ tier championship for the heavyweight division . General Manager Theodore Long , a portrayed match maker and rules enforcer , announced a match between six wrestlers for a new top @-@ tier SmackDown ! championship . On the June 30 episode of the SmackDown ! television program , the match took place between JBL , Chris Benoit , Christian , Booker T , Muhammad Hassan , and The Undertaker . JBL was victorious in the match , but Long announced that he was still not the champion . Instead he had won the right to a match against the World Heavyweight Champion , Batista , who was SmackDown ! ' s final 2005 draft pick , making the World Heavyweight Championship exclusive to SmackDown ! .
On the July 14 episode of SmackDown ! , Batista defeated Orlando Jordan in a standard match after performing a Batista Bomb . After the match , JBL successfully attacked Batista by executing a clothesline . The following week on SmackDown ! , JBL , who was accompanied by Jordan , threw himself a celebration party with the belief that he had already won the World Heavyweight Championship . Batista appeared , and as JBL fled the scene , performed a spinebuster on Jordan .
The event also featured a feud between Rey Mysterio and Eddie Guerrero . At the No Way Out event , Guerrero and Mysterio won the WWE Tag Team Championships from the Basham Brothers . After Guerrero and Mysterio lost
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Binibining Pilipinas 2008 beauty pageant . She gained notoriety for her performance in the pageant 's question and answer portion , where she lost her composure and gave an unfocused and rambling response with a thick accent . A video of the incident has garnered millions of views on websites such as YouTube .
San Miguel resigned from her title in September 2008 , citing personal reasons including the death of her grandfather . The title was transferred to first runner up Danielle Castaño , who went on to represent the country at the Miss World 2008 pageant .
= = Background = =
Janina San Miguel came from a poor family living in a residential compound in Quezon City , Metro Manila . She is the eldest of three children , with her father working as a jeepney driver and her mother as a laundry washer or " labandera " ( hired to wash other people 's clothes ) . She has Indian blood among her ancestors .
At the time of the Binibining Pilipinas 2008 pageant , San Miguel was a freshman student taking up broadcast communication at the University of the East in Manila , with the ambition of becoming a professional broadcaster . She had previously garnered first runner @-@ up at her school 's Mister and Miss UE pageant , and said she joined the Binibining Pilipinas competition to gain " experiences , new friends and opportunities " .
= = Binibining Pilipinas = =
The 2008 Binibining Pilipinas pageant was held on March 8 , 2008 at the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City , Metro Manila . At seventeen years old , Janina San Miguel was the youngest contestant of the twenty @-@ four women in the competition , as well as one of the tallest at 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) . Early in the competition , San Miguel had won special awards for Best in Swimsuit and Best in Long Gown .
= = = Question and answer = = =
As part of the question and answer portion of the pageant , candidates were made to randomly select the name of their questioner @-@ judge out of a fishbowl . The name that San Miguel picked was that of Vivienne Tan , who asked " What role did your family play for you as candidate to Binibining Pilipinas ? "
San Miguel responded :
As San Miguel lost her composure in giving her answer , the audience reacted with jeers and applause , as well as laughter from the panel of judges and other contestants . Midway through her answer , pageant host Paolo Bediones encouraged her off @-@ microphone to continue in Tagalog , though she proceeded with her response in English .
Despite the problems with her answer , she went on to win the competition and was crowned Binibining Pilipinas World . The criteria for judging the winner of the pageant allotted 80 percent to physical beauty , leaving just 20 percent to be divided evenly between personality and intelligence . Bediones later defended San Miguel , saying " I admire her for not buckling under the pressure and for being as blatantly honest as possible " . However , he also added , " No matter how badly she may have performed in the Q & A , she couldn 't have lost much considering she had a huge headstart in the scores " . Winning the title made her the official designated Philippine delegate to the Miss World 2008 pageant , which was scheduled to be held later that year in Kiev , Ukraine ( the venue was later moved to Johannesburg , South Africa due to the conflict between Georgia and Russia ) .
San Miguel has admitted to being offended by criticism of her response . In an interview with entertainment commentator Ricky Lo a week after the event , she explained that she did not comprehend the question clearly when she was on stage at the pageant , due to the softness of the questioner 's voice . When given another opportunity to answer the same question , she smiled and said , " My family is my inspiration " .
= = = Reaction = = =
Video clips of her response have been uploaded to YouTube and garnered over 3 million views . Rep. Eduardo Gullas , a senior lawmaker in the Philippine House of Representatives who authored a bill to reinstate English as the medium of instruction in schools , said the video of the incident was " tormenting to watch " , and added , " She is a Filipino , and English is our highly favored second language . So people expected more from her . " Following the incident , the director of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority offered to coordinate with pageant organizers to conduct English courses for all Miss Philippines candidates to better express themselves .
San Miguel 's response has drawn comparisons between her and Melanie Marquez , Filipina winner of the 1979 Miss International pageant who is well @-@ known for her shortcomings in speaking English .
= = = Resignation = = =
It was announced on September 30 , 2008 that Janina San Miguel had resigned her position of Binibining Pilipinas World . A short official statement released by Binibining Pilipinas Charities said " The untimely demise of her grandfather , among other personal reasons , has caused her undue stress , thus hindering her from fulfilling her duties for the said title " . Her resignation came 6 1 ⁄ 2 months after winning the title , and just 2 1 ⁄ 2 months before the scheduled Miss World pageant .
The announcement of her resignation was met with speculation that San Miguel had been forced by Binibining Pilipinas pageant organizers to relinquish her title due to a lack of professionalism during preparatory training sessions , which strained the patience of her mentors and superiors . In a later interview , she admitted that due to multiple conflicts in schedule she was unable to attend all the training sessions arranged for her by pageant organizers , which included sessions to improve her speaking ability . She also admitted to throwing a fit in the middle of a rehearsal when she received news that her grandfather was dying , and demanded that she be allowed to leave .
In accordance with pageant rules , San Miguel 's title was automatically transferred to the first runner up , Danielle Castaño . Castaño represented the Philippines at the Miss World 2008 pageant held in Johannesburg , South Africa in December 2008 , where she placed as a finalist in the Miss World Beach Beauty fast track event and a semi @-@ finalist in the Miss World Top Model fast track event .
= = Entertainment career = =
San Miguel was strongly considered for a role as a contestant in the second season of the reality television series Survivor Philippines , which began filming in May 2009 . Though one of the show 's criteria is that the contestants must not be celebrities , San Miguel was not regarded to be a celebrity by the show 's producers . Show host Paolo Bediones ( who incidentally also hosted the Binibining Pilipinas pageant ) explained in an interview that she was a shoo @-@ in for the part , but decided to back out at the last minute .
In August 2009 , San Miguel became a contestant in the third season of Celebrity Duets : Philippine Edition . In the season 's first three episodes , she performed duets with Maureen Larrazabal , Bituin Escalante , and Paolo Ballesteros . However , she garnered the lowest number of text votes in the first round of eliminations , and became the first contestant voted off of the show on September 12 , 2009 .
San Miguel has stated that she is refraining from focusing full time on her entertainment career due to her ongoing studies , though she continues to work on her figure in preparation for modeling opportunities . On October 23 , 2009 , she was one of the ten finalists in the Philippine qualifying round of the Ford Models Supermodel of the World modeling contest , which was held at the SMX Convention Center in Pasay . She advanced to the top three , but the contest was won by Charlene Almarvez , who went on to win first @-@ runner up to Karlina Caune of the Baltics in the Supermodel of the World finals held in São Paulo , Brazil .
= Sunset Overdrive =
Sunset Overdrive is an open world third @-@ person shooter video game developed by Insomniac Games and published by Microsoft Studios for the Xbox One . It was announced at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013 , and released worldwide in October 2014 . The game is set in 2027 , in a fictional metropolis called Sunset City . The player controls an employee of FizzCo , who has to fight off the OD , short for Overcharge Drinkers : humans who have turned into mutants after drinking FizzCo 's energy drink beverage . In the dystopian Sunset City the player character can wall @-@ run , use zip @-@ lines , and grind rails to swiftly navigate through it , with a large arsenal of weapons to use . The game also has a cooperative multiplayer mode called Chaos Squad , which tasks players to complete a series of missions with seven players . As the game put emphasis on momentum , the game does not feature any cover system .
The development of the game began in 2010 when Insomniac completed Resistance 3 . After the project was green @-@ lit internally , the studio partnered with Microsoft Studios , which helped fund the game and allowed Insomniac to keep the rights to the franchise . Insomniac described the game as a " celebration of games " , as the team took inspiration from different sources , including Prince of Persia , Jet Set Radio and Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater , though at its early stage of development the team took inspirations from DayZ instead . The game is set in a post @-@ apocalyptic future , but the team depicted it as an " awesomepocalypse " that turns the game 's initial world depiction into a " playground " for players . Sunset Overdrive is powered by Insomniac 's internal engine , previously used in Fuse , one of their previous games .
The game received generally positive reviews , with praise for the its visuals , traversal system , combat system , and humor . However , the game was criticized for the lack of a compelling story or innovative quest design . It was awarded multiple year @-@ end accolades , including Game of the Year and Best Xbox Game of the Year awards from several gaming publications . The game was supported with multiple downloadable content , including the story @-@ based The Mystery of the Mooil Rig and Dawn of the Rise of the Fallen Machine , after the game 's release .
= = Gameplay = =
Sunset Overdrive is an action @-@ adventure game set in a third @-@ person perspective . Players navigate a metropolis called Sunset City in the year 2027 . This dystopian world has been overrun by mutants called the OD , short for Overcharge Drinkers . The player character is a former FizzCo employee , tasked with cleaning up the mess left behind from a party FizzCo had thrown to celebrate the launch of its new energy drink , Overcharge Delirium XT .
At the start of the game , Players can customize the protagonist 's gender , body type , hairstyle , and outfit using the character creator . Players may also alter the look of their customized character at any point during the game by approaching a vendor named Callista . After creating their characters , players proceed to the game 's open world , which is free for players to explore at any time . A fast travel system is provided allowing players to reach different locations and to navigate the world quickly . The game features a main campaign with story elements and side @-@ missions , which are triggered automatically when players enter certain locations in the city . These quests mainly involve players delivering objects to other non @-@ playable characters and collecting items from the world . Some of these quests have time limits .
Throughout the game , players encounter both human enemies , such as gang members , OD 'd humans who have mutated from drinking too much of the energy drink , and several bosses who are more difficult to defeat compared with other ordinary enemies . The game features a variety of weapons for players to use to combat enemies . These include the standard assault rifle AK @-@ FU and the TNTeddy grenade launcher , which fires teddy bears strapped to sticks of dynamite , fireworks and toy helicopters . All weapons eventually run out of ammunition but do not need to be reloaded while being used . Players unlock more weapons by progressing through the story or purchasing them from shops . Weapons can be upgraded and modified by applying " Amps " , which increases weapons ' lethality , efficiency , and strength . The weapons can be leveled up when players earn enough experience points or defeat enough enemies with them .
The game 's combat focuses on velocity , and encourages players to defeat enemies in a fast @-@ paced way . As a result , players can employ different moves including : wall running , air @-@ dashing , zip lining , performing parkour , acrobatics , and water traversal . Players use grind rails to deftly navigate city streets , and are able to switch direction instantly at will . The city is also filled with items for players to bounce up into the air . Players may utilize their weapons while performing these movements and slow down time for players to take aim . On @-@ foot , players cannot walk , take cover , or take out enemies silently , but instead must rely on agility to survive as they will be overwhelmed quickly by enemies if they choose to walk on the ground . The game also features a Style Meter . Shown in the head @-@ up display ( HUD ) of the game , the Meter increases as players perform stylish moves like killing enemies and grinding on @-@ rails without touching the ground . When players are killed , they do not have to wait for the game to load . Players can respawn and return to the world by different methods , such as descending with a rocket or exiting a golden sarcophagus . Insomniac named this system " Next @-@ Gen Respawning " .
The game features an eight @-@ player co @-@ operative multiplayer mode called the Chaos Squad , which tasks players to complete a series of missions , as decided by the players themselves . Players defend vats of Overcharge Delirium XT from waves of OD 'd at night and stop their progression by setting up fortifications and barriers , in a manner similar to tower defense games . It is inter @-@ connected with the single @-@ player mode allowing players to transfer their story character , with all the weapons and gadgets they have already accumulated , to the mode . Although players work together , players also try to earn more Style points during play than their co @-@ op partners .
= = Plot = =
On July 13 , 2027 , FizzCo releases its new energy drink , OverCharge Delirium XT ( also known as OCD ) , exclusively in Sunset City . In an attempt to sell OCD faster , FizzCo skipped health regulation protocols , in turn causing anyone who drinks it to turn into a violent boil @-@ bodied mutant known as an Overcharge Drinker ( OD ) . In order to cover up the deception , FizzCo claims that a virus has broken out and quarantines the whole city , preventing anyone from entering or exiting . The player , a FizzCo employee who works in the sanitation division , is saved from an attacking OD by Walter , a fellow survivor .
Upon learning that Walter is creating a plane to escape the quarantine , the player obtains the aid of Sam and the Oxfords , a group of rich but lazy geniuses . After multiple errands , the Oxfords build a propeller to complete the plane . The player joins Walter in his plane to escape the city and reveal the truth about the outbreak . At the last second , Walter notices an invisible wall preventing their escape and pushes the player out of the plane before dying in the subsequent crash .
Still planning to escape , the player aids Troop Bushido , scouts living in a samurai museum , and Fargarths , a group of larpers . In thanks , the two groups design and build a ship out of garbage which tricks the FizzCo sensors and allow them past . As the player is about to escape , they learn that FizzCo robots are attacking the Oxfords and Troop Bushido in order to kill all witnesses . The player returns to Sunset City and forms a band led by King Buzzo ( voiced and mocapped by the real Melvins singer ) in order to save the survivors . Following the battle , Sam learns that FizzCo is planning something else at its headquarters . To break in , the player obtains the help of Las Catrinas , a trio of cheerleaders caring for the Children 's ' Ward of the hospital . It is discovered that the FizzCo main office is a robot that is going to destroy Sunset City . The player defeats the robot and has milk and crackers with the other survivors . After the credits , Protocol X26 is activated and FizzCo helicopters are seen being sent around the world to deliver OCD .
= = Development = =
= = = Origin = = =
Sunset Overdrive was developed by Insomniac Games , which had mainly developed games for PlayStation consoles . Drew Murray and Marcus Smith , the game 's creative directors , began brainstorming Sunset Overdrive after the completion of Resistance 3 in 2011 . They presented their ideas to Insomniac 's owners and CEO Ted Price , outlining a project that would borrow influences from the documentary Hyena Men of Kenya , Tank Girl comics , the novel I Am Legend , the British television series The Young Ones , Halloween masks from the 1960s , and Lego . The initial presentation failed to generate interest , but Murray and Smith were asked to come back a week later to explain how the game would actually be played . In their second presentation , they explained their vision of a game featuring fast @-@ paced action that would be " the rock and roll end times " . According to Smith this confused some team members who thought that they were making Brütal Legend .
The team received approval after their second presentation . After Sunset Overdrive was green @-@ lit internally , Insomniac had to pitch it to a number of publishers . Insomniac wanted to retain brand ownership , causing some firms to opt out of publishing it . Murray and Smith traveled to Microsoft Studios a number of times to pitch the game to them . The main pitch began with the playing of " Kick Out the Jams " by MC5 , and ended with Murray : " ... on top of a chair , mimicking how the game was going to play , and the last minute heroics . " Microsoft was eager to work with Insomniac and agreed to fund and publish the game . The team originally did not want to make it a console exclusive , but they were impressed by Microsoft 's philosophy toward the development of Xbox One , and the capabilities of Xbox Live features , which allow the initiation of a " two @-@ way dialogue " with players .
= = = Design = = =
Choosing a name for the game was the first thing the team did before starting development . They decided on the name Sunset Overdrive because they felt it was unique , and captured the feeling of the " grindhouse " from the 1970s . The project was originally conceived as an open world survival game similar to DayZ . The initial version of the game did not feature the traversal system , nor the unusual weapons included in the final version , and was described as " grounded " by Murray . In this version , players were tasked with scavenging resources during daytime , and defending their base at night . This later evolved to become the game 's cooperative multiplayer mode . It employed the animation model from Insomniac 's previous game , Fuse . The direction of the game changed after the team watched a video based on Gorillaz , and Murray gave up the idea of a realistic survival game . He then asked the team to start prototyping ideas for a game that they thought would work . Some team members came up with the idea of having skateboarding elements in the game , which led the development team to start working and experimenting with a new traversal system . In hindsight , Murray described the shift in focus as an " organic , evolutionary process " . As the game 's development progressed , the team began to draw on elements from other video game franchises such as Prince of Persia , Jet Set Radio , and Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater , and put the emphasis on momentum .
In 2013 , the team had released Fuse , which was a critical and commercial failure . The team now reflected on the reasons for its poor reception , and felt that they should go back to Insomniac 's roots — developing unusual titles with vibrant visuals — instead of another dark shooter like Fuse . They also thought that Sunset Overdrive 's stylization should reflect the personality of the company , and that building a world that has a sense of humor and irreverence was something the team was eager to do . Ted Price , CEO of Insomniac Games , described it as a game Insomniac had wanted to develop for a long time . The game 's producer , Bryan Intihar , called it : " ... the game [ they 've ] been meaning to make for 20 years . " Microsoft supported it and shared the same vision and the idea of creating something new .
According to Price , Insomniac wanted to " break the rules of shooters " . He felt that the last generation of shooters had established a formula of staying behind cover for defense , and leaning out from it to attack . He wanted to change that pattern with Sunset Overdrive by encouraging players to attack in an aggressive manner and to focus on momentum . To accomplish this , the team developed a city that supported parkour and fast movements . They also hoped that with the introduction of a new generation of video game consoles , they could establish a new standard for the genre which would " retrain " shooter fans playing the game .
Smith compared Sunset Overdrive 's gameplay to pinball games , where a player 's every movement has consequences , and the on @-@ screen chaos created by players is based on their actions . The game 's combat and traversal elements were originally separate from each other , but were later connected as the team began to think that : " shooting while grinding was fun " . The combination of these aspects led the studio to adjust the game 's world design . The team calculated how the city should be designed so that it could support both combat and traversal . As a result , they ensured that the world was built in modular 4x4 blocks , and that no surface featured an angle that was between 26 and 45 degrees . Furthermore , the team considered how long grinds should be , and decided that they should be at least 8 meters in length . The grinds were designed to be longer than usual in enemy @-@ concentrated areas so as to allow additional time for players to consider both combat and traversal options . In order to encourage experimentation , the game features a vertical map @-@ design , in which the difficulty the enemies ' players face increases as they move towards higher ground .
Insomniac described the game as " a celebration of games " , in which the team pushed existing concepts in a new direction . Besides drawing influences from Prince of Persia , Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater and Jet Set Radio series of games for the game 's traversal system , they drew influences from Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure for their " Next @-@ Gen Respawn " system , Scott Pilgrim and The Omega Man for the game 's setting , and Peggle when they were creating the game 's weaponry . The game 's humor was inspired by Insomniac 's own game series Ratchet & Clank and Spyro the Dragon . There are also references to other pop culture icons such as Breaking Bad and Portal . Despite that , Smith said that the game would be completely different from The Last of Us , in which the unnamed protagonist sometimes broke the fourth wall and communicated with players .
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s Nintendo 64 classics , with Blast Corps in particular , were communal favorites among reviewers , while Perfect Dark Zero , Grabbed by the Ghoulies , and the Spectrum games were liked least . Some reviewers were disappointed by the absence of the Donkey Kong Country series and GoldenEye 007 due to inevitable licensing issues , while a few thought the package was fine without them . Critics deemed the archival game content and developer interviews as among the compilation 's best features , but were upset to see the content hidden behind time @-@ consuming in @-@ game challenges . Reviewers noted that Rare 's founders , the Stamper brothers , were conspicuously absent from the interviews . Rare Replay became Rare 's first United Kingdom all @-@ format charts bestseller since Banjo @-@ Kazooie in 1998 .
= = Gameplay = =
Rare Replay is a compilation of 30 games previously developed by Rare and its predecessor , Ultimate Play the Game , over their 30 @-@ year history across platforms from the ZX Spectrum to the Xbox 360 ( 1983 to 2008 ) , up until Rare 's Kinect Sports series . The 30 games span multiple genres , including fighting , first @-@ person shooter , simulation , 3D platforming , racing , and skiing . The compilation opens with a musical number featuring Rare characters . Each game has a landing page with a variation on its theme music . While the core gameplay remains unedited , Rare added extra features to the older releases . The player can toggle the visual appearance of scanlines and " rewind " up to ten seconds of gameplay in pre @-@ Nintendo 64 games . The older games can be saved at will and autosave progress upon the player 's exit . Rare also added an infinite lives cheat setting for some older games and fixed a game @-@ breaking bug in Battletoads . The " Snapshots " feature presents small segments of the older games as challenges for the player , such as collecting a set amount of points in a set amount of time in a set scenario , similar in function to the NES Remix series . Some Snapshots are connected sequentially as a playlist .
The ZX Spectrum emulation retains the technical idiosyncrasies of the original hardware . For instance , the game 's graphics speed up or slow down dependent on the number of items for the computer to process on @-@ screen . The Nintendo 64 emulation upgrades the games ' polygon rendering and frame rate . The nine Xbox 360 releases ( and re @-@ releases ) install directly to the Xbox One dashboard separately from the Rare Replay compilation , and require online activation before they can be played offline . The Xbox 360 games share player saved game and Achievement progress between the consoles via Xbox Live 's cloud sync features . Rare Replay uses the prior Xbox 360 ports of Banjo @-@ Kazooie , Banjo @-@ Tooie , and Perfect Dark rather than emulating their originals . However , Rare chose to emulate the original Conker 's Bad Fur Day rather than using its Xbox port . Grabbed by the Ghoulies runs natively on the Xbox One , as a port upgraded its display resolution and frame rate . Rare Replay retains the local and online multiplayer modes of the original games , and includes their main downloadable content add @-@ ons . Multiple classic Rare titles , such as the Donkey Kong Country series and GoldenEye 007 , are not included in the compilation due to licensing issues .
A bonus feature section , " Rare Revealed " , contains over an hour of behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage focusing on Rare 's major and unreleased games . The player completes in @-@ game challenges to collect stamps , which increase the player 's rank and unlock the bonus features . The player must finish each game to receive all stamps . The compilation automatically grants stamps for prior progress in the package 's Xbox 360 games . Current and former Rare employees , such as Grant Kirkhope , feature in the documentary clips , though studio founders Tim and Chris Stamper do not appear . Rare Revealed unveils gameplay footage from several unreleased games . In the open world adventure game Black Widow , the player controls a spider @-@ like robot equipped with missiles . The spider was expected to be recycled in Kameo 2 . This unreleased sequel to Kameo was designed with a darker tone than the original . Rare also worked on The Fast and the Furriest , a spiritual successor to Diddy Kong Racing with vehicle customization and track alterations . The company 's other planned intellectual properties included the survival game prototype Sundown and the airplane @-@ based Tailwind . The " Rare Revealed " videos include trivia behind some game design decisions such as Blast Corps ' character design , the fate of Banjo @-@ Kazooie 's Stop ' n ' Swop features , and audio overrides built into Killer Instinct . Additional Rare Revealed featurettes not present in Rare Replay have been released since the game 's launch via the company 's official YouTube channel .
= = Development = =
Rare began work on Rare Replay in 2014 as a 30th anniversary celebration . They wanted to do something unique for what they considered a rare milestone in the industry . Rare was also influenced by community requests to bring their classics to Xbox One , and the Microsoft backwards compatibility team 's progress on the feature . The compilation was one of several celebration ideas , but once it was chosen , the " 30 years " theme led to the 30 game limit and US $ 30 price point . As reflective of the company 's character and celebratory theme , Rare chose a papercraft art style and theatrical stage setting for the compilation . Rare Replay became part of Rare 's plan to simultaneously celebrate its past and introduce its future with a logo redesign , new website , and announcement of their upcoming game , Sea of Thieves . Rare sorted through 120 games in their history and rated each for fitness to select the collection 's final 30 . Rare prioritized titles that featured characters and environments original to the company , which was their explanation for excluding licensed titles . The availability of licensed titles was a secondary factor , as was how fun they considered the game and how well the title aged against its contemporary video games . They wanted a wide and representative sample of " popular games that would hit that nostalgic beat that everyone likes " . Rare chose the Nintendo 64 Conker 's Bad Fur Day over the Xbox version ( Conker : Live & Reloaded ) because they felt the latter had strayed too far from the original . While Rare Replay 's designers made the final call , other Rare employees and veterans gave input and recollected old game development stories .
Unlike the usual product development cycle , which grows a concept into a final product , most of the development work in Rare Replay was in converging 30 games across six platforms onto one disc . The engineering challenge rested in the quantity of games and platforms being emulated rather than the emulation effort itself . Rare worked in close collaboration with Microsoft as the latter developed the Xbox One 's backwards compatibility features in secret , which Rare ultimately used in Rare Replay . The Microsoft team helped prepare Rare 's nine Xbox 360 games for the release . Their discontinued online services were not restored for the compilation . On Rare Replay 's design , lead designer Paul Collins added that the Snapshot challenges were built to encourage players to sample all of the games , and that the rewind feature was to help all players finish the games without quitting in frustration . The compilation 's opening musical number was a compromise from the original vision : a musical history of the company 's oeuvre , as told through small musical introductions to each Snapshot . The final opening was intended to evoke players ' memories of Rare properties , and includes several Easter eggs .
Rare Replay was announced during the Microsoft press conference at the June 2015 Electronic Entertainment Expo . The reveal was leaked in the hours prior to the show . The compilation was released as an Xbox One exclusive worldwide on August 4 , 2015 . There are no plans for a Windows 10 release or downloadable content additions . While Rare 's founders , the Stamper brothers , were not interviewed in the bonus features , Tim Stamper appeared in a Develop interview set to coincide with the compilation 's release . Rare also added a tie @-@ in wherein Rare Replay owners unlocked the Battletoads character Rash as a playable character in the 2013 fighting game Killer Instinct during a limited test period .
= = Reception = =
Rare Replay received " generally favorable " reviews , according to review aggregator Metacritic . It reached the top of the United Kingdom all @-@ format games sales charts — the first Xbox One exclusive to do so and Rare 's first since Banjo @-@ Kazooie in 1998 . Rare Replay was also the first top @-@ ranked budget title since Wii Fit Plus ( 2009 ) before it fell to sixth place the next week . Rare Replay was the sixth best selling game in North America for August 2015 . The compilation had earlier been Amazon.com 's most preordered game of the 2015 Electronic Entertainment Expo . Reviewers liked its value proposition and low price .
Reviewers noted the quality and craft that went into the compilation 's design . Jaz Rignall ( USgamer ) was impressed by the compilation 's presentation and balance between frills and efficiency , and Dan Whitehead ( Eurogamer ) felt that the theatrical theme fit Rare 's character . Reviewers considered Rare Replay a high @-@ water mark for video game compilations . Stephen Totilo ( Kotaku ) called it the best since Valve 's The Orange Box . Chris Plante ( The Verge ) praised Rare Replay as a viable response to retrogame copyright infringement , with its slight hardware improvements and added touches . Alternatively , Jeremy Parish ( USgamer ) judged the Criterion Collection @-@ style presentation of the contemporaneous Mega Man Legacy Collection ( 2015 ) to provide a more authentic appreciation of its original material . Ars Technica wrote that the compilation 's target audience — gamers who experienced the originals in their heyday — would likely not be affected by a critical review of the included games . He felt that the compilation 's variety offered players at least eight new and exciting games apiece regardless of their feelings towards Rare . Many of the compilation 's games already had long @-@ established legacies .
Communal favorites of the package included Blast Corps , Banjo @-@ Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts , the Viva Piñata games , and the Nintendo 64 classics ( especially Banjo @-@ Kazooie , Conker , and Perfect Dark ) . Least favorites included Perfect Dark Zero , Grabbed by the Ghoulies , Snake Rattle & Roll , and the early Spectrum games , which reviewers felt had aged the worst . However , Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica felt that the seven Spectrum games showed a more experimental and unrefined side of the company that tested the bounds of game design . He called the selections " incredibly forward @-@ thinking " but too confusing to control and heavily focused on repeated quests and item collection .
Critics were disappointed at the exclusion of Donkey Kong Country , GoldenEye 007 , and Diddy Kong Racing , which they considered among the company 's best games , but an inevitable absence due to licensing issues . Other reviewers were not as disappointed , and felt that the package was fine without them . The Kotaku reviewer found that the package 's omission of Nintendo franchises and Kinect Sports hurt its overall continuity , such as understanding how Conker was a response to the " cutesy " Nintendo characters of its predecessors . The reviewer discerned that Rare Replay was , in part , " image rehabilitation for a studio that had stopped making classic games many years ago " , and hoped that the package was a sign of commitment to more " deep and daring games " in Rare 's future . Ars Technica 's critic lamented that GoldenEye was yet to receive any remaster or rerelease while Donkey Kong Country was rereleased on Nintendo 's Virtual Console . He was impressed by Microsoft 's ability to license from publishers including Tradewest , Nintendo , Milton Bradley , and Electronic Arts , but noted that Rare 's Super Nintendo @-@ era games were unrepresented and was upset to see Rare 's " Mario Kart clones " and It 's Mr. Pants ! left out . Eurogamer 's reviewer considered the compilation a feat in an era where consoles were receiving endless re @-@ releases . He was surprised to see Rare 's style remain consistent over time , and compared the company 's legacy to that of Cosgrove Hall . Philip Kollar ( Polygon ) said that the selections represented Rare 's full gamut . Kyle Hilliard ( Game Informer ) wrote that the compilation had two pleasant surprises for every dud .
Reviewers felt that the archival game content and developer interviews were among Rare Replay 's best features . Some were frustrated that the features were locked behind time @-@ consuming in @-@ game challenges . Machkovech ( Ars Technica ) found himself stuck not even halfway through the stamp card progress after finishing the easiest achievements . This made the unreleased game footage particularly hard to access . Totilo ( Kotaku ) similarly became uninterested in finishing the stamp collection . He called the stamps the package 's " sickest joke " in consideration of Rare 's reputation for collectible @-@ heavy games . Some reviewers found the developer content more important than individual games . Polygon 's reviewer called the compilation " an essential piece of gaming history " , while Kotaku 's critic noted that the features lacked a straightforward history of the company and hid Rare 's significant , former ties with Nintendo . Whitehead ( Eurogamer ) wondered why Mire Mare and other early games were ignored in the bonus content . Machkovech ( Ars Technica ) found Rare Replay to be as much a " memorial " as an anthology since Rare had become " a shadow of its former self " . He noted how the compilation ends around the time when Rare 's founding Stamper brothers left the company . Reviewers felt that the Stamper brothers were a conspicuous absence from the compilation and Jaz Rignall figured that the compilation 's stamps feature was a reference to the brothers .
Reviewers praised the feature by which players could " rewind " time and reattempt difficult sections of ZX Spectrum and Nintendo Entertainment System games , which were known for their difficulty , especially in the notoriously challenging Battletoads . Kotaku figured that Rare added cheats to make the esoteric and " crushingly tough " Spectrum games tolerable , and the Ars Technica review wished that this " rewind " feature had been extended to the Nintendo 64 titles . Critics liked the Snapshot challenges and Polygon reported that they were crucial for learning basic game mechanics , though less accessible than those of NES Remix . Reviewers complained that the Spectrum game controls were difficult to decipher . The Ars Technica reviewer thought that the compilation did a poor job of explaining each game 's controls , and wondered why Rare did not include introductory or how @-@ to videos . Instead , he turned to YouTube videos and external FAQs before playing each game . Eurogamer and Ars Technica disagreed on the virtues of having the Spectrum emulator replicate the graphical glitches of the original console . Jaz Rignall of USgamer appreciated the added option to save game progress at any time for the Spectrum classics , and wrote that the collection will remind players how difficult games used to be .
Rare Replay 's Nintendo 64 emulation pleased critics . Ars Technica wrote that the polygonal upgrades compensated for the " blurry " and " pixelated " source material , though the Nintendo 64 multiplayer modes lacked the frame rate upgrades that their single @-@ player modes received . Kotaku noted that the Xbox One had more Nintendo 64 re @-@ releases than Nintendo 's Wii U Virtual Console . Its reviewer found the in @-@ game Xbox One button prompts to be " delightful anachronisms " . Ars Technica 's reviewer commended Rare 's choice to the Nintendo 64 version of Conker 's Bad Fur Day over its updated yet censored Xbox re @-@ release . Initial reviews found Jet Force Gemini unplayable without dual thumbstick controls , which were later added . While Machkovech ( Ars Technica ) considered Rare 's Microsoft games to the weakest of the lot , Whitehead ( Eurogamer ) found them even more enjoyable in the context of Rare Replay . Reviewers noted frame rate and technical issues in the Xbox 360 emulation and did not like its separation from the rest of the compilation . Kollar ( Polygon ) called the Xbox 360 game installation process needlessly complex , and Marty Sliva ( IGN ) did not like how the Xbox 360 startup sequence interrupted the compilation 's cohesion . He added that the emulated Xbox 360 experience was subpar compared to the unemulated experience .
= Battle of the Nile =
The Battle of the Nile ( also known as the Battle of Aboukir Bay ; French : Bataille d 'Aboukir ; Egyptian Arabic : معركة أبي قير البحرية ) was a major naval battle fought between the British Royal Navy and the Navy of the French Republic at Aboukir Bay on the Mediterranean coast off Egypt from 1 to 3 August 1798 . The battle was the climax of a naval campaign that had ranged across the Mediterranean during the previous three months , as a large French convoy sailed from Toulon to Alexandria carrying an expeditionary force under then General Napoleon Bonaparte . In the battle , the British fleet , led by Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson , decisively defeated the French under Vice @-@ Admiral François @-@ Paul Brueys d 'Aigalliers .
Napoleon Bonaparte sought to invade Egypt as the first step in a campaign against British India in an effort to drive Britain out of the French Revolutionary Wars . As Bonaparte 's fleet crossed the Mediterranean , it was pursued by a British force under Nelson , who had been sent from the British fleet in the Tagus to learn the purpose of the French expedition and defeat it . For more than two months , he chased the French , on several occasions only missing them by a matter of hours . Bonaparte , aware of Nelson 's pursuit , enforced absolute secrecy about his destination and was able to capture Malta and then land in Egypt without interception by the British naval forces .
With the French army ashore , the French fleet anchored in Aboukir Bay , 20 miles ( 32 km ) northeast of Alexandria . Commander Vice @-@ Admiral François @-@ Paul Brueys d 'Aigalliers believed he had established a formidable defensive position . When the British fleet arrived off Egypt on 1 August and discovered Brueys 's dispositions , Nelson ordered an immediate attack . His ships advanced on the French line and split into two divisions as they approached . One cut across the head of the line and passed between the anchored French and the shore while the other engaged the seaward side of the French fleet . Trapped in a crossfire , the leading French warships were battered into surrender during a fierce three @-@ hour battle , while the centre succeeded in repelling the initial British attack . As British reinforcements arrived , the centre came under renewed assault and at 22 : 00 the French flagship Orient exploded . With Brueys dead , and his vanguard and centre defeated , the rear division of the French fleet attempted to break out of the bay , but ultimately only two ships of the line and two frigates escaped , from a total of 17 ships engaged .
The battle reversed the strategic situation between the two nations ' forces in the Mediterranean and entrenched the Royal Navy in the dominant position it would retain for the rest of the war . It also encouraged other European countries to turn against France , and was a factor in the outbreak of the War of the Second Coalition . Bonaparte 's army was trapped in Egypt , and Royal Navy dominance off the Syrian coast contributed significantly to its defeat at the Siege of Acre in 1799 that preceded Bonaparte 's return to Europe . Nelson , who had been wounded in the
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at Plymouth . Their age and battered state meant that neither Conquérant nor Aquilon were considered fit for active service in the Royal Navy and both were subsequently hulked , although they had been bought into the service for £ 20 @,@ 000 ( the equivalent of £ 1 @,@ 772 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) each as HMS Conquerant and HMS Aboukir to provide a financial reward to the crews that had captured them . Similar sums were also paid out for Guerrier , Mercure , Heureux and Peuple Souverain , while the other captured ships were worth considerably more . Constructed of Adriatic oak , Tonnant had been built in 1792 and Franklin and Spartiate were less than a year old . Tonnant and Spartiate , both of which later fought at the Battle of Trafalgar , joined the Royal Navy under their old names while Franklin , considered to be " the finest two @-@ decked ship in the world " , was renamed HMS Canopus . The total value of the prizes captured at the Nile and subsequently bought into the Royal Navy was estimated at just over £ 130 @,@ 000 ( the equivalent of £ 11 @,@ 520 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) .
Additional awards were presented to the British fleet : Nelson was awarded £ 2 @,@ 000 ( £ 189 @,@ 870 as of 2016 ) a year for life by the Parliament of Great Britain and £ 1 @,@ 000 per annum by the Parliament of Ireland , although the latter was inadvertently discontinued after the Act of Union dissolved the Irish Parliament . Both parliaments gave unanimous votes of thanks , each captain who served in the battle was presented with a specially minted gold medal and the first lieutenant of every ship engaged in the battle was promoted to commander . Troubridge and his men , initially excluded , received equal shares in the awards after Nelson personally interceded for the crew of the stranded Culloden , even though they did not directly participate in the engagement . The Honourable East India Company presented Nelson with £ 10 @,@ 000 ( £ 949 @,@ 340 as of 2016 ) in recognition of the benefit his action had on their holdings and the cities of London , Liverpool and other municipal and corporate bodies made similar awards . Nelson 's own captains presented him with a sword and a portrait as " proof of their esteem . " Nelson publicly encouraged this close bond with his officers and on 29 September 1798 described them as " We few , we happy few , we band of brothers " , echoing William Shakespeare 's play Henry V. From this grew the notion of the Nelsonic Band of Brothers , a cadre of high @-@ quality naval officers that served with Nelson for the remainder of his life . Nearly five decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the Naval General Service Medal , awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847 .
Other rewards were bestowed by foreign states , particularly the Ottoman Emperor Selim III , who made Nelson the first Knight Commander of the newly created Order of the Crescent , and presented him with a chelengk , a diamond studded rose , a sable fur and numerous other valuable presents . Tsar Paul I of Russia sent , among other rewards , a gold box studded with diamonds , and similar gifts in silver arrived from other European rulers . On his return to Naples , Nelson was greeted with a triumphal procession led by King Ferdinand IV and Sir William Hamilton and was introduced for only the third time to Sir William 's wife Emma , Lady Hamilton , who fainted violently at the meeting , and apparently took several weeks to recover from her injuries . Lauded as a hero by the Neapolitan court , Nelson was later to dabble in Neapolitan politics and become the Duke of Bronté , actions for which he was criticised by his superiors and his reputation suffered . British general John Moore , who met Nelson in Naples at this time , described him as " covered with stars , medals and ribbons , more like a Prince of Opera than the Conqueror of the Nile . "
Rumours of a battle first appeared in the French press as early as 7 August , although credible reports did not arrive until 26 August , and even these claimed that Nelson was dead and Bonaparte a British prisoner . When the news became certain , the French press insisted that the defeat was the result both of an overwhelmingly large British force and unspecified " traitors . " Among the anti @-@ government journals in France , the defeat was blamed on the incompetence of the French Directory and on supposed lingering Royalist sentiments in the Navy . Villeneuve came under scathing attack on his return to France for his failure to support Brueys during the battle . In his defence , he pleaded that the wind had been against him and that Brueys had not issued orders for him to counterattack the British fleet . Writing many years later , Bonaparte commented that if the French Navy had adopted the same tactical principles as the British :
" Admiral Villeneuve would not have thought himself blameless at Aboukir , for remaining inactive with five or six ships , that is to say , with half the squadron , for twenty four hours , whilst the enemy was overpowering the other wing . "
By contrast , the British press were jubilant ; many newspapers sought to portray the battle as a victory for Britain over anarchy , and the success was used to attack the supposedly pro @-@ republican Whig politicians Charles James Fox and Richard Brinsley Sheridan .
There has been extensive historiographical debate over the comparative strengths of the fleets , although they were ostensibly evenly matched in size , each containing 13 ships of the line . However , the loss of Culloden , the relative sizes of Orient and Leander and the participation in the action by two of the French frigates and several smaller vessels , as well as the theoretical strength of the French position , leads most historians to the conclusion that the French were marginally more powerful . This is accentuated by the weight of broadside of several of the French ships : Spartiate , Franklin , Orient , Tonnant and Guillaume Tell were each significantly larger than any individual British ship in the battle . However inadequate deployment , reduced crews , and the failure of the rear division under Villeneuve to meaningfully participate , all contributed to the French defeat .
= = = Effects = = =
The Battle of the Nile has been called " arguably , the most decisive naval engagement of the great age of sail " , and " the most splendid and glorious success which the British Navy gained . " Historian and novelist C. S. Forester , writing in 1929 , compared the Nile to the great naval actions in history and concluded that " it still only stands rivalled by Tsu @-@ Shima as an example of the annihilation of one fleet by another of approximately equal material force " . The effect on the strategic situation in the Mediterranean was immediate , reversing the balance of the conflict and giving the British control at sea that they maintained for the remainder of the war . The destruction of the French Mediterranean fleet allowed the Royal Navy to return to the sea in force , as British squadrons set up blockades off French and allied ports . In particular , British ships cut Malta off from France , aided by the rebellion among the native Maltese population that forced the French garrison to retreat to Valletta and shut the gates . The ensuing Siege of Malta lasted for two years before the defenders were finally starved into surrender . In 1799 , British ships harassed Bonaparte 's army as it marched east and north through Palestine , and played a crucial part in Bonaparte 's defeat at the Siege of Acre , when the barges carrying the siege train were captured and the French storming parties were bombarded by British ships anchored offshore . It was during one of these latter engagements that Captain Miller of Theseus was killed in an ammunition explosion . The defeat at Acre forced Bonaparte to retreat to Egypt and effectively ended his efforts to carve an empire in the Middle East . The French general returned to France without his army late in the year , leaving Kléber in command of Egypt .
The Ottomans , with whom Bonaparte had hoped to conduct an alliance once his control of Egypt was complete , were encouraged by the Battle of the Nile to go to war against France . This led to a series of campaigns that slowly sapped the strength from the French army trapped in Egypt . The British victory also encouraged the Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire , both of whom were mustering armies as part of a Second Coalition , which declared war on France in 1799 . With the Mediterranean undefended , a Russian fleet entered the Ionian Sea , while Austrian armies recaptured much of the Italian territory lost to Bonaparte in the previous war . Without their best general and his veterans , the French suffered a series of defeats and it was not until Bonaparte returned to become First Consul that France once again held a position of strength on mainland Europe . In 1801 a British Expeditionary Force defeated the demoralised remains of the French army in Egypt . The Royal Navy used its dominance in the Mediterranean to invade Egypt without the fear of ambush while anchored off the Egyptian coast .
In spite of the overwhelming British victory in the climactic battle , the campaign has sometimes been considered a strategic success for France . Historian Edward Ingram noted that if Nelson had successfully intercepted Bonaparte at sea as ordered , the ensuing battle could have annihilated both the French fleet and the transports . As it was , Bonaparte was free to continue the war in the Middle East and later to return to Europe personally unscathed . The potential of a successful engagement at sea to change the course of history is underscored by the list of French army officers carried aboard the convoy who later formed the core of the generals and marshals under Emperor Napoleon . In addition to Bonaparte himself , Louis @-@ Alexandre Berthier , Auguste de Marmont , Jean Lannes , Joachim Murat , Louis Desaix , Jean Reynier , Antoine @-@ François Andréossy , Jean @-@ Andoche Junot , Louis @-@ Nicolas Davout and Dumas were all passengers on the cramped Mediterranean crossing .
= = = Legacy = = =
The Battle of the Nile remains one of the Royal Navy 's most famous victories , and has remained prominent in the British popular imagination , sustained by its depiction in a large number of cartoons , paintings , poems , and plays . One of the best known poems about the battle is Casabianca , which was written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans in 1826 and describes a fictional account of the death of Captain Casabianca 's son on Orient . Monuments were raised , including Cleopatra 's Needle in London . Muhammad Ali of Egypt gave the monument in 1819 in recognition of the battle of 1798 and the campaign of 1801 but Great Britain did not erect it on the Victoria Embankment until 1878 . Another memorial , the Nile Clumps near Amesbury , consists of stands of beech trees purportedly planted by Lord Queensbury at the bequest of Lady Hamilton and Thomas Hardy after Nelson 's death . The trees form a plan of the battle ; each clump represents the position of a British or French ship . A similar arboreal memorial is thought to have been planted near Alnwick by Nelson 's agent Alexander Davison . The Royal Navy commemorated the battle with the ship names HMS Aboukir and HMS Nile , and in 1998 commemorated the 200th anniversary of the battle with a visit to Aboukir Bay by the modern frigate HMS Somerset , whose crew laid wreaths in memory of those who lost their lives in the battle .
Although Nelson biographer Ernle Bradford assumed in 1977 that the remains of Orient " are almost certainly unrecoverable , " the first archaeological investigation into the battle began in 1983 , when a French survey team under Jacques Dumas discovered the wreck of the French flagship . Franck Goddio later took over the work , leading a major project to explore the bay in 1998 . He found that material was scattered over an area 500 metres ( 550 yd ) in diameter . In addition to military and nautical equipment , Goddio recovered a large number of gold and silver coins from countries across the Mediterranean , some from the 17th century . It is likely that these were part of the treasure taken from Malta that was lost in the explosion aboard Orient . In 2000 , Italian archaeologist Paolo Gallo led an excavation focusing on ancient ruins on Nelson 's Island . It uncovered a number of graves that date from the battle , as well as others buried there during the 1801 invasion . These graves , which included a woman and three children , were relocated in 2005 to a cemetery at Shatby in Alexandria . The reburial was attended by sailors from the modern frigate HMS Chatham and a band
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client ( subordinate ) races :
One Point Fives – a diminutive cat @-@ sized race who all but destroyed their world 20 light @-@ years from Earth and now wear shields and prostheses to protect themselves from their toxic environment , increasing their body size 1 @.@ 5 times ; they are the Grand Galactics 's " hit men " used to destroy recalcitrant planets
Nine Limbeds – a nine @-@ limbed race with good language skills ; used by the Grand Galactics to communicate with other races
Machine Stored – a " demonic " looking race whose neglect of their planet left it uninhabitable , forcing them to upload themselves into the memory of machines ; used by the Grand Galactics as ship navigators and to " backup " other races
= = Reception and analysis = =
In spite of the publicity The Last Theorem received , that it was Arthur C. Clarke 's " last novel " , and that it was written by two science fiction Grand Masters , in general it has not been well received by critics .
Entertainment Weekly in their review said that " uneven pacing and tone mar an intriguing cautionary tale . This collaboration , completed before Clarke 's death last March , would 've made a better solo project for either author . " The Washington Post said that " The Last Theorem reads like a dog @-@ eared album of favorite themes from yesteryear " , referring to Clarke and Pohl topics from the authors ' earlier works . Thomas M. Wagner at SF Reviews wrote that " The Last Theorem is a book I really resent not liking , because there 's so much about it that deserves to be liked . " He said that the first two @-@ thirds is " so good [ ... ] it almost , but doesn 't quite , make up for the nonsense that overtakes the whole affair at the climax . " Wagner felt that the meeting of " two disparate storytelling sensibilities " was " far less harmonious and compatible " than Clarke and Pohl may have imagined . Wagner summed up by saying that " The Last Theorem is not simply an uneven novel . It 's a deeply disjointed one , a book that introduces a host of wonderful ideas and sympathetic , believable characters , only to decide it doesn 't trust them to carry off the story in the end , ultimately falling back – disastrously – on dated and dubious formula . " Sheila Merritt at SciFi Dimensions said that while it should have been " a fine tribute and a fitting farewell to this master of science fiction " , it turned out to be an " easy book to put down . " She said that the plot " meanders in fits and starts " and that the book is too long for the story it tells . Ed Park of the Los Angeles Times enjoyed the first third of the book , but said that for the rest , its " winning and winking self @-@ consciousness evaporates . " He wondered how stable the manuscript was when it was published , and added that it does nothing to " burnish the legacy of either of its authors . "
A common criticism amongst many reviewers was that in spite of its title , no connection is made between Fermat 's Last Theorem and the alien invasion . Alex Kasman at Mathematical Fiction complained about errors in some of the author 's descriptions of the mathematical problems , and in particular their unfair treatment of Wiles 's proof of Fermat 's Last Theorem . Some reviewers felt that the characters had not been developed sufficiently . Michael Sims of The Washington Post said that " these characters are so thin you can see through them . " The aliens are depicted as cartoon @-@ like figures , and Ranjit does not appear to be affected by his lengthy incarceration , interrogation and torture . Some critics also felt that the book ended " somewhat precipitously " , that after the aliens arrived , the crisis was resolved too quickly , giving the impression " that there was at least a good , long chapter missing . "
Not all reviews , however , were negative . Nader Elhefnawy at Strange Horizons described the book as " an interesting experiment " . He said that Pohl deserves the credit for " capturing Clarke 's voice " , and that Clarke also deserves credit for doing something completely different . While he would not recommend the book to readers new to Clarke 's work , Elhefnawy said that fans would not regret reading the book . Mark Yon at SFF World said that while this is not one of Clarke 's best works , " it is still very good " . He said that even though it is a collaboration , the book is still recognisably Clarke , " with the same humour , the same enthusiasm , the great flashes of inspiration , the big ideas and the same curious positivism that underlines most of Sir Arthur ’ s work . [ ... ] There is a joy throughout here : a joy of learning , of opening up new opportunities and experiences , and a love of mathematics and science . " Michael Berry at the San Francisco Chronicle said that the novel does a " stellar job of conveying some of the intellectual fun that can be had by manipulating math . " He said that Sri Lanka , Clarke 's home for most of his life , is brought " vividly to life " , and that despite some minor flaws , The Last Theorem is a " fitting valedictory for Clarke , one of science fiction 's most acclaimed authors , and a reminder of Pohl 's great relevance to a genre he has championed for more than 70 years . "
= = Work cited = =
Clarke , Arthur C. ; Pohl , Frederik C. ( 2009 ) [ 2008 ] . The Last Theorem . London : Harper Voyager . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 00 @-@ 729002 @-@ 4 .
= John Day ( printer ) =
John Day ( or Daye ) ( c . 1522 – 23 July 1584 ) was an English Protestant printer . He specialised in printing and distributing Protestant literature and pamphlets , and produced many small @-@ format religious books , such as ABCs , sermons , and translations of psalms . He found fame , however , as the publisher of John Foxe 's Actes and Monuments , also known as the Book of Martyrs , the largest and most technologically accomplished book printed in sixteenth @-@ century England .
Day rose to the top of his profession during the reign of Edward VI ( 1547 – 1553 ) . At this time , restrictions on publishers were relaxed , and a wave of propaganda on behalf of the English Reformation was encouraged by the government of the Lord Protector , Edward Seymour , 1st Duke of Somerset . During the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary I , many Protestant printers fled to the continent , but Day stayed in England and continued to print Protestant literature . In 1554 , he was arrested and imprisoned , presumably for these illicit printing activities . Under Queen Elizabeth I , Day returned to his premises at Aldersgate in London , where he enjoyed the patronage of high @-@ ranking officials and nobles , including William Cecil , Robert Dudley , and Matthew Parker . With their support , he published the Book of Martyrs and was awarded monopolies for some of the most popular English books , such as The ABC with Little Catechism and The Whole Booke of Psalmes . Day , whose technical skill matched his business acumen , has been called " the master printer of the English Reformation " .
= = Early career = =
Day 's origins and the events of his early life remain obscure . Scholars have assumed that Day was born and raised in Dunwich , but there is no direct evidence that proves this claim . He may have been in London by 1540 , as his name is mentioned in a city deposition as being a former servant of the printer and physician Thomas Raynalde . In 1546 , he was probably one of twenty men who were granted the freedom of the city by redemption to work for the Stringers ' Company of London .
The next year , he began printing with a partner , William Seres ; the two based their operations at the parish of St Sepulchre in London . Day and Seres specialised in religious works , such as those by Robert Crowley , which were largely related to theological controversies of the time . The Protestant Reformation was advancing rapidly , and the laws against the publication of heretical works were being relaxed . In 1548 , ten of the twenty works that the two men published were devoted to criticizing the Catholic belief of transubstantiation . One of those publications , a satirical poem by Luke Shepherd titled Iohn Bon and Mast Person , almost landed Day in jail . Day and Seres also translated important works of Continental Protestantism for the English market , notably Herman von Wied 's A Simple and Religious Consultation in 1547 .
In 1549 , Day opened a new shop in Cheapside , and the next year , he and Seres were successful enough to amicably separate their businesses . Day set up his new home and printing establishment at Aldersgate in the parish of St Anne and St Agnes and transferred from the Stringers ' to the Stationers ' Company . Day found Aldersgate 's foreigner @-@ friendly attributes helpful in attracting skilled Dutch workers , whom he relied on throughout his career . He soon established himself as a quality printer , and in 1551 , he reprinted an elaborate edition of the Bible that he had previously produced with Seres . The next year , he secured a valuable patent to print the works of John Ponet and Thomas Beccon . This enraged one of his competitors , Reginald Wolfe , who already held a patent to print Ponet 's Catechism in Latin . Eventually , a compromise patent was issued which allowed Wolfe to continue printing the Catechism in Latin and Day to print the work in English . Day reaped more benefits from the deal than Wolfe : the English printings were used far more extensively than the Latin ones , and the ABC was eventually appended with Ponet 's Catechism .
With a reputation for Protestant godliness and connections to people like John Dudley , William Cecil , and Catherine Willoughby , a successful career seemed assured for Day . Unfortunately for Day , Queen Mary ascended the throne in 1553 and the entire religious climate of the country changed . For years , it was thought that at the accession of Mary , Day fled to the Continent to avoid persecution . However , typographical and other evidence has convinced scholars that Day set up a clandestine press in premises connected to William Cecil in Lincolnshire , and that he continued to print Protestant polemical works under the pseudonym Michael Wood . The " Michael Wood " pamphlets included Protestant writings by Lady Jane Grey , John Hooper , and Stephen Gardiner , and attacks on Mary and her advisors .
On 16 October 1554 , according to the diary of Henry Machyn , Day was caught and sent to the Tower of London for printing " naughty books " . In the Book of Martyrs , Foxe records statements made in prison to Day by the future martyr John Rogers , " spake being then in prison , to the Printer of this present booke , who then also was layd up for lyke cause of religion " . Perhaps because the flight of foreign Protestant workers under Mary was causing a shortage of printers , Day was released the next year and allowed to work again , but only as a jobbing printer . He reunited with Seres ( also recently released from prison ) to produce works of Catholicism for Catholic printer John Wayland , a far cry from the Protestant polemics he printed prior to imprisonment . He also served as the official printer of the City of London for two years .
= = Elizabethan period = =
With the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558 , Day 's business blossomed once more . Day was already close to Cecil , who had now become one of the new Queen 's top advisors . Through Cecil , Day was awarded the valuable monopoly on printing ABCs . He also befriended Robert Dudley ( son of John Dudley ) , another of Elizabeth 's favorites . With the help of his connections , Day was able to obtain a lucrative patent to print William Cuningham 's Cosmographical Glasse . He produced the first edition in 1559 using a new italic font of the highest quality ( probably cut by François Guyot ) and a large number of impressive woodcuts . Day absorbed the
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rally in Uttar Pradesh . He also addressed a rally in Kerala . In Assam he criticised BJP for " always playing a destructive role " and " running a person centric campaign " . He added that BJP was making promises which it could not fulfill . Singh was the party 's star campaigner in Maharashtra along with Sonia and Rahul Gandhi , Ghulam Nabi Azad , Jyotiraditya Scindia , Ashok Chavan and Mohan Prakash . Sonia Gandhi also campaigned in Amethi , the constituency of Rahul Gandhi on 19 April . After she suffered an asthma attack while campaigning , her three rallies scheduled for 20 April were cancelled .
Priyanka Gandhi , while campaigned in Rae Bareli on 24 April , accused Narendra Modi of favouring businessmen by allocating land to their companies at very low prices and defended her husband Robert Vadra over the accusations of corruptions . While addressing a rally in Amethi on 5 May , Modi responded by criticising Priyanka for saying that BJP was involved in low level politics . He also added that former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi had humiliated a former chief minister of a state at an airport . Priyanka Gandhi called Modi 's statement an insult to his " martyr father " and criticised BJP for involving in low level politics . INC 's senior leaders felt that Priyanka 's attacks on Modi had energised the party workers . Priyanka also said that it is not 56 @-@ inch chest but big heart , moral strength that are necessary to run the nation . She further said that Modi wanted power for himself and alleged that books defaming her family members were being dropped at night in the places where her public meetings were scheduled to take place . Agitated by the allegations BJP launched a CD and booklet titled Damadshree accusing Bhupinder Singh Hooda and Ashok Gahlot of helping Vadra in acquiring land in violation of the regulations . Priyanka Gandhi criticised this move of the BJP and compared it to " panicky rats " . She also took a pun on Modi 's remarks on Rahul Gandhi in which he called him Shehzada ( prince ) and Namuna ( specimen ) , by calling Modi 's behaviour childish .
On 10 May , the last day of campaigning Rahul Gandhi did a roadshow in Varanasi , the constituency from where the prime ministerial candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party , Narendra Modi was contesting in the elections . Gandhi was accompanied by Raj Babbar , Nagma , Madhusudan Mistry and the party 's candidate for the constituency Ajay Rai . He alleged that Modi was responsible for tapping the phone of a woman architect in Gujarat and had ordered police officials to spy on her . He also accused Modi for favouring Adani Group by giving them land worth ₹ 400 billion ( US $ 5 @.@ 9 billion ) at a petty cost of Rs . 1 per square metre and promoted his party by telling people about the benefits of scholarships programs initiated by the government and MNREGA . During the roadshow family members of Bharat Ratna laureate Bismillah Khan played shehnai . The family members had refused to be the proposers when Narendra Modi filed his nomination in Varanasi .
= = Advertisement = =
In January 2014 Congress party released ₹ 700 crore ( US $ 100 million ) for advertisement . During the same month a half @-@ page advertisement titled Main Nahi Hum ( Not me , but We ) featuring Rahul Gandhi and nine people from different communities was launched for newspapers . It had a slogan — Har Hath Shakti , Har Hath Tarakki ( power in every hand , progress to everyone ) . The advertisement also mocked Narendra Modi 's Gujarat model of development and spotted a punch line — " No hand has a magic wand that can be waved to achieve progress " . US @-@ based Burson @-@ Marsteller , JWT and Dentsu India , a Japanese publicity agency were given contracts to provide an image makeover for the party and its vice @-@ president Rahul Gandhi . The primary focus of the advertising was to portray " Rahul Gandhi as a young , vibrant leader who will deliver on the aspirations of the common Indian . "
An advertisement " Face of the Congress – Kattar Sooch Nahi , Yuva Josh " was aired through TV , Radio , hoardings , newspapers etc . It featured Hasiba B Amin , who is the Congress party 's students ' Wing National Student Union of India 's state president from Goa . In it , she talked about the party and its approach towards youngsters of the nation and also highlights party 's anti @-@ corruption stand . Several commercials ran on televisions as part of " Bharat Nirman " campaign which is in turn a ₹ 100 crore ( US $ 15 million ) initiative of Information and Broadcasting Ministry . They talked about the development work undertaken by the UPA government . After the " Face of the Congress " ad was launched news about Hasiba 's involvement in a ₹ 300 crore ( US $ 45 million ) scam and her jail term were disclosed and shared on social media . She denied such allegations and said that " I couldn 't imagine that people could stoop so low " . After the ad was launched on YouTube , a mock ad was released on YouTube titled " Har Haath Lollipop " as a lampooning by the opposition parties .
Senior leaders of the party blamed Dentsu for its defeat in the elections . They also said that Dentsu had charged too much for its services .
= = Fundraising = =
Political parties in India use the money donated by willing people and organisations to campaign for elections . The Congress party received donations from General Electoral Trust , Torrent Power Ltd , the Bharti Electoral Trust , Asianet V Holding Pvt. Ltd , the Electoral Trust and ITC Ltd. to name a few . Before the commencement of elections the Cabinet of India revised the limit of election expenditure by a candidate for Parliamentary Constituencies to ₹ 7 million ( US $ 100 @,@ 000 ) in bigger states and to ₹ 5 @.@ 4 million ( US $ 80 @,@ 000 ) in smaller states and all union territories except Delhi . This revision of the ceiling on election expenditure was attributed to the increase in the number of electors and polling stations as well as the increase in the cost inflation index .
= = Controversies = =
During the election campaigning the party 's candidate from Saharanpur , Imran Masood while addressing a rally allegedly said that he would " chop down Narendra Modi into pieces " . He was arrested on 29 March , for deliberately outraging religious feelings . He filed a bail plea in Saharanpur district court , but his plea was dismissed and he was sent to a 14 @-@ day judicial custody . Madhusudan Mistry , the party 's candidate from Vadodra was arrested by the police on 3 April along with 33 other party workers for vandalising Modi 's poster in the city . He accused the Vadodara Municipal Corporation for favouring BJP in allotting spots for putting posters . He and the other 33 party workers were released on the same day after filling personal bonds worth ₹ 5 @,@ 000 ( US $ 74 ) each .
Former prime ministerial adviser Sanjaya Baru published a book titled The Accidental Prime Minister : The Making and Unmaking of Manmohan Singh in which he criticised Singh for not being " fully in charge of his government in having to compete with the dynastic INC leader , Sonia Gandhi , for influence within his own cabinet . " Singh 's office retorted in saying it is " smacks of fiction and coloured views of a former adviser . " After Baru said " it is no secret that Sonia Gandhi was the super prime minister , " Priyanka Vadra replied " I think Manmohan Singh ji is the super PM . " The opposition targeted Sonia Gandhi on the basis of this book .
= = Result = =
The Indian National Congress won 44 seats out of the 543 constituencies in the election . This was the worst defeat that Congress had suffered in its history . The Bharatiya Janata Party under the leadership of its prime ministerial candidate won 282 seats and emerged as the single largest party to form the majority government , the first time in India since the government formed by Rajiv Gandhi in 1984 . After the results were announced both Sonia and Rahul Gandhi took the responsibility for the defeat and offered their resignation at a meeting of party members in Delhi but the party 's working committee unanimously rejected their resignation . Manmohan Singh took the responsibility for the " shortcomings that existed at the government level . " while the members of the committee said that the defeat was a collective responsibility and passed a resolution criticising the communication strategy of the government for the defeat .
= 2010 Asian Games =
The 2010 Asian Games , also known as the XVI Asiad , was a multi @-@ sport event celebrated in Guangzhou , China from November 12 to 27 , 2010 . Guangzhou was the second Chinese city to host the Games , after Beijing in 1990 . A total of 9 @,@ 704 athletes from 45 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 476 events from 42 sports and disciplines ( 28 Olympic sports and 14 non @-@ Olympic sports ) , making it the largest event in the history of the Games . Due to reductions in the number of sports to be contested for the 2014 Asian Games , these Games marked the final time that six non @-@ Olympic events would be held during the Asian Games .
The Games were co @-@ hosted by Dongguan , Foshan and Shanwei , the three neighbouring cities . A total of 53 venues were used to host the events including 11 constructed for use at the Games . The design concept of the official logo of these Asian Games was based on the legend about the Guangzhou , featured a stylised calligraphic " Stone Statue of Five Goats in Yuexiu Hill " , a symbol of the host city .
The opening and closing ceremonies were held along the Pearl River in Haixinsha Island , and was the first time in history that the opening ceremony for a major sports event was not held inside a stadium . The final medal tally was led by China , followed by South Korea and third place Japan . China set a new Games record with 199 gold medals . Three World and 103 Asian records were broken . In addition , the badminton men 's singles gold medalist Lin Dan was voted as most valuable player ( MVP ) . The President of Olympic Council of Asia Sheikh Ahmed Al @-@ Fahad Al @-@ Ahmed Al @-@ Sabah hailed the Games as " outstanding " and " one of the best ever " .
= = Organisation = =
= = = Bid = = =
The Olympic Council of Asia ( OCA ) selected Guangzhou to host the 2010 Games at their 23rd general assembly session in Doha , Qatar , site of the 2006 Asian Games , on July 1 , 2004 . Seoul and Amman dropped out before their bids were officially selected by the OCA , leaving only two candidate cities — Guangzhou and Kuala Lumpur . Seoul withdrew after considering the short span of time between 2002 and 2010 , as South Korea hosted the 2002 Games in Busan . Evaluation committee of the OCA , headed by the then vice @-@ president of the association Celso Dayrit inspected both the final bidders . Kuala Lumpur was forced to withdraw its bid after the declaration of the Malaysian Government on April 15 , 2004 that it wouldn 't support the Olympic Council of Malaysia with a Kuala Lumpur bid , due to the high cost of hosting the Games , leaving Guangzhou as the sole bidder .
= = = Marketing = = =
The official emblem of the Games was unveiled at Sun Yat @-@ sen Memorial Hall on November 26 , 2006 . It is a stylized representation of Guangzhou 's " Statue of the Five Goats " ( 五羊雕像 ) fused with a running track . The goat , in Chinese tradition , is a blessing and brings people luck while the host city Guangzhou is known as the " City of Goats " . The orange and yellow emblem also resembles a flame .
The mascots of the Games were the five sporty rams . They were unveiled on April 28 , 2008 at the Guangzhou Baiyun International Convention and Exhibition Center . The five rams , including four small with one large , were named – A Xiang ( 祥 ) , A He ( 和 ) , A Ru ( 如 ) , A Yi ( 意 ) and Le Yangyang ( 樂洋洋 ) . The Chinese character " yang , " or " goat , " is an auspicious symbol because , when read together , the Chinese names of the five rams are a message of blessing , literally meaning " harmony , blessings , success and happiness " ( 祥和如意樂洋洋 ) .
The official theme song was released on September 30 , 2010 , and is called " Reunion " ( in Chinese , " Chongfeng " [ 重逢 ] ) . It was composed by Wu Liqun , with lyrics written by Xu Rongkai , while the English version was translated by Chen Ning Yang , a Chinese @-@ American physicist , and his wife , Weng Fan . The song was also performed by Sun Nan and Bella Yao ( 姚贝娜 ) . Sun Nan then performed it again with Mao Amin for a music video .
= = = Financing = = =
On March 11 , 2005 , Lin Shusen , then party secretary of the Guangzhou Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) said the Games " will not cost more than ￥ 2 billion " , in stark contrast to an earlier report , which had claimed that the cost could exceed ￥ 200 billion .
In March 2009 , the director of the marketing department of the Games , Fang Da ’ er , claimed that the Games were short of funds , due to lack of sponsorship and the global financial crisis . An informal estimate put the Games ' expenditure at about US $ 420 million and revenue at US $ 450 million .
On October 13 , 2010 , Wan Qingliang , mayor of Guangzhou at the time , officially revealed in a press conference that the total cost of staging the Asian Games and Asian Para Games is about ￥ 122 @.@ 6 billion ( $ 18 @.@ 37 billion ) , with ￥ 109 billion spent on the city 's infrastructure , ￥ 6 @.@ 3 billion on the venues and some ￥ 7 @.@ 3 billion spent on Games ' operation .
The full spending details would be released before 2013 , according to the city 's finance chief Zhang Jieming .
= = = Venues = = =
A total of 53 competition venues and 17 training venues were used for the Games , with four venues located outside of Guangzhou . Events took place at 42 pre @-@ existing venues ; eleven competition venues and one training venues were constructed for the Games , while the rest were renovated . Other venues included the Asian Games Town , which consists of the Athletes ' Village , Technical Officials ' Village , Media Village , Main Media Center and International Broadcast Center . Organisers revealed that the total investment was over ￥ 15 billion .
On April 19 , 2009 , organisers chose Haixinsha Island , along with the Pearl River , as the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies , the only venue which was not for competition purposes .
= = = Transport = = =
Guangzhou 's public transportation infrastructure was expanded significantly as a part of the preparation for the Games . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport had been upgraded , in contracted to Crisplant ( former FKI Logistex ) , to support massive volume of passengers . A new Wuhan – Guangzhou High @-@ Speed Railway was opened on December 26 , 2009 , shorten the travel time between two destinations .
In order to ease the traffic congestion and air pollution , the government ordered 40 percent reduction of vehicles and offered 1 @,@ 000 buses during the Games and Para Games . The government also had a free @-@ ride offer for public transportation during the month of Games , but cancelled one week prior to the Games due to overwhelming response from the citizens . Instead , government offered ￥ 150 ( $ 21 ) cash subsidies to each household with permanent residence for commuting purposes .
= = Torch relay = =
Two torch designs were short @-@ listed in September 2009 for the 2010 Asian Games . A design named " The Tide " was chosen over one named " Exploit " by the organizers as the torch of the Games . " The Tide " weighs 98 g and is 70 cm long , and is tall and straight in shape , while dynamic in terms of image .
The torch relay route was unveiled on March 4 , 2010 . Due to financial reasons it remained within the confines of Guangdong province and was planned to travel across 21 major cities of the province . The flame of the torch was lit at the Great Wall of China on October 9 , 2010 , and traveled around the Temple of Heaven in Beijing . As originally scheduled 21 cities were present in the list of relay , with 2 @,@ 010 torchbearers expected to carry it from October 12 to November 12 , 2010 ; however , two more cities — Changchun and Haiyang , the host of 2007 Asian Winter Games and 2012 Asian Beach Games respectively , were also later added to the route for a single day on October 15 , 2010 , increasing the number of torchbearers to 2 @,@ 068 people .
= = Calendar = =
In the following calendar for the 2010 Asian Games , each blue box represents an event competition , such as a qualification round , on that day . The yellow boxes represent days during which medal @-@ awarding finals for a sport were held . Each bullet in these boxes is an event final , the number of bullets per box representing the number of finals that were contested on that day . On the left the calendar lists each sport with events held during the Games , and at the right how many gold medals were won in that sport . There is a key at the top of the calendar to aid the reader .
= = Games = =
= = = Opening ceremony = = =
The opening ceremony officially began on November 12 , 2010 at 20 : 00 local time . For the first time in history , the ceremony was not held inside a stadium ; instead , it was held along the Pearl River on Haixinsha Island . The ceremony was directed by Chen Weiya , assistant director of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , and featured a cast of about 6 @,@ 000 performers . It was attended by the Chinese Premier , Wen Jiabao , President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari , Prime Minister of Thailand Abhisit Vejjajiva , Chief Secretary for Administration of Hong Kong Henry Tang , as well as President of the Olympic Council of Asia ( OCA ) , Ahmed Al @-@ Fahad Al @-@ Ahmed Al @-@ Sabah and President of International Olympic Committee Jacques Rogge . The ceremony lasted for three hours , and together with the closing ceremony costed about ￥ 380 million ( $ 53 million ) .
Athletes were paraded by boats along the Pearl River . The ceremony featured the water @-@ themed arts show and culture of Guangzhou .
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The last torchbearer , diver He Chong lit up the cauldron , after igniting the traditional Chinese firecrackers whose flare shot up to the top of the tower where the cauldron was held .
The ceremony was regarded as successful by IOC President Jacques Rogge who described it as " absolutely fantastic " , and said that " Guangzhou has the ability to host the Olympics " . OCA director general Husain Al @-@ Musallam praised the Games saying that it was unique , fantastic and " just better than the Beijing Olympics " .
= = = Sports = = =
Compared to the 28 sports and 302 events in the Olympic Games , the 2010 Asian Games featured 42 sports and 476 events throughout the 16 days of the competition , with added disciplines in some events . This version of the Asian Games comprised more sports and events than the last one , as 39 sports and 424 events were in the calendar of 2006 Asian Games . 28 and 5 gold medalists emerged during the opening and final day respectively , while a total of 48 gold medalists were awarded on November 26 , 2010 , the most in single day . Twenty20 version of the cricket was one of the début sports , while dancesport , dragon boat , weiqi and roller sport were unique in the Games . Bodybuilding was dropped due to judging controversy in the 2006 Games .
= = = Closing ceremony = = =
The closing ceremony began on November 27 , 2010 at 20 : 06 local time in front of 35 @,@ 000 spectators . The show began with the theme " Leave Your Song Here " , which included music and dance from China , India , Indonesia , Lebanon , Japan , Kazakhstan and Mongolia . The ceremony featured songs from different cultures – Indian " Saajan ji Ghar Aaye " and " Aao re Jhumo re " , Indonesian " Sing Sing So " and Japanese " Sakura " . Various artists from Taiwan , Hong Kong and mainland China performed " Triumphant Return " ( 凯旋 ) , among them were Alan Tam , Leo Ku and Hacken Lee .
The ceremony also included an eight @-@ minute segment from Incheon with singer and actor Rain performing the segment . The Mayor of Incheon Song Young @-@ gil received the Games flag for 2014 Games .
The closing ceremony ended with the song " Everyone " ( 每一个人 ) and " Cheer for Asia " ( 为亚细亚喝彩 ) .
= = = Medal table = = =
China led the medal table for the eighth consecutive time with a new record for the most number of gold medals ( at 199 gold medals ) won in a single Games . This bettered their previous record of 183 gold medals won by China at Beijing in 1990 . Macau , and Bangladesh won their first Asian Games gold medal from wushu and cricket , respectively . Some 35 NOCs ( except Kuwait who competed under the Olympic flag ) won at least a single medal with 27 NOCs winning at least a single gold medal , thus leaving nine NOCs failing to win any medal at the Games .
The top ten ranked NOCs at these Games are listed below . The host nation , China , is highlighted .
= = Participating nations = =
All 45 members of the Olympic Council of Asia that existed as of 2010 participated in the 2010 Asian Games . All National Olympic Committees were ordered to submit their entries before September 30 , 2010 . Organizers allowed each NOC to submit additional entries and injury replacements after the deadline . After the final registration deadline , some 9 @,@ 704 athletes , as well as some 4 @,@ 750 team officials , took part in the Games , an increase of 184 athletes from the previous Asian Games in Doha . According to the Games ' official website , Kuwaiti athletes participated the Games under the Olympic flag because the Kuwait Olympic Committee was suspended due to political interference in January 2010 .
Below is a list of all the participating NOCs ; the number of competitors per delegation is indicated in brackets .
= = Controversies = =
= = = Sports = = =
Cricket was among the five début sports in the Games . India , despite its historical record , decided not to send its cricket team to the Games . According to the Board of Control for Cricket in India , the decision was due to other international commitments . However , its main rivals , Pakistan and Sri Lanka , confirmed their participation .
In ten @-@ pin bowling , the Asian Bowling Federation decided to compete the Games behind closed doors , this resulted in protests from many delegates .
On November 17 , Yang Shu @-@ chun of Chinese Taipei , was abruptly disqualified with 12 seconds left in the first round of the taekwondo competition , while leading her opponent 9 – 0 . She was accused of having installed illegal sensors on the heel of her socks . The event quickly turned into an international incident , with officials , politicians and public opinion from Chinese Taipei , China and South Korea trading accusations of manipulation and fraud .
About 1 @,@ 400 random doping tests were carried out during the Games . Two athletes tested positive ; judoka Shokir Muminov on November 19 , 2010 and Greco @-@ Roman wrestler Jakhongir Muminov on November 24 , 2010 , both from Uzbekistan , tested positive for methylhexanamine . On January 24 , 2011 , the OCA announced another two doping failures , Qatari 's Ahmed Dheeb who tested positive for exogenous testosterone metabolites and Palestinian Awajna Abdalnasser who tested positive for 19 @-@ Norandrosterone .
= = = Languages = = =
In July 2010 , the citizens of Guangzhou opposed the proposal suggested by the city committee of the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference ( CPPCC ) to use Mandarin more in television news programmes , rather than Guangzhou 's main language , Cantonese . The debates eventually led to a series of public protests .
In late October 2010 , in order to protest the government over the language policy in Tibetan area , the Tibetan Youth Congress ( TYC ) used the games as a channel to voice their concern .
= = = Environment = = =
Like the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing , Guangzhou also attempted to raise the air quality of the city . The authority had pledged ￥ 600 million to fight the problem , and had ordered around 32 chemical plants to stop production by the end of 2009 . A report shown on July 13 , 2010 indicates that the air quality was rated at 95 @.@ 07 % in 2009 , an increase of 12 @.@ 01 % since 2004 ; this improvement eventually cost authorities ￥ 24 billion . Later action from organisers to curb the pollution included decreasing the movement of vehicles up to 40 percent and banning barbecue stalls in 11 cities .
Between 2005 and 2008 about 150 Guolang villagers survived by growing tomatoes , beans and cabbages while fighting the government for fairer compensation after their homes were flattened for Asian games infrastructure . The Panyu government set aside a date to listen to petitioners complaint on October 18 , 2010 .
Prior to the opening of the games , Conghua reported 429 cases of Norovirus outbreak . The government officials stressed that the people recovered before November 12 .
= Pneumothorax =
A pneumothorax ( pneumo- + thorax ; plural pneumothoraces ) is an abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space that causes an uncoupling of the lung from the chest wall . Like pleural effusion ( liquid buildup in that space ) , pneumothorax may interfere with normal breathing . It is often called collapsed lung , although that term may also refer to atelectasis . One or both lungs may be affected .
A primary pneumothorax is one that occurs spontaneously without an apparent cause and in the absence of significant lung disease , while a secondary pneumothorax occurs in the presence of existing lung pathology . Pneumothoraces can be caused by physical trauma to the chest ( including blast injury ) , or as a complication of medical or surgical intervention ; in this case it is referred to as a traumatic pneumothorax . In a minority of cases of both spontaneous or traumatic pneumothorax , the amount of air in the chest increases markedly when a one @-@ way valve is formed by an area of damaged tissue , leading to a tension pneumothorax . This condition is a medical emergency that can cause steadily worsening oxygen shortage and low blood pressure . Unless reversed by effective treatment , these sequelae can progress and cause death .
Symptoms typically include chest pain and shortness of breath . Diagnosis of a pneumothorax by physical examination alone can be difficult or inconclusive ( particularly in smaller pneumothoraces ) , so a chest radiograph or computed tomography ( CT ) scan is usually used to confirm its presence .
Small spontaneous pneumothoraces typically resolve without treatment and require only monitoring . This approach may be most appropriate in subjects who have no significant underlying lung disease . In larger pneumothoraces , or when there are marked symptoms , the air may be extracted with a syringe or a chest tube connected to a one @-@ way valve system . Occasionally , surgical interventions may be required when tube drainage is unsuccessful , or as a preventive measure , if there have been repeated episodes . The surgical treatments usually involve pleurodesis ( in which the layers of pleura are induced to stick together ) or pleurectomy ( the surgical removal of pleural membranes ) .
= = Signs and symptoms = =
A primary spontaneous pneumothorax ( PSP ) tends to occur in a young adult without underlying lung problems , and usually causes limited symptoms . Chest pain and sometimes mild breathlessness are the usual predominant presenting features . People who are affected by PSPs are often unaware of potential danger and may wait several days before seeking medical attention . PSPs more commonly occur during changes in atmospheric pressure , explaining to some extent why episodes of pneumothorax may happen in clusters . It is rare for PSPs to cause tension pneumothoraces .
Secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces ( SSPs ) , by definition , occur in individuals with significant underlying lung disease . Symptoms in SSPs tend to be more severe than in PSPs , as the unaffected lungs are generally unable to replace the loss of function in the affected lungs . Hypoxemia ( decreased blood @-@ oxygen levels ) is usually present and may be observed as cyanosis ( blue discoloration of the lips and skin ) . Hypercapnia ( accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood ) is sometimes encountered ; this may cause confusion and - if very severe - may result in comas . The sudden onset of breathlessness in someone with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , cystic fibrosis , or other serious lung diseases should therefore prompt investigations to identify the possibility of a pneumothorax .
Traumatic pneumothorax most commonly occurs when the chest wall is pierced , such as when a stab wound or gunshot wound allows air to enter the pleural space , or because some other mechanical injury to the lung compromises the integrity of the involved structures . Traumatic pneumothoraces have been found to occur in up to half of all cases of chest trauma , with only rib fractures being more common in this group . The pneumothorax can be occult ( not readily apparent ) in half of these cases , but may enlarge - particularly if mechanical ventilation is required . They are also encountered in patients already receiving mechanical ventilation for some other reason .
Upon physical examination , breath sounds ( heard with a stethoscope ) may be diminished on the affected side , partly because air in the pleural space dampens the transmission of sound . Measures of the conduction of vocal vibrations to the surface of the chest may be altered . Percussion of the chest may be perceived as hyperresonant ( like a booming drum ) , and vocal resonance and tactile fremitus can both be noticeably decreased . Importantly , the volume of the pneumothorax can show limited correlation with the intensity of the symptoms experienced by the victim , and physical signs may not be apparent if the pneumothorax is relatively small .
= = = Tension pneumothorax = = =
Although multiple definitions exist , a tension pneumothorax is generally considered to be present when a pneumothorax ( primary spontaneous , secondary spontaneous , or traumatic ) leads to significant impairment of respiration and / or blood circulation . Tension pneumothorax tends to occur in clinical situations such as ventilation , resuscitation , trauma , or in patients with lung disease . The most common findings in people with tension pneumothorax are chest pain and respiratory distress , often with an increased heart rate ( tachycardia ) and rapid breathing ( tachypnea ) in the initial stages . Other findings may include quieter breath sounds on one side of the chest , low oxygen levels and blood pressure , and displacement of the trachea away from the affected side . Rarely , there may be cyanosis ( bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen levels ) , altered level of consciousness , a hyperresonant percussion note on examination of the affected side with reduced expansion and decreased movement , pain in the epigastrium ( upper abdomen ) , displacement of the apex beat ( heart impulse ) , and resonant sound when tapping the sternum . This is a medical emergency and may require immediate treatment without further investigations ( see below ) .
Tension pneumothorax may also occur in someone who is receiving mechanical ventilation , in which case it may be difficult to spot as the person is typically receiving sedation ; it is often noted because of a sudden deterioration in condition . Recent studies have shown that the development of tension features may not always be as rapid as previously thought . Deviation of the trachea to one side and the presence of raised jugular venous pressure ( distended neck veins ) are not reliable as clinical signs .
= = Cause = =
= = = Primary spontaneous = = =
Spontaneous pneumothoraces are divided into two types : primary , which occurs in the absence of known lung disease , and secondary , which occurs in someone with underlying lung disease . The cause of primary spontaneous pneumothorax is unknown , but established risk factors include male sex , smoking , and a family history of pneumothorax . The various suspected underlying mechanisms are discussed below .
= = = Secondary spontaneous = = =
Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in the setting of a variety of lung diseases . The most common is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , which accounts for approximately 70 % of cases . Known lung diseases that may significantly increase the risk for pneumothorax are
In children , additional causes include measles , echinococcosis , inhalation of a foreign body , and certain congenital malformations ( congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation and congenital lobar emphysema ) .
11 @.@ 5 % of people with a spontaneous pneumothorax have a family member who has previously experienced a pneumothorax . The hereditary conditions — Marfan syndrome , homocystinuria , Ehlers – Danlos syndrome , alpha 1 @-@ antitrypsin deficiency ( which leads to emphysema ) , and Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome — have all been linked to familial pneumothorax . Generally , these conditions cause other signs and symptoms as well , and pneumothorax is not usually the primary finding . Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome is caused by mutations in the FLCN gene ( located at chromosome 17p11.2 ) , which encodes a protein named folliculin . FLCN mutations and lung lesions have also been identified in familial cases of pneumothorax where other features of Birt – Hogg – Dubé syndrome are absent . In addition to the genetic associations , the HLA haplotype A2B40 is also a genetic predisposition to PSP .
= = = Traumatic = = =
A traumatic pneumothorax may result from either blunt trauma or penetrating injury to the chest wall . The most common mechanism is due to the penetration of sharp bony points at a new rib fracture , which damages lung tissue . Traumatic pneumothorax may also be observed in those exposed to blasts , even though there is no apparent injury to the chest .
Medical procedures , such as the insertion of a central venous catheter into one of the chest veins or the taking of biopsy samples from lung tissue , may lead to pneumothorax . The administration of positive pressure ventilation , either mechanical ventilation or non @-@ invasive ventilation , can result in barotrauma ( pressure @-@ related injury ) leading to a pneumothorax .
Divers who breathe from an underwater apparatus are supplied with breathing gas at ambient pressure , which results in their lungs containing gas at higher than atmospheric pressure . Divers breathing compressed air ( such as when scuba diving ) may suffer a pneumothorax as a result of barotrauma from ascending just 1 metre ( 3 ft ) while breath @-@ holding with their lungs fully inflated . An additional problem in these cases is that those with other features of decompression sickness are typically treated in a diving chamber with hyperbaric therapy ; this can lead to a small pneumothorax rapidly enlarging and causing features of tension .
= = Mechanism = =
The thoracic cavity is the space inside the chest that contains the lungs , heart , and numerous major blood vessels . On each side of the cavity , a pleural membrane covers the surface of lung ( visceral pleura ) and also lines the inside of the chest wall ( parietal pleura ) . Normally , the two layers are separated by a small amount of lubricating serous fluid . The lungs are fully inflated within the cavity because the pressure inside the airways is higher than the pressure inside the pleural space . Despite the low pressure in the pleural space , air does not enter it because there are no natural connections to an air @-@ containing passage , and the pressure of gases in the bloodstream is too low for them to be forced into the pleural space . Therefore , a pneumothorax can only develop if air is allowed to enter , through damage to the chest wall or damage to the lung itself , or occasionally because microorganisms in the pleural space produce gas .
Chest @-@ wall defects are usually evident in cases of injury to the chest wall , such as stab or bullet wounds ( " open pneumothorax " ) . In secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces , vulnerabilities in the lung tissue are caused by a variety of disease processes , particularly by rupturing of bullae ( large air @-@ containing lesions ) in cases of severe emphysema . Areas of necrosis ( tissue death ) may precipitate episodes of pneumothorax , although the exact mechanism is unclear . Primary spontaneous pneumothorax has for many years been thought to be caused by " blebs " ( small air @-@ filled lesions just under the pleural surface ) , which were presumed to be more common in those classically at risk of pneumothorax ( tall males ) due to mechanical factors . In PSP , blebs can be found in 77 % of cases , compared to 6 % in the general population without a history of PSP . As these healthy subjects do not all develop a pneumothorax later , the hypothesis may not be sufficient to explain all episodes ; furthermore , pneumothorax may recur even after surgical treatment of blebs . It has therefore been suggested that PSP may also be caused by areas of disruption ( porosity ) in the pleural layer , which are prone to rupture . Smoking may additionally lead to inflammation and obstruction of small airways , which account for the markedly increased risk of PSPs in smokers . Once air has stopped entering the pleural cavity , it is gradually reabsorbed .
Tension pneumothorax occurs when the opening that allows air to enter the pleural space functions as a one @-@ way valve , allowing more air to enter with every breath but none to escape . The body compensates by increasing the respiratory rate and tidal volume ( size of each breath ) , worsening the problem . Unless corrected , hypoxia ( decreased oxygen levels ) and respiratory arrest eventually follow .
= = Diagnosis = =
The symptoms of pneumothorax can be vague and inconclusive , especially in those with a small PSP ; confirmation with medical imaging is usually required . In contrast , tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency and may be treated before imaging - especially if there is severe hypoxia , very low blood pressure , or an impaired level of consciousness . In tension pneumothorax , X @-@ rays are sometimes required if there is doubt about the anatomical location of the pneumothorax .
= = = Chest X @-@ ray = = =
Traditionally a plain radiograph of the chest , ideally with the X @-@ ray beams being projected from the back ( posteroanterior , or " PA " ) , has been the most appropriate first investigation . These are usually performed during maximal inspiration ( holding one 's breath ) ; no added information is gathered by obtaining a chest X @-@ ray in expiration ( after exhaling ) . If the PA X @-@ ray does not show a pneumothorax but there is a strong suspicion of one , lateral X @-@ rays ( with beams projecting from the side ) may be performed , but this is not routine practice . It is not unusual for the mediastinum ( the structure between the lungs that contains the heart , great blood vessels and large airways ) to be shifted away from the affected lung due to the pressure differences . This is not equivalent to a tension pneumothorax , which is determined mainly by the constellation of symptoms , hypoxia , and shock .
The size of the pneumothorax ( i.e. the
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cellars on the day before each State Opening of Parliament , a ritual that survives to this day .
= = = Bonfire Night = = =
In January 1606 , during the first sitting of Parliament since the plot , the Observance of 5th November Act 1605 was passed , making services and sermons commemorating the event an annual feature of English life ; the act remained in force until 1859 . The tradition of marking the day with the ringing of church bells and bonfires started soon after the Plot 's discovery , and fireworks were included in some of the earliest celebrations . In Britain , the 5th of November is variously called Bonfire Night , Fireworks Night , or Guy Fawkes Night .
It remains the custom in Britain , on or around 5 November , to let off fireworks . Traditionally , in the weeks running up to the 5th , children made " guys " — effigies supposedly of Fawkes — usually made from old clothes stuffed with newspaper , and fitted with a grotesque mask , to be burnt on the 5 November bonfire . These guys were exhibited in the street to collect money for fireworks , although this custom has become less common . The word guy thus came in the 19th century to mean an oddly dressed person , and hence in the 20th and 21st centuries to mean any male person .
November the 5th firework displays and bonfire parties are common throughout Britain , in major public displays and in private gardens . In some areas , particularly in Sussex , there are extensive processions , large bonfires and firework displays organised by local bonfire societies , the most elaborate of which take place in Lewes .
According to the biographer Esther Forbes , the Guy Fawkes Day celebration in the pre @-@ revolutionary American colonies was a very popular holiday . In Boston , the revelry took on anti @-@ authoritarian overtones , and often became so dangerous that many would not venture out of their homes .
= = = Reconstructing the explosion = = =
In the 2005 ITV programme The Gunpowder Plot : Exploding The Legend , a full @-@ size replica of the House of Lords was built and destroyed with barrels of gunpowder . The experiment was conducted on the Advantica Spadeadam test site , and demonstrated that the explosion , if the gunpowder was in good order , would have killed all those in the building . The power of the explosion was such that the 7 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) deep concrete walls ( replicating how archives suggest the walls of the old House of Lords were constructed ) were reduced to rubble . Measuring devices placed in the chamber to calculate the force of the blast were themselves destroyed by the explosion ; the skull of the dummy representing King James , which had been placed on a throne inside the chamber surrounded by courtiers , peers and bishops , was found a considerable distance from the site . According to the findings of the programme , no one within 330 feet ( 100 m ) of the blast could have survived , and all of the stained glass windows in Westminster Abbey would have been shattered , as would all of the windows in the vicinity of the Palace . The explosion would have been seen from miles away , and heard from further away still . Even if only half of the gunpowder had gone off , everyone in the House of Lords and its environs would have been killed instantly .
The programme also disproved claims that some deterioration in the quality of the gunpowder would have prevented the explosion . A portion of deliberately deteriorated gunpowder , of such low quality as to make it unusable in firearms , when placed in a heap and ignited , still managed to create a large explosion . The impact of even deteriorated gunpowder would have been magnified by its containment in wooden barrels , compensating for the quality of the contents . The compression would have created a cannon effect , with the powder first blowing up from the top of the barrel before , a millisecond later , blowing out . Calculations showed that Fawkes , who was skilled in the use of gunpowder , had deployed double the amount needed .
Some of the gunpowder guarded by Fawkes may have survived . In March 2002 workers cataloguing archives of diarist John Evelyn at the British Library found a box containing a number of gunpowder samples , including a compressed bar with a note in Evelyn 's handwriting stating that it had belonged to Guy Fawkes . A further note , written in the 19th century , confirmed this provenance , although in 1952 the document acquired a new comment : " but there was none left ! "
= Paul Stephenson ( civil rights campaigner ) =
Paul Stephenson OBE ( born 6 May 1937 in Rochford , Essex ) , is a community worker , activist and long @-@ time campaigner for civil rights for the British African @-@ Caribbean community in Bristol , England .
As a young social worker , in 1963 Stephenson led a boycott of the Bristol Omnibus Company , protesting against its refusal to employ Black or Asian drivers or conductors . After a 60 @-@ day boycott supported by thousands of Bristolians , the company revoked its colour bar in August . In 1964 Stephenson achieved national fame when he refused to leave a public house until he was served , resulting in a trial on a charge of failing to leave a licensed premises . His campaigns were instrumental in paving the way for the first Race Relations Act , in 1965 . Stephenson is a Freeman of the City of Bristol and was awarded an OBE in 2009 .
= = Early life = =
Stephenson was born in 1937 to a West African father and a British mother . His maternal grandmother Edie Johnson was a well known actress in the 1920s . He received his secondary education at Forest Gate Secondary School in London , where he was the only black child in the school . Service in the Royal Air Force followed from 1953 to 1960 . Stephenson gained a Diploma in Youth and Community Work from University College Birmingham in 1962 and then moved to Bristol to work as a youth officer for Bristol City Council .
= = Bus boycott = =
In January 1955 the Passenger group , that is the section representing those working in Passenger Transport , of the local branch of the Transport and General Workers Union had passed a resolution that " coloured workers should not be employed as bus crews " by the Bristol Omnibus Company . The Bristol Evening Post ran a series of articles in 1961 exposing this colour bar . The union publicly denied the bar , but the company general manager , Ian Petey , did admit it . He attempted to justify the company policy by stating in a meeting with the city 's Joint Transport Committee that he " had ' factual evidence ' that the introduction of coloured crews in other cities downgraded the job , causing existing ( white ) staff to go elsewhere . "
Several members of the city 's West Indian community set up an organisation , the West Indian Development Council , to fight discrimination of this sort , aided by Paul Stephenson who was the city 's first black youth officer . In 1963 Stephenson established that the bus company was indeed operating a colour bar and inspired by the example of Rosa Parks ' refusal to move off a " whites only " bus seat in Montgomery , Alabama , leading to the Montgomery Bus Boycott , a Bristol bus boycott was organised .
As an articulate and university educated person , Stephenson became spokesman for the boycott , which soon attracted nationwide media interest and the campaign grew to receive support from Bristolians of all colours , Tony Benn , MP for Bristol East , and Harold Wilson , leader of the Labour opposition . After 60 days , on 28 August 1963 , the bus company capitulated and in September Raghbir Singh became Bristol 's first non @-@ white bus conductor .
In August 2014 FirstBus unveiled a plaque inside Bristol Bus Station commemorating the bus boycott .
= = Further career = =
In the following year Stephenson achieved national prominence when he refused to leave a public house without being served . He was charged with failing to leave a licensed premises and was tried in a magistrate 's court . The case was dismissed and the barman was dismissed by his employers .
Following this , Stephenson left Bristol to work in Coventry as a Senior Community Relations Officer . In 1972 he went to London to work for the Commission for Racial Equality . While in London he worked with boxer Muhammad Ali setting up the Muhammad Ali Sports Development Association in Brixton , and also set up the Cleo Laine Schools ’ Music Awards from 1977 to 1982 with Cleo Laine and John Dankworth . In 1975 he was appointed to the Sports Council and campaigned prominently against sporting contacts with apartheid South Africa . Stephenson became honorary president of Bristol 's West Indian Parents ' Association in 1979 and in 1981 was appointed to the Press Council .
On his return to live in Bristol in 1992 , he helped set up the Bristol Black Archives Partnership ( BBAP ) , which " protects and promotes the history of African @-@ Caribbean people in Bristol . " It was initiated when he placed his own personal archives with Bristol Record Office for safekeeping .
= = Awards and honours = =
In 1988 Stephenson received the Bristol City Council Community Award for Achievement and Services Rendered to the Black Community and the West Indian Community Publishers Award . Further awards include the Bristol West African and Caribbean Council Community Achievers ' Award ( 1996 ) , and the city council 's One Person Can Make a Difference Award ( 2006 ) . In 2007 Stephenson was granted the Freedom of the City of Bristol , being the first person of Black origin to be so honoured . The citation stated : " Paul Stephenson has devoted his life to improving race relations and encouraging community involvement and is a founder member of the Bristol Black Archives Project which has contributed greatly to an understanding of the history of the City and has helped to build closer relations between all the communities of Bristol . "
In 2009 he was given an OBE " for his services to equal opportunities and to community relations in Bristol " . He received honorary degrees from the University of the West of England ( Master of Education ) in November 2009 , " in recognition of his substantial contribution to pioneering work in race relations and the extension of opportunity to socially excluded young people " , and the University of Bristol ( Doctor of Law ) in July 2014 " for his dedication to fighting for equality and civil rights across Bristol and around the world for over 60 years " .
= = Archives and personal papers = =
Photographs , newspaper cuttings , letters and other miscellaneous items relating to Paul Stephenson and the 40th anniversary commemorations of the Bristol Bus Boycott campaign are held by Bristol Record Office ( Ref . 42840 ) ( online catalogue ) .
The Bristol Black Archives Partnership collections are held at Bristol Record Office ( A Guide to African @-@ Caribbean Sources at Bristol Record Office , multiple collections noted )
= = Work cited = =
Dresser , Madge , Black and White on the Buses , Bristol : Bristol Broadsides , 1986 . ISBN 0 @-@ 906944 @-@ 30 @-@ 9 .
= 2010 – 11 Harvard Crimson men 's basketball team =
The 2010 – 11 Harvard Crimson men 's basketball team represented Harvard University in the Ivy League athletic conference during the 2010 – 11 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The team played its home games in Cambridge , Massachusetts at the Lavietes Pavilion , which has a capacity of 2 @,@ 195 . The team was led by fourth @-@ year head coach Tommy Amaker . By earning a share of the 2010 – 11 Ivy League men 's basketball season title , the team became the first men 's basketball Ivy League champion in school history . This was the 100th season for Harvard basketball .
After the annual 14 @-@ game double round robin schedule , Harvard and Princeton tied as co @-@ champion , resulting in a one @-@ game playoff to determine the league 's automatic bid to the 2011 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . After losing , the team earned an at @-@ large bid to the 2011 National Invitation Tournament , where they lost in the first round . It was the school 's first appearance in the National Invitation Tournament .
The seniorless team was captained by Keith Wright and Oliver McNally . Wright , a junior , was a unanimous All @-@ Ivy first team selection and named Ivy League Men 's Basketball Player of the Year . Sophomores Kyle Casey and Brandyn Curry were named All @-@ Ivy second team and sophomore Christian Webster was an honorable mention . The team established a new school record for single @-@ season wins , a record for conference game wins and by going undefeated at home set a record for home wins .
= = Preseason = =
The team was coming off a 2009 – 10 season during which it set a school record for wins ( 21 ) , non @-@ conference wins ( 11 ) , home wins ( 11 ) , and road / neutral wins ( 10 ) . However , the team lost its star Jeremy Lin to the National Basketball Association . The team entered the season not having participated in the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament since the 1946 Tournament . It also entered the season as the only member school not to have won at least one Ivy League men 's basketball championship since the league was formed during the 1956 – 57 season . Of the 34 men 's and women 's sports in which Harvard competes , this was the only sport that they had never won a championship . They had only finished in second three times in the past and only one of those was outright .
Most preseason publications predicted Princeton would finish in first place and Harvard would finish in second place , although the Sporting News projected that Cornell would finish in first followed by Princeton and Harvard . Breaking a three @-@ year streak by Cornell , the Ivy League media poll selected Princeton as the top team with twelve first place votes , Harvard second with four first place votes and Cornell third with one first place vote . It was the first Princeton team to be the preseason selection since the 2004 – 05 Princeton team .
= = Season = =
During the season , the team lost to its only ranked opponent , # 4 Connecticut ( December 22 ) , but defeated power conference opponents Boston College ( January 5 ) of the Atlantic Coast Conference and Colorado ( November 28 ) of the Big 12 Conference . The Colorado victory was the team 's first ever against a Big 12 opponent . In addition to defeating Boston College , the team defeated other cross @-@ town rivals Boston University ( December 11 ) and MIT ( December 31 ) . The team also lost to Amaker 's former team ( as a coach ) , Michigan ( December 4 ) . The Harvard gameplan involved fast breaks initiated by its defensive and an inside @-@ outside game . Although Harvard never appeared in the 2010 – 11 NCAA Division I men 's basketball rankings , for a few weeks ( January 24 , January 31 and February 21 and March 7 ) during the season they received a vote in the AP Poll .
As the season wound down , there was much ado in the press about a possible Harvard Ivy League championship . The most recent Harvard team to be in contention for a championship entering the final weekend was the 1984 team . On March 5 , Harvard clinched a share of the league championship for the first time since the Ivy League was formed . By defeating Princeton at home on March 5 and earning a split of the season series , they clinched at least a share of the 2010 – 11 Ivy League men 's basketball season Championship with a 12 – 2 conference record . Princeton fell to 11 – 2 with one conference game remaining to force a one @-@ game playoff for the conferences automatic bid to the 2011 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . Harvard finished the season a perfect 14 – 0 at home , which surpassed the prior season 's record of eleven home wins . Harvard will enter the 2011 – 12 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season with a 17 @-@ game home streak ( 10th longest in the country ) . Harvard 's 12 conference game wins was also a school record . On March 7 , Harvard received a vote in both the AP Poll and the Coaches ' Poll . It was the first time in program history that they received votes in the Coaches ' Poll .
= = Postseason = =
On March 8 , Princeton defeated Penn to force a one @-@ game playoff at the Payne Whitney Gymnasium at Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut . Princeton won the playoff by a 63 – 62 margin . However , many thought Harvard had a chance to make the tournament in spite of the loss as an at @-@ large team . Four of Harvard 's regular season losses were to postseason contenders , and Cornell represented the conference well the year before . Entering selection Sunday ( March 13 ) , Harvard ranked 35th in the Ratings Percentage Index ( RPI ) . However , Harvard was not selected . Unfortunately , neither of Harvard 's quality wins ( against Colorado and Boston College ) helped them because both teams were left out of the NCAA tournament and relegated to number one seed status in the NIT tournament . It was the Ivy League 's first NIT invitation since the 2003 when Brown participated . As a regular season champion not invited to the NCAA tournament , they were an at @-@ large selection for the 2011 National Invitation Tournament , where they were seeded # 6 . On March 15 , Harvard was defeated by Oklahoma State by a 71 – 54 margin in the first round . The final record of 23 – 7 established a school record for number of wins , surpassing the prior season 's total of 21 . Harvard finished the season ranked 40th nationally by the Collegiate Basketball News RPI , CollegeRPI.com RPI and NCAA RPI . The team finished second in the nation in free throw percentage ( 80 @.@ 8 % ) , led by Oliver McNally who was 2nd as an individual with a 92 @.@ 6 % and Christian Webster who was 12th with an 89 @.@ 4 % . Harvard had no seniors on the team and was expected to be a contender again the following season .
= = Schedule = =
= = Honors = =
= = = In season = = =
Each week the Ivy League selects a player of the week and a rookie of the week .
= = = Postseason honors = = =
Keith Wright was an Associated Press honorable mention All @-@ American , a CollegeInsider.com Lou Henson All @-@ American and a National Association of Basketball Coaches First Team All @-@ District selection . The Ivy League selected its postseason awards on March 9.Player of the Year : Keith Wright , Harvard ( Jr . , F , Suffolk , VA ) All @-@ Ivy League ( ALL CAPS : Unanimous )
First Team All @-@ Ivy : KEITH WRIGHT , Harvard ( Jr . , F , Suffolk , VA )
Second Team All @-@ Ivy : Kyle Casey , Harvard ( So . , F , Medway , MA ) ; Brandyn Curry , Harvard ( So . , G , Huntersville , NC )
Honorable Mention : Christian Webster , Harvard ( So . , G , Washington , DC )
= Slovenian presidential election , 2007 =
The 2007 Slovenian presidential election was held in order to elect the successor to the second President of Slovenia Janez Drnovšek for a five @-@ year term . France Cukjati , the President of the National Assembly , called the election on 20 June 2007 .
Seven candidates competed in the election 's first round on 21 October 2007 ; three entered the race as independent candidates , the other four were supported by political parties . Several political events , as well as tension between the Government and the political opposition , overshadowed the campaign . The front runner Lojze Peterle , supported by the governing conservative coalition , won the first round with far fewer votes than predicted by opinion polls . In the second round , held on 11 November 2007 , Peterle faced the runner @-@ up , the left @-@ wing candidate Danilo Türk . Türk won the second round in a landslide , with 68 @.@ 03 % of the vote .
In a referendum called by the National Council , and held on the same day as the second round of the presidential election , the electorate voted to overturn a law providing for the nationalization of citizens ' share in the major national insurance company . Nearly three quarters of the votes were cast against the law . After both election and referendum results were announced , the Prime Minister Janez Janša announced that he might resign , following what he perceived to be a heavy defeat for the Government . The Government later won a vote of confidence in the National Assembly .
= = Background = =
The role of the president of Slovenia is mainly ceremonial . One of the president 's duties is to nominate the Prime Minister , after consulting with political groups represented in the National Assembly . The president also proposes candidates for various state offices , as well as judicial appointments to the Constitutional and Supreme Court , which must be approved by the National Assembly . In rare circumstances , the president possesses the power to pass laws and dissolve the National Assembly . The President is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces . Unlike the majority of the government , which is chosen by the National Assembly and elected through proportional representation , the president is directly elected by the majority of Slovenian voters .
The previous presidential election in 2002 brought major changes to Slovenian politics . The former president Milan Kučan , in office since the first free elections held in the Republic of Slovenia in April 1990 ( before the country 's independence from Yugoslavia ) , was forbidden by the constitution from running for President again , and announced his retirement from active politics . Prime Minister Janez Drnovšek of the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia stood for the office , comfortably winning the runoff against conservative candidate Barbara Brezigar .
The 2004 legislative election brought further changes and a political swing to the right . Janez Janša , the leader of a right @-@ wing coalition , formed the new government . In Slovenia , this was the first time after 1992 that the President and the Prime Minister had represented opposing political factions for more than a few months . Between 2002 and 2004 , the relationship between President Drnovšek and Janez Janša , then leader of the opposition , were considered more than good and in the first year of cohabitation , no major problems arose .
In the beginning of his term , Drnovšek , who was ill with cancer , stayed out of public view . When he reemerged in late 2005 he had changed his lifestyle : he became a vegan , moved out of the capital into the countryside , and withdrew from party politics completely , ending his already frozen membership in the Liberal Democracy . Drnovšek 's new approach to politics prompted one political commentator to nickname him " Slovenia 's Gandhi " .
The relationship between Drnovšek and the government quickly became tense . Disagreements began with Drnovšek 's initiatives in foreign politics , aimed at solving major foreign conflicts , including those in Darfur and Kosovo . Initially , these initiatives were not openly opposed by the Prime Minister , but were criticized by the foreign minister Dimitrij Rupel , Drnovšek 's former collaborator and close political ally until 2004 . The disagreements moved to issues of domestic politics in October 2006 , when Drnovšek publicly criticised the treatment of the Romani family Strojans . The neighborhood had forced the Strojans to relocate , which in turn subjected them to police supervision and limitation of movement . The disagreements however escalated when the parliamentary majority repeatedly rejected President 's candidates for the Governor of the Bank of Slovenia , beginning with the rejection of incumbent Mitja Gaspari . The friction continued over the appointment of other state official nominees , including Constitutional Court judges . Although the President 's political support suffered after his personal transformation , the polls nevertheless showed public backing of the President against an increasingly unpopular Government . The tension reached its height in May 2007 , when the newly appointed director of the Slovenian Secret Service Matjaž Šinkovec unclassified several documents from the period before 2004 , revealing , among other , that Drnovšek had used secret funds for personal purposes between 2002 and 2004 . The President reacted with a harsh criticism of the government 's policies , accusing the ruling coalition of abusing its power for personal delegitimation and labeled the Prime Minister as " the leader of the negative guys " . After years of speculation about his health and intentions , Janez Drnovšek announced in February 2007 that he would not run for president again .
= = Candidates = =
= = = Requirements for candidacy = = =
Under Slovenian Election Law , candidates for president require support of either :
10 members of the National Assembly ,
one or more political parties and either 3 members of the National Assembly or 3 @,@ 000 voters ,
or 5 @,@ 000 voters .
Each political party can support only one candidate . In the election , the president is elected with a majority of the vote . If no candidate receives more than half of votes , the top two candidates meet in the second round of election .
= = = Leading candidates = = =
The first official candidate was Lojze Peterle , a conservative member of the European parliament and first democratically elected Prime Minister of Slovenia ( 1990 – 1992 ) , who announced his candidacy in November 2006 . He was endorsed by the three government center @-@ right parties , New Slovenia ( NSi ) , Slovenian Democratic Party ( SDS ) , and Slovenian People 's Party ( SLS ) .
Drnovšek 's announcement that he would not run for president again led to expectations that the Social Democrats ( SD ) would nominate their leader Borut Pahor and indeed Pahor confirmed that he was ready to run for the office . The Social Democrats had become the most popular party in opinion polls and were considered the likely winners at the next general election in 2008 ; opinion polls indicated that Pahor would easily win the presidential election . However , after months of mixed signals , Pahor finally announced that he would instead concentrate on the general election and would not run for the mostly ceremonial office of the president .
The Social Democrats then nominated Danilo Türk , a former Slovenian ambassador and high official in the United Nations , who at the time was a professor at the University of Ljubljana 's Faculty of Law . Türk 's candidacy was also endorsed by Zares and the pensioners ' party DeSUS . Türk also gained support from Active Slovenia ( AS ) and the Party of Ecological Movements ( SEG ) , two parties not represented in the National Assembly .
Liberal Democracy of Slovenia ( LDS ) , which had earlier discussed the candidacy with Danilo Türk , subsequently nominated Mitja Gaspari , the former Governor of the Bank of Slovenia . Gaspari had earlier had discussions with the Social Democrats about the candidacy .
The Slovenian National Party ( SNS ) nominated its leader , Zmago Jelinčič . Jelinčič had already run for the office at the 2002 election , finishing third with 8 @.@ 51 % of the votes .
Peterle , Türk and Gaspari all decided to enter the election as independent candidates and all managed to collect enough nominating votes with Peterle reaching the required number within the first 4 hours of the nominating process . Jelinčič was supported by his fellow party members . Early polls indicated that Peterle , who had been campaigning for months and had cultivated the image of a " man of the people " , would win the election in a runoff against Türk or possibly Gaspari .
= = = Other candidates = = =
Other candidates , none of whom were expected to win a significant share of votes , were Darko Krajnc of the formerly parliamentarian Youth Party of Slovenia , the disabled rights activist Elena Pečarič , and Monika Piberl , supported by the Women 's Voice of Slovenia party . Pečarič was supported by non @-@ aligned Majda Širca , independent Slavko Gaber and Roberto Battelli , representative of the Italian minority in Slovenia . Krajnc and Piberl were supported by non @-@ parliamentary political parties so they only needed to collect 3 @,@ 000 support votes .
Several other candidates publicly announced their intention to run for the office . Jože Andrejaš , Jožef Horvat , Matej Sedmak , Marjan Beranič , Marko Kožar and Pavel Premrl failed to gather sufficient public support or later decided to withdraw from the race . Artur Štern , after leading a spoof campaign , announced that he was in fact performing a hidden camera experiment . The footage was used by Franci Kek and Vojko Anzeljc in a film Gola resnica , airing in early 2009 and addressing objectivity of media , problems with election legislation and reactions from Slovenes .
= = First round campaign = =
The official election campaign began in late September 2007 . The campaigns of the three front runners were based mostly on the personal appeal of the candidates , with few concrete statements about political issues . Zmago Jelinčič led an aggressive campaign , focusing on denouncing the three front runners , the Government , the ethnic and religious minorities , the Roman Catholic Church , and demanding an aggressive policy towards neighbouring Croatia .
The candidates appeared in televised debates during which they discussed various topics . One of them were the rules governing the voting of non @-@ resident nationals , which had been changed by the National Electoral Commission during the campaign . Before the campaign , non @-@ resident nationals who wanted to cast their votes as absentee ballots had been obliged to request voting materials , but the Commission had introduced a new system in which such materials were sent to all non @-@ residents entered in the electoral register , whether they had asked for them or not . Opposition parties , representing the left @-@ wing of Slovenian politics , disliked this move because the record of voters ' addresses was not always reliable , and also because the rules had been changed after the campaign had already started . They particularly opposed the change because voters from abroad seemed to favor right @-@ wing parties , so that in the event of a very close ballot , votes from non @-@ residents could tip the scale in favour of Peterle .
Other events overshadowed the campaign . During the summer , journalists Matej Šurc and Blaž Zgaga launched a Petition Against Censorship and Political Pressures on Journalists in Slovenia , alleging government interference with journalism . The petition was signed by hundreds of Slovenian journalists from the mainstream media . It was sent to the heads of state , prime ministers and parliamentary speakers of all EU member states during the campaign . Following the petition , the International Press Institute ( IPI ) sent a fact @-@ finding mission to Ljubljana in November , to discuss the claims made in the petition with members of the Slovenian media . The contents of the mission 's report remain confidential , but IPI called for the establishment of an independent commission to investigate the claims further .
Another event which attracted much debate was the Supreme Court 's annulment of the 1946 war crimes conviction of Gregorij Rožman . Rožman was the Catholic bishop of Ljubljana who had been found guilty of war crimes and treason during World War II as a result of his collaboration with Italian and German occupation forces . Several attempts
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people . I believe that conditions here are such that people have a strong desire for something new , " Türk told reporters .
Peterle conceded immediately . In his first statements , Peterle said his defeat was a vote against the ruling Janša government , and that he had expected a better result . He added , however , that he would have regretted it if he had not decided to run for the office . By midnight , unofficial results from the Electoral Commission gave Türk a lead of 68 % vs. 32 % . Türk won in all eight electoral units , with Peterle narrowly winning in only four of 88 electoral districts . Together with the second round of the election , a referendum on a law providing for the nationalization of citizens ' share in the major national insurance company was held as well . Nearly three quarters of the votes were cast against the law .
The ballots from abroad that were considered potentially contentious before the election proved to have very little effect on the result . While Peterle received more votes from abroad than Türk , both the total number of votes and the difference was smaller than expected ( 3693 for Peterle and 3040 for Türk ) .
Two days after the election , Prime Minister Janša announced that he might resign following what was perceived as a heavy defeat for the Government : " We will analyze the situation further , but all possibilities are open , including a resignation of the Government . " He said that " it is particularly worrying that a lot of energy was invested in blackening the Government abroad " , claiming his opponents portrayed Slovenia " as Belarus " or some other authoritarian country . The opposition parties said that talk of resignation just weeks before Slovenia took over European Union presidency was irresponsible and unwise , but the Prime Minister called a vote of confidence for 19 November 2007 . The Government won the confidence vote , but support for the ruling SDS subsequently reached an all @-@ time low , with only 18 % of voters intending to vote for it in the fall 2008 election .
Reactions to Türk 's victory from international media were positive . The Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung described him as " more or less the ideal man for the job " . The media focused on the landslide victory that was perceived to be a severe defeat for Janša ’ s centre @-@ right coalition . Since the EU presidency was closing , Türk 's diplomatic background was put forward . " Slovenia is your solid , faithful and credible partner . Rely on us , and we 'll be a good president of the European Union next year , " Türk said . Türk was also expected to maintain Slovenia 's alliance with the United States even though he was highly critical of the war in Iraq , as Al Jazeera reported .
On 22 December , Türk was sworn in as the President of the Republic of Slovenia . In his inaugural address , he thanked his predecessor Janez Drnovšek for his contribution to success and respect of Slovenia . Later , he also stated that he would work closely with Janša 's government during Slovenia 's six @-@ month EU presidency .
= = Detailed result = =
= Dirty Diana =
" Dirty Diana " is a song by American singer Michael Jackson . It is the ninth track on Jackson 's seventh studio album , Bad . The song was released by Epic Records on April 18 , 1988 as the fifth single from the album . It presents a harder rock sound similar to " Beat It " from Thriller and a solo guitar played by Steve Stevens . " Dirty Diana " was written and co @-@ produced by Jackson , and produced by Quincy Jones . The songs lyrics pertain to groupies . " Dirty Diana " has a moderate tempo and is played in the key of Bb major .
" Dirty Diana " received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics , with some criticizing the lyrics , while others found the song better than " Thriller 's forgettables . " The song was a commercial success worldwide in 1988 , charting at number one on the United States Billboard Hot 100 . The song also charted within the top ten in multiple countries , including the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and New Zealand . " Dirty Diana " was the fifth and final Hot 100 number one single from Bad . In 2009 , after Jackson 's death in June , the song re @-@ entered charts , mainly due to digital download sales . A music video for " Dirty Diana " was filmed in front of a live audience and released in 1988 .
= = Background = =
" Dirty Diana " was written by Michael Jackson . It was produced by Quincy Jones and Michael Jackson . It appeared on Jackson 's seventh studio album , Bad . The song was released by Epic Records on April 18 , 1988 as the fifth single from Bad . After " Beat It " , " Dirty Diana " was the second hard rock song of his solo career , with lyrics about a persistent groupie . Jackson hired Billy Idol 's guitarist Steve Stevens to back him on the track . Initial reports at the time suggested the song was a poke at his close friend Diana Ross , however it was later denied . In fact , Ross started using the song as an overture at her concerts shortly before appearing on stage . In an interview from the special edition of Bad , Jones later confirmed that the song 's lyrics were about groupies . Jackson also confirmed same during an interview with Barbara Walters , adding that it was not about Diana , Princess of Wales , though he was told personally by the Princess that it was her favorite among his songs .
= = Composition = =
Musically , " Dirty Diana " is a pop rock , hard rock and heavy metal song similar to " Beat It " . TriniTrent of The Lava Lizard , when talking about Michael and Janet Jackson 's " Scream " , evokes " Dirty Diana " along with Jackson 's " pop / rock musical direction " he has previously experimented with . John Tatlock of The Quietus regards the song as an attempt to recreate " the pop @-@ rock alchemy of ' Beat It ' " In his Bad review , Los Angeles Times ' Richard Cromelin describes " Dirty Diana " as a hard rock song , writing , " ' Dirty Diana ' is trying to be this year 's ' Beat It ' — a hard @-@ rock song about a tenacious groupie that 's sent into orbit by a Steve Stevens guitar solo . " AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine also considers " Dirty Diana " a hard rock song , observing on the album that it " meant that he moved deeper into hard rock , deeper into schmaltzy adult contemporary , deeper into hard dance — essentially taking each portion of Thriller to an extreme " and qualifying the track as the " misogynistic ' Dirty Diana ' . "
Jon Pareles , a writer for The New York Times , viewed " Dirty Diana " as a song about a " groupie who latches onto the narrator , mixes the sexual fears of ' Billie Jean ' with the hard @-@ rock lead guitar of ' Beat It ' . " In his Bad review , Thom Duffy , music critic for the Orlando Sentinel , describes " Dirty Diana " as a heavy metal ballad , saying that " Dirty Diana , a tale of a maliciously seductive fan , finds Jackson doing credible heavy @-@ metal rock wailing , " which , the critic said , was " accompanied by a solo from Steve Stevens , the guitarist from Billy Idol 's band . " The Philadelphia Inquirer also described " Dirty Diana " as a heavy metal ballad . The newspaper said , " Plus , to tap the rock crowd ( in the style of the ' Thriller ' crossover smash ' Beat It ' with Eddie Van Halen ) , Michael cut a heavy metal @-@ tinged ' Dirty Diana ' featuring Billy Idol 's guitar sizzler Stevie Stevens . " " Dirty Diana " is written in common time and moves at a moderate tempo of 104 beats per minute . Jackson 's vocals are sung on a range of Bb3 to G5 . The instrumentation consists of guitar and piano and is played in the key of Bb major .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
" Dirty Diana " received mixed reviews by contemporary music critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine felt that " Dirty Diana " and " Man in the Mirror " were " showcasing Jackson at his worst " on Bad . Music critic Robert Christgau viewed " Dirty Diana " as " misogynistic as any piece of metal suck @-@ my @-@ cock . " Jon Pareles described " Dirty Diana " as ' reducing ' Jackson to a " terrified whimper " while John Tatlock considered " Dirty Diana " as a " confused lumbering slog of a song , " thinking that " Jackson was never convincing in this kind of role , a boy @-@ child trying to write a song about the kind of woman he never meets in the kind of places he 's certainly never been to . " Davitt Sigerson of Rolling Stone gave the song a more positive review , though calling it a " filler , " she still commented that the song , along with " Speed Demon " is what makes Bad " richer , sexier , better than Thriller 's forgettables . " Sigerson noted that " Dirty Diana " was a " substantial recording " because of its " insubstantial melody . " Jennifer Clay of Yahoo ! Music commented that while Jackson 's edgier image was a " little hard to swallow , " the image , musically , worked on the songs " Bad " , " Man in the Mirror " , and " Dirty Diana " , but was not " to the degree of Thriller . "
= = = Chart performance = = =
" Dirty Diana " , similar to Bad 's previous singles , charted within the top twenty and top ten worldwide . It peaked at number one on the United States Billboard Hot 100 on July 2 , 1988 , after nine weeks on the chart . " Dirty Diana " was the album 's fifth consecutive single to peak at number one on the Hot 100 . Internationally , " Dirty Diana " charted within the top thirty positions on several music charts . It charted within the top five in the Netherlands , Germany , and New Zealand , peaking at number two , three and five respectively . It entered the United Kingdom charts on July 16 , 1988 at number fourteen and the following week went to number four , where it stayed for two weeks .
" Dirty Diana " peaked at number three in Ireland , number seven in Austria and number nine in France . It peaked at number thirty in Australia . Following Jackson 's death in June 2009 , his music experienced a surge in popularity . In July 2009 , " Dirty Diana " saw a strong chart surge , mainly due to digital download sales . The song charted at number eighteen on the French Digital Singles Chart on July 4 , 2009 . On July 12 , the song peaked at number 13 on the Swiss Singles Chart . " Dirty Diana " re @-@ entered the United Kingdom charts on July 4 , 2009 at number fifty and the following week peaked at number twenty @-@ six .
= = Music video = =
The five @-@ minute music video for the song was directed by Joe Pytka . It won the " Number One Video In The World " at the second World Music Awards held on April 14 , 1989 . It is featured on the DVD albums Number Ones , Michael Jackson 's Vision , and the Target version DVD of Bad 25 . The woman who appears in the video is model Lisa Dean , chosen over hundreds .
= = = Live performance video = = =
A second seven @-@ minute long accompanying video of a live performance ( which should not be confused with the actual music video ) was filmed in early 1988 in front of a live audience during Jackson 's show in Madison Square Garden ( Steve Stevens playing guitar ) . The video starts with the screen saying " Pepsi Presents Michael Jackson Tour 1988 " in front of a white background for forty seconds . After showing a black screen , Jackson can be seen from a distance performing in front of an audience with the only source of light being blue lights . During Jackson 's performance he is dressed in a white button down shirt , black pants and has metal and leather belts on his pants while singing and dancing . In between Jackson 's performance from a distance , there are clips of him performing up @-@ close while singing into a microphone , as well as clips of his guitarist Jennifer Batten performing behind him . Jackson then begins dancing and singing to the woman before walking down a cat @-@ walk and dancing near guitarist Steve Stevens . Jackson 's performance is then shown from a distance again and the video ends with Jackson finishing his performance and the lights turning blue .
= = Live performances = =
" Dirty Diana " was performed during Jackson 's Bad World Tour concert series from 1987 to 1989 , but only in the second leg , as the 10th song in the setlist . According to Jackson in an interview with Barbara Walters , " Dirty Diana " was scheduled for a live 1988 performance at Wembley Stadium during the Bad World Tour ; however , Jackson felt the song would be an insult to Diana , Princess of Wales , who was in attendance , so he had it removed . After Diana informed him the song was actually one of her personal favorites , Jackson re @-@ added the song to the set list . This performance can be seen on the DVD Michael Jackson : Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 . This Is It concert series choreographer , Kenny Ortega , stated in an interview that " Dirty Diana " was going to be performed by Jackson for the concerts from 2009 to 2010 . Ortega said that Jackson had planned to rehearse the song before he died . The set up for the song would include an expert pole dancer who would lure Jackson onto a giant steel bed on which she performed acrobatic feats .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
= = Charts = =
= = = Weekly charts = = =
= = = Year @-@ end charts = = =
= Demobilisation of the Australian military after World War II =
The demobilisation of the Australian military after World War II involved discharging almost 600 @,@ 000 men and women from the military , supporting their transition to civilian life and reducing the three armed services to peacetime strengths . Planning for the demobilisation process began in 1942 and thousands of servicemen and women were discharged in the last years of the war in response to shortages of labour in the domestic war economy . The general demobilisation of the military began in October 1945 and was completed in February 1947 . The demobilisation process was largely successful , though some military personnel stationed in the South West Pacific complained that their repatriation to Australia was too slow .
The disposal of surplus military equipment took place at the same time as the size of the services was being reduced . The disposal process was managed to limit its economic impact . Most equipment was transferred to other government agencies , sold or destroyed by the end of 1949 .
= = Planning = =
Planning for the demobilisation of the Australian military began at the end of 1942 when the Department of Post @-@ War Reconstruction was formed . The department was involved with drawing up plans for determining veterans ' entitlements and the assistance which would be provided to discharged personnel to help them settle into civilian life . This included planning the delivery of training , housing and ensuring that jobs were available . An important consideration was to ensure that civilian employment opportunities were created at an appropriate rate as the size of the military was reduced . In order to achieve this , it was decided to continue many wartime economic regulations such as price controls in order to limit inflation and direct resources to where the Australian Government believed they were most needed .
The Australian War Cabinet approved the Department of Post @-@ War Reconstruction 's proposed principles to govern demobilisation on 12 June 1944 . The key element of these principles was that the order in which personnel would be demobilised was to be based on a points system , with service men and women being allocated points on the basis of their period of service , age , marital status and employment or training prospects . An extensive demobilisation plan was then developed by an inter @-@ service committee following further consultation with trade unions , employers and returned servicemen . This plan was accepted as the basis for planning by the War Cabinet on 6 March 1945 . The rate at which personnel were to be discharged was set at 3 @,@ 000 a day for six days a week and was to be capable of being increased in the event of an emergency .
The final demobilisation plan assigned differing scales of points for service men and women . Service men were allocated two points for each year of age based on their age at enlistment and a further two points for each month of service if they did not have dependent children or three points if they did . Service women received three points for each year of age at enlistment and a point for each month of service . Women with children were given priority for demobilisation , followed by those who had married before the end of the war . Service women who married after the war could ask for an early discharge on compassionate grounds . Men were also eligible for early discharge on compassionate or health grounds , if they had skills which were important to the Australian economy or had been accepted into a full @-@ time training course .
Limited demobilisation began during the final years of the war . In order to meet the needs of the war economy 20 @,@ 000 soldiers were released from the Australian Army in October 1943 . Further reductions took place in August 1944 when another 30 @,@ 000 soldiers and 15 @,@ 000 personnel from the Royal Australian Air Force were discharged . In mid @-@ 1945 the Government implemented a policy in which service men and women who had completed five years of service , including at least two years outside Australia , could volunteer for discharge .
= = Post @-@ war demobilisation = =
The demobilisation plan was put into action on 16 August 1945 , the day after Japan surrendered . At this time the military had a strength of 598 @,@ 300 men and women . Of these , 310 @,@ 600 were in Australia , 224 @,@ 000 were serving in the South West Pacific Area ( SWPA ) and 20 @,@ 100 were in Britain and other parts of the world . The only personnel to be discharged during August and September were former prisoners of war and those with a long period of service , however , as general demobilisation did not begin until 1 October 1945 . During the intervening months dispersal centres were established in each state and territory 's capital city . These centres were to provide information on employment , land settlement , housing , training , loans , tools for trades and other benefits for service personnel as their discharges were processed . Lieutenant @-@ General Stanley Savige was appointed the Coordinator of Demobilisation and Dispersal in September .
Former prisoners of war were given a high priority for repatriation back to Australia and discharge . Planning for the recovery of prisoners of the Japanese , most of whom had been held in harsh conditions , had begun in 1944 and the 2nd and 3rd Australian Prisoner of War Reception Groups were established at Singapore and Manila respectively in August 1945 . By the end of September most of the prisoners recovered from Singapore , Java and Sumatra had been returned to Australia along with about half of those recovered from the Bangkok area . Transport shortages delayed the repatriation of Australian prisoners from Formosa , Japan and Korea , but almost all were on their way home by mid @-@ September .
In line with a plan approved by the Australian Government in September 1945 , general demobilisation was conducted in four stages . The first stage ran from October 1945 to January 1946 and involved the discharge of 249 @,@ 159 personnel , which was higher than the targets of 10 @,@ 000 members of the Royal Australian Navy , 135 @,@ 000 soldiers and 55 @,@ 000 airmen specified in the demobilisation plan . In the second stage 193 @,@ 461 personnel left the military between February and 30 June 1946 , though this was slightly lower than the target of 200 @,@ 000 . The third stage ran from 1 July to 31 December by which time the services were reduced to 78 @,@ 000 personnel , which was considered the strength necessary for the military 's post @-@ war tasks . Of the remaining servicemen , those who did not wish to volunteer for continuing service in the military were released in the fourth stage which began on 1 January 1947 . At the end of this process the military 's strength had fallen 60 @,@ 000 personnel . Where possible , service men and women were placed on leave and allowed to return home while awaiting discharge .
The demobilisation of the military included disbanding the female branches of the three services . The Women 's Royal Australian Naval Service , Australian Women 's Army Service and Women 's Auxiliary Australian Air Force had been formed during 1941 and 1942 to enable women to serve in the military but were disbanded during 1947 , with military service being again restricted to men . Demobilised service women were provided with similar assistance to male members of the military , but were placed under pressure to return to traditional family roles .
The return of Australian personnel from the SWPA was delayed by shipping shortages and the need to maintain a force in the area for garrison duties . The military provided these personnel with training courses to prepare them for civilian life . Refresher courses in basic subjects such as maths and English were run first before vocational training began . The teachers and instructors for these courses were service personnel selected on the basis of their civilian occupations . In addition , sport competitions were conducted to keep the men busy .
Many men in the SWPA believed that the demobilisation process was too slow . On 10 December 1945 4 @,@ 500 men at Morotai in the Netherlands East Indies staged a protest march demanding that shipping be made available to return them to Australia . Soldiers at Bougainville also complained about having to remain on the island after the war had ended , and Prime Minister Ben Chifley 's plane was sabotaged in an apparent protest during his visit on 27 December 1945 . Minister for Defence Frank Forde was largely blamed for the slowness with which military personnel were being demobilised . As a result , he lost his seat at the 1946 election , though the Labor Party itself comfortably retained office .
Despite the dissatisfaction of the men in the SWPA , the demobilisation and repatriation process generally proceeded smoothly . Most men had been returned to Australia by January 1946 and 80 percent were demobilised by the middle of the year . Before leaving the military service men and women attended either a dispersal centre or naval depot where they were provided with a medical examination , interviewed by a rehabilitation officer and provided with information about the benefits they were eligible for . The Manpower Directorate was then responsible for placing discharged personnel in employment as well as providing them with identity documentation and ration entitlements . Training courses were made available to veterans , and by 1951 94 @,@ 000 had completed university , technical or rural training courses and 39 @,@ 000 were still in training . A further 135 @,@ 000 began training but withdrew before completing their course .
Demobilisation also included establishing arrangements for the medical care of ex @-@ service personnel . After the war responsibility for medical treatment was gradually transferred from the services to the Repatriation Commission . The Army 's hospitals were also transferred to the Commission , meeting its immediate need for facilities . It proved necessary to build new hospitals for the treatment of tuberculosis and mental disorders , however as the specialised Army hospitals established for the treatment of these conditions were respectively unsatisfactory and had to be returned to the Government of New South Wales . The Department of Social Services was responsible for providing assistance to veterans with a disability not caused by their military service , and this led to the foundation of the Commonwealth Rehabilitation Service in 1955 .
= = Disposal of military equipment = =
The disposal of military equipment and materials was also a key priority after the end of the war . Equipment with civilian uses such as motor vehicles , clothing and housing were urgently needed to counter shortages in the civilian economy . The timing of equipment release had to be carefully planned , however , to avoid harming employment by creating surpluses of manufactured goods . Planning for the disposal of equipment began in 1943 and the Commonwealth Disposals Commission was established to oversee the sale or destruction of equipment on September 1944 . Before the commission was established the Government decided that ex @-@ military equipment would be offered to other government agencies before being made available to the public , that sales to the public were to be made on a ' as is , where is ' basis and be processed through existing trade channels or public auction at ' fair market prices ' and that payment was to be required in cash . Some special priorities were also established ; farmers were to be given priority for motor vehicles , machine tools were to be allocated to ex @-@ servicemen and training colleges and special consideration was to be given to the needs of the Red Cross and other overseas and domestic charitable associations .
Preparations for the disposal of equipment began in the second half of 1944 when the War Cabinet directed the military to survey all stocks and indicate any surpluses . General Thomas Blamey , the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Army , hindered these preparations as he believed they were premature and that the Army 's stocks needed to be maintained until Japan was defeated . This position was opposed by the acting Minister for the Army , and the RAAF and RAN made some attempts to identify their surpluses , but was successful in delaying the Disposal Commission 's work until July 1945 . As a result , relatively little military equipment was sold between September 1944 and June 1945 .
After the war ended the Disposals Commission rapidly disposed of large stocks of military equipment . Consumer goods and raw materials which could be used immediately by manufacturers were the first items to be sold and sales of motor vehicles grew rapidly . Ex @-@ military vehicles made an important contribution to meeting transport shortages in rural areas , though there was some dissatisfaction with the priority given to the agricultural sector and the way in which the vehicles were sold . The Disposal Commission 's sales were also important in meeting shortages of clothing , housing , industrial and construction equipment and tractors . Most of the military 's stocks of food were donated to the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration or sold for export .
The disposal of military equipment , particularly outside of Australia , presented a challenge to the Disposals Commission . At the end of the war inadequate preparations were made for the storage of equipment in New Guinea , and many stores were stolen by soldiers , native New Guineans and ' salvage pirates ' or damaged by the tropical conditions . Sales of stocks in these areas were completed at the end of 1946 , often at very low prices , but much equipment was stolen . Specialised military equipment also proved difficult to dispose of given its unsuitability for civilian purposes . Bombs and other explosives were destroyed after any scrap metal was recovered and large numbers of combat aircraft had to be scrapped due to a worldwide glut . Training aircraft and other aeronautical equipment were sold to the public and other government agencies , however , and demand for tanks and Universal Carriers which could be converted to tractors was greater than expected .
The Disposals Commission 's activities peaked during 1946 and 1947 . Sales generally went smoothly and in accordance with the principles set by the Government and did not significantly disrupt normal commerce . While the Commission generally operated efficiently , some mistakes occurred such as clothing and scrap metal being sold well beneath their market value . The volume of sales dropped rapidly after 1947 and the Disposals Commission was disbanded in July 1949 . By this time the commission had sold £ 135 @,@ 189 @,@ 000 worth of equipment .
= Cold Feet =
Cold Feet is a British comedy @-@ drama television series produced by Granada Television for the ITV network . The series was created and principally written by Mike Bullen as a follow @-@ up to his award @-@ winning 1997 Comedy Premiere of the same name . The storyline follows three couples experiencing the ups @-@ and @-@ downs of romance . Adam Williams and Rachel Bradley ( James Nesbitt and Helen Baxendale ) are a new couple who go through dating , marriage and the birth of a child . Pete and Jenny Gifford ( John Thomson and Fay Ripley ) are a married couple with a newborn son ; they experience parenthood , adultery , separation and eventually divorce when Jenny leaves for a job in New York . Pete starts a new relationship with Jo Ellison ( Kimberley Joseph ) . Karen and David Marsden ( Hermione Norris and Robert Bathurst ) live an upper @-@ middle @-@ class lifestyle , employing a nanny for their son and holding dinner parties with friends . Their marriage disintegrates after each has an affair .
The original series was executive @-@ produced by Bullen with Granada 's head of comedy Andy Harries , and produced by Christine Langan , Spencer Campbell and Emma Benson . 32 episodes were broadcast over the original five series from 15 November 1998 to 16 March 2003 . A reboot of the original series with some of the original cast is planned for 2016 . The series is set in Greater Manchester and was primarily filmed there for all five years . Filming occasionally went overseas to locations such as Belfast , Paris and Sydney . To distinguish the look of the series from regular sitcoms , all episodes were shot on film stock and were overseen by directors with little television experience , creating a visual style more akin to advertisements ; Jon Jones was nominated for a British Academy Television Craft Award for his work on the third series .
The show was a critical and ratings success for ITV , which has struggled to recapture Cold Feet 's kind of audience since the series ended . Critics analysed the depiction of social issues , the use of popular music , and the relevance of the series to contemporary audiences when compared to the big @-@ budget BBC costume dramas Vanity Fair ( 1998 ) and The Way We Live Now ( 2001 ) . Mike Bullen 's style of writing has served as inspiration to British screenwriters Danny Brocklehurst and Sanjeev Kohli . The series was a regular nominee at the British
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increase the chances of fertility problems if it interfered with an abortion . Christine Geraghty countered that the factual accuracy of the storyline depended on how the producers wanted to portray the issue to viewers . Her opinion was backed up by an ITV statement , which said that " stories for Cold Feet are not just chosen in order to make people aware of the issues involved ; they 're also chosen for their dramatic potential and relevance to modern living " . Woman 's Hour presenter Jenni Murray developed the discussion in an article for The Guardian ; she mentioned that no impression was given that Rachel had suffered an incorrectly performed operation or had had to travel to eastern Europe for it , and that it was improbable that Rachel managed to conceive a child after all .
= = = Influence on television = = =
In a 2007 feature for The Guardian 's G2 supplement , screenwriter Danny Brocklehurst discussed the impact the series has had on British television , including inspiration for one of his programmes , Talk to Me . He opined that until Cold Feet there had not been a significant television series depicting " the wants and needs of ordinary young adults " since Thirtysomething concluded in 1991 . Brocklehurst developed Talk to Me in the same manner as Bullen developed Cold Feet , namely by basing its characters on his own experiences and friends . Both Brocklehurst and Mark Lawson have discussed similar " copycat " series , including Hearts and Bones , Metropolis , Couples and Wonderful You . Brocklehurst noted that these series " lacked [ Cold Feet 's ] warmth and believability " adding that they were " unrealistic and cynical " .
" Cold Feet proved that you didn 't have to have a high concept to make compelling , heartwarming , sometimes profound drama . And , while the show dealt with issues such adoption , alcoholism and testicular cancer , it was always at its most successful when bouncing playfully between the three couples , neatly exposing the differences between men and women . "
— Danny Brocklehurst , 2007
Over four years after Cold Feet ended , ITV executives were still looking for a series that could comfortably replace it . On his appointment as chairman of ITV plc in 2007 , Michael Grade announced that he wanted the ITV network to be broadcasting long @-@ running series like Cold Feet to attract the younger , upmarket viewing demographic .
In 2008 , BBC One broadcast Mutual Friends , a six @-@ part television series written by Anil Gupta , which was compared to Cold Feet . While the BBC wanted the series to match the success of Cold Feet , producer Rob Bullock stressed that " Cold Feet is about a different period of life . It 's about people in their early thirties . Mutual Friends moves things on — what 's happening to our characters as they approach 40 is very different . Why do so many lives fall apart at 40 ? Because things haven 't worked out how we hoped and we 've had to turn to Plan B. The drama is all about the crisis caused by things not turning out as the characters planned . " Later in 2008 , ITV commissioned Married Single Other , a comedy drama executive @-@ produced by Andy Harries and directed by Declan Lowney , about three contemporary couples living in Leeds .
Granada Entertainment USA , the American arm of Granada Productions , tendered the series format to American networks and cable channels from late 1997 . The format was sold to NBC , which commissioned 13 x 60 @-@ minute episodes in May 1999 for the fall season , to be produced in association with Kerry Ehrin Productions . The US series starred David Sutcliffe as Adam Williams and Jean Louisa Kelly as Shelley Sullivan ( the Rachel role ) . Low ratings lead to the series being cancelled after four episodes . In 2003 the format was sold to Italian network Mediaset for a 2004 broadcast . In 2008 , Polish broadcaster TVN secured the rights to a remake from Granada International . This version , entitled Usta , usta , is set in Warsaw . The thirteen @-@ episode series began filming in May 2009 and was broadcast from 6 March 2010 . An adaptation entitled Přešlapy has also been developed for television audiences in the Czech Republic . The creators intend the show to run for three series of 13 episodes and tell a story over seven years . The first series was broadcast from September 2009 .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
During and after its original run , Cold Feet won over 20 major awards . For its first year , Cold Feet received three British Comedy Award nominations ; the series won in the Best TV Comedy Drama category and Nesbitt and Ripley were respectively nominated for Best TV Comedy Actor and Best TV Comedy Actress . The series also won the Royal Television Society Programme Award for Situation Comedy & Comedy Drama , and the Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Entertainment . For the second series , it received four British Academy Television Award ( BAFTA ) nominations — Best Drama Series , Best Original Television Music , Best Graphic Design , and Best Editing ( Fiction / Entertainment ) . At the Television and Radio Industries Club Awards it won TV Comedy Programme of the Year , and a second Best TV Comedy Drama award at the British Comedy Awards . The awards for the television industry magazine Broadcast presented it with the Drama : Series or Serial award . In year three , Fay Ripley became the only actor to receive a BAFTA nomination for their work on the series ; she was nominated for Best Actress . At the BAFTA Craft awards , David Nicholls was nominated in the New Writer ( Fiction ) category , and Jon Jones was nominated in the New Director ( Fiction ) category . It lost out on four British Comedy Award nominations ( Nesbitt and Thomson for Best TV Comedy Actor , Norris for Best TV Comedy Actress , and the third series for Best TV Comedy Drama ) but won the People 's Choice Award ( a viewer poll ) . The series also scored an International Emmy Award drama nomination . Series 4 won the BAFTA for Best Drama Series and the National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Programme . At the British Comedy Awards 2003 , Series 5 won Best TV Comedy Drama and Mike Bullen was named Writer of the Year .
= = Merchandise = =
Four non @-@ fiction tie @-@ in books have been released by Granada Media , an imprint of André Deutsch Publishing . 2000 saw the release of Cold Feet : The Best Bits ( ISBN 0 @-@ 233 @-@ 99924 @-@ 8 ) and Cold Feet : A Man 's / Woman 's Guide to Life ( ISBN 0 @-@ 233 @-@ 99732 @-@ 6 ) . The Best Bits , compiled by Geoff Tibballs , features script extracts and behind @-@ the @-@ scenes information from directors , producers and actors in the first two series . A Man 's / Woman 's Guide to Life , compiled by Jonathan Rice , is in a " flip @-@ book " -style format , and is presented as if written by the characters . It features backstories for the characters , drawn from Bullen 's scripts for the first two series . The Little Book of Cold Feet : Life Rules ( ISBN 0 @-@ 233 @-@ 05088 @-@ 4 ) , a book of quotes from the series , was compiled by Rice and released in 2003 . The same year , The Complete Cold Feet Companion ( ISBN 0 @-@ 233 @-@ 00999 @-@ X ) by Rupert Smith , featuring interviews with the actors and production staff , was released . The book sold 961 copies in the first week of publication , making tenth position on the hardback non @-@ fiction chart .
Five soundtracks have been released , featuring music from the series . Global TV released Cold Feet : The Official Soundtrack on two CDs in 1999 . The soundtrack had been shelved before release but was put back on the schedule when Mirror journalist Charlie Catchpole wrote a column that desired for it to be released . Global followed the first OST with More Cold Feet in 2000 . In 2001 , UMTV released the two @-@ disc soundtrack Cold Feet , followed by The Very Best of Cold Feet in 2003 . EMI Gold released Cold Feet in 2006 . Cheatwell Games issued a licensed board game in 2001 .
All series have been released on DVD in the United Kingdom and Australia , by Video Collection International and Universal respectively . Series 1 – 3 have been released in the United States by Acorn Media . A collection of all five series was released in the United Kingdom in 2003 . A version exclusive to Play.com had a bonus disc that contained the retrospective documentary Cold Feet : The Final Call , new interviews with John Thomson , Andy Harries and Spencer Campbell , and a locations featurette presented by Thomson . This 11 @-@ disc version had a general release when Granada Ventures re @-@ released all five series in new packaging in 2006 . All DVD and VHS releases of Series 5 have been edited from the original four episodes into six episodes of various lengths .
The pilot and first series was made available as streaming media on ITV plc 's revamped itv.com website from 2007 to 2009 . All episodes have been available from ITV 's iTunes Store since 2008 .
= M @-@ 31 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 31 was a state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula in the US state of Michigan . It generally ran north from Port Huron along the Lake Huron shoreline through The Thumb region before turning inland . The highway crossed The Thumb and then ran along the Saginaw Bay shoreline before running inland again , terminating at Saginaw . It was one of the original state highways signposted in 1919 , but it was renumbered as other highways in 1926 , decommissioning the designation in the process .
= = Route description = =
M @-@ 31 started at M @-@ 21 in Port Huron and ran northward along the Lake Huron shoreline . Along the way , it intersected the western terminus of M @-@ 46 before reaching Harbor Beach . In town , the original M @-@ 27 merged in from the north , and M @-@ 27 / M @-@ 31 ran concurrently westward , turning inland . The two highways separated north of Ruth as M @-@ 27 turned southward . M @-@ 31 continued across The Thumb through Bad Axe , where it ran concurrently with M @-@ 19 in town . The highway carried on westward through Elkton and Pigeon to Bay Port . Once there , the trunkline turned southwesterly to follow along part of the Saginaw Bay . The road passed through Sebewaing to Unionville before turning back inland . Running southward to Akron , the highway turned alternately westward and southward to Fairgrove . M @-@ 31 next ran west along Bradleyville Road to a connection with M @-@ 81 ; the two highways ran concurrently south through Gilford before M @-@ 31 separated and turned back westward through Reese to Saginaw . The northern terminus in downtown Saginaw was at an intersection with what was then M @-@ 10 .
= = History = =
When the state highway system was first signed in 1919 , M @-@ 31 was one of the original trunklines , originally running northward from Port Huron to Harbor Beach and then westward to Saginaw . When the U.S. Highway System was approved on November 11 , 1926 , M @-@ 31 was decommissioned in favor of alternate numbers . From Port Huron north to Harbor Beach , M @-@ 29 was extended as a replacement . The segment west to Bay Port was renumbered M @-@ 83 while from Bad Axe west it was also additionally part of M @-@ 29 to Unionville . The remainder was numbered M @-@ 84 from Unionville to Reese , and M @-@ 81 from Reese to Saginaw .
= = Major intersections = =
= Tropical Storm Isidore ( 1984 ) =
Tropical Storm Isidore was the 15th tropical cyclone and 9th named storm of the 1984 Atlantic hurricane season . Isidore formed as a tropical depression on September 25 , while situated off the southeastern Bahamas . The depression headed west , and was upgraded to a tropical storm in the central Bahamas the next day . It made landfall near Jupiter , Florida , and retaining tropical storm strength , Isidore curved to the northeast , emerging over water near Jacksonville , Florida . Isidore continued northeast until it was absorbed by a frontal system on October 1 . Though damage was generally light , the storm affected several regions from the Bahamas to the U.S. East Coast . One death was reported in Florida , and total damage is estimated at $ 1 million ( 1984 USD ) .
= = Meteorological history = =
The storm system that would become Isidore originated in a nearly stationary frontal boundary situated near the Bahamas . On September 24 , a ship reported winds of about 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) in association with the disturbance . However , satellite imagery indicated that convection was just beginning to organize . Satellite imagery and Air Force reconnaissance reports documented the formation of a tropical depression early on September 25 ; a special statement was later issued by the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) confirming the existence of the depression , and tropical cyclone advisories were initiated at 12 pm EDT . The depression moved west @-@ northwest while tracking through the Bahamas . As it did so , it moved across Cat Island and passed near several others . The cyclone attained tropical storm status on September 26 , receiving the name " Isidore " .
While located near the northern tip of Andros Island , Isidore reached its peak intensity . The barometric pressure fell to 999 mb , with sustained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . The storm continued moving northwest , though it failed to strengthen significantly over the Florida Current . The cyclone made landfall near Jupiter , Florida with sustained winds of about 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) and subsequently moved inland . Previously , a large high pressure area over the eastern United States had prevented the cyclone from moving northward . The high moved away , allowing for Isidore to curve to the northeast , emerging over water near Jacksonville , Florida . The storm continued towards the northeast , passing about 80 mi ( 130 km ) off of the Carolina coast . Isidore downgraded to a tropical depression on October 1 , and was absorbed in a frontal zone later that day . Isidore was one of many storms during the 1984 season that formed in relatively cool baroclinic environments .
= = Preparations = =
Due to its mild nature , Isidore was described as a " safety test " . Gale warnings were issued from as far south as Key West , Florida , to as far north as Virginia , including parts of Georgia , South Carolina , and North Carolina . A private meteorological service stated that Isidore was to intensify to hurricane status , leading to some confusion regarding preparations . Along the Treasure Coast of Florida , citrus farmers burned seedlings potentially infected with canker to prevent heavy rains from spreading the disease . Red Cross volunteers readied a shelter with supplies such as cots and sheets , though it remained unused . In Martin County , hundreds of firefighters were on standby . In Miami , rain from the storm led to the cancellation of horse races at the Calder Race Course . State parks in Monroe County were temporarily closed .
In Indian River , Martin , and St. Lucie counties , students were sent home early , and after @-@ school actives were canceled . The South Beach Jetty Park in Fort Pierce was closed . In southern portions of the state , residents prepared their boats for the storm , and 50 F @-@ 4 Phantom fighter jets were evacuated from the Homestead Air Force Base and moved to bases in South Carolina . Lumber yards , groceries stores , and hardware stores reported unusually high demand for emergency supplies , though certain smaller businesses closed early . Gasoline stations in the region " were doing bumper @-@ to @-@ bumper business " . Farther to the south , in the Florida Keys , an emergency operations center was opened in response to the storm .
= = Impact = =
In Nassau , Bahamas , Isidore produced flooding rains and gales . There , the storm forced the closure of schools and banks . Heavy precipitation fell throughout the island chain , but no serious damage was reported .
Winds from Isidore gusted to 73 mph ( 117 km / h ) in the St. Augustine , Florida area . Elsewhere , 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) winds were recorded . At Mayport , winds were sustained at 43 mph ( 69 km / h ) . In northern portions of the state , peak rainfall totals ranged from 5 to 7 in ( 130 to 180 mm ) , much of which was associated with an intense convective band to the north and east of the cyclone 's center . One tornado , ranked F1 on the Fujita scale , touched down near Savannah , Georgia . Power outages were mostly minor and scattered . Tides generally ran under 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) above normal ; combined with high winds , the tides contributed to severe and widespread beach erosion along the eastern coast of central Florida , threatening structures at times . A large , $ 500 @,@ 000 beach restoration fill was washed away . Additionally , segments of State Road A1A were damaged . On Hutchinson Island , many eggs and nests of Caretta caretta and Chelonia mydas , respectively , were destroyed . One man was electrocuted as a result of the storm near Orlando . Another man was injured while attempting to land his plane in high winds . Throughout the state , overall damage was generally insignificant .
The storm also dropped heavy precipitation along the coasts of Georgia , South Carolina , and North Carolina , with sporadic showers in parts of Virginia . Offshore , swells of 12 to 15 ft ( 3 @.@ 7 to 4 @.@ 6 m ) extensively damaged a wooden ship , the Phoenix . The vessel " barely escaped destruction " , though a crew member suffered a cracked rib . Across its path , Isidore was estimated to have inflicted $ 1 million in damage .
= Battle of Torvioll =
The Battle of Torvioll , also known as the Battle of Lower Dibra , was fought on 29 June 1444 on the Plain of Torvioll , in what is modern @-@ day Albania . Skanderbeg was an Ottoman Albanian captain who decided to go back to his native land and take the reins of a new Albanian rebellion . He , along with 300 other Albanians fighting at the Battle of Niš , deserted the Ottoman army to head towards Krujë , which fell quickly through a subversion . He then formed the League of Lezhë , a confederation of Albanian princes united in war against the Ottoman Empire . Murad II , realizing the threat , sent one of his most experienced captains , Ali Pasha , to crush the rebellion with a force of 25 @,@ 000 men .
Skanderbeg expected a reaction so he moved with 15 @,@ 000 of his own men to defeat Ali Pasha 's army . The two met in the Plain of Torvioll where they camped opposite of each other . The following day , 29 June , Ali came out of his camp and saw that Skanderbeg had positioned his forces at the bottom of a hill . Expecting a quick victory , Ali ordered all of his forces down the hill to attack and defeat Skanderbeg 's army . Skanderbeg expected such a maneuver and had prepared his own stratagem . Once the opposing forces were engaged and the necessary positioning was achieved , Skanderbeg ordered his forces hidden in the forests behind the Turkish army to strike their rear . The result was devastating for the Ottomans , whose entire army was routed and its commander nearly killed .
The victory lifted the morale of the Christian princes of Europe and was recognized as a great victory over the Muslim Ottoman Empire . On the Ottoman side , Murad realized the effect Skanderbeg 's rebellion would have on his realm and continued to take measures to defeat him , resulting in twenty @-@ five years of war .
= = Background = =
George Kastrioti Skanderbeg , the son of the powerful prince John Kastrioti , had been a vassal of the Ottoman Empire as a sipahi , or cavalry commander . After his participation in the Ottoman loss at the Battle of Niš , Skanderbeg deserted the Ottoman army and rushed to Albania alongside 300 other Albanians . By forging a letter from Murad II to the Governor of Krujë , he became lord of the city in November 1443 . Hungarian captain John Hunyadi 's continued operations against Sultan Murad II gave Skanderbeg time to prepare an alliance of the Albanian nobles . Skanderbeg invited all of Albania 's nobles to meet in the Venetian @-@ held town of Alessio ( Lezhë ) on 2 March 1444 . Alessio was chosen as the meeting point because the town had once been the capital of the Dukagjini family and to induce Venice to lend aid to the Albanian movement . Among the nobles that attended were George Arianiti , Paul Dukagjini , Andrea Thopia , Lekë Dushmani , Teodor Korona , Peter Spani , Lekë Zaharia , and Paul Stres Balsha . Here they formed the League of Lezhë , a confederation of all of the major Albanian princes in alliance against the Ottoman Empire . The chosen captain ( Albanian : Kryekapedan ) of this confederation was Skanderbeg . The League 's first military challenge came in the spring of 1444 , when Skanderbeg 's scouts reported that the Ottoman army was planning to invade Albania . Skanderbeg planned to move towards the anticipated entry point and prepared for an engagement .
= = Campaign = =
= = = Prelude = = =
Ali Pasha , one of Murad 's most favored commanders , left Üsküp ( Skopje ) in June 1444 with an army of 25 @,@ 000 – 40 @,@ 000 troops and headed in Albania 's direction . Having brought together an army of 15 @,@ 000 men ( 8 @,@ 000 cavalry and 7 @,@ 000 infantry ) from the League of Lezhë , Skanderbeg exhorted to his soldiers the importance of the upcoming campaign . Orders were given for the distribution of soldiers ' pay and for religious services to be held . Afterwards , Skanderbeg and his army headed towards the planned place of battle in Lower Dibra , which is thought to be the Plain of Shumbat , then called the Plain of Torvioll , north of Peshkopi . On the way there , he marched through the Black Drin valley and appeared at the expected Ottoman entry point . Skanderbeg had chosen the plain himself : it was 11 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 0 mi ) long and 4 @.@ 9 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 0 mi ) wide , surrounded by hills and forests . After camping near Torvioll , Skanderbeg placed 3 @,@ 000 men under five commanders , Hamza Kastrioti , Muzaka of Angelina , Zecharia Gropa , Peter Emanueli , and John Musachi , in the surrounding forests with orders to attack the Ottoman wings and rear only after a given signal . While Skanderbeg was preparing his ambush , the Ottoman Turks under Ali Pasha arrived and encamped opposite his forces . The night before the battle , the Ottomans celebrated the coming day , whereas the Albanians extinguished all their campfires and those who were not on guard were directed to rest . Parties of Ottomans made approaches to the Albanian camp and provoked Skanderbeg 's soldiers , but they remained quiet . Skanderbeg sent out a scouting party to obtain information about the Ottoman army and ordered his cavalry to engage in small skirmishes .
= = = Albanian positioning = = =
On the morning of 29 June , Skanderbeg arranged his army for battle . Apart from the 3 @,@ 000 warriors hidden behind the Ottoman army , Skanderbeg left another reserve force of 3 @,@ 000 under the command of Vrana Konti . The Albanian army was positioned in a crescent shape curving inwards . They were divided into three groups , each composed of 3 @,@ 000 men . They were all placed at the bottom of a hill , with the intention of luring the Ottoman cavalry @-@ based army into a downhill charge . The Albanian left wing was commanded by Tanush Thopia with 1 @,@ 500 horsemen and an equal number of infantrymen . On the right wing , Skanderbeg placed Moisi Golemi in the same manner as Thopia . In front of the wings , foot archers were placed to lure the Ottomans in . In the center , there were 3 @,@ 000 men under the command of Skanderbeg and Ajdin Muzaka . One @-@ thousand horsemen were placed in front of the main division with orders to blunt the initial Turkish cavalry charge . An equal number of archers , trained to accompany the horses , was placed next to these horsemen . The main body of infantry , commanded by Ajdin Muzaka , was placed behind the archers .
= = = Battle = = =
After the army was marshaled , Skanderbeg would not permit the trumpets to give the signal for battle until he saw Ali Pasha advancing . After looking upon the Albanian army , the Pasha ordered his army to charge with one of the units ahead of the rest . The Albanian front line retreated ; Skanderbeg sent a body of horsemen to prevent the line from breaking and marshaled the retreating troops back to their places . Ali Pasha believed he had the Albanians trapped . The same situation occurred on the left wing and , when all were in their places , the army prepared for the main offensive . As it began , the wings were fiercely led on by Thopia and Golemi and pushed back the Ottoman wings . In the centre , Skanderbeg assaulted a selected battalion . When the proper signal was given , the 3 @,@ 000 horsemen hidden in the woods sprung out and charged into the Ottoman rear , causing large parts of their army to rout . The wings of the Albanian army turned towards the Ottoman centre 's flanks . Ajdin Muzaka , having charged the Turkish centre , was met by fierce resistance and the Turks continued to pour in fresh forces until Vrana Konti came in with his reserves and decided the battle . The Turkish army was surrounded . The Ottoman front ranks were annihilated except for 300 soldiers . Ali Pasha 's personal battalion fled although the commander nearly met his death .
= = Aftermath = =
Between 8 @,@ 000 to 22 @,@ 000 Turks died in the battle , while 2 @,@ 000 were captured . The Albanians were originally attributed to have lost as little as 120 men , but modern sources suggest a higher figure of 4 @,@ 000 Albanians dead and wounded . Skanderbeg remained quiet in his camp for the remainder of that day and the following night . Having addressed his troops , he directed his infantry to mount the captured horses . The spoils of the victory were abundant and even the wounded took part in the pillaging . Skanderbeg thereafter ordered a general retreat toward Krujë . Skanderbeg 's victory was praised through the rest of Europe . The European states thus began to consider a crusade to drive the Ottomans out of Europe . When Ali Pasha returned to Adrianople ( Edirne ) , he explained to the sultan that the loss should be attributed to his forces and the " fortunes of war " and not his generalship . The battle of Torvioll thus opened up the quarter @-@ century war between Skanderbeg 's Albania and the Ottoman Empire .
= Hebrides =
The Hebrides ( / ˈhɛbrᵻdiːz / ; Scottish Gaelic : Innse Gall ; Old Norse : Suðreyjar ) comprise a widespread and diverse archipelago off the west coast of mainland Scotland . There are two main groups : the Inner and Outer Hebrides . These islands have a long history of occupation dating back to the Mesolithic , and the culture of the residents has been affected by the successive influences of Celtic , Norse , and English @-@ speaking peoples . This diversity is reflected in the names given to the islands , which are derived from the languages that have been spoken there in historic and perhaps prehistoric times .
Various artists have been inspired by their Hebridean experiences . Today the economy of the islands is dependent on crofting , fishing , tourism , the oil industry , and renewable energy . The Hebrides lack biodiversity in comparison to mainland Britain , but seals are present around the coasts in internationally important numbers .
= = Geology , geography and climate = =
The Hebrides have a diverse geology ranging in age from Precambrian strata that are amongst the oldest rocks in Europe to Paleogene igneous intrusions .
The Hebrides can be divided into two main groups , separated from one another by the Minch to the north and the Sea of the Hebrides to the south . The Inner Hebrides lie closer to mainland Scotland and include Islay , Jura , Skye , Mull , Raasay , Staffa and the Small Isles . There are 36 inhabited islands in this group . The Outer Hebrides are a chain of more than 100 islands and small skerries located about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) west of mainland Scotland . There are 15 inhabited islands in this archipelago . The main islands include Barra , Benbecula , Berneray , Harris , Lewis , North Uist , South Uist , and St Kilda . In total , the islands have an area of approximately 7 @,@ 200 square kilometres ( 2 @,@ 800 sq mi ) and a population of 44 @,@ 759 .
A complication is that there are various descriptions of the scope of the Hebrides . The Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland describes the Inner Hebrides as lying " east of the Minch " , which would include any and all offshore islands . There are various islands that lie in the sea lochs such as Eilean Bàn and Eilean Donan that might not ordinarily be described as " Hebridean " , but no formal definitions exist .
In the past , the Outer Hebrides were often referred to as the Long Isle ( Scottish Gaelic : An t @-@ Eilean Fada ) . Today , they are also known as the Western Isles , although this phrase can also be used to refer to the Hebrides in general .
The Hebrides have a cool temperate climate that is remarkably mild and steady for such a northerly latitude , due to the influence of the Gulf Stream . In the Outer Hebrides the average temperature for the year is 6 ° C ( 44 ° F ) in January and 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) in summer . The average annual rainfall in Lewis is 1 @,@ 100 millimetres ( 43 in ) and sunshine hours range from 1 @,@ 100 – 1 @,@ 200 per annum . The summer days are relatively long , and May to August is the driest period .
= = History = =
= = = Prehistory = = =
The Hebrides were settled during the Mesolithic era around 6500 BC or earlier , after the climatic conditions improved enough to sustain human settlement . Occupation at a site on Rùm is dated to 8590 ± 95 uncorrected radiocarbon years BP , which is amongst the oldest evidence of occupation in Scotland . There are many examples of structures from the Neolithic period , the finest example being the standing stones at Callanish , dating to the 3rd millennium BC . Cladh Hallan , a Bronze Age settlement on South Uist is the only site in the UK where prehistoric mummies have been found .
= = = Celtic era = = =
In 55 BC , the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus wrote that there was an island called Hyperborea ( which means " beyond the North Wind " ) , where a round temple stood from which the moon appeared only a little distance above the earth every 19 years . This may have been a reference to the stone circle at Callanish .
A traveller called Demetrius of Tarsus related to Plutarch the tale of an expedition to the west coast of Scotland in or shortly before AD 83 . He stated it was a gloomy journey amongst uninhabited islands , but he had visited one which was the retreat of holy men . He mentioned neither the druids nor the name of the island .
The first written records of native life begin in the 6th century AD , when the founding of the kingdom of Dál Riata took place . This encompassed roughly what is now Argyll and Bute and Lochaber in Scotland and County Antrim in Ireland . The figure of Columba looms large in any history of Dál Riata , and his founding of a monastery on Iona ensured that the kingdom would be of great importance in the spread of Christianity in northern Britain . However , Iona was far from unique . Lismore in the territory of the Cenél Loairn , was sufficiently important for the death of its abbots to be recorded with some frequency and many smaller sites , such as on Eigg , Hinba , and Tiree , are known from the annals .
North of Dál Riata , the Inner and Outer Hebrides were nominally under Pictish control , although the historical record is sparse . Hunter ( 2000 ) states that in relation to King Bridei I of the Picts in the sixth century : " As for Shetland , Orkney , Skye and the Western Isles , their inhabitants , most of whom appear to have been Pictish in culture and speech at this time , are likely to have regarded Bridei as a fairly distant presence . ”
= = = Norwegian control = = =
Viking raids began on Scottish shores towards the end of the 8th century and the Hebrides came under Norse control and settlement during the ensuing decades , especially following the success of Harald Fairhair at the Battle of Hafrsfjord in 872 . In the Western Isles Ketill Flatnose may have been the dominant figure of the mid 9th century , by which time he had amassed a substantial island realm and made a variety of alliances with other Norse leaders . These princelings nominally owed allegiance to the Norwegian crown , although in practice the latter 's control was fairly limited . Norse control of the Hebrides was formalised in 1098 when Edgar of Scotland formally signed the islands over to Magnus III of Norway . The Scottish acceptance of Magnus III as King of the Isles came after the Norwegian king had conquered Orkney , the Hebrides and the Isle of Man in a swift campaign earlier the same year , directed against the local Norwegian leaders of the various island petty kingdoms . By capturing the islands Magnus imposed a more direct royal control , although at a price . His skald Bjorn Cripplehand recorded that in Lewis " fire played high in the heaven " as " flame spouted from the houses " and that in the Uists " the king dyed his sword red in blood " .
The Hebrides were now part of the Kingdom of the Isles , whose rulers were themselves vassals of the Kings of Norway . This situation lasted until the partitioning of the Western Isles in 1156 , at which time the Outer Hebrides remained under Norwegian control while the Inner Hebrides broke out under Somerled , the Norse @-@ Celtic kinsman of the Manx royal house .
Following the ill @-@ fated 1263 expedition of Haakon IV of Norway , the Outer Hebrides and the Isle of Man were yielded to the Kingdom of Scotland as a result of the 1266 Treaty of Perth . Although their contribution to the islands can still be found in personal and place names , the archaeological record of the Norse period is very limited . The best known find is the Lewis chessmen , which date from the mid 12th century .
= = = Scottish control = = =
As the Norse era drew to a close , the Norse @-@ speaking princes were gradually replaced by Gaelic @-@ speaking clan chiefs including the MacLeods of Lewis and Harris , Clan Donald and MacNeil of Barra . This transition did little to relieve the islands of internecine strife although by the early 14th century the MacDonald Lords of the Isles , based on Islay , were in theory these chiefs ' feudal superiors and managed to exert some control .
The Lords of the Isles ruled the Inner Hebrides as well as part of the Western Highlands as subjects of the King of Scots until John MacDonald , fourth Lord of the Isles ,
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squandered the family 's powerful position . A rebellion by his nephew , Alexander of Lochalsh provoked an exasperated James IV to forfeit the family 's lands in 1493 .
In 1598 , King James VI authorised some " Gentleman Adventurers " from Fife to civilise the " most barbarous Isle of Lewis " . Initially successful , the colonists were driven out by local forces commanded by Murdoch and Neil MacLeod , who based their forces on Bearasaigh in Loch Ròg . The colonists tried again in 1605 with the same result , but a third attempt in 1607 was more successful and in due course Stornoway became a Burgh of Barony . By this time , Lewis was held by the Mackenzies of Kintail ( later the Earls of Seaforth ) , who pursued a more enlightened approach , investing in fishing in particular . The Seaforths ' royalist inclinations led to Lewis becoming garrisoned during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms by Cromwell 's troops , who destroyed the old castle in Stornoway .
= = = Early British era = = =
With the implementation of the Treaty of Union in 1707 , the Hebrides became part of the new Kingdom of Great Britain , but the clans ' loyalties to a distant monarch were not strong . A considerable number of islesmen " came out " in support of the Jacobite Earl of Mar in the " 15 " and again in the 1745 rising including Macleod of Dunvegan and MacLea of Lismore . The aftermath of the decisive Battle of Culloden , which effectively ended Jacobite hopes of a Stuart restoration , was widely felt . The British government 's strategy was to estrange the clan chiefs from their kinsmen and turn their descendants into English @-@ speaking landlords whose main concern was the revenues their estates brought rather than the welfare of those who lived on them . This may have brought peace to the islands , but in the following century it came at a terrible price . In the wake of the rebellion , the clan system was broken up and islands of the Hebrides became a series of landed estates .
The early 19th century was a time of improvement and population growth . Roads and quays were built ; the slate industry became a significant employer on Easdale and surrounding islands ; and the construction of the Crinan and Caledonian canals and other engineering works such as Telford 's " Bridge across the Atlantic " improved transport and access . However , in the mid @-@ 19th century , the inhabitants of many parts of the Hebrides were devastated by the clearances , which destroyed communities throughout the Highlands and Islands as the human populations were evicted and replaced with sheep farms . The position was exacerbated by the failure of the islands ' kelp industry that thrived from the 18th century until the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and large scale emigration became endemic . The " Battle of the Braes " involved a demonstration against lack of access to land and the serving of eviction notices . This event was instrumental in the creation of the Napier Commission , which reported in 1884 on the situation in the Highlands and disturbances continued until the passing of the 1886 Crofters ' Act .
= = Modern economy = =
For those who remained , new economic opportunities emerged through the export of cattle , commercial fishing and tourism . Nonetheless emigration and military service became the choice of many and the archipelago 's populations continued to dwindle throughout the late 19th century and for much of the 20th century . Lengthy periods of continuous occupation notwithstanding , many of the smaller islands were abandoned .
There were however continuing gradual economic improvements , among the most visible of which was the replacement of the traditional thatched blackhouse with accommodation of a more modern design and with the assistance of Highlands and Islands Enterprise many of the islands ' populations have begun to increase after decades of decline . The discovery of substantial deposits of North Sea oil in 1965 and the renewables sector have contributed to a degree of economic stability in recent decades . For example , the Arnish yard has had a chequered history but has been a significant employer in both the oil and renewables industries .
= = Media and the arts = =
The Hebrides , also known as Fingal 's Cave , is a famous overture composed by Felix Mendelssohn while residing on these islands , while Granville Bantock composed the Hebridean Symphony . Contemporary musicians associated with the islands include Ian Anderson , Donovan and Runrig . The poet Sorley MacLean was born on Raasay , the setting for his best known poem , Hallaig .
The novelist Compton Mackenzie lived on Barra and George Orwell wrote 1984 whilst living on Jura . J.M. Barrie 's Marie Rose contains references to Harris inspired by a holiday visit to Amhuinnsuidhe Castle and he wrote a screenplay for the 1924 film adaptation of Peter Pan whilst on Eilean Shona . Enya 's song " Ebudæ " from Shepherd Moons is named for the Hebrides ( see below ) . The 1973 British horror film The Wicker Man is set on the fictional Hebridean island of Summerisle . The experimental first @-@ person adventure video game Dear Esther takes place on an unnamed Hebridean island . The 2011 British romantic comedy " The Decoy Bride " is set on the fictional Hebrides island of Hegg .
= = = Language = = =
The residents of the Hebrides have spoken a variety of different languages during the long period of human occupation .
It is assumed that Pictish must once have predominated in the northern Inner Hebrides and Outer Hebrides . The Scottish Gaelic language arrived via Ireland due to the growing influence of the kingdom of Dál Riata from the 6th century onwards and became the dominant language of the southern Hebrides at that time . For a time , the military might of the Gall @-@ Ghàidhils meant that Old Norse was prevalent in the Hebrides and , north of Ardnamurchan , the place names that existed prior to the 9th century have been all but obliterated . The Old Norse name for the Hebrides during the Viking occupation was Suðreyjar , which means " Southern Isles " . It was given in contrast to the Norðreyjar , or the " Northern Isles " of Orkney and Shetland .
South of Ardnamurchan Gaelic place names are the most common and , after the 13th century , Gaelic became the main language of the entire Hebridean archipelago . The use of Scots and English became prominent in recent times but the Hebrides still contain the largest concentration of Scottish Gaelic speakers in Scotland . This is especially true of the Outer Hebrides , where the majority of people speak the language . The Scottish Gaelic college , Sabhal Mòr Ostaig , is based on Skye and Islay .
Ironically , given the status of the Western Isles as the last Gàidhlig @-@ speaking stronghold in Scotland , the Gaelic language name for the islands – Innse Gall – means " isles of the foreigners " which has roots in the time when they were under Norse colonisation .
= = Etymology = =
The earliest written references that have survived relating to the islands were made by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History , where he states that there are 30 Hebudes , and makes a separate reference to Dumna , which Watson ( 1926 ) concludes is unequivocally the Outer Hebrides . Writing about 80 years later , in 140 @-@ 150 AD , Ptolemy , drawing on the earlier naval expeditions of Agricola , writes that there are five Ebudes ( possibly meaning the Inner Hebrides ) and Dumna . Later texts in classical Latin , by writers such as Solinus , use the forms Hebudes and Hæbudes .
The name Ebudes recorded by Ptolemy may be pre @-@ Celtic . Islay is Ptolemy 's Epidion , the use of the " p " hinting at a Brythonic or Pictish tribal name , Epidii , although the root is not Gaelic . Woolf ( 2012 ) has suggested that Ebudes may be " an Irish attempt to reproduce the word Epidii phonetically rather than by translating it " and that the tribe 's name may come from the root epos meaning " horse " . Watson ( 1926 ) also notes the possible relationship between Ebudes and the ancient Irish Ulaid tribal name Ibdaig and the personal name of a king Iubdán recorded in the Silva Gadelica .
The names of other individual islands reflect their complex linguistic history . The majority are Norse or Gaelic but the roots of several other Hebrides may have a pre @-@ Celtic origin . Adomnán , the 7th century abbot of Iona , records Colonsay as Colosus and Tiree as Ethica , both of which may be pre @-@ Celtic names . The etymology of Skye is complex and may also include a pre @-@ Celtic root . Lewis is Ljoðhús in Old Norse and although various suggestions have been made as to a Norse meaning ( such as " song house " ) the name is not of Gaelic origin and the Norse credentials are questionable .
The earliest comprehensive written list of Hebridean island names was undertaken by Donald Monro in 1549 , which in some cases also provides the earliest written form of the island name . The derivations of all of the inhabited islands of the Hebrides and some of the larger uninhabited ones are listed below .
= = = Outer Hebrides = = =
Lewis and Harris is the largest island in Scotland and the third largest in the British Isles , after Great Britain and Ireland . It incorporates Lewis in the north and Harris in the south , both of which are frequently referred to as individual islands , although they are joined by a land border . Remarkably , the island does not have a common name in either English or Gaelic and is referred to as " Lewis and Harris " , " Lewis with Harris " , " Harris with Lewis " etc . For this reason it is treated as two separate islands below . The derivation of Lewis may be pre @-@ Celtic ( see above ) and the origin of Harris is no less problematic . In the Ravenna Cosmography , Erimon may refer to Harris ( or possibly the Outer Hebrides as a whole ) . This word may derive from the Ancient Greek erimos meaning " desert " . The origin of Uist ( Old Norse : Ívist ) is similarly unclear .
= = = Inner Hebrides = = =
There are various examples of Inner Hebridean island names that were originally Gaelic but have become completely replaced . For example , Adomnán records Sainea , Elena , Ommon and Oideacha in the Inner Hebrides , which names must have passed out of usage in the Norse era and whose locations are not clear . One of the complexities is that an island may have had a Celtic name , that was replaced by a similar sounding Norse name , but then reverted to an essentially Gaelic name with a Norse " øy " or " ey " ending . See for example Rona below .
= = = Uninhabited islands = = =
The names of uninhabited islands follow the same general patterns as the inhabited islands . The following are the ten largest in the Hebrides and their outliers .
The etymology of St Kilda , a small archipelago west of the Outer Hebrides , and its main island Hirta is very complex . No saint is known by the name of Kilda and various theories have been proposed for the word 's origin , which dates from the late 16th century . Haswell @-@ Smith ( 2004 ) notes that the full name " St Kilda " first appears on a Dutch map dated 1666 , and that it may have been derived from Norse sunt kelda ( " sweet wellwater " ) or from a mistaken Dutch assumption that the spring Tobar Childa was dedicated to a saint . ( Tobar Childa is a tautological placename , consisting of the Gaelic and Norse words for well , i.e. " well well " ) . The origin of the Gaelic for " Hirta " , Hiort or Hirt , which long pre @-@ dates the use of " St Kilda " , is similarly open to interpretation . Watson ( 1926 ) offers the Old Irish hirt , a word meaning " death " , possibly relating to the dangerous seas . Maclean ( 1977 ) , drawing on an Icelandic saga describing an early 13th @-@ century voyage to Ireland that mentions a visit to the islands of Hirtir , speculates that the shape of Hirta resembles a stag , hirtir being " stags " in Norse .
The etymology of small islands may be no less complex . In relation to Dubh Artach , R. L. Stevenson believed that " black and dismal " was a translation of the name , noting that " as usual , in Gaelic , it is not the only one . "
= = Natural history = =
In some respects the Hebrides generally lack biodiversity in comparison to mainland Britain , with for example only half the number of mammalian species the latter has . However these islands provide breeding grounds for many important seabird species including the world 's largest colony of northern gannets . Avian life includes the corncrake , red @-@ throated diver , rock dove , kittiwake , tystie , Atlantic puffin , goldeneye , golden eagle and white @-@ tailed sea eagle . The last named was re @-@ introduced to Rùm in 1975 and has successfully spread to various neighbouring islands , including Mull . There is a small population of red @-@ billed chough concentrated on the islands of Islay and Colonsay .
Red deer are common on the hills and the grey seal and common seal are present around the coasts of Scotland in internationally important numbers , with colonies of the former found on Oronsay and the Treshnish Isles . The rich freshwater streams contain brown trout , Atlantic salmon and water shrew . Offshore , minke whales , Killer whales , basking sharks , porpoises and dolphins are among the sealife that can be seen .
Heather moor containing ling , bell heather , cross @-@ leaved heath , bog myrtle and fescues is abundant and there is a diversity of Arctic and alpine plants including Alpine pearlwort and mossy cyphal .
Loch Druidibeg on South Uist is a national nature reserve owned and managed by Scottish Natural Heritage . The reserve covers 1 @,@ 677 hectares across the whole range of local habitats . Over 200 species of flowering plants have been recorded on the reserve , some of which are nationally scarce . South Uist is considered the best place in the UK for the aquatic plant slender naiad , which is a European Protected Species .
There has been considerable controversy over hedgehogs . The animals are not native to the Outer Hebrides having been introduced in the 1970s to reduce garden pests , but their spread has posed a threat to the eggs of ground nesting wading birds . In 2003 , Scottish Natural Heritage undertook culls of hedgehogs in the area although these were halted in 2007 with trapped animals then being relocated to the mainland .
= Cherokee Rose ( The Walking Dead ) =
" Cherokee Rose " is the fourth episode of the second season of the post @-@ apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead , which aired on AMC in the United States on November 6 , 2011 . The episode was written by Evan Reilly and directed by Billy Gierhart . In the episode , the group of survivors move to the home of Hershel Greene ( Scott Wilson ) . While the group contemplates on what to do , Daryl Dixon ( Norman Reedus ) continues to search for Sophia Peletier ( Madison Lintz ) .
Major themes in " Cherokee Rose " includes Daryl Dixon 's gradual change into a lighter character and the beginning of his close relationship with Carol Peletier and the developing romantic relationship between Maggie and Glenn . Principal photography for the episode commenced in Coweta County , Georgia , where filming locations were set up in an abandoned late nineteenth century Gothic revival home in Senoia , Georgia and in downtown Sharpsburg , Georgia .
During a sequence in the episode , the survivors pull a bloated zombie — commonly referred to by the group as a " walker " — out of a water well , ultimately leading to the walker splitting apart . Greg Melton , the series ' production designer , collaborated with KNB Efx Group in producing the scene . Filming for the sequence arose over an approximate period of two days .
" Cherokee Rose " was well received by television critics , who praised the episode 's storylines and character development . Upon initial airing , it garnered 6 @.@ 29 million viewers and attained a 3 @.@ 4 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . " Cherokee Rose " became the highest @-@ rated cable program of the day , as well as the second highest @-@ rated cable program of the week .
= = Plot = =
Carl Grimes ( Chandler Riggs ) recovers from his operation to remove fragments of a bullet , which he had received earlier when encountering a deer . He asks his father Rick ( Andrew Lincoln ) if his friend Sophia Peletier ( Madison Lintz ) is alright . Since Sophia is still missing , Rick reluctantly lies to Carl and tells him that she is fine . Dale Horvath ( Jeffrey DeMunn ) , Daryl Dixon ( Norman Reedus ) , Andrea ( Laurie Holden ) and Carol Peletier ( Melissa McBride ) move the vehicles and set up camp at the Greene home and are introduced to the Greene family . There , they lead a funeral procession for their ranch hand , Otis ( Pruitt Taylor Vince ) . Shane Walsh ( Jon Bernthal ) is asked to share Otis ' final moments ; Shane sticks to his lie that Otis had sacrificed his life to save Carl , while in reality Shane betrayed Otis .
Along with Hershel Greene ( Scott Wilson ) and his daughter Maggie ( Lauren Cohan ) , the group organize Sophia 's search . Since Shane is still injured and Rick is too weak from blood loss , Daryl ventures out on his own . Daryl eventually finds an abandoned house , but does not locate Sophia . He finds a cherokee rose , which is a Native American sign in which the gods protected their children , and gives it to Carol .
Maggie directs Dale and Theodore " T @-@ Dog " Douglas ( IronE Singleton ) to a nearby freshwater well , only to find a bloated zombie — commonly referred by the group as a " walker " — inside . Shane , Maggie , Andrea , Lori Grimes ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) and Glenn ( Steven Yeun ) join the two ; the group concludes that shooting it might further contaminate the water . They then decide to use Glenn as live bait and harness the walker to a rope to drag it out of the well . After a slight mishap , Glenn manages to saddle the walker . The group manages to pull the walker to the top of the well , but it becomes stuck at the top . Attempting to pull the walker free causes the walker 's body to get ripped in half , with the lower body , fluid , and organs spilling back into the well , contaminating the water . T @-@ Dog then kills the walker with an axe .
Maggie and Glenn decide to venture to the local pharmacy to find more supplies . Before he leaves , Lori asks Glenn to search for something in the feminine hygiene section . At the pharmacy , Glenn discovers the item is a pregnancy test . When Maggie asks him what he 's looking for , he tries to make an excuse and accidentally grabs a box of condoms . Maggie then seduces and has sex with Glenn . Rick and Hershel tour the farmland , where Hershel reveals that the group has to leave once Carl fully recovers . Rick manages to convince Hershel for the group to stay for the meantime . However , there are rules they must follow . Rick pleads with Hershel to not force them to leave and to reconsider his request .
Later on , Rick is up in the room where Carl is recovering in bed . Once Carl wakes up , Rick admits that he lied to him about Sophia ; Carl reveals that his mother already told him the truth . Meanwhile , the pregnancy test reveals that Lori is pregnant .
= = Production = =
" Cherokee Rose " was written by Evan Reilly and directed by Billy Gierhart . Filming for the episode occurred in downtown Sharpsburg , Georgia on August 1 , 2011 . Preparation for filming initiated in July 2011 , when producers converted an empty building into a temporary drug store . Herb Bridges , who owned the building at the time , was first contacted by producers of the series ' in January 2011 , and again four months later in May . Bridges informed them that the space would be rented by a woman who would open a children 's store there ; however , she had not moved into the space yet . This episode contains a scene in which Daryl searches for Sophia in an abandoned home . Filming for the scene transpired at an abandoned late @-@ nineteenth century Gothic revival home in Senoia , Georgia . Gregory Melton , the series ' production designer , was the first crew member to locate the house . Melton took a picture of it with his cell phone , and sent the picture to creator Frank Darabont . Darabont reacted positively to the image , and later wrote it in the episode 's script .
This episode marked the climax of the relationship between Maggie Greene and Glenn , in which they engage in sexual intercourse at a pharmacy . Writer Robert Kirkman insisted that it was important to view the storyline in a different perspective , explaining , " I don 't think we wanted to turn that into some kind of steamy , pornographic sex romp . " " Cherokee Rose " marked a turning point in the character development of Daryl Dixon . It contains a monologue that references the cherokee rose and its association to the Trail of Tears . The scene was devised and written by Evan Rielly . " I was actually on set during the filming of that , " stated Kirkman . " Almost every actor in the cast showed up , because they absolutely loved that scene and they wanted to see Melissa and Norman ’ s portrayal of it as it unfolded . "
The episode contains a scene in which the survivors pull a bloated walker out of a well in order to prevent contamination of the water . Such attempts prove to be unsuccessful , as all of the water retention severs the walker in half . Greg Nicotero , the special effects director for The Walking Dead , collaborated with KNB Efx Group to produce the sequence . Nicotero received a phone call from staff members of the company two hours after leaving production offices . They devised and expressed plans of creating a scenario in which a walker falls into a well . Nicotero worked with KNB Efx Group in several other films in the past . " One of the things we 've noticed — looking at some morgue research and cadaver research — is that everything gets really swollen , " he articulated . " The liquid saturates the skin so much that it swells up , and the skin starts to split . That was one of the things that we really wanted to play up . " A costume was sculpted using a body and a head cast . It was composed of three layers ; a thin skin @-@ like substance covers the exterior of the suit , followed by a layer of silicone and a layer of foam in the costume 's center . A mask that was previously utilized in the action horror film Grindhouse ( 2007 ) was used as part of the costume . Nicotero inserted water balloons between the silicone and foam layering . He explained that as the performer begins to move , the liquid transfers from one side of the costume to another . Nicotero added : " If we made it out of foam latex , it would 've been stiff . But we used silicone that was heavily plasticized — which means that the silicone was really soft . " The suit weighed approximately sixty pounds .
Brian Hilliard , a member of the KNB Efx Group , was chosen by producers as the walker . Hilliard was favored in lieu of another actor , who fell ill shortly after being cast . In his interview with Entertainment Weekly , Greg Nicotero explained why he chose Hilliard for the part :
I needed somebody who could perform , and who also had a lot of endurance , because we were shooting in Atlanta at the end of July . Silicone doesn ’ t have cell structure , like foam does . It doesn ’ t breathe . So Brian was basically encased in a sixty @-@ pound wet @-@ suit . Every part of his body was covered . He had facial prosthetics , hands , full legs , feet . It was all glued down . It wasn ’ t like we could take him out between takes . He was in .
The sequence was shot over a period of two days . Principal photography on the first day commenced inside a well , which was built by Gregory Melton in approximately four weeks . It measured over forty feet in height , and the base of the well was located in a swimming pool . Nicotero stated that " [ they ] could open the door , put the zombie actor in there , then close the door . The camera would shoot down . " Atop of the well was a lip that measured a height of six feet . Despite putting slime and K @-@ Y Jelly on a board inside of the well , Nicotero and his production team found the particular sequence to be difficult to shoot . " On ' action ' , we pulled him out , and he slid up and over the lip , " Nicotero stated . " It was challenging to get all those pieces to come together on a television schedule . " By the time Hilliard was pulled out of the well , producers used a second suit equipped with prosthetic legs and prosthetic body . Various blood bags were inserted in the torso of the suit ; each were filled with viscous liquids in a variety of colors . Entrails were lastly added inside the suit , as Nicotero asserted that his team wanted " a gigantic explosion of gore . "
To induce the splitting of the costume , the series ' special effect coordinator Darrell Pritchett inserted squibs inside of the suit . Nicotero stated : " On ' action ' , my makeup effects crew pulled the upper body apart , and the physical effects crew squibbed all the bags . Then visual effects guys went in and added those few little tendrils of stretching , ripping intestines . " Because rubber constituted a large percentage of the suit , weights were added on to ensure that it would sink in the water . While recording commenced , approximately 12 – 15 gallons of liquid were poured into the well following the dropping of the prosthetic legs . Four takes were produced of that sequence .
= = Reception = =
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= = = Ratings = = =
" Cherokee Rose " was originally broadcast on November 6 , 2011 in the United States on AMC . Upon airing , the episode garnered 6 @.@ 29 million viewers and attained a 3 @.@ 4 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . It became the highest @-@ rated cable program of the day , obtaining significantly higher ratings than Hell on Wheels on AMC and the Real Housewives of Atlanta on Bravo . " Cherokee Rose " was the second highest @-@ rated cable program of the week , edging out television movie John Sandford 's Certain Prey by a considerable margin , but attained lower ratings than a match between the San Diego Chargers and the Kansas City Chiefs as part of the 2011 NFL season . The episode 's total viewership and ratings moderately increased from the previous episode , " Save the Last One " , which was viewed by 6 @.@ 095 million viewers and achieved a 3 @.@ 1 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic . In the United Kingdom , " Cherokee Rose " received 893 @,@ 000 viewers , subsequently becoming the highest @-@ rated cable program on FX of the week dated November 13 .
= = = Critical response = = =
" Cherokee Rose " attained favorable reviews from television critics . Zach Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B + , and felt that it gave an accurate depiction of the characters . He opined : " I had a problem with the show 's tendency to wander into cul @-@ de @-@ sacs in the first season , mainly because so much of it felt redundant , the work of writers who had no real idea how to construct narrative television . But this season , I 'm starting to think they 're getting a handle on things , and " Cherokee Rose " is the sort of episode I 'd like to see more off [ sic ] as The Walking Dead continues . " Paste 's Josh Jackson asserted that the episode was superior to preceding installments , describing it as " simply a catch of breath . " Similarly , Josh Wigler of MTV evaluated that despite less violence than usual , the quality of " Cherokee Rose " improved from the previous episode . HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall echoed analogous sentiments , and argued that while the show 's character still need more development , the development displayed in the episode was a " definite step in the right direction on that front . " Time journalist Nate Rawlings concluded that the episode contained many powerful scenes . Eric Goldman of IGN was critical of the episode , ultimately giving it a seven out of ten rating , signifying a " good " rating . Goldman felt that " Cherokee Rose " was a disappointment , citing that it lack any focus or direction . Henry Hanks , writing for CNN , said that the episode was the weakest of the season .
Critics commended the development of the relationship between Maggie Green and Glenn . Andrew Conrad of The Baltimore Sun stated that the storyline epitomized a " steamy romance " , while The Wall Street Journal 's Aaron Rutkoff called it " the funniest moment of the series . " Goldman opined that their sexual encounter felt genuine ; " He 's a nice guy , she seems like a cool gal , and it felt genuine when she noted she felt plenty lonely too and ready for some companionship . " Nick Venable of Cinema Blend asserted that the interactions between Maggie and Glenn was the highlight of the episode . " I 'm glad the writers are introducing this comic book plot point , as this show seriously needs a couple without closets full of skeletons . When Glenn accidentally grabs a box of condoms for Maggie to see , I chuckled heartily . The ensuing conversation also made me smile , which makes me wonder why humor is paid the least amount of attention on the show . " Jackson was surprised with the scene , and called it " unexpected " . Jen Chenay of The Washington Post compared Glenn to Little Mikey from the Life advertisements , and summated : " He has assumed this role without much choice in the matter , but he has done so with a certain quiet , occasionally petrified , baseball @-@ cap @-@ wearing dignity that makes him admirable . "
The water well sequence was critically acclaimed by critics . Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly described the scene as " hilarious " , and added , " I loved the horrific pointlessness of that entire plot , and it was yet more proof that makeup designer Greg Nicotero is the real star of [ The Walking Dead ] . I 'm not sure anything else TV can come up with this season will match the image of the bloated half @-@ zombie crawling across the ground with its water @-@ logged intestine hanging out . " Jackson , Rawlings , and the Houston Chronicle 's Pamela Mitchell felt that the sequence was one of the series ' most grotesque moments . Rawlings added : " Honestly , that right there is why many people watch The Walking Dead . " Wigler expressed that it was " very well done " , and noted that the walker was the " most vile , disgusting zombie that Greg Nicotero has ever created . "
The concluding sequence of " Cherokee Rose " was also well received by television critics . Morgan Jeffrey of Digital Spy admired the scene , and described it as " tense " . Halden opined that the scene was a reasonably solid storyline , and felt that it was the episode 's biggest foreshadowing event .
= Minnesota =
Minnesota ( / ˌmɪnᵻˈsoʊtə / ; locally [ ˌmɪnəˈso ̞ ɾɐ ] ) is a state in the Midwestern United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The name comes from the Dakota word for " clear blue water " . Owing to its large number of lakes , the state is informally known as the " Land of 10 @,@ 000 Lakes " . Its official motto is L 'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 60 percent of its residents live in the Minneapolis – Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the " Twin Cities " ) , the center of transportation , business , industry , education , and government and home to an internationally known arts community . The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation .
Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout . Until European settlement , Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe / Anishinaabe . The French voyageurs and later English fur trappers were the earliest non @-@ native inhabitants . A large majority of the early territory and statehood settlers emigrated from the Eastern United States and Western Europe including Germany , Scandinavia , and Ireland . Eastern Europeans immigrated in the late 19th and early 20th century , with many first working in iron mines . In recent decades , immigration from Asia , Somalia , and Latin America has broadened the state 's historic demographic and cultural composition . Minnesota has America 's largest Somali population . Minnesota 's standard of living index is among the highest in the United States , and the state is also among the best @-@ educated and wealthiest in the nation .
= = Etymology = =
The word Minnesota comes from the Dakota name for the Minnesota River : Mnisota . The root mni ( also spelled mini or minne ) means " water " and " tō " ( " ta " ) means " blue " . Mnisota can be translated as clear blue water or clouded blue water depending on pronunciation . Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota . Many places in the state have similar names , such as Minnehaha Falls ( " laughing water " ( waterfall ) ) , Minneiska ( " white water " ) , Minneota ( " much water " ) , Minnetonka ( " big water " ) , Minnetrista ( " crooked water " ) , and Minneapolis , a combination of mni and polis , the Greek word for " city " .
= = Geography = =
Minnesota is the second northernmost U.S. state ( after Alaska ) . Its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods county is the only part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel . The state is part of the U.S. region known as the Upper Midwest and part of North America 's Great Lakes Region . It shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east . Iowa is to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west , and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba are to the north . With 86 @,@ 943 square miles ( 225 @,@ 180 km2 ) , or approximately 2 @.@ 25 percent of the United States , Minnesota is the 12th @-@ largest state .
= = = Geology = = =
Minnesota contains some of the oldest rocks found on earth , gneisses that are about 3 @.@ 6 billion years old ( 80 percent as old as the planet ) . About 2 @.@ 7 billion years ago , basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean ; the remains of this volcanic rock formed the Canadian Shield in northeast Minnesota . The roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota . Following a period of volcanism 1 @.@ 1 billion years ago , Minnesota 's geological activity has
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The first Europeans in the area were French fur traders who arrived in the 17th century . Late that century , Anishinaabe , also known as Ojibwe Indians migrated westward to Minnesota , causing tensions with the Dakota people . Explorers such as Daniel Greysolon , Sieur du Lhut , Father Louis Hennepin , Jonathan Carver , Henry Schoolcraft , and Joseph Nicollet mapped out the state .
In 1762 the region became part of Spanish Louisiana until 1802 . The portion of the state east of the Mississippi River became part of the United States at the end of the American Revolutionary War , when the Second Treaty of Paris was signed . Land west of the Mississippi River was acquired with the Louisiana Purchase , although a portion of the Red River Valley was disputed until the Treaty of 1818 . In 1805 , Zebulon Pike bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers . The construction of Fort Snelling followed between 1819 and 1825 . Its soldiers built a grist mill and a sawmill at Saint Anthony Falls , the first of the water @-@ powered industries around which the city of Minneapolis later grew . Meanwhile , squatters , government officials , and tourists had settled near the fort . In 1839 , the army forced them to move downriver and they settled in the area that became St. Paul . Minnesota Territory was formed on March 3 , 1849 . The first territorial legislature ( held September 2 , 1849 ) was dominated by men from New England or of New England ancestry . Thousands of people had come to build farms and cut timber , and Minnesota became the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 . The founding population was so overwhelmingly of New England origins that the state was dubbed " the New England of the West " .
Treaties between European settlers and the Dakota and Ojibwe gradually forced the natives off their lands and on to smaller reservations . In 1861 , residents of Mankato formed the Knights of the Forest , with a goal of eliminating all Indians from Minnesota . As conditions deteriorated for the Dakota , tensions rose , leading to the Dakota War of 1862 . The result of the six @-@ week war was the execution of 38 Dakota and the exile of most of the rest of the Dakota to the Crow Creek Reservation in Dakota Territory . As many as 800 white settlers died during the war .
Logging and farming were mainstays of Minnesota 's early economy . The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls , and logging centers like Marine on St. Croix , Stillwater , and Winona , processed high volumes of lumber . These cities were situated on rivers that were ideal for transportation . Later , Saint Anthony Falls was tapped to provide power for flour mills . Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota " patent " flour , which commanded almost double the price of " bakers ' " or " clear " flour , which it replaced . By 1900 , Minnesota mills , led by Pillsbury , Northwestern and the Washburn @-@ Crosby Company ( a forerunner of General Mills ) , were grinding 14 @.@ 1 percent of the nation 's grain .
The state 's iron @-@ mining industry was established with the discovery of iron in the Vermilion Range and the Mesabi Range in the 1880s , and in the Cuyuna Range in the early 20th century . The ore was shipped by rail to Duluth and Two Harbors , then loaded onto ships and transported eastward over the Great Lakes .
Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 20th century . Nevertheless , farming remained prevalent . Minnesota 's economy was hard @-@ hit by the Great Depression , resulting in lower prices for farmers , layoffs among iron miners , and labor unrest . Compounding the adversity , western Minnesota and the Dakotas were hit by drought from 1931 to 1935 . New Deal programs provided some economic turnaround . The Civilian Conservation Corps and other programs around the state established some jobs for Indians on their reservations , and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 provided the tribes with a mechanism of self @-@ government . This provided natives a greater voice within the state , and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and native languages were no longer suppressed .
After World War II , industrial development quickened . New technology increased farm productivity through automation of feedlots for hogs and cattle , machine milking at dairy farms , and raising chickens in large buildings . Planting became more specialized with hybridization of corn and wheat , and the use of farm machinery such as tractors and combines became the norm . University of Minnesota professor Norman Borlaug contributed to these developments as part of the Green Revolution . Suburban development accelerated due to increased postwar housing demand and convenient transportation . Increased mobility , in turn , enabled more specialized jobs .
Minnesota became a center of technology after World War II . Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the United States Navy . It later merged with Remington Rand , and then became Sperry Rand . William Norris left Sperry in 1957 to form Control Data Corporation ( CDC ) . Cray Research was formed when Seymour Cray left CDC to form his own company . Medical device maker Medtronic also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949 .
= = Cities and towns = =
Saint Paul , located in east @-@ central Minnesota along the banks of the Mississippi River , has been Minnesota 's capital city since 1849 , first as capital of the Territory of Minnesota , and then as state capital since 1858 .
Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota 's most populous city , Minneapolis ; they and their suburbs are known collectively as the Twin Cities metropolitan area , the 13th @-@ largest metropolitan area in the United States and home to about 60 percent of the state 's population . The remainder of the state is known as " Greater Minnesota " or " Outstate Minnesota " .
The state has 17 cities with populations above 50 @,@ 000 ( as of the 2010 census ) . In descending order of population , they are Minneapolis , Saint Paul , Rochester , Duluth , Bloomington , Brooklyn Park , Plymouth , Saint Cloud , Woodbury , Eagan , Maple Grove , Coon Rapids , Eden Prairie , Minnetonka , Burnsville , Apple Valley , Blaine and Lakeville . Of these only Rochester , Duluth , and Saint Cloud are outside the Twin Cities metropolitan area .
Minnesota 's population continues to grow , primarily in the urban centers . The populations of metropolitan Sherburne and Scott counties doubled between 1980 and 2000 , while 40 of the state 's 87 counties lost residents over the same period .
= = Demographics = =
= = = Population = = =
From fewer than 6 @,@ 120 people in 1850 , Minnesota 's population grew to over 1 @.@ 7 million by 1900 . Each of the next six decades saw a 15 percent increase in population , reaching 3 @.@ 4 million in 1960 . Growth then slowed , rising 11 percent to 3 @.@ 8 million in 1970 , and an average of 9 percent over the next three decades to 4 @.@ 9 million in the 2000 Census . The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Minnesota was 5 @,@ 489 @,@ 594 on July 1 , 2015 , a 3 @.@ 5 percent increase since the 2010 United States Census . The rate of population change , and age and gender distributions , approximate the national average . Minnesota 's center of population is in Hennepin County .
= = = Race and ancestry = = =
The state 's estimated racial composition in the 2011 American Census Bureau estimate was :
White American : 86 @.@ 9 % ( Non @-@ Hispanic Whites 83 @.@ 1 % , White Hispanic 3 @.@ 8 % )
African American : 5 @.@ 4 %
American Indian and Alaska Native : 1 @.@ 1 %
Asian : 4 @.@ 0 %
Pacific Islander : 0 @.@ 0 %
Other races : 2 @.@ 4 %
Multiracial : 1 @.@ 8 %
Hispanics or Latinos made up 6 @.@ 7 percent of the population .
In 2011 , non @-@ Hispanic whites were involved in 72 @.@ 3 percent of all the births . Minnesota 's growing minority groups , however , still form a smaller percentage of the population than in the nation as a whole .
The principal ancestries of Minnesota 's residents in 2010 were surveyed to be the following :
37 @.@ 9 % German
32 @.@ 1 % from the Nordic countries ; ( 16 @.@ 8 % Norwegian , 9 @.@ 5 % Swedish , 4 @.@ 7 % Finnish , Danish , Icelandic , Faroese and Karelian )
11 @.@ 7 % Irish
6 @.@ 3 % English
5 @.@ 1 % Polish
4 @.@ 2 % French
3 @.@ 7 % Italian
Ancestries claimed by less than 3 percent of the population include American , Czech , and Dutch , each between 2 and 3 percent ; Sub @-@ Saharan African and East African , Scottish , French Canadian , Scotch @-@ Irish and Mexican , each between 1 and 1 @.@ 9 percent ; and less than 1 percent each for Russian , Welsh , Bosnian , Croatian , Serbian , Swiss , Arab , Hungarian , Ukrainian , Greek , Slovak , Lithuanian , Portuguese , and West Indian .
= = = Religion = = =
The majority of Minnesotans are Protestants , including a significant Lutheran contingent , owing to the state 's largely Northern European ethnic makeup , but Roman Catholics ( of largely German , Irish , and Slavic descent ) make up the largest single Christian denomination . A 2010 survey by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life showed that 32 percent of Minnesotans were affiliated with Mainline Protestant traditions , 21 percent were Evangelical Protestants , 28 percent were Roman Catholic , 1 percent each were Jewish , Muslim , Buddhist , and Black Protestant , and smaller amounts were of other faiths , with 13 percent unaffiliated . According to the Association of Religion Data Archives , the denominations with the most adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 1 @,@ 150 @,@ 367 ; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 737 @,@ 537 ; and the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod with 182 @,@ 439 . This is broadly consistent with the results of the 2001 American Religious Identification Survey , which also gives detailed percentages for many individual denominations . Although Christianity is dominant , Minnesota has a long history with non @-@ Christian faiths . Ashkenazi Jewish pioneers set up Saint Paul 's first synagogue in 1856 . Minnesota is home to over 30 mosques , mostly in the Twin Cities metro area . The Temple of ECK , the spiritual home of Eckankar , is based in Minnesota , and there are tens of thousands of Eckists in the state .
= = Economy = =
Once primarily a producer of raw materials , Minnesota 's economy has transformed to emphasize finished products and services . Perhaps the most significant characteristic of the economy is its diversity ; the relative outputs of its business sectors closely match the United States as a whole . The economy of Minnesota had a gross domestic product of $ 262 billion in 2008 . In 2008 , thirty @-@ three of the United States ' top 1 @,@ 000 publicly traded companies ( by revenue ) were headquartered in Minnesota , including Target , UnitedHealth Group , 3M , General Mills , U.S. Bancorp , Ameriprise , Hormel , Land O ' Lakes , SuperValu , Best Buy and Valspar . Private companies based in Minnesota include Cargill , the largest privately owned company in the United States , and Carlson Companies , the parent company of Radisson Hotels .
The per capita personal income in 2008 was $ 42 @,@ 772 , the tenth @-@ highest in the nation . The three @-@ year median household income from 2002 to 2004 was $ 55 @,@ 914 , ranking fifth in the U.S. and first among the 36 states not on the Atlantic coast .
As of January 2015 , the state 's unemployment rate was 3 @.@ 7 percent .
= = = Industry and commerce = = =
Minnesota 's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture . The city of Minneapolis grew around the flour mills powered by St. Anthony Falls . Although less than one percent of the population is now employed in the agricultural sector , it remains a major part of the state 's economy , ranking sixth in the nation in the value of products sold . The state is the U.S. ' s largest producer of sugar beets , sweet corn , and green peas for processing , and farm @-@ raised turkeys . Minnesota is also a large producer of corn and soybeans . Minnesota has the most food cooperatives per capita in the United States . Forestry remains strong , including logging , pulpwood processing and paper production , and forest products manufacturing . Minnesota was famous for its soft @-@ ore mines , which produced a significant portion of the world 's iron ore for over a century . Although the high @-@ grade ore is now depleted , taconite mining continues , using processes developed locally to save the industry . In 2004 , the state produced 75 percent of the country 's usable iron ore . The mining boom created the port of Duluth which continues to be important for shipping ore , coal , and agricultural products . The manufacturing sector now includes technology and biomedical firms in addition to the older food processors and heavy industry . The nation 's first indoor shopping mall was Edina 's Southdale Center and its largest is Bloomington 's Mall of America .
Minnesota is one of 42 U.S. states with its own lottery ; its games include Powerball , Mega Millions , Hot Lotto ( all three multi @-@ state ) , Northstar Cash and Gopher 5 .
= = = Energy use and production = = =
Minnesota produces ethanol fuel and is the first to mandate its use , a ten percent mix ( E10 ) . In 2005 there were more than 310 service stations supplying E85 fuel , comprising 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline . A two percent biodiesel blend has been required in diesel fuel since 2005 . As of December 2006 the state was the country 's fourth @-@ largest producer of wind power , with
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895 megawatts installed and another 200 megawatts planned , much of it on the windy Buffalo Ridge in the southwest part of the state .
= = = State taxes = = =
Minnesota has a progressive income tax structure ; the four brackets of state income tax rates are 5 @.@ 35 , 7 @.@ 05 , 7 @.@ 85 and 9 @.@ 85 percent . As of 2008 , Minnesota was ranked 12th in the nation in per capita total state and local taxes . In 2008 , Minnesotans paid 10 @.@ 2 percent of their income in state and local taxes ; the U.S. average was 9 @.@ 7 percent . The state sales tax in Minnesota is 6 @.@ 875 percent , but there is no sales tax on clothing , prescription drug medications , some services , or food items for home consumption . The state legislature may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes , such as the 0 @.@ 5 percent supplemental sales tax in Minneapolis . Excise taxes are levied on alcohol , tobacco , and motor fuel . The state imposes a use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within Minnesota . Owners of real property in Minnesota pay property tax to their county , municipality , school district , and special taxing districts .
= = Culture = =
= = = Fine and performing arts = = =
Minnesota 's leading fine art museums include the Minneapolis Institute of Art , the Walker Art Center , the Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum , and the The Museum of Russian Art ( TMORA ) . All are located in Minneapolis . The Minnesota Orchestra and the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra are prominent full @-@ time professional musical ensembles that perform concerts and offer educational programs to the Twin Cities ' community . The world @-@ renowned Guthrie Theater moved into a new Minneapolis facility in 2006 , boasting three stages and overlooking the Mississippi River . Attendance at theatrical , musical , and comedy events in the area is strong . In the United States , the Twin Cities ' number of theater seats per capita ranks behind only New York City ; with some 2 @.@ 3 million theater tickets sold annually . The Minnesota Fringe Festival is an annual celebration of theatre , dance , improvisation , puppetry , kids ' shows , visual art , and musicals . The summer festival consists of over 800 performances over 11 days in Minneapolis , and is the largest non @-@ juried performing arts festival in the United States .
= = = Literature = = =
The rigors and rewards of pioneer life on the prairie are the subject of Giants in the Earth by Ole Rolvaag and the Little House series of children 's books by Laura Ingalls Wilder . Small @-@ town life is portrayed grimly by Sinclair Lewis in the novel Main Street , and more gently and affectionately by Garrison Keillor in his tales of Lake Wobegon . St. Paul native F. Scott Fitzgerald writes of the social insecurities and aspirations of the young city in stories such as Winter Dreams and The Ice Palace ( published in Flappers and Philosophers ) . Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's epic poem The Song of Hiawatha was inspired by Minnesota and names many of the state 's places and bodies of water .
= = = Entertainment = = =
Minnesota musicians include Bob Dylan , Eddie Cochran , The Andrews Sisters , The Castaways , The Trashmen , Prince , Soul Asylum , David Ellefson , Hüsker Dü , and The Replacements . Minnesotans helped shape the history of music through popular American culture : the Andrews Sisters ' " Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy " was an iconic tune of World War II , while the Trashmen 's " Surfin ' Bird " and Bob Dylan epitomize two sides of the 1960s . In the 1980s , influential hit radio groups and musicians included Prince , The Original 7ven , Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis , The Jets , Lipps Inc . , and Information Society .
Minnesotans have also made significant contributions to comedy , theater , media , and film . The comic strip Peanuts was created by St. Paul native Charles M. Schulz . Garrison Keillor resurrected old @-@ style radio comedy with A Prairie Home Companion , which has aired since 1974 . The cult shows Mystery Science Theater 3000 and Let 's Bowl originated in the Twin Cities , and Lizz Winstead and Craig Kilborn helped create the increasingly influential Comedy Central program The Daily Show .
Joel and Ethan Coen , Terry Gilliam , Bill Pohlad , and Mike Todd contributed to the art of filmmaking as writers , directors , and producers . Actors from Minnesota include Loni Anderson , Richard Dean Anderson , James Arness , Jessica Biel , Rachael Leigh Cook , Julia Duffy , Mike Farrell , Judy Garland , Peter Graves , Josh Hartnett , Garrett Hedlund , Tippi Hedren , Jessica Lange , Kelly Lynch , E.G. Marshall , Chris Pratt , Jane Russell , Winona Ryder , Seann William Scott , Kevin Sorbo , Lea Thompson , Vince Vaughn , Jesse Ventura , and Steve Zahn .
= = = Popular culture = = =
Stereotypical traits of Minnesotans include " Minnesota nice " , Lutheranism , a strong sense of community and shared culture , and a distinctive brand of North Central American English sprinkled with Scandinavian expressions . Potlucks , usually with a variety of hotdishes , are popular small @-@ town church activities . A small segment of the Scandinavian population attend a traditional lutefisk dinner to celebrate Christmas . Many of these Scandinavian cultural characteristics and personality traits are satirized on the nationally @-@ syndicated public radio program A Prairie Home Companion . Life in Minnesota is depicted in movies such as Fargo , Grumpy Old Men , Grumpier Old Men , Juno , Drop Dead Gorgeous , Young Adult , A Serious Man , New in Town , and in famous television series like Little House on the Prairie , The Mary Tyler Moore Show , The Golden Girls , Coach , The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show , and Fargo . Major movies that were shot on location in Minnesota include That Was Then ... This Is Now , Purple Rain , Airport , Beautiful Girls , North Country , Untamed Heart , Feeling Minnesota , Jingle All The Way , A Simple Plan and The Mighty Ducks films .
The Minnesota State Fair , advertised as The Great Minnesota Get @-@ Together , is an icon of state culture . In a state of 5 @.@ 4 million people , there were over 1 @.@ 8 million visitors to the fair in 2014 , setting a new attendance record . The fair covers the variety of Minnesotan life , including fine art , science , agriculture , food preparation , 4 @-@ H displays , music , the midway , and corporate merchandising . It is known for its displays of seed art , butter sculptures of dairy princesses , the birthing barn , and the " fattest pig " competition . One can also find dozens of varieties of food on a stick , such as Pronto Pups , cheese curds , and deep @-@ fried candy bars . On a smaller scale , many of these attractions are offered at numerous county fairs .
Other large annual festivals include the Saint Paul Winter Carnival , the Minnesota Renaissance Festival , Minneapolis ' Aquatennial and Mill City Music Festival , Moondance Jam in Walker , Sonshine Christian music festival in Willmar , the Judy Garland Festival in Grand Rapids , the Eelpout Festival on Leech Lake , and the WE Fest in Detroit Lakes .
= = Health = =
Minnesotans have low rates of premature death , infant mortality , cardiovascular disease , and occupational fatalities . They have long life expectancies , and high rates of health insurance and regular exercise . These and other measures have led two groups to rank Minnesota as the healthiest state in the nation ; however , in one of these rankings , Minnesota descended from first to sixth in the nation between 2005 and 2009 because of low levels of public health funding and the prevalence of binge drinking .
On October 1 , 2007 , Minnesota became the 17th state to enact the Freedom to Breathe Act , a statewide smoking ban in restaurants and bars .
Medical care in the state is provided by a comprehensive network of hospitals and clinics headed by two institutions with international reputations . The University of Minnesota Medical School is a high @-@ rated teaching institution that has made a number of breakthroughs in treatment , and its research activities contribute significantly to the state 's growing biotechnology industry . The Mayo Clinic , a world @-@ renowned hospital based in Rochester , was founded by William Worrall Mayo , an immigrant from England .
U.S. News and World Report 's 2014 – 2015 survey ranked 4 @,@ 743 hospitals in the United States in 16 specialized fields of care , and placed the Mayo Clinic in the top four in all fields except psychiatry , where it ranked seventh . The hospital ranked # 1 in eight fields and # 2 in three others . The Mayo Clinic and the University of Minnesota are partners in the Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics , a state @-@ funded program that conducts research into cancer , Alzheimer 's disease , heart health , obesity , and other areas .
= = Education = =
One of the Minnesota Legislature 's first acts when it opened in 1858 was the creation of a normal school in Winona . Minnesota 's commitment to education has contributed to a literate and well @-@ educated populace . In 2009 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau , Minnesota had the second @-@ highest proportion of high school graduates , with 91 @.@ 5 % of people 25 and older holding a diploma , and the tenth @-@ highest proportion of people with bachelor 's degrees . In 2015 , Minneapolis was named the nation 's " Most Literate City " , while St. Paul placed fourth , according to a major annual survey . In a 2013 study conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics comparing the performance of eighth @-@ grade students internationally in math and science , Minnesota ranked eighth in the world and third in the United States , behind Massachusetts and Vermont . In 2014 , Minnesota students earned the tenth @-@ highest average composite score in the nation on the ACT exam . While Minnesota has chosen not to implement school vouchers , it is home to the first charter school .
The state supports a network of public universities and colleges , including 32 institutions in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System , and five major campuses of the University of Minnesota . It is also home to more than 20 private colleges and universities , six of which rank among the nation 's top 100 liberal arts colleges , according to U.S. News & World Report .
= = Transportation = =
Transportation in Minnesota is overseen by the Minnesota Department of Transportation ( MnDOT for short and used in the local news media ) . Principal transportation corridors radiate from the Minneapolis – St. Paul metropolitan area and Duluth . The major Interstate highways are Interstate 35 ( I @-@ 35 ) , I @-@ 90 , and I @-@ 94 , with I @-@ 35 and I @-@ 94 passing through the Minneapolis – St. Paul metropolitan area , and I @-@ 90 traveling east @-@ west along the southern edge of the state . In 2006 , a constitutional amendment was passed that required sales and use taxes on motor vehicles to fund transportation , with at least 40 percent dedicated to public transit . There are nearly two dozen rail corridors in Minnesota , most of which go through Minneapolis – St. Paul or Duluth . There is water transportation along the Mississippi River system and from the ports of Lake Superior .
Minnesota 's principal airport is Minneapolis – St. Paul International Airport ( MSP ) , a major passenger and freight hub for Delta Air Lines and Sun Country Airlines . Most other domestic carriers serve the airport . Large commercial jet service is provided at Duluth and Rochester , with scheduled commuter service to four smaller cities via Delta Connection carriers SkyWest Airlines , Compass Airlines , and Endeavor Air .
Amtrak 's daily Empire Builder ( Chicago – Seattle / Portland ) train runs through Minnesota , calling at the Saint Paul Union Depot and five other stations . Intercity bus providers include Jefferson Lines , Greyhound , and Megabus . Local public transit is provided by bus networks in the larger cities and by two rail services . The Northstar Line commuter rail service runs from Big Lake to the Target Field station in downtown Minneapolis . From there , light rail runs to Saint Paul Union Depot on the Green Line , and to the MSP airport and the Mall of America via the Blue Line .
= = Law and government = =
As with the federal government of the United States , power in Minnesota is divided into three branches : executive , legislative , and judicial .
= = = Executive = = =
The executive branch is headed by the governor . Governor Mark Dayton , DFL ( Democratic Farmer Labor ) , took office on January 3 , 2011 , to become the first DFL governor to hold the seat in two decades . The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state government agencies , called commissioners . The other elected constitutional offices are secretary of state , attorney general , and state auditor .
= = = Legislature = = =
The Minnesota Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives . The state has sixty @-@ seven districts , each covering about sixty thousand people . Each district has one senator and two representatives ( each district being divided into A and B sections ) . Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years . In the November 2010 election , the Minnesota Republican Party gained twenty @-@ five house seats , giving them control of the House of Representatives by a 72 @-@ 62 margin . The 2010 election also saw Minnesota voters elect a Republican majority in the Senate for the first time since 1972 . In 2012 , the Democrats regained the House of Representatives by a margin of 73 @-@ 61 , picking up 11 seats ; the Democrats also regained the Minnesota Senate .
= = = Judiciary = = =
Minnesota 's court system has three levels . Most cases start in the district courts , which are courts of general jurisdiction . There are 279 district court judgeships in ten judicial districts . Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the Minnesota Court of Appeals , consisting of nineteen judges who typically sit in three @-@ judge panels . The seven @-@ justice Minnesota Supreme Court hears all appeals from the tax court , the workers ' compensation court of appeals , first @-@ degree murder convictions , and discretionary appeals from the court of appeals ; it also has original jurisdiction over election disputes .
Two specialized courts within administrative agencies have been established : the workers ' compensation court of appeals , and the tax court , which deals with non @-@ criminal tax cases .
= = = Regional = = =
In addition to the city and county levels of government found in the United States , Minnesota has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning . Some actions in the Twin Cities metropolitan area are coordinated by the Metropolitan Council , and many lakes and rivers are overseen by watershed districts and soil and water conservation districts .
= = = Federal = = =
Minnesota 's United States senators are Democrat Amy Klobuchar and Democrat Al Franken . The outcome of the 2008 U.S. Senate election in Minnesota was contested until June 30 the next year ; when the Minnesota Supreme Court ruled in favor of Franken , Republican Norm Coleman conceded defeat , and the vacant seat was filled by Franken . The state has eight congressional districts ; they are represented by Tim Walz ( 1st district ; DFL ) , John Kline ( 2nd ; R ) , Erik Paulsen ( 3rd ; R ) , Betty McCollum ( 4th ; DFL ) , Keith Ellison ( 5th ; DFL ) , Tom Emmer ( 6th ; R ) , Collin Peterson ( 7th ; DFL ) , and Rick Nolan ( 8th ; DFL ) .
Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota , which holds court in Minneapolis , St. Paul , Duluth , and Fergus Falls . Appeals are heard by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals , which is based in St. Louis , Missouri and routinely also hears cases in St. Paul .
= = = Tribal = = =
The State of Minnesota was created by the US out of the homelands of the Dakota and Anishinaabe native peoples . Today the remaining native governments are divided into 11 semi @-@ autonomous reservations that negotiate with the US and the state on a peer nation @-@ to @-@ nation basis :
Four Dakota Mdewakanton communities :
Prairie Island Indian Community
Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
Lower Sioux Indian Reservation
Upper Sioux Community - Pejuhutazizi Oyate
Seven Anishinaabe reservations :
Bois Forte Band of Chippewa
Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
Grand Portage Band of Chippewa
Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe
Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe
White Earth Band of Ojibwe
Red Lake Band of Chippewa
The first six of the Anishinaabe bands compose the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe , the collective federally recognized tribal government of the Bois Forte , Fond du Lac , Grand Portage , Leech Lake , Mille Lacs , and White Earth reservations .
= = Politics = =
Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry , and populism has been a longstanding force among the state 's political parties . Minnesota has a consistently high voter turnout ( due in part to its liberal voter registration laws ) with virtually no evidence of unlawful voting . In the 2008 U.S. presidential election , 78 @.@ 2 percent of eligible Minnesotans voted — the highest percentage of any U.S. state — versus the national average of 61 @.@ 2 percent . Previously unregistered voters can register on election day at their polls with evidence of residency .
Hubert Humphrey brought national attention to the state with his address at the 1948 Democratic National Convention . Minnesotans have consistently cast their Electoral College votes for Democratic presidential candidates since 1976 , longer than any other state . Minnesota is the only state in the nation that did not vote for Ronald Reagan in either of his presidential runs . Minnesota has gone to the Democratic Party in every presidential election since 1960 , with the exception of 1972 , when it was carried by Richard Nixon and the Republican Party .
Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major party status in Minnesota , but its state @-@ level " Democratic " party is actually a separate party , officially known as the Minnesota Democratic @-@ Farmer @-@ Labor Party ( DFL ) . Formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and Farmer @-@ Labor parties , its distinction from the national Democratic Party , while still official , is now but a technicality .
The state has had active third party movements . The Reform Party , now the Independence Party , was able to elect former mayor of Brooklyn Park and professional wrestler Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998 . The Independence Party has received enough support to keep major party status . The Green Party , while no longer having major party status , has a large presence in municipal government , notably in Minneapolis and Duluth , where it competes directly with the DFL party for local offices . Official " Major party " status in Minnesota ( which grants state funding for elections ) is reserved to parties whose candidates receive five percent or more of the vote in any statewide election ( e.g. , Governor , Secretary of State , U.S. President ) .
The state 's U.S. Senate seats have generally been split since the early 1990s , and in the 108th and 109th Congresses , Minnesota 's congressional delegation was split , with four representatives and one senator from each party . In the 2006 midterm election , Democrats were elected to all state offices except for governor and lieutenant governor , where Republicans Tim Pawlenty and Carol Molnau narrowly won reelection . The DFL also posted double @-@ digit gains in both houses of the legislature , elected Amy Klobuchar to the U.S. Senate , and increased the party 's U.S. House caucus by one . Keith Ellison ( DFL ) was elected as the first African American U.S. Representative from Minnesota as well as the first Muslim elected to Congress nationwide . In 2008 DFLer and former comedian and radio talk show host Al Franken beat incumbent Republican Norm Coleman in the United States Senate race by 312 votes out of 3 million cast .
In the election of 2010 , Republicans took control of both chambers of the Minnesota legislature for the first time in 38 years , and with Mark Dayton 's election the Democratic @-@ Farmer @-@ Labor party took the governor 's office for the first time in 20 years . Two years later , the DFL regained control of both houses , and with Governor Dayton in office , the party has same @-@ party control of both the legislative and executive branches for the first time since 1990 . Two years later , the Republicans regained control of the Minnesota House in the 2014 election .
= = Media = =
The Twin Cities area is the fifteenth largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research . The state 's other top markets are Fargo – Moorhead ( 118th nationally ) , Duluth – Superior ( 137th ) , Rochester – Mason City – Austin ( 152nd ) , and Mankato ( 200th ) .
Broadcast television in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest started on April 27 , 1948 , when KSTP @-@ TV began broadcasting . Hubbard Broadcasting , which owns KSTP , is now the only locally owned television company in Minnesota . There are currently 39 analog broadcast stations and 23 digital channels broadcast over Minnesota .
The four largest daily newspapers are the Star Tribune in Minneapolis , the Pioneer Press in Saint Paul , the Duluth News Tribune in Duluth and the Post @-@ Bulletin in Rochester . The Minnesota Daily is the largest student @-@ run newspaper in the U.S. Sites offering daily news on the Web include The UpTake , MinnPost , the Twin Cities Daily Planet , business news site Finance and Commerce ( web site ) and Washington D.C.-based Minnesota Independent . Weeklies including City Pages and monthly publications such as Minnesota Monthly are available .
Two of the largest public radio networks , Minnesota Public Radio ( MPR ) and Public Radio International ( PRI ) , are based in the state . MPR has the largest audience of any regional public radio network in the nation , broadcasting on 37 radio stations . PRI weekly provides more than 400 hours of programming to almost 800 affiliates . The state 's oldest radio station , KUOM @-@ AM , was launched in 1922 and is among the 10 – oldest radio stations in the United States . The University of Minnesota @-@ owned station is still on the air , and since 1993 broadcasts a college rock format .
= = Sports , recreation and tourism = =
Minnesota has a very active program of organized amateur and professional sports . Tourism has become an important industry , especially in the Lake region . In the North Country , what had been an industrial area focused on mining and timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination . Popular interest in the environment and environmentalism , added to traditional interests in hunting and fishing , has attracted a large urban audience within driving range .
= = = Organized sports = = =
Minnesota has professional men 's teams in all major sports . The Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome was home to the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League through the 2013 season ; it has been torn down and U.S. Bank Stadium now stands in its place . The Dome also hosted the Minnesota Twins of Major League Baseball , winners of the 1987 and 1991 World Series , until 2010 , when they began playing at Target Field . The Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association play in the Target Center .
The National Hockey League 's Minnesota Wild play in St. Paul 's Xcel Energy Center and reached 300 consecutive sold @-@ out games on January 16 , 2008 . Previously , the Minnesota North Stars competed in NHL from 1967 to 1993 , which played the 1981 and 1991 Stanley Cup Finals .
Minnesota also has minor @-@ league professional sports . NASL Minnesota United FC replaced the Minnesota Thunder in 2010 and plays at the National Sports Center in Blaine . They will eventually join Major League Soccer in 2017 or 2018 . The Minnesota Swarm play at the Xcel Energy Center and play in the NLL ( National Lacrosse League ) . Minor league baseball is represented both by major league @-@ sponsored teams and independent teams such as the St. Paul Saints , who play at CHS Field in St. Paul .
Professional women 's sports include the Minnesota Lynx of the Women 's National Basketball Association , winners of the 2011 , 2013 , and 2015 WNBA Championships , the Minnesota Lightning of the United Soccer Leagues W @-@ League , the Minnesota Vixen of the Independent Women 's Football League , the Minnesota Valkyrie of the Legends Football League , and the Minnesota Whitecaps of the National Women 's Hockey League .
The Twin Cities campus of the University of Minnesota is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I school competing in the Big Ten Conference . Four additional schools in the state compete in NCAA Division I ice hockey : the University of Minnesota Duluth ; Minnesota State University , Mankato ; St. Cloud State University and Bemidji State University . There are nine NCAA Division II colleges in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference , and nineteen NCAA Division III colleges in the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference and Upper Midwest Athletic Conference .
The Hazeltine National Golf Club has hosted the U.S. Open , U.S. Women 's Open , U.S. Senior Open and PGA Championship . The course will also host the Ryder Cup in the fall of 2016 , when it will become one of two courses in the U.S. to host all major golf competitions .
Interlachen Country Club has hosted the U.S. Open , U.S. Women 's Open , and Solheim Cup .
Winter Olympic Games medallists from the state include twelve of the twenty members of the gold medal 1980 ice hockey team ( coached by Minnesota native Herb Brooks ) and the bronze medallist U.S. men 's curling team in the 2006 Winter Olympics . Swimmer Tom Malchow won an Olympic gold medal in the 2000 Summer games and a silver medal in 1996 .
Grandma 's Marathon is run every summer along the scenic North Shore of Lake Superior , and the Twin Cities Marathon winds around lakes and the Mississippi River during the peak of the fall color season . Farther north , Eveleth is the location of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame .
= = = Outdoor recreation = = =
Minnesotans participate in high levels of physical activity , and many of these activities are outdoors . The strong interest of Minnesotans in environmentalism has been attributed to the popularity of these pursuits .
In the warmer months , these activities often involve water . Weekend and longer trips to family cabins
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ing 50 goals in his 44 domestic appearances , and was named as Bury 's Player of the Year and Young Player of the Year .
= = = Everton = = =
Southall was bought by Everton manager Howard Kendall for £ 150 @,@ 000 in the summer of 1981 . To win a first team place he had to compete with Jim McDonagh ( a Gordon Lee signing who would soon leave the club ) , Jim Arnold ( also a new signing ) , and Martin Hodge ( who was injured throughout his time at Everton ) . He made his debut in a 2 – 1 win over Ipswich Town in October , after Arnold picked up an injury . He returned to the first team in December , and he kept a clean sheet against Aston Villa and remained an ever @-@ present throughout the rest of the 1981 – 82 season .
Kendall described Southall as the best goalkeeper in the First Division " outside the big three " of Ray Clemence , Peter Shilton and Joe Corrigan . However he began to suffer from ulcerated toes , which gave him severely swollen feet and caused him pain and discomfort throughout matches . On 6 November 1982 , he conceded five goals in a 5 – 0 defeat to Mersey rivals Liverpool at Goodison Park . Kendall then dropped Southall as part of a shake @-@ up at the club . He spent January and February on loan at John McGrath 's Port Vale , and played nine Fourth Division games . McGrath was impressed and tried to take Southall to Vale Park on a permanent basis , but was rebuffed by Kendall . Back at Everton he played the last four games of the 1982 – 83 season after Arnold picked up an injury .
Arnold was the preferred choice in goal at the start of the 1983 – 84 season , before Southall was recalled on 1 October against Notts County . Everton had a poor start to the league campaign , but excelled in cup competitions , reaching the final of both the League Cup and the FA Cup . Southall 's first appearance at Wembley was in the League Cup final against Liverpool , and he kept a clean sheet in a goalless draw . The replay was held at Maine Road , and Liverpool won the tie 1 – 0 with a Graeme Souness goal . He was rarely called into action in the 1984 FA Cup Final , and kept a clean sheet as Everton claimed the trophy with a 2 – 0 victory over Watford .
Southall kept a clean sheet at Wembley in the 1984 FA Charity Shield , as Everton beat Liverpool 1 – 0 to take home the first silverware of the 1984 – 85 season . They then lost the opening two league games of the season , before losing only three of their next 37 league games to win the First Division title by a 13 @-@ point margin . Over the course of the season they beat Liverpool both at Anfield and at Goodison , and recorded a 5 – 0 win over Manchester United . Southall made one particularly crucial save from a point @-@ blank Mark Falco header in a 2 – 1 win over title chasers Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane on 3 April ; the Daily Mail 's Jeff Powell described it as " the most astonishing save since Gordon Banks left Pelé dumbfounded in Mexico " . In the European Cup Winners ' Cup , Everton beat UCD ( Ireland ) , Inter Bratislava ( Czechoslovakia ) , Fortuna Sittard ( Netherlands ) , and Bayern Munich ( Germany ) in two @-@ legged encounters , and Southall conceded just the one goal ( from Dieter Hoeneß ) over the course of all eight matches . They then beat Austrian club Rapid Wien 3 – 1 in the final at De Kuip to win the first European title in the club 's history . Three days later Everton played in the 1985 FA Cup Final , but lost 1 – 0 to Manchester United after a Norman Whiteside goal in extra @-@ time . At the end of the season Southall was named as the FWA Footballer of the Year , becoming only the first Everton player , second Welshman and fourth goalkeeper to win the award .
Though Everton had won a place in the European Cup , English clubs were banned from European competitions following the Heysel Stadium disaster . Southall remained bitter over this , blaming UEFA for the tragedy and stating that the ban was a convenient way to break up English dominance of European competitions . Limited to domestic competitions , Everton won the FA Charity Shield with a 2 – 0 win over Manchester United ; during the celebrations Southall wore a T @-@ shirt saying " I Love My Wife " as a symbolic gesture following tabloid stories of an alleged affair . After getting sent off against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge in October , Kendal criticised Southall in the press by saying he " let the lads down " . Despite this set @-@ back , he agreed to sign a six @-@ year contract in December , which was then the longest contract the club had ever issued . However he twisted his ankle ligaments on international duty with ten league games left to play . In his absence , his deputy Bobby Mimms took his place , and Everton lost both the league title and the 1986 FA Cup Final to Liverpool .
Sidelined through injury at the start of the 1986 – 87 season , he returned to the first team against Watford in October . He was the club 's Player of the Month in February , and won man of the match awards in wins over Arsenal and Chelsea as Everton claimed another league title . Comparing the two title wins ( 1985 and 1987 ) , Southall said that the latter success was " more rewarding and satisfying " as it had proved to be " more of a struggle " compared to the ease in which the title was won in the former campaign .
After Kendall left Merseyside to coach Athletic Bilbao , his assistant Colin Harvey took charge at Goodison ; Southall responded well to the change , as he believed Harvey " understood my obsessive and relentless desire to be the best " . Everton finished fourth in 1987 – 88 , conceding a club record low of 27 goals in 40 league games , and reached the semi @-@ finals of the League Cup . Southall had missed the opening stages of the season after undergoing knee surgery .
Harvey had failed to adequately replace some of Everton 's departing star players , and Southall noted how " the mediocrity became habitual " as the club coasted to an eighth @-@ place finish in the 1988 – 89 season . He kept goal in the final of the Full Members Cup ( a largely unsuccessful tournament inspired by the ban on European football ) , as Everton were beaten 4 – 3 by Nottingham Forest . More significantly , he kept goal against Liverpool in the 1989 FA Cup Final after conceding only two goals in the seven games en route to the final . In an emotional match in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster in the semi @-@ final encounter with Nottingham Forest , Liverpool won the cup with a 3 – 2 extra @-@ time victory .
Everton were leading the division at the start of the 1989 – 90 season , but their title challenge fell away after a televised 6 – 2 defeat to Aston Villa . Southall was later told he needed surgery that would keep him out of action for eight months , but he instead sought out a back specialist who told him he simply had a " bad back " and found that the problem corrected itself .
Southall requested a transfer before the start of the 1990 – 91 season . He famously sat down during a " sulking session " against a goalpost at half @-@ time of the season opener whilst his teammates were still in the changing rooms while three goals down to newly promoted Leeds United ( a game eventually lost 3 – 2 ) ; Southall was fined two weeks wages despite denying it was a protest and that he simply did it to clear his head . He then received a phone call from Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson , but Southall 's hostile phone manner put Ferguson off the idea of signing him , and Ferguson instead bought Danish goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel . Howard Kendall returned as Everton manager in November , with Colin Harvey being demoted to his assistant , and led the club out of relegation trouble to secure a ninth @-@ place finish . They also reached the final of the Full Members Cup at Wembley , losing 4 – 1 to Crystal Palace , though Southall refused to collect his runners @-@ up medal as he did not value the competition .
Everton were a declining force , and finished 12th in the league in 1991 – 92 whilst exiting both the FA Cup and League Cup at the Fourth Round . They then finished 13th in the 1992 – 93 season in the newly created Premier League , just four points above the relegation zone . Kendall resigned mid @-@ way through the 1993 – 94 campaign and was replaced by Mike Walker – Southall later described Walker as a man who loved his suntan more than football . Walker oversaw a run of bad results and Everton only escaped relegation with a final day victory over Wimbledon , winning 3 – 2 after turning round a 2 – 0 deficit . Southall saw that his teammates were reluctant to take a penalty in the match and so took the ball himself before Graham Stuart plucked up the courage to take the ball from him and convert the penalty .
Everton picked up four points from their opening 12 league games of the 1994 – 95 season , and Southall received death threats after being confronted by an Everton fan during a match at Goodison Park . Walker was sacked and replaced by Joe Royle , who led the club to a 2 – 0 win over Liverpool in his first match in charge – this game also marked a record 35th Merseyside derby appearance for Southall . It was also the second match of seven consecutive games Everton went without conceding a goal – another club record . Southall then conceded just one goal ( a penalty ) in five games en route to the 1995 FA Cup Final against Manchester United . Everton won the game 1 – 0 , with Southall making a double save from Paul Scholes ; the victory left Southall as the most decorated Everton player in the club 's history .
In the summer of 1995 Southall was given a testimonial match against Celtic as well as an MBE – during the ceremony the Queen asked Southall " what will you do now that you 're retired ? " . He went on to keep a clean sheet in the 1995 FA Charity Shield , as Everton beat Blackburn Rovers 1 – 0 . He remained an ever @-@ present in the 1995 – 96 season , though Royle then tried to sign Crystal Palace goalkeeper Nigel Martyn . He tried to sell Southall to Wolverhampton Wanderers , but cancelled the deal after becoming concerned over the pre @-@ season form of touted replacement Paul Gerrard , and instead doubled Southall 's wages to £ 6 @,@ 000 a week with a new two @-@ year contract . Despite this , Royle dedicated an entire chapter of his 2005 autobiography to decrying Southall as a " potential weak link " .
After a promising start to the 1996 – 97 , Everton were beaten six times in a row after Christmas and Southall resorted to ringing up a phone @-@ in radio show to defend manager Joe Royle from unhappy supporters . Royle dropped Southall from the team despite the show of support , though he rejected a transfer offer from Chelsea , who were prepared to double Southall 's wages . Caretaker @-@ manager Dave Watson restored Southall to the starting line @-@ up after Royle 's resignation , and steered the club away from relegation .
Howard Kendall returned again to manage Everton for the 1997 – 98 season , and played Southall in the Everton goal for the final time on 29 November , in a 2 – 0 defeat at home to Tottenham Hotspur . Thomas Myhre took his place in goal , and Southall rejected a coaching role at the club in order to search for first team football elsewhere .
In December 1997 , Southall went to Alvin Martin 's Southend United of the Second Division on loan . He made nine appearances in a brief stay at Roots Hall . He joined Chris Kamara 's First Division Stoke City in February 1998 . Kamara resigned two months later , and caretaker @-@ manager Alan Durban pulled Southall aside on his first day in charge to say " I 'll let you manage the reserves , so long as you keep your head down , do whatever I tell you , and I won 't tell everybody you 're a bad influence " . Southall was shocked by Durban 's words , and could not explain his attitude . Both Southend and Stoke would end the season bottom of their respective divisions , and Everton only avoided relegation on the last day of the season . He left the Britannia Stadium in the summer , and later said " one of the worst episodes of my life had drawn to a close " .
= = = Later years = = =
Former teammate Ian Snodin invited him to join Football Conference side Doncaster Rovers on a short @-@ term deal at the start of the 1997 – 98 season . He signed with Wes Saunders 's Torquay United of the Third Division in December 1998 . He saved a penalty on his debut at Plainmoor , in a 2 – 0 win over Hull City , and signed a contract lasting until the end of the 1998 – 99 campaign . He was named as Torquay 's Player of the Year at the end of the season . However , on 29 January 2000 , he picked up a concussion in a 2 – 1 defeat to Chester City at the Deva Stadium , and was substituted . Though he recovered from his injury after the match , he left the club not long afterwards .
Southall made a return to the Premier League by signing with Bradford City as a player @-@ coach , helping to coach Aidan Davison , Matt Clarke and Gary Walsh . All three goalkeepers picked up injuries , leaving manager Paul Jewell no choice but to play Southall at Valley Parade on 12 March 2000 , against Leeds United . At the age of 41 years and 178 days he became the fourth oldest player in Premier League history . Leeds won 2 – 1 , and Southall was criticised in the media for being too overweight to play professionally . He left Bradford at the end of the 2000 – 01 season after falling out with new boss Jim Jefferies .
= = International career = =
Wales manager Mike England preferred Dai Davies in goal as Southall began to play first team football at Everton , and Southall only got a run of games once Davies retired . His first cap came against Northern Ireland at the Racecourse Ground , Wrexham on 27 May 1982 in the 1982 British Home Championship , Wales won 3 – 0 .
Wales came close to qualifying for the 1986 FIFA World Cup despite losing their opening qualifying games away to Iceland and Spain . Wales then beat Iceland at Ninian Park , before recording a surprise 1 – 0 win over Scotland at Hampden Park with a single Ian Rush goal . A 3 – 0 win over Spain at the Racecourse Ground meant that Wales could secure qualification by beating Scotland in their final qualification game at Ninian Park , though a draw would not be enough . The game ended in a 1 – 1 draw after a late Davie Cooper penalty cancelled out Mark Hughes 's opener ; Southall got a hand to the penalty , but could not keep it out . However , the result of the game was put into perspective when Scotland manager Jock Stein suffered a heart attack at the end of the game and died shortly afterwards .
Wales came close to qualifying for UEFA Euro 1988 , which would have been the first UEFA European Football Championship in the nation 's history . Going into the final two games of qualifying , Wales led their group . Southall was injured , and so missed the match against Denmark in Copenhagen , which ended in a 1 – 0 defeat with Eddie Niedzwiecki in goal . Southall returned to play the final game , a 2 – 0 defeat to Czechoslovakia in Prague which left Wales two points short of group winners Denmark . Manager Mike England was then replaced by Terry Yorath , who also made Southall a virtual ever @-@ present in the Wales goal .
In qualifying for the 1990 FIFA World Cup , Wales faced Netherlands , West Germany and Finland . They failed to win a game and finished bottom of the group , though Southall did get the chance to play against some of the world 's best players in Ruud Gullit , Marco van Basten , Frank Rijkaard , Rudi Völler , Andreas Möller , Andreas Brehme , and Jürgen Klinsmann .
In qualifying for UEFA Euro 1992 , Wales were placed in the same group as World Champions Germany , and finished just one points behind the Germans after conceding just six goals in their six games . Wales beat Germany 1 – 0 at the Cardiff Arms Park on 5 June 1991 , and three months later beat Brazil in a friendly by the same scoreline . The game which settled the qualifying group came in Nuremberg on 16 October 1991 , and Wales lost 4 – 1 to the Germans , ending Southall 's Wales record run of 385 minutes without conceding an international goal .
Wales were seen to have their best chance in reaching a major tournament after their group was selected for qualification for the 1994 FIFA World Cup . However a Gheorghe Hagi @-@ inspired Romania defeated Wales 5 – 1 in Bucharest to open the Wales campaign . Victories over the Faroe Islands and Belgium and two draws with the Representation of Czechs and Slovaks put Wales back on track , and a victory over Romania in Cardiff in the last game of the tournament would be enough to secure a place in the World Cup . However Southall allowed a 25 @-@ yard strike from Hagi slip under his body and into the net and was nutmegged by Florin Răducioiu as Wales were beaten 2 – 1 . Once again a death put Welsh footballing hopes into perspective , as Southall attended the funeral of retired postman John Hill , who was killed after being struck by a flare released at the end of the match .
Manager Terry Yorath was replaced by John Toshack , who stuck with Southall but resigned after just 48 days after falling out with the Football Association of Wales . Results went badly under new boss Mike Smith , despite a 2 – 0 victory over Albania in the first game of qualifying for UEFA Euro 1996 . An embarrassing 3 – 2 defeat to Moldova was followed by a heavy 5 – 0 loss to Georgia . Two defeats to Bulgaria ended faint hopes of qualification and cost Smith his job .
Southall applied for the vacant position , but Bobby Gould was chosen instead , who in turn named Southall and Ian Rush as his assistants . He tried Danny Coyne , Andy Marriott and Tony Roberts in goal in friendly games , but selected Southall for the World Cup qualifying wins over San Marino . A month away from his 39th birthday , he won his final cap against Turkey on 20 August 1997 ; the Turks won 6 – 4 . Southall only played the first half as Gould blamed him for the three goals he conceded – his replacement Paul Jones went on to concede three himself in the second half . His 92 Welsh caps are a national record , he conceded 126 goals , for an average of 1 @.@ 34 per match . The 1958 FIFA World Cup was the only time until the end of his career that Wales qualified for a major tournament and the British Home Championship was played for the final time in 1984 , therefore the majority of Southall 's caps came in friendlies or qualifying games .
= = Style of play = =
Southall was renowned for his shot @-@ stopping ability , particularly in dealing with one @-@ on @-@ one situations , quickly coming off his line to intimidate the onrushing forward and relying on his instinctive reactions to save the ball . He would spend hours reading books about boxing and golf to improve his balance and spring , and would focus on improving minor pieces of kit and behaviour , saying that " If I changed 100 things and got 1 % better because of one of them , then it was worth it " .
= = Coaching and management career = =
Southall was appointed caretaker manager of Wales , alongside Mark Hughes , following the resignation of Bobby Gould after a 4 – 0 defeat against Italy on 5 June 1999 . In his only game in charge Wales lost 2 – 0 to Denmark at Anfield on 9 June 1999 , and Mark Hughes was appointed as manager on a full @-@ time basis . During his time playing for Torquay , he also worked as a goalkeeping coach at Huddersfield Town and Tranmere Rovers . He later became a player @-@ coach at York City , Rhyl , Shrewsbury Town , and Dagenham & Redbridge .
He was appointed manager of Football Conference club Dover Athletic in December 2001 . His managing stint at the Kent club was short and he was sacked in March 2002 , after only a few months in charge , after the club 's new owners decided to promote his assistant Clive Walker . He later made cameo appearances as a player at Canvey Island . He also began teaching young people from deprived backgrounds how to coach in a community scheme called Soccer Skills , and later worked in the special education sector . He set up his own educational consultancy that specialised in working with NEETs , in partnership with Brooklands College .
He had a spell as Wales under @-@ 19 coach , but quit his post in November 2004 , claiming he was treated with " a total lack of respect " and that the coaching was compromised because " ... as always , it 's about money . " FAW management committee chairman Ken Tucker issued a rebuke , saying : " Nev is making comments on things he knows little about . It is sad when people make comments without any knowledge of the finances of the FAW . "
A month after resigning from the national scene , Southall returned to management with Hastings United . However just one year on he was sacked , with the Hastings chairman saying that " there have recently been an increasing number of issues on which Neville and I have disagreed and it had got to the point where our working relationship had broken down , beyond the point of repair , as far as I was concerned " .
In November 2008 , Margate manager Terry Yorath appointed Southall as his assistant in the Isthmian League . In September 2009 , he became the caretaker @-@ manager after Yorath resigned as manager .
= = Personal life = =
Southall married Eryl Williams in June 1980 . The couple had a daughter , Samantha , in 1987 . He admitted to having affairs over the course of the 18 @-@ year marriage , and left Eryl for another woman , an aromatherapist named Emma , in 1998 .
He is a teetotaller ; this fact , coupled with his shy personality and focus on football gave him a reputation as something of a loner . In August 2012 , his autobiography " The Binman Chronicles " was released . It was the sixth best selling football book of 2012 .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Club statistics = = =
Sourced from The English National Football Archive
= = = International statistics = = =
= = Honours = =
In December 2004 he was voted as Everton 's all @-@ time cult hero . He holds numerous Everton club records , including : most league appearances ( 578 ) , most FA Cup appearances ( 70 ) , most League Cup appearances ( 65 ) , and most clean sheets ( 269 ) . He is named on the Gwladys Street 's Hall of Fame . In 1998 he was named as one of the Football League 100 Legends . His 92 caps for Wales are also a record . In 1999 , World Soccer magazine named him joint 95th ( with László Kubala ) in the ' Greatest Players of the 20th Century ' . In the IFFHS World 's Best Goalkeeper rankings he was listed fifth in 1987 , seventh in 1988 , ninth in 1989 , and fourth in 1991 . He was voted FWA Footballer of the Year in 1985 , making him the last goalkeeper to be given the award . He was voted BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year in 1995 .
= Brigadier General Albert Pike =
Brigadier General Albert Pike is a public artwork in Washington , D.C. honoring Albert Pike ( 1809 – 1891 ) , a poet , lawyer , soldier , and influential figure in the Scottish Rite of freemasonry . The memorial is sited near the corner of 3rd and D Streets NW in the Judiciary Square neighborhood . The memorial 's two bronze figures were sculpted by Gaetano Trentanove , an Italian @-@ American artist responsible for another Washington , D.C. sculptural landmark , the Daniel Webster Memorial . The dedication ceremony in 1901 was attended by thousands of Masons who marched in a celebratory parade .
The Pike memorial is the only outdoor sculpture in Washington , D.C. honoring a Confederate general . Though Pike is depicted as a Mason , not a soldier , the memorial has often stirred controversy . The memorial is one of 18 Civil War monuments in Washington , D.C. , which were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . The memorial is owned and maintained by the National Park Service , a federal agency of the Interior Department .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Albert Pike ( 1809 – 1891 ) was a Massachusetts native who became a schoolteacher and frontiersman before settling in Arkansas . There he began teaching again and continued to write poetry , a lifelong passion . His letters to local newspapers led to a job offer as editor for the Arkansas Advocate , a newspaper in Little Rock affiliated with the Whig Party . Pike later became a successful lawyer specializing in Native American claims against the U.S. government . He served as a captain in the Mexican – American War and resumed his legal practice following the war . In the 1850s , Pike switched his allegiance to the Know Nothing Party due to the Whig Party 's reluctance to embrace slavery and sided with the Confederacy when Southern states seceded from the United States in 1861 . During the Civil War , Pike 's knowledge of Native Americans led to him being commissioned a brigadier general in the Confederate Army . He assembled an Indian cavalry loyal to the Confederacy and led them in battle at Pea Ridge , where his poor leadership and inability to keep the cavalry engaged with the enemy was a contributing factor to the Confederate 's loss . Alleged atrocities committed by his troops include the scalping of captured enemy combatants . A few months after the battle , Pike resigned from the army and resumed practicing law . Following the war , Pike settled in Memphis , Tennessee , where it was rumored he became involved with the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) , though no definitive evidence proves his relationship with the organization .
Around 1870 he moved to Washington , D.C. to practice law and continue serving as Sovereign Grand Commander ( SGC ) of the Washington @-@ based Supreme Council , Southern Jurisdiction ( SCJC ) , one of two jurisdictions in the Scottish Rite . Pike had become a Mason in 1850 and quickly rose up its ranks , becoming the SGC in 1859 . He rewrote and interpreted Masonic rituals and compiled the Southern Jurisdiction 's first philosophical document , Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry , an influential book in the organization . Pike continued serving as SGC until his death in 1891 . Pike once stated " When I am dead , I wish my monument to be builded only in the hearts and memories of my brethren of the Ancient and Accepted Rite " , but a few years after his death , Masons began plans for a monument in the nation 's capital .
The SCJC chose Italian @-@ American artist Gaetano Trentanove to sculpt the memorial . Trentanove was an acquaintance of Pike and had recently received praise for his sculpture of Jacques Marquette housed in the National Statuary Hall Collection . While Trentanove was working on the commission , Masons lobbied members of Congress for public land in Washington , D.C. where the monument could be placed . When members of the Grand Army of the Republic ( GAR ) , a fraternal organization of Union veterans , became aware of plans for a public memorial to be erected in Washington , D.C. in honor of a Confederate general , they contacted congressmen and told them it would be a disgrace to the memories of all Union soldiers . Nevertheless , on April 9 , 1898 , members of Congress approved the memorial after Masons assured them it would depict Pike as a civilian , not a soldier .
Excavation for the memorial site took place in the summer of 1899 and on July 4 , 1900 , the cornerstone was laid . Prior to the cornerstone ceremony , several members of the SCJC , including Third Assistant Secretary of State Thomas W. Cridler , gathered at the House of the Temple at 433 3rd Street NW ( current site of the Tax Court Building ) , where Pike had lived , to reminisce . The men signed a parchment noting the date and who was in attendance . At the ceremony , the parchment was enclosed in a bottle and placed in an opening of the memorial 's foundation . The total cost of the memorial was $ 15 @,@ 000 , raised by members of the SCJC . Fabrication was carried out by the Washington Granite Monumental Company and the sculptures founded by Fonderia Galli .
= = = Dedication = = =
The dedication ceremony on October 23 , 1901 , was planned to coincide with the centennial anniversary of the SCJC . At 2 P.M. , members of the Grand Lodge of the Masons of the District of Columbia led by Grand Master Harry Standiford marched from the Masonic Temple at 9th and F Streets NW to the House of the Temple where they joined thousands of Masons taking part in the parade . The parade ended at the memorial site , on a triangular lot bordered by 3rd Street , D Street , and Indiana Avenue NW . A large temporary stand for invited guests and ceremony participants was built at the base of the memorial .
Following a musical performance by Haley 's Washington Band , grand commanders of the SCJC , the Scottish Rite 's Northern Jurisdiction , and Royal Order of Scotland all released the halyard holding the U.S. flag that covered the memorial . This was followed by loud cheers from the crowd and a prayer given by Masonic chaplain Charles Alvin Smith . Frederick Webber , secretary general of the SCJC , then gave a speech and formally presented the memorial to the American people :
I am here to represent the Supreme Council , and in its name to present to the government of the United States this statue . It will long stand as a loving tribute from his brethren of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry .
President of the District Commission H. B. F. McFarland accepted the memorial on behalf of the American people :
Although Albert Pike was a soldier in the Civil War , this statue will commemorate him rather as a victor in the honorable rivalries of peace . It is well that you thus add to the comparatively small number of statues in the city of Washington which honor the victories of peace rather than of war .
After additional music was performed by the band , a benediction was given and the ceremony concluded . Throughout the ceremony , Pike was portrayed as a kind poet , though there were a few references to his service as a Confederate general .
= = = Later history = = =
For many years , members of the United Daughters of the Confederacy would hold ceremonies at the site on Pike 's birthday and Masons would decorate the memorial , though the latter still happens on occasion . The memorial was removed in 1972 during construction of Interstate 395 and reinstalled in September 1977 near its former site . The memorial is one of 18 Civil War monuments in Washington , D.C. , which were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 20 , 1978 , and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on March 3 , 1979 . It is also designated a contributing property to the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site , established on September 30 , 1965 . In 1993 , the memorial was surveyed by the Smithsonian Institution as part of its Save Outdoor Sculpture ! program and it was deemed " well maintained . " The memorial is owned and maintained by the National Park Service , a federal agency of the Interior Department .
= = = = Reception = = = =
Pike 's memorial has often stirred controversy throughout its history , beginning with the GAR 's lobbying efforts against its erection to protesters arguing it honors a traitor and alleged racist . Starting in the 1990s , there was renewed interest in removing the statue . In late 1992 , members of the LaRouche movement , including civil rights activist and Lyndon LaRouche 's vice presidential candidate James Bevel , began a series of protests demanding the memorial be removed , citing Pike 's alleged links with the KKK . During one such event , LaRouche supporters draped Pike 's statue with a KKK pointed hat and gown . Bevel stated : " One way or the other , this statue is coming down . Either the statue will be taken down gracefully or it will be torn down . " The protesters sought a congressional resolution to have the statue removed and replaced with a monument inscribed with the Declaration of Independence . Historian and LaRouche activist Anton Chaitkin called the statue a " monument to terrorism " and members of the Council of the District of Columbia petitioned to have the statue removed . Michael Farquhar , a former writer and editor at The Washington Post , called Pike a " blustering blowhard , a feeble poet , a laughable hypocrite , a shameless jingoist , a notoriously insubordinate military officer , and yes , a bigot with genocidal inclinations . " John W. Boettjer , then managing editor of the Scottish Rite Journal , wrote a rebuttal op @-@ ed in The Washington Post in defense of the memorial and pointed out that only an Act of Congress could result in the statue 's removal . He stated : " [ Pike ] received a full pardon from the federal government for his service in the Civil War as a Confederate general . There is not a jot of reliable proof that Albert Pike was ever a member , much less an officer , of the Klan . " Boettjer also claimed a LaRouche video promised the Middle East conflict would be solved and World War III averted if the statue was removed . The weekly protests by LaRouche supporters continued into 1993 . That year Bevel and Chaitkin were convicted of " unlawful statue climbing " and sentenced to one week in jail .
There was continued criticism of the memorial in the 1990s and 2000s . John F. Doyle , a retired judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia , said Pike was responsible for Native American casualties during the Civil War and their subsequent loss of land . Journalist and author Richard G. Zimmerman called Pike 's statue a " poor choice for a pedestal " and said inscriptions on the memorial noting Pike 's virtues should include " bigot , indicted traitor , alleged barbarian , suspected plagiarist , jailbird . " C. Fred Kleinknecht , then chief executive officer of the Scottish Rite , defended Pike and said the statue was not in honor of his role as a Confederate general , but as an " advocate for Native Americans and his role as a champion of educational and social reform and for his literary accomplishments and scholarship . " Scottish Rite Journal managing editor S. Brent Morris has also defended the memorial and Pike 's role as a Confederate officer : " We 're not embarrassed in the least that he was a Confederate general ... Even in 1901 , I don 't think the United States Congress would have approved honoring a Confederate general , so he was honored for all his other accomplishments . "
= = Design and location = =
The statue of Pike is the only outdoor sculpture in Washington , D.C. honoring a Confederate general , although he is dressed as a civilian , not a soldier . It is located in
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would not be gay . David Silverman , a former supervising director has said , " [ Smithers ] seems to be focused on one particular human , as opposed to anything beyond that . [ Rather than being gay ] , he 's sort of ' Burns @-@ sexual . ' " In a 2006 study conducted by the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation , it was determined that nine of the 679 lead and supporting characters on scripted broadcast television were gay or lesbian , but Smithers was not included . A list published in 2008 by the same organization included Smithers ; Patty Bouvier , Marge Simpson 's lesbian sister , was included on both lists .
The debate is referenced in " The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular " , when the episode host , Troy McClure is answering viewer questions , and one that is asked is " What is the real deal with Mr. Burns ' assistant Smithers ? You know what I 'm talking about . " A montage of various clips that shows Smithers ' lust for Mr. Burns follows , and in the end , McClure says " as you can see , the real deal with Waylon Smithers is that he 's Mr. Burns ' assistant . He 's in his early forties , is unmarried , and currently resides in Springfield . Thanks for writing ! "
Several of the allusions to Smithers ' sexuality have turned into battles with the censors . For example , in Smithers ' fantasy of a naked Mr. Burns popping out of a birthday cake in " Rosebud " , the censors had not wanted Mr. Burns to be naked . Another example is " Marge Gets a Job " , which has a dream sequence where Smithers is sleeping and Burns flies through a window . The sequence shows Burns flying towards him and Smithers looking happy , but originally it went on for a few seconds longer . It had to be trimmed down due to scenes that showed " Mr. Burns land [ ing ] in a particular position on Smithers ' anatomy " . There were also issues with " the lump in his bed " , which the animators said had drawn as his knee , but the censors had misinterpreted .
In the second season , the writers started to enjoy writing about Smithers and Burns ' relationship , and the writers often pitched episodes with them as the focus , but many never came to fruition .
Mostly in the early seasons , Smithers had a catchphrase , which comes from a recurring joke that Mr. Burns never remembers who Homer Simpson is . Smithers and Burns would watch Homer ( usually over a security camera feed ) and Burns would ask , " Who is that man ? " , to which Smithers would reply , " That 's Homer Simpson , sir , one of your [ drones , organ banks , carbon blobs , etc . ] from sector 7G . " Burns would invariably respond , " Simpson , eh ? "
In September 2015 , it was confirmed by Jean that Smithers would come out to Mr. Burns in a season 27 episode . The episode , " The Burns Cage " , was broadcast the following April and saw Smithers unsuccessfully try to move on from Burns . A writer for British progressive magazine the New Statesman felt that the episode was a retcon , making a serious story about the character 's homosexuality instead of the previous jokes and innuendo which were arguably homophobic .
= = Reception = =
In 2004 , The Simpsons producers announced that one of their characters was going to come out of the closet . Speculation on who it would be was printed in newspapers throughout the United States and Canada ( even claiming Smithers ' " sexual orientation was about the worst @-@ kept secret in Springfield " ) as well as in Australia , New Zealand , Ireland , ( the Irish Independent called Smithers " too obvious " a choice ) , and the United Kingdom . Despite Matt Groening joking that it would be Homer , the Boston Herald calculated the odds of several characters being gay , with Smithers at a million to one . PlanetOut Inc. hosted an online poll in the weeks prior to the episode to determine based on " cartoon gaydar " who was gay on the Simpsons , with 97 % of the respondents choosing Smithers . Jenny Stewart , the entertainment editor at the site said of the poll , " We 've never had such an avalanche of people voting in any of our polls as we did on The Simpsons . " It was Patty Bouvier who came out .
In a 2007 article , Entertainment Weekly named Smithers the 16th @-@ greatest sidekick of all time . They have also described Smithers and Mr. Burns as being " TV 's most functional dysfunctional couple " . Star News Online named " Smithers ' fey way " as one of the four hundred reasons why they loved The Simpsons . In a 2003 article , Entertainment Weekly named the " Who Shot Mr. Burns ? " duo of episodes , in which Smithers was prominently featured , the series ' 25th @-@ best episode . Gay.com ranked Smithers as the sixth @-@ gayest cartoon character .
= = Merchandise = =
Smithers was made into an action figure , and four different versions were included as part of the World of Springfield toy line . The first shows Smithers in his normal attire with a picture of Mr. Burns at his feet and was released in 2000 as part of " wave two " . The second , released in 2002 as part of " wave ten " , is called " resort Smithers " and shows him dressed as he was at the resort in the episode " Homer the Smithers " . In 2003 , a series of figures exclusive to Electronics Boutique was released , and a set of one Mr. Burns figure and two different Smithers toys based on the episode " Rosebud " were included . One , called " Bobo Smithers " shows Smithers dressed as Mr. Burns ' teddy bear Bobo ; and the other , known as " future Smithers " , shows him as a robotic dog . A " future Burns " was included in the set as a companion to " future Smithers " and depicts Burns as a robot as he appeared at the end of the episode .
= Jack Gets in the Game =
" Jack Gets in the Game " is the second episode of NBC 's second season of 30 Rock and twenty @-@ third episode overall . It was written by Jon Pollack and directed by one of the season 's producers , Don Scardino . It first aired on November 8 , 2007 in the United States . Guest stars in this episode include Fajer Al @-@ Kaisi , Will Arnett , Kevin Brown , Grizz Chapman , Erin Hilgartner , Marceline Hugot , Matt Lauria , Jean Morgan , Chris Parnell , Sherri Shepherd and Rip Torn .
In this episode , Devon Banks ( Will Arnett ) finds out that Jack had a heart attack , which occurred in " Hiatus " , and decides to use this to his advantage ; Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) is still trying to fix his marriage to Angie Jordan ( Sherri Shepherd ) ; and Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) begins to see the positive side of being overweight . This episode received generally positive reviews .
= = Plot = =
Jack realizes that his boss Don Geiss ( Rip Torn ) is hinting that he will retire and believes that he , Jack , is a definite candidate to take over Don 's job , as the CEO of General Electric . Jack 's only other opposition is Devon , who has returned from the west coast , only now with a fiancée who happens to be Kathy Geiss ( Marceline Hugot ) , Don 's daughter . Upon returning , Devon , who is secretly gay , finds out from Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) about Jack 's secret heart attack . At a gathering at Don 's house , the pair face off against one another during a game of football .
Tracy is still struggling with his marriage to Angie , who had thrown him out of their family home . Later in this episode , the pair reconcile , but only if Tracy allows for Angie to follow him to make sure that he isn 't having an affair .
Jenna becomes attached to her newly gained fat when a mishap during a sketch , on TGS with Tracy Jordan , brings her large amounts of attention from the public . Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) is still re @-@ adjusting to life outside of a relationship .
= = Production = =
Chris Parnell , who played Dr. Leo Spaceman in this episode , has appeared in the main cast of Saturday Night Live , a weekly sketch comedy series which airs on NBC in the United States . Tina Fey was the head writer on Saturday Night Live from 1999 until 2006 . Various other cast members of Saturday Night Live have appeared on 30 Rock . These cast members include : Rachel Dratch , Fred Armisen , Kristen Wiig , Will Forte , Jason Sudeikis and Molly Shannon . Tina Fey and Tracy Morgan have both been part of the main cast of Saturday Night Live . Alec Baldwin has also hosted Saturday Night Live thirteen times , the second highest number of episodes of any host of the series .
The " Me Want Food " t @-@ shirts which Jenna and Liz see in the NBC store , at Rockefeller Center , were made available from the NBC Universal website shortly after the episode aired . Shortly after the episode " MILF Island " aired , similar t @-@ shirts were manufactured , featuring the MILF Island logo .
= = Reception = =
" Jack Gets in the Game " brought in an average of 6 @.@ 6 million American viewers . This episode achieved a 3 @.@ 0 / 8 in the key 18 – 49 demographic , a series high in that category . The 3 @.@ 0 refers to 3 @.@ 0 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds in the U.S. and the 8 refers to 8 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast , in the U.S. This episode was the highest @-@ rated program , in its timeslot , among the men 18 – 34 demographic .
Robert Canning of IGN thought that this was a " solid episode " , and that Will Arnett 's character " was even more entertaining in this episode " compared to his appearance in the episode " Fireworks " . He added that " there was little to complain about " , and rated it 8 @.@ 9 out of 10 . Matt Webb Mitovich of TV Guide said that he " preferred this episode of 30 Rock " compared to the previous episode , " SeinfeldVision " . Jeff Labrecque of Entertainment Weekly asked his readers " do you feel like Liz Lemon took a back seat , and if so , did you mind ? " , adding that " [ Alec ] Baldwin and [ Tracy ] Morgan get the laughs , but like the Tracy Jordan Meat Machine [ from " The Rural Juror " ] , 30 Rock requires three distinct flavors . Don 't be afraid to sprinkle in the Lemon . "
For their work in this episode , Arnett and Rip Torn were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series .
= United States National Bank Building =
The United States National Bank Building is a building located in downtown Portland , Oregon , that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Designed by famed Portland architect A. E. Doyle in a Roman classical style , the four @-@ story building 's first section , facing Sixth Avenue , was completed and opened in 1917 . An extension westward to Broadway , approximately doubling its size , was constructed in 1925 . Since then the building has occupied one @-@ half of a city block . It features a four @-@ story @-@ high colonnade of Corinthian order columns at its eastern end , originally the principal façade , and extensive use of glazed terracotta . The interior is also decorated extensively with highly textured materials . The building was constructed for the United States National Bank of Portland ( USNB ) , which ultimately became part of U.S. Bancorp , whose retail banking division operates as U.S. Bank . In 2016 , almost 100 years after the building 's opening , it continues to serve as the bank 's main Portland branch .
= = History = =
The United States National Bank of Portland , the predecessor of present @-@ day U.S. Bancorp , was established in Portland in 1890 , opening for business in February 1891 . During the following three decades , the bank experienced significant growth . It weathered the Panic of 1893 better than many of its competitors , and later acquired some of the competing Portland banks , including the Ainsworth National Bank ( in 1902 ) , the Wells Fargo Bank ( in 1905 ) , and the Lumbermen 's National Bank ( in 1917 ) . With the 1902 acquisition , U.S. National Bank moved its headquarters into a larger space formerly occupied by Ainsworth National , in the Ainsworth Building , then located at S.W. Third and Stark streets in downtown Portland . By the 1910s , the bank had outgrown its space . The firm purchased a quarter @-@ block of land at the northwest corner of Sixth and Stark streets in early 1916 and hired Portland architect A. E. Doyle to design a new , dedicated headquarters building .
Construction began in 1916 and was completed in 1917 ; the building opened to the public on July 30 , 1917 . Although the building now extends a full block along Stark Street , with entrances on both 6th Avenue and Broadway , it originally faced only 6th Street ( now 6th Avenue ) and extended only about halfway to Broadway .
In 1922 ( another source says 1920 ) , the bank purchased the building that had occupied the quarter @-@ block immediately to the west from the Elks organization which would allow the 1917 bank building to be expanded west to Broadway . ( The Elks were preparing to move to a new building elsewhere in downtown . ) Originally , a new 24 @-@ story building was planned for the site , but the bank ultimately decided to expand its existing building , keeping the same design and height for the new section . Shortly after demolition of the old Elks Building in early 1924 , construction of the bank building 's expansion began . The new section opened in 1925 , doubling the building 's size and adding an entrance on Broadway . Doyle was hired again to oversee the expansion , which helped to ensure that that new section would replicate the style of the original section as much as possible , making the expanded building look as though it were built as a single structure , rather than in two stages separated by eight years . In the same year , U.S. National Bank of Portland acquired the Ladd & Tilton Bank , which had been established in 1859 , and was the first financial institution in the Pacific Northwest . This acquisition made USNB " the largest financial institution north of San Francisco and west of Minneapolis " .
In 1946 , U.S. National purchased the Wells Fargo Building ( since 1922 known as the Porter Building ) , a multistory office building located directly adjacent , immediately to the north , to expand its downtown Portland headquarters . United States National Bank of Portland changed its name to United States National Bank of Oregon in 1964 . By 1970 , the bank was operating 119 branches . At that time , it announced plans for another major expansion of its headquarters on property it had acquired diagonally across from the Wells Fargo Building . The entire oversize block , bounded by 5th and 6th Avenues , and Oak and Burnside Streets , had been acquired , its existing buildings to be razed and replaced by new U.S. National Bank buildings . The first of these was a seven @-@ story building ( the U.S. Bank Plaza , at 5th & Oak ) , completed in 1974 . But the headline structure was the U.S. Bancorp Tower , a 42 @-@ story building that opened in 1983 ( having already been part of the bank 's long @-@ term site plans in 1970 , but ultimately delayed until the 1980s ) . Notwithstanding this major expansion , the firm continued to own and use its landmark 1917 building , which company president LeRoy Staver , in a 1970 Oregonian article , called " a jewel of a banking property and one that will never be duplicated " .
In a 1979 article , The Oregonian wrote that , " The 1917 @-@ vintage U.S. National Bank , 321 S.W. Sixth Avenue , retains nearly all its original features , inside and out , a rare trait among Portland landmarks . " The U.S. National Bank
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of Oregon was honored by the Portland Historical Landmarks Commission in that year for its longstanding commitment to maintaining the building in nearly original condition .
The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 , and was still serving as the bank 's main branch . Since the end of 1968 , United States National Bank of Oregon has been owned by the then @-@ newly formed holding company U.S. Bancorp , which provides consumer banking under the U.S. Bank name . Almost 100 years after its opening , the 1917 @-@ built , 1925 @-@ expanded original United States National Bank Building continues to serve as the main branch of U.S. Bank in Portland in 2016 .
= = Description = =
= = = Exterior = = =
The building is five stories tall including a mezzanine level and , after its 1925 expansion , occupies a 100 @-@ by @-@ 200 @-@ foot ( 30 m × 61 m ) area , along the north side of SW Stark Street from Sixth Avenue to Broadway . The eastern façade , facing Sixth Avenue , features six freestanding Corinthian columns , each 54 ft ( 16 m ) in height . These support a portico that is topped by a large and richly decorated Roman frieze , a cornice and balustrade . Decorations on the cornice include lion heads and palmettes . At the back of the portico , and behind the columns , are two Corinthian pilasters , at the far left and right ends of the façade . Between these are " five vertical bays separated by piers made of coursed , rusticated terra cotta . Window openings are set in cast @-@ bronze frames . " The five windows at the second @-@ floor level are topped by cast @-@ bronze segmental pediments . There are three entrance doorways in the three central bays , although originally there was only one . The central entrance features a pair of large bronze doors with highly decorated bas relief panels , surrounded by detailed terracotta , including a heraldic eagle in a pedimented cornice above the doorway . The bronze relief panels were cast in 1931 , replacing the 1917 door panels which had used replicas of early Greek , Roman and U.S. coins as a design motif . Designed by Avard Fairbanks , they " depict noble concepts of American life , such as ' Knowledge and Service ' , ' Domestic Welfare ' , ' Progress through Direction ' , and so on . " Fairbanks also designed bronze relief panels for the building 's western façade , built in 1925 .
The overall exterior design was modeled closely on a 1904 bank building , the headquarters of the Knickerbocker Trust Company , in New York City .
The southern façade , along Stark Street , is 200 ft ( 61 m ) long and features a line of 14 Corinthian pilasters . The 12 window bays on this side have frames made of cast iron . Above the pilasters and fourth @-@ floor windows are a cornice and balustrade with a design similar to that used at the eastern end . The Stark Street side includes one entrance , which was present from 1917 , located at what was then the far back corner of the building , but its position became approximately midway along the Stark Street side following the 1925 expansion .
At the building 's west end , constructed eight years later and facing Broadway , the façade is similar to the eastern one , but the main body of the building extends to the corners of the lot , and instead of a full @-@ width portico there is a recessed portico with only two columns in the center . Six pilasters line the eastern façade , three to each side of the columns , all topped by Corinthian capitals , the same as on the building 's other two exposed sides . Another difference from the eastern façade is that , on the western façade , " United States National Bank " is inscribed in the central section of the frieze , in place of the rinceau decoration there at the building 's opposite end . Ornamental bronze lanterns flank the central entrance , which features bas relief panels cast in bronze in 1926 – 27 and designed by Avard Fairbanks . The panels at the western entrance " depict pivotal events in the historical development of the Columbia Basin " .
= = = Interior = = =
The ground floor holds the main banking room ( the Portland branch of U.S. Bank ) , and a grand room measuring 100 by 40 feet ( 30 m × 12 m ) with 30 @-@ foot ( 9 m ) ceilings . The interior is extensively decorated with highly textured materials . Square columns of polished marble topped by Corinthian capitals that incorporate an eagle motif line all four sides of the main public space . The coffered ceiling is intricately detailed . The marble floor is patterned , and the teller windows are divided by Hauteville @-@ marble pillars detailed with bas reliefs . A recessed mezzanine floor runs along the north and south sides , behind the columns . The bank vaults are in the basement , where the public space also has a marble floor .
The third and fourth floors are office space , centered around a courtyard . A remodeling of the fourth @-@ floor offices in 1948 , based on designs by Pietro Belluschi , incorporated Oregon myrtle in the paneling and custom furnishings . The bank 's board room , located on the third floor , includes a marble fireplace and stained glass windows by the noted Portland company , Povey Brothers Studio . The room is 55 ft × 30 ft ( 16 @.@ 8 m × 9 @.@ 1 m ) . Its walls are covered in dark walnut . Ornamental lighting fixtures with brass wall mountings adorn the east and west ends of the room , and a bronze ring chandelier hangs above the center .
= = Immediate surroundings = =
At its east end , the United States National Bank Building stands directly across 6th Avenue from another A. E. Doyle @-@ designed bank building , the Bank of California Building , of 1925 . The aforementioned building 's Italianate style contrasts sharply with the U.S. National Bank Building 's classical design . The northbound Portland Transit Mall passes in front of the building 's east end , and during the mall 's construction in 1976 – 77 the plain concrete sidewalk there was resurfaced in brick , and street trees were added . MAX light rail trains have passed in front of the building 's east end on 6th Avenue since 2009 , following a 2007 – 08 rebuilding of the transit mall .
= = = General = = =
Tess , John M. ( December 1985 ) . " National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form : United States National Bank Building " ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2016 @-@ 04 @-@ 25 .
= = = Specific = = =
= B in the Mix : The Remixes =
B in the Mix : The Remixes is the first remix album by American recording artist Britney Spears . It was released on November 22 , 2005 , by JIVE Records . The album contains remixes of tracks from her first four studio albums — ... Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) , Oops ! ... I Did It Again ( 2000 ) , Britney ( 2001 ) and In the Zone ( 2003 ) — a remix of " Someday ( I Will Understand ) " , and a new track , " And Then We Kiss " . The remixes were done by DJs such as Peter Rauhofer and Stuart Price . The music was influenced by various genres of electronic music , such as ambient and techno .
Critics gave mixed reviews to the album . Some reviewers called B in the Mix : The Remixes a good remix compilation , while others argued that the album was conceived as a product and also criticized what they perceived as weak vocals . B in the Mix : The Remixes charted in countries such as Belgium , Japan , Italy and the United States , where it peaked at number four on the Billboard 's Dance / Electronic Albums . As of November 2007 , the album had sold one million copies worldwide , making it one of the best selling remix albums of all time . It received minimal promotion by Spears ' standards . " And Then We Kiss " was released as promotional single from the album in Australia and New Zealand .
= = Background = =
On September 28 , 2005 , JIVE Records announced through a press release that Spears would release a remix album titled Remixed . However , on November 8 , 2005 , it was reported by Jennifer Vineyard of MTV that the album was actually titled B in the Mix : The Remixes , and was going to be released on November 22 , 2005 . The album includes songs from her previous albums remixed by DJs such as Peter Rauhofer and Stuart Price . Price had previously remixed " Breathe on Me " from In the Zone for a limited edition bonus disc of Spears ' 2004 compilation , Greatest Hits : My Prerogative . B in the Mix : The Remixes also includes one new song , " And Then We Kiss " ; the song had previously been set to be included on a bonus disc of her 2005 DVD Britney & Kevin : Chaotic , but was left out for unknown reasons . B in the Mix : The Remixes had two covers . In the American edition , Spears does not appear on the cover ; there is a butterfly instead . Vineyard noted this saying , " [ the album ] is being marketed in a more underground way than usually associated with a superstar act " . In the international edition , Spears appears behind the butterfly .
= = Composition = =
The Bill Hamel remix of " Touch of My Hand " is a trance track with elements of ambient . Spears ' voice has been described as " chopped up into skittering syllables and [ ... ] becomes part of the beat " . The album 's fourth track , the Jacques Lu Cont 's Thin White Duke Mix of " Breathe on Me " slows the beat from the original track making the song " darker and dirtier " . The remix style was compared to songs by Kylie Minogue and Madonna . Dave Audé Slave Driver Mix of " I 'm a Slave 4 U " consists of a guitar track and " quirky analog touches " , according to Kurt Kirton of About.com. " And Then We Kiss " contains influences of euro @-@ trance , techno and usage of synthesizers . The song blends dance @-@ rock guitars and symphonic strings and closes with an orchestral overtone . Its lyrics talk about a kiss and the different sensations that the protagonist experiences , including trembling , crying and moaning . At the beginning she sings the lines " Lying alone / touching my skin " which suggest that the whole song may actually be a fantasy . The album 's seventh track , the Valentin remix of " Everytime " contains a serious groove and pounding percussion , with usage of synthesizers . The Jason Nevins remix of " Early Mornin ' " is considered the only hip hop song of B in the Mix : The Remixes .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
B in the Mix : The Remixes received mixed reviews from music critics . Kurt Kirton of About.com highlighted the remixes of " Everytime " and " Don 't Let Me Be the Last to Know " , adding that the album would be better if it included more tracks . He summarized his review saying , " this is a decent release that should please any Britney fan and most club music fanatics " . Barry Walters of Rolling Stone said the album was " even more redundant " than Greatest Hits : My Prerogative , but added that with the exception of " Toxic " , " just about every original track is bettered here " . Spence D. of IGN said , " If you had the choice to purchase only one Britney Spears ' album , then this would be the one to spend your money on . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic commented that " B in the Mix doesn 't exactly erase the impression that Spears isn 't in tune with her recording career " . He also stated that on tracks such as " Toxic " , " her flaws stand out just a bit too much [ ... ] the instrumental hooks have been removed from the record , leaving Spears to carry the day — which she can 't really do . [ ... ] Overall this album sounds and feels like what it really is : a piece of product " . MTV writer Bradley Stern praised the album , saying it " featured loads of excellent remixes stretching from ' ... Baby One More Time ' to ' Toxic ' , but nothing shined quite as bright as the album 's undeniable highlight : ' And Then We Kiss ( Junkie XL Remix ) ' . "
Gregg Shapiro of the Bay Area Reporter gave the album a mostly negative review , calling it " hazardous waste " . He also noted that Spears 's voice was " reedy , cold and mechanical " when stripped from the original mixes . However , he highlighted two tracks , saying , " Spears come closest to achieving dance @-@ diva status on the Valentin remix of ' Everytime ' , while the Davidson Ospina 2005 remix of ' Baby One More Time ' elevates the original bubblegum track to club classic " . Mike Daniel of The Dallas Morning News called the Justice remix of " Me Against the Music " the best track of the album , but said it " has the feel of a hastily executed stopgap measure with almost no marketing @-@ related thought behind it except to fulfill the once @-@ every @-@ two @-@ years release cycle that 's been established for Britney material . " Entertainment Weekly writer Leah Greenblatt noted the remixes " amps already @-@ aggressive singles like ' Toxic ' and ' Me Against the Music ' to brain @-@ popping levels of synth spiraling " , and transforms " sad @-@ eyed slow jams like ' Everytime ' and ' Don 't Let Me Be the Last to Know ' into Hi @-@ NRG bursts . This party is BYORB ( Bring Your Own Red Bull ) ; without it , you might not be able to keep up . "
= = = Chart performance = = =
In the United States , B in the Mix : The Remixes debuted at number one hundred thirty @-@ four on the Billboard 200 , selling 14 @,@ 000 copies in its first week.It spent 11 weeks on the chart overall . The album also peaked at number four on Billboard 's Dance / Electronic Albums , making it the first top four title on the chart since July 2002 that had more than 10 @,@ 000 units sold . The album spent a total of twenty @-@ one weeks on the chart . According to Nielsen SoundScan , B in the Mix : The Remixes has sold over 131 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . The album also debuted on Belgium charts at number ninety @-@ nine on the dated week of December 17 , 2005 , and also debuted at number fifty @-@ nine on the Italian chart on the dated week of November 25 , 2005 . The album peaked at twenty @-@ five in Japan , where it stayed eight weeks in that chart . As of November 2007 , B in the Mix : The Remixes had sold one million copies worldwide , making it one of the best @-@ selling remix albums of all time .
= = Promotion = =
B in the Mix : The Remixes received little promotion compared to Spears ' standards . A promotional 12 @-@ inch single titled Key Cuts from Remixed with five of the album 's remixes was leaked more than two weeks before the album was released . A contest was launched on Spears ' paid fan site for those who pre @-@ ordered the album . The winner received a copy of Britney & Kevin : Chaotic , a bottle of Fantasy with an additional lotion and make @-@ up kit and a personalized autographed picture of Spears . On November 22 , 2005 , a release party was held at an unspecified club in Los Angeles , California , organized by Spears ' management and the webmaster of the fansite WorldOfBritney.com. It was a limited event to 500 people , including members of the fansite or her official fan club . Spears commented , " I just wanted to say that I love the idea of all my fans getting together to celebrate the release of my new album . I was happy to help ! I hope you have a great night out at the club and dance all night long ! " .
Before being included on B in the Mix : The Remixes , " And Then We Kiss " was initially produced by Mark Taylor for Spears ' fourth studio album , In the Zone ( 2003 ) . It failed to be included on the album ; however , after being remixed by Junkie XL for the remix album , it was released as promotional single from the album in Australia and New Zealand . A promotional 12 @-@ inch single featuring a new version of the remix was also released . The remix received mostly positive reviews from music critics , with some noticing its potential to be a radio or club hit . " And Then We Kiss " failed to appear on any major charts . However , it peaked at number fifteen on the US Billboard Hot Dance Airplay . The version of the song produced by Taylor remained unreleased for years , until a new mix of the song labeled as the original version leaked online on September 2 , 2011 . After suggestions that it may be a fake , Taylor confirmed its authenticity to Bradley Stern of Muumuse.com on September 5 , 2011 .
= = Track listings = =
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" Sid " Mehra , a rich , lazy teenager whose life undergoes a series of changes after interacting with an ambitious journalist ( played by Konkana Sen Sharma ) . When Mukerji narrated the then @-@ untitled script of the film to him , Kapoor came up with the title himself . The media expressed doubt on the film 's financial prospect as it depicted a romantic relationship between a younger man and an older woman . It eventually emerged as a sleeper hit and garnered acclaim from the critics . Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama reviewed that Kapoor 's performance in the film proved that he was " amongst the best in the business today " .
Kapoor next starred opposite Katrina Kaif in Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani , a slapstick comedy from director Rajkumar Santoshi , that emerged as the fourth highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film of 2009 . Film critic Gaurav Malani praised Kapoor 's flair for comedy , but criticised his " over @-@ excited husky baritone " . Kapoor 's final release that year was the Shimit Amin @-@ directed Rocket Singh : Salesman of the Year , a drama about a sardar who aspires to be a salesman . Film critic Mayank Shekhar praised the film and found Kapoor 's performance to be " astonishingly sincere " , but the film earned little at the box office . Kapoor later professed to being highly disappointed by the film 's commercial failure . At the 55th Filmfare Awards , Kapoor was awarded the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor for his performances in all three of his 2009 releases , and he also received two Best Actor nominations at the ceremony for Wake Up Sid and Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani .
Prakash Jha 's big @-@ budget ensemble political thriller Raajneeti was Kapoor 's first release of 2010 . The film , which starred Nana Patekar , Ajay Devgn , Arjun Rampal , Manoj Bajpayee , Katrina Kaif and Sarah Thompson in prominent roles , was inspired by the Indian epic The Mahabharata and Mario Puzo 's 1969 novel The Godfather . Kapoor 's role was of Samar Pratap ( based on the characters of Arjuna and Michael Corleone ) , the youngest heir of an Indian political dynasty , who is reluctantly drawn to politics after the assassination of his father . Kapoor described it as his first complex role and considered it a departure from the " lover boy roles " that he had previously played . Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India reviewed : " The film finally belongs to Ranbir Kapoor who perfects the art of minimalism — and literally grows before your eyes — as the simmering volcano that cannot be held back , once it erupts . " Robert Abele of the Los Angeles Times , however , was more critical of his performance which he considered " stony rather than calculating — especially jarring compared to the histrionic turns around him " . Indian trade journalists were apprehensive of Raajneeti recovering its ₹ 600 million ( US $ 8 @.@ 9 million ) investment . The film , however , proved to be a major commercial success with worldwide earnings of over ₹ 1 @.@ 43 billion ( US $ 21 million ) . Kapoor received a third Best Actor nomination at Filmfare for the film .
Later that same year , Kapoor collaborated with Priyanka Chopra on Anand 's Anjaana Anjaani , a comedy @-@ drama involving two strangers who vow to commit suicide on New Year 's Eve . The film was a moderate financial success , but garnered little praise from the critics . Rajeev Masand noted that Kapoor " struggles with a badly @-@ defined role " and NDTV 's Anupama Chopra concluded : " Ranbir tries hard to salvage the film , dropping his shirt several times but even his lovingly shot chest can ’ t save the film . "
= = = Critical acclaim ( 2011 – 2013 ) = = =
Following an item number in the children 's film Chillar Party ( 2011 ) , Kapoor took on the role of Janardhan " Jordan " Jakhar in Imtiaz Ali 's Rockstar , a drama that follows the journey of an aspiring musician from a humble background to international stardom . In preparation for the role , Kapoor lived with a Jat family in Pitam Pura and studied their mannerisms . He additionally learned to play the guitar and practiced extensively at A.R. Rahman 's ( the film 's music composer ) music studio . As part of the film 's promotional activity , Kapoor performed at a live concert in Mumbai . Film critics were polarised on their view of the film , but were unanimous in their praise for Kapoor ; Aniruddha Guha of Daily News and Analysis was particularly impressed with the film and thought that Kapoor 's portrayal was one of " Hindi cinema ’ s most accomplished performances by a lead actor " . For the role , Kapoor won both the Best Actor and Best Actor ( Critics ) trophies at the 57th Filmfare Awards ceremony , along with Best Actor awards at Screen and IIFA . With a gross revenue of ₹ 1 @.@ 07 billion ( US $ 16 million ) , Rockstar was one of the top @-@ grossing Hindi films of the year .
The 2012 romantic comedy Barfi ! was Kapoor 's first release to earn over ₹ 1 billion ( US $ 15 million ) at the domestic box office . Directed by Anurag Basu , the film ( set in the 1970s ) tells the story of its titular protagonist ( a deaf and mute man , played by Kapoor ) who falls in love with a woman who is already engaged ( played by Ileana D 'Cruz ) and later , an autistic girl ( played by Priyanka Chopra ) . In preparation , Kapoor observed the work of actors Roberto Benigni , Charlie Chaplin , and his grandfather . Barfi ! received praise from the critics , and the performances of the three lead actors were acclaimed . Ronnie Scheib of Variety praised Kapoor for successfully channeling Chaplin in " tone and affect " , and Raja Sen of Rediff.com wrote that " he does very strongly indeed with this Chaplin @-@ tribute role , bestowing his character with heart every step of the way " . The film was submitted as India ’ s official entry for the 85th Academy Awards , and was screened at the Marrakech and Busan International Film Festivals . Kapoor won second consecutive Best Actor awards at the Filmfare , Screen , and IIFA Award ceremonies .
Kapoor achieved further success in 2013 when he reunited with director Ayan Mukerji for the romantic comedy Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani co @-@ starring Deepika Padukone , Kalki Koechlin , and Aditya Roy Kapoor . He was cast as Kabir " Bunny " Thapar , a commitment @-@ phobic photographer , a character Kapoor found to be an extension of himself . His pairing with Padukone , after their highly publicised break @-@ up , led to hype surrounding the film 's release . Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani emerged as one of the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood films of all time with earnings of ₹ 3 @.@ 02 billion ( US $ 45 million ) , proving to be Kapoor 's third consecutive commercial success in three years and earned him another Best Actor nomination at Filmfare . Film critics found the film to be " riddled with clichés " , but praised both Kapoor and Padukone , with Daily News and Analysis ' Tushar Joshi labelling their on @-@ screen chemistry as " unsurpassable " . Kapoor 's second release of 2013 was the action @-@ comedy film Besharam in which he played a petty thief , alongside Pallavi Sharda and his parents . The film met with an overwhelming negative reception and emerged as a failure ; Sudhish Kamath of The Hindu described it as " Kapoor 's hall of shame " .
= = = Commercial struggles ( 2014 – present ) = = =
After a year @-@ long absence from the screen , Kapoor featured as a mysterious thief in Roy ( 2015 ) , a romantic thriller which critic Sarita A. Tanwar described as a " boring , exhausting and pretentious " film . The series of financial failures continued with his next release , the Anurag Kashyap @-@ directed crime drama Bombay Velvet , based on the historian Gyan Prakash 's book Mumbai Fables , which also starred Anushka Sharma and Karan Johar . Kapoor portrayed an ambitious boxer in the 1960s who is drawn towards a life of crime ; he based his tapori diction on Johnny Walker 's character in Mr. & Mrs. ' 55 ( 1955 ) . Made on a budget of ₹ 1 @.@ 2 billion ( US $ 18 million ) , the film opened to meager box @-@ office collections and mixed reviews from critics . Ritika Bhatia of Business Standard found Kapoor 's part to be a departure from his previous roles , writing that he " does test the waters with methodical sincerity but his portrayal lacks depth on occasion " . Bombay Velvet was eventually screened at the Locarno and Bucheon film festivals .
Kapoor next reunited with Deepika Padukone to film Tamasha ( 2015 ) , a romantic drama from Imtiaz Ali . He played the role of Ved Sahni , a man who desires a career in the arts but settles for a life of monotony as an engineer . As with his previous three releases , the film failed commercially and received mixed reviews from critics . Kapoor 's performance , however , was praised ; Lisa Tsering of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , " Kapoor is beautifully cast , his trademark mix of assertive theatricality and subtle emotion well suited to the role of a man who seemingly has it all under control , until he doesn ’ t . " The film earned him a Best Actor nomination at Filmfare .
= = = = Upcoming projects = = = =
As of July 2016 , Kapoor has launched a production company named Picture Shuru Productions in a collaboration with director Anurag Basu ; their first production — the comedy @-@ mystery film Jagga Jasoos — will feature Kapoor ( alongside Katrina Kaif ) in the role of a teenage detective . Kapoor is filming alongside Aishwarya Rai and Anushka Sharma for Karan Johar 's romantic drama Ae Dil Hai Mushkil . In addition , he has committed to star opposite Alia Bhatt in Ayan Mukerji 's Dragon , a fantasy film about a man with superpowers , and will portray the actor Sanjay Dutt in a biopic directed by Rajkumar Hirani .
= = Personal life = =
Kapoor has been vocal about his personal life , and has stated that the his parents ' marriage taught him how complex a relationship can be . He had his first serious relationship while in the seventh grade , and suffered from depression when it ended . While filming Bachna Ae Haseeno in 2008 , Kapoor began dating his co @-@ star Deepika Padukone . The relationship attracted substantial media coverage in India and they speculated on an impending engagement . However , the couple broke up a year later . Kapoor maintained that the split was amicable , though the media widely reported that the split was due to infidelity on Kapoor 's part . Kapoor later confessed : " Yes , I have , out of immaturity , out of inexperience , out of taking advantage of certain temptations , out of callousness . " Later in 2015 , Kapoor stated that they both had resolved the conflict and had moved on with their lives . Since the split , he has been reticent to publicly discuss his personal life .
Rumours of an affair with Katrina Kaif first emerged during the production of Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani in 2009 . In August 2013 , a set of paparazzi photographs of Kapoor and Kaif at a beach in Spain were published by Stardust . Although Kapoor initially declined to speak of the relationship , he admitted to it in 2015 : " Both of us are sure about our relationship and if we don 't open about it now , it would be showing disrespect to the relationship . " As of February 2016 , the media reported that they had broken up .
= = Off @-@ screen work = =
In addition to acting , Kapoor is a football enthusiast and supports charities and organisations . He is the vice @-@ captain of the All Stars Football Club , a celebrity football club that raises money for charity . In March 2013 , he played the game to raise funds for the Magic Funds Organisation , an NGO for underprivileged children . Along with the chartered accountant Bimal Parekh , Kapoor acquired ownership rights in 2014 for the Mumbai @-@ based football team of the Indian Super League , named Mumbai City FC . Also that year , Kapoor announced his participation with the digital music company Saavn as a content and programming adviser . In 2016 , he featured in the documentary series Girls with Goals , to create awareness about and raise funds for YUWA , an all @-@ girls football team in the state of Jharkhand .
Kapoor supports the empowerment of the girl child and is the goodwill ambassador of Shabana Azmi 's Mijwan Welfare Society , an NGO which helps empower women . He supports environmental charities , and in 2011 donated money to the Community Water Initiative , a charitable organisation owned by PepsiCo . In 2012 , he appeared alongside other celebrities in a short film by Zoya Akhtar to generate awareness on breast cancer . He is the campaign ambassador for NDTV 's Marks for Sports , a nationwide initiative to promote fitness and health in India . In 2013 , Kapoor participated in an auction on eBay , where the highest bidder gets an opportunity to interact with him ; the proceeds were donated to Save the Children , a non @-@ profit organisation that raised funds for flood affected households in Uttarakhand . That same year , he appeared alongside other celebrities in a commercial , produced by the National Film Development Corporation of India , to create awareness about children 's education . In December 2014 , Kapoor again took part in an eBay auction ; the phiran he wore in Rockstar was sold , with proceeds going to the redevelopment of the flood @-@ ravaged states of Kashmir and Assam . Kapoor had also fronted a campaign to collect donations for the victims of the April 2015 Nepal earthquake . In 2015 , he presented 2 @,@ 000 raincoats to the Mumbai traffic police as an appreciation for their service during the year 's heavy monsoon .
= = In the media = =
Born into a family of popular actors , Kapoor faced the media spotlight from a young age ; Hindustan Times published that " he was always a star kid from whom everyone had great expectations " . Despite the failure of his first film ( Saawariya ) , IANS reported that he " rose like [ a ] meteor on film firmament by giving compelling performances in films like Raajneeti , Rockstar and [ .. ] Barfi ! " Discussing the commercial viability of Kapoor , Apoorva Mehta ( the COO of Dharma Productions ) noted in 2013 , " In a short career span of 10 films , Ranbir Kapoor has achieved a tremendous jump in the business done by his films . " Also that year , The Economic Times credited him as " the most bankable actor of his generation " . However , following the success of Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani , each of Kapoor 's releases under @-@ performed at the box @-@ office . This led trade journalists to criticise his choice of films , noting that his inclination towards experimental projects negatively impacted his commercial appeal .
Nationally , Kapoor is one of the most popular and high @-@ profile celebrities . In 2012 and 2013 Forbes featured him among the top twenty in India 's Celebrity 100 , a list based on the income and popularity of the country 's celebrities . For the next two years , he was ranked 11th with an estimated annual earning of ₹ 93 @.@ 25 crore ( US $ 14 million ) and ₹ 85 crore ( US $ 13 million ) respectively , making him one of the highest @-@ paid actors in the country . Kapoor has frequently featured in Rediff.com 's annual listing of " Bollywood 's Best Actors " ; he was ranked second in 2009 , first in 2011 , third in 2012 , and held the sixth position in 2015 .
Kapoor has been cited as one of the most attractive Indian celebrities by the media . He has featured on The Times of India 's listing of the ' Most Desirable Man ' from 2010 to 2015 , ranking among the top ten each year . In 2009 People magazine listed him as the " Sexiest Man Alive " in India , and in 2013 he topped Filmfare 's poll of the " Most Stylish Young Actor " . Also in 2013 , he was one of the recipients of the " People of the Year " award by the Limca Book of Records . In 2010 , he was voted the " Sexiest Asian Man " in a poll conducted by the magazine Eastern Eye . Kapoor continued to feature among the top ten of the list from 2011 – 2014 . Kapoor is also the celebrity endorser for various brands and services , including Pepsi , Panasonic , Renault India , Lenovo and the Spanish football club FC Barcelona .
= = Filmography and awards = =
= = = Filmography = = =
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
Kapoor has been the recipient of five Filmfare Awards : Best Male Debut for Saawariya ( 2007 ) , Critics Award for Best Actor for Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) , Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani ( 2009 ) , and Rocket Singh : Salesman of the Year ( 2009 ) ( jointly for the three films ) , and Rockstar ( 2011 ) , and Best Actor awards for Rockstar ( 2011 ) and Barfi ! ( 2012 ) .
= Grangegorman killings =
The Grangegorman killings refers to the homicide on 6 March 1997 of Sylvia Shields and Mary Callinan , patients of St Brendan ’ s Psychiatric Hospital in Grangegorman , Dublin , Ireland . After giving a false confession , Dean Lyons was charged with the murders and placed on remand . In his statement to the Irish police force , the Garda Síochána ( commonly called the Gardaí ) , Lyons gave details that would only be known to the murderer or to the investigators . After Lyons was charged , Mark Nash confessed to the killings , but later retracted his confession . In April 2015 , Nash 's trial for the murder of Shields and Callinan began after an unsuccessful attempt to prevent the trial from going forward .
Lyons was described by one of the gardaí ( policemen ) involved in the case as a " Walter Mitty " character , and Dr Charles Smith , psychiatrist and director of the Central Mental Hospital , Dundrum , felt that he might be prone to exaggeration and attention seeking . A commission of investigation was set up to investigate the conduct of the gardaí in the case . Dean Lyons died from a heroin overdose in 2000 . He spent nine months in jail for a crime that he did not commit .
= = Murders = =
On the morning of 7 March 1997 , Sylvia Shields and Mary Callinan were found dead in No.1 Orchard View , Grangegorman , Dublin 7 . They were found by Ann Mernagh , another resident of the house , who raised the alarm at No.5 Orchard View . The house was a two story end of terrace house owned by the Eastern Health Board , and was used to provide sheltered accommodation for outpatients of St Brendan ’ s Psychiatric Hospital . The entire Orchard View area was completely demolished 15 years after the murders and is now an empty plot surrounded by a wall .
The two women had been repeatedly stabbed , their throats and faces had been cut . One of the women 's genitals had been extensively mutilated , and both women were partially undressed . The level of mutilation had never before been encountered in a murder investigation in Ireland . Neither of the women had been raped , and no semen was found at the scene . The killings were described as : " the most brutal murders in Irish criminal history " by the Irish Examiner newspaper
= = Initial investigation = =
After the alarm had been raised , a major investigation commenced involving detectives from the Dublin Metropolitan North Central Division and the National Bureau of Criminal Investigation ( NBCI ) . The house and the surrounding area were subject to a forensic examination by the Garda Technical Bureau . Gardaí performed house to house inquiries , took more than 1000 statements , and interviewed over 250 suspects . A postmortem examination of the bodies was made by the State Pathologist , Professor John Harbison ; his first report was delivered on 13 March 1997 . No material was found either by the forensic examination of the scene or by the postmortem examination that would have linked a suspect to the crime .
From the beginning of the investigation until 26 July 1997 , the Gardaí had no main suspect . In April 1997 , they engaged a team of criminal psychologists to develop a profile of the killer . Among other items in their initial report , they said that " THE OFFENDER WAS EXTREMELY DANGEROUS AND WAS LIKELY TO REOFFEND " ( emphasis in original ) , and that the killer was likely to have had prior experience of burglary . A local resident had noticed someone acting suspiciously a week or two before the killings ; his statement to the Gardaí was used to make a facial composite :
" I would describe this fellow as about 6 @-@ foot to 6 @-@ foot 2 , aged 35 to 38 years , very slim , had a black moustache , long at the side . He had a stubble which was very noticeable , a week or two ’ s growth . The moustache was much thicker than the stubble . He had dark hair , straight and to the shoulder . His hair was split at the middle in the front and brushed to each side . He had a long thin face . He had dark eyes and dark eyebrows . He was badly dressed as if the clothes did not suit him . He was dirty looking but not scruffy looking . He was wearing jeans that had a flare , blue in colour . He had dirty white runners on . He was wearing an anorak type coat which came down a few inches below the waist . The coat was zipped up and was a bright colour like a bright brown colour without a hood . "
As a result of the psychological profile , the Gardaí broadcast an appeal for information on the RTÉ television programme Crimeline with a request for people whose houses had been broken into in the Grangegorman area to contact them . After interviewing a number of people involved in burglary , they discovered that Dean Lyons had been talking about the killings . Lyons matched the facial composite released by the gardaí and he was questioned on 26 July 1997 .
= = Dean Lyons = =
Dean Lyons was born on 20 April 1973 ; he was 24 when he was arrested . He grew up in Tallaght in West Dublin , the fourth in a family of six children . He went to Scoil Aonghusa National School in Tallaght , where he had some difficulty with his schoolwork . According to his teachers , in today 's terms , he would have been classified as having a moderate general learning disability . He was assessed by a psychologist when he was in sixth class , around the age of twelve , who found him to have an intelligence quotient of 70 . As a result of the psychologist 's report , Lyons was moved to St. Joseph 's Special School in Tallaght . During his period in St. Joseph 's , he developed a reputation for attention seeking and storytelling . After school , he never held down a steady job and drifted into heroin addiction and homelessness . At the time of his arrest for the Grangegorman murders , he had one conviction for burglary , and had
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which is formed through the conglomeration of the Rawlinson Range in the south , with the Cromwell Mountains in the east . These meet in the centre of the peninsula to form the Saruwaged Range massif , which joins the Finisterre Range further west . Apart from a thin , flat coastal strip , at the time of the campaign , the area was thickly covered with dense jungle , through which very few tracks had been cut .
During planning , the Allies identified three areas as key and decisive terrain in the area : the beach north of Katika , which was later codenamed " Scarlet " by the Allies , the 3 @,@ 150 @-@ foot ( 960 m ) high peak called Sattelberg 5 miles ( 8 km ) to the south west , which dominated the area due to its height , and Finschhafen , possessing a small airfield and sitting on the coast in a bay which offered protected harbour facilities . Before the war , the town had a population of about 30 white and 60 native people . There were good anchorages for vessels of up to 5 @,@ 000 tons in Dreger Harbour , Langemak Bay , and Finsch Harbour . The flat coastal strip provided a number of potential airfield sites . German names abounded in the area because the Territory of New Guinea was a German colony from 1884 until it was occupied by Australia in 1914 .
= = Prelude = =
= = = Intelligence = = =
Allied estimates of the number of Japanese troops in the Finschhafen area varied . Brigadier General Charles A. Willoughby , the Assistant Chief of Staff ( G @-@ 2 ) , and therefore the head of the intelligence branch at MacArthur 's GHQ , considered Finschhafen to be primarily a transhipment point , and the troops there to be mainly from line of communication units . The fall of Lae ended its utility , so he reduced his estimate of the number of Japanese troops in the area to 350 . Based on this appreciation , GHQ believed that Finschhafen would be a " pushover " .
There was reason to believe otherwise . A ten @-@ man Allied Intelligence Bureau patrol that included three Australian officers , an American amphibian scout from the US Army 's 532nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment , a signaller from Z Special Unit , and native soldiers , was landed during the night of 11 / 12 September in rubber boats launched from two PT boats . The scouts were unable to obtain the hydrographic information they sought due to Japanese patrols in the area . A number of machine @-@ gun nests were identified during their reconnaissance of the enemy positions before they were extracted on 14 September .
As had happened during the Kokoda Track campaign and the Battle of Buna – Gona , estimates by Australian intelligence differed greatly from those at GHQ , as they used different methods . The intelligence staff at Blamey 's Allied Land Forces Headquarters ( LHQ ) , headed by Brigadier J. D. Rogers , had come up with a much higher figure of 3 @,@ 000 . I Corps produced an estimate of 1 @,@ 800 , which was passed on along with GHQ 's estimate . The Allies ' best source of intelligence , Ultra , shone no light on the matter . Finschhafen was mentioned in only five decrypted messages in the previous three months . Most of these were in the insecure Japanese Water Transport Code . Only after the capture of Japanese codebooks in the Battle of Sio in January 1944 were the Allies able to systematically break into the Japanese Army codes . In fact , Japanese strength in the area on 22 September was about 5 @,@ 000 .
= = = Planning = = =
Two contingency plans had been prepared by Lieutenant General Sir Edmund Herring 's I Corps . One was a ship @-@ to @-@ shore operation by the 6th Division 's 16th Infantry Brigade or the 7th Infantry Brigade , a Militia formation at Milne Bay ; the other was for a shore @-@ to @-@ shore operation by a brigade of Major General George Wootten 's 9th Division . The operation was codenamed " Diminish " , which was in fact that of Finschhafen itself . In the plan produced by I Corps on 24 August 1943 , Herring selected beaches immediately south of the Song River for the landing . Indications were that it was suitable for landing craft . Most of the Japanese defenders and defences were believed to be facing south in anticipation of an Australian overland advance from Lae . It avoided having to cross the Mape River , which was believed to be a significant obstacle . The landing beach became known as Scarlet Beach from the post @-@ landing red screens and lights used to guide landing craft . The left end of the beach was marked with a solid red panel mounted on tent poles , the right with one alternating red and white . At night , the left would have a red light , and the right one alternating red and white . This scheme had first been used at Red Beach during the landing at Lae . To avoid confusion of having two Red Beaches , the landing beach was called Scarlet Beach instead .
On 16 September , the day Lae fell , MacArthur ordered that Finschhafen be captured as soon as possible . The following day he held a conference at Port Moresby . He and Blamey selected the second contingency , a landing by a brigade of the 9th Division . Brigadier Victor Windeyer 's 20th Infantry Brigade was chosen as it was still relatively fresh , and had experience with amphibious operations from the landing at Lae . The 6th Division 's movement to New Guinea was postponed . Rear Admiral Daniel E. Barbey , the commander of the VII Amphibious Force , had originally counted on four weeks break between the fall of Lae and the Finschhafen operation . On 9 September , he had told Herring that it would require a minimum of ten days . Under pressure from MacArthur , Barbey cut that to three days . This was too soon for Herring to get the troops together , and 21 September was selected as the target date . Herring briefed Windeyer on the operation on 18 September . Windeyer felt that the schedule was still too tight , and it was postponed one more day to 22 September .
As at Lae , the first wave , consisting of two companies each from the 2 / 13th and 2 / 7th Infantry Battalions , would land in plywood LCP ( R ) s launched by the four destroyer transports , the USS Brooks , Gilmer , Humphreys , and Sands . The remainder of the assault would land in six LSTs , 15 LCIs , and six LCTs of the VII Amphibious Force , and 10 LCMs and 15 LCVPs of the 532nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment . The total force would number about 5 @,@ 300 . The 9th Division would be limited to taking 15 days ' supplies . One of the lessons of the Lae operation was the need for a naval beach party to take soundings , mark the beaches and channels , and handle communications between ship and shore . US Navy doctrine held that these should be composed of personnel drawn from the attack transports , but none were involved in the Lae or Finschhafen operations . For Finschhafen , an eight @-@ man Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) Beach Party was organised under Lieutenant Commander J. M. Band .
A set of oblique aerial photographs of Scarlet Beach were taken on 19 September by the USAAF 's 8th Photo Reconnaissance Squadron , the only unit in SWPA with the equipment to take them , that showed a shallow sand bar along the southern half of the beach , rendering it unsuitable for landing craft . This left beaching space for only three LSTs . The landing plan was changed so only three of the six LSTs would beach with the initial assault , the other three returning to Buna , and arriving on the beach at 23 : 00 that night . Herring considered that spreading the LST arrivals might make unloading easier . Wootten noted that this would mean that one battery of 25 @-@ pounders , one light antiaircraft battery , a quarter of the engineer stores , and the casualty clearing station would have to arrive with the second group . Ironically , soundings taken by the RAN Beach Party after the landing revealed that the " sand bar " was actually a white shingle bottom , and in fact the beach was ideally suited to LST operations .
The main point of disagreement between Herring and Barbey concerned the timing of the landing . Barbey and the Commander of Allied Naval Forces , Vice Admiral Arthur S. Carpender , did not want a repeat of what happened at Lae , when two LCIs were lost and two LSTs were badly damaged . Although the USAAF and RAAF attacked Japanese air bases in New Britain , this did not stop nine Japanese bombers and 10 fighters attacking Nadzab on 20 September . Moreover , some 23 Japanese warships were sighted in the harbour at Rabaul , and there were reports of Japanese submarines in the area . Accordingly , Barbey proposed landing at 02 : 00 under a quarter moon , which would allow his ships to unload and get away soon after dawn . Noting that it was the rainy season , and the sky would therefore likely be overcast , Herring doubted that the VII Amphibious Force would be able to locate the beach , and pressed for a dawn landing at 05 : 15 . In the end , a compromise was reached on 04 : 45 . Samuel Eliot Morison , the US Naval historian , noted that :
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now does 112 . Pulling out privileges of the class directly above is considered " Good Bull " , but pulling out two classes or more is " Bad Bull . " Members of the Corps of Cadets generally take privileged words more seriously than non @-@ reg students .
= Hypertension =
Hypertension ( HTN or HT ) , also known as high blood pressure ( HBP ) , is a long term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated . High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms . Long term high blood pressure , however , is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease , stroke , heart failure , peripheral vascular disease , vision loss , and chronic kidney disease .
High blood pressure is classified as either primary ( essential ) high blood pressure or secondary high blood pressure . About 90 – 95 % of cases are primary , defined as high blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and genetic factors . Lifestyle factors that increase the risk include excess salt , excess body weight , smoking , and alcohol . The remaining 5 – 10 % of cases are categorized as secondary high blood pressure , defined as high blood pressure due to an identifiable cause , such as chronic kidney disease , narrowing of the kidney arteries , an endocrine disorder , or the use of birth control pills .
Blood pressure is expressed by two measurements , the systolic and diastolic pressures , which are the maximum and minimum pressures , respectively . Normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100 – 140 millimeters mercury ( mmHg ) systolic and 60 – 90 mmHg diastolic . High blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 140 / 90 mmHg for most adults . Different numbers apply to children . Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over a 24 @-@ hour period appears more accurate than office best blood pressure measurement .
Lifestyle changes and medications can lower blood pressure and decrease the risk of health complications . Lifestyle changes include weight loss , decreased salt intake , physical exercise , and a healthy diet . If lifestyle changes are not sufficient blood pressure medications are used . Up to three medications controls blood pressure in 90 % of people . The treatment of moderately high arterial blood pressure ( defined as > 160 / 100 mmHg ) with medications is associated with an improved life expectancy . The effect of treatment of blood pressure between 140 / 90 mmHg and 160 / 100 mmHg is less clear , with some reviews finding benefit and others not finding benefit . High blood pressure affects between 16 and 37 % of the population globally . In 2010 hypertension was believed to have been a factor in 18 % ( 9 @.@ 4 million ) deaths .
= = Signs and symptoms = =
Hypertension is rarely accompanied by any symptoms , and its identification is usually through screening , or when seeking healthcare for an unrelated problem . Some with high blood pressure report headaches ( particularly at the back of the head and in the morning ) , as well as lightheadedness , vertigo , tinnitus ( buzzing or hissing in the ears ) , altered vision or fainting episodes . These symptoms , however , might be related to associated anxiety rather than the high blood pressure itself .
On physical examination , hypertension may be associated with the presence of changes in the optic fundus seen by ophthalmoscopy . The severity of the changes typical of hypertensive retinopathy is graded from I – IV ; grades I and II may be difficult to differentiate . The severity of the retinopathy correlates roughly with the duration and / or the severity of the hypertension .
= = = Secondary hypertension = = =
Hypertension with certain specific additional signs and symptoms may suggest secondary hypertension , i.e. hypertension due to an identifiable cause . For example , Cushing 's syndrome frequently causes truncal obesity , glucose intolerance , moon face , a hump of fat behind the neck / shoulder , and purple abdominal stretch marks . Hyperthyroidism frequently causes weight loss with increased appetite , fast heart rate , bulging eyes , and tremor . Renal artery stenosis ( RAS ) may be associated with a localized abdominal bruit to the left or right of the midline ( unilateral RAS ) , or in both locations ( bilateral RAS ) . Coarctation of the aorta frequently causes a decreased blood pressure in the lower extremities relative to the arms , and / or delayed or absent femoral arterial pulses . Pheochromocytoma may cause abrupt ( " paroxysmal " ) episodes of hypertension accompanied by headache , palpitations , pale appearance , and excessive sweating .
= = = Hypertensive crisis = = =
Severely elevated blood pressure ( equal to or greater than a systolic 180 or diastolic of 110 ) is referred to as a hypertensive crisis . Hypertensive crisis is categorized as either hypertensive urgency or hypertensive emergency , according to the absence or presence of end organ damage , respectively .
In hypertensive urgency , there is no evidence of end organ damage resulting from the elevated blood pressure . In these cases , oral medications are used to lower the BP gradually over 24 to 48 hours .
In hypertensive emergency , there is evidence of direct damage to one or more organs . The most affected organs include the brain , kidney , heart and lungs , producing symptoms which may include confusion , drowsiness , chest pain and breathlessness . In hypertensive emergency , the blood pressure must be reduced more rapidly to stop ongoing organ damage , however , there is a lack of randomised controlled trial evidence for this approach .
= = = Pregnancy = = =
Hypertension occurs in approximately 8 – 10 % of pregnancies . Two blood pressure measurements six hours apart of greater than 140 / 90 mm Hg is considered diagnostic of hypertension in pregnancy . High blood pressure in pregnancy can be classified as pre @-@ existing hypertension , gestational hypertension or pre @-@ eclampsia .
Pre @-@ eclampsia is a serious condition of the second half of pregnancy and following delivery characterised by increased blood pressure and the presence of protein in the urine . It occurs in about 5 % of pregnancies and is responsible for approximately 16 % of all maternal deaths globally . Pre @-@ eclampsia also doubles the risk of perinatal mortality . Usually there are no symptoms in pre @-@ eclampsia and it is detected by routine screening . When symptoms of pre @-@ eclampsia occur the most common are headache , visual disturbance ( often " flashing lights " ) , vomiting , pain over the stomach , and swelling . Pre @-@ eclampsia can occasionally progress to a life @-@ threatening condition called eclampsia , which is a hypertensive emergency and has several serious complications including vision loss , brain swelling , seizures , kidney failure , pulmonary edema , and disseminated intravascular coagulation ( a blood clotting disorder ) .
In contrast , gestational hypertension is defined as new @-@ onset hypertension during pregnancy without protein in the urine .
= = = Children = = =
Failure to thrive , seizures , irritability , lack of energy , and difficulty in breathing can be associated with hypertension in neonates and young infants . In older infants and children , hypertension can cause headache , unexplained irritability , fatigue , failure to thrive , blurred vision , nosebleeds , and facial paralysis .
= = Causes = =
= = = Primary hypertension = = =
Hypertension results from a complex interaction of genes and environmental factors . Numerous common genetic variants with small effects on blood pressure have been identified as well as some rare genetic variants with large effects on blood pressure . Also , GWAS have identified 35 genetic loci related to blood pressure ; 12 of these genetic loci influencing blood pressure were newly found . Sentinel SNP for each new genetic loci identified has shown an association with DNA methylation at multiple nearby Cpg sites . These sentinel SNP are located within genes related to vascular smooth muscle and renal function . DNA methylation might affect in some way linking common genetic variation to multiple phenotypes even though mechanisms underlying these associations are not understood . Single variant test performed in this study for the 35 sentinel SNP ( known and new ) showed that genetic variants singly or in aggregate contribute to risk of clinical phenotypes related to high blood pressure .
Blood pressure rises with aging and the risk of becoming hypertensive in later life is considerable . Several environmental factors influence blood pressure . High salt intake raises the blood pressure in salt sensitive individuals ; lack of exercise , obesity , stress , and depression can play a role in individual cases . The possible role of other factors such as caffeine consumption , and vitamin D deficiency are less clear . Insulin resistance , which is common in obesity and is a component of syndrome X ( or the metabolic syndrome ) , is also thought to contribute to hypertension . Events in early life , such as low birth weight , maternal smoking , and lack of breast feeding may be risk factors for adult essential hypertension , although the mechanisms linking these exposures to adult hypertension remain unclear . An increased rate of high blood urea has been found in untreated people with hypertensive in comparison with people with normal blood pressure , although it is uncertain whether the former plays a causal role or is subsidiary to poor kidney function .
= = = Secondary hypertension = = =
Secondary hypertension results from an identifiable cause . Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension . Hypertension can also be caused by endocrine conditions , such as Cushing 's syndrome , hyperthyroidism , hypothyroidism , acromegaly , Conn 's syndrome or hyperaldosteronism , hyperparathyroidism and pheochromocytoma . Other causes of secondary hypertension include obesity , sleep apnea , pregnancy , coarctation of the aorta , excessive liquorice consumption and certain prescription medicines , herbal remedies and illegal drugs . Arsenic exposure through drinking water has been shown to correlate with elevated blood pressure .
= = Pathophysiology = =
In most people with established essential hypertension , increased resistance to blood flow ( total peripheral resistance ) accounts for the high pressure while cardiac output remains normal . There is evidence that some younger people with prehypertension or ' borderline hypertension ' have high cardiac output , an elevated heart rate and normal peripheral resistance , termed hyperkinetic borderline hypertension . These individuals develop the typical features of established essential hypertension in later life as their cardiac output falls and peripheral resistance rises with age . Whether this pattern is typical of all people who ultimately develop hypertension is disputed . The increased peripheral resistance in established hypertension is mainly attributable to structural narrowing of small arteries and arterioles , although a reduction in the number or density of capillaries may also contribute . Whether increased active arteriolar vasoconstriction plays a role in established essential hypertension is unclear . Hypertension is also associated with decreased peripheral venous compliance which may increase venous return , increase cardiac preload and , ultimately , cause diastolic dysfunction .
Pulse pressure ( the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure ) is frequently increased in older people with hypertension . This can mean that systolic pressure is abnormally high , but diastolic pressure may be normal or low — a condition termed isolated systolic hypertension . The high pulse pressure in elderly people with hypertension or isolated systolic hypertension is explained by increased arterial stiffness , which typically accompanies aging and may be exacerbated by high blood pressure .
Many mechanisms have been proposed to account for the rise in peripheral resistance in hypertension . Most evidence implicates either disturbances in the kidneys ' salt and water handling ( particularly abnormalities in the intrarenal renin @-@ angiotensin system ) and / or abnormalities of the sympathetic nervous system . These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and it is likely that both contribute to some extent in most cases of essential hypertension . It has also been suggested that endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation may also contribute to increased peripheral resistance and vascular damage in hypertension . Interleukin 17 has garnered interest for its role in increasing the production of several other immune system chemical signals thought to be involved in hypertension such as tumor necrosis factor alpha , interleukin 1 , interleukin 6 , and interleukin 8 .
= = Diagnosis = =
Hypertension is diagnosed on the basis of a persistently high blood pressure . Traditionally , the National Institute of Clinical Excellence recommends three separate sphygmomanometer measurements at monthly intervals . The American Heart Association recommends at least three measurements on at least two separate health care visits . Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over 12 to 24 hours is the most accurate method to confirm the diagnosis .
An exception to this is those with very high blood pressure readings especially when there is poor organ function . Initial assessment of the hypertensive people should include a complete history and physical examination . With the availability of 24 @-@ hour ambulatory blood pressure monitors and home blood pressure machines , the importance of not wrongly diagnosing those who have white coat hypertension has led to a change in protocols . In the United Kingdom , current best practice is to follow up a single raised clinic reading with ambulatory measurement , or less ideally with home blood pressure monitoring over the course of 7 days . The United States Preventative Services Task Force also recommends getting measurements outside of the healthcare environment . Pseudohypertension in the elderly or noncompressibility artery syndrome may also require consideration . This condition is believed to be due to calcification of the arteries resulting in abnormally high blood pressure readings with a blood pressure cuff while intra arterial measurements of blood pressure are normal . Orthostatic hypertension is when blood pressure increases upon standing .
Once the diagnosis of hypertension has been made , healthcare providers should attempt to identify the underlying cause based on risk factors and other symptoms , if present . Secondary hypertension is more common in preadolescent children , with most cases caused by kidney disease . Primary or essential hypertension is more common in adolescents and has multiple risk factors , including obesity and a family history of hypertension . Laboratory tests can also be performed to identify possible causes of secondary hypertension , and to determine whether hypertension has caused damage to the heart , eyes , and kidneys . Additional tests for diabetes and high cholesterol levels are usually performed because these conditions are additional risk factors for the development of heart disease and may require treatment .
Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease , which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension . Serum creatinine alone may overestimate glomerular filtration rate and recent guidelines advocate the use of predictive equations such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease ( MDRD ) formula to estimate glomerular filtration rate ( eGFR ) . eGFR can also provide a baseline measurement of kidney function that can be used to monitor for side effects of certain antihypertensive drugs on kidney function . Additionally , testing of urine samples for protein is used as a secondary indicator of kidney disease . Electrocardiogram ( EKG / ECG ) testing is done to check for evidence that the heart is under strain from high blood pressure . It may also show whether there is thickening of the heart muscle ( left ventricular hypertrophy ) or whether the heart has experienced a prior minor disturbance such as a silent heart attack . A chest X @-@ ray or an echocardiogram may also be performed to look for signs of heart enlargement or damage to the heart .
= = = Adults = = =
In people aged 18 years or older hypertension is defined as a systolic and / or a diastolic blood pressure measurement consistently higher than an accepted normal value ( currently 139 mmHg systolic , 89 mmHg diastolic : see table — Classification ( JNC7 ) ) . Lower thresholds are used ( 135 mmHg systolic or 85 mmHg diastolic ) if measurements are derived from 24 @-@ hour ambulatory or home monitoring . Recent international hypertension guidelines have also created categories below the hypertensive range to indicate a continuum of risk with higher blood pressures in the normal range . JNC7 ( 2003 ) uses the term prehypertension for blood pressure in the range 120 – 139 mmHg systolic and / or 80 – 89 mmHg diastolic , while ESH @-@ ESC Guidelines ( 2007 ) and BHS IV ( 2004 ) use optimal , normal and high normal categories to subdivide pressures below 140 mmHg systolic and 90 mmHg diastolic . Hypertension is also sub @-@ classified : JNC7 distinguishes hypertension stage I , hypertension stage II , and isolated systolic hypertension . Isolated systolic hypertension refers to elevated systolic pressure with normal diastolic pressure and is common in the elderly . The ESH @-@ ESC Guidelines ( 2007 ) and BHS IV ( 2004 ) additionally define a third stage ( stage III hypertension ) for people with systolic blood pressure exceeding 179 mmHg or a diastolic pressure over 109 mmHg . Hypertension is classified as " resistant " if medications do not reduce blood pressure to normal levels .
= = = Children = = =
Hypertension occurs in around 0 @.@ 2 to 3 % of newborns ; however , blood pressure is not measured routinely in healthy newborns . Hypertension is more common in high risk newborns . A variety of factors , such as gestational age , postconceptional age and birth weight needs to be taken into account when deciding if a blood pressure is normal in a newborn .
Hypertension defined as elevated blood pressure over several visits affects 1 % to 5 % of children and adolescents and is associated with long term risks of ill @-@ health . Blood pressure rises with age in childhood and , in children , hypertension is defined as an average systolic or diastolic blood pressure on three or more occasions equal or higher than the 95th percentile appropriate for the sex , age and height of the child . High blood pressure must be confirmed on repeated visits however before characterizing a child as having hypertension . Prehypertension in children has been defined as average systolic or diastolic blood pressure that is greater than or equal to the 90th percentile , but less than the 95th percentile . In adolescents , it has been proposed that hypertension and pre @-@ hypertension are diagnosed and classified using the same criteria as in adults .
The value of routine screening for hypertension in children over the age of 3 years is debated . In 2004 the National High Blood Pressure Education Program recommended that children aged 3 years and older have blood pressure measurement at least once at every health care visit and the National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute and American Academy of Pediatrics made a similar recommendation . However , the American Academy of Family Physicians support the view of the U.S. preventive Services Task Force that evidence is insufficient to determine the balance of benefits and harms of screening for hypertension in children and adolescents who do not have symptoms .
= = Prevention = =
Much of the disease burden of high blood pressure is experienced by people who are not labeled as hypertensive . Consequently , population strategies are required to reduce the consequences of high blood pressure and reduce the need for antihypertensive drug therapy . Lifestyle changes are recommended to lower blood pressure , before starting drug therapy . The 2004 British Hypertension Society guidelines proposed the following lifestyle changes consistent with those outlined by the US National High BP Education Program in 2002 for the primary prevention of hypertension :
maintain normal body weight for adults ( e.g. body mass index 20 – 25 kg / m2 )
reduce dietary sodium intake to < 100 mmol / day ( < 6 g of sodium chloride or < 2 @.@ 4 g of sodium per day )
engage in regular aerobic physical activity such as brisk walking ( ≥ 30 min per day , most days of the week )
limit alcohol consumption to no more than 3 units / day in men and no more than 2 units / day in women
consume a diet rich in fruit and vegetables ( e.g. at least five portions per day ) ;
Effective lifestyle modification may lower blood pressure as much as an individual antihypertensive drug . Combinations of two or more lifestyle modifications can achieve even better results .
= = Management = =
According to one review published in 2003 , reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34 % , of ischaemic heart disease by 21 % , and reduce the likelihood of dementia , heart failure , and mortality from cardiovascular disease .
= = = Target blood pressure = = =
Various expert groups have produced guidelines regarding how low the blood pressure target should be when a person is treated for hypertension . These groups recommend a target below the range 140 @-@ 160 / 90 @-@ 100 mmHg for the general population . Controversy exists regarding the appropriate targets for certain subgroups , including the elderly , people with diabetes and people with kidney disease .
Many expert groups recommend a slightly higher target of 150 / 90 mmHg for those over 80 years of age . One expert group , the JNC @-@ 8 , recommends the target of 150 / 90 mmHg for those over 60 years of age , but some experts within this group disagree with this recommendation . Some expert groups have also recommended slightly lower targets in those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease with proteinuria , but others recommend the same target as for the general population . In 2015 a large trial suggests that among people over 50 with increased heart disease risk , aiming to reduce systolic blood pressure to 120 mmHg was associated with lower mortality but increased side effects compared to a target of 140 mmHg .
= = = Lifestyle modifications = = =
The first line of treatment for hypertension is lifestyle changes , including dietary changes , physical exercise , and weight loss . Though these have all been recommended in scientific advisories , a review by Cochrane found no evidence for effects of weight loss diets on death or long @-@ term complications and adverse events in persons with hypertension . The review did find a decrease in blood pressure . Their potential effectiveness is similar to and at times exceeds a single medication . If hypertension is high enough to justify immediate use of medications , lifestyle changes are still recommended in conjunction with medication .
Dietary changes shown to reduce blood pressure include diets with low sodium , the DASH diet , vegetarian diets and high potassium diets .
Physical exercise regimens which are shown to reduce blood pressure include isometric resistance exercise , aerobic exercise , resistance exercise , and device @-@ guided breathing .
Stress reduction techniques such as biofeedback or transcendental meditation may be considered as an add @-@ on to other treatments to reduce hypertension , but do not have evidence for preventing cardiovascular disease on their own .
= = = Medications = = =
Several classes of medications , collectively referred to as antihypertensive medications , are available for treating hypertension .
First line medications for hypertension include thiazide @-@ diuretics , calcium channel blockers , angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers . These medications may be used alone or in combination ; the latter option may serve to minimize counter @-@ regulatory mechanisms that act to revert blood pressure values to pre @-@ treatment levels . The majority of people require more than one medication to control their hypertension .
= = = Resistant hypertension = = =
Resistant hypertension is defined as hypertension that remains above goal blood pressure in spite of using , at once , three antihypertensive medications belonging to different drug classes . Low adherence to treatment is an important cause of resistant hypertension . Resistant hypertension may also represent the result of chronic high activity of the autonomic nervous system ; this concept is known as " neurogenic hypertension " .
= = Epidemiology = =
= = = Adults = = =
As of 2000 , nearly one billion people or ~ 26 % of the adult population of the world had hypertension . It was common in both developed ( 333 million ) and undeveloped ( 639 million ) countries . However , rates vary markedly in different regions with rates as low as 3 @.@ 4 % ( men ) and 6 @.@ 8 % ( women ) in rural India and as high as 68 @.@ 9 % ( men ) and 72 @.@ 5 % ( women ) in Poland . In Europe hypertension occurs in about 30 @-@ 45 % of people as of 2013 .
In 1995 it was estimated that 43 million people in the United States had hypertension or were taking antihypertensive medication , almost 24 % of the adult United States population . The prevalence of hypertension in the United States is increasing and reached 29 % in 2004 . As of 2006 hypertension affects 76 million US adults ( 34 % of the population ) and African American adults have among the highest rates of hypertension in the world at 44 % . It is more common in blacks and Filipinos and less in whites and Mexican Americans , rates increase with age , and is greater in the southeastern United States . Hypertension is more common in men ( though menopause tends to decrease this difference ) and in those of low socioeconomic status .
= = = Children = = =
Rates of high blood pressure in children and adolescents have increased in the last 20 years in the United States . Childhood hypertension , particularly in preadolescents , is more often secondary to an underlying disorder than in adults . Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension in children and adolescents . Nevertheless , primary or essential hypertension accounts for most cases .
= = Outcomes = =
Hypertension is the most important preventable risk factor for premature death worldwide . It increases the risk of ischemic heart disease strokes , peripheral vascular disease , and other cardiovascular diseases , including heart failure , aortic aneurysms , diffuse atherosclerosis , chronic kidney disease , and pulmonary embolism . Hypertension is also a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia . Other complications include hypertensive retinopathy and hypertensive nephropathy .
= = History = =
= = = Measurement = = =
Modern understanding of the cardiovascular system began with the work of physician William Harvey ( 1578 – 1657 ) , who described the circulation of blood in his book " De motu cordis " . The English clergyman Stephen Hales made the first published measurement of blood pressure in 1733 . However hypertension as a clinical entity came into being in 1896 with the invention of the cuff @-@ based sphygmomanometer by Scipione Riva @-@ Rocci in 1896 . This allowed the measurement of blood pressure in the clinic . In 1905 , Nikolai Korotkoff improved the technique by describing the Korotkoff sounds that are heard when the artery is ausculated with a stethoscope while the sphygmomanometer cuff is deflated .
= = = Identification = = =
The symptoms similar to symptoms of patients with hypertensive crisis are discussed in medieval Persian medical texts in the chapter of " fullness disease " . The symptoms include headache , heaviness in the head , sluggish movements , general redness and warm to touch feel of the body , prominent , distended and tense vessels , fullness of the pulse , distension of the skin , coloured and dense urine , loss of appetite , weak eyesight , impairment of thinking , yawning , drowsiness , vascular rupture , and hemorrhagic stroke . Fullness disease was presumed to be due to an excessive amount of blood within the blood vessels .
Descriptions of hypertension as a disease came among others from Thomas Young in 1808 and especially Richard Bright in 1836 . The first report of elevated blood pressure in a person without evidence of kidney disease was made by Frederick Akbar Mahomed ( 1849 – 1884 ) .
= = = Treatment = = =
Historically the treatment for what was called the " hard pulse disease " consisted in reducing the quantity of blood by bloodletting or the application of leeches . This was advocated by The Yellow Emperor of China , Cornelius Celsus , Galen , and Hippocrates . The therapeutic approach for the treatment of hard pulse disease included changes in lifestyle ( staying away from anger and sexual intercourse ) and dietary program for patients ( avoiding the consumption of wine , meat , and pastries , reducing the volume of food in a meal , maintaining a low @-@ energy diet and the dietary usage of spinach and vinegar ) .
In the 19th and 20th centuries , before effective pharmacological treatment for hypertension became possible , three treatment modalities were used , all with numerous side @-@ effects : strict sodium restriction ( for example the rice diet ) , symp
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those objects in stable orbits ( the Kuiper belt ) from those in scattered orbits ( the scattered disc and the centaurs ) . However , the difference between the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc is not clearcut , and many astronomy see the scattered disc not as a separate population but as an outward region of the Kuiper belt . Another term used is " scattered Kuiper @-@ belt object " ( or SKBO ) for bodies of the scattered disc .
Morbidelli and Brown propose that the difference between objects in the Kuiper @-@ belt and scattered @-@ disc objects is that the latter bodies " are transported in semi @-@ major axis by close and distant encounters with Neptune " , but the former experienced no such close encounters . This delineation is inadequate ( as they note ) over the age of the Solar System , since bodies " trapped in resonances " could " pass from a scattering phase to a non @-@ scattering phase ( and vice versa ) numerous times " . That is , trans @-@ Neptunian objects could travel back and forth between the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc over time . Therefore , they chose instead to define the regions , rather than the objects , defining the scattered disc as " the region of orbital space that can be visited by bodies that have encountered Neptune " within the radius of a Hill sphere , and the Kuiper belt as its " complement ... in the a > 30 AU region " ; the region of the Solar System populated by objects with semi @-@ major axes greater than 30 AU .
= = = Detached objects = = =
The Minor Planet Center classifies the trans @-@ Neptunian object 90377 Sedna as a scattered @-@ disc object . Its discoverer Michael E. Brown has suggested instead that it should be considered an inner Oort @-@ cloud object rather than a member of the scattered disc , because , with a perihelion distance of 76 AU , it is too remote to be affected by the gravitational attraction of the outer planets . Under this definition , an object with a perihelion greater than 40 AU could be classified as outside the scattered disc .
Sedna is not the only such object : 2000 CR105 ( discovered before Sedna ) and 2004 VN112 have a perihelion too far away from Neptune to be influenced by it . This led to a discussion among astronomers about a new minor planet set , called the extended scattered disc ( E @-@ SDO ) . 2000 CR105 may also be an inner Oort @-@ cloud object or ( more likely ) a transitional object between the scattered disc and the inner Oort cloud . More recently , these objects have been referred to as " detached " , or distant detached objects ( DDO ) .
There are no clear boundaries between the scattered and detached regions . Gomes et al. define SDOs as having " highly eccentric orbits , perihelia beyond Neptune , and semi @-@ major axes beyond the 1 : 2 resonance . " By this definition , all distant detached objects are SDOs . Since detached objects ' orbits cannot be produced by Neptune scattering , alternative scattering mechanisms have been put forward , including a passing star or a distant , planet @-@ sized object .
A scheme introduced by a 2005 report from the Deep Ecliptic Survey by J. L. Elliott et al. distinguishes between two categories : scattered @-@ near ( i.e. typical SDOs ) and scattered @-@ extended ( i.e. detached objects ) . Scattered @-@ near objects are those whose orbits are non @-@ resonant , non @-@ planetary @-@ orbit @-@ crossing and have a Tisserand parameter ( relative to Neptune ) less than 3 . Scattered @-@ extended objects have a Tisserand parameter ( relative to Neptune ) greater than 3 and have a time @-@ averaged eccentricity greater than 0 @.@ 2 .
An alternative classification , introduced by B. J. Gladman , B. G. Marsden and C. Van Laerhoven in 2007 , uses 10 @-@ million @-@ year orbit integration instead of the Tisserand parameter . An object qualifies as an SDO if its orbit is not resonant , has a semi @-@ major axis no greater than 2000 AU , and , during the integration , its semi @-@ major axis shows an excursion of 1 @.@ 5 AU or more . Gladman et al. suggest the term scattering disk object to emphasize this present mobility . If the object is not an SDO as per the above definition , but the eccentricity of its orbit is greater than 0 @.@ 240 , it is classified as a detached TNO . ( Objects with smaller eccentricity are considered classical . ) In this scheme , the disc extends from the orbit of Neptune to 2000 AU , the region referred to as the inner Oort cloud .
= = Orbits = =
The scattered disc is a very dynamic environment . Because they are still capable of being perturbed by Neptune , SDOs ' orbits are always in danger of disruption ; either of being sent outward to the Oort cloud or inward into the centaur population and ultimately the Jupiter family of comets . For this reason Gladman et al. prefer to refer to the region as the scattering disc , rather than scattered . Unlike Kuiper @-@ belt objects ( KBOs ) , the orbits of scattered @-@ disc objects can be inclined as much as 40 ° from the ecliptic .
SDOs are typically characterized by orbits with medium and high eccentricities with a semi @-@ major axis greater than 50 AU , but their perihelia bring them within influence of Neptune . Having a perihelion of roughly 30 AU is one of the defining characteristics of scattered objects , as it allows Neptune to exert its gravitational influence .
The classical objects ( cubewanos ) are very different from the scattered objects : more than 30 % of all cubewanos are on low @-@ inclination , near @-@ circular orbits whose eccentricities peak at 0 @.@ 25 . Classical objects possess eccentricities ranging from 0 @.@ 2 to 0 @.@ 8 . Though the inclinations of scattered objects are similar to the more extreme KBOs , very few scattered objects have orbits as close to the ecliptic as much of the KBO population .
Although motions in the scattered disc are random , they do tend to follow similar directions , which means that SDOs can become trapped in temporary resonances with Neptune . Examples of resonant orbits within the scattered disc include 1 : 3 , 2 : 7 , 3 : 11 , 5 : 22 and 4 : 79 .
= = Formation = =
The scattered disc is still poorly understood : no model of the formation of the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc has yet been proposed that explains all their observed properties .
According to contemporary models , the scattered disc formed when Kuiper belt objects ( KBOs ) were " scattered " into eccentric and inclined orbits by gravitational interaction with Neptune and the other outer planets . The amount of time for this process to occur remains uncertain . One hypothesis estimates a period equal to the entire age of the Solar System ; a second posits that the scattering took place relatively quickly , during Neptune 's early migration epoch .
Models for a continuous formation throughout the age of the Solar System illustrate that at weak resonances within the Kuiper belt ( such as 5 : 7 or 8 : 1 ) , or at the boundaries of stronger resonances , objects can develop weak orbital instabilities over millions of years . The 4 : 7 resonance in particular has large instability . KBOs can also be shifted into unstable orbits by close passage of massive objects , or through collisions . Over time , the scattered disc would gradually form from these isolated events .
Computer simulations have also suggested a more rapid and earlier formation for the scattered disc . Modern theories indicate that neither Uranus nor Neptune could have formed in situ beyond Saturn , as too little primordial matter existed at that range to produce objects of such high mass . Instead , these planets , and Saturn , may have formed closer to Jupiter , but were flung outwards during the early evolution of the Solar System , perhaps through exchanges of angular momentum with scattered objects . Once the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn shifted to a 2 : 1 resonance ( two Jupiter orbits for each orbit of Saturn ) , their combined gravitational pull disrupted the orbits of Uranus and Neptune , sending Neptune into the temporary " chaos " of the proto @-@ Kuiper belt . As Neptune traveled outward , it scattered many trans @-@ Neptunian objects into higher and more eccentric orbits . This model states that 90 % or more of the objects in the scattered disc may have been " promoted into these eccentric orbits by Neptune 's resonances during the migration epoch ... [ therefore ] the scattered disc might not be so scattered . "
= = Composition = =
Scattered objects , like other trans @-@ Neptunian objects , have low densities and are composed largely of frozen volatiles such as water and methane . Spectral analysis of selected Kuiper belt and scattered objects has revealed signatures of similar compounds . Both Pluto and Eris , for instance , show signatures for methane .
Astronomers originally supposed that the entire trans @-@ Neptunian population would show a similar red surface colour , as they were thought to have originated in the same region and subjected to the same physical processes . Specifically , SDOs were expected to have large amounts of surface methane , chemically altered into complex organic molecules by energy from the Sun . This would absorb blue light , creating a reddish hue . Most classical objects display this colour , but scattered objects do not ; instead , they present a white or greyish appearance .
One explanation is the exposure of whiter subsurface layers by impacts ; another is that the scattered objects ' greater distance from the Sun creates a composition gradient , analogous to the composition gradient of the terrestrial and gas giant planets . Mike Brown , discoverer of the scattered object Eris , suggests that its paler colour could be because , at its current distance from the Sun , its atmosphere of methane is frozen over its entire surface , creating an inches @-@ thick layer of bright white ice . Pluto , conversely , being closer to the Sun , would be warm enough that methane would freeze only onto cooler , high @-@ albedo regions , leaving low @-@ albedo tholin @-@ covered regions bare of ice .
= = Comets = =
The Kuiper belt was initially thought to be the source of the Solar System 's ecliptic comets . However , studies of the region since 1992 have shown that the orbits within the Kuiper belt are relatively stable , and that these comets originate from the scattered disc , where orbits are generally less stable .
Comets can loosely be divided into two categories : short @-@ period and long @-@ period — the latter being thought to originate in the Oort cloud . The two major categories of short @-@ period comets are Jupiter @-@ family comets ( JFCs ) and Halley @-@ type comets . Halley @-@ type comets , which are named after their prototype , Halley 's Comet , are thought to have originated in the Oort cloud but to have been drawn into the inner Solar System by the gravity of the giant planets , whereas the JFCs are thought to have originated in the scattered disc . The centaurs are thought to be a dynamically intermediate stage between the scattered disc and the Jupiter family .
There are many differences between SDOs and JFCs , even though many of the Jupiter @-@ family comets may have originated in the scattered disc . Although the centaurs share a reddish or neutral coloration with many SDOs , their nuclei are bluer , indicating a fundamental chemical or physical difference . One hypothesis is that comet nuclei are resurfaced as they approach the Sun by subsurface materials which subsequently bury the older material .
= Juan José Castelli =
Juan José Castelli ( July 19 , 1764 – October 12 , 1812 ) was an Argentine lawyer . He was one of the leaders of the May Revolution , which started the Argentine War of Independence . He led an ill @-@ fated military campaign in Upper Peru .
Juan José Castelli was born in Buenos Aires , and went to school at the Real Colegio de San Carlos in Buenos Aires and Monserrat College in the city of Córdoba , Argentina . He graduated as a lawyer from the University of Charcas , in Upper Peru . His cousin , Manuel Belgrano , introduced him to the public administration of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata . Along with Belgrano , Nicolás Rodríguez Peña , and Hipólito Vieytes , Castelli planned a revolution to replace the absolute monarchy with the new ideas of the Age of Enlightenment . He led the Buenos Aires patriots during the May Revolution , which ended with the removal of viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros from power . He is known as the " Speaker of the Revolution " for his speech during the open cabildo held in Buenos Aires on May 22 , 1810 .
Castelli was appointed a Committee member of the Primera Junta and was sent to Córdoba to end Santiago de Liniers 's counter @-@ revolution . He succeeded , and ordered the execution of Liniers and his supporters . He then commanded the establishment of a revolutionary government in Upper Peru ( today 's Bolivia ) with the aim of freeing the indigenous peoples and African slaves . In 1811 Castelli signed a truce with the Spanish in Upper Peru , but they betrayed him and caught the Northern Army unprepared . As a result , the Argentines suffered a major loss in the Battle of Huaqui on June 20 , 1811 . When Castelli returned to Buenos Aires , the First Triumvirate imprisoned him for losing the battle , and Castelli died shortly afterwards from tongue cancer .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life and studies = = =
Castelli was born in Buenos Aires in 1764 . He was the first of eight children born to a Venetian doctor , Ángel Castelli Salomón , and Josefa Villarino , who was a relative of Manuel Belgrano . He was trained by the Jesuits shortly before their expulsion , and attended the Real Colegio de San Carlos in Buenos Aires . As was customary , one of the children of the Castelli family was ordained into the priesthood , and Juan José was chosen for this . He was sent to study at the Colegio Monserrat , part of the University of Córdoba . He was influenced by the works of Voltaire and Diderot , and especially by Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau 's The Social Contract . He was a fellow student of men who would later have influence in the public life of South America , including Saturnino Rodríguez Peña , Juan José Paso , Manuel Alberti , Pedro Medrano , and Juan Martínez de Rozas , among others . He focused on studying philosophy and theology , but when his father died in 1785 , he abandoned his career in the priesthood , for which he felt no strong vocation .
Rejecting his mother 's proposal of sending him to study in Spain , he enrolled in jurisprudence studies alongside his cousin , Manuel Belgrano , at the University of Salamanca and Alcalá de Henares . He enrolled in the University of Chuquisaca , in the Upper Peru ( modern Bolivia ) . There , he learned about the ongoing French Revolution , and the new ideas of the Age of Enlightenment . He also learned about the 1782 Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II and the oppression of the indigenous peoples , which influenced his actions in his future Upper Peru campaign . Before returning to Buenos Aires , he visited Potosí and witnessed the use of slave labor in the mines .
Castelli returned to Buenos Aires and established a legal firm in his family home . He represented the University of Córdoba in various causes , as well as his uncle , Domingo Belgrano Peri . Through his associations with Saturnino Rodríguez Peña , he also met and befriended his brother , Nicolás Rodríguez Peña , and his associate , Hipólito Vieytes . Castelli married María Rosa Lynch in 1794 , and they had seven children : Angela , Pedro , Luciano , Alejandro , Francisco José , and Juana .
= = = First political steps = = =
The intellectuals of the viceroyalty received and secretly distributed a copy of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen , promulgated by the French Revolution in 1789 . Meanwhile , Belgrano returned from his studies in Europe , and was appointed as Perpetual Secretary of the new Consulate of Commerce of Buenos Aires . Belgrano and Castelli shared similar ideas about the Spanish trade monopoly and the rights of the natives . Belgrano attempted to appoint Castelli as interim Secretary of the Consulate as his assistant , but faced strong opposition from the peninsular merchants , who delayed the appointment until 1796 . Belgrano became ill during his stay in Europe , which forced him to take extended leaves from work , and wanted Castelli to be his successor if he resigned .
There was a similar opposition during the 1799 election of delegates to the Buenos Aires Cabildo : Castelli was elected as third Regidor , but was rejected by merchants associated with the port of Cádiz . The conflict lasted a year , until the prominent local merchant Cornelio Saavedra wrote a memorandum recommending Castelli . Viceroy Avilés finally confirmed him in office by royal decree , in May 1800 . Castelli , however , rejected the post because of his high workload in the Consulate . This was seen as an insult by peninsular merchants such as Martín de Álzaga , who was influential in the Cabildo .
Castelli and Belgrano backed a pair of projects from Francisco Cabello y Mesa , who had just arrived from Spain . Cabello proposed the creation of a " Patriotic , Literary and Economic Society " lodge and the publication of a newspaper . This newspaper , the first one published in Buenos Aires , was named Telégrafo Mercantil . However , both projects were short @-@ lived : the lodge was never established and its activities were banned by royal decree , and the Consulate was instructed to withdraw support for the newspaper , which was then closed . Published by Castelli , Cabello , and Belgrano ( secretary of the publication ) , as well as José Manuel Lavardén , Miguel de Azcuénaga and Fray Cayetano Rodríguez , the Telegraph was the first journal to advance the concept of fatherland , and the first to speak of the inhabitants as " Argentines . "
Nevertheless , Hipólito Vieytes released a new newspaper shortly afterwards , the Agriculture , Trade and Industry Weekly , with Castelli in the staff . The editorial staff had meetings at the house of Saturnino Rodríguez Peña , discussing ideas for technical improvements in agriculture , removal of trade restrictions , development , manufacturing , and other topics . The newspaper also published the biographies of some Founding Fathers of the United States , such as Benjamin Franklin .
= = = The British invasions = = =
Rodriguez Peña introduced Castelli to James Florence Burke , who claimed to represent the British Empire in support of proposals published by Francisco de Miranda , which aimed to emancipate the Latin American colonies . Burke was actually a British spy , gathering information about the Spanish colonies . Bearing promises of British support , he created the first native secret society organized for such purposes . It would henceforth be known as " party of independence " , and included Castelli , Burke and major contributors of Vieytes 's newspaper . The spy was eventually discovered by Viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte and expelled from the viceroyalty , but his duplicity was not disclosed to his unaware associates .
Castelli moved to a farm in modern the Buenos Aires neighborhood of Núñez . The farm had some agriculture fields and a small brick factory . He lived next to other influential people like Cornelio Saavedra , Juan Larrea , Miguel de Azcuénaga , and attorney José Darragueira . The meetings of the secret society continued , unaffected by the departure of Burke . On June 2 , 1806 , Castelli 's mother died , and he was still in mourning when the city learned of a British landing in Quilmes .
The " party of independence " was caught by surprise by the invasion , as the British proclaimed respect for religion , ownership , order , freedom , and trade — but made no mention concerning Miranda 's ideals . They arranged an interview with the British Viscount William Carr Beresford , asking for a clarification on whether the promises of Burke were still standing . They also asked if the British government would support an independentist attempt . Beresford gave evasive answers , saying he had no instructions to that effect . He explained that with the recent death of Prime Minister William Pitt and the rise of the Liberals to power , he needed further orders .
Castelli understood that the British force only aspired to annex the city to the British Empire , and resigned to avoid swearing allegiance to Britain . Santiago de Liniers liberated Buenos Aires a short time later , but Saturnino Rodríguez Peña helped Beresford escape , hoping to influence an eventual second invasion to implement reforms supported by Burke and Miranda . The second British invasion , however , ended the patriot 's hopes of British support , and they fought against their former allies .
After the successful defense of the city in 1807 , the local criollos increased their political power with their higher military role . There was a dispute between the newly appointed Viceroy , Santiago de Liniers , and the Buenos Aires Cabildo , led by Martín de Álzaga . Both attempted to take advantage of the new situation , and influence the criollos to support them . Álzaga refrained from accusing Rodríguez Peña for aiding in Beresford 's escape , and Liniers kept the criollo military bodies armed .
= = = Carlotism = = =
Napoleon invaded Spain in 1807 , starting the Peninsular War . King Charles IV of Spain abdicated in favor of his son Ferdinand VII , but Napoleon captured him and appointed his own brother , Joseph Bonaparte , as king of Spain instead , in a series of transfers of the Spanish crown known as the abdications of Bayonne . The Spanish people organized Government Juntas to resist against the French occupation , and within months the Junta Central of Seville claimed supreme authority over Spain and the colonies . This situation encouraged the Princess Charlotte of Spain to claim the regency of the Spanish American colonies .
In this context , Castelli and Álzaga plotted to oust Liniers and constitute a local government Junta , similar to those of the metropoli . This project was not shared by most of the natives or by the head of the Regiment of Patricians , Cornelio Saavedra . Manuel Belgrano proposed as an alternative to support the plans of Princess Charlotte , which were supported by Castelli and other criollos . Belgrano , who held monarchist ideas , argued that the Carlotist project would be the most practical means of achieving independence from Spain in the circumstances . On September 20 , 1808 , Castelli wrote a letter to Charlotte , with the signatures of Antonio Beruti , Hipólito Vieytes , Belgrano , and Nicolás Rodríguez Peña .
Charlotte rejected this support : the party of independence sought to establish a constitutional monarchy headed by Charlotte , but she preferred to retain the power of an absolutist monarchy . Consequently , she denounced the letter and organized the detention of Diego Paroissien . Paroissien , who had several letters to the criollos , was charged with high treason . Castelli was his lawyer .
Castelli won Paroissien 's acquittal by invoking the doctrine of the retroversion of the sovereignty of the people , which claimed that the Spanish American lands were a personal possession of the King of Spain but not a Spanish colony . That approach was already old , and it was used to legislate in both districts , but in this context Castelli argued that neither the Council of Regency or any other power of Spain — other than the rightful King — had authority over Spanish America . Castelli said that " the will of the people of Spain is not enough to bring the Indies to obedience " . Under these premises , Castelli argued successfully that the regency offered to the sister of the captive king , while not denying the legitimacy of Ferdinand VII , was not an act of treason , but a legitimate political project that should be resolved by the Spanish American people without the intervention of the peninsular Spanish .
On January 1 , 1809 , Martín de Álzaga rallied most peninsular battalions to Plaza de Mayo and attempted a mutiny against Liniers . A few criollos , such as Mariano Moreno , laid their hopes for independence in this attempt , but most did not . The battalions still faithful to Liniers – the Regiment of Patricians , the other criollo battalions , and the remaining peninsular ones – conquered the Plaza and ordered the mutinying forces to withdraw . Castelli supported Liniers , accusing Álzaga of independentism . Though Castelli was himself an independentist , and had also sought to remove Liniers , he opposed Álzaga for other reasons : Álzaga was hoping to maintaining the social dominance of the peninsulares over the criollos once the viceroy , who opposed his interests , was deposed . Álzaga was defeated , and the power of the criollos was increased : Sentenach and Álzaga were banished to Carmen de Patagones and the Spanish militias who attempted the coup were disbanded .
A new viceroy , Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros , arrived in July to replace Liniers , and the independentist group did not agree on how to react . Castelli proposed a resumption of Álzaga 's idea of creating a governing Junta , but not headed by the Spanish . Belgrano insisted on the plan to appoint Charlotte as regent of a constitutional monarchy , and Rodriguez Peña proposed a military coup , with or without Liniers at the head . They finally accepted the perspective of Cornelio Saavedra , and delayed taking action until a better opportunity .
= = = May Revolution = = =
When the news of the fall of the Junta of Seville arrived , the group headed by Castelli and Belgrano led the process leading to the May Revolution . Castelli and Saavedra were the most important leaders of the time , and first discarded Martín Rodríguez 's plan to expel Cisneros in a coup d 'état . After several discussions , they decided to request an open cabildo , an emergency popular assembly . Castelli and Belgrano negotiated with the senior alcalde and nobleman , Juan de Lezica , and the procurator , Julián de Leiva . Although they convinced them , they still needed the permission of Cisneros himself , for which Castelli and Rodriguez went to his office at the Fort of Buenos Aires . Previously , Cornelio Saavedra had denied Cisneros the support of the Regiment of Patricians , on the premise that with the disappearance of the Junta of Seville — who had appointed him as viceroy — he no longer had the right to hold that position .
Cisneros was outraged by the appearance of Castelli and Rodríguez , who came armed and without an appointment . They reacted harshly and demanded an immediate reply to the request for an open cabildo . After a brief private conversation with the prosecutor , Caspe , Cisneros gave his consent . When they were leaving , Cisneros inquired about his personal safety , to which Castelli said : " Lord , Your Excellency 's person and your family are among Americans , and this should reassure you " . After the interview they returned to the house of Rodríguez Peña , to inform their supporters of the new situation .
Besides his oratory , Castelli is known as the " Speaker of the Revolution " because of his great activity during the " May week " . The memoirs of witnesses and participants mention him at many venues , taking part in many activities . He negotiated with the Cabildo and visited the Fort several times until the viceroy gave in to the pressure . At the same time , he held secret meetings with other criollos at the house of Rodríguez Peña , planning their actions , and he harangued the criollo militias at the barracks . Cisneros himself , describing the events the Council of Regency , called Castelli " the most interested one in the novelty " , i.e. , in the revolution .
The open cabildo was held on May 22 , 1810 ; it was debated whether the viceroy should continue in office , and if not , who should replace him . The first opinion was from Bishop Benito Lue y Riega , who held that Cisneros should continue and that , if all of Spain was conquered by France , peninsulars were meant to rule in the Americas . Castelli made a counter @-@ argument , based on the doctrine of the retroversion of the sovereignty of the people that he had already employed in the defense of Paroissien . He insisted that in the absence of a legitimate authority , sovereignty should be returned to the people ; they should govern themselves . The idea of dismissing the viceroy ultimately prevailed , but as Buenos Aires had no authority to decide unilaterally the new form of government , they would elect a provisional government . A congress of deputies called from all other cities would take the final decision . However , there were disputes over who should exercise the provisional government : some argued that the Cabildo should do so , and others that it should be a Junta . Castelli bowed to Saavedra 's proposal to form a Junta , but with the proviso that the procurator of the Cabildo , Julián de Leiva , had a decisive vote in the appointment . By adding this proviso , Castelli sought to add the former supporters of Martín de Álzaga , such as Mariano Moreno , Domingo Matheu , and Leiva himself .
However , this power allowed Leiva to perform a maneuver that Castelli had not anticipated . Although he approved the end of Cisneros ' rule as viceroy , Leiva formed a Junta with Cisneros as its president ; Cisneros would stay in power . The other members of the Junta would have been two peninsulars , the priest Juan Nepomuceno Solá and the merchant José Santos Inchaurregui , and two criollos , Saavedra and Castelli . The bulk of the natives rejected the proposal : they did not accept that Cisneros should remain in power , even under a different title . They were suspicious of the intentions of Saavedra , and believed that with Castelli alone in the Junta , little or nothing could be achieved . Castelli and Saavedra resigned that same day to put pressure on Cisneros and force him to resign , and the Junta never came into power .
That same night , the criollos gathered at the home of Rodriguez Pena and compiled a list of members for a governing Junta that was presented on 25 May . Meanwhile , Domingo French , Antonio Beruti , Aparicio , Donado , and other armed men occupied the Plaza and its access points . The list included a balance of representatives from different extractions of local politics . Lezica finally reported to Cisneros that he was no longer in command , and the Primera Junta assumed power .
Castelli and Mariano Moreno led the more radical positions of the Junta . They became close friends , visiting each other daily . Julio César Chávez described them as associates , sharing projects of a deep political , social and economic revolution , based in higher freedom for the Spanish American criollos . He described them as pragmatic men , willing to reward the allies and punish the enemies of the revolution , even if it meant using capital punishments . They were called " Jacobins " , comparing their actions with those of the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution , but they were not Francophiles or afrancesados . Besides this , the similarities between the revolutions at France and Buenos Aires were largely superficial .
One of the first steps of Castelli and the Junta was the expulsion of Cisneros and the judges of the Royal Audiencia , who were shipped off to Spain under the pretext that their lives were in danger .
= = = Execution of Liniers = = =
Upon hearing the news of the change of government , former viceroy Santiago de Liniers prepared a counter @-@ revolution from the city of Córdoba , but Francisco Ortiz de Ocampo routed his militia and captured all the leaders in just a couple of skirmishes . The initial orders were to send them to Buenos Aires , but after their capture the Junta decided to execute them . This decision was taken in a resolution signed by all members of the Junta , excepting Manuel Alberti , because as a priest , he could not give consent to the death penalty . The measure found strong popular resistance in Córdoba , as Liniers and the governor Juan Gutierrez de la Concha were popular and the execution of a priest ( Rodrigo de Orellana , another leader of the counter @-@ revolution ) was rejected as heretical . Ocampo and Chiclana decided to carry on with the original orders , and transferred the prisoners to Buenos Aires .
The Junta reconfirmed the order , but excluded the bishop of Córdoba , Rodrigo de Orellana , who was banished instead . Castelli was commissioned by the Junta to enforce the execution order . Mariano Moreno said , " Go , Castelli , and I hope you will not incur the same weakness as our general , if not yet fulfilled the determination , Larrea will go , and finally I 'll go myself if necessary " . Ocampo and Chiclana were demoted . Castelli 's assistants were Nicolás Rodríguez Peña , elected as secretary , his former client Diego Paroissien as a campaign doctor , and Domingo French as head of the escort .
Right after finding the prisoners , he ordered and presided over their execution : the governor of Córdoba , Juan Gutiérrez de la Concha , the former Viceroy , Santiago de Liniers , former Governor Santiago Alejo de Allende , the adviser Victorino Rodriguez , and the accountant Moreno . The execution took place at Cabeza de Tigre , in the boundary between Santa Fe and Córdoba . The bishop Orellana was not shot , but was compelled to give spiritual assistance to those convicted and to witness the execution . Domingo French was commissioned to execute the verdict .
After shooting Liniers , Castelli returned briefly to Buenos Aires and met Moreno . The secretary of war congratulated him for his conduct , and appointed him as a member representing the Junta , with full power to direct the operations to La Paz . He also left a series of instructions : Castelli was to put the government in the hands of patriots , earn the native 's support , and shoot president Nieto , governor Sanz , and the Bishop of La Paz , in the case of their capture . He received similar orders to capture and execute José Manuel de Goyeneche , who had already defeated the rebels of La Paz revolution ( a rebellion similar to the May Revolution , which took place at La Paz , modern Bolivia ) . Castelli was also instructed to rescue and draft to the Auxiliary Army the Arribeños and Patricians soldiers that , under the command of Vicente Nieto , had left Buenos Aires in 1809 to suppress revolutions in Chuquisaca and La Paz .
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recruits the help of computer hacker Lisbeth Salander ( Rooney Mara ) .
Sony Pictures Entertainment began development on the film in 2009 , the year the first , highly acclaimed adaptation of the novel entered cinemas . It took the company a few months to obtain the rights to the novel , while recruiting Zaillian and David Fincher . The casting process for the lead roles was exhaustive and intense ; Craig faced scheduling conflicts , and a number of actresses were sought for the role of Lisbeth Salander . The script took over six months to write , which included three months of analyzing the novel .
Pre @-@ release screenings occurred in London , New York City , and Stockholm . Critics gave the film favorable reviews , praising its bleak tone and lauding Mara and Craig 's performances . With a production budget of $ 90 million , the film grossed $ 232 @.@ 6 million over its theatrical run . In addition to being included in several publications ' best @-@ of lists , the film was a candidate for numerous awards , and ultimately won nine accolades , including an Academy Award for Best Film Editing .
= = Plot = =
In Stockholm , Sweden , journalist Mikael Blomkvist ( Daniel Craig ) , co @-@ owner of Millennium magazine , has lost a libel case brought against him by businessman Hans @-@ Erik Wennerström ( Ulf Friberg ) . Lisbeth Salander ( Rooney Mara ) , a brilliant but troubled investigator and hacker , compiles an extensive background check on Blomkvist for business magnate Henrik Vanger ( Christopher Plummer ) , who has a special task for him . In exchange for the promise of damning information about Wennerström , Blomkvist agrees to investigate the disappearance and assumed murder of Henrik 's grandniece , Harriet , 40 years ago . After moving to the Vanger family 's compound , Blomkvist uncovers a notebook containing a list of names and numbers that no one has been able to decipher .
Salander , who is under state legal guardianship due to diagnosed mental incompetency , is appointed a new guardian , lawyer Nils Bjurman ( Yorick van Wageningen ) , after her previous guardian Holger Palmgren suffers a stroke . Bjurman abuses his authority to extort sexual favors from Salander and violently rapes her , not realizing she has a hidden video camera on her bag . At their next meeting she stuns him with a stun gun , rapes him with a dildo , and marks him as a rapist with a tattoo on his chest and stomach . Threatening to disclose the video recording , she blackmails him into writing a glowing progress report and granting her full control of her money .
Blomkvist 's daughter Pernilla ( Josefin Asplund ) visits him and notes that the numbers from the notebook are Bible references . Blomkvist tells Vanger 's lawyer , Dirch Frode ( Steven Berkoff ) , that he needs help with his research , and Frode recommends Salander based on the work she did researching Blomkvist himself . Blomkvist hires Salander to investigate the notebook 's content . She uncovers a connection to a series of murders of young women from 1947 through 1967 , with the women either being Jewish or having Biblical names ; many of the Vangers are known antisemites . During the investigation , Salander and Blomkvist become lovers . Henrik 's openly national socialist brother Harald identifies Martin ( Stellan Skarsgård ) , Harriet 's brother and operational head of the Vanger empire , and Blomkvist marks Martin as a possible suspect . Salander 's research uncovers evidence that Martin and his deceased father , Gottfried , committed the murders .
Blomkvist breaks into Martin 's house to look for more clues , but Martin catches him and prepares to kill him . While torturing Blomkvist , Martin brags of having killed women for decades but denies killing Harriet . Salander arrives , subdues Martin and saves Blomkvist . While Salander tends to Blomkvist , Martin flees . Salander , on her motorcycle , pursues Martin in his SUV . He loses control of his vehicle on an icy road and dies when it catches fire . Salander nurses Blomkvist back to health and tells him that she tried to kill her father when she was 12 . Blomkvist deduces that Harriet is still alive and her cousin Anita ( Joely Richardson ) likely knows where she is . He and Salander monitor Anita , waiting for her to contact Harriet . When nothing happens , Blomkvist confronts her , deducing that the woman posing as Anita is Harriet herself . She explains that her father and brother had sexually abused her for years , and that Martin saw her kill their father in self @-@ defense . Her cousin Anita smuggled her out of the island and let her live under her identity . Finally free of her brother , she returns to Sweden and tearfully reunites with Henrik .
As promised , Henrik gives Blomkvist the information on Wennerström , but it proves worthless . Salander hacks into Wennerström 's computer and presents Blomkvist with evidence of Wennerström 's crimes . Blomkvist publishes an article that ruins Wennerström , who flees the country . Salander hacks into Wennerström 's bank accounts and , travelling to Switzerland in disguise , transfers two billion euros to various accounts . Wennerström is found murdered . Salander reveals to her former guardian Holger Palmgren that she is in love with Blomkvist . On her way to give Blomkvist a Christmas present , Salander sees him with his longtime lover and business partner Erika Berger ( Robin Wright ) . Heartbroken , she discards the gift and rides away .
= = Cast = =
Daniel Craig as Mikael Blomkvist :
A co @-@ owner for Swedish lifestyle magazine Millennium , Blomkvist is devoted to exposing the corruptions and malfeasance of government , attracting infamy for his tendency to " go too far " . Craig competed with Brad Pitt , George Clooney , Viggo Mortensen , and Johnny Depp as candidates for the role . Initial concerns over schedule conflicts with the production of Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) and Skyfall ( 2012 ) prompted Craig to postpone the casting process . Given the uncertainty surrounding Skyfall following Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer 's bankruptcy , Sony Pictures Entertainment and DreamWorks worked out a schedule and Craig agreed to take the part . The British actor was required to gain weight and adopted a neutral accent to befit Stockholm 's worldly cultural fabric . Having read the book amid its " initial craze " , Craig commented , " It 's one of those books you just don 't put down " [ ... ] There 's just this immediate feeling that bad things are going to happen and I think that 's part of why they 've been so readable for people . "
Rooney Mara as Lisbeth Salander :
Salander is a computer hacker who has survived severe emotional and sexual abuse . The character was a " vulnerable victim @-@ turned @-@ vigilante " who possessed the " take @-@ no @-@ prisoners " attitude of Lara Croft and the " cool , unsentimental intellect " of Spock . Fincher felt that Salander 's eccentric persona was enthralling , and stated , " there 's a kind of wish fulfillment to her in the way that she takes care of things , the way she will only put up with so much , but there are other sides to her as well . " Casting was complicated by the raft of prominent candidates such as Natalie Portman , Ellen Page , Kristen Stewart , Jennifer Lawrence , Keira Knightley , Anne Hathaway , Olivia Thirlby , Scarlett Johansson , and Emma Watson . Despite the hype , some eventually withdrew from consideration due to the time commitment and low pay . Mara had worked with Fincher in his 2010 film The Social Network . Fincher , while fond of the actress ' youthful appearance , found it difficult at first to mold her to match Salander 's antisocial demeanor , which was a vast contrast from her earlier role as the submissive Erica . Mara went through multiple changes in her appearance to become Salander . Her hair was dyed black and cut into various jagged points , giving the appearance that she cut it herself . In addition to her transgressive appearance , which was described as a " mash @-@ up of brazen Seventies punk and spooky Eighties goth with a dash of S & M temptress " by Lynn Hirschberg of W , Mara participated in a formal screening and was filmed by Fincher on a subway in Los Angeles in an effort to persuade the executives of Sony Pictures that she was a credible choice .
Christopher Plummer as Henrik Vanger :
Vanger is a wealthy businessman who launches an extensive investigation into his family 's affairs . Despite calling the Vanger family " dysfunctional " , Plummer said of the character : " I love the character of the old man , and I sympathize with him . He 's really the nicest old guy in the whole book . Everybody is a bit suspect , and still are at the end . Old Vanger has a nice straight line , and he gets his wish . " Plummer wanted to imbue the character with irony , an element he found to be absent from the novel 's Henrik . " I think that the old man would have it , " he opined , " because he 's a very sophisticated old guy [ ... ] used to a great deal of power . So in dealing with people , he would be very good [ ... ] he would be quite jokey , and know how to seduce them . "
Stellan Skarsgård as Martin Vanger :
Martin is the current CEO of the Vanger Corporation . Skarsgård was allured by the character 's dual nature , and was fascinated that he got to portray him in " two totally different ways " . In regards to Martin 's " very complex " and " complicated " personality , the Swedish actor said , " He can be extremely charming , but he also can seem to be a completely different person at different points in the film . " While consulting with Fincher , the director wanted Skarsgård to play Martin without reference to the book .
Steven Berkoff as Dirch Frode
Robin Wright as Erika Berger : Blomkvist 's business partner and editor @-@ in @-@ chief of Millennium magazine . She 's also Blomkvist 's occasional lover .
Yorick van Wageningen as Nils Bjurman :
As Salander 's legal guardian , he uses his position to sexually abuse and eventually rape her . Salander turns the tables on him , torturing him and branding him as a rapist . Fincher wanted the character to be worse than a typical antagonist , although he did not want to emulate the stereotypical " mustache @-@ twirling pervert " . The director considered Van Wageningen to be the embodiment of a versatile actor — one who was a " full @-@ fledged human being " and a " brilliant " actor . " He was able to bring his performance from a logical place in Bjurman 's mind and find the seething morass of darkness inside , " Fincher stated . Bjurman 's multifaceted psyche was the main reason Van Wageningen wanted to play the role . The Dutch actor said , " This character goes through a lot and I wasn 't quite sure I wanted to go through all that . I started out half way between the elation of getting to work with David Fincher and the dread of this character , but I was able to use both of those things . We both thought the most interesting route would be for Bjurman to seem half affable . The challenge was not in finding the freak violence in the guy but finding the humanity of him . "
Joely Richardson as Harriet Vanger :
Henrik 's long @-@ lost grandniece who went into hiding posing as her cousin Anita . In performing her " tricky " character , Richardson recalled that Fincher wanted her to embrace a " darker , edgier " persona , without sugarcoating , and not " resolved or healed " . " Even if you were starting to move towards the direction of resolved or healed , he still wanted it edgy and dark . There are no straightforward emotions in the world of this film . "
Goran Višnjić as Dragan Armansky , head of Milton Security , Salander 's employer
Donald Sumpter as Detective Morell
Ulf Friberg as Wennerström
Geraldine James as Cecilia Vanger
Embeth Davidtz as Annika Giannini , Mikeal 's sister and a lawyer
Josefin Asplund as Pernilla Blomkvist , Mikeal 's daughter
Per Myrberg as Harald Vanger
Tony Way as Plague , Salander 's hacker friend
Fredrik Dolk as Wennerström 's Lawyer
Alan Dale as Detective Isaksson
Julian Sands as Young Henrik Vanger
David Dencik as Young Morell
Gustaf Hammarsten as Young Harald
Leo Bill as Trinity , another of Salander 's hacker friends
Élodie Yung as Miriam Wu , Salander 's occasional lover
Joel Kinnaman as Christer Malm
= = Production = =
= = = Conception and writing = = =
The success of Stieg Larsson 's novel created Hollywood interest in adapting the book , as became apparent in 2009 , when Lynton and Pascal pursued the idea of developing an " American " version unrelated to the Swedish film adaptation released that year . By December , two major developments occurred for the project : Steven Zaillian , who had recently completed the script for Moneyball ( 2011 ) , became the screenwriter , while producer Scott Rudin finalized a partnership allocating full copyrights to Sony . Zaillian , who was unfamiliar with the novel , got a copy from Rudin . The screenwriter recalled , " They sent it to me and said , ' We want to do this . We will think of it as one thing for now . It 's possible that it can be two and three , but let 's concentrate on this one . ' " After reading the book , the screenwriter did no research on the subject . Fincher , who was requested with partner Cean Chaffin by Sony executives to read the novel , was astounded by the series ' size and success . As they began to read , the duo noticed that it had a tendency to take " readers on a lot of side trips " — " from detailed explanations of surveillance techniques to angry attacks on corrupt Swedish industrialists , " professed The Hollywood Reporter 's Gregg Kilday . Fincher recalled of the encounter : " The ballistic , ripping @-@ yarn thriller aspect of it is kind of a red herring in a weird way . It is the thing that throws Salander and Blomkvist together , but it is their relationship you keep coming back to . I was just wondering what 350 pages Zaillian would get rid of . " Because Zaillian was already cultivating the screenplay , the director avoided interfering . After a conversation , Fincher was comfortable " they were headed in the same direction " .
The writing process consumed approximately six months , including three months creating notes and analyzing the novel . Zaillian noted that as time progressed , the writing accelerated . " As soon as you start making decisions , " he explained , " you start cutting off all of the other possibilities of things that could happen . So with every decision that you make you are removing a whole bunch of other possibilities of where that story can go or what that character can do . " Given the book 's sizable length , Zaillian deleted elements to match Fincher 's desired running time . Even so , Zaillan took significant departures from the book . To Zaillian , there was always a " low @-@ grade " anxiety , " but I was never doing anything specifically to please or displease , " he continued . " I was simply trying to tell the story the best way I could , and push that out of my mind . I didn 't change anything just for the sake of changing it . There 's a lot right about the book , but that part , I thought we could do it a different way , and it could be a nice surprise for the people that have read it . "
Zaillian discussed many of the themes in Larsson 's Millennium series with Fincher , taking the pair deeper into the novel 's darker subjects , such as the psychological dissimilarities between rapists and murderers . Fincher was familiar with the concept , from projects such as Seven ( 1995 ) and Zodiac ( 2007 ) . Zaillian commented , " A rapist , or at least our rapist , is about exercising his power over somebody . A serial killer is about destruction ; they get off on destroying something . It 's not about having power over something , it 's about eliminating it . What thrills them is slightly different . " The duo wanted to expose the novels ' pivotal themes , particularly misogyny . " We were committed to the tack that this is a movie about violence against women about specific kinds of degradation , and you can 't shy away from that . But at the same time you have to walk a razor thin line so that the audience can viscerally feel the need for revenge but also see the power of the ideas being expressed . " Instead of the typical three @-@ act structure , they reluctantly chose a five @-@ act structure , which Fincher pointed out is " very similar to a lot of TV cop dramas . "
= = = Filming = = =
Fincher and Zaillian 's central objective was to maintain the novel 's setting . To portray Larsson 's vision of Sweden , and the interaction of light on its landscape , Fincher cooperated with an artistic team that included cinematographer Jeff Cronenweth and production designer Donald Graham Burt . The film was wholly shot using Red Digital Cinema Camera Company 's RED MX digital camera , chosen to help evoke Larsson 's tone . The idea , according to Cronenweth , was to employ unorthodox light sources and maintain a realistic perspective . " So there may be shadows , there may be flaws , but it 's reality . You allow silhouettes and darkness , but at the same time we also wanted shots to counter that , so it would not all be one continuous dramatic image . " Sweden 's climate was a crucial element in enhancing the mood . Cronenweth commented , " It 's always an element in the background and it was very important that you feel it as an audience member . The winter becomes like a silent character in the film giving everything a low , cool @-@ colored light that is super soft and non @-@ direct . " To get acquainted with Swedish culture , Burt set out on a month @-@ long expedition across the country . He said of the process , " It takes time to start really taking in the nuances of a culture , to start seeing the themes that recur in the architecture , the landscape , the layouts of the cities and the habits of the people . I felt I had to really integrate myself into this world to develop a true sense of place for the film . It was not just about understanding the physicality of the locations , but the metaphysics of them , and how the way people live comes out through design . "
Principal photography began in Stockholm , Sweden in September 2010 . Production mostly took place at multiple locations in the city 's central business district , including at the Stockholm Court House . One challenge was realizing the Vanger estate . They picked an eighteenth @-@ century French architecture mansion Hofsta located approximately 15 miles ( 24 km ) southwest of Stockholm . Filmmakers wanted to use a typical " manor from Småland " that was solemn , formal , and " very Old Money " . " The Swedish are very good at the modern and the minimal but they also have these wonderful country homes that can be juxtaposed against the modern city — yet both speak to money . " Principal photography relocated in October to Uppsala . On Queen Street , the facade of the area was renovated to mimic the Hotel Alder , after an old photograph of a building obtained by Fincher . From December onward , production moved to Zurich , Switzerland , where locations were established at Dolder Grand Hotel and the Zurich Airport . Because of the " beautiful " environment of the city , Fincher found it difficult to film in the area . Principal photography concluded in Oslo , Norway , where production took place at Oslo Airport , Gardermoen . Recorded for over fifteen hours , twelve extras were sought for background roles . Filming also took place in the United Kingdom and the United States .
In one sequence the character Martin Vanger plays the song " Orinoco Flow " by Enya before beginning his torture of Mikael Blomkvist . David Fincher , the director , said that he believed that Martin " doesn ’ t like to kill , he doesn ’ t like to hear the screams , without hearing his favorite music " so therefore the character should play a song during the scene . Daniel Craig , the actor who played Blomkvist , selected " Orinoco Flow " on his iPod as a candidate song . Fincher said " And we all almost pissed ourselves , we were laughing so hard . No , actually , it ’ s worse than that . He said , ‘ Orinoco Flow ! ’ Everybody looked at each other , like , what is he talking about ? And he said , ‘ You know , “ Sail away , sail away ... ” ’ And I thought , this guy is going to make Blomkvist as metro as we need . "
= = = = Title sequence = = = =
Tim Miller , creative director for the title sequence , wanted to develop an abstract narrative that reflected the pivotal moments in the novel , as well as the character development of Lisbeth Salander . It was arduous for Miller to conceptualize the sequence abstractly , given that Salander 's occupation was a distinctive part of her personality . His initial ideas were modeled after a keyboard . " We were going to treat the keyboard like this giant city with massive fingers pressing down on the keys , " Miller explained , " Then we transitioned to the liquid going through the giant obelisks of the keys . " Among Miller 's many vignettes was " The Hacker Inside " , which revealed the character 's inner disposition and melted them away . The futuristic qualities in the original designs provided for a much more cyberpunk appearance than the final product . In creating the " cyber " look for Salander , Miller said , " Every time I would show David a design he would say , ' More Tandy ! ' It 's the shitty little computers from Radio Shack , the Tandy computers . They probably had vacuum tubes in them , really old technology . And David would go ' More Tandy ' , until we ended up with something that looked like we glued a bunch of computer parts found at a junkyard together . "
Fincher wanted the vignette to be a " personal nightmare " for Salander , replaying her darkest moments . " Early on , we knew it was supposed to feel like a nightmare , " Miller professed , who commented that early on in the process , Fincher wanted to use an artwork as a template for the sequence . After browsing through various paintings to no avail , Fincher chose a painting that depicted the artist , covered in black paint , standing in the middle of a gallery . Many of Miller 's sketches contained a liquid @-@ like component , and were rewritten to produce the " gooey " element that was so desired . " David said let 's just put liquid in all of them and it will be this primordial dream ooze that 's a part of every vignette , " Miller recalled . " It ties everything together other than the black on black . "
The title sequence includes abundant references to the novel , and exposes several political themes . Salander 's tattoos , such as her phoenix and dragon tattoos , were incorporated . The multiple flower representations signified the biological life cycle , as well as Henrik , who received a pressed flower each year on his birthday . " One had flowers coming out of this black ooze , " said Fincher , " it blossoms , and then it dies . And then a different flower , as that one is dying is rising from the middle of it . It was supposed to represent this cycle of the killer sending flowers . " Ultimately , the vignette becomes very conceptual because Miller and his team took " a whole thought , and cut it up into multiple different shots that are mixed in with other shots " . In one instance , Blomkvist is strangled by strips of newspaper , a metaphor for the establishment squelching his exposes .
In the " Hot Hands " vignette , a pair of rough , distorted hands that embrace Salander 's face and melt it represent all that 's bad in men . The hands that embrace Blomkvist 's face and shatter it , represent wealth and power . Themes of domestic violence become apparent as a woman 's face shatters after a merciless beating ; this also ties in the brutal beating of Salander 's mother by her father , an event revealed in the sequel , The Girl Who Played with Fire ( 2006 ) .
A cover of Led Zeppelin 's " Immigrant Song " ( 1970 ) plays throughout the title sequence . The rendition was produced by soundtrack composers Atticus Ross and Nine Inch Nails member Trent Reznor , and features vocals from Yeah Yeah Yeahs lead singer Karen O. Fincher suggested the song , but Reznor agreed only at his request . Led Zeppelin licensed the song only for use in the film 's trailer and title sequence . Fincher stated that he sees title sequences as an opportunity to set the stage for the film , or to get an audience to let go of its preconceptions .
Software packages that were primarily used are 3ds Max ( for modeling , lighting , rendering ) , Softimage ( for rigging and animation ) , Digital Fusion ( for compositing ) , Real Flow ( for fluid dynamics ) , Sony Vegas ( for editorial ) , Zbrush and Mudbox ( for organic modeling ) , and VRAY ( for rendering ) .
= = = Soundtrack = = =
Fincher recruited Reznor and Ross to produce the score ; aside from their successful collaboration on The Social Network , the duo had worked together on albums from Nine Inch Nails ' later discography . They dedicated much of the year to work on the film , as they felt it would appeal to a broad audience . Akin to his efforts in The Social Network , Reznor experiments with acoustics and blends them with elements of electronic music , resulting in a forbidding atmosphere . " We wanted to create the sound of coldness — emotionally and also physically , " he asserted , " We wanted to take lots of acoustic instruments [ ... ] and transplant them into a very inorganic setting , and dress the set around them with electronics . "
Even before viewing the script , Reznor and Ross opted to use a redolent approach to creating the film 's score . After discussing with Fincher the varying soundscapes and emotions , the duo spent six weeks composing . " We composed music we felt might belong , " stated the Nine Inch Nails lead vocalist , " and then we 'd run it by Fincher , to see where his head ’ s at and he responded positively . He was filming at this time last year and assembling rough edits of scenes to see what it feels like , and he was inserting our music at that point , rather than using temp music , which is how it usually takes place , apparently . " Finding a structure for the soundtrack was arguably the most strenuous task . " We weren ’ t working on a finished thing , so everything keeps moving around , scenes are changing in length , and even the order of things are shuffled around , and that can get pretty frustrating when you get precious about your work . It was a lesson we learned pretty quickly of , ' Everything is in flux , and approach it as such . Hopefully it ’ ll work out in the end . ' "
= = Release = =
= = = Pre @-@ release = = =
A screening for The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo took place on November 28 , 2011 , as part of a critics @-@ only event hosted by the New York Film Critics Circle . Commentators at the event predicted that while the film would become a contender for several accolades , it would likely not become a forerunner in the pursuit for Academy Award nominations . A promotional campaign commenced thereafter , including a Lisbeth Salander @-@ inspired collection , designed by Trish Summerville for H & M. The worldwide premiere was at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on December 12 , 2011 , followed by the American opening at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 14 and Stockholm the next day . Sony 's target demographics were men and women over the age of 25 and 17 – 34 . The film went into general release in North America on December 21 , at 2 @,@ 700 theaters , expanding to 2 @,@ 974 theaters on its second day . The United Kingdom release was on December 26 , Russia on January 1 , 2012 , and Japan on February 13 . India and Vietnam releases were abandoned due to censorship concerns . A press statement from the Central Board of Film Certification stated : " Sony Pictures will not be releasing The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo in India . The censor board has judged the film unsuitable for public viewing in its unaltered form and , while we are committed to maintaining and protecting the vision of the director , we will , as always , respect the guidelines set by the board . " In contrast , the National Film Board of Vietnam insisted that the film 's withdrawal had no relation to rigid censorship guidelines , as it had not been reviewed by the committee .
= = = Home media = = =
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the film in a DVD and Blu @-@ ray disc combo pack in the United States on March 20 , 2012 . Bonus features include a commentary from Fincher , featurettes on Blomkvist , Salander , the sets and locations , etc . The disc artwork for the DVD version of the film resembles a Sony brand DVD @-@ R , a reference to the hacker Lisbeth Salander . This caused a bit of confusion in the marketplace with consumers thinking they had obtained a bootleg copy . The release sold 644 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , in third place behind The Muppets and Hop . The following week , the film sold an additional 144 @,@ 000 copies generating $ 2 @.@ 59 million in gross revenue . As of January 2014 , 1 @,@ 478 @,@ 230 units had been sold , grossing $ 22 @,@ 195 @,@ 069 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office = = =
Fincher 's film grossed $ 232 @.@ 6 million during its theatrical run . The film 's American release grossed $ 1 @.@ 6 million from its Tuesday night screenings , a figure that increased to $ 3 @.@ 5 million by the end of its first day of general release . It maintained momentum into its opening weekend , accumulating $ 13 million for a total of $ 21 million in domestic revenue . The film 's debut figures fell below media expectations . Aided by positive word of mouth , its commercial performance remained steady into the second week , posting $ 19 million from 2 @,@ 914 theaters . The third week saw box office drop 24 % to $ 11 @.@ 3 million , totaling $ 76 @.@ 8 million . The number of theaters slightly increased to 2 @,@ 950 . By the fifth week , the number of theaters shrank to 1 @,@ 907 , and grosses to $ 3 @.@ 7 million , though it remained within the national top ten . The film completed its North American theatrical run on March 22 , 2012 , earning over $ 102 @.@ 5 million .
The international debut was in six Scandinavian markets on December 19 – 25 , 2011 , securing $ 1 @.@ 6 million from 480 venues . In Sweden the film opened in 194 theaters to strong results , accounting for more than half of international revenue at the time ( $ 950 @,@ 000 ) . The first full week in the United Kingdom collected $ 6 @.@ 7 million from 920 theaters . By the weekend of January 6 – 8 , 2012 , the film grossed $ 12 @.@ 2 million for a total of $ 29 million ; this included its expansion into Hong Kong , where it topped the box office , earning $ 470 @,@ 000 from thirty @-@ six establishments . The film similarly led the field in South Africa . It accumulated $ 6 @.@ 6 million from an estimated 600 theaters over a seven @-@ day period in Russia , placing fifth . The expansion continued into the following week , opening in nine markets . The week of January 13 – 15 saw the film yield $ 16 @.@ 1 million from 3 @,@ 910 locations in over forty @-@ three territories , thus propelling the international gross to $ 49 @.@ 3 million . It debuted at second place in Austria and Germany , where in the latter , it pulled $ 2 @.@ 9 million from 525 locations . Similar results were achieved in Australia , where it reached 252 theaters . The film 's momentum continued throughout the month , and by January 22 , it had hit ten additional markets , including France and Mexico , from which it drew $ 3 @.@ 25 million from 540 venues and $ 1 @.@ 25 million from 540 theaters , respectively . In its second week in France it descended to number three , with a total gross of $ 5 @.@ 8 million .
The next major international release came in Japan on February 13 , where it opened in first place with $ 3 @.@ 68 million ( ¥ 288 million ) in 431 theaters . By the weekend of February 17 – 19 , the film had scooped up $ 119 @.@ 5 million from international markets . The total international gross for The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was $ 130 @.@ 1 million . MGM , one of the studios involved in the production , posted a " modest loss " and declared that they had expected the film to gross at least 10 % more .
= = = Critical response = = =
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo received very positive reviews from critics , with particular note to the cast , tone , score and cinematography . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 86 % , based on 224 reviews , with an average rating of 7 @.@ 6 / 10 . The site 's consensus states , " Brutal yet captivating , The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is the result of David Fincher working at his lurid best with total role commitment from star Rooney Mara . " At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized score , the film received an average score of 71 out of 100 , based on 41 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " .
David Denby of The New Yorker asserted that the austere , but captivating installment presented a " glancing , chilled view " of a world where succinct moments of loyalty coexisted with constant trials of betrayal . To USA Today columnist Claudia Puig , Fincher captures the " menace and grim despair in the frosty Scandinavian landscape " by carefully approaching its most gruesome features . Puig noted a surfeit of " stylistic flourishes " and " intriguing " changes in the narrative , compared to the original film . In his three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half star review , Chris Knight of the National Post argued that it epitomized a so @-@ called " paradoxical position " that was both " immensely enjoyable and completely unnecessary " . Rene Rodriguez of The Miami Herald said that the " fabulously sinister entertainment " surpassed the original film " in every way " . The film took two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars from Rolling Stone commentator Peter
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the Romanian Socialist Republic by a representative of the armed forces , respectively of the internal affairs minister ” . The first clause of this article was modified thus by Decree nr . 150 of 19 June 1974 regarding the modification of certain laws and decrees : “ the flag is granted by presidential decree to units and large units of all military branches from the Armed Forces Ministry , as well as to units from the Internal Affairs Ministry , at their founding ” .
Ensigns of navy and Coast Guard vessels consisted of the military colors of the respective units .
The pennant was the device that indicated a ship was armed and commanded by a navy officer . It consisted of an “ ordinary canvas , in the shape of an isosceles triangle , with the base toward the attaching mechanism and with the flag colors and coat of arms of the Romanian Socialist Republic printed on both sides ” .
The jack was “ an ordinary square canvas , having printed on both sides the flag colors and coat of arms of the Romanian Socialist Republic . Two crossed white anchors of the same size as the coat of arms are affixed to the blue area ” .
The distinctive ensign of Coast Guard vessels consisted of “ an ordinary white rectangular canvas , with the half near the attaching mechanism green , upon which is affixed a white anchor ” .
The dimensions of these insignia , as well as their manner of use , were left to the Armed Forces Ministry to decide by regulation .
Decree nr . 90 of 27 April 1977 regarding the establishment of military colors for patriotic guards and the regulation of its granting created a special symbol for units of the Patriotic Guards . This was similar to military colors of military units , with the exception of the inscription on the flag ’ s reverse side — “ Gărzile patriotice ” — in an arched line above the coat of arms , and the administrative unit in which the formation was located ( the municipality or county ) , in a straight line beneath the coat of arms . Its dimensions were indicated in the annex : the canvas was 100 centimeter long and 66 centimeter wide , the text was 6 centimeter high , the fringes 5 centimeter long , the flagpole 240 centimeter long and 4 centimeter wide , while the ogive at the end of the flagpole was 15 centimeter high . According to the Decree , the flag was granted to a unit by commanders of county @-@ level or Bucharest @-@ level Patriotic Guards , or by representatives of the General Staff of the Patriotic Guards from the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party , following a presidential decree for this purpose . Patriotic Guards that distinguished themselves in training exercises for national defense and that comprised at least 2000 fighters were eligible to receive flags .
= = = Naval rank flags = = =
Decree nr . 1016 of 1966 created a legal framework for the establishment of distinctive rank flags and commanders ’ rank flags , which were raised on Navy and Coast Guard ships , in accordance with the services ’ sailing regulations .
A distinctive rank flag was raised when “ the general secretary of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party , the president of the Council of State of the Romanian Socialist Republic or the president of the Council of Ministers of the Romanian Socialist Republic [ was ] on an official visit ” aboard ship .
The commanders ’ rank flag was flown in similar situations for : “ the minister of the armed forces of the Romanian Socialist Republic , the commander of the navy , the commander of a large unit of ships of the commander of a group of ships temporarily constituted ” .
The form , colors and dimensions of the flags remained to be fixed by regulation .
= = Flag of the Romanian Revolution of 1989 = =
Starting on 17 December 1989 , during the revolution at Timișoara , the coat of arms of the Romanian Socialist Republic began to be removed from flags , being viewed as a symbol of Nicolae Ceauşescu ’ s dictatorial regime . Most often , this was accomplished by cutting or ripping out the middle of the yellow stripe , giving rise to the term " the flag with the hole " .
Decree @-@ Law nr . 2 of 27 December 1989 regarding the membership , organization and functioning of the Council of the National Salvation Front and of the territorial councils of the National Salvation Front provided at article 1 , among other matters , that “ the national flag is the traditional tricolor of Romania , with the colors laid out vertically , in the following order , starting from the flagpole : blue , yellow , red ” .
= = Storage , restoration and conservation of old flags = =
In the 19th century , after a modern army was established in the two Danubian Principalities , old military and princely flags were deposited at the Army Arsenal . In 1919 these were all transferred to the National Military Museum . Flags that witnessed the Romanian War of Independence were replaced in 1902 and kept until 1928 @-@ 29 in the throne room of the Royal Palace , after which they entered the Military Museum ’ s collection . In 1971 a significant number of old flags was given to the National History Museum .
In 1966 , there were 1075 Romanian and foreign flags at the Central Military Museum , of which 949 were original , including the flagpole , top decoration and canvas , 42 were copies and reconstructions , and for 84 , just the flagpole and decoration remained . Together with other categories of flags , standards , ship flags , pennants , sashes and ties , the collection reached 1248 items . By the mid @-@ 2000s , the museum ’ s flag and standard collection counted 10 @,@ 826 objects .
A majority of Romania ’ s older flags have a field that is either deteriorated ( some are missing almost entirely ) or slashed by bullets or swords .
Museum experts have taken steps to preserve flags , including : introducing and stitching a double tulle into the majority of flags ( starting in the 1930s ) , washing certain dust @-@ covered flags using special methods , placing dark protective covers over the flags to shield the fabric from light , replacing seriously deteriorated exemplars with copies , photographing flags in order to avoid repeated manipulation , and climate @-@ controlling storage areas and exhibit halls . Certain flags are also subject to restoration work .
= = Acts of heroism under the flag = =
During the Romanian War of Independence , Romanian troops were inspired to bravery by their flag ’ s presence . During an attack on 30 August 1877 , Captain Nicolae Valter Mărăcineanu fell in action while inserting the 8th line Regiment ’ s flag into the parapet of the Griviţa redoubt . Troops from the 3rd cavalry Regiment were among the first to enter Pleven , wading through the Vit with the flag before them .
Following these acts of bravery , the military colors were decorated in a solemn ceremony on 8 October 1878 . Units that participated in the Siege of Griviţa ( 6th line infantry Regiment , dorobanţi Regiments 6 , 10 , 13 and 14 ) , that fought at Pleven ( 6th line infantry Regiment , dorobanţi Regiments 6 and 14 , vânători Battalions 2 and 4 , cavalry Regiments 3 and 7 ) , and Smârdan and Vidin ( 6th line infantry Regiment , 3rd artillery Regiment ) received the Danube Crossing Cross ( Crucea Trecerii Dunării ) . The 13th dorobanţi Regiment also received the Order of the Star of Romania , along with three other regiments , while vânători Battalion 2 received the Great Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania . Among the others decorated were the 9th dorobanţi Regiment and the 4th and 6th line infantry Regiments . Moreover , on 23 September 1879 in Galaţi , the flag of the 6th line infantry Regiment received the Military Bravery medal from Prince Milan IV of Serbia .
World War I also saw sacrifices in defense of the military colors , as a symbol of the duty to defend the nation ’ s land and military honor . In October 1916 , the flag guard of Neagoe Basarab infantry Regiment 83 met a cavalry patrol of the German Army . Although one of his arms was sliced off , the regimental flag @-@ bearer stood his ground until his comrades jumped to his defense and saved the flag . A month later , the Dolj infantry Regiment 1 found itself in dire circumstances , deciding to bury the flag in a peasant ’ s yard in Izbiceni . It was recovered in autumn 1918 after the occupying foreign armies had been driven out . Coast Guard Regiment 1 also faced difficulty in fighting at the Olt Defile . Then , the unit commander decided to bury the eagle from atop the flag , while the canvas was wrapped around the body of a troop who snuck through the confusion . The flag was placed back on a pole in Moldavia and took part in the 1917 campaigns . At the end of the war , it was decorated with the Order of Michael the Brave , the Commemorative Cross of the War of 1916 @-@ 1918 and the Victoria medal .
Many other military colors were decorated at war ’ s end . To name but a few examples , heavy artillery Regiment 1 received the Order of the Star of Romania ( rank of knight with swords ) and the ribbon of Military Virtue . Heavy artillery Regiment 4 was decorated with the Order of the Star of Romania and the Commemorative Cross of the War of 1916 @-@ 1918 . The Mircea Regiment 32 received the Order of Michael the Brave . Infantry Regiment 70 , “ giving proof of the noblest spirit of sacrifice and a powerful patriotism ” , received the Order of Michael the Brave Class III and the Commemorative Cross 1916 @-@ 1918 .
During World War II , units ’ flags that appeared in battle were also decorated . In action on the Western Front , ant @-@ aircraft artillery Regiment 6 and vânători Regiment 2 were decorated with the Order of Aeronautic Virtue with swords . Among the units that received the Order of Michael the Brave with swords were cavalry Regiment 2 , which distinguished itself in battles on the Someş and Mureş rivers and in Czechoslovakia , infantry Regiment 96 , which broke through the Tisza and liberated Budapest , Regiments 18 artillery and 34 infantry , and Battalions 7 and 8 vânători de munte .
= The Boat Race 1977 =
The 123rd Boat Race took place on 19 March 1977 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford won by seven lengths , their biggest margin of victory for more than 90 years . It was the first time in the history of the event that one of the crews , Oxford , used a plastic boat as opposed to a wooden one . It was also the first race to have an official sponsor in Ladbrokes .
In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis by seven lengths . Cambridge won the 32nd Women 's Boat Race .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a " hotly contested point of honour " between the two universities . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1976 race by six @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths , with Cambridge leading overall with 68 victories to Oxford 's 53 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) .
The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race .
Both crews rowed in monocoque boats for the first time in the history of the race ; Oxford used a Carbocraft shell ( combining carbon fibre and plastic ) for the first time , while Cambridge raced in a prototype developed by Imperial College London . Journalist and author Christopher Dodd referred to the boats as " the most up @-@ to @-@ date boats that the rowing world has seen " . The race was sponsored for the first time , by British betting company Ladbrokes , who would sponsor the event until the 1987 race when they were replaced by Beefeater Gin .
= = Crews = =
The Oxford crew weighed an average of 13 st 9 @.@ 5 lb ( 86 @.@ 7 kg ) , just over 6 pounds ( 2 @.@ 7 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Returning Cambridge cox Joe Manser , at 9 st 11 lb , weighed 30 pounds ( 14 kg ) more than his counterpart Colin Moynihan . Along with Manser , Cambridge saw the return of just one other former Blue in David Searle , while Oxford 's crew included three Boat Race participants in Bob Mason , Crispin Money @-@ Coutts and John Wiggins .
= = Race = =
Oxford started the race as " one of the strongest favourites of all time " , with The Guardian 's Christopher Dodd writing that " Oxford have some world @-@ class pedigree " . They won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . Within thirty seconds of the start , and in calm conditions , Oxford were a length ahead at Fulham F.C. They moved further ahead to a two @-@ length lead by the Mile Post , and a six @-@ second advantage over the Light Blues . Oxford extended their lead to three lengths and nine seconds by the time both crews shot Hammersmith Bridge , where the crews were subjected to choppy water , but between there and Chiswick Steps , Oxford raced further ahead , gaining at least two further lengths on Cambridge . Twenty seconds ahead at Barnes Bridge , the Dark Blues continued to press home their advantage , and passed the finishing post in a time of 19 minutes 28 seconds , 22 seconds ahead of Cambridge . It was Oxford 's third victory in four years , and the seven @-@ length margin of victory was their greatest since their win in the 1898 race .
In the 13th running of the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis by seven lengths in a time of 19 minutes 35 seconds . It was Goldie 's first victory since 1974 . Cambridge won the 32nd Women 's Boat Race , their fourteenth victory in fifteen years .
= = Reaction = =
Oxford stroke Andy Michelmore was surprised by the conditions : " we couldn 't extend ourselves until the very end . " Of the rough water , Michelmore 's cox , Moynihan , said " a sinking was possible . We shipped , I think , a couple of inches of water and I was more than apprehensive " .
= MDNA World Tour ( album ) =
MDNA World Tour is the fourth live album by American singer and songwriter Madonna . It was released on September 6 , 2013 , by Live Nation Entertainment and Interscope Records as a full concert on all formats including a double @-@ disc CD , DVD , and Blu @-@ ray . Madonna had embarked on The MDNA Tour for promotion of her twelfth studio album MDNA . The tour was a commercial success although it courted a number of controversies . The performances at the American Airlines Arena in Miami , Florida during the North American leg of The MDNA Tour were documented for video release . The recording was directed by Danny B. Tull and Stephane Sennour who included footage from other shows of the tour .
Madonna had spent six months editing the footage from the films and together with Tull and Seymour she developed the video for the songs she had performed as a mini @-@ movie . Shot as a documentary , MDNA World Tour included the best shots available from different locations of the tour , while emphasizing Madonna 's impact on the younger generation of artists . Prior to the release , a concert television special , Madonna : The MDNA Tour , was broadcast in the United States by Epix on June 22 , 2013 . A premiere took place The Paris Theater , in New York City the same month .
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er . Landing in England , the duke was welcomed by his cousin and brother @-@ in @-@ law , the Prince Regent ( later King George IV ) and the Black Brunswickers entered British service . During the next few years , the Brunswickers earned themselves a sound reputation through service with the British in the Peninsular Campaign . However , steady attrition in battles and skirmishes through Portugal and Spain , combined with a lack of political support and financial difficulties , led to a situation where the unit 's imminent disbandment looked likely .
= = = Peninsular War = = =
When organized for British service , the corps was renamed the Brunswick Oels Jäger and Brunswick Oels Hussar Regiments . Prussians represented a large part of the original officer corps , while the enlisted men were motivated by German patriotism . However , once the Oels entered English service , they were cut off from their natural recruiting grounds . Compelled to enlist men from the prisoner of war camps to fill up the ranks , the quality of soldiers in the Oels decreased . Worse , the King 's German Legion obtained the best of the German recruits , leaving the Oels with the less desirable ones . In addition to Germans , the Oels recruited Poles , Swiss , Danes , Dutch , and Croats . Charles Oman , the Peninsular War historian , calls the Oels a " motley crew , much given to desertion " and records one occasion where ten men were caught deserting in a body . Of these , four were shot and the rest flogged .
Nevertheless , the Brunswick Oels Jägers gave a good account of themselves during the war . The regiment — really a single battalion — arrived in Portugal in early 1811 . The Duke of Wellington distributed one company to the 4th Division and two companies to the 5th Division as skirmishers , while the remaining nine companies served in the newly formed 7th Division . The Oels remained in this organization until the end of the war in April 1814 . During this period , the Oels served in most of the major battles including Fuentes de Onoro , Salamanca , Vitoria , the Pyrenees , Nivelle , the Nive , and Orthez .
= = Waterloo campaign = =
Following Napoleon 's disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 , and his subsequent retreat back into France , Frederick William was able to return to Brunswick in 1813 to reclaim his title . He also took the opportunity to replenish the ranks of his Black Brunswickers . Upon Napoleon 's escape from Elba in 1815 he once more placed himself under the Duke of Wellington 's command and joined the allied forces of the Seventh Coalition in Belgium . The " Brunswick Corps " , as it is called in the order of battle for the Waterloo Campaign , formed up as a discrete division in the allied reserve . Its strength is given as 5376 men , composed of eight infantry battalions ; one Advance Guard or Avantgarde , one Life Guard or Leib @-@ Bataillon , three Light and three Line Battalions . They were supported by both a horse and foot artillery battery of eight guns each . Also included were a regiment of Brunswicker Hussars and a single squadron of Uhlans were often attached to the allied cavalry corps .
= = = Battle of Quatre Bras = = =
Quatre Bras was a hamlet at a strategic crossroads on the road to Brussels . French control of it would not only threaten the city , but divide Wellington 's Allied army from Blucher 's Prussians . At 14 : 00 on 16 June 1815 , after some initial skirmishing , the main French force under Marshall Ney , approached Quatre Bras from the south . They came up against the 2nd Netherlands Division who had formed a line well in advance of the crossroads . Facing three French infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade , the Dutch and Nassau troops were forced back but did not break . Reinforcements arrived at 15 : 00 , being a Dutch cavalry brigade , Picton 's 5th British Division , followed closely by the Brunswick Corps . The sharpshooters of the Brunswick Advance Guard regiment were sent to support Dutch skirmishers in Bossou Wood on the Allied right ( western ) flank ; the rest of the corps took up a reserve position across the Brussels road . The Black Duke reassured his inexperienced troops by walking up and down in front of them , calmly puffing on his pipe .
A French infantry attack was halted by the allied front line , which was attacked in turn by French cavalry . Wellington moved the Brunswick infantry into the front line , where they were subjected to intense French artillery fire , forcing tham to fall back a short distance . As a mass of French infantry advanced up the main road , the Black Duke led a charge by his uhlans , but they were beaten back . Swept by canister shot at short range , the Brunswickers broke and rallied at the crossroads itself . At this point , the Duke , who was reforming his troops , was hit by a musket ball , which passed through his hand and into his liver . He was rescued by the men of the Lieb Regiment , who carried him back using their muskets as a stretcher . He died shortly afterwards . The Duke 's final words , to his aide Major von Wachholtz , were :
Mein lieber Wachholtz , wo ist denn Olfermann ? ( My dear Wachholtz , where is Olfermann ? )
Colonel Elias Olfermann was the Duke 's Adjutant general , who assumed immediate command of the corps . Wellington then ordered the Brunswick hussars to make an unsupported counterattack on the French light cavalry brigade , but they were driven off by heavy fire . Later in the battle , French cuirassiers broke the Allied front line and were only prevented from taking the crossroads by the Brunswick infantry who had formed themselves into squares . By 21 : 00 , Allied reinforcements , including the newly arrived Brunswick 1st and 3rd Light Regiments , had driven the French back to their starting positions . Brunswick losses that day amounted to 188 killed and 396 wounded .
= = = Battle of Waterloo = = =
Only two days later , on Sunday 18 June , the Duke of Wellington positioned his Anglo @-@ Allied Army along a ridge near the village of Waterloo , in order to block Napoleon 's advance along the road to Brussels . The Brunswick Corps formed part of Wellington 's Reserve Corps , under his personal command . In that capacity , they were kept well behind the crest of the ridge and avoided casualties during the opening French bombardment . In the early part of the afternoon , the British Foot Guards moved down the slope to reinforce the Château d 'Hougoumont , which was under fierce French attack ; the Brunswick Corps was brought forward to take their place .
At about 16 : 00 , Marshall Ney decided to attempt to break the centre right of the Allied line with his cavalry . 4 @,@ 800 French horsemen charged up the hill and into the Allied infantry , who had formed themselves into squares to resist them . In all , 9 @,@ 000 cavalry were involved in repeated attacks on the Allied squares but were unable to break any of them , including the Brunswickers , whom some British officers regarded as “ shaky ” . The Brunswick Hussars and Uhlans , who formed part of the 7th British Cavalry Brigade , made harrying attacks on the French whenever they retired to regroup . Eventually , Ney had no choice but to abandon the attacks .
The French capture of the fortified farm of La Haye Sainte had left a gap in the centre of Wellington ’ s line , and the Brunswick infantry were brought along to fill it . It was here that Napoleon sent one of two attacks by his Imperial Guard in a last gasp effort to break Wellington ’ s army . Faced with the veterans of the Grenadiers of the Middle Guard , the inexperienced Brunswickers broke from the line and " fell back in disorder " , but rallied when they reached the cavalry reserve in the rear . The same fate befell the Nassau Infantry Regiment and two British battalions . Finally , the Guards were halted and thrown back when they were surprised by a flank attack from Dutch troops . The Brunswick Corps had recovered sufficiently to participate in the allied “ General Advance ” that swept the French army from the field . British sources give the number of Brunswickers killed in action that day as 154 with 456 wounded and 50 missing .
In the following days , they escorted 2 @,@ 000 French prisoners back to Brussels and then marched on to Paris . They finally returned to Brunswick on 6 December 1815 .
= = Uniform = =
The Brunswickers were awarded various nicknames by their contemporaries , including the Black Crows , the Black Legion and the Black Horde . However , although the uniforms of the individual units that comprised the corps were , as the names suggest , predominantly black , they varied in their details .
Infantry units in 1809 wore a black polrock or " Polish coat " , a type of frock coat derived from a Lithuanian garment called a litewka which had six pairs of black lace fastenings down the front . A tall collar showed the regimental colour . Trousers were black with a blue stripe ; footwear was black shoes with buttoned gaiters . They wore a shako on their heads , with the skull or a hunting horn badge for light infantry , also a black feather or horsehair plume . The shako , backpack and other equipment were of Austrian design and manufacture . The Sharpshooter companies wore a dark green Prussian @-@ style coatee and a tall hat of Austrian origin with an elongated brim turned @-@ up at one side . In the Peninsular War , the polrock was replaced by a short black koller or cavalry @-@ style tunic . Equipment and badges of rank were of British pattern .
The hussar cavalry were garbed in a black , light blue collared dolman , sometimes with a black pelisse . Black overalls were worn over tight breeches of the hussar style . The hussars also wore a black Shako . The sword and equipment were originally of Austrian design . The Uhlan squadron wore a green kurtka or lancer 's jacket with red facings and a traditional czapka cap , their uniform being a copy of the Austrian Graf von Meerveldt Uhlan Regiment . The lance had a red and yellow pennon . By 1815 , the Uhlans were wearing all @-@ black uniforms , but retained the yellow @-@ topped czapka .
Artillerymen wore similar clothing to the cavalry : mostly black in colour with a koller and black trousers . They were additionally equipped with a standard hussar sword should they have need to defend their guns .
There are a number of speculative theories on the origin of the Brunswickers ' dark and seemingly grim choice of garb . It has been suggested that black was chosen to mourn Duke Frederick William 's late father ; as a sign of respect for the Duke ; or in mourning for the Duke 's occupied homeland . Colonel Augustus Frazer , who had served alongside the Brunswickers , reported that black was adopted in mourning for the Duke 's wife , Princess Marie of Baden , who had died in 1808 , and that the black uniforms would not be put aside until Brunswick had been finally liberated .
= = Inspired art = =
The Black Brunswicker ( 1860 ) , by John Everett Millais was inspired in part by the exploits of the Brunswickers and in part by the contrasts of black broadcloth and pearl @-@ white satin in a moment of tender conflict .
The artwork took an estimated three months to paint , and it was greatly admired at the time . It was also bought for the highest price Millais had received from dealer and publisher Ernest Gambart - the lucrative sum of 100 guineas . Later , in 1898 , William Hesketh Lever purchased the work for his private collection . Charles Dickens ' daughter Kate was used as a model for the woman seen in the painting .
= = The Brunswick Corps in later years = =
A single infantry regiment and the hussars were maintained by the Duchy of Brunswick after the end of the Napoleonic War . In 1830 , the uniform colour was changed to blue , but reverted to black in 1850 . The Brunswick units were integrated into the Prussian Army in 1866 with the titles : Braunschweigisches Infanterie @-@ Regiment Nr.92 and Braunschweigisches Husaren Regiment Nr.17 following the Prussian regimental numbering sequence . Both units kept the skull with the crossed bones on their helmets and caps and carried the battle honours " Peninsula @-@ Sicily @-@ Waterloo " until the end of World War I in 1918 , when they were disbanded . At that time , a collection of artefacts and uniforms from the Napoleonic era were presented by the officers of the corps to the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum , where they can be seen today .
The historic black of the Brunswick Corps was retained by the Husaren Regiment Nr.17 in full dress parade uniform until the outbreak of war in August 1914 . The Brunswick Infanterie @-@ Regiment Nr.92 however adopted the dark blue tunic of the Prussian line infantry .
= Jordan Slew =
Jordan Michael Slew ( born 7 September 1992 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for League Two side Plymouth Argyle .
Born in Sheffield , Slew began his footballing career at Sheffield United 's academy in 2006 , joining the club at the age of 11 . After making his first @-@ team debut in 2010 , he attracted the interest of a number of clubs including Blackburn Rovers , for whom he signed in September 2011 for a £ 1 @.@ 1 million fee . He subsequently spent time on loan at Stevenage , Oldham Athletic , Rotherham United , Ross County , and Port Vale . He joined Cambridge United in February 2015 and stayed with the club for 12 months . He signed with Chesterfield in February 2016 , and then joined Plymouth Argyle four months later . Slew also made two appearances for the England U19s in 2011 .
= = Club career = =
= = = Sheffield United = = =
Having started his career as a youngster with the Sheffield United academy , Slew made his first @-@ team debut at the start of October 2010 , coming on as an 86th @-@ minute substitute in a 1 – 0 home defeat to Watford . He then signed his first senior professional contract with Sheffield United at the start of November , a deal designed to tie him to the club until the summer of 2012 . After two further late @-@ substitute appearances , he made his first start for Sheffield United in April 2011 , playing the whole game and scoring in a 3 – 1 defeat to Preston North End at Deepdale . He made eight appearances in total for the club during the 2010 – 11 campaign , scoring twice . As well as his breakthrough into the first @-@ team , Slew also played an instrumental part in Sheffield United 's run in the 2010 – 11 FA Youth Cup , where they reached the final before losing to Manchester United 's Academy side over two legs . Slew scored three goals during the cup run , including a goal in the first leg of the final .
By May 2011 , a number of Premier League and Championship teams had enquired about acquiring Slew 's services , with United turning down a £ 500 @,@ 000 offer from Fulham . Shortly after , Slew agreed an improved two @-@ year deal to keep him at Bramall Lane until 2014 . He began the 2011 – 12 season as a first team regular , playing in all of United 's games during that August , scoring once .
= = = Blackburn Rovers = = =
Despite having only recently signed an extended deal with Sheffield United , Slew signed for Premier League side Blackburn Rovers on August transfer deadline day 2011 . Blackburn paid a fee of £ 1 @.@ 1 million for the player , with Slew signing a four @-@ year contract . Arriving as a squad player , Slew had to wait until December 2011 to make his debut for Blackburn , coming on as an 89th @-@ minute substitute against Manchester United at Old Trafford . Unable to achieve a regular place in the Blackburn first team , Slew joined League One side Stevenage on loan in March 2012 , agreeing a deal to run until the end of the 2011 – 12 season . He made his debut
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program = = =
There are four incentive levels cadets can achieve upon doing the fitness assessment : bronze , silver , gold , and excellence . Scoring of the cadet depends on the age and gender of the cadet . Each test in the fitness assessment is scored as follows :
Using incentive level standards , each of the 5 or 6 tests is awarded an achievement level . The minimum achievement level reached of all 5 components is awarded ; only the highest two of the three flexibility tests is used in determining the achievement levels for the Flexibility component .
= = Notable former air cadets = =
= Rashid Johnson =
Rashid Johnson ( born 1977 ) is an African @-@ American socio @-@ political photographer who produces conceptual post @-@ black art . Johnson first received critical attention when examples of his work were included in the exhibition " Freestyle , " curated by Thelma Golden at the Studio Museum in Harlem in 2001 — when he was 24 . He has studied at Columbia College Chicago and the School of the Art Institute of Chicago . His work has been exhibited around the world and he is held in collections of many of the world 's leading art museums .
In addition to photography , which is where Johnson began , he presents audio ( mostly music ) , video and sculpture art . Johnson is known for both his unusual artistic productions and for his process . He is also known for combining various science with black history so that his materials , which are formally independent , are augmented by their relation to black history . He was a 2012 Hugo Boss Prize finalist .
= = Early life = =
Johnson was born in Illinois to an academic and scholar mother , Dr. Cheryl Johnson @-@ Odim , and a former Vietnam @-@ war veteran father , Jimmy Johnson , who was an artist but worked in electronics . His parents divorced when he was 2 years old . His mother remarried a man of Nigerian descent . Johnson said that growing up his family was based in afrocentrism and that his family celebrated Kwanzaa .
Johnson was raised in the Wicker Park neighborhood of Chicago , Illinois , as well as Evanston , Illinois . A photography major , he earned a 2000 Bachelor of Fine Arts from Columbia College Chicago and a 2005 Master of Fine Arts from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago . While at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago , one of his mentors was Gregg Bordowitz .
After obtaining his Master 's degree , he moved to the Lower East Side in New York City , where he taught at the Pratt Institute . Although he is generally referred to as a photographer and sometimes referred to as a sculptor , in certain contexts , he has been referred to as an artist @-@ magician .
Johnson followed a generation of black artists who focused on the " black experience " and he grew up in a generation that was influenced by hip hop and Black Entertainment Television . Because of his generation 's high exposure to black culture within pop culture , his contemporary audiences have a greater learned understanding of the " black experience . " The basic exposure of many to the black experience has enabled him to achieve a deeper race and identity interaction .
His work has been exhibited at the Art Institute of Chicago ; the Whitney Museum of American Art , New York ; the Detroit Institute of Arts ; the Walker Art Center , Minneapolis ; the Corcoran Museum of Art , Washington , DC ; the Institute of Contemporary Photography , New York ; the Brooklyn Museum of Art , New York ; and the Museum of Contemporary Art , Chicago . His art is in the collections of most of these museums , and he is represented by art dealers in Milan , Naples , New York City and Chicago . By 2000 , his work was held by the Studio Museum in Harlem , and by 2001 he had two photographs in the collection at the Art Institute of Chicago .
In 2009 , Johnson collaborated with the local Chicago apparel company Flux Collection . Works utilized in Flux products include " Space " ( 2008 , Spray Enamel on Mirror ) , which was turned into a tee @-@ shirt design .
= = Career = =
= = = Early career = = =
As a college junior , he opened his first show at the Schneider Gallery . By 2000 , he had earned a reputation for his unique photo @-@ printing process and his medium and large scale works were priced at up to US $ 3 @,@ 000 . In 2000 , some of his early black @-@ and @-@ white photography work was described as " spectacularly rich " by The New York Times ; the Chicago Sun @-@ Times referred to his 2000 collection of portraits of homeless men " stunning " , and he was noted for a series of large @-@ scale photos of feet that serve as his interpretation of human migration in 2001 . Then , he exhibited in the notable 2001 Freestyle show , a show that is credited with having launched Johnson 's career . The curator of the show , Thelma Golden , is credited with coining the term post @-@ black art in relation to that exhibit , although some suggest the term is attributable to the 1995 book The End of Blackness by Debra Dickerson , who is a favorite of Johnson . The term post @-@ black now refers to art where race and racism are prominent , but where the importance of the interaction of the two is diminished .
Johnson 's most controversial exhibition was entitled Chickenbones and Watermelon Seeds : The African American Experience as Abstract Art . The subject matter was a series of stereotypical African @-@ American food culture items such as watermelon seeds , black @-@ eyed peas , chicken bones , and cotton seeds placed directly onto photographic paper and exposed to light using an iron @-@ reactive process .
In 2002 , he exhibited at the Sunrise Museum in Charleston , West Virginia . The exhibit , entitled Manumission Papers , was named for the papers that freed slaves were required to keep to prove their freedom . The exhibition was described as being as much a cultural commentary as an imagery display , and it related to the previous " Chickenbones " exhibit . He geometrically arranged abstractions of feet , hands , and elbows in shapes such as cubes , church windows and ships . This was a considered as study in racial identity because the body parts were not identifiable . Also in 2002 , presenting his photographic work using chicken bones , Johnson exhibited at the Museum of Contemporary Art , Chicago , as part of the UBS 12 x 12 : New Artists , New Work series .
In 2002 he exhibited his homeless men in the Diggs Gallery of Winston @-@ Salem State University . The exhibit was entitled Seeing in the Dark and used partially illuminated subjects against deep black backgrounds . He also exhibited his homeless men work , including George ( 1999 ) , in Atlanta , Georgia as part of the National Black Arts Festival at City Gallery East in July and August 2002 . George was part of the Corcoran Gallery of Art November 2004 – January 2005 Common Ground : Discovering Community in 150 Years of Art , Selections From the Collection of Julia J. Norrell exhibition . George and the Common Ground exhibition appeared in several other places including the North Carolina Museum of Art in 2006 .
He took part in the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs artist Open Studio Program rotation in the Chicago Landmark / National Register of Historic Places Page Brothers Building during the summer of 2003 with a three @-@ week exhibition . He explored the " historical and contemporary nature of photography " . At that time , he was represented by George N 'Namdi , who owned G.R. N 'Namdi , the oldest African @-@ American @-@ owned , exhibiting commercial gallery in the country .
In conjunction with the Renaissance Society at the University of Chicago , Rashid Johnson exhibited The Evolution of the Negro Political Costume in December 2004 . He presented replicas of three outfits worn by African @-@ American politicians . He included a late 1960s dashiki worn by Jesse Jackson , a 1980s running suit worn by Al Sharpton in the ' 80s and a business suit worn by then United States Senator @-@ elect Barack Obama . The presentation , which invited inspection , was as likely to evoke humorous response to the Jackson dashika as well as critical commentary about the presentation of political attire .
Johnson explored the theme of escapism at the Indianapolis Museum of Contemporary Art in a show entitled The Production of Escapism : A Solo Project by Rashid Johnson . He addressed distraction and relief from reality through art and fantasy . Johnson used photos , video and site @-@ specific installation to study escapist tendencies through often with a sense of humor that bordered on the absurd .
= = = Post @-@ graduate career = = =
During the summer of 2005 , he took part in a Chicago Cultural Center artist exchange program exhibition featuring five emerging Chicago contemporary artists and five from Kaohsiung , Taiwan . Half of the ten were women ( four from Taiwan ) . As part of the Crossings exhibition almost all artists had their first chance to exhibit in the country of the others . In this forum , Chicago Tribune art critic Alan G. Artner said Johnson 's audio selection imposed his artistry on all the other exhibits since he chose a rap song combined with a blunt video . Artner became a Johnson detractor in 2005 when Johnson had this and another simultaneous exhibit appearing in Chicago . He described Johnson 's exploration of the politics of race as " sloganeering or cute self @-@ advertising " in his two @-@ dimensional works , and his apolytical three @-@ dimensional installations as " glib and superficial " representations . He classified Johnson 's work as more suitable for the audience seeking nothing more than American pop culture . The following year , in 2006 , Artner derided Johnson 's short video contribution to the Art Institute of Chicago 's Fool 's Paradise exhibition as a " conflation of gospel singing with beat boxing ... that says nothing worth saying about race . " Other Chicago critics describe Johnson 's subsequent work as relatively hip .
In an ensemble 2006 showing entitled Scarecrow , Johnson exhibited a life @-@ sized photographic nude self @-@ portrait that was supposed to be menacing and abrasive , but that was perceived as interesting and amusing . His Summer 2007 " Stay Black and Die " work in the The Color Line exhibition at the Jack Shainman Gallery left one art critic from The New York Times wondering whether he was viewing a warning or exhortation . However , at the same time he participated in the Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art 's For Love of the Game : Race and Sport in America exhibition that seemed to clearly address manners in which questions about race have been asked and answered on American sports fields of play .
In Dark Matters , a 2007 exhibition at the James Harris Gallery in Seattle , Washington , Johnson is said to mimic Édouard Manet 's Olympia in a work called White Girls and Sam Gilliam and Richard Tuttle in his skyspace backdrops that are perceived as sweeping perfection .
As a post @-@ black artist , his mixed @-@ media work , such as his Spring 2008 exhibition The Dead Lecturer , plays on race while diminishing its significance by playing with contradictions , coded references and allusions ( E.g. , The New Negro Escapist Social and Athletic Club ( Emmett ) , right ) . The exhibit was described as " a fictional secret society of African @-@ American intellectuals , a cross between Mensa and the Masons " that that was a challenge to either condemn or endorse .
Despite Artner 's generally negative reviews of Johnson in earlier years , Johnson was near the top of Artner 's list of exhibitions that he wanted to see in late 2008 . Artner promptly reviewed Johnson 's simultaneous September 2008 showings in Chicago . He claimed that The New Escapist Promised Land Garden and Recreation Center did not come across as either a land garden or recreation center due to the in part because of Johnson 's overwhelming presence and in part because of the long , narrow , cramped venue . He saw too much of the artist in his own work such as Bruce Conner @-@ like paintings and Johnson 's photographic impersonation of tennis champion Jimmy Connors . He perceives the nostalgia as somewhat autobiographical and possibly fictionalized . He perceived part of the work as graffiti and felt the work was unchallenging . Artner described Cosmic Slops , which featured 11 paintings of black soap and wax , plus one simulacrum of a Constructivist canvas made of an animal pelt with glittery ribbons , as descendants of century of history of monochromatic abstractions that discards by titling his work as representations of the heavens . Artner feels these sculptural waxes are
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Adams issued a pardon , releasing the ship and remitting the fine . Initially settling on land they purchased near the shore of Lake Ontario , about 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Rochester , New York , the passengers were the first of many Norse @-@ Americans who crossed the Atlantic , especially to the northern and western United States .
Ole Juulson Kvale was a Minnesota congressman of the Farmer @-@ Labor Party , and a proud Norse @-@ American . Kvale was a member of the Norse @-@ American Centennial Commission , which was to organize a 100th anniversary celebration of the Restauration 's voyage . This celebration was important to a Norse @-@ American community that had been perceived as antiwar during World War I , and was attempting to display both ethnic pride and assimilation . Kvale , a Lutheran minister , was also a member of the House Committee on Coinage , Weights , and Measures , and in January 1925 approached the Treasury Department , seeking its support for a commemorative coin in honor of the anniversary . He was told that the Treasury would oppose it . Commemorative coins for ethnic heritage groups were unlikely to pass Congress at that time due to the controversy caused by the 1924 Huguenot @-@ Walloon Tercentenary half dollar , seen by some as Protestant propaganda .
On February 3 , 1925 , Kvale and his son Paul met with Treasury officials , bringing a draft bill authorizing the Bureau of the Mint to strike commemorative medals for the anniversary . Acting Mint Director Mary M. O 'Reilly and Treasury Undersecretary Garrad Winston were dubious about the idea of striking silver medals that would be between the quarter and half dollar in size . Paul Kvale suggested making the medal octagonal or hexagonal . O 'Reilly and Winston favored the idea , and , after Congressman Kvale met with legal counsel to the Treasury and with other officials , he was assured of the department 's full support . Kvale also successfully lobbied the Post Office Department for the issuance of commemorative stamps ; he told Third Assistant Postmaster General Warren I. Glover that , in a broader sense , the medal recognized the North American explorations of the Vikings around the year 1000 . Kvale declared that in seeking the souvenir medal and stamps , he was contributing to the " growth of the Norwegian heritage by having it ' preserved in metal ' as well as ' paper time capsules ' . "
= = Legislation = =
Kvale introduced a bill for a Norse @-@ American medal in the House of Representatives on February 4 , 1925 . It was referred to the Committee on Coinage , Weights , and Measures . On behalf of that committee , Kvale reported it favorably to the full House on February 10 . In the report , Kvale stated that the 40 @,@ 000 medals would be struck without expense to the government , and that Treasury officials supported the bill . " In view of the importance of this celebration to the many descendants of the Norse immigrants into this country , and through these to the State of Minnesota , which is officially sponsoring the event , and to the great Northwest , which they have been such a large factor in developing , the committee believes that such a medal is fitting and proper and that this bill should be enacted into law . "
South Dakota Senator Peter Norbeck also introduced legislation for a Norse @-@ American medal on February 5 , 1925 . It was referred to the Committee on the Library . On the 6th , that committee was discharged of responsibility for the bill and it was referred instead to the Committee on Banking and Currency . Norbeck , on behalf of the Banking Committee , reported the bill favorably and without amendment to the Senate on February 13 . It was passed by the Senate without objection or amendment on the 18th .
The Senate @-@ passed bill then was transmitted to the House of Representatives , and was referred to the Coinage Committee on February 20 . It was brought forward on February 27 , 1925 . When the Speaker , Frederick H. Gillett , asked if there was objection to the consideration of the bill , Ohio 's James T. Begg asked if there was anyone who could give him information about it , and if there was not , he would object . Kvale stated that he could , and when Begg asked if Treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon favored the bill , assured the Ohioan that this was so . Kvale had the Senate @-@ passed bill substituted for the one he had introduced , and it received the House 's endorsement without objection or amendment . It was passed into law with the signature of President Calvin Coolidge on March 2 , 1925 .
The act provided for a maximum of 40 @,@ 000 medals , to be struck at the Philadelphia Mint , from design models prepared by the Norse @-@ American Centennial Commission . Medals would be turned over to a designated agent of the commission on payment of the cost of making them . They were to be made subject to the provisions of section 52 of the Coinage Act of 1873 . That section permitted medals of a national character to be struck at the Philadelphia Mint , but forbade Mint personnel from making dies for private medals , and was enacted after Philadelphia Mint Chief Coiner Franklin Peale had for some years run a private medals business on Mint premises , prior to his firing in 1854 .
= = Preparation = =
Kvale hoped that his friend and fellow Minnesotan , Senator Henrik Shipstead , could persuade sculptor Gutzon Borglum to design the medal for no fee or a nominal one . Borglum , who was busy with construction at Stone Mountain in Georgia ( he would later sculpt Mount Rushmore ) , had designed the Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar ; he had no time to accept the work . Buffalo nickel designer James Earle Fraser , a member of the Commission of Fine Arts , was engaged for a fee of $ 1 @,@ 500 , about the usual for a commemorative coin .
Fraser prepared designs and submitted them to the Mint ; O 'Reilly sent them to the Commission of Fine Arts on April 14 , 1925 . The commission approved them ; its only suggestion was that the first " the " be removed from the inscription on the reverse , " AUTHORIZED BY THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA " , and this was done . Sketches had been printed in the Minneapolis Journal on March 29 , provoking some reaction from those who felt that the design implied that Norwegians still dressed like Vikings in 1825 , and that the date , 1000 , should be moved from reverse to obverse to eliminate the confusion . The public objections had no effect on events .
= = Design = =
The obverse of the medal shows a Norwegian Viking chieftain who has just come ashore from his ship ( seen behind him ) and is armed for war , with horned helmet , shield , sword , and svard ( dagger ) . He is intended to be landing at Vinland , the lands in the Americas explored and to some extent settled by the Vikings about the year 1000 . The helmet is most likely an anachronism , as they are not believed to have been used for two millennia prior to the Vinland landing , and were probably ceremonial , rather than intended for battle . The centennial and the years are recognized on the obverse . The reverse shows a Viking ship , along with the authorization by Congress and the approximate year in which Vinland was settled . " OPUS FRASER " ( Fraser 's work ) , the artist 's signature , is to the left of the ship .
Numismatist Anthony Swiatek , in his volume on commemoratives , wonders if Leif Erikson , the famed explorer of that period , would not have been a superior choice . He concludes that Kvale would not have supported such a depiction , because " he was interested in pure romanticization . He saw a Viking ship and his chieftain in full regalia " .
Julie Shultz , in her journal article on the 1925 celebration , finds it significant that the medal has nothing to do with the arrival of the Restauration in an already @-@ formed United States , but symbolizes ethnic pride in the early explorers . Noting that one of the stamps depicts a Viking ship and the other the Restauration , she concludes of these three government issues for the celebration : " Though outwardly , these souvenirs were to symbolize the Norwegian immigrant heritage that began in 1825 , they actually invert the dominant narrative by using an American form to proclaim that Norwegians were the first Europeans to land on American soil . "
= = Production , distribution , and collecting = =
Six thousand silver medals on a thin ( 1 @.@ 6 mm ) planchet were struck between May 21 and 23 , 1925 , at the Philadelphia Mint . They were handled like ordinary coins : they were counted , bagged , and transported to the Fourth Street National Bank of Philadelphia for the centennial commission 's use . Between May 29 and June 13 , a total of 33 @,@ 750 pieces were struck on a thick ( 2 mm ) silver planchet . The reason for the two varieties is uncertain ; Swiatek theorizes that the Norse @-@ American Centennial Commission might not have liked how the thin ones looked , or might have wanted collectors to buy two medals . One hundred were struck in gold , on June 3 and 4 — Kvale received the second one struck . The medals cost the commission 30 cents each for the thin ones , 45 cents for the thick , and $ 10 @.@ 14 for the gold . The retail price of the thin ones is uncertain ( Swiatek estimates $ 1 @.@ 75 ) , the thick ones are known to have cost $ 1 @.@ 25 , and the gold pieces about $ 20 . They were sold by mail order ; none were sold at the celebrations or in person . There was a sales limit of one per person , but purchasers could buy on behalf of as many family members as they wanted . The thin pieces were not offered for sale until November or December 1925 , and sold mostly to numismatists — the commission 's secretary , J.A. Horvik , was frustrated that more " Norsemen " were not buying the medal . After the celebrations , Kvale took 5 @,@ 000 medals to New York , hoping to sell them , but was not successful . Of the 100 gold pieces struck , 47 were eventually returned to the Treasury when they could not be sold , and some of the silver pieces ( most likely thick ones ) were as well .
The Norse @-@ American Immigration Centennial Celebration was held at the Minnesota State Fairgrounds near Minneapolis from June 6 – 9 , 1925 . Automobile caravans were organized to bring attendees from the Red River Valley , bearing the slogan , " The Norsemen are Coming ! " President Coolidge was present ; he called the Viking explorers " these sons of Thor and Odin " , and told attendees , " the pledge of the Norwegian people has never yet gone unredeemed . I have every faith that through the vigorous performance of your duties you will add new lustre to your glories in the days to come . " The New York Times noted that commemorative stamps and a congressionally authorized medal had been issued for the celebration . " Seldom before has the celebration of a similar event been so honored by the Government , as has this centennial . "
The Times had inaccurately described the medal as " the first commemorative medal to be issued in the history of the mint " . The publicity people for the celebration had billed it as the first medal to be issued pursuant to an act of Congress , but in October 1925 , Mint Director Robert J. Grant learned that a medal had been authorized by Congress for the centennial of American independence in 1876 , and it had been issued in different sizes . He informed Kvale , who was intrigued by the fact that the independence medal had been issued in a 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) size . The congressman felt that the larger size would allow the detail of his medal to be better shown , which would help when one was exhibited in a museum display case . Not all members of his board were enthusiastic about the idea , but between 60 and 75 of these larger medals were struck , likely in December at the Philadelphia Mint , with Kvale undertaking to purchase any that were not sold . They were plated in silver by a private firm in Washington , D.C. , and about 30 were presented or mailed to dignitaries , including one to President Coolidge .
The Norse @-@ American medal is not a coin , and is not legal tender . Due to its similarity to a coin , and the fact that it was authorized by Congress , it is sometimes collected as part of the U.S. commemorative coin series . Though the silver ones can be purchased for less than $ 100 up to $ 500 , and the silver @-@ plated one for between $ 500 and $ 3 @,@ 500 , the gold specimen has sold for as high as $ 40 @,@ 000 . Some medals were used as pocket pieces or worn in mountings to the fair , and display damage or wear .
= SMS Amazone =
SMS Amazone was the sixth member of the ten @-@ ship Gazelle class , built by the Imperial German Navy . She was built by the Germaniawerft dockyard in Kiel , laid down in 1899 , launched in October 1900 , and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in November 1901 . Armed with a main battery of ten 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns and two 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , Amazone was capable of a top speed of 21 @.@ 5 knots ( 39 @.@ 8 km / h ; 24 @.@ 7 mph ) .
Amazone served in the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet during her peacetime career . After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , she was deployed as a coastal defense ship . In 1916 , she was disarmed and used as a training ship , and was converted into a barracks ship in 1917 . She was retained by the Reichsmarine after the end of the war and served on active duty with the new
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German Navy through the 1920s . She was reduced to secondary duties after 1931 , and remained in service as a barracks ship into the 1950s ; Amazone was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1954 .
= = Design = =
Amazon was 104 @.@ 8 meters ( 344 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 12 @.@ 2 m ( 40 ft ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 12 m ( 16 @.@ 8 ft ) forward . She displaced 3 @,@ 082 t ( 3 @,@ 033 long tons ; 3 @,@ 397 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two triple @-@ expansion engines . They were designed to give 8 @,@ 000 metric horsepower ( 7 @,@ 891 shp ; 5 @,@ 884 kW ) , for a top speed of 21 @.@ 5 knots ( 39 @.@ 8 km / h ; 24 @.@ 7 mph ) . The engines were powered by ten coal @-@ fired Marine @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers . Amazone carried 560 tonnes ( 550 long tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of 3 @,@ 560 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 590 km ; 4 @,@ 100 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 14 officers and 243 enlisted men .
The ship was armed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 @,@ 200 m ( 40 @,@ 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 000 rounds of ammunition , for 100 shells per gun . She was also equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes . They were submerged in the hull on the broadside . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was 20 to 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 to 0 @.@ 98 in ) thick . The conning tower had 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick sides , and the guns were protected by 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick shields .
= = Service history = =
Amazone was ordered under the contract name " F " and was laid down at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel in 1899 and launched on 6 October 1900 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 15 November 1901 . After her commissioning , Amazone was employed in the reconnaissance forces of the German fleet . In 1902 , she was assigned to the Cruiser Division of the I Squadron of the German home fleet . The Division consisted of the armored cruiser Prinz Heinrich , the flagship , Freya , Victoria Louise , and the light cruisers Hela , and Niobe . The Division participated in the summer fleet maneuvers of August – September 1902 . By 1905 , her sisters Ariadne and Medusa had replaced Hela and Niobe . She continued in the fleet reconnaissance role until the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , when she was reduced to a coastal defense vessel .
On 8 May 1915 , Amazone was patrolling off Cape Arkona when she was attacked by the British submarine HMS E1 . The submarine fired a torpedo from a range of 1 @,@ 100 m ( 3 @,@ 600 ft ) , but it missed Amazone . On 9 September , another British submarine , HMS E18 , unsuccessfully attacked Amazone during the Battle of the Gulf of Riga .
In 1916 , Amazone was disarmed and used as a basic training ship for naval cadets . The following year , she was converted into a barracks ship , based in Kiel , a role she filled until the end of the war . The Treaty of Versailles permitted Germany to retain six light cruisers , and Amazone was among those kept in service of the newly reorganized Reichsmarine . She was modernized at the Reichsmarine Werft in Wilhelmshaven in 1921 – 1923 , and had her ram bow replaced with a clipper bow . She was also rearmed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 45 guns in U @-@ boat mountings and two 50 cm ( 20 in ) torpedo tubes in deck launchers .
Amazone served with the Reichsmarine from 1923 to 1930 . Korvettenkapitän Alfred Saalwächter took command of the ship in 1926 ; he later went on to become a senior admiral during World War II . Amazone was stricken from the naval register on 31 March 1931 . The ship was then used as a floating barracks for the Submarine Acceptance Commission in Kiel , and later as an auxiliary for the Warship Construction Test Office , submarine group . She survived World War II and after 1945 , she was again used as a barracks ship in Bremen . The old cruiser was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1954 in Hamburg .
= The Doctor 's Wife =
" The Doctor 's Wife " is the fourth episode of the sixth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , which was broadcast on 14 May 2011 in the United Kingdom , and later the same day in the United States . It was written by Neil Gaiman and directed by Richard Clark .
In the episode , alien time traveller the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) and his companions Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) and Rory Williams ( Arthur Darvill ) receive a distress call from a living Time Lord , though all other members of the Doctor 's race were thought to be extinct . However , they discover that the call was bait to lure the Doctor to an asteroid outside the universe , where previously the energy of Time Lords ' TARDISes has been consumed by an entity called the House ( voiced by Michael Sheen ) . The matrix of the Doctor 's TARDIS is removed and placed in the body of a woman named Idris ( Suranne Jones ) , who proceeds to help them escape .
" The Doctor 's Wife " was originally intended to be produced as part of the previous series , but was pushed back due to budget constraints . Gaiman revised the script many times , having to add and remove characters and events as production saw fit . The episode was filmed in the autumn of 2010 and featured a makeshift TARDIS control room which was the design from a winner of a contest on the children 's programme Blue Peter . The episode was seen by 7 @.@ 97 million viewers in the UK and was met with positive reviews from critics . The episode won the 2011 Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation and the 2012 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form .
= = Plot = =
= = = Synopsis = = =
While in deep space , the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) and his companions , Amy ( Karen Gillan ) and Rory ( Arthur Darvill ) , receive a communication cube containing a distress call from a Time Lord . Tracing the source of the call to a rift leading outside the universe , the Doctor deletes parts of the TARDIS to generate enough energy to traverse the rift . After landing in a junkyard on a solitary asteroid , the TARDIS shuts down and its matrix disappears . The three travellers explore the asteroid and meet its strange inhabitants : Uncle , Auntie , a green @-@ eyed Ood called Nephew , and an excited young woman named Idris . Idris fawns all over the Doctor , whom she calls " my thief " and then bites him . While Nephew locks up Idris , Amy and Rory return to the TARDIS . The Doctor follows the distress signal and finds a cabinet containing a large number of message cubes . Upon further investigation of Uncle and Auntie , the Doctor finds they are constructed of body parts from other beings , including Time Lords . They are controlled by the asteroid , called House , which is sentient and able to possess other technology around it . House led the Doctor there and removed the TARDIS 's matrix , initially intending to consume its Artron energy . Upon learning that the Doctor is the last Time Lord and that no more will ever arrive , House transfers itself into the TARDIS to escape from the rift . Amy and Rory are trapped inside as the House @-@ controlled TARDIS dematerialises .
The Doctor learns that Idris contains the personality of the TARDIS ' matrix and that they can talk to each other for the first time . Without House 's support meanwhile , Uncle and Auntie die , and Idris 's body only has a short time before it too will fail . Idris reveals that House had stranded many TARDISes before , and that its universe is hours away from collapsing . The Doctor and Idris work together to construct a makeshift TARDIS from scraps , and then pursue House .
Aboard the Doctor 's TARDIS , House threatens to kill Amy and Rory . He plays with their senses as they try to flee through the corridors , and then sends Nephew after them . Idris makes a psychic connection with Rory to give him directions to a secondary control room , where he and Amy are able to lower the TARDIS 's shields without House 's interference . This allows the Doctor to land the makeshift console in the secondary control room , which atomises Nephew . House deletes the secondary control room as he prepares to break through the rift , which the Doctor anticipates . The TARDIS 's safety protocols transfer them to the main control room , where the dying Idris releases the TARDIS 's matrix back to the TARDIS , destroying House . A remnant of the TARDIS 's matrix , in Idris ' body , sadly states that she will not be able to speak to the Doctor again but will be there for him . Idris 's body then disappears as the TARDIS matrix is fully restored .
The Doctor installs a security field around the matrix to prevent it from being compromised again . Rory tells the Doctor that some of Idris 's final words were " the only water in the forest is the river " , which the Doctor doesn 't understand . After Amy and Rory leave to find a new bedroom ( the original having been purged by House ) , the Doctor talks to the TARDIS , and in response a nearby lever moves on its own , sending the TARDIS to its next destination .
= = = Continuity = = =
The Doctor refers to altering the control room 's appearance as changing the desktop theme , as the Fifth Doctor does in " Time Crash " . Like the Third Doctor in Inferno , the Doctor and Idris operate a TARDIS console without an outer TARDIS shell . The Doctor also jettisons TARDIS rooms to create thrust , as he had done previously in stories such as Logopolis and Castrovalva . The Doctor admits he killed all of the Time Lords , alluding to the events of the Time War . In The War Games , the Second Doctor contacted the Time Lords using a cube similar to those seen in this episode . The Doctor refers to himself as " a madman with a box " , reprising Amy 's and his own description of himself in " The Eleventh Hour " . The Doctor refers to Nephew as " another Ood I failed to save " ; in " The Satan Pit " the Doctor commented that he did not have time to save the Ood . Idris ' cryptic words , " the only water in the forest is the river " , are explained in the mid @-@ series finale , " A Good Man Goes to War " .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
The episode was written by Neil Gaiman . After Steven Moffat replaced Russell T Davies as the showrunner of Doctor Who , being a fan of Gaiman 's blog , Moffat met with Gaiman and Gaiman asked to write an episode . In an interview Gaiman stated " I came up with something that was one of those things where you thought that nobody 's done that before . " The episode was originally titled " The House of Nothing " before Gaiman sat down to write it , but that was changed to " Bigger on the Inside " . This title remained until about six weeks before the episode aired , but the crew was beginning to worry that " Bigger on the Inside " would give away the surprise that Idris was the TARDIS , so it was changed . " The Doctor 's Wife " was also a fake title attached to the 1984 serial The Caves of Androzani ; then @-@ producer John Nathan @-@ Turner had changed the title to that on his planning board in an attempt to weed out a suspected leak in his office .
Gaiman suggested they make an episode which centres on the TARDIS itself , which was not done before for the entire series since it began in 1963 . The original plan focused on the idea of the Doctor being pursued by an enemy inside the TARDIS , but went through several subsequent changes ; Gaiman changed the plan to focus on the companion due to the Doctor 's knowledge of his ship making it too easy for him to escape his enemy , made the TARDIS the threat rather than just a specific alien to avoid making it a simple ' cat @-@ and @-@ mouse ' game , and then included the idea of Idris to account for what happened to the TARDIS 's mind during this attack . The central idea was a " what if " scenario to see what would happen if the Doctor and the TARDIS got to talk together . Head writer Steven Moffat liked the idea of featuring the TARDIS as a woman , believing this to be the " ultimate love story " for the Doctor .
Gaiman began writing the episode before Matt Smith was even cast as the Eleventh Doctor ; Gaiman had envisioned David Tennant 's performance in the first draft , knowing Smith would play the Doctor differently . Despite this he had no issue writing the dialogue . The episode was originally slated for the eleventh episode of the fifth series . However , it was delayed to the sixth series because of budget issues ; the eleventh episode would be replaced with " The Lodger " . Even so , Gaiman was forced to operate with less money than he would have liked ; for instance , he had to scrap a scene set in the TARDIS ' swimming pool , and instead of being able to use a monster of his own design he had to use an Ood .
The move to the sixth series also meant Gaiman had to include Rory , who had ceased to exist in the original slot in the fifth series . With Rory included , Gaiman had to " reshape " much of the second half of the episode , featuring Amy being on the run in the TARDIS . In the original draft where Amy was the only companion , Gaiman added a " heartbreaking monologue " by the character , further stating " you get to see what it 's like to be the companion from the companion 's point of view , and she got to talk about essentially in that version how sad it is , in some ways . One day something will happen to her , she 'll get married , she 'll get eaten by monsters , she 'll die , she 'll get sick of this , but he 'll go on forever . " At a certain point , Gaiman became tired of re @-@ writing drafts and asked Steven Moffat for help . Moffat wrote in what Gaiman called " several of [ the episode 's ] best lines " and rapidly rewrote several scenes when budget problems harmed filming locations .
= = = Casting = = =
In September 2010 , Suranne Jones announced she was cast a guest spot on Doctor Who as Idris for an episode of the sixth series of Doctor Who . Jones previously played Mona Lisa in The Sarah Jane Adventures episode Mona Lisa 's Revenge . Some time after appearing on The Sarah Jane Adventures , Jones was contacted to appear on Doctor Who at Gaiman 's request , because they were looking for an actress who " is odd ; beautiful but strange @-@ looking , and quite funny . " Moffat meanwhile described Idris as " sexy plus motherly plus utterly mad plus serene . " During a read @-@ through of the script , the producers asked her to " neutralise [ her accent ] a bit , " because they did not want Jones to " be a Northerner " or have a standard accent , but to act " kinda like the Doctor . " Later , in March 2011 , Gaiman confirmed Michael Sheen would also guest star in the episode to voice a character . Adrian Schiller previously appeared in the Eighth Doctor audio drama Time Works where he played Zanith .
= = = Filming = = =
" The Doctor 's Wife " was planned as the third episode in the 2011 series but the order was changed during the production process . Initial production occurred in September , with Gaiman visiting the set during the production period and filming for the associated Confidential . Additional filming took place in October 2010 , with guest star Suranne Jones having been filmed for green screen special effects . The scenes where Amy and Rory are on the run allowed the audience to explore the TARDIS outside the control room , something the producers had wanted to do for a while . A series of corridors was constructed and retained for future use . The episode also featured the return of the older TARDIS control room from the Christopher Eccleston and David Tennant era . Gaiman had originally wanted to reconstruct a console room from the original series , but the cost proved prohibitive . The set was retained after filming for " The Eleventh Hour " , but has since been removed to become part of the Doctor Who Experience exhibit . Arthur Darvill noted the floor of the older set had a cheese grater @-@ like quality to it , so when the scene called for the cast to fall on it , they found it uncomfortable to stay down for a long period of time .
" The Doctor 's Wife " features a makeshift TARDIS console , which was piloted by the Doctor and Idris . The console was designed by Susannah Leah , a schoolgirl from Todmorden , who won a competition on Blue Peter , a children 's programme that challenged its viewers to imagine a TARDIS console based on household objects . Leah 's design was selected by Moffat , Edward Thomas , the production designer for the previous series , and Tim Levell , a Blue Peter editor , along with final input among the three age @-@ group winners from Smith . Michael Pickwoad , the production designer for Series 6 , commented that Leah 's design captured the nature of " bits and pieces " of what TARDIS consoles have been in the past , as well as the nature of the makeshift console needed for this episode . The drawing was redesigned faithfully by the production team into the prop for the show , including the use of a coat hanger to start the makeshift TARDIS . Leah was brought by Blue Peter to see both the set under construction and on location during filming of the makeshift TARDIS scenes , meeting Smith and the other actors and production crew . Character Options will release a toy playset based on Leah 's console later in 2011 . The House planetoid in the pocket universe was filmed on location at a quarry outside Cardiff .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" The Doctor 's Wife " was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 14 May 2011 and on sister station BBC America in the United States on the same day . In the UK , the episode received overnight figures of 6 @.@ 09 million viewers , with a 29 @.@ 5 per cent audience share . It became the third highest broadcast of the night , behind Britain 's Got Talent on ITV1 , and the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest , which was shown later on BBC One . The episode received a final BARB rating of 7 @.@ 97 million with an audience share of 34 @.@ 7 % . It had an overall Appreciation Index of 87 , considered to be excellent .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The episode was positively received , with many praising Jones 's performance as the TARDIS . The Guardian 's Dan Martin said : " With so many wild ideas at play , this would have been so easy to get wrong ... yet in every sense it was pitched perfectly " . He praised Suranne Jones in particular , saying she was " electrifying throughout " . Martin later rated it the third best episode of the series , though the finale was not included in the list . The A.V. Club gave the episode a score of " A " , saying it was a " pretty terrific [ episode ] ... a brisk , scary , inventive adventure filled with clever concepts and witty dialogue . And a lot of heart when in the way it deals with an important relationship rarely addressed on the series " . He admired the cleverness of the " Idris / TARDIS " characterisation and found the relationship " quite touching " . Gavin Fuller of The Telegraph praised the acting of Smith , Jones , and Sheen , and called the episode " hugely enjoyable " . Neela Debnath of The Independent praised Gaiman for mixing " romance , tragedy and horror , managing to strike a balance while telling a simple story " , though she criticised the frequent deaths of Rory .
SFX magazine reviewer Russell Lewin gave " The Doctor 's Wife " four and a half out of five stars , labelling it as " non @-@ stop intrigue and carefully @-@ controlled suspense all the way " . He particularly praised Smith 's energetic performance , saying " he pings and fizzes around the screen like a Technicolor firework , lighting up every scene he adorns " . IGN 's Matt Risley rated the episode 9 out of 10 and concluded , " Sweet , touching , intelligent , different , utterly imaginative and accessible by both hardcore fans and newbies alike — this is not only Doctor Who , but sci @-@ fi telly at its finest " . He also praised Gaiman 's script for being " a simple idea executed brilliantly " . Patrick Mulkern of Radio Times admitted he was unsure if he was going to like it with the " grungy setting , wacko characters and peculiar dialogue " , but ended up " captivated " . He particularly enjoyed seeing more of the TARDIS ' interior and called it an " instant oddball classic " .
Digital Spy 's Morgan Jeffery rated it four out of five stars , saying it " isn 't perfect , but you 'd be hard @-@ pressed to fault its ambition " . He was critical of Jones ' performance of Idris , as " her early eccentric behavior tends to grate rather than amuse " though her performance calmed down later in the episode . His other " slight criticism " was that Gillan and Darvill were " sidelined " , but praised their performances . Jeffery felt that the strength of the episode was in character rather than in plot , and cited the defeat of the House as a " slightly disappointing " deus ex machina .
The episode won the 2011 Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation . It also won the 2012 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation ( Short Form ) .
= Stargate Atlantis ( season 1 ) =
The first season of the television series Stargate Atlantis commenced airing on the Sci Fi Channel in the United States on July 16 , 2004 , concluded on The Movie Network in Canada on January 31 , 2005 , and contained 20 episodes . The show was a spin off of sister show , Stargate SG @-@ 1 . Stargate Atlantis re @-@ introduced supporting characters from the SG @-@ 1 universe , such as Elizabeth Weir and Rodney McKay among others . The show also included new characters such as Teyla Emmagan and John Sheppard . The first season is about a military @-@ science expedition team discovering Atlantis and exploring the Pegasus Galaxy . However , there is no way to return home , and they inadvertently wake a hostile alien race known as the Wraith , whose primary goal is to gather a fleet to invade Atlantis and find their new " feeding ground " , Earth .
The two @-@ hour premiere " Rising " , which aired on July 16 , 2004 , received Sci Fi Channel 's highest @-@ ever rating for a series premiere and episode ever released , it is also the most watched broadcast release ever released by the Sci Fi Channel in the United States . The average viewing rate for the first ten episodes were around 3 @-@ 4 million in the United States . The series was developed by Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper , who also served as executive producers . Season one regular cast members included Joe Flanigan , Torri Higginson , Rainbow Sun Francks , Rachel Luttrell , and David Hewlett .
= = Cast = =
Joe Flanigan as Major John Sheppard
Torri Higginson as Dr. Elizabeth Weir
Rainbow Sun Francks as First Lieutenant Aiden Ford
Rachel Luttrell as Teyla Emmagan
David Hewlett as Dr. Rodney McKay
Paul McGillion as Dr. Carson Beckett
= = Episodes = =
= = Production = =
For " Rising " , the Pemberton Glacier in British Columbia doubled for Antarctica during the opening flying sequence . Simon , Elizabeth 's fiancé in " Rising " and " Home " , was played by Garwin Sanford , who had previously played Narim on Stargate SG @-@ 1 . Mario Azzopardi makes his return to the Stargate franchise in " Thirty @-@ Eight Minutes " . He had the distinctive honor of directing the pilot episode of Stargate SG @-@ 1 , " Children of the Gods . " This is his first time directing an episode of the franchise since the Season 1 Episode " Cor @-@ Ai . " Mario Azzopardi ( as of December 2006 ) has only directed Season 1 Episodes of both SG @-@ 1 and Atlantis . " Thirty @-@ Eight Minutes " is the only episode in both SG @-@ 1 and Atlantis to actually occur in real @-@ time ; between the opening of the Stargate and the resolution , 38 minutes of screentime do occur . Courtenay J. Stevens , who appears in " Childhood 's End " , had originally played the role of Lieutenant Elliot in Stargate SG @-@ 1 , appearing in the Season 5 episodes " Proving Ground " , " Summit " and " Last Stand " . Writer Martin Gero compared Ares in " Childhood 's End " to a villain in The Incredibles . In the scene of the final confrontation with Major John Sheppard , he began " monologuing , " which is a key feature of villains in the film . The dog that appeared in Dr. Weir 's illusion in " Home " is actually owned by actress Torri Higginson who plays her .
Michael Puttonen , who played Smeadon in " The Storm " , first appeared in the second season of Stargate SG @-@ 1 as Simian , the blind prisoner in the episode " Prisoners . " " The Defiant One " was filmed at the Richmond sand dunes . Richard Ian Cox , who appeared in " The Defiant One " , previously appeared in the season 3 Stargate SG @-@ 1 episode " New Ground " as Nyan . " Letters from Pegasus " is the first clip show episode of Stargate Atlantis . The title of this episode was inspired by the 1987 PBS TV documentary Dear America : Letters Home from Vietnam . This was Samantha Carter 's first appearance on Stargate Atlantis . At the end of the episode , she and Sergeant Harriman were briefly shown at Stargate Command ( SGC ) when they received the data burst from Atlantis . A deleted scene from Part two of " The Siege " showed Sora being returned to the Genii as part of their deal
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Jeckel Brothers is the fifth studio album by American hip hop group Insane Clown Posse , released on May 25 , 1999 , by Island Records , in association with Psychopathic Records . Recording sessions for the album took place from 1998 to 1999 . The album is the fifth Joker 's Card in the group 's Dark Carnival mythology . The album 's lyrics focus on the 9 circles of hell , and the morality of man as he is torn between righteousness and evil . The album 's titular Jeckel Brothers are spirits who juggle balls of fire , representing the sins committed during the mortal life of the dead .
The Amazing Jeckel Brothers was the second studio album Insane Clown Posse released by Island , and features a more hip hop @-@ based sound , as opposed to the rock @-@ oriented sound of its predecessor , The Great Milenko ( 1997 ) . The Amazing Jeckel Brothers features guest appearances by rappers Ol ' Dirty Bastard and Snoop Dogg , and additional contributions by The Jerky Boys and Twiztid . It debuted at number four on the Billboard charts and was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . It is the group 's 12th overall release .
= = Background = =
After a tumultuous contract with Jive Records sub @-@ label Battery in 1995 , Insane Clown Posse ( ICP ) attempted to find a new record label . Manager Alex Abbiss negotiated a contract with the Walt Disney Company @-@ owned label Hollywood Records , which reportedly paid US $ 1 million to purchase the Insane Clown Posse contract from Battery / Jive Records .
After recording and releasing The Great Milenko , Insane Clown Posse was notified that Hollywood Records had deleted the album within hours of its release , despite having sold 18 @,@ 000 copies and reaching # 63 on the Billboard 200 . It was later revealed that Disney was being criticized by the Southern Baptist Church . The church claimed Disney was turning its back on family values .
In due time , labels such as Interscope Records wanted to sign the group , but Island Records ' Chris Blackwell came to the group 's rescue and agreed to release The Great Milenko as it was originally intended . Thanks to the controversy , and additional promotion by Island , over one million copies of The Great Milenko had been sold by 1998 , and Insane Clown Posse was ready for the fifth Joker 's Card , The Amazing Jeckel Brothers .
= = Recording and production = =
Working with Mike E. Clark and Rich " Legz Diamond " Murrell , Joseph Bruce and Joseph Utsler developed their album with the highest of hopes . Hoping to receive the respect Bruce and Utsler felt they deserved , they planned to feature well @-@ known , respected rappers on their album . Bruce stated outright that he wanted to involve Snoop Dogg , Ol ' Dirty Bastard , and Ice @-@ T. Snoop Dogg requested that Insane Clown Posse not pay his then @-@ current record label , No Limit Records , and said that he would appear on the album if Bruce and Utsler gave him $ 40 @,@ 000 in a briefcase . Insane Clown Posse agreed , and Snoop Dogg appeared on the song " The Shaggy Show " , which also featured the ska band Gangster Fun playing music before each of the song 's faux commercial breaks . Insane Clown Posse also unsuccessfully attempted to contact Ice Cube to collaborate with them .
Snoop Dogg also helped them contact Ol ' Dirty Bastard , who was paid $ 30 @,@ 000 for his appearance . Ol ' Dirty Bastard recorded his track in a matter of two days ; however , his recording consisted of nothing more than him rambling about " bitches . " It took Bruce and Utsler a week to assemble just four rhymes out of his rambling , using Pro Tools because his raps were out of synch with Clark 's beat . The duo eventually had to re @-@ record their lines and re @-@ title the song " Bitches " . Finally , Insane Clown Posse contacted Ice @-@ T. However , he charged them only $ 10 @,@ 000 . The group felt that Ice @-@ T 's song did not belong on the album , and was instead released on the compilation , Psychopathics from Outer Space ( 2000 ) . The song " Echo Side " was originally released at an Insane Clown Posse concert in Garden City , Michigan as the first ever single from Dark Lotus .
To help increase their positive publicity , Island Records hired the Nasty Little Man publicity team . The team set up a photo shoot for Insane Clown Posse that was to appear on the cover of Alternative Press magazine in Cleveland . On the set of the photo shoot , a member of the publicity team approached Bruce and explained that in the song " Fuck the World " , the lyric that stated " Fuck the Beastie Boys and the Dalai Lama " needed to be changed . Insulted , Bruce exclaimed that his music would not be censored again – referring to Disney 's previous requirement of censure . Nasty Little Man told Bruce that the Beastie Boys were not only clients of the company but also personal friends , and the Beastie Boys told the company to make Bruce change the lyric . In response , Bruce fired Nasty Little Man and asked its team to leave the photo shoot .
= = Musical style = =
While the album 's predecessor , The Great Milenko , was written and recorded in a more rock @-@ oriented style , featuring contributions by guitarists Slash and Steve Jones , The Amazing Jeckel Brothers featured a more hip hop @-@ oriented sound . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic wrote , " Where The Great Milenko [ ... ] was targeted at white @-@ boy , adolescent metalheads [ ... ] The Amazing Jeckel Brothers contains cameos from Snoop Dogg and Ol ' Dirty Bastard , plus a cover of a Geto Boys song , which brings [ Insane Clown Posse ] to street level . "
To produce the album , Insane Clown Posse once again teamed up with renowned Detroit record producer and DJ Mike E. Clark , who utilized standard hip hop techniques such as record scratching and samples ranging from 1970s funk to calliope music . " Another Love Song " was based upon Beck 's song " Jack @-@ Ass " , which itself was derived from a sample of Bob Dylan 's " It 's All Over Now , Baby Blue " . Bruce loved the song and wanted to rewrite it in his own style . Although the group " lifted the riff from Beck " , since Beck 's song sampled the Dylan composition , Insane Clown Posse 's sample was cleared with Dylan rather than Beck . Rolling Stone writer Barry Walters wrote that Clark 's production incorporates elements of " carnival organ riffs , power chords and shotgun blasts ... banjolike plucking and Van Halen @-@ esque guitar squeals . "
= = Lyrical themes = =
During the two years between The Great Milenko and The Amazing Jeckel Brothers , Insane Clown Posse had become nationally known , but were not taken very seriously . While the controversy over The Great Milenko allowed the duo to attract the attention of Island Records , it also attracted Insane Clown Posse to public criticism for their style and lyrics . Bruce recalls the period as an angry era for the group due to all of the negativity directed toward them . He says that they " used to keep two piles of press at [ their ] office . One pile was all the positive press [ they 've ] gotten , which was under an inch tall . Then [ they ] had the negative press pile , which was spilling over the side of a full basket . " As a result , The Amazing Jeckel Brothers was recorded as a release for their anger .
The Amazing Jeckel Brothers focuses on the 9 circles of hell , and the morality of man as he is torn between righteousness and evil . Jack " the sinister " and Jake " the just " ( bad and good ) emerge from the flame of a candle to determine the fate of the dead . The Jeckel Brothers juggle fire balls . For every sin committed during the mortal life of the dead , another ball is added . Jack attempts to throw Jake curves in an attempt to see a ball drop . If a soul witnesses Jake drop one of the balls , he will be damned to hell . Souls who see Jake successfully complete the act ascend to heaven .
= = Release and reception = =
The Amazing Jeckel Brothers debuted and peaked at # 4 on the Billboard 200 . In order to promote the album , Island released multiple collectible versions of The Amazing Jeckel Brothers , emphasizing the faces of Jake or Jack Jeckel . In 2008 , it achieved platinum certification .
The album received mostly negative reviews from critics . NME wrote that " the slick , dumbed @-@ down Dungeons & Dragons rap @-@ rock schtick [ ... ] is often unbearable " . College Music Journal writer Matt Ashare described the album as " Cirque de so @-@ lame " . Rolling Stone writer Barry Walters gave the album two out of five stars , writing that " no musical sleight of hand can disguise the fact that Shaggy and J remain the ultimate wack MCs . " In The Great Rock Discography , Martin Charles Strong gave the album four out of ten stars .
PopMatters reviewer Brendan Maher accused Insane Clown Posse of misogyny and described The Amazing Jeckel Brothers as " music to strangle your ex @-@ girlfriend to " . Robert Christgau gave the album a C + , writing " Though they claim clown , they rarely get funnier than ' I 'd cut my head off but then I would be dead ' . " However , Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic gave the album a four out of five star rating , writing that " [ Insane Clown Posse ] actually delivered an album that comes close to fulfilling whatever promise their ridiculous , carnivalesque blend of hardcore hip hop and shock @-@ metal had in the first place " .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= Raffi Torres =
Raphael Torres ( born October 8 , 1981 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who is currently under contract to the Toronto Maple Leafs . He was drafted by the New York Islanders fifth overall in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft . He has also played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Edmonton Oilers , Columbus Blue Jackets , Buffalo Sabres , Vancouver Canucks , Phoenix Coyotes and San Jose Sharks .
Torres was drafted out of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) , where he played three seasons with the Brampton Battalion . He was a two @-@ time OHL Second Team All @-@ Star during his junior career . Beginning in 2001 – 02 , he turned professional with the Islanders ' American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate . He spent the better part of two seasons in the AHL before the Islanders traded him to the Oilers in 2003 . He played five seasons in Edmonton , becoming a full @-@ time NHL player with the club . He recorded career numbers as an Oiler in 2005 – 06 , while also helping them to the Stanley Cup Finals that year . In the 2008 off @-@ season , he was dealt to the Blue Jackets , where he played the better part of two seasons . After a brief stint with the Sabres in 2009 – 10 , he signed with the Canucks and played one year for them where they reached the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals . Torres then signed with the Phoenix Coyotes and then with the San Jose Sharks . Internationally , he represented Canada at the 2001 World Junior Championships , winning a bronze medal .
Torres , a physical , forechecking forward with offensive capabilities , has been suspended five times for illegal hits to opponents ' heads . He received the third @-@ longest suspension in the history of the NHL at the time for his hit to the head of Marian Hossa in Game 3 of the 2012 Western Conference Quarterfinals . In October 2015 , Torres received a 41 game ( half @-@ season ) suspension for an illegal hit on Anaheim player Jakob Silfverberg . This is the longest suspension ever given by the NHL for a hit on another player .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Brampton Battalion = = =
Torres played major junior with the Brampton Battalion of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) , beginning in 1998 – 99 . He scored at a point @-@ per @-@ game pace in his rookie season with 35 goals and 62 points , second in team @-@ scoring to Jason Spezza . Improving to a team @-@ leading 43 goals and 91 points in his second junior season , he finished seventh in league scoring and was named to the OHL Second All @-@ Star Team . Qualifying for the playoffs , the Battalion were eliminated in the first round . Torres added seven points in the six @-@ game series .
Going into the 2000 NHL Entry Draft as a top prospect , Torres was selected in the first round , fifth overall , by the New York Islanders . The NHL Central Scouting Bureau described him as a player with some forechecking and offensive skills . The Islanders had obtained the fifth overall pick used to acquire Torres from the Tampa Bay Lightning , in exchange for goaltender Kevin Weekes and defensive prospect Kristian Kudra .
At the time of the draft , Islanders general manager Mike Milbury told reporters Torres ' chances of immediately joining the NHL was questionable . Following his first NHL training camp in New York , Torres was returned to Brampton in late @-@ September . Playing his third and final OHL season , he recorded 33 goals and 70 points over 55 games in 2000 – 01 to be named to the league 's Second All @-@ Star Team once more . The Battalion advanced to the second round of the playoffs , where they were eliminated . Torres had 11 points in eight post @-@ season contests .
= = = New York Islanders = = =
Turning professional in 2001 – 02 , Torres was assigned to the Islanders ' American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Bridgeport Sound Tigers , following his second NHL training camp . Over the course of his professional rookie campaign , Torres was called up on four different occasions to the NHL . He received his first call @-@ up to New York on November 24 , 2001 , making his NHL debut that night against the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim . Skating on the fourth line , he helped the Islanders to a 5 – 3 win . He notched his first point during a separate call @-@ up on January 4 , 2002 , assisting on a goal by Mark Parrish during a 4 – 2 win against the Pittsburgh Penguins . It was his lone point with the Islanders over 15 NHL games that season .
Later that month , he was reassigned to Bridgeport for the remainder of the campaign . He finished with 20 goals and 30 points over 55 games with the Sound Tigers . Torres became an integral part of Bridgeport 's 2002 playoff run to the Calder Cup Finals , where the club lost in five games to the Chicago Wolves . Over 20 post @-@ season games , Torres ranked third in team @-@ scoring with eight goals and 17 points .
Torres began the 2002 – 03 season in Bridgeport for the second consecutive year . He received four call @-@ ups to New York over the campaign , recording five assists over 17 games . At the NHL trade deadline , he was traded by the Islanders to the Edmonton Oilers , along with forward Brad Isbister , in exchange for defenceman Janne Niinimaa , as well as second @-@ round and fourth @-@ round selections in the 2003 draft .
= = = Edmonton Oilers = = =
Following the trade , the Oilers assigned him to their AHL affiliate , the Hamilton Bulldogs , where he played the final 11 games of the regular season . Between Bridgeport and Hamilton , Torres notched 18 goals and 40 points over 60 games in his second AHL campaign . For the second consecutive year , he appeared in the Calder Cup Finals and lost . He struggled in his second AHL playoff run , managing six goals and an assist over 23 post @-@ season games , as the Bulldogs were defeated in the Finals by the Houston Aeros in seven games . In the off @-@ season , Torres was re @-@ signed by the Oilers to a two @-@ year contract on August 1 , 2003 .
He began the 2003 – 04 season in the NHL , earning a roster spot with the Oilers . He scored his first NHL goal on October 9 , 2003 , against goaltender Evgeni Nabokov during a game against the San Jose Sharks . During the campaign , Torres was chosen to represent the Western Conference at the 2004 NHL YoungStars Game . The following month , he missed two contests due to an ankle injury . He recovered to finish the season with 20 goals and 34 points over 80 games . During the 2004 – 05 NHL lockout , he played with the Edmonton Road Runners ( the Oilers ' new minor league affiliate ) of the AHL and tied for the team @-@ scoring lead with Tony Salmelainen , recording 46 points in 67 games .
With the NHL set to resume play for the 2005 – 06 season , Torres re @-@ signed with the Oilers to a two @-@ year deal on August 16 , 2005 . Returning to the Oilers , he scored a career @-@ high 27 goals and 41 points . The Oilers entered the 2006 playoffs as the eighth and final seed in the Western Conference . During the Western Conference Finals against the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim , Torres missed games two and three due to the flu . Following his return the lineup , he scored the series @-@ clinching goal in game five , a 2 @-@ 1 win , to advance the Oilers into the 2006 Stanley Cup Finals . Against the Carolina Hurricanes , the Oilers faced a 3 – 1 series deficit before forcing a game seven . They were defeated in the deciding contest to lose the Stanley Cup . Torres notched four goals and 11 points over 22 post @-@ season games .
In 2006 – 07 , Torres recorded 15 goals and 34 points . The Oilers did not , however , qualify for the playoffs . In the off @-@ season , they re @-@ signed him to a three @-@ year , $ 6 @.@ 75 million deal . The following season , he missed the last 49 games of the campaign to an anterior cruciate ligament injury . Limited to 32 contests , he recorded 11 points .
= = = Columbus and Buffalo = = =
Torres was traded in the off @-@ season to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for forward Gilbert Brulé on July 1 , 2008 . He missed 10 games to begin the 2008 – 09 campaign with a separated right shoulder . A month later , on December 2 , 2008 , he underwent surgery for an injured knee and missed an additional 19 games . With an injury @-@ shortened season for the second consecutive year , he recorded 12 goals and 20 points over 51 games . In the 2009 playoffs , Torres added two assists as Columbus was swept in four games by the Detroit Red Wings .
The following season , on March 3 , 2010 , Torres was traded to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for defenceman Nathan Paetsch and a second @-@ round draft pick . He had recorded 19 goals and 31 points over 60 games with Columbus before the trade . In 14 games with Buffalo , he notched five assists . The Sabres entered the 2010 playoffs as the third seed in the Eastern Conference . They were eliminated in the first round by the Boston Bruins . Torres ' play struggled against the Bruins and he was benched for the final two games of the series . He recorded two assists over four playoff games .
= = = Vancouver Canucks = = =
Leaving Buffalo as an unrestricted free agent , Torres signed a one @-@ year , $ 1 million contract with the Vancouver Canucks on August 24 , 2010 . He scored his first goal as a Canuck on October 13 , in a 4 – 3 loss to the Anaheim Ducks . The following month , he registered his first NHL career hat trick on November 2 during a game against the Edmonton Oilers . It marked the first time in Oilers history that a former player scored a hat trick against the club . The hat trick also helped Torres earn First Star of the Week honours as the best player in the NHL for the week ending November 7 , 2010 . Beginning in January 2011 , he underwent a 23 @-@ game goalless streak , snapped on February 19 in a game against the Dallas Stars .
Later in the season , Torres was suspended four games for a hit to the head of Edmonton Oilers forward Jordan Eberle during a game on April 6 , 2011 . Canucks general manager Mike Gillis told media that he " strongly disagree [ d ] with it " , while Torres argued that he did not stick out his elbow or leave his feet to make the hit and that Eberle raised his hand in defence of the oncoming check , indicating that it was not a blindside hit . Eberle was not injured on the play . The suspension ended Torres ' regular season as the Canucks had two games remaining . He finished with 14 goals and 29 points in 80 games . Returning for Game 3 of the opening playoff round against the Chicago Blackhawks , Torres received further scrutiny around the league for a hit on defenceman Brent Seabrook . Although he received a minor penalty on the play , Torres did not receive further suspension from the league . Later in the game , Torres hit Seabrook a second time , taking the defenceman out of the next two games . Vancouver went on to win the series in seven games , before defeating the Nashville Predators and San Jose Sharks en route to the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals . In the opening game of the fourth round , Torres scored the game @-@ winner against the Boston Bruins with 19 seconds remaining in regulation . The Canucks eventually lost the series in seven games .
= = = Phoenix and 21 @-@ game suspension = = =
On July 1 , 2011 , Torres signed a two @-@ year contract worth $ 3 @.@ 5 million with the Phoenix Coyotes . He recorded his first goal nearly a month into the 2011 – 12 season , in a 3 – 2 shootout loss to the Dallas Stars on October 25 , 2011 . Torres continued to build a reputation for targeting opponents ' heads . He was fined $ 2 @,@ 500 for striking Jan Hejda in the head with his forearm in a December 29 , 2011 , game against the Colorado Avalanche . Two nights later , he struck Minnesota 's Nate Prosser in the head after jumping into a hit , earning a two @-@ game suspension .
In an April 17 , 2012 , game during Phoenix 's first round playoff series against Chicago , Torres jumped into a hit that contacted Marian Hossa 's head . Hossa was taken from the ice on a stretcher and sent to hospital by ambulance . While Torres was not penalized on the play , the NHL characterized the hit as violating league rules on interference , charging and illegal contact to the head . Citing his previous history , league disciplinarian Brendan Shanahan suspended Torres for 25 games for the hit — tied for the second @-@ longest suspension for an on @-@ ice incident in modern NHL history — sidelining Torres for the rest of the playoffs . The league reduced Torres ' suspension to 21 games on appeal over the summer . He served 13 games of the suspension during the Stanley Cup playoffs and then missed the first 8 games of the 2012 – 13 NHL season , which was completed on February 1 , 2013 .
= = = San Jose and 41 @-@ game suspension = = =
On April 3 , 2013 , Torres was traded to the San Jose Sharks for a third @-@ round draft pick in the 2013 draft . On April 16 , 2013 , Torres made his first shootout attempt in two years against the Los Angeles Kings to give the Sharks the 3 @-@ 2 victory . Torres scored the game @-@ winning goal in overtime of Game Two of round one for the Sharks against his former team , the Vancouver Canucks . The Sharks swept the series .
In Game One of the second round of the 2013 Stanley Cup playoffs against the Kings , Torres recorded a hit on Jarret Stoll , injuring him . The hit was an illegal check to the head , and Torres was a repeat offender ; therefore , on May 16 , the NHL suspended Torres for the remainder of the second round , which the Sharks lost . On June 20 , 2013 the Sharks announced that they had re @-@ signed Torres to a three @-@ year contract . In the second 2013 preseason game against the Anaheim Ducks , Torres collided with Emerson Etem , causing Torres to injure his ACL , and was out until mid @-@ February of the 2013 – 14 NHL season . Torres returned to the Sharks on February 27 against the Flyers . Torres recorded three points during the Sharks opening round seven game loss to the Los Angeles Kings in the 2014 Stanley Cup Playoffs . He then missed the entire 2014 – 15 NHL season due to injury .
On October 3 , 2015 , in a preseason game against the Ducks , Torres was assessed a match penalty for a late , illegal check to the head of forward Jakob Silfverberg . The NHL stated the hit would be under review , and on October 5 , Torres was suspended a record @-@ shattering 41 games by the league , half of the regular season . Torres forfeited $ 440 @,@ 860 @.@ 29 in salary , which was deposited into the Players ' Emergency Assistance Fund . While the record for longest suspension is held by Billy Coutu , who was suspended for life in 1927 , Torres holds the distinction of the longest non @-@ lifetime ban , which was previously held by Chris Simon for an incident in 2007 . This is also the longest @-@ ever NHL suspension for a hit on another player . Torres did not appeal the suspension and apologized to Silfverberg . Sharks general manager Doug Wilson supported the suspension , saying Torres ' hit was " unacceptable and has no place in our game . "
After returning from his suspension , the Sharks assigned him to their AHL affiliate , the San Jose Barracuda on a conditioning loan . He never returned to the Sharks , as on February 22 , 2016 , San Jose sent Torres to the Toronto Maple Leafs along with two second round draft picks in exchange for Roman Polak and Nick Spaling .
= = International play = =
Torres represented Canada with the country 's under @-@ 20 team at the 2001 World Junior Championships in Moscow . He scored three goals and five points over seven games as Canada won the bronze medal . They lost the semi @-@ final to Finland before defeating Sweden 2 – 1 in the consolation game . Torres scored the game @-@ winning goal against Sweden 37 seconds into overtime .
= = Personal life = =
Torres was born in Toronto , Ontario , Canada to Juan and Anna Torres . His father emigrated from Mexico City with his family in the early 1970s , while his mother is from Lima , Peru , and is of Greek , Italian , and Serbian ancestry . Juan Torres worked several jobs to support his family , including car inspecting and assembly for General Motors , newspaper delivery for the Toronto Sun , construction and general contracting . Anna Torres stayed at home until after Torres and his siblings grew up , at which point she became a personal trainer . The two met in Toronto . At one point , Torres ' father became unemployed and the family applied to the Toronto Maple Leafs Foundation to financially support Torres ' hockey career . Torres is the second youngest among his three brothers .
Torres is married to Gianna , and they are residents of Whitchurch @-@ Stouffville .
On Halloween 2011 , Torres ' costume prompted criticism as he and his wife donned blackface dressed up as a rapper Jay @-@ Z and Gianna as Beyoncé
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
= = = International = = =
= NK Maribor =
Nogometni Klub Maribor ( English : Maribor Football Club ) , commonly referred to as NK Maribor or simply Maribor , is a professional football club based in Maribor , Slovenia . Founded on 12 December 1960 , Maribor is one of only three football clubs in the country who have never been relegated from the Slovenian top flight 1 . SNL since its establishment in 1991 . They are regarded as a symbol of Slovenian football , particularly in their home region of Styria ( Slovene : Štajerska ) in the northeastern Slovenia .
Maribor is the most successful club in the country , having won 13 Slovenian PrvaLiga titles , nine Slovenian Cups and four Slovenian Supercups . The club 's most successful period was in the late 1990s and early 2000s , when they overwhelmingly dominated domestic football , winning seven successive league titles and three national cups . Following the 2008 – 09 season , Maribor became the dominant force in Slovenian football for the second time , having won six out of eight championships since then . Since 2011 the club also enjoys a fair amount of success in European football , reaching the group stage of the UEFA Champions League or the UEFA Europa League for four consecutive seasons between 2011 and 2014 . Prior to Slovenia 's independence in 1991 , Maribor played in the Yugoslav football system , where the club , apart from winning the Yugoslav second division in 1967 , had no major success during that period . They are one of only three Slovenian teams who participated in the country 's highest division , Yugoslav First League , between the end of World War II in 1945 and the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 . In addition , they are the only Slovenian club and one of only four clubs from the former Yugoslavia who participated in group stage of the UEFA Champions League .
They have maintained a fierce rivalry with Olimpija from the capital Ljubljana , with whom they contested the Eternal Derby ( Večni derbi ) . Their other rivalry was against Mura from Murska Sobota and matches between the two were dubbed as the Prekmurian – Styrian derby ( Prekmursko @-@ štajerski derbi ) . However , both Olimpija and Mura folded and were dissolved following the 2004 – 05 season . In 2005 , the " successor " clubs , Bežigrad ( later renamed to Olimpija Ljubljana ) and Mura 05 were established , who regarded themselves as the continuation of the former clubs . Maribor also have a loyal and passionate fan base and the club has the highest average all @-@ time attendance in Slovenia .
The club 's home ground is the Ljudski vrt stadium , which has a capacity of 12 @,@ 702 seats . It was originally built in 1952 and later underwent a series of major reconstructions in the 1990s and 2000s . The club 's Academy , which is hailed as the best in the country , is responsible for youth development at the club and has enjoyed a fair amount of success in producing promising young players . Maribor 's nicknames are The Purples ( Vijoličasti ) and The Violets ( Vijolice ) , both referring to their primary colour purple . The club 's motto is One club , one honour ( En klub , ena čast ) .
= = History = =
= = = Founding = = =
Maribor football club was founded on 12 December 1960 . The board of the newly established club then organized the presidential elections and Dr. Srečko Koren was appointed as the first club president , while Andrija Pflander was appointed as the first head coach and Oto Blaznik as the first team captain . The club played their first match on 5 February 1961 , when they defeated city rivals Kovinar 2 – 1 ( 0 – 0 ) , with Stefan Tolič scoring both goals . Although the team colours , purple and white , were chosen from the beginning , the team played its first match in a green and blue combination , as their violet jerseys were not available in time for the first match . The team won the Slovenian Republic League ( third tier of Yugoslav football ) in their first season and therefore won the right to contest the qualifications for the Yugoslav Second League . Andrija Pflander was the head coach of the team that won the Republic league . However , he had to step down from the position right before the start of the promotion play @-@ off due to illness . His successor was Vladimir Šimunić , the man who eventually guided the team to their promotion to the Yugoslav First League six years later . Maribor won the first two rounds of the qualifying play @-@ off and eventually defeated Croatian side Uljanik from Pula in the final qualifying phase with the score 2 – 1 on aggregate , therefore securing the right to play in the second Yugoslav division .
In 1961 the club received a new stadium named Ljudski vrt . On 2 September of that year football fans across Slovenia witnessed the birth of a new rivalry between Maribor and Olimpija Ljubljana . The first match between the two clubs was played in Ljubljana and ended in a 1 – 1 draw . Matches between these two clubs later became known in Slovenia as the Eternal derby ( Večni derbi ) . After five seasons , the average attendance of home matches was around 8 @,@ 000 spectators , and under the guidance of coach Simunič , the club won the second division title and managed to reach the Yugoslav first league , between the end of World War II in 1945 and the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 .
= = = Yugoslav top division = = =
The club 's first match in the Yugoslav top division was played in 1967 against Macedonian side Vardar in Skopje ( 1 – 1 ) ; Maras scored the only goal for Maribor . The first top level home match was played on 27 August 1967 against Proleter Zrenjanin in front of 8 @,@ 000 spectators and Maribor won with the score 3 – 0 . The goals were scored by Kranjc , Arnejčič and Binkovski . During the same season , football fans across Slovenia witnessed the first ever match in the Yugoslav top flight involving two clubs from Slovenia , when Maribor hosted a match against their rivals Olimpija Ljubljana in front of 13 @,@ 000 spectators ( 0 – 0 ) . Every match between the two clubs during this period would be sold out , with crowd attendance sometimes as high as 20 @,@ 000 . The team finished their first season in Yugoslav top flight in 12th place .
During their five years in the top division , Maribor played a total of 166 matches and achieved 40 wins , 57 draws and 69 defeats , with a goal difference of 166 – 270
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for Bangladesh recordings four years before , added the song 's percussion , which the mastering sheet lists as tambourine and shaker . As for all the songs on the album , overdubs on the basic track were carried out between 31 May and 6 June .
Huntley describes " The Answer 's at the End " as " the first of the piano songs " on Extra Texture . While piano and other keyboard instrumentation was typically favoured throughout the album , the song also contains multiple guitar parts , in keeping with the sound more traditionally associated with Harrison . Credited to Harrison , these parts comprise 12 @-@ string acoustic guitar , electric guitar arpeggios over the choruses , and a brief solo . During the quieter , " isn 't it a pity how ... " codas , Leng writes , Harrison " semi @-@ scats " the words , " gospel style , over sundown jazz piano " – a vocal affectation that reflected his immersion in the soul genre . Following the first of these codas , the full band returns for the short instrumental break , after which Harrison repeats the choruses , with his singing growing " more impassioned " , Huntley writes . The song ends with what Leng calls a second " smoochy coda " .
A string arrangement , arranged and conducted by Foster , was overdubbed on 6 June at A & M. Over the codas , where Huntley notes " the merest veneer of the strings " accompanying Harrison 's vocal , this orchestral part incorporates aspects of the string arrangement on John Lennon 's recent hit song " # 9 Dream " , which in turn had been inspired by John Barham 's score for " Try Some , Buy Some " , co @-@ produced by Harrison and Phil Spector in 1971 .
= = Release and reception = =
" The Answer 's at the End " was released on 22 September 1975 as the second track on Extra Texture ( Read All About It ) . Music critics immediately derided the song for its funereal tempo , which was all the more obvious after the upbeat album opener , " You " .
Dave Marsh of Rolling Stone referred to " The Answer 's at the End " as " padded subterfuge " which could " easily " have been cut down to two minutes from its length of 5 : 32 . In the NME , Neil Spencer wrote that , following " You " , " hopes of Hari 's revival are comprehensively dashed by five @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minutes of the inordinately dreary ' The Answer 's At The End ' " . Spencer described it as " one of Hari 's Homespun Homilies full of crusty chunks of potted wisdom " .
= = Retrospective assessment = =
Writing 21 years after its release , Alan Clayson dismissed the track , calling it " archaic parlour poetry " , on an album full of " long , dull melodies " . Simon Leng admires the " warm sonic scenes " of " The Answer 's at the End " and recognises it as an " interesting " composition , one that " ponders the nature of relationships " in a similar way to Bob Dylan 's 1975 album Blood on the Tracks . Leng groups the song with another Extra Texture track , " Grey Cloudy Lies " , however , as " two slabs of introspection " that suffer from being " part calls for tolerance and part expression of downright despair " . " [ T ] he old , bold George is no more , " Leng laments of " The Answer 's at the End " . " The certainties of ' The Lord Loves the One ' seem to have dissipated ... The passionate searcher of ' Hear Me Lord ' sounds defeated , asking for a little ' live and let live ' . " While similarly noting the bleakness of the subject matter , Ian Inglis opines : " The lack of optimism in his words is matched by a largely inconspicuous melody and an inconsistent production in which alternate piano , strings , and guitar interludes fail to provide a coherent musical context . "
" The Answer 's at the End " has its admirers , with music journalist Rip Rense citing the song as an example of how " even the rather hasty " Extra Texture offers " some of the most affecting moments in [ Harrison 's ] career " . With reference to the song 's second verse , Rense adds : " and how many songwriters have ever sung a line as wonderful as ' The speech of flowers excels the flowers of speech ? ' " Authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter recognise " The Answer 's at the End " as a " highlight " of the album , while Elliot Huntley terms it a " gorgeously melodic song of forgiveness " . Huntley praises the track 's " epic sweep " and writes of the Simone @-@ inspired coda : " This is one of my favourite moments of the entire Harrison back @-@ catalogue , especially when the ensemble returns to see the song through to its conclusion ... "
AllMusic 's Richard Ginell describes " The Answer 's at the End " as one of Harrison 's " most beautifully harmonized , majestic , strangely underrated ballads " . Along with the Extra Texture tracks " You " and " This Guitar ( Can 't Keep from Crying ) " , Ginell rates the song " among the best " from Harrison 's solo career . In his book covering the Beatles ' first decade as solo artists , Fab Four FAQ 2 @.@ 0 , Robert Rodriguez includes " The Answer 's at the End " in a chapter that discusses eight overlooked Harrison compositions , and notes the song 's " grace and majesty " , reminiscent of " Isn 't It a Pity " . In December 2001 , Billboard editor @-@ in @-@ chief Timothy White , a longstanding friend of the former Beatle , titled his Harrison obituary " The Answer 's at the End " , a piece that went on to win an ASCAP @-@ Deems Taylor Award for excellence in music journalism .
Reviewing the 2014 Apple Years reissue of Extra Texture , for The Second Disc , Joe Marchese highlights " the touching ' The Answer 's at the End ' " among the " top @-@ draw material " found on the album . In his review for Paste magazine , Robert Ham views the song as a " [ moment ] when Harrison 's focus returns " on Extra Texture and one of the album 's ballads that " cut deep " . New Zealand music critic Graham Reid writes that " the melancholy and string @-@ enhanced The Answer 's At the End makes a lovely plea " , and he suggests that had Harrison recorded the track with Phil Spector , it " might not have sounded out of place " on All Things Must Pass .
= = Personnel = =
George Harrison – vocals , 12 @-@ string acoustic guitar , electric guitars , slide guitar , backing vocals
David Foster – piano , string arrangement
Gary Wright – organ
Paul Stallworth – bass
Jim Keltner – drums
Norm Kinney – tambourine , shaker
= Soft Light ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Soft Light " is the twenty @-@ third episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It originally aired on the Fox network on May 5 , 1995 . It was written by Vince Gilligan and directed by James A. Contner . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology , or overarching fictional history . " Soft Light " received a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 5 and was watched by 8 @.@ 1 million households . The episode generally received mixed to positive reviews from television critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , an ex @-@ student of Scully 's ( Kate Twa ) asks the agents to help her with her first investigation concerning a number of disappearances with very few clues . Mulder ponders the idea of spontaneous human combustion but rethinks it when they find a man , Chester Ray Banton ( Tony Shalhoub ) , who is afraid of his own shadow . Banton is a scientist researching dark matter , and his shadow has somehow developed the ability to disintegrate people who come across it .
" Soft Light " was the first The X @-@ Files episode written by Gilligan , who would go on to write several acclaimed episodes such as " Pusher " , " Bad Blood " and " Memento Mori " . " Soft Light " was one of the first episodes written by someone not on the main writing staff for The X @-@ Files . Originally , the script called for Banton 's shadow to be able to move independently , but it was rewritten to save on animation costs . In addition , the character of X ( Steven Williams ) was not in the script initially . His character was added to give Banton a legitimate fear of the government .
= = Plot = =
At a hotel in Richmond , Virginia , Chester Ray Banton ( Tony Shalhoub ) frantically knocks on the door of a room , seeking a person named Morris . Banton 's shouts attract the attention of Patrick Newirth , a guest in the room across the hall . When Newirth looks through his peephole , Banton 's shadow slips beneath the door . Newirth suddenly evaporates , leaving a strange burn mark on the floor . Banton realizes what has happened and flees the scene .
The case of Newirth 's death , the latest in several of its kind , is assigned to local detective Kelly Ryan ( Kate Twa ) . She seeks help from Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) , her former instructor at the FBI Academy . Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) also takes part in the investigation , believing Newirth died from spontaneous human combustion . While searching the home of an earlier victim , the agents realize that both she and Newirth had recently traveled by train . Meanwhile , Banton sits in a train station , cautiously looking at the floor ; because the room is lit by soft light , his shadow cannot be seen . After he leaves , Banton is confronted by two police officers patrolling the area . Despite Banton 's warnings , the officers step into his shadow and disappear , leaving more burn marks .
The following day , while reviewing the station 's surveillance tapes , Mulder sees footage of Banton staring at the floor . After blowing up the frame , Mulder sees the logo for a company called Polarity Magnetics on Banton 's jacket . The agents visit Polarity Magnetics , where they meet scientist Christopher Davey ( Kevin McNulty ) . He identifies Banton , a physicist conducting research into dark matter . Davey reveals that Banton disappeared five weeks earlier after an incident in his laboratory in which he was locked in a target room with an active particle accelerator and exposed to a large amount of subatomic particles . His account is enough for Scully to consider spontaneous human combustion , but Mulder is now doubtful of this theory .
The agents find Banton at the train station , but he runs to a poorly lit area . He declares that walking into his shadow will kill the agents , so Mulder shoots out the overhead lights . Banton allows himself to be taken to a mental hospital , where he is put in a room with soft light per his own request . He tells the agents that the accident in his laboratory caused his shadow to behave like a black hole , splitting atoms into component particles and reducing matter into pure energy . Banton claims that the deaths were all accidents , and that the government wants to exploit him . Detective Ryan and her superior officer stop the questioning , declaring the case closed , despite Mulder 's objections . Mulder contacts X ( Steven Williams ) , who assures him that the government has no interest in Banton . However , X and two associates later attempt to remove Banton from the hospital by cutting the power . In the process , the two attendants are killed when the emergency lights turn on and Banton 's shadow falls upon them . Banton flees from the hospital .
Banton returns to Polarity Magnetics and is confronted by Ryan , whom he reluctantly kills with his shadow when she tries to arrest him . Banton orders Davey to destroy him with the particle accelerator , but Davey reveals that he has been helping the government hunt him down . Davey locks Banton in with the particle accelerator , but is shot by X. Mulder and Scully arrive soon after , seemingly too late to save Banton from being vaporized by the accelerator ; Mulder realizes that X has betrayed him , and tells X to never contact him again . The case is considered closed , but Mulder notes that Davey disappeared after the incidents . The episode ends as X enters a research facility where experiments are being performed on a despairing Banton .
= = Production = =
" Soft Light " was written by Vince Gilligan and directed by James A. Contner . Gilligan was a fan of The X @-@ Files , and after talking about the show to his agent , who was a relative of series creator Chris Carter , he arranged a meeting between Gilligan and Carter . During it , Gilligan praised the show , and Carter asked if the writer had any ideas for it , to Gilligan 's surprise . His reply was that he had been observing his shadow and thought it would be " creepy " if it began moving independently . Gilligan wrote the episode as a freelancer ; after the episode was finished , Carter asked him to join the staff .
Gilligan inserted a reference to the villain Eugene Victor Tooms from the first season episodes " Squeeze " and " Tooms " in a conversation between Ryan and Mulder . The episode represents one of the first entries in the series to be written by someone from outside the main writing staff of The X @-@ Files . Originally , the script called for Banton 's shadow to be able to move independently ; Carter and writer Howard Gordon rewrote the story to remove this aspect . Gilligan later noted , " they rewrote the episode [ … ] this saved an enormous amount of money in animation costs . " In addition , the character of X was not in the first draft of the script . However , the series staff realized that Banton 's fear of having the government control him should be " more than just paranoia " . Thus , X was written into the story . Writer Frank Spotnitz later noted , " it had been a long time since X had done anything and the character really needed to grow . "
The episode guest stars Tony Shalhoub as Dr. Banton . Shalhoub , who had a recurring role on the NBC series Wings , was not familiar with The X @-@ Files when he was offered the part because at the time he did not watch much television . Instead , he was sent the script and enjoyed it — due to the show 's similarities to The Twilight Zone — and agreed to appear in the episode . When Shalhoub informed people that he was going to Vancouver to film an episode of the series , he claimed that " the response was unbelievable " . Shalhoub was impressed with the on @-@ location filming that the series did ; he noted , " Ninety @-@ nine percent of our filming on Wings is done on a soundstage , while most of their material is shot on location in and around Vancouver . It 's an ideal city because it gives producers so many options . "
The train station was filmed at both Via Rail 's Pacific Central Station and the Pacific Marine Training Institute in Vancouver . The Pacific Marine Training Institute initially only allowed filming after 5 pm , before the persistence of the location managers led the dean of the station to allow the crew to commence filming at 2 pm . During production , Gilligan financed a trip to the show 's filming locations in Vancouver and followed production with a video camera , a feat then unheard of for a writer on The X @-@ Files .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Soft Light " was originally aired in the United States on the Fox Broadcasting Company on May 5 , 1995 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on February 13 , 1996 on BBC One . In its original broadcast , it was watched by 8 @.@ 1 million households , according to the Nielsen ratings system . It received an 8 @.@ 5 rating and 15 share among viewers , meaning that 8 @.@ 5 percent of all households in the United States and 15 percent of all people watching television at the time , viewed the episode .
" Soft Light " received mixed to positive reviews from television critics . Entertainment Weekly gave the episode a " B – " and noted that the episode " gains points for the obscure subject matter " but " loses them for the strained conspiratorial element " . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club also gave it a " B – " . He praised the cold open for its strangeness and X 's involvement , but thought that the explanation for Banton 's shadow was not satisfactorily fleshed out . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode four stars out of five . The two wrote positively of the episode 's case , calling it one wherein " Mulder and Scully get to investigate properly , coming up with theories that they later build on or retract . " Shearman and Pearson also wrote positively of the episode 's conclusion , noting that " there 's no better illustration for distrusting the government than the brilliant closing scene " which features Shalhoub " fixed to a chair , bombarded with flashes of light , as one single tear rolls down his terrified face . " Other reviews were decidedly more critical . John Keegan from Critical Myth awarded the episode a 5 out of 10 and wrote , " Overall , this episode falls short due to a completely ludicrous central concept , only partially countered by an interesting resolution highlighting the more sinister side of Informant X. Much like last season ’ s final few episodes , this season is ending with plenty of hints that Mulder and Scully are pushing the wrong buttons . "
= Lavochkin La @-@ 152 =
The Lavochkin La @-@ 152 , ( USAF reporting name - Type 4 ) , and its variants , was a jet fighter prototype designed and manufactured by the Lavochkin Design Bureau ( OKB ) shortly after the end of World War II . Derived from the Lavochkin La @-@ 150 , the 152 used several different engines , but the program was canceled as other fighters with more powerful engines and swept wings showed more promise .
= = Design and development = =
= = = Izdeliye 152 = = =
Following the limited success of the 150 , drastic changes were introduced to improve performance and ease of maintenance . The RD @-@ 10 engine , rated at 8 @.@ 8 kN ( 2 @,@ 000 lbf ) of thrust , was moved to the front of the nose and its cowling formed the bottom of the forward fuselage . This position minimized thrust losses due to the length of the intake duct and allowed the engine to be changed much more easily than its predecessor . The cockpit was widened and moved to a position over the mid @-@ set wings , even with the engine 's exhaust nozzle . The pilot 's seat back was armored and he was protected by an armor plate to his front and a bulletproof windscreen . Three fuel tanks were positioned ahead of the cockpit and one behind it with a total capacity of 620 kilograms ( 1 @,@ 370 lb ) of fuel . The removable , mid @-@ mounted wings used several different laminar flow airfoils over their span . Each wing had a single spar , slotted flaps and ailerons . The tricycle undercarriage retracted into the fuselage , which meant that the aircraft had a very narrow ground track . The aircraft was armed with three 23 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 91 in ) Nudelman @-@ Suranov NS @-@ 23 autocannon , two on the starboard side of the aircraft 's nose and the other on the port side . Each gun had 50 rounds of ammunition .
The 152 made its first flight on 5 December 1946 and the manufacturer 's trials completed on 23 June 1947 . State acceptance trials commenced on 12 July , but the prototype crashed on the eighth flight when the engine failed on approach . The maximum speed attained by the 152 before its crash was only 840 kilometers per hour ( 520 mph ) .
= = = Izdeliye 154 = = =
The Lavochkin OKB decided to improve the performance of the 152 in late 1946 by replacing the RD @-@ 10 engine with a more powerful Lyulka TR @-@ 1 turbojet of 12 @.@ 3 kN ( 2 @,@ 800 lbf ) thrust . The design work was completed in September 1947 , and construction began of a prototype shortly afterward , but the engine was not yet ready for testing and the project was canceled . The only other significant difference from the 152 was that each cannon was furnished with 75 rounds of ammunition .
= = = Izdeliye 156 = = =
Meanwhile , the OKB had been developing two afterburning versions of the RD @-@ 10 to increase the engine 's power . The more successful model was only 100 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) longer and weighed an additional 31 kilograms ( 68 lb ) more than the original engine . Its power , however , was increased by an additional 3 @.@ 3 kN ( 740 lbf ) , over 30 % more thrust . This engine was designated the izdeliye YuF by the bureau and was fitted into an aircraft 152 prototype in November 1946 , initially designated as the 150D ( Dooblyor - Second ) . This was changed to Aircraft 156 the following month .
In addition to the more powerful engine , the aircraft now had an ejection seat , additional cockpit armor , and a revised canopy . More importantly , it was fitted with new wings with a greater span and more surface area ; they also had a new airfoil designed to delay Mach tuck . The area of the tailplane and the vertical stabilizer was also increased . Two prototypes were built and the first one was completed in February 1947 and made its first flight on 1 March . The second prototype joined the manufacturer 's trials later that month . One of these aircraft participated in the Tushino flypast on 3 August 1947 , where it was given the USAF reporting name of Type 5 . The additional power increased the aircraft 's top speed by 40 – 70 km / h ( 25 – 43 mph ) over the 152 . The second prototype began state acceptance trials on 9 September and demonstrated a maximum speed of 905 km / h ( 562 mph ) at an altitude of 2 @,@ 000 meters ( 6 @,@ 560 ft ) . It could reach 5 @,@ 000 meters ( 16 @,@ 400 ft ) in four minutes using afterburner . The aircraft was rejected by the Soviet Air Forces when the trials were concluded on 28 January 1948 . The report said that the YuF engine was required more work before it was ready for production , the aircraft had problems with longitudinal stability , excessive stick forces from the ailerons and elevators , and the undercarriage was troublesome . Lavochkin consequently canceled the program .
= = = Izdeliye 174TK = = =
An experimental version of Izdeliye 156 was built in 1947 under the name of Izdeliye 174TK ( Tonkoye Krylo - thin wing ) . It had a very thin , straight wing of 6 % thickness , believed to be the thinnest yet flown in the world , and an imported Rolls @-@ Royce Derwent V engine , rated at 15 @.@ 6 kN ( 3 @,@ 500 lbf ) , mounted in the nose . The three NS @-@ 23 cannon had to be repositioned on the bottom of the nose to accommodate the engine . It was first flown in January 1948 and had a top speed of 970 km / h ( 600 mph ) at sea level . It reached an altitude of 5 @,@ 000 meters in only 2 @.@ 5 minutes , but even these impressive gains over the 156 were inferior to the swept @-@ wing Lavochkin La @-@ 160 that had flown nine months earlier and the program was canceled .
= = Variants = =
Izdeliye 154 - A second 152 airframe with a Lyulka TR @-@ 1 turbojet . Canceled due to delays with the engine .
Izdeliye 156 - Originally known as Aircraft 152D . A modified 152 with a YuF engine , an afterburning version of the RD @-@ 10 .
Izdeliye 174TK - A thin @-@ wing version of the 156 with a Rolls @-@ Royce Derwent engine , but performance was already overshadowed by the lower @-@ powered Aircraft 160 so further development abandoned .
= = Specifications ( Izdeliye 156 ) = =
Data from Early Soviet Jet Fighters
General characteristics
Crew : 1
Length : 9 @.@ 12 m ( 29 ft 11 in )
Wingspan : 8 @.@ 52 m ( 27 ft 11 in )
Wing area : 13 @.@ 24 m2 ( 142 @.@ 5 sq ft )
Empty weight : 2 @,@ 398 kg ( 5 @,@ 287 lb )
Gross weight : 3 @,@ 521 kg ( 7 @,@ 762 lb )
Fuel capacity : 756
Powerplant : 1 × YuF afterburning version of RD @-@ 10 turbojet , 8 @.@ 5 kN ( 1 @,@ 900 lbf ) thrust dry , 10 @.@ 3 kN ( 2 @,@ 300 lbf ) with afterburner
Performance
Maximum speed : 905 km / h ( 562 mph ; 489 kn )
Range : 680 km ( 423 mi ; 367 nmi )
Service ceiling : 10 @,@ 700 m ( 35 @,@ 105 ft )
Rate of climb : 23 @.@ 6 m / s ( 4 @,@ 650 ft / min )
Wing loading : 264 kg / m2 ( 54 lb / sq ft )
Armament
Guns : 3 × 23 mm Nudelman @-@ Suranov NS @-@ 23 autocannon with 190 rounds total
= Minoru Yasui =
Minoru " Min " Yasui ( Japanese : 安井稔 Yasui Minoru , October 19 , 1916 – November 12 , 1986 ) was a Japanese American lawyer from Oregon . Born in Hood River , Oregon , he earned both an undergraduate degree and his law degree at the University of Oregon . He was one of the few Japanese Americans after the bombing of Pearl Harbor who fought laws that directly targeted Japanese Americans or Japanese immigrants . His case was the first case to test the constitutionality of the curfews targeted at minority groups .
His case would make its way to the United States Supreme Court , where his conviction for breaking curfew was affirmed . After internment during most of World War II , he moved to Denver , Colorado in 1944 . In Denver , Yasui married and became a local leader in civic affairs , including leadership positions in the Japanese American Citizens League . In 1986 , his criminal conviction was overturned by the federal court .
In 2015 , Senator Mazie K. Hirono nominated Yasui for the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the highest civilian award of the United States . On November 16 , 2015 , President Barack Obama announced that Yasui would receive a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom . The Medal was presented to Lori Yasui in a White House ceremony November 24 , 2015 .
= = Early life = =
Born in Hood River , Oregon , on October 19 , 1916 , Minoru Yasui was the son of Japanese immigrants Shidzuyo and Masuo Yasui . The third son of nine children born to this fruit @-@ farming family , he graduated from the local high school in Hood River in 1933 . At the age of eight he spent a summer in Japan , and later was enrolled in a Japanese language school in Oregon for three years . Yasui went on to college after high school at the University of Oregon in Eugene . At the school Yasui earned a bachelor 's degree from the school in 1937 and a law degree from the University of Oregon Law School in 1939 . He also was a member of the United States Army 's Reserve Officer Training Corps ( ROTC ) program at the university , earning a commission after graduation in 1937 . ROTC was a requirement of all male students during this time period for the first two years of the four @-@ year program . Yasui was commissioned on December 8 , 1937 , as a second lieutenant in the Army 's Infantry Reserve .
After law school he passed the bar and began practicing law in Portland , Oregon in 1939 . He found it hard to find work in Portland , but through the connections of his father , he started working for the Japanese government at its consulate in Chicago , Illinois . He was employed as one of several Consular attachés at that office , mainly doing clerical work . Following the attack on Pearl Harbor , which drew the United States into World War II against Japan and Germany , Yasui resigned his position with the consulate on December 8 , 1941 .
= = World War II = =
Yasui returned to Hood River from Chicago after his father , Masuo Yasui , requested that he come home in order to report for military duty . After returning to Hood River , he tried to report for duty with the United States Army at the Vancouver Barracks in neighboring Washington , but was denied from serving on nine occasions . Masuo Yasui was arrested on December 13 , 1941 , by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as an enemy alien , and had his assets frozen . Min Yasui moved to Portland and opened a private law practice in order to help the Japanese Americans put their affairs in order . President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 on February 19 , 1942 , that allowed the military to set up exclusion zones , curfews , and ultimately the internment of Japanese Americans during the war .
On March 28 , 1942 , Yasui deliberately broke the military implemented curfew in Portland , by walking around the downtown area and then presenting himself at a police station after 11 : 00 pm in order to test the curfew ’ s constitutionality . He first asked an officer on the street to arrest him but was told to " Run along home , sonny boy , " and so he walked into the police station . Later , on bail , he learned that a grand jury had indicted him . After the notice was given for the Japanese to evacuate , Yasui notified the authorities that he had no intentions of complying , and went to his family 's home in Hood River . This violated another law restricting travel of Japanese Americans , and authorities arrested him in Hood River .
Yasui had consulted a friend in the FBI prior to arrest , and consulted with other legal minds to try to test the legality of the orders . At trial he was defended by private attorney Earl Bernard . Gus J. Solomon , later a judge for the same court , had asked the national American Civil Liberties Union to defend Yasui as no local Oregon groups elected to support Yasui . One part of the strategy was to proceed with a non @-@ jury trial , leaving the decision only to the judge . Solomon was asked by Fee to help advise the court on the issues , along with eight other attorneys . At his trial , federal judge James Alger Fee came to the conclusion that laws specifically targeting a race , such as the curfew , were unconstitutional when applied to citizens . However , he also declared in his November 16 , 1942 , decision that Yasui had demonstrated his loyalty to Japan and was therefore no longer a U.S. citizen . Yasui was sentenced to one year in prison and given a $ 5000 fine .
Yasui waited nine months for his chance in court for appeal . During this time he was incarcerated at the Multnomah County Jail in Portland , and later sent to the Minidoka War Relocation Center in Idaho . When that chance finally came , the case went first to the Ninth Circuit briefly , but was then moved on to the Supreme Court . There the judges came to the conclusion that Yasui was still a U.S. citizen . After a few days on June 21 , 1943 , however , in Yasui v. United States , the court ruled unanimously that the government did have the authority to restrict the lives of civilian citizens during wartime , deciding the case as a companion case to Hirabayashi v. United States . Yasui was sent back to Fee , who removed the fine and decided that the time already served was enough of a punishment . Yasui was released and moved into the Japanese internment camps .
= = Later years = =
In 1944 , Yasui was allowed to leave the internment camp in the summer and was employed in Chicago before moving to Denver , Colorado , in September 1944 . There he passed the bar in June 1945 , but was only admitted to practice law after an appeal to the Colorado Supreme Court . The following year in November he married former internee True Shibata , and they would have three daughters together , Iris , Holly , and Laurel .
Living in Denver , Yasui became involved with community relations , serving on committee set up by the mayor , and later from 1959 to 1983 on the Commission on Community Relations . This commission dealt with race relations and other social issues , with Yasui as executive director from 1967 to 1983 . In 1954 , he was chairman of the Japanese American Citizens League ’ s ( JACL ) district covering Colorado , Wyoming , Texas , Nebraska , New Mexico , and Montana . The Minoru Yasui Community Service Award was started in 1974 by Denver community leaders , and is awarded annually to Denver area volunteers .
In 1976 , Yasui began working on the JACL ’ s committee concerning redress for the internment during World War II . He continued on that committee until 1984 , serving as its chairman in 1981 . He also filed in federal district court in Oregon a coram nobis to attempt to overturn his conviction in 1984 . His conviction was overturned by the Oregon federal court in 1986 . Minoru Yasui died on November 12 , 1986 , and is buried in his hometown of Hood River .
= = Minoru Yasui Plaza = =
The City and County of Denver owns an office building named after Yasui . Located at 303 West Colfax Avenue in Denver , the building is called Minoru Yasui Plaza , or the Minoru Yasui Building . A bronze bust of Yasui adorns the building 's foyer .
= Eric Brewer =
Eric Peter Brewer ( born April 17 , 1979 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently a free agent , having last played for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He is an NHL All @-@ Star and Olympic gold medalist .
He began his career as a distinguished junior ice hockey player , named to the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) West Second All @-@ Star Team and the Western Conference roster for the 1998 WHL All @-@ Star Game ( although he missed the game due to injury ) . Drafted in the first round , fifth overall by the New York Islanders in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft , Brewer has spent parts of his fifteen @-@ year NHL career with the Islanders , the Edmonton Oilers , and the St. Louis Blues , the latter of which he captained for two years . He has also suited up for the Prince George Cougars of the WHL and the Lowell Lock Monsters of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . In 1999 , Brewer was selected for the Prince George Cougars ' all @-@ time team in a Canadian Hockey League promotion .
Brewer has represented Canada at eight International Ice Hockey Federation @-@ sanctioned events , winning three Ice Hockey World Championships gold medals and one World Cup of Hockey gold medal . He won his Olympic gold medal during the 2002 Winter Olympics . For this accomplishment , he was inducted into the BC Sports Hall of Fame with his British Columbian teammates in 200
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= = Personal life = =
Brewer was born on April 17 , 1979 , in Vernon , British Columbia , to Anna and Frank Brewer . He was raised in Ashcroft , British Columbia , and began playing ice hockey in the Ashcroft Minor Hockey program . When he was fourteen , his family moved to Kamloops , British Columbia , where he attended junior and senior high school . Brewer excelled with the Kamloops Bantam AAA Jardine Blazers of the British Columbia Amateur Hockey Association ( BCAHA ) . In 1995 , Brewer was exposed to BCAHA Best Ever , a program designed to find and develop players and coaches for play in international competition . As a young hockey player , Brewer looked up to NHL stars Scott Niedermayer and Jeremy Roenick as role models .
In mid @-@ 2004 , Brewer married Rebecca Flann , whom he met while playing junior hockey with the Prince George Cougars ; they live in Vancouver , British Columbia . Brewer 's sister , Kristi , played for the University of British Columbia Thunderbirds women 's ice hockey team . Eric and Rebecca have two daughters .
Brewer is involved in numerous charitable organizations . During the 2004 – 05 NHL lockout , Brewer participated in several charity hockey games , playing in the four @-@ game Ryan Smyth and Friends All @-@ Star Charity Tour , the three @-@ game Brad May and Friends Hockey Challenge , as well as the Our Game to Give charity hockey game held at Ivor Wynne Stadium in Hamilton , Ontario . During off @-@ seasons , Brewer has participated in numerous charity golf tournaments , including the Burn Fund Golf Tournament in Prince George and the Recchi @-@ Doan Charity Classic in Kamloops .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Prince George Cougars = = =
Brewer was drafted in the sixth round , 81st overall , by the Prince George Cougars in the 1994 WHL Bantam Draft . After being drafted , he played one final season with the Jardine Blazers , recording 38 points in only forty games . The following year , Brewer began his WHL career with the Cougars , playing 63 games in the 1995 – 96 season . Brewer finished his rookie WHL season with fourteen points , including four goals , and was named Cougars ' Rookie of the Year .
In his sophomore season , Brewer became a leader on the Cougars ' blue line . He was named to play for Team Orr in the 1997 CHL Top Prospects Game in February 1997 at Maple Leaf Gardens . He doubled his point total from the previous season , finishing with 29 points in 71 games played . Brewer followed his regular season by helping the Cougars go on a playoff run . After clinching the last spot in the West Division with a losing record , the Cougars defeated the number @-@ one seed Portland Winter Hawks in the conference quarterfinals and the third @-@ ranked Spokane Chiefs in the conference semifinals before finally losing to the second @-@ ranked Seattle Thunderbirds in the Western Conference final . Brewer finished this run with six points in the Cougars ' fifteen games .
Brewer 's final season with Prince George was his best , statistically , in the WHL . After representing Canada at the 1998 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships , he was named to the Western Conference team for the WHL All @-@ Star Game in Regina , Saskatchewan , which he missed , as well as much of the season , due to injury . However , Brewer finished the year with 33 points in only 34 games , a near one point @-@ per @-@ game average , and was named to the WHL West Second All @-@ Star Team . Brewer was the highest ranked defenceman at sixth overall among North American skaters heading into the 1997 NHL Entry Draft . He was drafted fifth overall by the New York Islanders in June 1997 .
= = = New York Islanders = = =
Just over a year after being drafted , Brewer signed his first professional contract with his draft team , the New York Islanders , in August 1998 . Entering the NHL , Brewer was regarded as a future Norris Trophy candidate , and as a result , his contract was an entry level three @-@ year , $ 2 @.@ 775 @-@ million deal complemented by a $ 1 @-@ million signing bonus , the highest base salary available for a rookie . Brewer made his NHL debut on October 10 , 1998 , against the Pittsburgh Penguins , and on November 5 , Brewer scored his first career goal against the Carolina Hurricanes ' Trevor Kidd . Throughout his rookie season , Brewer was considered an integral part of the Islanders ' defence , and , along with Zdeno Chára , Kenny Jönsson and Roberto Luongo , was considered untouchable by management at the 1999 NHL trade deadline . Brewer finished his rookie season with eleven points in 63 games .
After playing just three games of the 1999 – 2000 NHL season , Brewer was assigned to the Islanders ' AHL affiliate , the Lowell Lock Monsters . It was speculated that the reason behind this move was laziness by Brewer , who was benched during the final thirty minutes by head coach Butch Goring after losing a race for the puck against Mike Knuble in the Islanders ' October 11 , 1999 , loss to the New York Rangers . Brewer also took a bad penalty earlier in the game , putting the Islanders down two men . After a two @-@ week , five @-@ game stint with the Lock Monsters , Brewer was subsequently recalled by the Islanders . After playing 26 games with the Islanders in which he only recorded two assists , Brewer was reassigned to the Lock Monsters on January 8 , 2000 , for the remainder of the season . Shortly after joining the Lock Monsters , Brewer suffered a sprained knee and missed the next two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half months of the season . Brewer went on to play 25 games for the Lock Monsters , recording two goals and two assists . He also participated in his first professional playoffs , as the Lock Monsters swept the Saint John Flames in three games in the first round , before being swept themselves in four games in the Eastern Conference semifinals by the Providence Bruins .
= = = Edmonton Oilers = = =
At the 2000 NHL Entry Draft , the Islanders traded Brewer , Josh Green and their second round selection ( Brad Winchester ) in the same draft to the Edmonton Oilers for Roman Hamrlík . Although surprised to be traded , Brewer was excited at the prospect of playing for the Oilers , who saw Brewer as a top @-@ four defenceman . However , Brewer 's Oiler career began on a sour note as he suffered a bruised left hip and tailbone in his first game with the team . Brewer missed the next four games before returning to the lineup . Brewer scored his first goal as an Oiler on November 7 , 2000 , against the New York Rangers . Brewer finished his first Oiler season with career highs in goals , assists and points , as well as the best plus / minus rating on the Oilers team , a plus @-@ 15 . Further , Brewer gained his first NHL playoff experience , a quarterfinal series versus the Dallas Stars . Brewer had six points , but the Oilers were eliminated four games to two by the Stars .
The Oilers re @-@ signed Brewer , who was a free agent , to a one @-@ year , $ 907 @,@ 500 contract in August 2001 . In his second season with the Oilers , Brewer was assigned to play against the opposing teams ' best offensive players by Oilers head coach Craig MacTavish . Brewer began to play more minutes in games , typically placing among the NHL leaders in average minutes played per game . With this enhanced role on the team , Brewer finished his season with new career highs in assists and points for the second consecutive season , and matched his career high in goals . Although his single year contract expired , his role on the Oilers had become more important and Brewer expected a large raise for his third season with the Oilers .
After a long holdout that lasted until the beginning of Oilers training camp , Brewer finally signed a two @-@ year , $ 4 @-@ million contract in September 2002 . At the half of the 2002 – 03 NHL season , Brewer was named to play in his first NHL All @-@ Star Game , dressing for the Western Conference in the fifty @-@ third edition of the game . He finished with career highs for assists and points and set a career high for goals for the third consecutive season . He appeared in his second NHL playoffs , another quarterfinal series against the Dallas Stars in which the Oilers were once again eliminated four games to two . Brewer finished the playoffs with four points in the Oilers ' six games .
In his fourth season with the Oilers , Brewer continued his role as a top defenceman . On November 22 , 2003 , Brewer was among the participants in the historic 2003 Heritage Classic ice hockey game versus the Montreal Canadiens at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton . Brewer scored the Oilers first goal of the game in a 4 – 3 loss in front of a then record crowd of 57 @,@ 167 . Later in the season , in a game on January 29 , 2004 , versus the Chicago Blackhawks , Brewer recorded his one @-@ hundredth career point . Since his team depended on Brewer to play against the opposing teams ' best offensive players , he finished the season with an average time on ice of 24 : 39 , ranking fourteenth in the league . In the final year of his two @-@ year contract , Brewer finished the season with his point totals matching those from his 2001 –
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Wintour . On the same day he was admitted to the plot , 25 March 1605 , the conspirators also purchased the lease to the undercroft they had supposedly tunnelled near . It was into this room that 36 barrels of gunpowder were brought , but when in late August Thomas and Fawkes made an inspection of the gunpowder , they found that it had decayed ( separated ) . Thus , more gunpowder was brought in .
Shortly after this , Catesby recruited the last three conspirators , Sir Ambrose Rookwood , Sir Everard Digby and Francis Tresham . The latter 's involvement in the plot has long been the subject of controversy , as on 26 October his brother @-@ in @-@ law William Parker , 4th Baron Monteagle , received an anonymous letter while at home , warning him to stay away from Parliament . Thomas went with Catesby to confront Tresham on the matter , threatening to " hang him " if he did not exonerate himself . Tresham managed to convince the pair that he was innocent , but Thomas then tried unsuccessfully to persuade Catesby to abandon the plot . His pleas were in vain ; Catesby 's position was echoed by Percy , who at a meeting of the three in London on Sunday 3 November , said that he was ready to " abide the uttermost trial " . On the same day , Robert and three others stayed at the home of John Talbot of Grafton , his father @-@ in @-@ law . His friends were Robert Acton and his two sons , plus servants . The group left the following morning with extra horses supplied by Everard Digby , and travelled to Coventry .
= = Failure and capture = =
Monteagle had delivered the letter to the English Secretary of State , Robert Cecil , 1st Earl of Salisbury , and on Saturday 2 November ( about a week later ) the Privy Council decided to undertake a search of Parliament . The following Monday , during the first search , Thomas Howard , 1st Earl of Suffolk , noticed the huge pile of faggots in the corner of the cellar beneath the House of Lords . The king insisted that another search be made , and about midnight another party , this time led by Thomas Knyvet , 1st Baron Knyvet , discovered Fawkes and arrested him .
News of Fawkes 's capture soon spread throughout London , including the Strand , where Christopher Wright , John Wright 's brother , overheard the commotion . He immediately went to Thomas , who was staying at the Duck and Drake inn . As Fawkes had given his name as " John Johnson " , servant of Percy , it was for the latter that the government 's first arrest warrant was issued . Thomas guessed as much , and told Wright to go to Percy and " bid him begone " . As the rest of those conspirators still in London fled the city , undaunted , he went over to Westminster to try and discern what he could . In author Alan Haynes 's opinion , this demonstrated an impressive degree of trust in Fawkes 's ability to confound his interrogators , but when Thomas heard for himself that the treason had been uncovered , he left for Huddington , stopping at his sister 's house in Norbrook along the way .
The fugitives reached Catesby 's family home of Ashby St Ledgers at about 6 : 00 pm . Not wanting to implicate his mother , Catesby sent a message to Robert , who had just recently arrived there , asking to meet just outside the town . There he told him that Fawkes had been captured . At Dunchurch they collected Everard Digby and his ' hunting party ' , which included Robert and Thomas 's half @-@ brother , John Wintour . He had been invited to join them on 4 November . The next day the group raided Warwick Castle for supplies , something that Robert strongly objected to as it would create " a great uproar " in the country , and later arrived at Huddington Court , where they met Thomas . Early the next morning Huddington 's occupants went to confession and took the Sacrament at Mass — in Fraser 's opinion , a sign that none of them thought they had long to live . They collected further arms and munitions from Hewell Grange , but trying to recruit more people to their cause they were met with disdain ; while the conspirators considered themselves to stand for " God and country " , the men of Hewell Grange replied that they were for " King James as well as God and Country " . Late that night , pulling a sodden cart full of weapons and armour behind them , they arrived at Holbeche House , near Kingswinford in Staffordshire . Robert was asked if he would go and see if he could elicit any help from his father @-@ in @-@ law , John Talbot . He refused , and Thomas went instead , with Stephen Littleton . Talbot was , however , loyal to James , and sent them away , claiming that their visit was " as much as his life was worth " . While returning to Holbeche , they received a message that Catesby , Rookwood , John Grant and another man were dead , and the rest apparently fled . Tired and desperate , the plotters had attempted to dry their soaked gunpowder in front of the fire , only for a stray spark to ignite it . While Littleton chose to leave , begging his companion to follow his example , Thomas continued on to Holbeche , where he found the remaining plotters alive , but injured .
While several including Robert and his half @-@ brother John chose to vanish into the night , Catesby , Percy , the Wright brothers , Grant , Rookwood and Thomas remained . Thomas asked them what they intended to do – " We mean here to die " . Thomas replied " I will take such part as you do " . Richard Walsh , Sheriff of Worcester , arrived with a vigilante force of about 200 men early on 8 November . Thomas was the first to be hit , in the shoulder , while crossing the courtyard . The Wright brothers were next , followed by Rookwood , still injured from the explosion the night before . Catesby and Percy were dropped by a single lucky shot . The sheriff 's men then proceeded to strip the defenders of their valuables , but Thomas was saved by the sheriff 's assistant . His fine sword , ordered and paid for four months previously , apparently proved too great a temptation for the Sheriff 's men , as it was never seen again . He and the others were taken first to Worcester , and then to the Tower of London . Despite a proclamation of 18 November naming them as wanted men , Robert Wintour and Stephen Litteton managed to evade capture until 9 January 1606 . They spent about two months hiding out in barns and houses ; at one point they were forced to restrain a drunken poacher who happened upon their hiding place . They were eventually discovered at the house of Humphrey Littleton in Hagley , after a cook , John Finwood , informed on them . Humphrey managed to escape , but was captured at Prestwood , in Staffordshire .
= = Thomas 's confession = =
Historically , much of what is written about the Gunpowder Plot is derived from Thomas 's confession , signed on 23 November 1605 ; details of the so @-@ called Spanish Treason were added three days later . One of only two confessions printed in the King 's Book ( a highly partial contemporary account of the affair ) , Thomas Wintour 's was the only account the government had of a plotter who had been involved from the beginning ; Guy Fawkes , weakened by days of torture , may have been at the heart of the group , but he was not at its first meetings . However , Antonia Fraser views the document with suspicion , not least because Thomas 's signature , ' Thomas Winter ' , differs from his normal signature , ' Thomas Wintour ' ( it was the former that was invariably used by the government ) . The signature , possibly forged by lieutenant of the Tower of London William Waad , was made only weeks after Thomas had been shot in the shoulder during the siege at Holbeche House . Biographer Mark Nicholls views the difference in signatures as a significant and puzzling lapse , if a " master forger " is presumed to be responsible for the document . He views the handwriting on the confession as " convincingly that of Winter [ Wintour ] " , pointing out that it appears to be the work of an author , not an editor , and written as a draft for the King 's Book . This is a view that generally , Alan Haynes agrees with : " no one has ever made a solid and sensible suggestion about why a government @-@ employed forger ( say Thomas Phelippes ) would deliberately make such an error in a crucial state document " .
Another of Fraser 's concerns is Waad 's report to Salisbury on 21 November : " Thomas Winter doth find his hand so strong as after dinner he will settle himself to write that he hath verbally declared to your Lordship adding what he shall remember " — or rather , what he was told to remember . A draft of Thomas 's confession , in Coke 's handwriting , places extra weight on the involvement of the Jesuits . Thomas 's confession also details his account of the mine supposedly dug toward Parliament , not mentioned in Fawkes 's first confession .
= = Trial and death = =
The trial of the eight surviving conspirators began on Monday 27 January . The two brothers were brought with the other plotters by barge from the Tower ( Catebsy 's servant , Thomas Bates , arrived from the Gatehouse Prison ) , to Whitehall . They were kept in Star Chamber , before being led into Westminster Hall . Charged with high treason , and with no defence counsel , the outcome was never in doubt . The Spanish Treason was a feature of Attorney General Edward Coke 's rhetoric , although the Spanish king was " reverently and respectfully spoken of " . The Jesuits , such as Henry Garnet , were condemned . Each of the brothers ' confessions were also read aloud . While in the Tower , Robert and Fawkes had shared adjacent cells , and were able to speak to each other . However , their private conversation was secretly recorded , and read aloud during the trial .
When asked if he had anything to say , " wherefore judgement of death should not be pronounced " , Thomas spoke of his regret at having introduced Robert to the plot , and asked to be hanged on his behalf as well as his own . Robert merely begged for mercy . At the end of the trial , the jury pronounced them all guilty of high treason .
Everard Digby , Robert Wintour , John Grant and Thomas Bates were executed on Thursday 30 January 1606 . Dragged by horse to Old St Paul 's Cathedral , Robert was the second to be executed , praying quietly to himself before he was hanged , drawn and quartered . The following morning , the remaining four were dragged to the Old Palace Yard at Westminster , opposite the building they had planned to destroy . Thomas was the first to mount the scaffold . It was customary to grant the condemned a speech , but Thomas , " a very pale and dead colour " , said it was " no time to discourse : he was come to die " . He absolved the Jesuits of any involvement in the plot , asked for Catholics to pray for him , and declared his adherence to the Roman religion . He was hanged for only a few seconds , and then taken to the block for the remainder of his grim sentence . Their half @-@ brother John was executed at Red Hill near Worcester , on 7 April .
= Minoan eruption =
The Minoan eruption of Thera , also referred to as the Thera eruption or Santorini eruption , was a major catastrophic volcanic eruption with a Volcanic Explosivity Index ( VEI ) of 6 or 7 and a dense @-@ rock equivalent ( DRE ) of 60 km3 ( 14 cu mi ) , Dated to the mid @-@ second millennium BCE , the eruption was one of the largest volcanic events on Earth in recorded history . It devastated the island of Thera ( now called Santorini ) , including the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri and communities and agricultural areas on nearby islands and the coast of Crete with a related earthquake or tsunami .
There are no clear ancient records of the eruption , which may have inspired certain Greek myths , caused turmoil in Egypt and be alluded to in a Chinese chronicle .
= = Eruption = =
= = = Background = = =
Geological evidence shows the Thera volcano erupted numerous times over several hundred thousand years before the Minoan eruption . In a repeating process , the volcano would violently erupt , then eventually collapse into a roughly circular seawater @-@ filled caldera , with numerous small islands forming the circle . The caldera would slowly refill with magma , building a new volcano , which erupted and then collapsed in an ongoing cyclical process .
Immediately prior to the Minoan eruption , the walls of the caldera formed a nearly continuous ring of islands with the only entrance lying between Thera and the tiny island of Aspronisi . This cataclysmic eruption was centered on a small island just north of the existing island of Nea Kameni in the centre of the then @-@ existing caldera . The northern part of the caldera was refilled by the volcanic ash and lava , then collapsed again .
= = = Magnitude = = =
Research by a team of international scientists in 2006 revealed that the Santorini event was much larger than the original estimate of 39 km3 ( 9 @.@ 4 cu mi ) of Dense @-@ Rock Equivalent ( DRE ) , or total volume of material erupted from the volcano , that was published in 1991 . With an estimated DRE in excess of 60 km3 ( 14 cu mi ) , the volume of ejecta was approximately 100 km3 ( 24 cu mi ) . If so , the eruption 's Volcanic Explosivity Index was 7 . The volcano ejected up to four times as much as the well @-@ recorded eruption by Krakatoa in 1883 . The Thera volcanic events and subsequent ashfall probably sterilized the island , as occurred on Krakatoa . Only the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption of 1815 , Lake Taupo 's Hatepe eruption around 180 CE , and perhaps the Baekdu Mountain eruption around 970 CE released more material into the atmosphere during historic times .
= = = Sequence = = =
On Santorini , there is a 60 m ( 200 ft ) thick layer of white tephra that overlies the soil clearly delineating the ground level prior to the eruption . This layer has three distinct bands that indicate the different phases of the eruption . Studies have identified four major eruption phases , and one minor precursory tephra fall . The thinness of the first ash layer , along with the lack of noticeable erosion of that layer by winter rains before the next layer was deposited , indicate that the volcano gave the local population a few months ' warning . Since no human remains have been found at the Akrotiri site , this preliminary volcanic activity probably caused the island 's population to flee . It is also suggested that several months before the eruption , Santorini experienced one or more earthquakes , which damaged the local settlements .
Intense magmatic activity of the first major phase ( B01 / Minoan A ) of the eruption deposited up to 7 m ( 23 ft ) of pumice and ash , with a minor lithic component , southeast and east . Archaeological evidence indicated burial of man @-@ made structures with limited damage . The second ( B02 / Minoan B ) and third ( B03 / Minoan C ) eruption phases involved pyroclastic flow and lava fountain activity and the possible generation of tsunamis . Man @-@ made structures not buried during Minoan A were completely destroyed . The third phase was also characterized by the initiation of caldera collapse . The fourth , and last , major phase ( B04 / Minoan D ) was marked by varied activity : lithic @-@ rich base surge deposits , lahars , debris flows , and co @-@ ignimbrite ash @-@ fall deposits . This phase was characterized by the completion of caldera collapse , which produced megatsunamis .
= = Geomorphology = =
Although the fracturing process is not yet known , the altitudinal statistical analysis indicates that the caldera had formed just before the eruption . The area of the island was smaller , and the southern and eastern coastlines appeared regressed . During the eruption , the landscape was covered by the pumice sediments . In some places , the coastline vanished under thick tuff depositions . In others , recent coastlines were extended towards the sea . After the eruption , the geomorphology of the island was characterized by an intense erosional phase during which the pumice was progressively removed from the higher altitudes to the lower ones .
= = Volcanology = =
The Plinian eruption resulted in an estimated 30 to 35 km ( 19 to 22 mi ) high ash plume which extended into the stratosphere . In addition , the magma underlying the volcano came into contact with the shallow marine embayment , resulting in a violent steam eruption .
The eruption also generated a 35 to 150 m ( 115 to 492 ft ) high tsunami that devastated the north coast of Crete , 110 km ( 68 mi ) away . The tsunami affected coastal towns such as Amnisos , where building walls were knocked out of alignment . On the island of Anafi , 27 km ( 17 mi ) to the east , ash layers 3 m ( 10 ft ) deep have been found , as well as pumice layers on slopes 250 m ( 820 ft ) above sea level .
Elsewhere in the Mediterranean are pumice deposits that could have been caused by the Thera eruption . Ash layers in cores drilled from the seabed and from lakes in Turkey , however , show that the heaviest ashfall was towards the east and northeast of Santorini . The ash found on Crete is now known to have been from a precursory phase of the eruption , some weeks or months before the main eruptive phases , and it would have had little impact on the island . Santorini ash deposits were at one time claimed to have been found in the Nile delta , but this is now known to be a misidentification .
= = Eruption dating = =
The Minoan eruption is a key marker for the Bronze Age chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean world . It provides a fixed point for aligning the entire chronology of the second millennium BCE in the Aegean , as evidence of the eruption is found throughout the region . Despite the evidence , the exact date of the eruption has been difficult to determine . Archaeologists have traditionally placed it at approximately 1500 BCE . Radiocarbon dates , including analysis of an olive branch buried beneath a lava flow from the volcano that gave a date between 1627 BCE and 1600 BCE ( 95 % confidence interval ) , suggest an eruption date more than a century earlier than suggested by archaeologists . Thus , the radiocarbon dates and the archaeological dates are in substantial disagreement .
In 2012 , one of the proponents of an archaeological date , Felix Höflmayer , argued that archaeological evidence could be consistent with a date as early as 1590 BCE , reducing the discrepancy to around 50 years .
Conversely , the radiocarbon dates have been argued to be inaccurate on scientific grounds . That argument has been made , in particular , by Malcolm H. Wiener . The primary problem is that 14C @-@ deficient carbon , sourced from the environment , might easily have affected the radiocarbon dates .
= = = Relative chronology = = =
Archaeologists developed the Late Bronze Age chronologies of eastern Mediterranean cultures by analysing the origin of artifacts ( for example , items from Crete , mainland Greece , Cyprus or Canaan ) found in each archaeological layer . If an artifact 's origin can be accurately dated , it gives a reference date for the layer in which it is found . If the Thera eruption could be associated with a given layer of Cretan ( or other ) culture , chronologists could use the date of that layer to date the eruption itself . Since Thera 's culture at the time of destruction was similar to the Late Minoan IA ( LMIA ) culture on Crete , LMIA is the baseline to establish chronology elsewhere . The eruption also aligns with Late Cycladic I ( LCI ) and Late Helladic I ( LHI ) cultures , but predates Peloponnesian LHI . Archeological digs on Akrotiri have also yielded fragments of nine Syro @-@ Palestinian Middle Bronze II ( MBII ) gypsum vessels .
The Aegean prehistorians felt so confident about their calculations that they rejected early radiocarbon dates in the 1970s for LMI / LCI Thera , as radiocarbon suggested a date about a century earlier than the traditional dates .
At Tell el Dab 'a in Egypt , pumice found at this location has been dated to 1540 BCE , closer to the traditionally @-@ accepted date of Thera 's eruption . That matches the composition of the Thera eruption . This pumice has been contentious since the 1990s , as it represents the most prominent supported date to differ from the old chronology .
= = = Ice cores and tree rings = = =
Greenland ice cores show evidence of a large volcanic eruption in 1642 ± 5 BCE , which was suggested as being associated with Santorini . However , volcanic ash retrieved from an ice core does not match the expected Santorini fingerprint . The late Holocene eruption of the Mount Aniakchak , a volcano in Alaska , is now believed to be the source of the minute shards of volcanic glass in the Greenland ice core .
Another method that has been used to establish the date of eruption is tree @-@ ring dating . Tree @-@ ring data has shown that a large event interfering with normal tree growth in North America occurred during 1629 – 1628 ( ± 65 years ) BCE . Evidence of a climatic event around 1628 BCE has been found in studies of growth depression of European oaks in Ireland and of Scotch pines in Sweden . Bristlecone pine frost rings also indicate a date of 1627 BCE , supporting the late 1600s BCE dating . Procedural changes in how ice cores are interpreted would bring that data more in line with the dendrochronological numbers .
= = = Climatic effects = = =
Hydrogeologist Philip LaMoreaux asserted in 1995 that the eruption caused significant climatic changes in the eastern Mediterranean region , Aegean Sea and much of the Northern Hemisphere , but that was forcefully rebutted by volcanologist David Pyle a year later .
Around the time of the radiocarbon @-@ indicated date of the eruption , there is evidence for a significant climatic event in the Northern Hemisphere like failure of crops in China ( see below ) and evidence from tree rings , cited above : bristlecone pines of California ; bog oaks of Ireland , England , and Germany ; and other trees in Sweden . The tree rings precisely date the event to 1628 BCE .
= = Historical impact = =
= = = Minoan civilization = = =
The eruption devastated the nearby Minoan settlement at Akrotiri on Santorini , which was entombed in a layer of pumice . It is believed that the eruption also severely affected the Minoan population on Crete , but the extent of the impact is debated . Early theories proposed that ashfall from Thera on the eastern half of Crete choked off plant life , causing starvation of the local population . However , after more thorough field examinations , the theory has lost credibility , as it has been determined that no more than 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 20 in ) of ash fell anywhere on Crete . Other theories have been proposed based on archeological evidence found on Crete indicating that a tsunami , likely associated with the eruption , impacted the coastal areas of Crete and may have devastated the Minoan coastal settlements . Another theory is that much of the damage done to Minoan sites resulted from a large earthquake and the fires it caused , which preceded the Thera Eruption .
Significant Minoan remains have been found above the Late Minoan I era Thera ash layer and tsunami level , and it is unclear whether the effects were enough to trigger the downfall of the Minoan civilization . Some sites were abandoned or settlement systems significantly interrupted in the immediate aftermath of the eruption . As the Minoans were a sea power and depended on ships for their livelihood , the Thera eruption likely caused significant economic hardship to the Minoans . Whether the effects were enough to trigger the downfall of the civilization is intensely debated . The Mycenaean conquest of the Minoans occurred in Late Minoan II period . The Mycenaeans were a military civilization . Using their functional navy and a well @-@ equipped army , they were capable of an invasion . Mycenaean weaponry has been found in burials on Crete . That demonstrates Mycenaean military influence not many years after the eruption . Many archaeologists speculate that the eruption caused a crisis in Minoan civilization , making them vulnerable to conquest by the Mycenaeans .
= = = Chinese records = = =
A volcanic winter from an eruption in the late 17th century BCE has been claimed by some researchers to correlate with entries in Chinese records documenting the collapse of the Xia dynasty in China . According to the Bamboo Annals , the collapse of the dynasty and the rise of the Shang dynasty , approximately dated to 1618 BCE , were accompanied by " yellow fog , a dim sun , then three suns , frost in July , famine , and the withering of all five cereals " .
= = = Effect on Egyptian history = = =
Apocalyptic rainstorms , which devastated much of Egypt , and were described on the Tempest Stele of Ahmose I , have been attributed to short @-@ term climatic changes caused by the Theran eruption . The difficulty with this interpretation is that in the conventional but disputed Egyptian chronology Ahmose I ruled from c . 1539 – 1514 BC , whilst the eruption is thought to have occurred somewhere between 1642 @-@ 1540 BC .
Alternatively , if the eruption occurred in the Second Intermediate Period , the absence of Egyptian records of the eruption could be caused by the general disorder in Egypt around that time .
While it has been argued that the damage attributed to this storm may have been caused by an earthquake following the Thera Eruption , it has also been suggested that it was caused during a war with the Hyksos , and the storm reference is merely a metaphor for chaos upon which the Pharaoh was attempting to impose order . Documents such as Hatshepsut 's Speos Artemidos depict storms , but are clearly figurative not literal . Research indicates that the Speos Artemidos stele is a reference to her overcoming the powers of chaos and darkness .
= = = Greek traditions = = =
= = = = The Titanomachy = = = =
The eruption of Thera and volcanic fallout may have inspired the myths of the Titanomachy in Hesiod 's Theogony . The Titanomachy could have picked up elements of western Anatolian folk memory , as the tale spread westward . Hesiod 's lines have been compared with volcanic activity , citing Zeus 's thunderbolts as volcanic lightning , the boiling earth and sea as a breach of the magma chamber , immense flame and heat as evidence of phreatic explosions , among many other descriptions .
= = = = Atlantis = = = =
There is some archaeological , seismological and vulcanological evidence that the myth of Atlantis , described by Plato , is based upon the Santorini eruption .
= = = Book of Exodus = = =
Geologist Barbara J. Sivertsen seeks to establish a link between the eruption of Santorini ( c . 1600 BCE ) and the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt in the Bible .
= SMS Bayern ( 1878 ) =
SMS Bayern was one of four Sachsen @-@ class armored frigates of the German Imperial Navy . Her sister ships were Sachsen , Baden , and Württemberg . Named for Bavaria , Bayern was built by the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel from 1874 to 1881 . The ship was commissioned into the Imperial Navy in August 1881 . She was armed with a main battery of six 26 cm ( 10 in ) guns in two open barbettes .
After her commissioning , Bayern served with the fleet on numerous training exercises and cruises . She participated in several cruises escorting Kaiser Wilhelm II on state visits to Great Britain and to various cities in the Baltic Sea in the late 1880s and early 1890s . During 1895 – 1898 , the ship was modernized at the Schichau @-@ Werke dockyard in Danzig ; she served for another decade with the fleet before being withdrawn from active service in 1910 . She was used as a target ship after 1911 , until she was sold in 1919 and broken up for scrap .
= = Construction = =
Bayern was ordered by the Imperial Navy under the contract name " A , " which denoted that the vessel was a new addition to the fleet . She was built at the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven ; her keel was laid in 1874 under construction number 3 . The ship was launched on 13 May 1878 and commissioned into the German fleet on 4 August 1881 . Along with her three sisters , Bayern was the first large , armored warship built for the German navy that relied entirely on engines for propulsion .
The ship was 98 @.@ 2 meters ( 322 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 18 @.@ 4 m ( 60 ft ) and a draft of 6 @.@ 32 m ( 20 @.@ 7 ft ) forward . Bayern was powered by two 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines , which were supplied with steam by eight coal @-@ fired Dürr boilers . The ship 's top speed was 13 knots ( 24 km / h ; 15 mph ) , at 5 @,@ 600 indicated horsepower ( 4 @,@ 200 kW ) Her standard complement consisted of 32 officers and 285 enlisted men , though while serving as a squadron flagship this was augmented by another 7 officers and 34 men .
She was armed with six 26 cm ( 10 in ) guns , two of which were single @-@ mounted in an open barbette forward of the conning tower and the remaining four mounted amidships , also on single mounts in an open barbette . As built , the ship was also equipped with six 8 @.@ 7 cm ( 3 @.@ 4 in ) L / 24 guns and eight 3 @.@ 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss revolver cannons . Bayern 's armor was made of wrought iron , and was concentrated in an armored citadel amidships . The armor ranged from 203 to 254 mm ( 8 @.@ 0 to 10 @.@ 0 in ) on the armored citadel , and between 50 – 75 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 0 in ) on the deck . The barbette armor was 254 mm of wrought iron backed by 250 mm of teak .
= = Service history = =
After her commissioning in August 1881 , Bayern was placed in reserve . She was not activated for service with the fleet until 1884 ; this in part had to do with the poor performance of her sister Sachsen in the fleet maneuvers of 1880 . Among the problems associated with the Sachsen @-@ class ships was a tendency to roll dangerously due to their flat bottoms , which greatly reduced the accuracy of their guns . The ships were also poorly armored , compared to their contemporaries . In addition , they were slow and suffered from poor maneuverability . Nevertheless , Bayern and her three sisters served as the I Division in the 1884 fleet maneuvers , under the command of Rear Admiral Alexander von Monts .
Bayern remained with the fleet for the 1885 maneuvers , though she was joined only by the older ironclads Friedrich Carl and Hansa . The maneuvers were begun with a visit to Ålesund , Norway , after which the fleet went to the Baltic Sea for training exercises . Bayern was demobilized at the close of maneuvers . In October 1885 , August von Thomsen , who had been appointed chief gunner , set up the first long range gunnery experiments on Bayern . He went on to gain fame as " the father of German naval artillery . " Bayern 's three sisters and the new ironclad Oldenburg comprised the training squadron for 1886 . Bayern returned to active duty in 1888 , when she participated in a tour of the Baltic by the newly crowned Kaiser Wilhelm II . The fleet stopped in St. Petersburg , Stockholm , and Copenhagen on the seventeen @-@ day cruise .
Bayern participated in the ceremonial transfer of the island of Helgoland from British to German control in the summer of 1890 . She was present during the fleet maneuvers in September , where the entire eight @-@ ship armored squadron simulated a Russian fleet blockading Kiel . She remained with the I Division in 1891 ; the year 's maneuvers simulated a two @-@ front war against Russia and either France of Denmark . Bayern participated in the 1892 fleet maneuvers as well . Three separate simulations were conducted , which included French blockades of the German North Sea coast and a Russian attack on Kiel . Vice Admiral Wilhelm Schröder commanded the fleet maneuvers of 1893 , which simulated a protracted campaign against a superior French fleet . Bayern and her three sisters served as the Russian Baltic Fleet during the 1894 maneuvers .
The four Sachsen @-@ class ships were transferred to the II Division before the winter cruise of 1894 – 1895 , following the completion of the four Brandenburg @-@ class battleships . The German fleet now possessed two homogenous squadrons of four ships each . The two divisions steamed to Orkney and the Shetland Islands in the spring of 1895 . Bayern joined a massive fleet review on 21 July 1895 for the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal , which connected Kiel to the North Sea . The Autumn 1895 maneuvers simulated a high @-@ seas battle between the I and II Divisions in the North Sea , followed by combined maneuvers with the rest of the fleet in the Baltic .
After the conclusion of the 1895 maneuvers , Bayern was taken into drydock at the Schichau @-@ Werke in Danzig for reconstruction . The ship 's old wrought iron and teak armor was replaced with new Krupp nickel @-@ steel armor . The four funnels were trunked into a single large funnel and new engines were also installed , which increased the ship 's speed to 15 @.@ 4 kn ( 28 @.@ 5 km / h ; 17 @.@ 7 mph ) . The ship 's 8 @.@ 7 cm guns were replaced with quick @-@ firing 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) SK L / 30 guns and four 3 @.@ 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) autocannons . Work was completed in 1898 . Bayern 's three sisters were similarly modified between 1896 and 1899 . Bayern remained with the fleet until 19 February 1910 , when the ship was stricken from the naval register . She was converted into a target ship for the fleet and served in this capacity off Stollergrund after 1911 . On 5 May 1919 , Bayern was sold for scrapping and broken up in Kiel .
= Faversham =
Faversham / ˈfævərʃəm / is a market town and civil parish in the Swale district of Kent , England . The town is 48 miles from London and 10 miles
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main commanders of the Fronts and Armies to Moscow on a briefing of the preparations for the battle . Against the protestations of Sokolovsky and Reyter , Bagramyan proposed his alternative plan to Stalin , who agreed that it would be the more correct course to follow . Bagramyan was given twenty days to prepare the 11th Guards Army and on 24 May reported that his forces were ready . The 11th Guards now was composed of 135 @,@ 000 men , 280 armored fighting vehicles , 2 @,@ 700 artillery pieces and several hundred planes to lend air support for the ground forces . Stalin , however , felt it necessary to further wear thin the fighting abilities of the German forces and delayed the offensive .
Ultimately , it was the German forces on who took the initiative by launching Operation Citadel on 5 July in the area around Kursk . German losses were initially heavy due to Soviet defensive preparations . Taking advantage of this , on 12 July , Bagramyan 's forces commenced their offensive , codenamed Operation Kutuzov , and quickly breached the German defenses , advancing a distance of 45 miles ( 72 km ) by 18 July . By 28 July , the operation concluded successfully and he was promoted to the rank of Colonel @-@ General . In the following month , his forces took part in the large @-@ scale tank offensives which routed the German assaults and forced Germany to remain on the defensive for the remainder of the war .
= = = Belarus = = =
With the end of operations in Kursk , the Soviets began a series of offensives on various fronts to push the Germans out of the occupied Soviet republics . In October 1943 , Bagramyan 's 11th Guards Army was transferred to the Second Baltic Front which was concentrated on the retaking of Belarus and namely , the Baltic republics . In November , Stalin offered Bagramyan the position of head commander of the First Baltic Front which had the similar objectives of the Second but was making little headway in its attempts to advance northwards .
Stalin would allow him to retain the 11th Guards and suggested that Colonel @-@ General N. E. Chibisov , an officer he had served under , assume his position . Bagramyan , however , commented that he had had a frictional relationship with Chibisov and instead nominated Lieutenant @-@ General K. N. Galitsky . Stalin , belatedly realizing that Bagramyan was implying that the two would be unable to coordinate harmoniously due to a conflict of holding the same rank , agreed to Bagramyan 's suggestion and promoted him to the rank Army General . He also agreed to have the Second Baltic Front return a tank corps and an infantry division that was taken from the 11th Guards , thus bolstering the forces under Bagramyan to a total of four armies : 11th Guards , 39th , 43rd and the 4th Shock .
In the winter of 1943 , his forces advanced forward towards the Belarusian city of Vitebsk . One of the key elements to Bagramyan 's success was that many of the soldiers were part of veteran units that had been trained in the Arctic regions of Siberia , enabling them to easily push through entrenched defenses the Germans had spent months preparing . Among the key locations imperative to reach Vitebsk was the small town of Gorodok , which served as a communications hub that the Germans had heavily fortified . Despite the heavy defense preparations , Bagramyan was able to utilize his heavy artillery and air support from the Red Air Force in late December to bombard the town and then launch a three @-@ pronged attack from the ground . The German garrison was overwhelmed , and by 24 December , two infantry divisions and one tank division had surrendered . In Moscow , the news of the victory at Gorodok prompted a 124 @-@ cannon salute in honor of Bagramyan and the First Baltic Front .
On 2 April 1944 Stalin granted Bagramyan 's request to relieve the troops of the Front of offensive duties . However , German forces took this to their advantage as they mounted a new offensive against Soviet partisan fighters in Belarus . Bagramyan 's senior staff diverted air support and other crucial supplies to aid the partisans , allowing most of them to escape the German encirclement . With the advance of Soviet forces in the Baltic and the Ukraine , German Army Group Center had largely been isolated as STAVKA prepared to eliminate the pocket ( consisting of Third Panzer , Second , Fourth , and Ninth Armies ) . STAVKA 's plan , codenamed Operation Bagration was kept secret from all of the involved Front commanders . Bagramyan himself was only informed in May 1944 of his role in the offensive .
Bagration called for the First , Second and Third Belorussian and the First Baltic Fronts to engulf Army Group Center . Bagramyan was tasked with attacking the forces in the pocket , cross the Daugava River and , along with Third Belorussian , clear the surrounding areas of Vitebsk of German forces . Although he felt the plans for the Bagration were sound , he worried about the possibility of a German incursion by Army Group North against his forces from the north . He appealed to his superiors once more , Zhukov and Alexander Vasilevsky , to have the First Baltic Front move westward to help eliminate the Third Panzer Army , thus splitting Army Group North in two . Zhukov and Vasilevsky accepted his argument , introducing it to Stalin in a meeting on 23 May who formally approved it in a directive on 31 May .
Although Bagramyan found it acceptable to sustain heavy casualties ( as did all the commanders of the Red Army ) , he was disturbed with the immense loss of life his forces were sustaining . He , however , attempted to reduce those levels primarily by maintaining the element of surprise in operations . In his preparations for Bagration , he planned for the 43rd Army to move through the more geographically difficult swamps and marshlands to Army Group North 's right flank . This maneuver would thus take North by surprise since it expected the Soviet offensive to move through more suitable terrain . He proved correct , as in early June 1944 , the 43rd achieved success in its attack . Commander of the 43rd Army , General Afanasy Beloborodov , wrote that during the offensive they apprehended a German general who stated that German forces had been blindsided by the attacking forces .
As Bagramyan pushed towards Vitebsk , his forces were aided by the same Belorussian guerrilla fighters who had escaped the German encirclement in April . They provided vital intelligence , including information on the location of bridges and troop movements , and launched attacks against German logistic lines . On 22 June 1944 , Bagration began as Bagramyan proceeded in moving westwards as previously planned . However , a widening gap on the Front 's northern flank grew as it advanced while the Second Baltic Front , tasked to help defend that area , took no action . Stalin agreed to send a tank corps to reinforce Bagramyan 's forces but ordered him to capture Polotsk , which would sever Army Group North 's communication lines and open up a route towards the central Baltic . By 3 July , his troops had accomplished the tasks set forth in the directive , destroyed the Third Panzer Army and captured Polotsk . For his achievements , on 7 July he was decorated with the title of Hero of the Soviet Union .
= = = The Baltics = = =
With the overall success of Soviet forces in Bagration , his Front was expanded by three armies ( although he ceded the 4th Shock Army to Second Baltic ) , the 39th Army ( previously under the command of Third Belorussian ) , the 51st and the 2nd Guards Armies . The First Baltic Front was ordered by STAVKA to move westward in order to stop Army Group North 's remaining forces from escaping to Germany . Despite this , Bagramyan understood that many of the general orders being given to the German Army were directed by Adolf Hitler , rather than the General Staff , and knew that while there was a possibility that they would confront them in the Lithuanian city of Kaunas , he felt the more likely location would be in Latvia 's capital , Riga . He spoke with Vasilevsky who agreed to change the plans if his theory and intuition proved correct .
As the First Baltic began moving towards Lithuania and into eastern Latvia , it became clear that Army Group North would attempt to outflank Bagramyan 's forces near Daugavpils , as he had previously predicted . Vasilevsky , keeping his promise , appealed to Stalin to allow Bagramyan to move to Daugavpils but he refused to do so . Vasilevsky in turn , took it upon his own initiative and gave Bagramyan the go ahead . However , with the loss of 4th Shock Army , Bagramyan was left shortchanged since his promised 39th Army had not only not arrived but was composed of only seven divisions ( in comparison to 4th Shock 's ten ) . Feeling that time was being lost , he pressed on with the units he had .
By 9 July , his ground forces had made significant gains in cutting off a vital road that connected Kaunas to Daugavpils . Taking advantage of this , Bagramyan worked with other Front commanders to attack the rear guard of Army Group Center but poor coordination between the units led a stall in the advance . At this time , Bagramyan realized that German forces were most probably not going to easily retreat from the Baltics and so further advances towards Kaunas would be pointless . He proposed to STAVKA to launch a full @-@ scale offensive towards Riga but the former rejected his plans , stating that the armies of Second and Third Baltic Fronts would have already pushed Army Group Center to Prussia by the time of the offensive . He attempted to convince them otherwise , citing the numerically deficient forces in the two Fronts , but was rebuffed and ordered to drive towards a road connecting the Lithuanian city of Šiauliai to Riga , resulting in its capture in late July .
With its capture , he persuaded Vasilevsky to allow his forces to move towards Riga , receiving a formal go @-@ ahead by STAVKA in a directive on 29 July . On 30 July , his forces finally reached the seaside city of Tukums , near the Bay of Riga , thereby cutting off a total of 38 German infantry and armored divisions in Latvia . For his achievements in this battle , he was given the title of Hero of the Soviet Union . During the month of August , Soviet forces stalled in the Riga offensive , concentrating on halting German attacks . Finally on 14 September 1944 , the First , Second and Third Baltic Fronts launched full @-@ scale offensives with the objective of Riga , encountering fierce resistance by its defenders . On 24 September , with his forces only 12 miles ( 19 km ) from Riga , STAVKA ordered Bagramyan 's forces to abandon it to the Second and Third Baltic Fronts , regroup , and instead advance against Memel . His forces attacked Memel on 5 October and on 10 October , reached the city , effectively preventing Army Group North from retreating to Prussia .
In early 1945 , Bagramyan 's army , under the overall command of Vasilievsky , took part in the advance into East Prussia . In Operation Samland , Bagramyan 's First Baltic Front , now known as the Samland Group , captured Königsberg ( now Kaliningrad ) in April . On 9 May 1945 , he accepted the surrender of the German forces penned up in Latvia , capturing a total of 158 aircraft , 18 @,@ 000 vehicles , 500 tanks and assault guns among other weaponry .
= = Career after World War II = =
After the war , Bagramyan remained in command of the Baltic Military District , commanding operations against partisans in Lithuania and Latvia . In 1954 , he was appointed Chief Inspector of the Ministry of Defense . In 1955 , he was appointed Deputy Minister of Defense with the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union . He was also head of the Military Academy of General Staff and commander of the reserve forces of the Soviet Armed Forces .
He spent much of his time writing articles in military journals on Soviet strategic operations and most notably , co @-@ authored the six @-@ volume work on Soviet involvement during World War II , The Soviet Union 's Great Patriotic War ( 1941 – 1945 ) . In August 1967 , Bagramyan accompanied General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and premier Alexei Kosygin to North Vietnam , where they met with Vietnamese leaders as he , serving in the role of a military expert , helped negotiate the transfer of logistics and arms to the country during the Vietnam War .
He retired in 1968 . In 1971 , Bagramyan completed his first volume of his memoirs in This is How the War Began in 1971 and in 1977 the second volume , Thus We Went to Victory , was published . Among the numerous points he noted in the second book was an analysis of the Red Army 's costly offensives in the early stages of the war :
There is no point in hiding that before the war we mostly learned to attack , and did not pay enough attention to such an important manoeuvre as retreat . Now we have paid for this . It turned out that the commanders and the staff were not sufficiently prepared to prepare and execute the retreat manoeuvre . Now , in the second week of war , we had in fact to learn from the beginning the most difficult art - the art of the execution of retreat .
In 1980 , another book of Bagramyan entitled My Memoirs was published and was based on the first and second volumes . A large portion of the book was dedicated to the Armenian issues including the territories of Western Armenia , massacres of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire and the Armenian Genocide , the Ottoman invasion of Armenia and the Battle of Sardarapat , as well as other topics .
Marshal Bagramyan was awarded with numerous Soviet and foreign orders and medals for his service , including two Orders of the Hero of the Soviet Union , seven Orders of Lenin , the Order of the October Revolution , three Orders of the Red Banner , two Orders of Suvorov and the Order of Kutuzov . Among the other commendations he received were the Polish Virtuti Militari , the Medal For the Victory Over Germany and the Medal " For the Victory over Japan " .
After the death of Marshal Vasily Chuikov on 18 March 1982 , he was the last surviving Soviet Marshal who held a high command in World War II . However , Bagramyan was ill and died a few months later , on 21 September 1982 , at the age of 84 . He was buried with full military honors at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis in Moscow . A town in Armenia ( 40 @.@ 19333 ° N 44 @.@ 36861 ° E / 40 @.@ 19333 ; 44 @.@ 36861 ) , a military firing range , an Armenian Army training brigade , and a subway station and street in the capital of Armenia , Yerevan , are named in his honor . On 11 May 1997 , the government of Armenia established the commemorative 100th Anniversary of Marshal Bagramyan medal . It is awarded to service and civilian personnel who participated in the Second World War .
According to the Soviet laws , a monument made out of bronze had to be erected in the birthplace of a recipient of two orders of the Hero of the Soviet Union . The one that was erected in Chardakhlu village for Bagramyan was destroyed by Azerbaijanis after the Karabakh movement broke out . His brother Aleksey Khristoforovich Bagramyan 's grave was also desecrated in Fakhri Khiyaban ( The Alley of Honor ) cemetery , which is located in present @-@ day Baku , Azerbaijan .
= = Honours and awards = =
Soviet Union
Foreign
Honorary personal arms
Damascus sword - a gift of the Armenian people
Bagramyan 's awards have been deposited in the Central Armed Forces Museum .
= Russian Roulette ( song ) =
" Russian Roulette " is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her fourth studio album , Rated R ( 2009 ) . It premiered on radio stations worldwide on October 20 , 2009 and was released as the album 's lead single on October 27 through Def Jam Recordings . Written and produced by Ne @-@ Yo and Chuck Harmony , " Russian Roulette " is a pop and R & B ballad that contains dark , morbid , and tense atmospheric elements in its composition . Lyrically , the single is about an abusive romantic relationship that ended abruptly . Music critics noted the lyrical theme as a response to the domestic violence case between Rihanna and her boyfriend , singer Chris Brown .
" Russian Roulette " received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising Rihanna 's vocal performance and the song 's lyrics . It reached the top @-@ ten in over twenty countries worldwide including number one in Czech Republic , Israel , Luxembourg , Norway , Portugal , Slovakia and Switzerland . The song reached number two on the UK Singles Chart and number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . " Russian Roulette " also topped the UK R & B and US Hot Dance Club Songs charts . It was certified two @-@ times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) denoting sales of over two million copies in the United States alone .
The song 's music video , was shot by director Anthony Mandler , a frequent collaborator of Rihanna 's , and depicts Rihanna playing a game of the titular Russian roulette with her love interest played by American actor Jesse Williams . Other scenes include Rihanna in the woods where she is run over by a car , in a gas chamber , in a padded cell , and shots being fired at her underwater . The singer performed " Russian Roulette " on several occasions including on the sixth series of The X Factor in the United Kingdom , and on the Late Show with David Letterman in the United States . The song was included on the set list of Rihanna 's Last Girl on Earth Tour . English singer George Michael performed a cover of " Russian Roulette " during his Symphonica Tour .
= = Writing and production = =
In 2009 , producer Chuck Harmony and singer @-@ songwriter Ne @-@ Yo convened together to conceptualize a song that would take Rihanna 's music to a further level . According to Harmony , they didn 't wanted to re @-@ work the previous efforts by Rihanna — something that according to him the fans expected . The producer told MTV News that they wanted to give Rihanna a film , not just a song with a length of three minutes , " I felt musically like everybody was gonna give like that ' Disturbia , ' ' SOS , ' kind of pop , uptempo stuff , and I really wanted the song that me and Ne @-@ Yo did to stand out . "
Following a domestic violence case between Rihanna and her boyfriend American entertainer Chris Brown , media speculated as to whether any song featured on her fourth upcoming album would be about him . In an interview with MTV News , Ne @-@ Yo clarified that he would not write a song for Rihanna about Brown , because he considered the idea unnecessary . Harmony said that no matter what song Rihanna released as a lead single from the album , it would be looked at as a song about Brown .
In an interview with the same publication , Ne @-@ Yo explained how he wrote the lyrics , " I 'm listening to the track , and all I can see is Rihanna and some random person sitting across from each other at the table with a gun sitting in the middle of the table and playing Russian roulette . " Ne @-@ Yo further stated that Rihanna is not afraid to trying new things and from the first moment she heard the song he knew she would like it , " I trust Rihanna to be Rihanna , and she trusts me to be me . That 's the coolest thing about our relationship . I must say this song is a step in somewhat of a different direction for both of us . " When Harmony heard the song , both he and Ne @-@ Yo were aware that they should change some elements and that it had to be darker and edgier .
" Russian Roulette " was recorded during the summer 2009 , at the Roc the Mic Studios in New York City by Marcos Tovar . Mykael Alexander was the assistant recorder while Makeba Riddick made the vocal production of the song . Mike " TrakGuru " Johnson recorded the music and Kevin Hanson served as an assistant . " Russian Roulette " was mixed by Kevin " KD " Davis together with Jared Newcomb who served as an assistant . Jessie Bonds played the guitars in the song . Harmony explained that after the song was done , Rihanna called Ne @-@ Yo and told him that " Russian Roulette " is one of her favorites , " I think overall she was comfortable with the vibe of the song and comfortable with the lyrical content of the song . She loves the song . "
= = Release and artwork = =
On October 14 , 2009 , a black metal " R " along with a message saying " The Wait is Over " was placed on Rihanna 's official website . Subsequently , Rihanna posted on her official Twitter profile " # The Wait Is Ova . Nov. 23 09 " . Speculation rose among fans that " The Wait Is Ova " , literally meaning " The wait is over " , would either be the name of a new single or the then @-@ upcoming album . According to Entertainment Weekly the date looked accurate for her album release and " The Wait Is Ova " would not be the title of the album . Two days later , a countdown timer appeared on her website and was scheduled to end on October 20 , 2009 . After the timer finished counting , " Russian Roulette " premiered on BBC Radio 1 , the singer 's official website and on American radio stations . The artwork for the single features Rihanna posing topless with a strip wire around her chest and wearing an eye patch " that completes the angry look " .
Def Jam Recordings serviced the song to contemporary , rhythmic and urban radio in the United States on October 27 , 2009 as the lead single from Rated R. In an interview with NME , Rihanna explained that she and her management didn 't have doubts if " Russian Roulette " should be the lead single as it was very personal and emotional track to her . On November 3 , the single was released for a digital download via iTunes Store worldwide . The album version of " Russian Roulette " together with its instrumental were released as a CD single in Germany on November 13 . On December 11 , seven remixes of the song were digitally released in some countries .
= = Composition and lyrical interpretation = =
" Russian Roulette " is a mid @-@ tempo pop and R & B ballad that contains dark , haunting , morbid , and tense atmospheric elements . The song has an instrumentation consisted of guitars , piano and synths which play over a " heart beat " bass line and is accompanied with Rihanna 's " affecting " vocals . Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine wrote that the song 's production is also decorated with the sound of a rolling dice . According to Jon Pareless of The New York Times " Russian Roulette " " is paced by a heartbeat , a ticking clock and Rihanna 's fearful voice . " The single is written in the key of F ♯ minor , in common time , with a tempo of 83 beats per minute . Rihanna 's vocal range spans from F ♯ 3 to C5 . Chicago Tribune 's Greg Kot called the singer 's voice a " delicate instrument " that is often the least element in her song 's production , however , he noted that on the song " she 's squarely in the center of the action " .
Lyrically , " Russian Roulette " is about an abusive romantic relationship that ends abruptly , with some critics comparing them to the relationship that Rihanna had with Brown . Kot noted that the single 's lyrics compare a relationship to a fatal game of choice , while Andy Jill of The Independent wrote that the its title refers to a " state of relationships " . Rob Harvilla of The Village Voice described the song as a spare , suspenseful , violent torch song with a literal title . Los Angeles Times ' Todd Martens wrote that although the song 's lyrics are vague and find people speculating , they " hint at a situation one probably doesn 't want to be in the middle of " . Sasha Resende of The Michigan Daily wrote " the ballad , which employs reckless gunplay as a not @-@ so @-@ subtle metaphor for a troubled relationship , achieves its seemingly morbid intent . "
" Russian Roulette " begins with a " searing " guitar solo that later transitions into a " pulsing " beat which stays constant until the end of the song . The single opens with the lyrics , " Take a breath / Take it deep / Calm yourself / He says to me / If you play / You play for keeps / Take the gun / And count to three . " The metaphor about the game of Russian roulette is also present in the chorus in which Rihanna sings , " And you can see my heart beating / You can see it through my chest / I said I 'm terrified , but I 'm not leaving / I know that I must pass this test / So just pull the trigger . " In the upcoming
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