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a significant workforce and accept their civil rights . Grant believed the island country would increase exports and lower the trade deficit . He hoped that U.S. ownership of the island would urge Cuba , Puerto Rico , and Brazil to abandon slavery . On March 15 , 1870 , the Foreign Relations Committee , headed by Sen. Charles Sumner , recommended against treaty passage . Sumner , the leading spokesman for African American civil rights , believed that annexation would be enormously expensive and involve the U.S. in an ongoing civil war , and would threaten the independence of Haiti and the West Indies , thereby blocking black political progress . On May 31 , 1870 Grant went before Congress and urged passage of the Dominican annexation treaty . Strongly opposed to ratification , Sumner successfully led the opposition in the Senate . On June 30 , 1870 the Santo Domingo annexation treaty failed to pass the Senate ; 28 votes in favor of the treaty and 28 votes against . Grant 's own cabinet was divided over the Santo Domingo annexation attempt , and Bancroft Davis , assistant to Sec . Hamilton Fish , was secretly giving information to Sen. Sumner on state department negotiations .
Grant was determined to keep the Dominican Republic treaty in the public debate , mentioning Dominican Republic annexation in his December , 1870 State of the Union Address . Grant was able to get Congress in January , 1871 to create a special Commission to investigate the island . Senator Sumner continued to vigorously oppose and speak out against annexation . Grant appointed Frederick Douglass , an African American civil rights activist , as one of the Commissioners who voyaged to the Dominican Republic . Returning to the United States after several months , the Commission in April 1871 , issued a report that stated the Dominican people desired annexation and that the island would be beneficial to the United States . To celebrate the Commissions return , Grant invited the Commissioners to the White House , except Frederick Douglass . African American leaders were upset and the issue of Douglass not being invited to the White House dinner was brought up during the 1872 Presidential election by Horace Greeley . Douglas , however , who was personally disappointed for not being invited to the White House , remained loyal to Grant and the Republican Party . Although the Commission supported Grant 's annexation attempt , there was not enough enthusiasm in Congress to vote on a second annexation treaty .
Unable constitutionally to go directly after Sen. Sumner , Grant immediately removed Sumner 's close and respected friend Ambassador , John Lothrop Motley . With Grant 's prodding in the Senate , Sumner was finally deposed from the Foreign Relations Committee . Grant reshaped his coalition , known as " New Radicals " , working with enemies of Sumner such as Ben Butler of Massachusetts , Roscoe Conkling of New York , and Oliver P. Morton of Indiana , giving in to Fish 's demands that Cuba rebels be rejected , and moving his Southern patronage from the radical blacks and carpetbaggers who were allied with Sumner to more moderate Republicans . This set the stage of the Liberal Republican revolt of 1872 , when Sumner and his allies publicly denounced Grant and supported Horace Greeley and the Liberal Republicans .
A Congressional investigation in June , 1870 led by Senator Carl Schurz revealed that Babcock and Ingalls both had land interests in the Bay of Samaná that would increase in value if the Santo Domingo treaty were ratified . U.S. Navy ships , with President Grant 's authorization , had been sent to protect Báez from an invasion by a Dominican rebel , Gregorio Luperón , while the treaty negotiations were taking place . The investigation had initially been called to settle a dispute between an American businessman Davis Hatch against the United States government . Báez had imprisoned Hatch without trial for his opposition to the Báez government . Hatch had claimed that the United States had failed to protect him from imprisonment . The majority Congressional report dismissed Hatch 's claim and exonerated both Babcock and Ingalls . The Hatch incident , however , kept certain Senators from being enthusiastic about ratifying the treaty .
= = = = Cuban insurrection = = = =
In 1869 , Grant was urged by popular opinion to support rebels in Cuba with military assistance and to give them U.S. diplomatic recognition . Grant and Fish instead attempted to use arbitration with Spain with minister Daniel Sickles negotiating . Grant and Fish wanted Cuban independence and to end slavery without U.S. military intervention or occupation . Fish , diligently and against popular pressure , was able to keep Grant from officially recognizing Cuban independence because it would have endangered negotiations with Britain over the Alabama Claims . The Sickle 's peace negotiations failed in Madrid , but Grant and Fish did not succumb to popular pressure for U.S. military involvement in the Cuban rebellion . Grant and Fish sent a message to Congress , written by Fish and signed by Grant . The message urged strict neutrality not to officially recognize the Cuban revolt , calming national fears .
= = = = Treaty of Washington = = = =
Historians have credited the Treaty of Washington for implementing International Arbitration to allow outside experts to settle disputes . Grant 's able Secretary of State Hamilton Fish had orchestrated many of the events leading up to the treaty . Previously , Secretary of State William H. Seward during the Johnson administration first proposed an initial treaty concerning damages done to American merchants by three Confederate warships , CSS Florida , CSS Alabama , and CSS Shenandoah built in Britain . These damages were collectively known as the Alabama Claims . These ships had inflicted tremendous damage to U.S. merchant ships during the Civil War and Washington wanted the British to pay heavy damages , perhaps including turning over Canada .
In April 1869 , the U.S. Senate overwhelmingly rejected a proposed treaty which paid too little and contained no admission of British guilt for prolonging the war . Senator Charles Sumner spoke up before congress ; publicly denounced Queen Victoria ; demanded a huge reparation ; and opened the possibility of Canada ceded to the United States as payment . The speech angered the British government , and talks had to be put off until matters cooled down . Negotiations for a new treaty began in January 1871 when Britain sent Sir John Rose to America to meet with Fish . A joint high commission was created on February 9 , 1871 in Washington , consisting of representatives from both Britain and the United States . The commission created a treaty where an international Tribunal would settle the damage amounts ; the British admitted regret , not fault , over the destructive actions of the Confederate war cruisers . Grant approved and signed the treaty on May 8 , 1871 ; the Senate ratified the Treaty of Washington on May 24 , 1871 .
The Tribunal met in Geneva , Switzerland . The U.S. was represented by Charles Francis Adams , one of five international arbitrators , and was counseled by William M. Evarts , Caleb Cushing , and Morrison R. Waite . On August 25 , 1872 , the Tribunal awarded United States $ 15 @.@ 5 million in gold ; $ 1 @.@ 9 million was awarded to Great Britain . Historian Amos Elwood Corning noted that the Treaty of Washington and arbitration " bequeathed to the world a priceless legacy " . In addition to the $ 15 @.@ 5 million arbitration award , the treaty resolved some disputes over borders and fishing rights . On October 21 , 1872 William I , Emperor of Germany , settled a boundary dispute in favor of the United States .
= = = = Korean incident = = = =
A primary role of the United States Navy in the 19th century was to protect American commercial interests and open trade to Eastern markets , including Japan and China . Korea had excluded all foreign trade and , the U.S. sought a treaty dealing with shipwrecked sailors after the crew of a stranded American commercial ship was killed . The long @-@ term goal for the Grant Administration was to open Korea to Western markets in the same way Commodore Matthew Perry had opened Japan in 1854 by a Naval display of military force . On May 30 , 1871 Rear Admiral John Rodgers with a fleet of five ships , part of the Asiatic Squadron , arrived at the mouth of the Salee River below Seoul . The fleet included the Colorado , one of the largest ships in the Navy with 47 guns , 47 officers , and a 571 @-@ man crew . While waiting for senior Korean officials to negotiate , Rogers sent ships out to make soundings of the Salee River for navigational purposes .
The American fleet was fired upon by a Korean fort , but there was little damage . Rogers gave the Korean government ten days to apologize or begin talks , but the Royal Court kept silent . After ten days passed , on June 10 , Rogers began a series of amphibious assaults that destroyed 5 Korean forts . These military engagements were known as the Battle of Ganghwa . Several hundred Korean soldiers and three Americans were killed . Korea still refused to negotiate , and the American fleet sailed away . The Koreans refer to this 1871 U.S. military action as Shinmiyangyo . President Grant defended Rogers in his third annual message to Congress in December , 1871 . After a change in regimes in Seoul , in 1881 , the U.S. negotiated a treaty – the first treaty between Korea and a Western nation .
= = Corruption and reform ( 1869 @-@ 1873 ) = =
The main scandals included Black Friday in 1869 and the Whiskey Ring in 1875 . The Crédit Mobilier is not a Grant scandal ; its origins having been in 1864 during the Abraham Lincoln Administration which carried over into the Andrew Johnson Administration . The actual Crédit Mobilier scandal was exposed during the Grant Administration in 1872 as the result of political infighting between Congressman Oakes Ames and Congressman Henry S. McComb . Stocks owned by Ambassador to Britain Robert C. Schenck in the fraudulent Emma Silver Mine is considered a Grant Administration embarrassment rather than a scandal . Although Grant 's Administration had many successes during the first term as President in the economy , civil rights , and foreign policy , scandals associated with the Administration were beginning to emerge publicly . Although Grant himself was not directly responsible for and did not profit from the corruption among subordinates , he was reluctant to believe friends could commit criminal activities . As a result , he failed to take any direct action and rarely reacted strongly after their guilt was established . Grant protected close friends with Presidential power and pardoned persons who were convicted in the Whiskey Ring scandal after serving only a few months in prison . When his second term ended , Grant wrote to Congress that " Failures have been errors of judgment , not of intent " . Nepotism was rampant ; around 40 family relatives financially prospered while Grant was President .
= = = Gold Ring thwarted = = =
In September 1869 , financial manipulators Jay Gould and Jim Fisk set up an elaborate scam to corner the gold market through buying up all the gold at the same time to drive up the price . The plan was to keep the Government from selling gold , thus driving its price . President Grant and Secretary of Treasury George S. Boutwell found out about the gold market speculation and ordered the sale of $ 4 million in gold on ( Black ) Friday , September 23 . Gould and Fisk were thwarted , and the price of gold dropped . The effects of releasing the gold by Boutwell were disastrous . Stock prices plunged and food prices dropped , devastating farmers for years .
= = = Civil service commission = = =
Grant was the first U.S. President to recommend a professional civil service , pushed the initial legislation through Congress , and appointed the members for the first United States Civil Service Commission . The temporary Commission recommended administering competitive exams and issuing regulations on the hiring and promotion of government employees . Grant ordered their recommendations in effect in 1872 ; having lasted for two years until December , 1874 . At the New York Custom House , a port that took in hundreds of millions of dollars a year in revenue , persons who applied for an entry position had to take and pass a civil service examination . Chester A. Arthur who was appointed by Grant as New York Custom Collector stated that the examinations excluded and deterred unfit persons from getting employment positions . However , Congress , in no mood to reform itself , denied any long @-@ term reform by refusing to enact the necessary legislation to make the changes permanent . Historians have traditionally been divided whether patronage , meaning appointments made without a merit system , should be labelled corruption .
The movement for Civil Service reform reflected two distinct objectives : to eliminate the corruption and inefficiencies in a non @-@ professional bureaucracy , and to check the power of President Johnson . Although many reformers after the Election of 1868 looked to Grant to ram Civil Service legislation through Congress , he refused , saying : " Civil Service Reform rests entirely with Congress . If members will give up claiming patronage , that will be a step gained . But there is an immense amount of human nature in the members of Congress , and it is human nature to seek power and use it to help friends . You cannot call it corruption – it is a condition of our representative form of Government . " Grant used patronage to build his party and help his friends . He protected those whom he thought were the victims of injustice or attacks by his enemies , even if they were guilty . Grant believed in loyalty with his friends , as one writer called it the " Chivalry of Friendship " .
= = = Star Route Postal Ring = = =
In the early 1870s during the Grant Administration , lucrative postal route contracts were given to local contractors on the Pacific Coast and Southern regions of the United States . These were known as Star Routes because an asterisk was given on official Post Office documents . These remote routes were hundreds of miles long and went to the most rural parts of the United States by horse and buggy . In obtaining these highly prized postal contracts , an intricate ring of bribery and straw bidding was set up in the Postal Contract office ; the ring consisted of contractors , postal clerks , and various intermediary brokers . Straw bidding was at its highest practice while John Creswell , Grant 's 1869 appointment , was Postmaster @-@ General . An 1872 federal investigation into the matter exonerated Creswell , but he was censured by the minority House report . A $ 40 @,@ 000 bribe to the 42nd Congress by one postal contractor had tainted the results of the investigation . In 1876 , another congressional investigation under a Democratic House shut down the postal ring for a few years .
= = = New York Custom House Ring = = =
Prior to the Presidential Election of 1872 two congressional and one Treasury Department investigations took place over corruption at the New York Custom House under Grant collector appointments Moses H. Grinnell and Thomas Murphy . Private warehouses were taking imported goods from the docks and charging shippers storage fees . Grant 's friend , George K. Leet , was allegedly involved with exorbitant pricing for storing goods and splitting the profits . Grant 's third collector appointment , Chester A. Arthur , implemented Secretary of Treasury George S. Boutwell 's reform to keep the goods protected on the docks rather than private storage .
= = = Salary grab = = =
On March 3 , 1873 , President Grant signed a law that authorized the President 's salary to be increased from $ 25 @,@ 000 a year to $ 50 @,@ 000 a year and Congressmen 's salaries to be increased by $ 2 @,@ 500 . Representatives also received a retroactive pay bonus for previous two years of service . This was done in secret and attached to a general appropriations bill . Reforming newspapers quickly exposed the law and the bonus was repealed in January 1874 . Grant missed an opportunity to veto the bill and to make a strong statement for good government . Congress sustained Grant 's $ 50 @,@ 000 a year salary .
= = Election of 1872 = =
Grant remained popular throughout the nation despite the scandals evident during his first term in office . Grant had supported a patronage system that allowed Republicans to infiltrate and control state governments . In response to President Grant 's federal patronage , in 1870 , Senator Carl Schurz from Missouri , a German immigrant and Civil War hero , started a second party known as the Liberal Republicans ; they advocated civil service reform , a low tariff , and amnesty to former Confederate soldiers . The Liberal Republicans successfully ran B.G. Brown for the governorship of Missouri and won with Democrat support . Then in 1872 , the party completely split from the Republican party and nominated New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley as candidate for the Presidency . The Democrats , who at this time had no strong candidate choice of their own , reluctantly adopted Greeley as their candidate with Governor B.G. Brown as his running mate . Frederick Douglass supported Grant and reminded black voters that Grant had destroyed the violent Ku Klux Klan .
The Republicans , who were content with their Reconstruction program for the South , renominated Grant and Massachusetts Senator Henry Wilson in 1872 . Wilson , a practical reformer , was intended to bulster the ticket , and potentially mend the political rift that grew between Grant and Sumner . Grant had remained a popular Civil War hero , and the Republicans continued to wave the " bloody shirt " as a patriotic symbol representing the North . The Republicans favored high tariffs and a continuation of Radical Reconstruction policies that supported five military districts in the Southern states . Grant also favored amnesty to former Confederate soldiers like the Liberal Republicans . Because of political infighting between Liberal Republicans and Democrats , the physically ailing Greeley was no match for the " Hero of Appomattox " and lost dismally in the popular vote . Grant swept 286 Electoral College votes while other minor candidates received only 63 votes . Grant won 55 @.@ 8 percent of the popular vote between Greeley and the other minor candidates . Heartbroken after a hard fought political campaign , Greeley died a few weeks after the election and was able to receive only 3 electoral votes . Out of respect for Greeley , Grant attended his funeral .
= = Second Term 1873 – 1877 = =
= = = Reconstruction = = =
Conservative resistance to Republican state governments grew after the 1872 elections . With the destruction of the Klan in 1872 , new secret paramilitary organizations arose in the Deep South . In Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Louisiana , the Red Shirts and White League operated openly and were better organized than the Ku Klux Klan . Their goals were to oust the Republicans , return Conservative whites to power , and use whatever illegal methods needed to achieve them . Being loyal to his veterans , Grant remained determined that African Americans would receive protection .
= = = = Colfax Massacre = = = =
After the November 4 , 1872 election , Louisiana was a split state . In a controversial election , two candidates were claiming victory as governor . Violence was used to intimidate black Republicans . The fusionist party of Liberal Republicans and Democrats claimed John McEnery as the victor , while the Republicans claimed U.S. Senator William P. Kellogg . Two months later each candidate was sworn in as governor on January 13 , 1873 . A federal judge ruled that Kellogg was the rightful winner of the election and ordered him and the Republican @-@ based majority to be seated . The White League supported McEnry and prepared to use military force to remove Kellogg from office . Grant ordered troops to enforce the court order and protect Kellogg . On March 4 , Federal troops under a flag of truce and Kellogg 's state militia defeated McEnry 's fusionist party 's insurrection .
A dispute arose over who would be installed as judge and sheriff at the Colfax courthouse in Grant Parish . Kellogg 's two appointees had seized control of the Court House on March 25 with aid and protection of black state militia troops . Then on April 13 , White League forces attacked the courthouse and massacred 50 black militiamen who had been captured . A total of 105 blacks were killed trying to defend the Colfax courthouse for Governor Kellogg . On April 21 , Grant sent in the U.S. 19th Infantry Regiment to restore order . On May 22 , Grant issued a new proclamation to restore order in Louisiana . On May 31 , McEnry finally told his followers to obey " peremptory orders " of the President . The orders brought a brief peace to New Orleans and most of Louisiana , except , ironically , Grant Parish .
= = = = The Brooks @-@ Baxter war in Arkansas = = = =
In the fall of 1872 the Republican party split in Arkansas and ran two candidates for governor , Elisha Baxter and Joseph Brooks . Massive fraud characterized the election , but Baxter was declared the winner and took office . Brooks never gave up , and finally in 1874 a local judge ruled Brooks was entitled to the office and swore him in . Both sides mobilized militia units , and rioting and fighting bloodied the streets . There was anticipation who President Grant would side with – either Baxter or Brooks . Grant delayed , requesting a joint session of the Arkansas government to figure out peacefully who would be the Governor , but Baxter refused to participate . Then , on May 15 , 1874 , President Grant issued a Proclamation that Baxter was the legitimate Governor of Arkansas , and the hostilities ceased . In fall of 1874 the people of Arkansas voted out Baxter , and all the Republicans and the Redeemers came to power . A few months later in early 1875 , Grant astonished the nation by reversing himself and announcing that Brooks had been legitimately elected back in 1872 . Grant did not send in troops , and Brooks never regained office ; instead Grant gave him the high @-@ paying patronage job of postmaster in Little Rock . Brooks died in 1877 . The episode brought further discredit to Grant .
= = = = Vicksburg riots = = = =
In August 1874 , the Vicksburg city government elected a White reform party consisting of Republicans and Democrats . This was done initially to lower city spending and taxes . Despite their early intentions , the reform movement turned racist when the new White city officials went after the county government , which had a majority of African Americans . Rather than using legal means , the White League threatened the life of and expelled Crosby , the black county sheriff and tax collector . Crosby then went to Governor Adelbert Ames to seek help to regain his position as sheriff . Governor Ames told him to take other African Americans and use force to retain his lawful position as Sheriff of Warren County . At that time Vicksburg had a population of 12 @,@ 443 , over half of whom were African American .
On December 7 , 1874 , Crosby and an African American militia approached the city . He had declared that the Whites were , " ruffians , barbarians , and political banditti " . A series of battles occurred that resulted in 29 African Americans and 2 Whites killed . The White militia retained control of the Court House and jail . On December 21 , Grant gave a Presidential Proclamation for the people in Vicksburg to stop fighting . Philip Sheridan in Louisiana dispatched troops who reinstated Crosby as sheriff and restored the peace . When questioned about the matter , Governor Ames denied he had told Crosby to use African American militia . On June 7 , 1875 , Crosby was shot to death by a White deputy while drinking in a bar . The origins for the shooting remained a mystery .
= = = = Louisiana revolt and coups = = = =
On September 14 , 1874 , the White League and Democratic militia took control of the state house at New Orleans , and the Republican Governor William P. Kellogg was forced to flee . Former Confederate General James A. Longstreet , with 3 @,@ 000 African American militia and 400 Metropolitan police , made a counterattack on the 8 @,@ 000 White League troops . Consisting of former Confederate soldiers , the experienced White League troops routed Longstreet 's army . On September 17 , Grant sent in Federal troops , and they restored the government back to Kellogg . During the following controversial election in November , passions rose high , and violence mixed with fraud were rampant ; the state of affairs in New Orleans was becoming out of control . The results were that 53 Republicans and 53 Democrats were elected with 5 remaining seats to be decided by the legislature .
Grant had been careful to watch the elections and secretly sent Phil Sheridan in to keep law and order in the state . Sheridan had arrived in New Orleans a few days before the January 4 , 1875 legislature opening meeting . At the convention the Democrats again with military force took control of the state building out of Republican hands . Initially , the Democrats were protected by federal troops under Colonel Régis de Trobriand , and the escaped Republicans were removed from the hallways of the state building . However , Governor Kellogg then requested that Trobriand reseat the Republicans . Trobriand returned to the State house and used bayonets to force the Democrats out of the building . The Republicans then organized their own house with their own speakers all being protected by the Federal Army . Sheridan , who had annexed the Department of the Gulf to his command at 9 : 00 P.M. , claimed that the federal troops were being neutral since they had also protected the Democrats earlier .
= = = = South Carolina 1876 = = = =
During the election year of 1876 , South Carolina was in a state of rebellion against Republican governor Daniel H. Chamberlain . Conservatives were determined to win the election for ex @-@ Confederate Wade Hampton through violence and intimidation . The Republicans went on to nominate Chamberlain for a second term . Hampton supporters , donning red shirts , disrupted Republican meetings with gun shootings and yelling . Tensions became violent on July 8 , 1876 when five African Americans were murdered at Hamburg . The rifle clubs , wearing their Red Shirts , were better armed then the blacks . South Carolina was ruled more by " mobocracy and bloodshed " than by Chamberlain 's government .
Black militia fought back in Charleston on September 6 , 1876 in what was known as the " King Street riot " . The white militia assumed defensive positions out of concern over possible intervention from federal troops . Then , on September 19 , the Red Shirts took offensive action by openly killing between 30 and 50 African Americans outside Ellenton . During the massacre , state representative Simon Coker was killed . On October 7 , Governor Chamberlain declared martial law and told all the " rifle club " members to put down their weapons . In the meantime , Wade Hampton never ceased to remind Chamberlain that he did not rule South Carolina . Out of desperation , Chamberlain wrote to President Grant and asked for federal intervention . The " Cainhoy riot " took place on October 15 when Republicans held a rally at " Brick Church " outside Cainhoy . Blacks and whites both opened fire ; six whites and one black were killed . Grant , upset over the Ellenton and Cainhoy riots , finally declared a Presidential Proclamation on October 17 , 1876 and ordered all persons , within 3 days , to cease their lawless activities and disperse to their homes . A total of 1 @,@ 144 federal infantrymen were sent into South Carolina , and the violence stopped ; election day was quiet . Both Hampton and Chamberlain claimed victory , and for a while both acted as governor ; Hampton took the office in 1877 , after President Rutherford B. Hayes withdrew federal troops and after Chamberlain left the state .
= = = Indian affairs = = =
Under Grant 's peace policy , wars between settlers , the federal army , and the American Indians had been decreasing from 101 per year in 1869 to a low of 15 per year in 1875 . However , the discovery of gold in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory and the completion of the Northern Pacific Railway , threatened to unravel Grant 's peace policy , as white settlers encroached upon native land to mine for gold . Indian wars per
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a ' science of man ' , which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett , Adam Ferguson , John Millar and William Robertson , all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behave in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of modernity . Indeed , modern sociology largely originated from this movement . Adam Smith developed and published The Wealth of Nations , the first work on modern economics . It had an immediate impact on British economic policy and still frames 21st century discussions on globalisation and tariffs . The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to the specifically scientific as in the work of William Cullen , physician and chemist , James Anderson , an agronomist , Joseph Black , physicist and chemist , and James Hutton , the first modern geologist . While the Scottish Enlightenment is traditionally considered to have concluded toward the end of the 18th century , disproportionately large Scottish contributions to British science and letters continued for another 50 years or more , thanks to such figures as James Hutton , James Watt , William Murdoch , James Clerk Maxwell , Lord Kelvin and Sir Walter Scott .
= = = Religion = = =
The late 18th and 19th centuries saw a fragmentation of the Church of Scotland that had been created in the Reformation . These fractures were prompted by issues of government and patronage , but reflected a wider division between the Evangelicals and the Moderate Party over fears of fanaticism by the former and the acceptance of Enlightenment ideas by the latter . The legal right of lay patrons to present clergymen of their choice to local ecclesiastical livings led to minor schisms from the church . The first in 1733 , known as the First Secession , led to the creation of a series of secessionist churches . The second in 1761 lead to the foundation of the independent Relief Church . Gaining strength in the Evangelical Revival of the later 18th century and after prolonged years of struggle , in 1834 the Evangelicals gained control of the General Assembly and passed the Veto Act , which allowed congregations to reject unwanted " intrusive " presentations to livings by patrons . The following " Ten Years ' Conflict " of legal and political wrangling ended in defeat for the non @-@ intrusionists in the civil courts . The result was a schism from the church by some of the non @-@ intrusionists led by Dr Thomas Chalmers known as the Great Disruption of 1843 . Roughly a third of the clergy , mainly from the North and Highlands , formed the separate Free Church of Scotland . In the late 19th century the major debates were between fundamentalist Calvinists and theological liberals , who rejected a literal interpretation of the Bible . This resulted in a further split in the Free Church as the rigid Calvinists broke away to form the Free Presbyterian Church in 1893 . There were , however , also moves towards reunion , beginning with the unification of some secessionist churches into the United Secession Church in 1820 , which united with the Relief Church in 1847 to form the United Presbyterian Church , which in turn joined with the Free Church in 1900 . The removal of legislation on lay patronage allowed the majority of the Free Church to rejoin Church of Scotland in 1929 . The schisms left small denominations including the Free Presbyterians and a remnant as the Free Church from 1900 .
By the mid @-@ 18th century , Catholicism had been reduced to the fringes of the country , particularly the Gaelic @-@ speaking areas of the Highlands and Islands . Conditions grew worse for Catholics after the Jacobite risings and Catholicism was reduced to little more than a poorly run mission . However , Catholic Emancipation in 1829 and the influx of large numbers of Irish immigrants , particularly after the famine years of the late 1840s , principally to the growing lowland centres like Glasgow , led to a transformation of its fortunes . In 1878 , despite opposition , a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy was restored to the country , and Catholicism became a significant denomination within Scotland . Also important was Episcopalianism , which had retained supporters through the civil wars and changes of regime in the 17th century . Since most Episcopalians had given their support to the Jacobite risings in the early 18th century they suffered a decline in fortunes , but revived in the 19th as the issue of succession receded , becoming established as the Episcopal Church in Scotland in 1804 , as an autonomous organisation in communion with the Church of England . Baptist , Congregationalist and Methodist churches also appeared in Scotland in the 18th century , but did not begin significant growth until the 19th century , partly because more radical and evangelical traditions already existed within the Church of Scotland and the free churches . From 1879 they were joined by the evangelical revivalism of the Salvation Army , which attempted to make major inroads in the growing urban centres .
= = = Industrial Revolution = = =
During the Industrial Revolution , Scotland became one of the commercial and industrial centres of the British Empire . With tariffs with England now abolished , the potential for trade for Scottish merchants was considerable , especially with Colonial America . However , the economic benefits of union were very slow to appear , primarily because Scotland was too poor to exploit the opportunities of the greatly expanded free market . Scotland in 1750 was still a poor rural , agricultural society with a population of 1 @.@ 3 million . Some progress was visible , such as the sales of linen and cattle to England , the cash flows from military service , and the tobacco trade that was dominated by Glasgow after 1740 . The clippers belonging to the Glasgow Tobacco Lords were the fastest ships on the route to Virginia . Merchants who profited from the American trade began investing in leather , textiles , iron , coal , sugar , rope , sailcloth , glassworks , breweries , and soapworks , setting the foundations for the city 's emergence as a leading industrial centre after 1815 . The tobacco trade collapsed during the American Revolution ( 1776 – 83 ) , when it sources were cut off by the British blockade of American ports . However , trade with the West Indies began to make up for the loss of the tobacco business , reflecting the extensive growth of the cotton industry , the British demand for sugar and the demand in the West Indies for herring and linen goods . During 1750 – 1815 , 78 Glasgow merchants not only specialised in the importation of sugar , cotton , and rum from the West Indies , but diversified their interests by purchasing West Indian plantations , Scottish estates , or cotton mills . They were not to be self @-@ perpetuating due to the hazards of the trade , the incident of bankruptcy , and the changing complexity of Glasgow 's economy .
Linen was Scotland 's premier industry in the 18th century and formed the basis for the later cotton , jute , and woollen industries . Scottish industrial policy was made by the Board of Trustees for Fisheries and Manufactures in Scotland , which sought to build an economy complementary , not competitive , with England . Since England had woollens , this meant linen . Encouraged and subsidised by the Board of Trustees so it could compete with German products , merchant entrepreneurs became dominant in all stages of linen manufacturing and built up the market share of Scottish linens , especially in the American colonial market . The British Linen Company , established in 1746 , was the largest firm in the Scottish linen industry in the 18th century , exporting linen to England and America . As a joint @-@ stock company , it had the right to raise funds through the issue of promissory notes or bonds . With its bonds functioning as bank notes , the company gradually moved into the business of lending and discounting to other linen manufacturers , and in the early 1770s banking became its main activity . Renamed the British Linen Bank in 1906 , it was one of Scotland 's premier banks until it was bought out by the Bank of Scotland in 1969 . It joined the established Scottish banks such as the Bank of Scotland ( Edinburgh , 1695 ) and the Royal Bank of Scotland ( Edinburgh , 1727 ) . Glasgow would soon follow and Scotland had a flourishing financial system by the end of the century . There were over 400 branches , amounting to one office per 7000 people , double the level in England . The banks were more lightly regulated than those in England . Historians often emphasise that the flexibility and dynamism of the Scottish banking system contributed significantly to the rapid development of the economy in the 19th century .
From about 1790 textiles became the most important industry in the west of Scotland , especially the spinning and weaving of cotton , which flourished until in 1861 the American Civil War cut off the supplies of raw cotton . The industry never recovered , but by that time Scotland had developed heavy industries based on its coal and iron resources . The invention of the hot blast for smelting iron ( 1828 ) revolutionised the Scottish iron industry . As a result , Scotland became a centre for engineering , shipbuilding and the production of locomotives . Toward the end of the 19th century , steel production largely replaced iron production .
Coal mining became a major industry , and continued to grow into the 20th century , producing the fuel to heat homes , factories and drive steam engines , locomotives and steamships . By 1914 there were 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 coal miners in Scotland . The stereotype emerged early on of Scottish colliers as brutish , non @-@ religious and socially isolated serfs ; that was an exaggeration , for their life style resembled coal miners everywhere , with a strong emphasis on masculinity , egalitarianism , group solidarity , and support for radical labour movements .
Britain was the world leader in the construction of railways , and their use to expand trade and coal supplies . The first successful locomotive @-@ powered line in Scotland , between Monkland and Kirkintilloch , opened in 1831 . Not only was good passenger service established by the late 1840s , but an excellent network of freight lines reduce the cost of shipping coal , and made products manufactured in Scotland competitive throughout Britain . For example , railways opened the London market to Scottish beef and milk . They enabled the Aberdeen Angus to become a cattle breed of worldwide reputation .
= = = Urbanisation = = =
Scotland was already one of the most urbanised societies in Europe by 1800 . The industrial belt ran across the country from southwest to northeast ; by 1900 the four industrialised counties of Lanarkshire , Renfrewshire , Dunbartonshire , and Ayrshire contained 44 per cent of the population . Glasgow and the River Clyde became a major shipbuilding centre . Glasgow became one of the largest cities in the world , and known as " the Second City of the Empire " after London . Shipbuilding on Clydeside ( the river Clyde through Glasgow and other points ) began when the first small yards were opened in 1712 at the Scott family 's shipyard at Greenock . After 1860 the Clydeside shipyards specialised in steamships made of iron ( after 1870 , made of steel ) , which rapidly replaced the wooden sailing vessels of both the merchant fleets and the battle fleets of the world . It became the world 's pre @-@ eminent shipbuilding centre . Clydebuilt became an industry benchmark of quality , and the river 's shipyards were given contracts for warships , as well as prestigious liners . It reached its peak in the years 1900 – 18 , with an output of 370 ships completed in 1913 , and even more during the First World War .
The industrial developments , while they brought work and wealth , were so rapid that housing , town @-@ planning , and provision for public health did not keep pace with them , and for a time living conditions in some of the towns and cities were notoriously bad , with overcrowding , high infant mortality , and growing rates of tuberculosis . The companies attracted rural workers , as well as immigrants from Catholic Ireland , by inexpensive company housing that was a dramatic move upward from the inner @-@ city slums . This paternalistic policy led many owners to support government sponsored housing programs as well as self @-@ help projects among the respectable working class .
= = = Highlands = = =
Modern historians suggest that due to economic and social change , the clan system in the highlands was already declining by the time of the failed 1745 rising . In its aftermath the British government enacted a series of laws that attempted to speed the process , including a ban on the bearing of arms , the wearing of tartan and limitations on the activities of the Episcopalian Church . Most of the legislation was repealed by the end of the 18th century as the Jacobite threat subsided . There was soon a process of the rehabilitation of highland culture . Tartan had already been adopted for highland regiments in the British army , which poor highlanders joined in large numbers until the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 , but by the 19th century it had largely been abandoned by the ordinary people . In the 1820s , as part of the Romantic revival , tartan and the kilt were adopted by members of the social elite , not just in Scotland , but across Europe . The international craze for tartan and for idealising a romanticised highlands was set off by the Ossian cycle published by Scottish poet James Macpherson 's in 1761 @-@ 2 . Sir Walter Scott 's Waverley novels further helped popularise Scottish life and history . His " staging " of the royal Visit of King George IV to Scotland in 1822 and the king 's wearing of tartan resulted in a massive upsurge in demand for kilts and tartans that could not be met by the Scottish linen industry . The designation of individual clan tartans was largely defined in this period and they became a major symbol of Scottish identity . The fashion for all things Scottish was maintained by Queen Victoria who help secure the identity of Scotland as a tourist resort and the popularity of the tartan fashion . Her Highland enthusiasm led to the design of two tartan patterns , " Victoria " and " Balmoral " , the latter named after her castle Balmoral in Aberdeenshire , which from 1852 became a major royal residence .
Despite these changes the highlands remained very poor and traditional , with few connections to the uplift of the Scottish Enlightenment and little role in the Industrial Revolution . A handful of powerful families , typified by the dukes of Argyll , Atholl , Buccleuch , and Sutherland , owned the best lands and controlled local political , legal and economic affairs . As late as 1878 , 68 families owned nearly half the land in Scotland . Particularly after the end of the boom created by the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars ( 1790 – 1815 ) , these landlords needed cash to maintain their position in London society , and had less need of soldiers . They turned to money rents , displaced farmers to raise sheep , and downplayed the traditional patriarchal relationship that had historically sustained the clans . This was exacerbated after the repeal of the Corn Laws in mid @-@ century , when Britain adopted a free trade policy , and grain imports from America undermined the profitability of crop production .
One result of these changes were the Highland Clearances , by which much of the population of the Highlands suffered forced displacement as lands were enclosed , principally so that they could be used for sheep farming . The clearances followed patterns of agricultural change throughout the UK , but were particularly notorious as a result of the late timing , the lack of legal protection for year @-@ by @-@ year tenants under Scots law , the abruptness of the change from the traditional clan system , and the brutality of many evictions . The result was a continuous exodus from the land — to the cities , or further afield to England , Canada , America or Australia . Of those that remained many were now crofters : poor families living on " crofts " — very small rented farms with indefinite tenure used to raise various crops and animals , with kelping , fishing , spinning of linen and military service as important sources of revenue . The traditional landed interests held their own politically in the face of the rapidly growing urban middle classes , for the electoral reforms of mid @-@ century were less far @-@ reaching in Scotland than in England .
The unequal concentration of land ownership remained an emotional subject and
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cups filled with confetti at the audience , alluding to the numerous slushie cups taken in the face by them earlier in the show .
Bobby Hankinson of Houston Chronicle said " It 's fun and summery and it 's all capped off with a confetti slushee attack to the crowd . Loved it . " Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone wrote , " It 's a true anthem , and it ends triumphantly , with the New Directions tossing confetti @-@ filled Slushie cups into the crowd — and then going on to win regionals . " Brett Berk of Vanity Fair noted that " the lovable dorks sing about being the lovable dorks we fell in love with ( even if we often no longer recognize them as such ) " .
= = Charts = =
= = = Certifications = = =
= Enthiran =
Enthiran ( English : Robot ) is a 2010 Indian Tamil @-@ language science fiction film directed by S. Shankar and co @-@ written by him and Sujatha Rangarajan . The film stars Rajinikanth and Aishwarya Rai in lead roles ; Danny Denzongpa , Santhanam and Karunas play supporting roles . The soundtrack album and background score were composed by A. R. Rahman while the dialogues , cinematography , editing and art direction were handled by Madhan Karky , R. Rathnavelu , Anthony and Sabu Cyril respectively .
The story revolves around a scientist 's struggle to control his creation , an android ( both played by Rajinikanth ) , whose software is upgraded to give it the ability to comprehend and exhibit human emotions . The project backfires when the robot falls in love with the scientist 's girlfriend ( Rai ) , and is manipulated by a rival scientist ( Denzongpa ) into becoming homicidal .
After being stalled in the development phase for nearly a decade , the film 's principal photography began in 2008 and lasted two years . Enthiran marked the debut of Legacy Effects studio , which was responsible for the film 's prosthetic make @-@ up and animatronics , in Indian cinema . Enthiran was released worldwide on 1 October 2010 , along with its dubbed versions : Robot in Hindi and Robo in Telugu . Produced by Kalanithi Maran , it was India 's most expensive film up to that point .
The film received generally positive reviews upon release . Critics were particularly appreciative of Rajinikanth 's performance , Rathnavelu 's cinematography , Cyril 's art direction and the visual effects by V. Srinivas Mohan . Enthiran emerged as the top @-@ earning Indian film of 2010 and is the second highest @-@ grossing South Indian film of all time after Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) . It won two Indian National Film Awards , three Filmfare Awards , seven Vijay Awards and two Screen Awards . A spiritual successor , titled 2 @.@ 0 , is scheduled for release in 2017 .
= = Plot = =
After a decade of research , the scientist Dr. Vaseegaran creates a sophisticated android robot with the help of his assistants , Siva and Ravi , to commission it into the Indian Army . He introduces the robot , named Chitti , at a robotics conference in Chennai . Chitti helps Sana , Vaseegaran 's medical student girlfriend , cheat in her examination , then saves her from being assaulted by a group of thugs . Vaseegaran 's mentor , Professor Bohra , is secretly engaged in a project to create similar android robots for a terrorist organisation , but has so far been unsuccessful .
Vaseegaran prepares Chitti for an evaluation by the Artificial Intelligence Research and Development ( AIRD ) Institute , which is headed by Bohra . During the evaluation , Chitti attempts to stab Vaseegaran at Bohra 's command , which convinces the evaluation committee that the robot is a liability and cannot be used for military purposes . Vaseegaran 's effort to prove Bohra wrong fails when he deploys Chitti to rescue people from a burning building . The robot saves most of them , including a girl named Selvi who was bathing at the time , but she is ashamed at being seen naked on camera and flees , only to be hit and killed by a truck . Vaseegaran asks for one month to modify Chitti 's neural schema to enable it to understand human behaviour and emotions , to which Bohra agrees . While nearing the deadline , Chitti becomes angry with Vaseegaran , demonstrating to him that it can manifest emotions .
Chitti uses Sana 's textbooks to successfully help Sana 's sister Latha give birth to a child . Bohra congratulates Vaseegaran on the achievement and allows Chitti to pass the AIRD evaluation . Chitti develops romantic feelings for Sana after she congratulates Chitti by kissing it . When Vaseegaran and Sana realise this , Sana explains to Chitti that they are only friends . Saddened by her rejection , yet still in love with her , Chitti deliberately fails an evaluation conducted by the Indian Army . Enraged , Vaseegaran chops Chitti into pieces , which are dumped into a landfill site .
Bohra visits the site to retrieve Chitti , which has now reassembled itself , albeit in a damaged state . Bohra embeds a red chip inside Chitti while reconstructing it , converting it into a ruthless killer . It then gatecrashes Vaseegaran and Sana 's wedding , kidnaps Sana , creates replicas of itself and kills Bohra . Using its robot army , Chitti occupies AIRD and causes mayhem in the city . After informing Sana that it has acquired the human ability to reproduce , Chitti wishes to marry her so that a machine and a human being can give birth to a preprogrammed child , but Sana refuses . It eventually finds Vaseegaran , who entered AIRD to stop it , and nearly kills him before the police appear . The ensuing battle between Chitti 's robot army and the police personnel leads to many casualties and much property destruction . Vaseegaran eventually captures Chitti using a magnetic wall and accesses its internal control panel , whereby he instructs all the other robots to self @-@ destruct . He removes Chitti 's red chip , calming it .
In a court hearing , Vaseegaran is sentenced to death for the casualties and damages caused by the robot army , but Chitti explains that it was Bohra who caused its deviant behaviour and shows the court video footage of Bohra installing the red chip . The court releases Vaseegaran , while ordering that Chitti be dismantled . Left with no choice , Vaseegaran asks Chitti to dismantle itself . While saying goodbye , Chitti apologises to Vaseegaran and Sana before dismantling itself .
The film 's setting then shifts to 2030 . Chitti is now a museum exhibit . A curious school student on excursion asks her guide why it was dismantled , to which Chitti responds , " Naan sinthikka arambichen " ( English : I started thinking ) .
= = Cast = =
Rajinikanth as Dr. Vaseegaran and Chitti
Aishwarya Rai as Sana
Danny Denzongpa as Professor Bohra
Santhanam as Siva
Karunas as Ravi
Cochin Haneefa as the traffic police officer
Kalabhavan Mani as Pachaimuthu
Delhi Kumar as Vaseegaran 's father
Raaghav as the neighbourhood bully
Devadarshini as Latha , Sana 's sister
Revathi Sankaran as Vaseegaran 's mother
Sabu Cyril as Shah
Sugunthan as Police Inspector
Shriya Sharma as the curious student
Chaams as one of the barbers working at The Park Hotel
= = Production = =
= = = Origin = = =
Following the completion of his first directorial venture in Hindi , Nayak ( 2001 ) , S. Shankar announced his next project , Robot , which was to feature Kamal Haasan and Preity Zinta . The film was to be produced by the now @-@ defunct company Media Dreams , a division of Pentamedia Graphics . The film was reported to be a futuristic techno @-@ thriller set in Chennai in around 2200 or 3000 AD . Despite the completion of a photoshoot featuring Haasan and Zinta , the project was shelved as a result of scheduling conflicts with Haasan . Shankar consequently started work on Boys ( 2003 ) .
After Boys , Shankar began work on his next feature starring Vikram , which was initially reported by Rediff to be Robot revived , but was later revealed as Anniyan ( 2005 ) . One month post the release of his action film Sivaji in June 2007 , he approached Shah Rukh Khan for the lead in Robot . Khan was about to produce it under his own banner , Red Chillies Entertainment , but in October the same year the project was officially aborted due to creative differences between the two .
The project was revived in January 2008 with Eros International and the London @-@ based production company Ayngaran International willing to produce the film . The state government of Tamil Nadu granted tax exemptions for films titled in Tamil , resulting in the new production being renamed Enthiran . While Sujatha Rangarajan was originally assigned to write the dialogue for the film , Madhan Karky took over after Rangarajan 's death in February 2008 . In December 2008 , Eros International withdrew after financial difficulties caused by the box @-@ office failure of Drona ( 2008 ) and Yuvvraaj ( 2008 ) , with the subsequent departure of Ayngaran International , who struggled with the global financial crisis of 2008 . The film 's production and release rights were sold to Sun Pictures .
= = = Cast and crew = = =
In January 2008 , Rajinikanth accepted the lead role in the film for a salary of ₹ 450 million ( Indian rupees ) . Shankar rewrote the original script to suit Rajinikanth 's acting style . Although Aishwarya Rai was Shankar 's original choice for the female lead in 2001 , she declined it owing to a busy schedule and was replaced by Zinta . When Shankar revived the project with Rajinikanth , contenders for the part included Deepika Padukone , Shriya Saran and Rai , who was ultimately selected and paid ₹ 60 million . Rai 's voice was dubbed by Savitha Reddy .
Several actors were considered for the role of Professor Bohra , including Amitabh Bachchan , J. D. Chakravarthy , Sathyaraj and British actor Ben Kingsley , but it was Danny Denzongpa who eventually received it , making Enthiran his first film in Tamil . Dubbing for Denzongpa was provided by Kadhir . Comedians Santhanam and Karunas were cast to portray Vaseegaran 's assistants Siva and Ravi respectively in their first collaboration with Shankar .
The soundtrack album and background score were composed by A. R. Rahman . Vairamuthu , P. Vijay and Madhan Karky authored the lyrics for the songs . Manoj Bharathiraja , son of filmmaker P. Bharathiraja , was signed on to be an assistant director after he approached Shankar . Also working as assistant directors were Atlee , Shree and Karthik G. Krish . Sabu Cyril , in a guest appearance as Shah , an interpreter between Bohra and the terrorist organisation , was signed as the art director .
R. Rathnavelu was hired as the cinematographer after Ravi K. Chandran , Nirav Shah and Thiru were considered . Anthony was the film 's editor . Yuen Woo Ping , known for his work in The Matrix trilogy and the Kill Bill films , was selected to be the stunt co @-@ ordinator , while Legacy Effects , a visual effects studio based in the United States , were in charge of the prosthetic make @-@ up and animatronics in the film . Munich @-@ based film technical company , Panther , were responsible for the crane shots . The film 's subtitle captioning was done by Rekha Haricharan .
= = = Costume design = = =
Manish Malhotra and Mary E. Vogt were chosen to design the film 's costumes . Fifty @-@ seven costumes were used for Rai , including a " Mexican tribal " look that she sported during the filming of the " Kilimanjaro " segment . According to make @-@ up artist Banu , no prosthetics were used for Rajinikanth to avoid bothering him by withholding his time on set . Additional make @-@ up was by Vance Hartwell , an employee of Legacy Effects .
The visual appearance of Chitti was based on the G.I. Joe action figures . For Chitti 's " villain robot " look , its hair was spiked and brown coloured lenses were used for its eyes , whereas for its " good robot " look , green coloured lenses were used . The wig used for Chitti 's " villain robot " look had a silver streak in the middle , made out of Yak hair , while its leather jacket was designed by Vogt . To make Vaseegaran look mature , the team made Rajinikanth sport an Oakley beard . Suits made of copper were used for Chitti 's costumes .
= = = Principal photography = = =
For Sabu Cyril 's sets , Shankar required approximately twice as much studio floor space as for his previous film . After rejecting Ramoji Film City for technical reasons , Enthiran 's producer , Kalanithi Maran , took six months to set up three air @-@ conditioned studio floors on land in Perungudi owned by Sun TV Network . Filming began on 15 February 2008 at AVM Studios in Chennai . After the initial stages of filming , Shankar and Rathnavelu toured the world for three weeks , scouting for exotic filming locations . They visited Austria , Germany , Peru , Brazil and Argentina , looking for a backdrop to shoot the " Kilimanjaro " and " Kadhal Anukkal " segments , eventually deciding on Peru and Brazil . " Kilimanjaro " was filmed at the ruins of the Incan city of Machu Picchu in Peru , with some 100 Brazilian extras . It was choreographed by Raju Sundaram and supervised by Fernando Astete , director of the Machu Picchu archaeological park . " Kadhal Anukkal " was filmed in Lençóis Maranhenses National Park in northeastern Brazil .
The set for " Arima Arima " , a sequence choreographed by Prabhu Deva , was designed and constructed by Sabu Cyril at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad . Filming of the number took place over 22 days in April 2009 . Junior artists were employed by Rathnavelu to wear masks of Rajinikanth . For the sequence entitled " Irumbile Oru Irudhaiyam " , choreographed by Remo D 'Souza and featuring Rai and Rajinikanth as Chitti , three different sets were used : one of copper , one of gold and one in silver . The musical number , which was filmed in AVM Studios for eight days , was the last portion of the film 's principal photography . D 'Souza incorporated the popping style of street dances , but encountered difficulties in performing the dance movements in tandem with the robot , and with the restrictions created by the rigid costumes .
The filming for Chitti 's introduction to the international robotics conference was completed in December 2008 at Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering and Vellore Institute of Technology , where more than 400 students were used as extras . Further footage was shot over five days at the Ennore Port on the Mitsui O.S.K. Lines car carrier , Neptune Ace . An action sequence where Chitti saves Sana from thugs was filmed in Lonavla , under the supervision of the action choreographer Peter Hein . Scenes featuring Rajinikanth as Chitti were captured over five days at the Perungudi Dump Yard in Chennai . Sabu Cyril told Uma Kannan of The New Indian Express that the sets for the climax sequence , which was filmed at Mayajaal , consisted of a tar road and glass buildings which rose to 65 feet ( 20 m ) , and that aluminium composite panels , reported to have cost ₹ 50 million , were also used to design the sets . Principal photography ended on 7 July 2010 .
= = = Visual effects = = =
Impressed with the film 's script , V. Srinivas Mohan became the visual effects supervisor in December 2007 . He asked Shankar to increase the filming schedules by six months to include pre @-@ production requirements . Both Mohan and Shankar visited several visual effects companies , including the New Zealand @-@ based Weta Digital and the United States @-@ based Industrial Light & Magic , Cafe FX and Tippett Studio before partnering with Legacy Effects . The original Eros @-@ Ayngaran visual effects budget was ₹ 700 million , but after Sun Pictures took over production , it was significantly reduced to ₹ 200 million . As a result , the visual effects team had to omit and alter some sequences , making Chitti wear sunglasses for most of the film to reduce the cost and difficultly of animating his eyes .
After a series of previsualisation tests , including a scene in which Chitti jumps on a train to save Sana , Mohan eventually decided to use the technique in 40 out of the 60 visual effects scenes featured in the film , consisting of 2 @,@ 000 takes . Further previsualisation supervision was conducted by P. C. Sanath of Firefly Creative Studios , a visual effects company based in Hyderabad . 3D storyboards were constructed using 3D animation programs for every scene in the film and were shot from different angles . In an interview with Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu , Mohan said that all the pre @-@ production work took one and a half years to complete .
Rathnavelu used the 435 Xtreme camera and also wrote a 1 @,@ 600 @-@ page manual , in which he listed all of the possible angles from which the characters played by Rajinikanth could be filmed . Legacy Effects and the Hong Kong @-@ based visual effects companies Kinomotive Studios and Menfond Electronics took responsibility for the film 's CGI work . To create the robots with Rajinikanth 's appearance , a complete scan of his face in 3D digital format in all possible lighting conditions was conducted using the Doom Light Stage , so that his face could be replicated on the mannequins . The technique , according to Shankar , was previously used in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) . The robot Chitti featured in the film was a mannequin made by a Legacy Effects team of 100 technicians in Los Angeles . For every robotic mannequin used , six puppeteers were employed to control the mannequin 's movements .
= = Themes and influences = =
Enthiran focuses on the battle between man and machine . Despite Shankar 's claim that Enthiran was a purely original idea , it has been compared to Mary Shelley 's 1818 novel Frankenstein , owing to the similar personae of Chitti and Frankenstein 's monster , both of which turn against their respective creators . K. Moti Gokulsing and Wimal Dissanayake , in their book Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas , noted the similarity between the two works , arguing that Chitti was " manipulated by Bohra to become a Frankenstein @-@ like figure " . Writing for The A.V. Club , Genevieve Koski observed , " The plot of Enthiran is essentially Frankenstein via [ Isaac ] Asimov 's Three Laws of Robotics . "
Director and film critic Sudhish Kamath called Enthiran " a superhero film , a sci @-@ fi adventure , a triangular love story with a hint of the Ramayana " , while remarking that Enthiran 's similarities to The Terminator ( 1984 ) were " more than obvious . Not just visually – where we see the Superstar with one human eye and one scarred metallic eye but also intentionally spelt out when the bad robot announces that he has created Terminators . " Kamath compared two of the film 's robots to C @-@ 3PO and R2 @-@ D2 , droids from the Star Wars film series , which was referenced in Enthiran when Vaseegaran refers to one of his creations as " R2 " .
Although Shankar initially claimed that Enthiran would be made for all audiences , including those lacking computer literacy , the film is influenced by and makes references to many scientific principles relating to the fields of engineering , computer science and robotics , including terabytes and Asimov 's laws of robotics . Visual references are made to the science books A Briefer History of Time ( 2005 ) and Freakonomics ( 2005 ) . In his book Visual Perception and Cultural Memory : Typecast and Typecast ( e ) ing in Malayalam Cinema , Dr. Sujith Kumar Parayil notes the similarities between Kalabhavan Mani 's role in the film to the one Mani played in the Malayalam film Sallapam ( 1996 ) .
= = Music = =
For Enthiran 's soundtrack and score , A. R. Rahman made use of the Continuum Fingerboard , an instrument he had experimented with previously in the song " Rehna Tu " from Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra 's drama film Delhi @-@ 6 ( 2009 ) . The film also marked the debut of Rahman 's daughter Khatija as a playback singer .
The soundtrack album to Enthiran was released on 31 July 2010 at the Putrajaya International Convention Centre in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The Tamil and Telugu versions were released by Think Music , while the Hindi version was released by Venus Music . Think Music purchased the release rights of the Tamil and Telugu versions of the album for ₹ 70 million . The album of the film 's Telugu version , Robo , was released on 6 August 2010 , while its Hindi version , Robot , was released on 14 August 2010 . After the second day of release , the album
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industry before deciding he wanted to continue with drumming .
In 1993 , Weinberg got the role as bandleader of The Max Weinberg 7 for Late Night with Conan O 'Brien . Weinberg 's drums @-@ driven jump blues sound and his role as a comic foil prospered along with the show , giving him a second career . In 1999 , Springsteen re @-@ formed the E Street Band for a series of tours and albums ; Weinberg worked out an arrangement that allowed him to play with both O 'Brien and Springsteen . In 2009 , Weinberg moved to the short @-@ lived Tonight Show with Conan O 'Brien as leader of Max Weinberg and The Tonight Show Band . After that ended , he began touring with his own ensembles , and in 2010 chose not to follow O 'Brien to the new Conan show . Weinberg continued playing with Springsteen , and in 2014 was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the E Street Band .
= = Early life = =
Weinberg was born to a Jewish family in Newark , New Jersey to parents Bertram Weinberg , an attorney , and Ruth Weinberg , a high school physical education teacher . He has three sisters , Patty , Nancy and Abby . He grew up in Newark as well as in the neighboring suburban towns of South Orange and Maplewood .
The young Max was exposed to music early on , attending Broadway shows weekly from the age of two and liking the big sound put forth by the pit orchestras . He then liked the rhythms of country and western music . He knew he wanted to be a drummer from the age of five , when he saw Elvis Presley and his drummer , D. J. Fontana , appear on The Milton Berle Show in April 1956 . Decades later , Weinberg said , " I think anybody who wanted to develop a life in rock ' n ' roll music had a moment . That was my moment , " and Fontana became a major influence on him .
Weinberg started actually playing at the age of six . His first public appearance came at the age of seven when he sat in on a bar mitzvah band playing " When the Saints Go Marching In " . The bandleader , Herbie Zane , was the leading act for bar mitzvahs and weddings in the area ; he was impressed with young Weinberg and brought him along on other engagements as a kind of novelty act . Weinberg thus became a local child star , drumming in a three @-@ piece mohair suit . He gained an appreciation for showmanship and was a fan of Liberace and Sammy Davis , Jr . He grew to idolize drummer Buddy Rich and become a fan of Gene Krupa and saw drummer Ed Shaughnessy of Doc Severinsen 's band on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson as having an ideal job as well as admiring the level of playing and serious sartorial style of the Tonight Show musicians . Weinberg stayed with Zane until junior high school and learned rhythms such as cha @-@ chas , merenges , polkas , and the hora and playing everything from Dixieland jazz to Acker Bilk 's " Stranger on the Shore " .
Weinberg attended Temple Sharey Tefilo @-@ Israel , a Reform Judaism congregation in South Orange , where he was inspired by a local rabbi and had what he later described as " a wonderful Jewish background . " He would later say that the Jewish concept of seder , meaning order , became key to his vision of how a good drummer serves his band 's music . Witnessing his father lose two summer camps in The Poconos impressed upon him the fragility of economic success and led to a strong work ethic .
When the British Invasion hit in 1964 , the Beatles and their drummer , Ringo Starr , became a huge influence on Weinberg . He began playing in local New Jersey rock bands , playing the music of The Rolling Stones , Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels , and The Young Rascals . While a member of The Epsilons , he played at the 1964 New York World 's Fair . He attended Columbia High School in Maplewood ; there he knew Leigh Howard Stevens , who would become a famous percussionist in his own right . Weinberg graduated from Columbia High in 1969 . Another band he was in , Blackstone , recorded an eponymous album for Epic Records in 1970 .
Weinberg first attended Adelphi University , and later Seton Hall University , majoring in film studies . His general goal was to become a lawyer , but he was still most viscerally interested in a music career and kept his drum set in his car in case any chances to play arose . He performed at weddings , bar mitzvahs , and bars , then landed a job in the pit band for the Broadway musical Godspell .
= = Success with the E Street Band = =
Weinberg was still living at home when he met Bruce Springsteen on April 7 , 1974 when his band , The Jim Marino Band , were Springsteen 's support at Seton Hall . Springsteen had parted ways with his drummer , Vini " Mad Dog " Lopez , earlier that year , and the replacement , Ernest " Boom " Carter , lasted only six months before leaving with pianist David Sancious to form Tone . Weinberg answered a Springsteen Village Voice newspaper ad that famously requested , " no junior Ginger Bakers , " in reference to Ginger Baker 's reputation for long drum solos . Weinberg auditioned with Springsteen and the core E Street Band in mid @-@ late August of that year at the SIR studios in Midtown Manhattan , bringing a minimalist drum kit with him . He knew one Springsteen song from the Marino band , " Sandy " , and played it . His drumming on the Fats Domino song " Let the Four Winds Blow " sealed the position as his . A week later he was offered the $ 110 per week job and he quit college immediately , about six academic credits short of a degree . Weinberg 's first public performance came on September 19 , 1974 , at The Main Point in Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania .
Weinberg rose to success as the drummer for Springsteen 's E Street Band , as his powerful yet controlled beat solved the E Street Band 's drumming instabilities . On Born to Run ( 1975 ) , Weinberg 's drumming evoked two of his idols , Ringo Starr and Levon Helm , and he covered his snare drum with heavy paper towels to capture some of the Memphis soul sound . While travelling on tour , Weinberg became known for his exact requests , such as specifying the particular brand of paper towels to use for his drums or the standards for his hotel rooms . Weinberg never adopted the " rock and roll lifestyle " ; he treated his music seriously and kept to the mantra , " Show up , do a good job , and give them more than their money 's worth . " One compromise Weinberg did have to make was sometimes playing on the High Holy Days . During shows , Springsteen built up the personas of his bandmates , and Weinberg was frequently referred to as " the Mighty Max " . Weinberg started a long practice of keeping his eyes on Springsteen every moment during the show , as he never knew when Springsteen would change a tempo or suddenly deviate from the set list . Decades later , E Street guitarist Steve Van Zandt would say of Weinberg , " What nobody understands is that not only is Max a great drummer , Max reads Bruce 's mind . You can 't learn that . " Weinberg bought a house overlooking the water in Atlantic Highlands , New Jersey , triggering a lifelong interest in real estate and home design .
Tempos slowed to an oft dirge @-@ like pace on Darkness on the Edge of Town ( 1978 ) ; Rehearsals and recording of the album stretched out over a long period , with Springsteen and bandmate and co @-@ producer Steven Van Zandt experiencing a prolonged frustration over their inability to capture a more resonant drum sound . Weinberg soon regretted not playing faster on " Badlands " , and tempos did speed up on that number and some others during the accompanying Darkness Tour . The River Tour Springsteen and E Street Band shows that opened New Jersey 's Meadowlands Arena in 1981 became one of the top highlights of Weinberg 's career .
Weinberg suffered an acknowledged " drumming slump " around 1980 , and his time @-@ keeping skills were criticized by Springsteen . What could pass unnoticed in concert became apparent on record , and Weinberg practiced drumming components for months in order to regain a fine sense of timing . Weinberg also suffered from repetitive stress injury and tendinitis , eventually requiring seven operations on his hands and wrists . He studied for a while with noted jazz drummer Joe Morello ; Weinberg credited Morello for helping him to learn how to play with the tendinitis .
In 1981 , Weinberg married Rebecca Schick , a Methodist who had grown up in Tinton Falls , New Jersey and whom he had met through a mutual friend . Springsteen and the band played at their wedding , which was officiated by the same rabbi he had growing up . Becky Weinberg worked as a high school history teacher . In 1984 , they bought a 5 @-@ acre ( 2 @.@ 0 ha ) farm in Monmouth County ; after feeling taken advantage of in the deal , Weinberg became a scrupulous researcher in real estate matters , often spending days at town halls looking over obscure zoning regulations . While on tour he studied books about architecture , and dreamt of building houses in the style of Frank Lloyd Wright or Richard Meier . They had two children , daughter Ali ( born c . 1987 ) and son Jay ( born 1990 ) .
He made a full recovery from his injuries in time for Born in the U.S.A. ( 1984 ) , which featured an aerobics @-@ timed beat on some tracks that also owed something to the popular Phil Collins drum sound . Weinberg 's own experimentation since the Darkness days had also led to a more reverberant sound . Overall , Weinberg 's more fluid drumming combined with Roy Bittan 's use of synthesizers and better overall production to give Springsteen a more modern sound , resulting in the album becoming Springsteen 's best @-@ selling one ever and spawning a record @-@ tying seven Top 10 hit singles . Springsteen later said of the album , " Max was the best thing on the record . " Weinberg 's most well @-@ known drum part came on " Born in the U.S.A. " , where his snare drum paired against Bittan 's signature synthesizer riff on the opening and throughout the main part of the song . The recording then descends into improvised chaos ; Springsteen had told Weinberg , " When I stop , keep the drums going . " Upon the restart , intentional drum breakdowns matched bass swoops and guitar feedback ; Springsteen subsequently said of the performance overall , " You can hear Max – to me , he was right up there with the best of them on that song . " Weinberg said it was one of his most intense musical experiences .
On the subsequent Born in the U.S.A. Tour , Springsteen generally interspersed hard @-@ rocking song sequences after every three or four numbers in order to give Weinberg 's hands a chance to recover . Weinberg 's wife Becky unintentionally triggered one of the tour 's most celebrated episodes . She was a fan of the This Week with David Brinkley television program and invited panelist George Will to the Washington @-@ area Capital Centre show . After seeing the band perform , Will became convinced that they were exemplars of hard @-@ working patriotism and traditional American values ; he wrote , " ... consider Max Weinberg 's bandaged fingers . The rigors of drumming have led to five tendonitis operations . He soaks his hands in hot water before a concert , in ice afterward , and sleeps with tight gloves on . " Will further decided that Springsteen might endorse Ronald Reagan in the 1984 presidential campaign and talked to the campaign , which later led to Reagan 's famous extolling of Springsteen at a stop in Hammonton , New Jersey and Springsteen 's subsequent negative response .
For his efforts , Weinberg was named Best Drummer in the Playboy 1985 Pop and Jazz Music Poll and Best Drummer again in Rolling Stone 's 1986 Critics Poll . The adulation got to him a bit as he aligned with the Mighty Max persona and went to fashionable parties .
Weinberg had a reduced role on Springsteen 's 1987 Tunnel of Love album , replacing Springsteen 's drum machine parts on a few tracks , but the full band was in place for the 1988 Tunnel of Love Express and Human Rights Now ! tours . Weinberg called the latter tour 's visiting of many third @-@ world spots around the globe one of the most rewarding things the band had done .
In 1984 , Weinberg published The Big Beat : Conversations with Rock 's Greatest Drummers , a series of interviews conducted over two years with drummers from various eras , including Starr , Helm , D. J. Fontana , Charlie Watts , Dino Danelli , Hal Blaine and others . The book captured drummers revealing more about their musical approaches than they normally did to the press and was thus considered an important addition to the rock literature . In 1986 , Weinberg began taking a one @-@ man show " Growing Up on E Street " to college campuses around the country . It contained some short films that Weinberg produced as well as a question @-@ and @-@ answer session .
Weinberg also played as a session musician , enjoying particular success in connection with songwriter and producer Jim Steinman . He drummed on the very popular 1977 Meat Loaf album , Bat Out of Hell , playing on the Steinman @-@ penned tracks " Bat Out of Hell " , " You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth " and " Paradise by the Dashboard Light " . At a point in 1983 , Weinberg was featured on the number one and number two songs on the Billboard Hot 100 , Bonnie Tyler 's " Total Eclipse of the Heart " and Air Supply 's " Making Love Out of Nothing at All " , both Steinman creations . Weinberg also recorded with Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes , Gary U.S. Bonds , Ian Hunter and Carole King .
On October 18 , 1989 , Springsteen unexpectedly called Weinberg to say he was dissolving the E Street Band . As Weinberg later said , " That 's why they call him the Boss . "
= = Breakup and career choices = =
The news left him " a zombie for about six months . " Even before the breakup , he had returned to school at Seton Hall University in early 1989 . The band breakup occurred during his second semester at Seton Hall , on his way to completing the remaining 21 credits needed to obtain his bachelor 's degree in communications . He graduated from there later in 1989 . He then briefly attended Yeshiva University 's Cardozo School of Law , but withdrew after six weeks . Weinberg asked Ringo Starr for advice on how to go on when the band that had made your life had broken up . Weinberg and Springsteen remained on friendly terms during this period .
In 1990 , Weinberg began offering motivational seminars oriented towards corporations to augment his one @-@ person college show business . He received the HERO Award from Big Brothers Big Sisters of America in October 1990 for his work for that organization . The Big Beat was republished in 1991 .
Weinberg thought his career as a musician was over and considered himself retired as a drummer . He went into the music business instead , joining a distribution company as a business partner . He worked as an executive for the Music Master label . He formed his own record company , Hard Ticket Entertainment , in 1990 . In 1991 , they issued an album that he produced by a group he formed , Killer Joe , called Scene of the Crime . He had sought out this career path because " I didn 't want to continually be competing with ' Mighty Max ' , " but he found business life unfulfilling . Because of that , and for personal reasons as well , he needed to return to performing . Weinberg later reflected , " I felt at times , after the E Street Band broke up , so anonymous it was painful . "
He looked through the Yellow Pages for jobs and played at bar mitzvahs for $ 125 ; he later said " [ I ] was glad to do it . " Weinberg became the live drummer for 10 @,@ 000 Maniacs in 1992 after their drummer Jerry Augustyniak was injured five days before a five @-@ week tour . He went after that assignment once he heard it was open and later said , " I lived on a bus and had a roommate . Not exactly like the E Street Band , but I loved it . It reminded me that I am a drummer and I 'm good . I was put here to play the drums . To turn my back on that ability was wrong . " He played at the January 1993 inauguration of Bill Clinton . Weinberg auditioned in 1993 to be the principal drummer on the Broadway show The Who 's Tommy , but was selected instead as the second substitute . Despite the very low pay , Weinberg was nevertheless happy : " I 'd buried drumming so far into my psyche . I felt I 'd resurrected it . " Of Springsteen 's work , Weinberg felt " that I would
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never get to play these songs again . "
= = Late Night with Conan O 'Brien = =
In July 1993 , Weinberg had a chance sidewalk meeting outside Carnegie Deli with newly selected Late Night host Conan O 'Brien , where Weinberg spoke about his ideas for music on the show . O 'Brien promised Weinberg an audition . Within a few short days Weinberg put together The Max Weinberg 7 , recruiting musicians he had worked with during his career including on the Killer Joe project , starting with guitarist and arranger Jimmy Vivino . Weinberg decided a muscular , drums @-@ driven jump blues vibe , partly derived from the Killer Joe sound , is what he would use as a starting point for the group 's sound . At the early August audition , the outfit impressed O 'Brien with their ability to play not just rock but also rhythm and blues , soul , jazz , pop , and big band swing ; Weinberg was so anxious to land the job that he threw up afterward . After a final meeting with executive producer Lorne Michaels they were hired as the house band . The band performed on the show every night since its premiere on September 13 , 1993 . O 'Brien later said of the Weinberg choice , " The energy and enthusiasm of his music coincided with the show I wanted to do . Plus , his tan offset my ghostly complexion . " Weinberg held the title of music director on the show , while Vivino did most of the arranging . Of his career rebound , Weinberg said simply : " I grabbed the brass ring twice . "
In the early phases of the show , Weinberg was involved in occasional comedy bits , but mostly focused on his musical responsibilities , including the selection of walk @-@ on music for guests . The band got a 30 @-@ second featured spot each night after O 'Brien 's opening monologue . O 'Brien often received poor notices during the early years of Late Night , and Jon Pareles of The New York Times pronounced the Max Weinberg 7 as the " saving grace " of the show . Weinberg established an image by dressing in high @-@ quality suits and a tie ; he said , " I like us to look sharp and play sharp , " and " I don 't want to look like the audience , I want to look different . " Weinberg became a television celebrity , and his visibility and stature grew from Late Night and established an image for him beyond Springsteen . Indeed , much of the show 's young fan base , and some of the staff on the show itself , were unaware of Weinberg 's past role in the E Street Band .
In 1994 , Rhino Records released Max Weinberg Presents : Let There Be Drums , a three @-@ volume set of CDs that highlighted drumming that Weinberg admired on songs from the 1950s through the 1970s . Recaps in 1998 of the first five years of Late Night concluded that the band had been an important element in the show surviving , with Weinberg 's personality providing a foil to O 'Brien 's and with " the Max Weinberg 7 [ leaving ] television viewers wishing they were in the studio to hear more . " Their sound also fit into the swing revival going on during the late 1990s .
In 2000 , Conan sidekick Andy Richter left the show , and Weinberg became the " second banana " . Weinberg continued to present an obvious visual foil : as O 'Brien said , " If you looked at this guy you would never know he was the drummer in a huge rock ' n ' roll band . You would say he was the guy who did the band 's accounting . But Max is the authoritative , buttoned @-@ down adult in the midst of all this madness . " The drummer reveled in O 'Brien 's youthful audience : " To be 49 and appreciated by 14 @-@ year @-@ olds again ? What a thrill ! " Weinberg engaged in stare @-@ downs with O 'Brien and gave scripted screeds about newsmakers . Additionally , Weinberg was comically presented as a twisted character with sexual fetishes and homicidal tendencies in comedy bits . When Conan O 'Brien was host of Saturday Night Live on March 10 , 2001 , his monologue featured a visit from the SNL studio to the Late Night studio ( only a few floors apart in the same building , 30 Rockefeller Plaza ) , where Conan discovers Weinberg engaged in sexual intercourse with a woman on his desk ( played by Max 's real @-@ life wife , Becky ) . Weinberg says of his comic persona : " [ I ] t 's playing against type . I 've been happily married for nearly 30 years , with two wonderful children . It 's not what I portray on the show , and that 's funny . " Weinberg continued his one @-@ man college shows , now titled " E Street to Late Night : Dreams Found , Lost , and Found Again " .
Weinberg returned to the E Street Band briefly when Springsteen re @-@ grouped the band in early 1995 to record a few new songs for the Greatest Hits release . The regrouping was only temporary and the band returned to inactivity . Also in 1995 , Weinberg drummed on two of Johnnie Johnson 's songs : " I 'm Mad " and " She Called Me Out of My Name , " on Johnnie 's 1995 album Johnnie Be Back . Weinberg spent two years building an 8 @,@ 900 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 830 m2 ) house in Middletown Township , New Jersey that they moved into in 1999 ; he picked up many of the furnishings for it from locations around the world during subsequent tours .
The Max Weinberg 7 released a self @-@ titled album in 2000 on Hip @-@ O Records ; Weinberg said he waited until then because " I wanted to change my style of playing and hone my style before I committed to a record . " He was especially proud that the band had successfully backed Tony Bennett during a late 1990s appearance on Late Night : " Two years ago if you 'd asked me if I could play with Tony Bennett , I would have said absolutely not . I 'm not in his league . But we played with him the other night , and it was wonderful . We swung . "
= = Reformation of the E Street Band = =
Springsteen reunited the E Street Band in 1999 on a more lasting basis , for the Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band Reunion Tour . This posed a dilemma for Weinberg , whose greater loyalty was to O 'Brien and NBC . Indeed , up until then Weinberg had never missed a Late Night show , appearing in over 1 @,@ 000 in a row . However , allowing Weinberg to tour for one of the highest @-@ profile reunions in rock history was thought to be of long @-@ term benefit to the television show 's appeal , and an arrangement was worked out wherein Weinberg took a leave of absence from Late Night in order to go out on this and subsequent tours . When he was tied up with Springsteen , drummer James Wormworth took his place , and the band was led by Jimmy Vivino ( " Jimmy Vivino and the Max Weinberg 7 " ) . When the Reunion Tour was extended in length , shows were generally restricted to weekends , so as to permit Weinberg to fulfill his Late Night responsibilities . At NBC , the coexistence between the drummer 's two bosses was known as the Weinberg @-@ Springsteen Rule , and was not typically extended to other talent at the network .
While Weinberg did not forget the breakup and long separation , he viewed it as " at the same time the most horrifying experience I 've ever been through and the most liberating . " In any case , he immediately felt comfortable playing with Springsteen once more : " Right from the first downbeat of the first rehearsal , it was there again . " His drumming for the E Street Band was more relaxed and mature than before , showing more confidence and finesse , and his hands and fingers were in better shape for having done the daily Late Night work . When the tour concluded with ten shows at New York 's Madison Square Garden , on several days Weinberg taped the Conan show at Rockefeller Center in the late afternoon , put his hands in ice and changed from his suit into jeans and a vest , and played with Springsteen at night . The experience of doing both left him " professionally speaking , as alive as I 've ever felt . " Of his position on the drum platform behind Springsteen , he says , " I have the best seat in the house . " His energy level was no less , as he could be seen jumping a foot off his seat during some songs . His daughter Ali joined the band on keyboards several times during the tour .
Weinberg 's steady drumming helped power Springsteen 's 2002 comeback album , and the first E Street Band studio recording in 18 years , The Rising . Weinberg took more time off from the Conan show to participate in the long and successful 2002 – 2003 Rising Tour . In the early 2000s , Weinberg was at the center of annual holiday benefit shows at Asbury Park Convention Hall , billed as Bruce Springsteen , the Max Weinberg 7 and Friends .
Weinberg was a member of the board of trustees of the Monmouth Conservation Foundation and won a conservation award in 2002 . Nevertheless , during 2002 and 2003 he got into a prolonged local controversy over his plans to subdivide a portion of his 65 @-@ acre ( 26 ha ) Middletown Township , New Jersey property into lots for new homes . Some of his neighbors strongly protested the move , and they and some in the press accused him of hypocrisy ; Weinberg defended himself by saying the conservation foundation was not against all development , just thoughtless development . A scaled @-@ down version of the plan was approved by the town 's zoning board , and in 2008 Weinberg went ahead with plans to sell the lots . Weinberg generally avoids political comments , but did campaign for John Kerry in the United States presidential election , 2004 .
Springsteen himself also made appearances on Late Night in 1999 , 2002 , and 2006 . Weinberg participated in the 2004 Vote for Change tour then drummed on Springsteen 's 2007 album Magic . There he was part of a core rhythm section comprising himself , Springsteen , bassist Garry Tallent , and pianist Roy Bittan , who did the tracks first ; other members ' contributions were added later . Weinberg then took more time off from the Conan show to do the 2007 – 2008 Magic Tour . Weinberg repeated his role in the core section in recording Springsteen 's Working on a Dream album . Weinberg also fulfilled a long @-@ time dream by going to Super Bowl XLIII in February 2009 with Springsteen and the E Street Band 's half @-@ time performance , where he was joined by some of the other members of the Max Weinberg 7 .
= = Move to The Tonight Show = =
The ending of the Conan Late Night and beginning of The Tonight Show coincided with the start of Springsteen and the E Street Band 's 2009 Working on a Dream Tour . O 'Brien told a Variety reporter at the time of the announcement that he hoped that Weinberg would follow him to Los Angeles and that he also hoped an arrangement could be worked out to let Weinberg go on the road with Springsteen as had been done for past tours .
Whether Weinberg would stay with O 'Brien and move or not
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highways head due east from the state line for seven miles ( 11 km ) before coming to an intersection with US @-@ 283 . US @-@ 283 follows US @-@ 60 and SH @-@ 51 into Arnett , where they serve as the southern terminus for SH @-@ 46 . East of Arnett , US @-@ 283 splits off to the south . US @-@ 60 / SH @-@ 51 continue east through the unincorporated location of Harmon and on into Dewey County .
In the northwest part of Dewey County , US @-@ 60 / SH @-@ 51 pass through Vici , where they share a brief concurrency with SH @-@ 34 . The highways continue east for 11 miles ( 18 km ) to Cestos , another unincorporated place , and proceed for eight miles ( 13 km ) to a junction with US @-@ 183 . US @-@ 60 / SH @-@ 51 then enter the city of Seiling , where the two routes part ways . SH @-@ 51 turns southeast along eastbound US @-@ 270 , southbound US @-@ 281 , and southbound SH @-@ 3 ; US @-@ 60 instead follows westbound US @-@ 270 , northbound US @-@ 281 , and northbound SH @-@ 3 . The four routes pass through downtown Seiling . On the north side of town , US @-@ 270 and SH @-@ 3 continue to the northwest , while US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 281 take a more northerly tack that will take them towards Major County .
US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 281 cross the North Canadian River into Major County north of Seiling . They split at unincorporated Chester , five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) north of Seiling ; US @-@ 281 continues north toward Waynoka , while US @-@ 60 turns east . US @-@ 60 then passes through a series of unincorporated locations : Orion , Bado , Dane , and Cedar Springs . The highway next enters Fairview , the county seat . On the south side of town , US @-@ 60 and SH @-@ 58 join in a concurrency and head north . In downtown Fairview , SH @-@ 58 leaves the concurrency but SH @-@ 8 joins US @-@ 60 as it continues north out of town . Six miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) north of Fairview , US @-@ 60 and SH @-@ 8 meet US @-@ 412 at unincorporated Orienta ; US @-@ 412 joins the concurrency . The three highways cross the Cimarron River together before SH @-@ 8 splits off to the north towards Cleo Springs . US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 412 continue to the east , meeting up with SH @-@ 58 again on the north edge of Ringwood . The two US highways pass through Meno before coming to the Major – Garfield County line .
Soon after entering Garfield County , US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 412 run through Lahoma . Three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east of there , they share a brief concurrency with SH @-@ 132 . The two highways enter the county seat of Garfield County , the city of Enid , along Owen K. Garriott Road , named in honor of the astronaut . In downtown Enid , US @-@ 60 turns off of Garriott and onto Van Buren Street , leaving US @-@ 412 and joining US @-@ 81 instead . The two routes proceed north towards a junction with US @-@ 64 , which joins the other US routes to form a three @-@ way concurrency — a wrong @-@ way concurrency , as US @-@ 60 eastbound is also US @-@ 64 westbound and vice versa . The routes straddle the line between Enid and North Enid and serve as the eastern terminus of SH @-@ 45 . All three highways then exit Enid , and continue north to leave Garfield County as well .
Upon leaving Garfield County , US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 64 / US @-@ 81 enter Grant County . Fourteen miles ( 23 km ) north of Enid , the three routes come to a T junction ; US @-@ 64 turns west here , while US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 81 head east . After four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) , the highways come to the town of Pond Creek ; here US @-@ 81 splits off towards the county seat of Medford and on to Kansas . US @-@ 60 continues east , crossing the Salt Fork of the Arkansas River and briefly concurring with SH @-@ 74 to the west of Lamont , where the two part ways .
Kay County is the next county US @-@ 60 passes through , and the first settlement US @-@ 60 comes to is the city of Tonkawa . Here , US @-@ 60 has an interchange with one of the two interstate highways it will meet in Oklahoma , Interstate 35 ( I @-@ 35 ) . East of I @-@ 35 , US @-@ 60 begins a concurrency with US @-@ 77 ; this interchange is also the western terminus of US @-@ 60 Business , which serves downtown Tonkawa . US @-@ 177 joins the concurrency at the next interchange , which is also the other end of the Tonkawa business loop . Further east is an interchange with SH @-@ 156 , the northern terminus of that route . US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 77 / US @-@ 177 then reach the outskirts of Ponca City , Kay County 's largest city . Ponca City , too , has a business loop from US @-@ 60 , which begins at the next interchange east . The three U.S. routes mostly bypass the city to the south , only actually entering the city limits at its far southern extent . In Ponca City , US @-@ 60 Business reunites with mainline US @-@ 60 and ends . This intersection is also where the three @-@ way concurrency between the U.S. routes breaks ; US @-@ 77 heads north along US @-@ 60 Business , deeper into Ponca City , US @-@ 177 heads south toward Stillwater , and US @-@ 60 heads east to cross the Arkansas River .
Upon crossing the Arkansas , US @-@ 60 enters Osage County and the Osage Nation reservation , which is coterminous with the county . US @-@ 60 does not have another junction with a state highway for 21 miles ( 34 km ) , when it comes to an intersection with SH @-@ 11 and SH @-@ 18 southeast of Burbank . SH @-@ 11 splits away from SH @-@ 18 to follow US @-@ 60 instead . From the SH @-@ 18 junction , the highways ' next state highway junction lies 20 miles ( 32 km ) further east , in Pawhuska , the county seat . Here , US @-@ 60 and SH @-@ 11 come to a T intersection with SH @-@ 99 ; eastbound SH @-@ 11 heads south along SH @-@ 99 while US @-@ 60 heads north . North of Pawhuska , US @-@ 60 splits off to the east once again , as SH @-@ 99 continues north to the Kansas line . US @-@ 60 serves as the northern terminus of a spur route to Osage Hills State Park ; this route , while state maintained and numbered as SH @-@ 35 , does not bear any conventional state highway signage .
US @-@ 60 next comes to a junction with SH @-@ 123 as it enters Bartlesville . The SH @-@ 123 junction lies a few feet into Washington County ; south of the junction , US @-@ 60 and SH @-@ 123 form a concurrency , and the two routes curve slightly to the west and straddle the Washington – Osage county line . After only 0 @.@ 2 miles ( 0 @.@ 32 km ) , US @-@ 60 turns to the east along Adams Boulevard , splitting away from SH @-@ 123 , and fully enters Washington County . US @-@ 60 runs through downtown Bartlesville on Adams , then bridges the Caney River . The highway continues to an interchange with US @-@ 75 . At this interchange , US @-@ 60 turns south and overlaps US @-@ 75 before splitting off to the east once again , leaving Bartlesville and , soon , Washington County behind .
Next along US @-@ 60 's route is Nowata County , and the county seat of the same name , 17 miles ( 27 km ) east of Bartlesville . In Nowata , the route uses a series of local streets to pass through town , following , from west to east , Davis Avenue , Pecan Street , Delaware Avenue , and Pine Street before turning onto Cherokee Avenue . It intersects with US @-@ 169 Alternate at Maple Street , then with US @-@ 169 itself at Ash Street . In the east part of Nowata , US @-@ 60 transitions from Cherokee Avenue to Fairview Avenue , which it remains on as it exits town . Three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east of Nowata , the highway passes through unincorporated Coodys Bluff , where it crosses the Verdigris River. five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) east of Coody 's Bluff , the highway junctions with SH @-@ 28 . US @-@ 60 continues into Craig County , leaving Nowata County .
US @-@ 60 's first highway junction in Craig County is at the eastern terminus of SH @-@ 66 east of the incorporated location of White Oak . US @-@ 60 then proceeds east , joining with US @-@ 69 as the two head into Vinita , the county seat . In Vinita , the highways serve as the southern terminus of the northern SH @-@ 2 . Just outside Vinita , US @-@ 60 has its first interchange with I @-@ 44 , which is also carrying the Will Rogers Turnpike at this point ( this is US @-@ 69 's second I @-@ 44 junction ; it previously intersected I @-@ 44 near Big Cabin ) . Four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) east of the I @-@ 44 junction , US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 69 serve as the northern terminus of SH @-@ 82 . East of here , the two US highways clip the corner of Delaware County ; while in Delaware County , they meet SH @-@ 85 at is northern terminus .
Ottawa County is the final Oklahoma county that both US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 69 will pass through . The two routes first pass through the town of Afton . The first highway junction in the county is with US @-@ 59 , which concurs with the other two highways . Less than a mile north of the US @-@ 59 junction , the three highways pass through a cloverleaf interchange ; proceeding north through this interchange places a motorist on US @-@ 59 / US @-@ 69 bound for Miami , heading west leads to the toll booth for I @-@ 44 , and turning east puts the motorist on US @-@ 60 eastbound . US @-@ 60 , now with no other highways concurrent with it , will parallel the BNSF rail line for the remainder of its time in Oklahoma . The next town the route passes through is Fairland ; here , it has a brief concurrency with SH @-@ 125 . US @-@ 60 crosses the Neosho River ( also known as the Grand River ) into Twin Bridges State Park . Within the park , the highway serves as the southern terminus of SH @-@ 137 . US @-@ 60 crosses the Spring River to exit the park . Northeast of Wyandotte , US @-@ 60 has a brief concurrency with SH @-@ 10 . As it approaches the state line , US @-@ 60 Business splits from US @-@ 60 , serving Seneca , Missouri . US @-@ 60 then leaves Oklahoma , continuing into Newton County , Missouri .
= = History = =
US @-@ 60 as designated in the original U.S. highway system had a western terminus in Springfield , Missouri . On May 29 , 1930 , AASHO approved an extension westward to Amarillo , Texas , bringing the route through Oklahoma for the first time . From west to east , US @-@ 60 displaced US @-@ 164 ( from Amarillo to Enid , its entire length ) , SH @-@ 11 ( from Ponca City to Pawhuska ) , and SH @-@ 25 ( from Pawhuska to Vinita ) . The section of highway between what was then US @-@ 59 / US @-@ 66 / US @-@ 69 ( now only US @-@ 59 / US @-@ 69 ) north of Afton and Seneca , Missouri was purpose @-@ built as US @-@ 60 .
The first two changes to US @-@ 60 in Oklahoma after its inception occurred in the northeastern part of the state . The highway 's routing through Bartlesville was changed on September 15 , 1936 . On October 22 , 1936 , a section of US @-@ 60 and SH @-@ 48 ( the precursor to SH @-@ 99 in that area ) in Osage County north of Pawhuska was abandoned in favor of a new alignment that led to a new grade separation .
At the request of the Ponca City Chamber of Commerce , the Oklahoma Highway Commission approved several changes to the highway marking in the vicinity of that city . Both US @-@ 77 and US @-@ 60 had a bypass route marked around town as a " Belt Line " , while city routes ( the precursor to business routes ) were marked through town . The US @-@ 60 Belt Line approximated the route of present @-@ day US @-@ 60 Business , while the US @-@ 60 City Route penetrated further into downtown Ponca City . These routes were established on September 9 , 1938 .
US @-@ 60 would be realigned through many of the towns it served in the late 1940s and early 1950s . The highway was adjusted through Fairland to use Connor Avenue , a shorter , straighter route through town ; this change was approved on July 11 , 1949 . The highway 's route through Nowata was altered next , on November 13 , 1950 . Previously , US @-@ 60 followed Delaware Avenue to Oak Street , where it turned south , before turning back to the east on Cherokee Avenue ; after the change , it turns south on Pine Street and joins Cherokee Avenue further west . On the same date , the highway was realigned through Bartlesville . The US @-@ 60 system through Ponca City was next to be reworked , on July 14 , 1952 . The previous US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 77 Belt Line routes and City Routes were removed in favor of a new US @-@ 60 route bypassing the city to the south on Harding Avenue and proceeding east across a new Arkansas River bridge — the present day route . Further west , US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 177 were realigned in Tonkawa on May 4 , 1953 , replacing an alternate US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 177 that previously paralleled the main highway there .
The mid @-@ 1950s saw two alterations of US @-@ 60 in rural areas . The first concerned the section of US @-@ 60 between then @-@ US @-@ 59 / US @-@ 66 / US @-@ 69 and Fairland . Previously , US @-@ 60 diverged from the other three U.S. routes further north and headed due east towards Fairview . The new ( present @-@ day ) alignment of US @-@ 60 , approved December 17 , 1956 , instead diverged at an interchange also serving the Will Rogers Turnpike , then headed northeast to Fairland . After realignment , the route was 1 @.@ 4 miles ( 2 @.@ 3 km ) shorter than before . The next change occurred on April 23 , 1957 , in Major County , northeast of Orienta . Here , the highway was realigned due to a new bridge over the Cimarron River ; the old highway was turned over to Major County to maintain .
On July 17 , 1958 , the Highway Commission approved a reroute of US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 81 through Enid . Rather than passing through the north half of the city on Grand Avenue and North Enid Boulevard as the two routes did previously , they now proceeded north along Van Buren Avenue . The next changes to the route occurred in Osage County . A 3 @.@ 1 @-@ mile ( 5 @.@ 0 km ) segment of US @-@ 60 / SH @-@ 11 west of Pawhuska with many curves was replaced with a newer , straighter alignment on October 6 , 1958 , with the old highway segment being transferred to the county . Further straightening of the route , further west , was approved on April 3 , 1961 .
The easternmost stretch of US @-@ 60 in Oklahoma was revised in 1965 . Previously , US @-@ 60 passed directly through Seneca , Missouri . In 1965 , the Oklahoma and Missouri Departments of Highways submitted a request to reroute US @-@ 60 to the south , and to redesignate a portion of old US @-@ 60 serving Seneca , as well as a segment of Missouri Route 43 connecting to the new US @-@ 60 , as US @-@ 60 Business . The remainder of the bypassed portion of US @-@ 60 in Missouri , east of Route 43 , was to be abandoned . This request was approved by the Oklahoma Highway Commission on March 1 , submitted to AASHO on May 5 , and approved by AASHO on July 12 .
Two realignments to US @-@ 60 occurred on March 6 , 1967 . First , a portion of US @-@ 60 west of Nowata was straightened . Second , a segment of US @-@ 60 / SH @-@ 11 east of Burbank was rerouted to the south on a straighter alignment ; this new alignment also removed a concurrency with SH @-@ 18 . On April 3 , 1967 , the Oklahoma Highway Commission approved a realignment of a short segment of US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 64 / US @-@ 81 north of Enid in Garfield and Grant Counties . AASHO received applications for both the Burbank and Enid @-@ area relocations on April 24 and approved both of them at the organization 's June 20 meeting .
On July 14 , 1969 , US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 77 / US @-@ 177 west of Ponca City was moved to a new alignment , and a section of temporary highway linking the new road to the old road continuing west toward Tonkawa had the three U.S. designations applied to it . AASHO received the application for this move on August 25 , and it was approved on October 26 . Further west , the Oklahoma Department of Highways constructed a section of highway bypassing Tonkawa to the north and east . The Highway Commission approved moving US @-@ 60 to this highway and designating the old highway as US @-@ 60 Business on August 9 , 1971 . AASHO received an application for this change on October 8 of that year and approved it on December 4 . The section of highway between the Tonkawa bypass and the Ponca City bypass was upgraded next ; this road was designated as US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 77 / US @-@ 177 on November 7 , 1974 . This change was submitted to AASHO , now renamed to AASHTO , on April 29 , 1975 , received on May 1 , and approved on June 17 .
On January 6 , 1986 , the Oklahoma State Transportation Commission ( which had replaced the Highway Commission ) approved rerouting US @-@ 60 / SH @-@ 11 on the east side of Pawhuska . While the two highways still passed through Pawhuska from west to east , after turning north , the new route bypassed much of the city . The application for this alteration was submitted to AASHTO on September 22 , received the same day , and approved on November 8 .
The next change to US @-@ 60 did not take place until the 21st century . On March 19 , 2001 , 0 @.@ 73 miles ( 1 @.@ 17 km ) US @-@ 60 and SH @-@ 51 west of Arnett were moved slightly in order to connect to a new bridge . Because ODOT demolished the old highway rather than turning it over to Ellis County , this change did not require approval from the Highway Commission . Finally , on October 4 , 2004 , the Transportation Commission approved the realignment of US @-@ 60 , US @-@ 412 , and SH @-@ 8 at their junction near Orienta . No further changes to the route are on record .
= = Junction list = =
= Elfin woods warbler =
The elfin woods warbler ( Setophaga angelae ) is a bird endemic to Puerto Rico where it is a local and uncommon species . Discovered in 1968 and described in 1972 , it is the most recently described species of New World warbler ( Parulidae family ) . The species name , angelae , is a tribute to Angela Kepler , one of its discoverers . An insectivore , it feeds by gleaning small insects off leaves .
Due to its small populations and restricted habitats , conservation efforts were begun in 1982 to protect this species but , as of 2005 , the warbler was still in need of protection . The species is not in immediate danger as the majority of its habitat is protected forest , but introduced species , such as rats and small Asian mongooses , habitat reduction , and natural disasters represent potential threats to the population .
= = Discovery and naming = =
The elfin woods warbler is one of many species in the genus Setophaga of the New World warbler family Parulidae . It was first observed in 1968 by Cameron and Angela Kepler while they were conducting observations on two Puerto Rican endemic birds , the Puerto Rican amazon and the Puerto Rican tody . On May 18 , 1971 , a specimen was captured in El Yunque National Forest , which at the time was believed to be its only habitat . A year later Kepler and Parkes described and named the species making it the most recent warbler of the genus Setophaga discovered in the New World . Also , it is the first species described in the Caribbean since 1927 and the first Puerto Rican species described in the 20th century . The species name , angelae , is a tribute to Angela Kepler . Elfin @-@ woods warbler is an alternative spelling , and Reinita de Bosque Enano is the Spanish name . The species was initially placed in the genus Dendroica but in 2011 the American Ornithologists ' Union reorganized the classification of the Parulidae family and transferred species in the Dendroica genus into Setophaga . This revised classification was adopted by the International Ornithologists ’ Union .
A phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA sequences from New World warblers has shown that within the genus Setophaga the elfin woods warbler is most closely related to the arrowhead warbler , a species which is endemic to Jamaica and the plumbeous warbler which is endemic to the islands of Dominica and Saint Lucia .
= = Description = =
The warbler 's upper body is predominantly black with white areas while its underparts are white with black streaks . Other identifying characteristics are dark brown eyes , white patches on its ears and neck , an incomplete white eyering , a white eyestripe , and two white spots on its outer tail feathers . Characteristic of Antillean warblers ( S. adelaidae , S. delicata , S. plumbea and S. pharetra ) , the species features a long bill and short , round wings ( 53 @.@ 8 mm or 2 @.@ 12 in average ) . Among Setophaga spp . , only S. adelaidae has a shorter wing length average ( 50 mm or 2 @.@ 0 in ) than the elfin woods warbler . Juveniles differ from adults , retaining a grayish @-@ green back for approximately a year and partially molting from July to October . The warbler 's average mature length is 12 @.@ 5 cm ( 5 in ) and its average weight is 8 @.@ 4 g ( 0 @.@ 30 oz ) . Sexual dimorphism is not present in this species .
= = = Identification = = =
The elfin woods warbler is often confused with the black @-@ and @-@ white warbler ( Mniotilta varia ) , a non @-@ breeding species in the Caribbean occurring in Puerto Rico from mid @-@ September to early May . The main physical distinction is in the eyes . The elfin woods warbler has an incomplete white eyering and the black @-@ and @-@ white warbler has a white band across the eye and a white lower half of the eyering . Another distinction is found in the crown , with the elfin woods warbler 's being entirely black and the black @-@ and @-@ white 's having a white band across . The latter species forages on larger branches compared with the elfin woods warbler 's foraging in the canopy and on smaller branch tips .
= = = Voice = = =
The elfin woods warbler 's song and call are difficult to hear . The species has a subtle voice and its call and song resemble those of the bananaquit , the most abundant bird in Puerto Rico . The song is a series of " short , rapidly uttered , rather unmusical notes on one pitch , swelling in volume and terminating with a short series of distinct double syllables sounding slightly lower in pitch " while the call has been described as " a single , short , metallic chip " .
= = Behavior = =
= = = Breeding = = =
The elfin woods warbler breeds from March to June . Both parents are involved in the construction of the nest and in feeding the chicks . Nests are built close to the tree trunk within dry aerial leaf litter , usually Cecropia leaves ( a material used by no other Parulidae species ) , in Bulbophyllum wadsworthii trees . Nests are well @-@ concealed and located 1 @.@ 3 to 7 @.@ 6 metres ( 4 @.@ 3 to 24 @.@ 9 ft ) above ground level . Nests are cup @-@ shaped and made from small roots and twigs , dry leaves of Chusquea abietifolia and B. wadsworthii , and dry Panicum maximum leaves . The interior is made from fibers of C. abietifolia , dry leaves and other plant matter . Females lay two or three white colored eggs with red @-@ brown spots . The chick 's diet consists of insects — parents have been observed offering lepidopteran and orthopteran adults and lepidopteran larvae to hatchlings .
= = = Feeding = = =
The elfin woods warbler is commonly found foraging the middle canopy for insects . While searching for food it often flocks with other birds , such as black @-@ and @-@ white warblers , Puerto Rican tanagers and Lesser Antillean
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pewees . Three maneuvers used for catching prey — gleaning , sally @-@ hovering and probing — have been described . Gleaning is described as a hunting maneuver made by a standing or moving bird . Sally @-@ hovering is a hunting maneuver made by a bird in flight . Probing is a maneuver in which the bird , by digging with its beak , forages the substrate looking for food in a manner similar to chickens . Gleaning , especially off leaves , is the maneuver used with more frequency by the elfin woods warbler while probing is the least used .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
When first discovered , the elfin woods warbler was believed to exclusively occur in the high elevation , from 640 to 1 @,@ 030 metres ( 2 @,@ 100 to 3 @,@ 380 ft ) , dwarf or elfin forests of the El Yunque National Forest in eastern Puerto Rico . The wind @-@ clipped trees in these forests rarely exceed 5 metres ( 16 ft ) height and are characterized by stiff , thick twigs , leathery leaves and impenetrable , dense undergrowth ideal for hiding from predators . Later studies showed that the species migrated altitudinally to lower elevations , between 370 and 600 metres ( 1 @,@ 210 and 1 @,@ 970 ft ) , in Tabonuco and Palo Colorado forests . Three more populations were discovered in the Maricao State Forest ( 1972 , largest known population ) , the Carite State Forest ( 1977 ) and the Toro Negro State Forest ( late 1970s ) .
Presently , the species is presumed extirpated from two locales , occurring only at El Yunque National Forest and the Maricao State Forest . The elfin forest at El Yunque National Forest is characterized by high rainfall and humidity , low temperatures and insolation , and constant winds . It is found at mountain summits and is primarily composed of dense shrub and small trees with moss and epiphyte growth in its plants and floor . The species richness is low when compared to other types of forests ( tabonuco , palo Colorado and palma sierra forests ) found in the Luquillo Mountains . The elfin forest at the Maricao State Forest , located in western Puerto Rico , receives an annual average rainfall of 2 @,@ 250 millimetres ( 90 in ) , a high amount considering that a rainforest , by definition , receives a minimum of 1 @,@ 700 millimetres ( 67 in ) annually . However , since its soil has low water @-@ holding capacity its vegetation is more xeric than expected . The species 's highest density occurs in Podocarpus forests in the Maricao State Forest . Little information is available on the elfin forests at Toro Negro and Carite .
= = Status and conservation = =
= = = Population = = =
In September 1989 , Hurricane Hugo struck the central and eastern region of Puerto Rico affecting three ( the El Yunque National Forest , Toro Negro and Carite populations ) of the four known populations of the elfin woods warbler . A survey conducted two years later in the Toro Negro Forest , located in the Cordillera Central , did not find any individuals . Recent surveys suggest that , for reasons yet unknown , the populations at Carite and Toro Negro were likely extirpated . Continued monitoring of the elfin woods warbler populations is achieved through bird counts performed every 3 to 4 years by the Puerto Rican Breeding Bird Survey ( PRBBS ) . A survey conducted in 2001 found three individuals at the Maricao State Forest . An IUCN assessment of the elfin woods warbler , prepared in 2000 , estimated a stable population of 600 mature individuals . More recently the population has been estimated to comprise at least 1800 mature individuals , a figure which equates to at least 2700 individual birds .
= = = Threats = = =
The survival of the elfin woods warbler faces two main threats , predation and the destruction or alteration of suitable habitat . Confirmed native predators are the pearly @-@ eyed thrasher ( Margarops fuscatus ) , the Puerto Rican sharp @-@ shinned hawk ( Accipiter striatus venator ) and the extirpated white @-@ necked crow ( Corvus leucognaphalus ) while unconfirmed native predators include two endemic snakes and several carnivores ( from fossil records ) . Introduced species , such as cats ( Felis domesticus ) , dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris ) , black rats ( Rattus rattus ) and small Asian mongooses ( Herpestes javanicus ) are also potential nest predators . These species have proliferated due to the presence of human @-@ developed facilities , mainly for communication purposes , in the Maricao State Forest and El Yunque National Forest . Two factors contribute to the destruction of the elfin woods warbler 's habitat , humans and nature . Human @-@ related habitat destruction includes the construction of communication towers , acquisition of timber , and expansion of roads and trails . Nature 's contribution comes from natural disasters such as forest fires and hurricanes .
= = = Protection = = =
The elfin woods warbler was placed on the United States federal candidate list for the Endangered Species Act in 1999 and the announcement was published on the Federal Register of October 25 , 1999 , Volume 64 , No. 205 , pages 57535 – 57547 . The USFWS started to consider the need to protect the elfin woods warbler in 1982 . In 2005 , a group of scientists , scholars , artists and environmentalists petitioned the Bush administration to admit 225 species , among these the elfin woods warbler , to the Endangered Species Act . Of these 225 species , more than one third have been on the candidate list for 20 or more years and half for 10 or more years . Recent ( 2004 ) studies also show that since the creation of the Endangered Species Act in 1973 , 114 United States species have become extinct , many because of lack of habitat protection by the federal government .
The IUCN first evaluated the status of the elfin woods warbler in 1988 . At the time it was given a classification of lower risk / least concern . In 1994 , its status was changed to lower risk / near threatened and in 2000 , its status was changed to vulnerable , where it remains . The justification for maintaining the species ' status as vulnerable is that " There are no direct or immediate threats , but the combination of a very small range and population may have important implications for its chances of long @-@ term survival , and this species consequently qualifies as vulnerable " .
= = = Cited references = = =
= Women 's Boat Race 2013 =
The 68th Women 's Boat Race took place on 24 March 2013 . The race , between crews representing Oxford University Women 's Boat Club and Cambridge University Women 's Boat Club , was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races . It took place on a 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) stretch of water on 2012 Olympic venue Dorney Lake . Cambridge were the heavier of the crews and consisted of an all @-@ British crew , while Oxford 's boat included a Hungarian rower and an American cox . Oxford won the race by one and three @-@ quarter lengths in a time of 7 minutes 11 seconds , their first win since the 2011 race . The victory took the overall record in the event to 41 – 27 in Cambridge 's favour .
= = Background = =
The Women 's Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between Oxford University Women 's Boat Club ( OUWBC ) and the Cambridge University Women 's Boat Club ( CUWBC ) that has taken place since 1927 . It was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , which for 2013 was hosted at the 2012 Summer Olympics venue of Dorney Lake in Buckinghamshire instead of the traditional straight course at Henley @-@ on @-@ Thames . Strong winds and stream conditions on the River Thames had precipitated the move to the Olympic venue . Cambridge went into the race as champions , having won the previous year 's race by one quarter of a length , and led 41 – 26 overall . The race was sponsored by Newton Investment Management , a subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon , for the third successive year .
Cambridge were led by Rob Baker who had previously coached Goldie to victory in 2006 and 2007 . Baker was assisted by British Olympic quadruple sculls silver medallist Annie Vernon . Oxford 's coach was Canadian former Olympic and University trainer Christine Wilson . She was assisted by British Olympic rower Natasha Page who was part of the women 's eights that came fifth in both the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics .
= = Crews = =
Trials for the crews were held in December 2012 . Oxford 's trial boats raced at Henley and were named Quick and Easy while Cambridge 's trials took place at Dorney Lake with boats named Gin and Tonic .
The weigh @-@ in , held on 4 March 2013 , took place alongside the men for the first time in the history of the event . It was also the first time the weights of the female crews were made public . The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 11 st 0 lb 10 oz ( 70 @.@ 0 kg ) , 4 lb 3 oz ( 1 @.@ 9 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Oxford saw two rowers return to the crew in number three Mary Foord @-@ Weston and number six Harriet Keane , both of whom had participated in the 2012 race . Oxford 's boat club president Bridget Fryer was forced to withdraw from the race through injury . Cambridge 's crew included three rowers with Boat Race experience , in bow Caroline Reid , number two Faye Sandford ( who was earning her third Blue for CUWBC ) and stroke Holly Game . Cambridge 's boat club president Helena Schofield did not participate in the event , and instead rowed for the women 's reserve boat Blondie .
CUWBC 's cox Esther Momcilovic had previously steered the Cambridge reserve boat Blondie , while Oxford 's crew included three former Osiris participants in Amy Varney , Keane and cox Katie Apfelbaum . Cambridge 's crew was entirely British while Oxford 's included Hungarian Mariann Novak at bow , British / Germans Alice Carrington @-@ Windo at two and Maxie Scheske at stroke , and American Apfelbaum .
= = Race = =
Cambridge won the toss and selected the more sheltered side of the course . The race started at 3 : 00 p.m. on 24 March 2013 . Cambridge made the quicker start and led by a few feet after ten strokes . They were half a length ahead after 250 metres ( 270 yd ) , out @-@ rating Oxford by fours strokes per minute . OUWBC 's longer strokes enabled them to cope with the " choppy " conditions and at the 750 @-@ metre ( 820 yd ) mark they began to catch the Cambridge boat , getting level by the 1 @,@ 250 @-@ metre ( 1 @,@ 370 yd ) mark . Pushing on , Oxford pulled away to win by one and three @-@ quarter lengths in a time of 7 minutes 11 seconds , the slowest winning time since the 2001 race . It was Oxford 's first win since the 2011 race but their fifth win in the last six events . The victory took the overall record in the event to 41 – 27 in Cambridge 's favour .
Oxford 's Foord @-@ Weston said the conditions were " pretty grim " but their training at Dorney during the week running up to the race had prepared them for the " horrible winds " . Cambridge 's number seven , Emily Day , said " it was pretty windy ... we had the race of our lives ... there 's nothing we could have done that we didn 't do . "
= Attack on Sydney Harbour =
In late May and early June 1942 , during World War II , submarines belonging to the Imperial Japanese Navy made a series of attacks on the cities of Sydney and Newcastle in New South Wales , Australia . On the night of 31 May – 1 June , three Ko @-@ hyoteki @-@ class midget submarines , each with a two @-@ member crew , entered Sydney Harbour , avoided the partially constructed Sydney Harbour anti @-@ submarine boom net , and attempted to sink Allied warships . Two of the midget submarines were detected and attacked before they could successfully engage any Allied vessels , and the crews scuttled their boats and committed suicide . These submarines were later recovered by the Allies . The third submarine attempted to torpedo the heavy cruiser USS Chicago , but instead sank the converted ferry HMAS Kuttabul , killing 21 sailors . This midget submarine 's fate was unknown until 2006 , when amateur scuba divers discovered the wreck off Sydney 's northern beaches .
Immediately following the raid , the five Japanese fleet submarines that carried the midget submarines to Australia embarked on a campaign to disrupt merchant shipping in eastern Australian waters . Over the next month , the submarines attacked at least seven merchant vessels , sinking three ships and killing 50 sailors . During this period , between midnight and 02 : 30 on 8 June , two of the submarines bombarded the ports of Sydney and Newcastle .
The midget submarine attacks and subsequent bombardments are among the best @-@ known examples of Axis naval activity in Australian waters during World War II , and are the only occasion in history when either city has come under attack . The physical effects were minimal : the Japanese had intended to destroy several major warships , but sank only an unarmed depot ship , caused minimal damage to Allied shipping , and failed to damage any significant targets during the bombardments . The main impact was psychological ; creating popular fear of an impending Japanese invasion and forcing the Australian military to upgrade defences , including the commencement of convoy operations to protect merchant shipping .
= = Forces = =
= = = Japanese = = =
The Imperial Japanese Navy originally intended to use six submarines in the attack on Sydney Harbour : B1 @-@ type submarines I @-@ 21 , I @-@ 27 , I @-@ 28 , and I @-@ 29 , and C1 @-@ type submarines I @-@ 22 and I @-@ 24 . The six submarines made up the Eastern Attack Group of the 8th Submarine Squadron , under the command of Captain Hankyu Sasaki .
On 8 June 1942 , I @-@ 21 and I @-@ 29 — each carrying a Yokosuka E14Y1 " Glen " floatplane for aerial reconnaissance — scouted various Australasian harbours to select the ones most vulnerable to attack by midget submarines . I @-@ 21 scouted Nouméa in New Caledonia , Suva in Fiji , then Auckland in New Zealand , while I @-@ 29 went to Sydney , Australia .
On 11 May , I @-@ 22 , I @-@ 24 , I @-@ 27 , and I @-@ 28 were ordered to proceed to the Japanese naval base at Truk Lagoon , in the Caroline Islands , to each receive a Ko @-@ hyoteki @-@ class midget submarine . I @-@ 28 failed to reach Truk ; she was torpedoed on the surface by the US submarine USS Tautog on 17 May . The three remaining submarines left Truk around 20 May for a point south of the Solomon Islands . I @-@ 24 was forced to return a day later when an explosion in her midget submarine 's battery compartment killed the midget 's navigator and injured the commander . The midget submarine intended for I @-@ 28 replaced the damaged midget .
= = = Allies = = =
The naval officer @-@ in @-@ charge of Sydney Harbour at the time of the attack was Rear Admiral Gerard Muirhead @-@ Gould of the Royal Navy . On the night of the attack , three major vessels were present in Sydney Harbour ; the heavy cruisers USS Chicago and HMAS Canberra , and the light cruiser HMAS Adelaide . Other warships in the harbour included : destroyer tender USS Dobbin , auxiliary minelayer HMAS Bungaree , corvettes HMAS Whyalla , HMAS Geelong , and HMIS Bombay , armed merchant cruisers HMS Kanimbla and HMAS Westralia , and Dutch submarine K @-@ IX . A converted ferry — HMAS Kuttabul — was alongside at Garden Island where she served as a temporary barracks for sailors transferring between ships . The hospital ship Oranje had also been in the harbour , but departed an hour before the attack .
= = Harbour defences = =
At the time of the attack , the static Sydney Harbour defences consisted of eight anti @-@ submarine indicator loops — six outside the harbour , one between North Head and South Head , and one between South Head and Middle Head , as well as the partially constructed Sydney Harbour anti @-@ submarine boom net between George 's Head on Middle Head and Green Point on Inner South Head . The central section of the net was complete and support piles were in place to the west , but 400 m ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) wide gaps remained on either side . Material shortages prevented the completion of the boom net prior to the attack . On the day of the attack , the six outer indicator loops were inactive ; two were not functioning and there were not enough trained personnel to man both the inner and outer loop monitoring stations . The North Head – South Head indicator loop had been giving faulty signals since early 1940 , and as civilian traffic regularly passed over the loop , readings were often ignored .
Harbour defence craft included the anti @-@ submarine vessels HMAS Yandra and Bingera ; the auxiliary minesweepers HMAS Goonambee and Samuel Benbow ; pleasure launches converted to channel patrol boats ( and armed with depth charges ) , namely HMAS Yarroma , Lolita , Steady Hour , Sea Mist , Marlean , and Toomaree ; and four unarmed auxiliary patrol boats .
= = Prelude = =
The Japanese Navy used five Ko @-@ hyoteki @-@ class midget submarines in an unsuccessful operation against US battleships during the attack on Pearl Harbor . The navy hoped that upgrades to the submarines , intensified crew training , and the selection of a less well defended target would lead to better results and an increased chance of the crews of the midgets to return alive from their mission . Therefore , on 16 December 1941 , the navy initiated plans for a second midget submarine operation .
The plans called for two simultaneous attacks against Allied naval vessels in the Indian and South Pacific oceans . These attacks were intended as diversions ahead of the attack on Midway Island in the North Pacific , with the Japanese hoping to convince the Allies that they intended to attack to the south or west of their conquests . Eleven submarines of the 8th Submarine Squadron were to carry out the two attacks , the five submarines of the Western Attack Group in the Indian Ocean , and the six submarines of the Eastern Attack Group in the Pacific Ocean . The submarine groups were to select a suitable port of attack , based on their own reconnaissance .
The Western Attack Group selected the port of Diégo @-@ Suarez in Madagascar . This attack — which occurred at nightfall on 30 May and resulted in the damaging of the battleship HMS Ramillies and the sinking of the tanker British Loyalty — came 22 days after the British captured the port from Vichy France at the beginning of the Battle of Madagascar .
The four potential targets for the Eastern Attack Group were Nouméa , Suva , Auckland , and Sydney . I @-@ 21 and I @-@ 29 were sent to select the final target , with I @-@ 29 sailing to Sydney . On the evening of 16 May , I @-@ 29 fired on the 5 @,@ 135 long tons ( 5 @,@ 217 t ) Russian merchant vessel Wellen , 30 mi ( 26 nmi ; 48 km ) from Newcastle , New South Wales . Although Wellen escaped with minimal damage , shipping between Sydney and Newcastle was halted for 24 hours while aircraft and all available anti @-@ submarine ships from Sydney , including Dutch light cruiser HNLMS Tromp , Australian destroyer HMAS Arunta and US destroyer USS Perkins , searched unsuccessfully for the submarine . Muirhead @-@ Gould concluded that the submarine had operated alone and had left the area immediately after the attack .
I @-@ 29 's floatplane made a reconnaissance flight over Sydney on 23 May . A secret radar unit set up in Iron Cove detected the flight , but authorities dismissed its report as a glitch , as there were no Allied aircraft operating over Sydney . The aircraft was damaged or destroyed on landing , although its two crew survived . They reported the presence of several capital ships , including two battleships or large cruisers , five other large warships , several minor war vessels and patrol boats , and prolific merchant shipping . The report , which the Allied FRUMEL signals intelligence network partially intercepted , resulted in the Japanese Navy selecting Sydney as the target . The three midget @-@ carrying submarines rendezvoused with I @-@ 29 and I @-@ 21 approximately 35 mi ( 30 nmi ; 56 km ) north @-@ east of Sydney Heads , with all five submarines in position by 29 May .
= = Midget submarine operation = =
= = = Final reconnaissance = = =
Before dawn on 29 May , [ I ] I @-@ 21 's floatplane performed a final reconnaissance flight over Sydney Harbour , with the mission of mapping the locations of the major vessels and of the anti @-@ submarine net . Multiple observers spotted the floatplane but assumed it was a US Navy Curtiss Seagull . No alarm was raised until 05 : 07 , when it was realised that the only ship in the area carrying Seagulls was the U.S. cruiser Chicago , and all four of her aircraft were on board . Richmond Air Force Base launched RAAF Wirraway fighters , which failed to locate I @-@ 21 or the floatplane . Therefore , the reconnaissance flight did not result in the authorities in Sydney taking any special defence measures . The floatplane was seriously damaged on landing and had to be scuttled , but both aircrew survived .
= = = Plan of attack = = =
The Japanese planned to launch the midgets one after the other between 17 : 20 and 17 : 40 , from points 5 – 7 nmi ( 5 @.@ 8 – 8 @.@ 1 mi ; 9 @.@ 3 – 13 @.@ 0 km ) outside Sydney Harbour . The first midget was to pass through the Heads just after 18 : 30 , but heavy seas delayed her by over an hour . The other two midgets followed at twenty @-@ minute intervals and were similarly delayed .
The choice of targets was left up to the midget commanders , with advice that they should primarily target aircraft carriers or battleships , with cruisers as secondary targets . The midgets were to operate to the east of the Harbour Bridge , although if no suitable targets were to be found in this area they were to move under the Bridge and attack a battleship and large cruiser believed to be in the inner harbour . When the second reconnaissance flyover revealed that the expected British battleship — HMS Warspite — was nowhere to be found , USS Chicago became the priority target .
After completing their mission , the midgets were to depart Sydney Harbour and head south for 20 nmi ( 23 mi ; 37 km ) to the recovery point off Port Hacking . Four of the mother submarines would be waiting in an east – west line 16 km ( 8 @.@ 6 nmi ; 9 @.@ 9 mi ) long , with the fifth waiting 6 km ( 3 @.@ 2 nmi ; 3 @.@ 7 mi ) further south .
= = = Attack = = =
Midget submarine M @-@ 14 — launched from I @-@ 27 , was the first to enter Sydney Harbour . The Middle Head - South Head loop detected it at 20 : 01 , but dismissed the reading due to heavy civilian traffic . At 20 : 15 , a Maritime Services Board watchman spotted the midget after it passed through the western gap , collided with the Pile Light , then reversed and trapped its stern in the net . The submarine 's bow broke the surface ; the watchman rowed toward it to determine what it was and then rowed to the nearby patrol boat HMAS Yarroma to report his finding . Despite efforts by Yarroma to pass on this information , Sydney Naval Headquarters did not receive the report until 21 : 52 . HMAS Yarroma and Lolita were dispatched to investigate . Upon confirming that the object in the net was a " baby submarine " , Lolita dropped two depth charges while Yarroma 's commander requested permission from Sydney Naval Headquarters to open fire . The depth charges failed to detonate , as the water was too shallow for the hydrostatic fuse setting . At 22 : 35 , while Yarroma was waiting for permission to fire , and Lolita was setting up to deploy a third depth charge , the two crewmen on M @-@ 14 activated one of the submarine 's scuttling charges , killing themselves and destroying the submarine 's forward
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, who was disgruntled at not receiving a high position after Diệm 's removal , deposed the MRC with the support of Khiệm on 30 January 1964 , without firing a shot . Khánh used the coup to exact retribution against Generals Đôn , Đính , Xuan and Lê Văn Kim . Khánh had them arrested , claiming that they were part of a neutralist plot with the French government of President Charles de Gaulle to make a peace deal with North Vietnam that would not end communism . Khánh noted they had all served in the French @-@ backed VNA prior to 1955 , although he had as well . He also accused the four generals of discussing such a plan with some visiting politicians from de Gaulle 's party during a dinner , although Đính and his accused colleagues denied that the meeting was anything more than social . The generals were flown to Mỹ Khe beach , near Đà Nẵng .
Khánh presided over their trial of Đính and his colleagues on 28 May 1964 . The generals were interrogated for five and a half hours , mostly about details of their coup against Diệm , rather than the original charge of promoting neutralism . As all of the officers were involved in Diệm 's overthrow , the hearings did not reveal any new information . The court deliberated for over nine hours , and when it reconvened for the verdict , Khánh stated , " We ask that once you begin to serve again in the army , you do not take revenge on anybody " . The tribunal then " congratulated " the generals , but found that they were of " lax morality " and unqualified to command due to a " lack of a clear political concept " . They were chastised for being " inadequately aware of their heavy responsibility " and of letting " their subordinates take advantage of their positions " . Đính 's quartet were allowed to remain in Đà Lạt under surveillance .
The four generals were barred from commanding troops and offices were prepared so they could participate in " research and planning " . Worried that the idle group would plot against him , Khánh made some preliminary arrangements to send them to the U.S. for military study , but this failed . When Khánh was himself deposed in 1965 , he handed over dossiers proving that Đính and the other generals were innocent and that his charges were dishonest , before going into exile . Historian Robert Shaplen said that " the case ... continued to be one of Khánh 's biggest embarrassments . " During the period of house arrest , Khánh briefly released Đính and Kim when the United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races , known by its French acronym of FULRO , launched an uprising in the central highlands calling for autonomy for indigenous people . Đính and Kim were sent to Ban Mê Thuột in an attempt to end the standoff in September 1964 , but after negotiations stalled , they conferred with Khánh and decided to order ARVN troops to crush the rebellion , which was carried out successfully .
= = 1966 Buddhist protests and senate career = =
With the rise to power of Nguyễn Cao Kỳ — head of the Vietnam Air Force — following Khánh 's departure , returned to a command role in the army . In April 1966 , he was appointed to lead the I Corps , based in central Vietnam . Đính was the third commander of the corps within five weeks . This upheaval came about after the dismissal of Lieutenant General Nguyễn Chánh Thi due to his sympathies towards Buddhist activists and because Kỳ viewed him as a personal threat . In response , Buddhist protesters brought the region to a standstill with anti @-@ American and anti @-@ war demonstrations , some of which descended into rioting . The protests were supported by groups of rebel I Corps soldiers and the mayor of Đà Nẵng , Nguyễn Văn Man , who had been appointed by Thi . These anti @-@ Kỳ groups formed a coalition known as the Struggle Movement . Thi 's replacement , General Nguyễn Văn Chuan , refused to confront the dissidents or shut them down . He was content to allow protests provided there was no insurrection .
Prime Minister Kỳ disapproved of Chuan 's approach and replaced Chuan with Đính . Prime Minister Kỳ felt Đính 's aggressive attitude following the Xá Lợi Pagoda raids in 1963 indicated a willingness to suppress Buddhist dissidents . Moreover , Đính was a native of central Vietnam and would have been popular with those who thought along parochial lines . Đính arrived in Huế on 15 April and , after a week , announced that he had restored Saigon 's authority over the region . He proclaimed that he had regained control of the radio stations in Đà Nẵng and Huế from the dissidents , and that he had convinced the mayor of Đà Nẵng to remain loyal to Saigon . Đính announced a deal whereby the Buddhists would have regular air time in return for relinquishing control of the radio station . This move was interpreted in different ways . Some felt that Đính was attempting to gain favour with the Buddhists in anticipation of Kỳ 's fall from power , while Frances FitzGerald felt it was the only sensible government action during the crisis . On 19 April , clashes erupted in Quảng Ngãi between the Buddhists and the VNQDĐ ( Vietnamese Nationalist Party ) , which supported the continuation of the anti @-@ communist war , prompting Đính to forcibly restrain the two groups .
Soon after , Kỳ made a surprise attack to assert government control over central Vietnam . He flew out to Đà Nẵng with his own units , without consulting the Americans or officials in I Corps . At this time , Đính was pursuing a policy of reconciliation Đà Nẵng and negotiation with the dissident I Corps units , and making contact with the Struggle Movement . Kỳ decided to attack and sent his forces to overrun Dinh 's headquarters on 15 May , forcing the latter to abandon his post and flee to the headquarters of U.S. General Lewis Walt . Fearing Kỳ 's forces would kill him , Đính asked Walt for help and was flown to Huế , where the pro @-@ Thi and pro @-@ Buddhist elements were still in control . Đính was then formally replaced by General Cao . Walt 's assistance to Đính provoked a reaction from General William Westmoreland , the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam . Walt and Westmoreland were often in conflict , and the latter responded to his subordinate 's evacuation of Đính by imploring Kỳ to attack Huế .
Kỳ 's surprise attack led to conflict between the ARVN rebels and loyalists , with the American ground forces caught in the middle , effectively creating a civil war within a civil war . Kỳ eventually quelled the rebellion and briefly jailed Đính , who claimed he was incarcerated for refusing to back up Kỳ 's account of the conflict with the Buddhists . Đính left the army and won election to the newly created Senate in 1967 , serving there until the fall of Saigon in 1975 , when he fled to the United States . In February 1968 , while serving in the Senate , Đính founded a newspaper , Công Luan. while also serving as head of the Vietnamese Publishers Association . In 1998 , Đính claimed he felt remorse for the deposal and assassinations of the Ngô brothers , and also claimed he had opposed their policies of religious discrimination against Buddhists , which had fomented national disunity and the eventual Communist victory .
= Gundamma Katha =
Gundamma Katha ( English : Gundamma 's story ) is a 1962 Indian Telugu @-@ language comedy @-@ drama film directed by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao and co @-@ produced by B. Nagi Reddy and Aluri Chakrapani under their banner Vijaya Vauhini Studios . Partially inspired by William Shakespeare 's comedy The Taming of the Shrew , Gundamma Katha is the official remake of B. Vittalacharya 's Kannada film Mane Thumbida Hennu ( 1958 ) . It is also the first remake by Vijaya Vauhini Studios . It features N. T. Rama Rao , Akkineni Nageswara Rao , Savitri , and Jamuna in the lead roles , and S. V. Ranga Rao , Suryakantam and Ramana Reddy in supporting roles .
Gundamma Katha is the story of Gundamma , a rich widow who ill @-@ treats her selfless step @-@ daughter Lakshmi , who is reduced to working as a maid . Lakshmi dotes on Gundamma 's daughter Saroja , an arrogant woman who loves Lakshmi . The film 's centrepiece is formed by the way Lakshmi 's suitor Anjaneya " Anji " Prasad and Saroja 's lover Raja bring a change to Gundamma 's life after the couples ' marriages .
The film is Rama Rao 's 100th appearance and Nageswara Rao 's 99th . It was photographed by Marcus Bartley , and co @-@ edited by G. Kalyana Sundaram and D. G. Jayaram . Ghantasala composed the film 's soundtrack and score . Madhavapeddi Gokhale and Kaladhar were the film 's art directors . The production phase lasted for a year ; it was filmed in and around Madras , mainly on sets at Vijaya Vauhini Studios .
Released on 7 June 1962 , Gundamma Katha received mixed reviews from critics but was commercially successful , completing a 100 @-@ day run in 17 centres and a silver @-@ jubilee run at the Durga Kalamandir , Vijayawada . Gundamma Katha received the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu for 1962 and is regarded as the last film of Vijaya Vauhini Studios ' " Golden Age " . The film 's Tamil remake of the same year Manithan Maravillai , also produced by Vijaya Vauhini Studios , was Nageswara Rao 's 100th film as an actor ; it was a commercial failure . Though Gundamma Katha has achieved cult status in Telugu cinema , it has received criticism for its influence on stereotypes in the narration of other unrelated Telugu films .
= = Plot = =
Gundamma is a rich widow who ill @-@ treats her stepdaughter Lakshmi , a selfless person who is reduced to working as a maid . Gundamma has a daughter Saroja and a son Prabhakar . Prabhakar is in love with Saroja 's friend Padma . Gundamma has a half @-@ brother Ghantaiah , a cunning but weak milk vendor . Ghantaiah wants Gundamma to marry off Saroja to his criminal son Bhoopati . To achieve this goal without the knowledge of Gundamma , he spoils every marriage proposal Saroja receives . Saroja 's arrogance and Lakshmi 's courteous attitude indirectly help Ghantaiah . Gundamma decides to marry off Lakshmi to a vagabond and Saroja to the son of Ramabhadraiah , a wealthy man living in a faraway town .
After observing the situations in Gundamma 's house with the help of Ghantaiah , Ramabhadraiah sends his elder son Anjaneya " Anji " Prasad to Gundamma 's house as a servant to get him married to Lakshmi . His younger son Raja meets Saroja through Padma , who is his cousin . Anji and Lakshmi get married , and Raja and Saroja fall in love . Ramabhadraiah writes a letter to Gundamma opposing the marriage of Raja and Saroja upon the former 's instructions , and Anji conducts their marriage against Ghantaiah 's wishes . Shortly afterwards , Prabhakar and Padma 's marriage is conducted .
Raja acts as a drunkard and masquerades as Ramabhadraiah 's son seeking to gain Saroja 's wealth . A rift develops between Anji and Gundamma , and he leaves with Lakshmi . Anji , Raja and Ramabhadraiah reveal the truth to Lakshmi later . Raja storms out of Gundamma 's house and Saroja follows him ; they join Ramabhadraiah 's house as gardeners and Raja ensures Saroja is unaware of their employer . In the process , Saroja 's character transforms from one of arrogance to one of a hardworking , courteous person .
Gundamma is tortured by Padma 's ruthless , confidence @-@ trickster aunt Durga . Bhoopati is released from jail and Ghantaiah asks Gundamma to give some money . Because of Gundamma 's arrogance , Prabhakar and Padma leave for Bangalore . Durga steals the money in the locker , accuses Gundamma of robbery and locks her in a room behind the house . Lakshmi and Anji visit Gundamma and become aware of her condition . Lakshmi and Gundamma coerce Durga and retrieve the money she stole . Bhoopati comes to Durga 's rescue but is defeated by Anji in a duel and is hospitalised .
Saroja meets Ramabhadraiah , her employer , and walks out after a heated argument . She meets Lakshmi on the way and learns about Raja 's plans . The film ends with Gundamma staying with her daughters in Ramabhadraiah 's house .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
B. Nagi Reddy of Vijaya Vauhini Studios helped B. Vittalacharya in the production of Mane Thumbida Hennu ( 1958 ) , the latter 's directorial debut in Kannada cinema . As an act of gratitude , Vittalacharya sold the remake rights to Nagi Reddy . Mane Thumbida Hennu revolves around the life of a rich woman whose brother marries off her daughter to a criminal when she chooses a mentally challenged person as her step @-@ daughter 's life partner . Nagi Reddy chose to remake the film in Telugu and discussed it with D. V. Narasa Raju ; it was the first time Vijaya Vauhini Studios decided to remake a film . After the script was ready , Nagi Reddy approached C. Pullaiah to direct the remake after considering Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy . Pullaiah was not appreciative of Narasa Raju 's treatment of the script and Nagi Reddy met his partner Aluri Chakrapani to develop the script further .
Chakrapani decided to retain only the background of Gundamma 's family from the original and rewrote the remaining script , taking inspiration from William Shakespeare 's comedy , The Taming of the Shrew . Chakrapani killed the character of Gundamma 's cowardly husband because he felt that a husband who cannot answer his wife 's questions is not eligible to be included . Kamalakara Kameswara Rao was chosen to direct the film . Chakrapani named the central character Gundamma in the remake after one of the characters in the original , despite a lack of nativity . Nagi Reddy 's family members and the employees of the Vijaya Vauhini Studios used to ask him Gundamma Katha Entha varaku vachchindi ? ( " What is the progress in Gundamma 's story ? " ) , which prompted Nagi Reddy to title the film Gundamma Katha after considering various options .
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Goin ' Nowhere " also appears on several of the band 's compilations , including The Best of The Byrds : Greatest Hits , Volume II , History of The Byrds , The Byrds Play Dylan , The Original Singles : 1967 – 1969 , Volume 2 , The Byrds , and There Is a Season . Live performances of the song are included on the expanded edition of The Byrds ' ( Untitled ) album and on Live at Royal Albert Hall 1971 .
= = Other covers = =
The British beat group Unit 4 + 2 released a recording of " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " as a single in 1968 but it suffered poor sales as a result of the version released by The Byrds and consequently it did not chart . Joan Baez included a gender @-@ switched version of the song , in which she sings " Tomorrow 's the day my man 's gonna come " , on her 1968 album of Dylan covers , Any Day Now . Australian band The Flying Circus included this song on their self @-@ titled debut album released in August 1969 .
Roots rock quartet The Rave @-@ Ups covered the song on their 1985 album , Town and Country . Shawn Colvin , Mary Chapin Carpenter , and Rosanne Cash also performed the song at Madison Square Garden in 1992 , for eventual release on the Bob Dylan tribute album The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration .
Phish covered the song during their July 30 , 2003 concert at the Tweeter Center at the Waterfront in Camden , New Jersey . This is the only time that Phish has performed the song , coming in the show before their IT music festival in Maine ( particular emphasis was put on the lyric " We 'll climb that hill , no matter how steep ... when we get up to it . " )
The e Brothers covered " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " on their 1998 live album , Marquee Mark and Counting Crows recorded the song as a bonus track on their Hard Candy album in 2002 as well as performing it live with Augustana . Maria Muldaur recorded the song , with slightly altered lyrics , on her 2006 Heart of Mine : Maria Muldaur Sings Love Songs of Bob Dylan album and Marty Raybon , former vocalist of Shenandoah , also covered the song on his 2006 album , When the Sand Runs Out .
Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová recorded the song for the soundtrack album to Todd Haynes ' Dylan biopic , I 'm Not There , using the lyrics from Dylan 's 1971 version , including the reference to Roger McGuinn . The Dandy Warhols have covered the song on the 2009 digital download edition of their album The Dandy Warhols Are Sound and for their September 1 , 2011 Daytrotter session . Actor Oscar Isaac ( with Kate Mara and Chad Fischer ) performed a version of the song in the 2011 film 10 Years , which also appeared on the film 's soundtrack . In 2012 , Brett Dennen released a version of " You Ain 't Goin ' Nowhere " on the Chimes of Freedom : Songs of Bob Dylan Honoring 50 Years of Amnesty International album .
Garth Brooks for the 2013 " The Melting Pot " album in the Blame It All on My Roots : Five Decades of Influences compilation .
= = Chart performance = =
= = = The Byrds version = = =
= = = Chris Hillman / Roger McGuinn version = = =
= = = Year @-@ end charts = = =
= David Morse ( actor ) =
David Bowditch Morse ( born October 11 , 1953 ) is an American actor , singer , director and writer . He first came to national attention as Dr. Jack Morrison in the medical drama series St. Elsewhere ( 1982 – 88 ) . He continued his film career with roles in The Negotiator , Contact , The Green Mile , Disturbia , The Long Kiss Goodnight , The Rock and 12 Monkeys .
In 2006 , Morse had a recurring role as Detective Michael Tritter on the medical drama series House , for which he received an Emmy Award nomination . He portrayed George Washington in the 2008 HBO miniseries John Adams , which garnered him a second Emmy nomination . He has also received acclaim for his portrayal of Uncle Peck on the Off @-@ Broadway play How I Learned to Drive , earning a Drama Desk Award and Obie Award . He had success on Broadway too , portraying James " Sharky " Harkin in The Seafarer . From 2010 to 2013 , he portrayed Terry Colson , an honest police officer in a corrupt New Orleans police department , on the HBO series Treme . He currently stars in the WGN America series Outsiders .
= = Early life = =
Morse was born October 11 , 1953 , in Beverly , Massachusetts , the son of Jacquelyn , a school teacher , and Charles Morse , a sales manager . He was raised in Hamilton , Massachusetts . His middle name , Bowditch , comes from mathematician Nathaniel Bowditch .
= = Career = =
= = = Film and television = = =
After graduating from high school in 1971 , Morse studied acting at the William Esper Studio . He began his acting career in the theater as a player for the Boston Repertory Theatre in the early 1970s . In the mid @-@ 1970s , Esquire Jauchem , artistic director of the Boston Repertory Theater , adapted and directed a stage musical version of The Point ! that starred 18 @-@ year @-@ old David Morse as Oblio . The production later toured to the Trinity Square Repertory Company in Providence . He spent some time in New York 's theater community in the early 1980s , before moving into television and film . During that time , Morse was listed as one of the twelve most " Promising New Actors of 1980 " in John A. Willis ' Screen World , Vol . 32 . Morse 's big break came in 1982 when he was cast in the television medical drama St. Elsewhere . He played Dr. Jack " Boomer " Morrison , a young physician who is forced to deal with the death of his wife and the struggles of a single parent professional .
Morse appeared in a number of supporting roles following the finale of St. Elsewhere in 1988 . He is quoted as saying : " I made the decision that I didn 't care if there was any money in the role or not . I had to find roles that were different from what I had been doing . " His turn in Desperate Hours as antagonist showed a darker Morse . He later starred in The Indian Runner and The Crossing Guard . He has appeared in three adaptations of Stephen King stories : The Langoliers , Hearts in Atlantis , and The Green Mile . He was a guest star on Homicide : Life on the Street , playing the racist cousin of Detective Tim Bayliss .
In 2002 , Morse starred as Mike Olshansky , an ex @-@ Philadelphia police officer turned cab driver , in the television film Hack . The film was so well received that a television series with the same name was created . For his role in the 2002 crime @-@ drama film Shuang Tong , Morse was nominated as Best Supporting Actor in the Golden Horse Awards , the first ever nomination for an English @-@ speaking actor . He appeared as questionable neighbor Mr. Turner in the 2007 release Disturbia . Film critic and commentator John Podhoretz wrote that Morse is a " largely unsung character actor who enlivens and deepens every movie fortunate enough to have him in the cast " .
In 2006 , Morse received a phone call from David Shore , having previously worked with him on the Hack series , who asked him if he would be interested in having a guest role on House . When Morse watched the show , he could not understand why people watched the show , because he believed that " this House guy is a total jerk " . When he told some of his friends about the offer , however , their excited reactions convinced him to accept the role . Morse portrayed Michael Tritter , a detective with a vendetta against Gregory House . He earned his first Emmy Award nomination for his work on the series .
In 2008 , Morse portrayed George Washington in the HBO miniseries John Adams , for which his nose was made bigger . Morse commented : " The first thing that comes to mind is my nose ; it was my big idea to do that nose . We didn 't have a lot of time , because they asked me to do this about three weeks before they started shooting , and I just kept looking at these portraits and thinking ' this man 's face is so commanding ' . And I did not feel that my face was very commanding in the way his was . So I convinced them that we should try the nose , and we tried it on , and everybody went ' wow , that 's Washington ' . " Morse 's portrayal earned him his second Emmy Award nomination . He is currently reprising the role of Washington in voice form as part of The Hall of Presidents show in Walt Disney World Resort 's Magic Kingdom .
Morse has stated that out of all of the films he has done , his favorites are The Green Mile , The Crossing Guard , and The Indian Runner . In 2010 , he guest starred in two episodes of the HBO drama series Treme , as Lt. Terry Colson of the New Orleans Police Department . He was promoted to series regular starting with the show 's second season , which began in April 2011 . Later that year , Morse won the best actor award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival for his role in Collaborator . He played an ex @-@ CIA agent in the film World War Z ( 2013 ) . He played the late NFL player , Mike Webster , in Concussion the biopic of Dr. Bennet Omalu starring Will Smith .
= = = Stage = = =
In addition to his film and television career , Morse has continued to appear on stage . For his performance in the 1997 Off @-@ Broadway production of Paula Vogel 's Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning drama How I Learned to Drive , he received an Obie Award , a Drama League Award , a Drama Desk Award , and a Lucille Lortel Award . That same year , he played Father Barry in the play adaptation of On the Waterfront . The play ran for only eight performances . From 2007 to 2008 , Morse appeared on Broadway in Conor McPherson 's play The Seafarer .
= = Personal life = =
Morse has three younger siblings . He has been married to actress and author of The Habit , Susan Wheeler Duff Morse , since 1982 . They have one daughter , Eliza , and twin sons Benjamin and Samuel . After the 1994 Northridge earthquake , Morse and his family moved to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , where they currently live .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Film = = =
= = = Television = = =
= = = Stage = = =
= Nisei ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Nisei " is the ninth episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on November 24 , 1995 . It was directed by David Nutter , and written by Chris Carter , Frank Spotnitz and Howard Gordon . " Nisei " featured guest appearances by Steven Williams , Raymond J. Barry and Stephen McHattie . The episode helped explore the series ' overarching mythology . " Nisei " earned a Nielsen household rating of 9 @.@ 8 , being watched by 16 @.@ 36 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received largely positive reviews from critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , Mulder and Scully investigate the origins of an alien autopsy Mulder believes is real . The investigation uncovers Japanese involvement and sees Mulder smuggle himself onto a secret cargo train to find out more . " Nisei " is a two @-@ part episode , with the plot continuing in the next episode , " 731 " .
Inspired by the atrocities committed by Unit 731 , a Japanese research program during World War II , " Nisei " was originally intended to be a stand @-@ alone mythology episode , but was lengthened into two separate parts . The episode featured several scenes that required stunt work , which David Duchovny performed himself . The episode 's title refers to the term nisei , meaning the son or daughter of an Issei couple born outside Japan .
= = Plot = =
In Knoxville , Tennessee , a mysterious train car is left in a rail yard . After dark , a group of Japanese scientists enter the car and conduct an autopsy on an alien body . The scene is recorded and transmitted via satellite . Suddenly , a strike team storms the car and kills the scientists , taking the alien corpse away in a body bag . Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) purchases an edited video of the autopsy . He believes the tape is authentic , but Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) is skeptical .
When the agents go to Allentown , Pennsylvania to track down the distributor of the tape , they find him murdered . At the scene , they pursue and capture a Japanese man , Kazuo Sakurai , who is identified as a high @-@ ranking diplomat . Walter Skinner appears and orders Sakurai released . Before doing so , Mulder searches his briefcase and finds both a list of Mutual UFO Network members and satellite images of a ship . The Lone Gunmen identify the ship as the Talapus , a salvage vessel docked in Newport News , Virginia . Meanwhile , Sakurai is killed by an assassin called the Red @-@ Haired Man .
Scully investigates the MUFON group , discovering several women who claim to recognize her from her abduction experience . They have similar implants to Scully 's , and inform her that they are all dying of cancer . Meanwhile , Mulder goes to the Newport News shipyard and searches the Talapus . Armed men arrive and scour the ship , but Mulder manages to escape . That night , he discovers a warehouse where a craft is being fumigated by a hazmat team . Mulder believes the craft to be of alien origin , recovered by the Talapus .
Skinner later confronts Mulder over the briefcase , the absence of which has caused an international incident with Japan . He refuses to assist Mulder any further with his case . Mulder meets with Senator Richard Matheson , who gives him the details on the autopsy and links it with the larger conspiracy of the alien @-@ human hybrids . Mulder investigates further , discovering that the Japanese scientists were members of the notorious Unit 731 during World War II ; like Victor Klemper , they were recruited by the U.S. government to develop the hybrids . Mulder believes that the scientists killed on the videotape were working on a secret railway , transporting test subjects .
After sharing her MUFON findings with Mulder , Scully runs her implant through the FBI labs to gather technological information about it . She analyzes the autopsy video , realizing that one of the scientists seen , Dr. Ishimaru , experimented on her during her abduction . Meanwhile , Mulder goes to West Virginia and tracks down the secret train car , watching a group of Japanese men place what seems to be an alien @-@ human subject on board . Meanwhile , another Japanese scientist , Dr. Shiro Zama , waits for the train at a station in Ohio ; he is forced to board after his bodyguard is killed by the Red @-@ Haired Man in the restroom . The Red @-@ Haired Man follows Zama aboard the train , which is headed for Vancouver , Canada .
Mulder tracks the train to the Ohio station , but learns it has just left when he arrives . Meanwhile , Scully goes to Mulder 's apartment and is met by X , who warns her to keep Mulder from getting on the train . Scully calls Mulder , who has managed to drive ahead of the train and is just about to jump onto it from a bridge . Despite Scully 's pleas , Mulder jumps onto the top of the train as it speeds past below .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
The idea to create a story involving the 731 unit came from series creator Chris Carter . He noted , " Unit 731 first came to my attention at the same time as it did for a lot of other people , when I read it in the New York Times about what the Japanese did to prisoners of war during the Second World War . " Carter decided that an episode based around former war criminals who had received " clemency so [ Americans ] could use their science " would be " interesting " .
Frank Spotnitz was assigned writing duties for " Nisei " , which was originally intended to be a stand @-@ alone mythology story and to air as the seventh episode of the third season . However , as Spotnitz developed his script , the episode hit several logistical snags . Most notably , Spotnitz 's script featured several scenes filmed on trains : Chris Carter explained , " We found that we were going to have some trouble shooting with trains . " Eventually , the sheer scope of the episode caused co @-@ executive producer R. W. Goodwin so much trouble that he wanted to scrap the story . Spotnitz explained , " Goodwin called Chris and said , ' This is unproducable . [ … ] you 've got to throw out the script , basically . ' I was devastated , and Chris [ said ] ' Let 's make it a two @-@ parter . ' " So , the episode was bumped back to number nine and was lengthened to a two parter , resulting in it being delayed several weeks .
= = = Filming = = =
A co @-@ executive producer called this episode and its second part " 731 " logistically huge . The stunt where Mulder jumped on a moving train was worked on for six weeks . While there was some alarm in having David Duchovny do the stunt , the actor , who had previously performed his own stunts in the episode " Ascension " was willing to do it and considered it a
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have not altered since the 1998 split .
Following the abolition of the county of Hereford & Worcester some cross @-@ boundary organisations and resources remain shared by the two counties . These include waste management , the youth offending service , Hereford & Worcester Fire & Rescue Service and the radio station BBC Hereford & Worcester . Meanwhile , the BBC 's commercial radio counterpart ; Free Radio ( formerly Radio Wyvern ) broadcasts to the two counties and is regarded as a single licence area by the Office of Communications . West Mercia Police is still shared with Herefordshire , Shropshire and Telford & Wrekin . The Hereford & Worcester Ambulance Service was merged into the wider West Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust in 2006 .
The West Midlands legally exists to this day as a metropolitan and ceremonial county , with countywide functions such as West Midlands Police , West Midlands Fire Service and the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive ( known as Centro ) . Most of the original metropolitan counties are now combined authorities , which are ' top tier ' statutory bodies resembling the former metropolitan county councils . However ' Non @-@ Metropolitan Authority ' groupings are also becoming involved with the combined authority process .
= = = Devolution = = =
There has been intense media debate and discussion throughout 2014 and 2015 about possible ' Combined Authorities ' within the West Midlands region , especially following the Scottish Independence Referendum 2014 , the ' Greater Manchester Agreement ' on devolution and the 2015 General Election . Five local authorities within the West Midlands County initially agreed to start the process to form a combined authority , however the official announcement in June 2015 encompassed all seven metropolitan councils . The new body will be known as the West Midlands Combined Authority and aims to be established in June 2016 . Originally the Greater Birmingham and Solihull Local Enterprise Partnership , covering Birmingham , Solihull and several district councils in Staffordshire and Worcestershire ( Bromsgrove , Redditch and Wyre Forest ) , discussed setting up a " Supervisory Board " with " a formal governance structure between a Joint Committee and a Combined Authority " . Sir Albert Bore , Birmingham City Council 's leader said that he envisioned a combined authority stretching from Wolverhampton to Coventry and beyond , and from East Staffordshire to Redditch would form the core of a Midlands powerhouse to compete with city regions around the world .
The Local Government Chronicle stated that Bromsgrove , Redditch and Wyre Forest have been invited to form part of a possible West Midlands combined authority , because of their membership of the ' Greater Birmingham & Solihull Local Enterprise Partnership ' . So far ; Redditch is the only Worcestershire authority to join the new combined authority as an associate ' non @-@ constituent ' member , whilst Bromsgrove and Wyre Forest opted not to join " at this time " . The present Secretary of State for Business , Innovation and Skills – Sajid Javid MP ( Bromsgrove ) said he welcomed the ambition shown by the new combined authority and will back them in their mission to drive forward the " Midlands Engine " . Previously ; Robin Walker MP ( Worcester ) and Sir Peter Luff ( former MP for Mid Worcestershire ) , along with Adrian Hardman ( former leader of Worcestershire County Council ) have spoken out against a future ' Birmingham and The Black Country ' combined authority incorporating the county . Councillor Hardman also said that empowering the city regions is essential to any new English devolution settlement , but the great counties of England have an equal role in ensuring the economic success of the UK . The possibility of a Worcestershire combined authority , focusing on four key areas of " transport , infrastructure planning , skills development and land planning " has been mooted by local media and politicians . The ' County Councils Network ' document " County Devolution – Final Report " states that the collective local authorities and the ( Worcestershire ) Local Enterprise Partnership are currently considering options to establish an economic prosperity board , combined authority or similar . The same document mentions the name " World Class Worcestershire Combined Authority " , which provides consistency with present county council branding .
= = = A unitary future ? = = =
The subsequent local government restructuring in April 2009 , which abolished more two @-@ tier counties ( including Shropshire and Cheshire ) did not affect Worcestershire . The county still maintains a two @-@ tier administrative system as per the Local Government Act 1992 , although Lord Heseltine 's No stone unturned : in pursuit of growth review for the Department of Business , Innovation & Skills suggested that all English local authorities should be unitary or combined authority models similar to the existing structures in Scotland and Wales . As of 2014 , conversations are taking place within the local media about the positives and negatives of a possible unitary council structure within Worcestershire . Possibilities being put forward in these discussions are broadly similar to the Local Government Boundary Commission for England proposals prior to the ' Hereford & Worcester ' abolition . These ideas consist of either two unitary authorities based in North Worcestershire ( Bromsgrove , Redditch , Wyre Forest ) and South Worcestershire ( Malvern Hills , Worcester , Wychavon ) or a single countywide council as per Herefordshire . Already the three district councils in the south of the county have successfully worked together to produce the South Worcestershire Development Plan , which replaced the existing Local Plans of these three partner councils when it was adopted in February 2016 ; it also superseded elements of Worcestershire County Council 's County Structure Plan . There are also joint service provisions between the North Worcestershire districts including building control shared services , economic development and regeneration , water management and the emergency planning and business continuity service .
= = = Historic county revival = = =
Separately , the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government announced on St. George 's Day 2013 in a symbolic move that England 's historic and traditional counties still exist . They are now recognised by the government , who will now encourage the marking and continued use of such traditional county names by the existing tiers of local government and residents . A follow up announcement in April 2014 put forward an initiative in changing planning regulations , stating that ' traditional county ' names can be placed on roadsigns . The same Government department also published an online map comparing the current and historic counties . The main body of the pre @-@ 1889 boundaries appear to be acknowledged , but Worcestershire 's islands including Dudley and Shipston @-@ on @-@ Stour are omitted .
= = Statistics = =
The table below features official statistics from the United Kingdom Census relating to Worcestershire 's size and population from 1801 onwards . The statistics are compiled across England and Wales on a decennial basis by the Office for National Statistics ( ONS ) . The population of Worcestershire increased over five @-@ fold between 1801 and the 1971 census , reaching a peak of 693 @,@ 253 people . According to the 1971 survey ; Warley County Borough accounted for 163 @,@ 567 people , Worcester with 73 @,@ 456 , whilst the remaining 456 @,@ 230 resided within the administrative county area . However this survey was based on different external boundaries as opposed to the present county .
The current population of Worcestershire is estimated at 566 @,@ 200 people , according to the 2011 census .
† – No census taken due to World War II
‡ – Statistics for the county of Hereford & Worcester , no individual statistics available for Worcestershire
= Noriko Matsueda =
Noriko Matsueda ( 松枝 賀子 , Matsueda Noriko , born December 18 , 1971 ) is a Japanese former video game composer . She is best known for her work on the Front Mission series , The Bouncer , and Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 . Matsueda collaborated with fellow composer Takahito Eguchi on several games . Composing music at an early age , she began studying the piano and electronic organ when she was three years old . She graduated from the Tokyo Conservatoire Shobi , where she met Eguchi .
She joined Square ( now Square Enix ) in 1994 , where she created music for nine games . Her last credited work was Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 's piano arrangement album , Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 Piano Collection from 2004 , after which she decided to leave the company alongside Eguchi . She composed mostly jazz music for the scores she worked on .
= = Biography = =
Born in Tochigi , Japan , Noriko Matsueda began creating music at an early age . She received a scholarship in music at the age of three and went on to study the piano and electronic organ . Matsueda took various composition and performance courses at the Tokyo Conservatoire Shobi , where she also met long @-@ term collaborator Takahito Eguchi . She joined Square in 1994 , where her first assignment was to score the 1995 title Front Mission alongside Yoko Shimomura . She subsequently contributed the track " Boss Battle 1 " to Chrono Trigger , arranged by Nobuo Uematsu . Matsueda 's first solo work was Bahamut Lagoon , which also represented her first collaboration with Eguchi , who arranged and orchestrated " Theme of Bahamut Lagoon ~ Opening " for the bonus disc of its original soundtrack . In 1996 , she created the composition " Tower Block " for the multi @-@ composer game Tobal No. 1 . The following year , she created the soundtrack to Front Mission 2 .
In 1999 , Matsueda and Eguchi made their first major collaboration by scoring the role @-@ playing racing game Racing Lagoon , with synthesizer programmer Ryo Yamazaki providing three tracks . Matsueda was responsible for all the music except the battle , opening , and ending themes . They collaborated again on the soundtrack to the PlayStation 2 title The Bouncer in 2000 , whereas the two took a more equal share of the music . A large amount of the compositions produced was not used in the game and there were also many post @-@ production demands . Afterward , Matsueda created 25 pieces of background music for Square 's PlayOnline viewer used for Final Fantasy XI and Tetra Master .
She reunited with Eguchi to create the soundtrack to Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 in 2003 , with Matsueda contributing most of the setting themes . Having replaced Final Fantasy 's regular series composer Nobuo Uematsu to create a work entirely different from the predecessor Final Fantasy X , their score has become one of the most criticized soundtracks in the series . However , despite the negative response and a low budget , it was commercially successful . The following year , she worked on Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 's international version Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 International + Last Mission and provided three arrangements to the Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 Piano Collection album . The Piano Collections album was her last credited work , and she has since left Square Enix along with Eguchi .
= = Musical style and influences = =
Matsueda is noted for her jazzy style , which she often incorporated into the soundtracks she worked on ; she also touched on genres like jazz fusion , lounge , and ambient . For the scores that she collaborated on with Eguchi , she was responsible for most of the jazzy tracks , while Eguchi provided the majority of the electronic music . Matsueda has said that the best qualities of a composer are their curiosity and sensitivity , and that watching many things , listening , touching , and feeling are important factors in composition . When asked why she creates music , Matsueda replied that she feels it is an appropriate way to express herself .
She cites George Gershwin , Herbie Hancock , Chick Corea , Igor Stravinsky , and Gustav Mahler as musical influences . When composing music for games , Matsueda draws inspiration from all parts of the game , including the story , the world view , the personality of the characters , the graphics , and the tone of color . She has stated that she makes the music thinking about the goal of the sounds for the game and its total balance .
= = Works = =
= No Exit ( Miami Vice ) =
" ' No Exit " is the seventh episode of the first season of the American police procedural television series Miami Vice . It premiered on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) on November 9 , 1984 . The episode was written by Charles R. Leinenweber and Maurice Hurley , and directed by David Soul . " No Exit " featured guest appearances by Bruce Willis and Katherine Borowitz .
Miami Vice focuses on the lives of two undercover Metro @-@ Dade police officers , James " Sonny " Crockett ( Don Johnson ) and Ricardo Tubbs ( Philip Michael Thomas ) . In this episode , the detectives investigate an arms dealer selling military hardware . The dealer 's abuse of his spouse complicates the surveillance .
Written under the working title " Three @-@ Eyed Turtle " , the episode has been seen as exploring existentialist themes , including Jean @-@ Paul Sartre 's theory that all relationships are based on a struggle for dominance . The episode features a contemporary pop soundtrack , using Phil Collins ' " I Don 't Care Anymore " and " Stay With Me " by Teddy Pendergrass .
= = Plot = =
Metro @-@ Dade detectives James " Sonny " Crockett ( Don Johnson ) and Ricardo Tubbs ( Philip Michael Thomas ) , and lieutenant Martin Castillo ( Edward James Olmos ) are undercover to arrest a pair of arms dealers . After a brief shoot @-@ out , the dealers are taken into custody , and during the course of their confessions , reveal their supplier to be a man named Tony Amato .
Amato ( Bruce Willis ) is an international arms dealer who the Federal Bureau of Investigation have been tracking , as they believe Amato is planning the sale of FIM @-@ 92 Stinger missiles stolen from a military arms depot . The FBI agrees to allow Metro @-@ Dade to conduct the surveillance as its equipment was in place first . Crockett and Tubbs watch Amato 's abusive relationship with his wife Rita ( Katherine Borowitz ) . When Rita attempts to hire a hitman to kill Amato , Crockett intercepts the call and meets with her , arranging her help in their case in return for her safety . She explains that she has tried to leave Amato before , but he hired thugs to rape her divorce lawyer 's wife to scare her into place .
Amato 's prospective buyer is intercepted and arrested . The FBI had initially planned to send one of their agents undercover in his place , but Tubbs volunteers for the role , fearing the agent is too inexperienced . Tubbs meets with Amato and his henchmen , who demonstrate one of the Stingers and explain how to take out a civilian airplane with an unarmed missile . Tubbs agrees to purchase all of Amato 's inventory and arranges another meet to make the buy . That night , Crockett , surveilling Amato 's house , sees him beat Rita again , and is unable to intervene .
When Amato breaks his telephone in a rage , he finds one of the surveillance devices . Tubbs quickly calls him , claiming to have been bugged as well , and the two arrange to move the buy to that evening . Amato is noticeably on @-@ edge during the meet , and is desperate to unload the missiles . The buy is set to take place at the docks , and the remainder of the Metro @-@ Dade vice squad arrive to complete the bust , taking Amato into custody safely .
However , when Amato is due to be arraigned the next morning , a group of federal agents arrive with paperwork offering him immunity from prosecution in exchange for working for them to supply South American anti @-@ Communist groups . Rita arrives to see Amato going free , draws a gun from her handbag , and shoots him .
= = Production = =
" No Exit " was originally given the working title " Three @-@ Eyed Turtle " , which was changed when an executive at the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) ' s Standards and Practices office realized this was slang for a sexual act . The amended title , " No Exit " , has been seen by critics Stephen Sanders and Aeon Scoble as a reference to Jean @-@ Paul Sartre 's 1944 play No Exit , as the episode features " an early series engagement with existentialism " . The pair have argued that the fractured relationship between Tony and Rita Amato echoes the philosopher 's assertion that all human relationships are defined by a struggle for control and supremacy .
" No Exit " was directed by David Soul , whose Starsky and Hutch co @-@ star Paul Michael Glaser had also directed for the series . Writer Maurice Hurley would receive writing credits on a number of other Miami Vice episodes , including " The Dutch Oven " , " Whatever Works " , and " Golden Triangle " . The location used for Amato 's home was the " Pink House " , a nickname for the Spear House in Coral Gables , Florida ; a 1978 building designed by architecture firm Arquitectonica . The location was chosen for use in the episode by executive producer Michael Mann . Guest star Bruce Willis was one of a number of New York stage actors cast in the series , having only appeared in an Off @-@ Broadway performance of Fool for Love before being cast as Tony Amato .
As was customary for episodes of Miami Vice episodes , " No Exit " makes use of contemporary pop music in its soundtrack , featuring the songs " Stay With Me " by Teddy Pendergrass and " I Don 't Care Anymore " by Phil Collins . The latter song featured in a scene of Crockett driving at night , echoing the use of Collins ' " In the Air Tonight " in a similar scene in the pilot , " Brother 's Keeper " . The alienation discussed in " I Don 't Care Anymore " has been described as mirroring the violent rift in Amato 's marriage , and also the detachment with which Crockett must approach this aspect of the case .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" No Exit " was first broadcast on NBC on November 9 , 1984 . NBC repeated the episode twice in 1985 , before airing it once more in 1986 .
Writing for DVD Talk , Todd Douglass Jr. described " No Exit " as being " definitely one of the highlights " of Miami Vice 's first season . Douglass felt that the episode 's tight focus left
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" Zelen Pazar " ( green market ) and the " Bit Pazar " ( flea market ) . They are both considered as local institutions . However , since the 1970s , retailing has largely been modernised and Skopje now has many supermarkets and shopping malls . The largest , Skopje City Mall , opened in 2012 . It comprises a Carrefour hypermarket , 130 shops and a cinema , and employs 2 @,@ 000 people .
= = = Employment = = =
51 % of Skopje active population is employed in small firms . 52 % of the population work in the services sector , 34 % in industry , and the remaining is mainly employed in administration .
The unemployment rate for the Skopje Statistical Region was at 27 % in 2009 , three points under the national rate ( 30 % ) . The neighbouring Polog Region had a similar rate , but the less affected region was the South @-@ West , with 22 % . Unemployment in Skopje mainly concern men , who represent 56 % of job @-@ seekers , people between 25 and 44 years old ( 45 % of job @-@ seekers ) , and non @-@ qualified people ( 43 % ) . Unemployment also concerns Roma people , who represent 4 @.@ 63 % of the city population . Unemployment concerns 70 % of the active population in the community .
The average net monthly wage in Skopje was at € 400 in October 2010 , which represented 120 % of the national figure . The average wage in Skopje was then lower than in Sarajevo ( € 522 ) Sofia ( € 436 ) and in Belgrade ( € 440 ) .
= = Population = =
= = = Demography = = =
The City of Skopje had 506 @,@ 926 inhabitants within its administrative limits in 2002 , while the urban unit itself had 378 @,@ 243 inhabitants . A 2006 estimation gave 668 @,@ 518 inhabitants to the City in its administrative limits . Skopje 's employment area covers a large part of the Republic of Macedonia , including Veles , Kumanovo and Tetovo , and totaling more than one million inhabitants .
Skopje concentrates a third of Macedonia 's population and other Macedonian towns are much smaller . The second most populous municipality , Kumanovo , had 107 @,@ 632 inhabitants in 2011 , and an urban unit of 76 @,@ 272 inhabitants in 2002 .
Before the Austro @-@ Turkish war and the 1698 Great Fire , Skopje was one of the biggest cities in the Balkans , with a population estimated between 30 @,@ 000 and 60 @,@ 000 inhabitants . After the fire , it experienced a long period of decline and only had 10 @,@ 000 inhabitants in 1836 . However , the population started to rise again after 1850 and reached 32 @,@ 000 inhabitants in 1905 . In the 20th century , Skopje was one of the fastest growing cities in Yugoslavia and it has 448 @,@ 200 inhabitants in 1971 . Since then , the demographic growth has continued at a steady pace .
= = = Ethnic groups = = =
Skopje , as the Republic of Macedonia as a whole , is characterised by a large ethnic diversity . The city is located in a region where Ethnic Albanians and Macedonians meet , and it welcomed Romani , Turks , Jews and Serbs throughout its history . Skopje was mainly a Muslim city until the 19th century , when large number of Christians started to settle there . According to the 2002 census , Macedonians were the largest ethnic group in Skopje , with 338 @,@ 358 inhabitants , or 66 @.@ 75 % of the population . Then came Albanians with 103 @,@ 891 inhabitants ( 20 @.@ 49 % ) , Roma people with 23 @,@ 475 ( 4 @.@ 63 % ) , Serbs ( 14 @,@ 298 inhabitants ) , Turks ( 8 @,@ 595 ) , Bosniaks ( 7 @,@ 585 ) and Vlachs ( 2 @,@ 557 ) . 8 @,@ 167 people did not belong to any of these groups .
Ethnic Macedonians form an overwhelming majority of the population in the municipalities of Aerodrom , Centar , Gjorče Petrov , Karpoš and Kisela Voda , which are all located south of the Vardar . They also form a majority in Butel and Gazi Baba which are north of the river . Albanians form a majority in Čair which roughly corresponds to the Old Bazaar , and in Saraj . They form a large minority in Butel and Gazi Baba . Šuto Orizari , located on the northern edge of the city , is predominantly Roma .
When an ethnic minority forms at least 20 % of the population in a municipality , its language can become official on the local level . Thus , in Čair and Saraj schools and administration use Albanian , and Romani in Šuto Orizari . The latter is the only municipality in the world where Romani is an official language .
Relations between the two largest groups , Macedonians and Albanians , are sometimes difficult , as in the rest of the country . Each group tolerate the other but they tend to avoid each other and live in what can appear as two parallel worlds . The Roma minority is on its side very deprived . Its exact size is not known because many Macedonian Roma declare themselves as belonging to other ethnic groups or simply avoid censuses . However , even if official figures are underestimated , Skopje is the city in the world with the largest Roma population .
= = = Religion = = =
Religious affiliation is closely linked to ethnicity : Macedonians , Serbs and Vlachs are mainly Orthodox , while Albanians , Turks and Roma ( Gypsies ) are usually Muslim . Skopje also has a Catholic Albanian minority , to which belonged Mother Teresa .
According to the 2002 census , 68 @.@ 5 % of the population of Skopje belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church , while 28 @.@ 6 % of it belonged to Islam . The city also had a Catholic ( 0 @.@ 5 % ) and Protestant ( 0 @.@ 04 % ) minorities . The Catholics are served by the Latin bishopric of Skopje , in which is also vested the Byzantine Rite Macedonian Apostolic Exarchate of Macedonia .
Until World War II , Skopje had a significant Jewish minority which mainly descended from Spanish Sephardis who had escaped the Inquisition . The community comprised 2 @,@ 424 members in 1939 and most of them were deported and killed by Nazis . After the war , most of the survivors settled in Israel .
Because of its Ottoman past , Skopje has more mosques than churches . Religious communities often complain about the lack of infrastructure and new places of worship are often built . Skopje is the seat of many Macedonian religious organisations , such as the Macedonian Orthodox Church and the Islamic Religious Union of Macedonia . It has an Orthodox cathedral and seminary , several madrasahs , a Roman Catholic cathedral and a synagogue .
= = = Health = = =
Skopje has several public and private hospitals and specialised medical institutions , such as a psychiatric hospital , two obstetric hospitals , a gerontology hospital and institutes for respiratory and ocular diseases . In 2012 , Skopje had a ratio of one physician per 251 @.@ 6 inhabitants , a figure higher than the national ratio ( one per 370 @.@ 9 ) . The ratio of medical specialists was also higher than in the rest of the country . However , the ratio of hospital beds , pharmacists and dentists was lower in Skopje . The population in Skopje enjoys better health standards than other Macedonians . In 2010 , the mortality rate was at 8 @.@ 6 ‰ in Skopje and 9 @.@ 3 ‰ on the national level . The infant mortality rate was at 6 @.@ 8 ‰ in Skopje and 7 @.@ 6 ‰ in Macedonia .
= = = Education = = =
Skopje 's citizenry is generally more educated than the rest of the country . For one , 16 % of Skopjans graduated university in contrast to 10 % for the rest of the country . The amount of people with a complete lack of education or ones who received a partial education is lower in Skopje at 9 % compared to the provincial average of 17 % . 80 % of Macedonian citizens who hold a PhD take up residence in Skopje .
Skopje has 21 secondary schools ; 5 of which serve as general high @-@ school gymnasiums and 16 vocational schools . The city is also host to several higher education institutions , the most notable of which is Ss . Cyril and Methodius University , founded in 1949 . The university has 23 departments , 10 research institutes and is attended by an average of 50 @,@ 000 students . After the declaration of independence for the Republic of Macedonia in 1991 , several private universities were brought to existance . The largest private universities in Skopje are currently European University with 7 departments and FON University with 9 departments respectively .
= = Media = =
Skopje is the largest media center in Macedonia . Of the 818 newspapers surveyed in 2000 by the Ministry of Information , over 600 had their headquarters in Skopje . The daily Dnevnik , founded in 1996 , with 60 000 runs per day is the most printed in the country . Also based in Skopje , Večer is pulled 50 @,@ 000 copies and the state owns one third of its capital , as well as Nova Makedonija , reprinted 20 @,@ 000 copies . Other major newspapers in Skopje , totally private , are Utrinski Vesnik ( 30 @,@ 000 copies ) , Vest ( 25 @,@ 000 copies ) and Vreme ( 15 @,@ 000 copies ) . Magazines Fokus ( 12 @,@ 000 copies ) , Start ( 10 @,@ 000 copies ) , and Denes ( 7 @,@ 500 copies ) also have their headquarters in Skopje .
The city is home of the studios of Macedonian Radio @-@ Television ( MRT ) , the country 's public radio and television . Founded in 1966 , it operate withs three national broadcast channels , twenty @-@ four hours at day . The most popular private television stations are Sitel . Kanal 5 , Telma , Alfa TV and AlsatM are another major private television companies . MRT also operates radio stations with national coverage , the private station Skopje 's Kanal 77 is the only one to have such a span . Radio Antenna 5 and Metropolis are two other major private stations that have their headquarters in Skopje .
Also , the city boasts big news agencies in the country , both public , as the Macedonian Information Agency , and private , such as the Makfax .
= = Sports = =
As the capital and largest city of Macedonia , Skopje has many major sporting facilities . The city has three large swimming pools , two of which feature Olympic pools . These pools are particularly relevant to coaching water polo teams . Skopje also boasts many football stadiums , like Ilinden in Čair and Železarnica , which can accommodate between 4 @,@ 000 and 4 @,@ 500 spectators . The basketball court Kale can accommodate 5 000 people and the court of Jane Sandanski , 4000 people .
Тhe largest stadium remains the Philip II Arena . The stadium , built in 1947 and named until 2008 , City Stadium Skopje experienced a total renovation , begun in 2009 to meet the standards of FIFA . Fully renovated the stadium contains 32 @,@ 580 seats , and a health spa and fitness . The Boris Trajkovski Sports Center is the largest sports complex in the country . It was opened in 2008 and named after president Boris Trajkovski , who died in 2004 . It includes room dedicated to handball , basketball and volleyball , a bowling alley , a fitness area and an ice hockey court . Its main hall , which regularly hosts concerts , holds around 10 @,@ 000 people .
FK Vardar and FK Rabotnički are the two most popular football teams , playing in the first national league . Their workouts are held at Philip Arena II , like those of the national team . The city is also home to many smaller football clubs , such as : FK Makedonija Gjorče Petrov , FK Gorno Lisiče , FK Lokomotiva Skopje , FK Metalurg Skopje , FK Madžari Solidarnost and FK Skopje , who play in first , second or third national league . Another popular sport in Macedonia is basketball , represented in particular by the teams Rabotnički and MZT Skopje . Handball is illustrated by RK Vardar PRO and RK Metalurg Skopje , also the women 's team ŽRK Metalurg and ŽRK Vardar . The city co @-@ hosted the 2008 European Women 's Handball Championship
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in their shared race shop at Silverstone Circuit . The tuning company was eventually sold off , but it remains in existence today .
= = Racing history = =
= = = 1977 – 1980 = = =
GTi Engineering was created by Richard Lloyd in 1977 as his personal team in the British Saloon Car Championship , in which he had been competing for several years . The team was the primary entrant of the new GTi version of the Volkswagen Golf , which had been launched in 1976 , and primary backing came from Volkswagen Great Britain . Lloyd not only managed the team , but also continued to drive . He earned a best result in the BSCC in 1978 when he finished second in the championship , and he earned several wins over the three @-@ year period of the GTi program .
In 1980 , GTi Engineering moved from Volkswagen to partner brand Audi , entering the new Audi 80 in the BSCC . Lloyd was able to sign British drivers Stirling Moss and Martin Brundle to the team for that season . Following the 1980 campaign , GTi Engineering was approached by Porsche about becoming the primary European entrant of the company 's new 924 Carrera GTR in endurance racing . To help with the project , GTi Engineering was able to sign Japanese camera firm Canon as the primary sponsor , leading to the team being known as Canon Racing .
= = = 1981 – 1982 = = =
The team made their international debut at the 1981 1000 km Monza , where drivers Richard Lloyd and Tony Dron finished in eighth place and second in their class . Victory quickly followed as Lloyd and driver Andy Rouse won their class in their home event , the 1000 km Brands Hatch .
For 1982 , the team 's 924 Carrera GTRs were adapted to comply with the International Motor Sports Association 's GTO class regulations . Although this made the car ineligible for class victories in most European events , it was still able to compete with cars of similar classes . The team struggled for results that year , but a best result of fifth overall was achieved at the 1000 km Nürburgring . The team outlasted several Group C and Group 6 sports prototypes to finish high in the results .
= = = 1983 – 1985 = = =
Following the 1982 season , Porsche ended their 924 Carrera GTR development program and the team moved on to Porsche 's newest motorsport offering , the Group C 956 . This promoted GTi Engineering to the top class in the World Championship , which allowed them to compete for overall wins . In the team 's second race with the 956 , their home event at Silverstone , Jan Lammers and Thierry Boutsen secured a podium finish , which was followed by another at the Nürburgring . A final appearance on the podium was earned in the final European race of the year at Mugello Circuit . Lammers finished seventh in the Drivers Championship .
For 1984 , GTi continued their success in the World Championship . As part of an agreement with sponsor Canon , GTi Engineering entered a second car in select rounds of the championship for the purpose of carrying an on @-@ board video camera within the cockpit to record the entire event . Although the added weight of the camera systems hampered the performance of the 956 , the car was still driven as normal by Richard Lloyd and team mate , Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason , and it made its debut at the 24 Hours of Le Mans . GTi 's main 956 entry , however , remained a front runner in the hands of Lammers and John Fitzpatrick . Jonathan Palmer substituted for Fitzpatrick and , along with Lammers , took the team 's first World Championship victory at Brands Hatch , two laps ahead of a Joest Racing Porsche . Soon after the victory , the team debuted its new car , the custom @-@ built 956 GTi . The GTi was quickly able to usurp its predecessor , taking second at Imola . The team ended the year with Lammers and Fitzpatrick tied for fifth in the Drivers Championship .
During 1985 , the team officially changed its title to Richard Lloyd Racing , although the GTi Engineering name was retained as part of the company . The team continued on with their 956s , even though some competitors were now using the improved 962C . The season began with Lammers and Palmer earning good results , and the team managed to earn a second @-@ place finish at the 24 Hours of Le Mans with Jonathan Palmer , James Weaver , and Lloyd himself completing the race only three laps behind the winning Joest Porsche but ahead of the factory Rothmans Porsche . Trouble occurred during practice for the 1000 km Spa when a tyre let go , sending the car into the barrier at 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) , injuring Palmer and badly damaging the car , forcing it to undergo a lengthy rebuild . The team returned to the championship at Fuji but was unable to finish the event . Richard Lloyd Racing ended the year fifth in the Teams Championship , although Palmer was only twelfth in the Drivers Championship .
= = = 1986 – 1990 = = =
Canon chose to end their sponsorship of Richard Lloyd Racing in 1986 , leaving the team to sign Liqui Moly as a replacement . The team pressed on with the 956 GTi , using a variety of rotating drivers without much success early in the season . Their results improved , however , as Brands Hatch once again saw success for the squad when they earned their second World Championship victory by four laps over Joest Racing , with factory Porsche drivers Mauro Baldi and Bob Wollek in the car . A second @-@ place finish at the Nürburgring was the only other podium showing of the year , and the team finished the season sixth in the Teams Championship . Outside of the World Championship , the 956 GTi also made an appearance at an Interserie event at Richard Lloyd Racing 's home track of Thruxton , winning one heat and finishing second overall in the combined results .
Richard Lloyd Racing replaced their aging 956 GTi prior to the 1987 season . A new 962C @-@ based car was obtained , although it was once again built to a unique GTi specification . Jonathan Palmer and Mauro Baldi became full @-@ season drivers for the squad . The team repeated their lack of early success from the previous year , once again earning a victory in the second half of the season . However , unlike the previous Brands Hatch successes , this one was earned at the Norisring sprint event . Brands Hatch remained lucky for the team though , as they earned a second place that year . Richard Lloyd Racing closed off the season with a third at Fuji , earning them fifth in the Teams Championship and helping Baldi tie for eighth in the Drivers Championship . The team also won the post @-@ season exhibition event at Kyalami , South Africa , with Jochen Mass driving .
A limited schedule of races were run in 1988 , as Liqui Moly ended their sponsoring of the team . New backing instead came from Porsche Great Britain . A fourth @-@ place finish at the opening sprint event was followed by a string of accidents and disqualifications , leading to the team missing several races for repairs . A seventh @-@ place finish at the Nürburgring was the only other finish to earn points for the team , leaving them ninth in the Teams Championship as they ended their season early . Rather than participate in the Fuji event , the team went to North America for an exhibition event in Tampa , Florida , participating against Camel GT Championship teams . American driver Price Cobb joined James Weaver , and the duo earned third place behind the American Electramotive Nissan and the European Brun Porsche .
An evolution of the World Championship in 1989 , with a schedule consisting entirely of shorter sprint events , helped reduce the cost for the teams and allowed Richard Lloyd Racing to restructure and add a second car to their line @-@ up . Drivers included Derek Bell , Tiff Needell , and Steven Andskär . A fifth @-@ place finish at Dijon @-@ Prenois and fourth @-@ place finish in the finale at Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez were once again the only points earned by Richard Lloyd Racing , leaving them ninth in the Teams Championship . A home success outside the World Championship was achieved when Needell took second in a Supercup event at Silverstone .
For 1990 , Richard Lloyd Racing signed Japanese firm Italiya as the primary sponsor for the team . The team was reduced to a single entry , primarily driven by Manuel Reuter , James Weaver , and Steven Andskär . A sixth place at Spa and third at a shortened Montreal event were the highlights of the year , and Richard Lloyd Racing was once again ninth in the championship with three points . The team also ran a standard 962C at Le Mans for Nick Mason . The Mason @-@ owned car finished eleventh while the team 's 962C GTi withdrew after a pit fire . After the season ended , Richard Lloyd Racing was closed due to a lack of funding necessary to continue on into 1991 .
= = GTi Porsches = =
= = = 956 GTi = = =
Following a successful debut season with the 956 in 1983 , Richard Lloyd commissioned designer Nigel Stroud to develop a replacement monocoque and base chassis for the team 's car in an attempt to increase structural rigidity over that of the factory Porsche unit . Aluminium composite honeycomb was used in place of aluminium sheet metal in constructing the new monocoque . This car , originally 956 chassis # 106 , was replaced by the Stroud @-@ designed chassis designated # 106B , leading to the car being renamed a 956 GTi .
Further modifications were made to the car once the monocoque had been completed , which included replacing the entire Porsche front suspension setup with a custom design . Bodywork modifications were also carried out by automotive designer Peter Stevens in an attempt to increase the overall downforce of the car on smaller circuits ; a narrow wing devised by Lloyd and team manager Greene at the 1984 1000 km of Brands Hatch was placed on two vertical struts , attached to the nose of the car between the headlights and fenders . In addition , the standard rear wing was replaced with a two element design at different angles of attack , with a narrow gap between the two . The wings were also constructed from carbon fibre , lighter than the standard material used on 956s .
The # 106B GTi chassis was badly damaged in an accident at the 1000 km Spa in 1985 , requiring the team to build another monocoque known as # 106BII . This chassis also adapted several newer 962 elements , including moving the cockpit farther back from the front axle . This chassis served with the team until the end of 1986 , when it was replaced by the new 962C GTi . Following its retirement , 956 GTi was refurbished in 1990 and is now used in historic motorsport events . The car 's initial Canon paint scheme is used once again .
= = = 962C GTi = = =
In an attempt to catch the improving capabilities of the factory 962Cs , Lloyd commissioned the construction of a new car for the 1987 season . As before , the monocoque was designed by Nigel Stroud , while standard 962 parts were adapted to fit alongside custom @-@ built pieces . The first chassis , intentionally retaining the identification # 106B but not the same chassis as used on the 956 GTi , once again featured noticeable differences from its factory brethren . The rear of the car was completely redesigned , with the rear wing no longer part of the long tail bodywork . Instead , the wing hung off the rear of the car , attached only by struts at the center .
As the 1987 season continued on , modifications were made to the front of the car as well . The fenders and nose were rounded off , while the front brake cooling ducts and smaller headlights featured an all @-@ new design . These front end improvements were continued into 1988 with the construction of another car , chassis # 200 . The central gap on the bottom of the nose was filled in , allowing for the relocation of the brake cooling ducts towards the center of the car , while an extended splitter was added to aid front downforce . At the rear , Nigel Stroud adapted a design element which had been used by Jaguar : bodywork covered the sides of the rear wheels of the car , allowing for better airflow .
Chassis # 201 joined the team in 1989 , identical to the other team car . The new car initially retained the rear wheel covers that # 200 had used for improved aerodynamic performance , but they were later removed in 1990 . The brake cooling ducts were also moved into larger openings higher on the nose .
Two further 962C GTi chassis were constructed by GTi Engineering . Dyson Racing purchased chassis # 202 , which they further modified for the Camel GT Championship , becoming known as # DR1 . Dyson 's 962C GTi won a single event in San Antonio , Texas . ADA Engineering received # 203 for the 1992 24 Hours of Le Mans before using it again in 1994 with Team Nippon . Chassis # 106B was sold after Richard Lloyd had replaced it , and it ended up in the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship in the hands of Trust Racing Team from 1988 to 1990 , then the Nisseki Racing Team in 1991 . Chassis # 200 also ran in Japan under the Alpha Cubic banner in 1990 .
= Pearl Corkhill =
Pearl Elizabeth Corkhill MM ( 11 March 1887 – 4 December 1985 ) was an Australian military nurse of the First World War . Trained as a nurse in Sydney , Corkhill enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 4 June 1915 . After serving in France at the 1st and 3rd Australian General Hospitals , Corkhill was assigned to the 38th British Casualty Clearing Station near Abbeville on 21 August 1918 . On 23 August , while the camp was being heavily bombed by enemy aircraft , Corkhill remained calm and continued to tend to her patients , despite the danger . For her bravery , she was awarded the Military Medal , one of only seven Australian nurses to be so decorated in the First World War . Following the Armistice , she went on to work as a nurse at various public hospitals , and donated a large collection of her father 's photographs to the National Library of Australia .
= = Early life = =
Corkill was born on 11 March 1887 , the second child of William Corkhill , a grazier and photographer , and Francis Hawtrey née Bate . Growing up on the family ranch , " Marengo " , near Tilba Tilba in southern New South Wales , Corkhill and her sister Edith 's lives where extensively recorded by their father , who by 1890 had become a professional photographer . She was first educated by a governess before attending the public school in town . She undertook nursing training at a private hospital in Summer Hill , Sydney and qualified as a general nurse in 1914 .
= = Military years = =
On 4 June 1915 , Corkhill enrolled as a staff nurse in the Australian Imperial Force . She left Fremantle aboard the A62 Wandila on 25 June 1915 , and arrived in Egypt in July that year . She was assigned to the 1st Australian General Hospital , and assisted in the treatment of soldiers involved with the Gallipoli Campaign . On 24 March 1916 , Corkhill was among a group of nurses sent to Marseille aboard the Braemar Castle , a hospital ship . Arriving in early April , she was then sent aboard a train destined for the 2nd British General Hospital in Le Havre . The train was poorly equipped and was missing many amenities , such as toilets or water , so the women were forced to improvise by washing with cologne . In her time at the British hospital , Corkhill looked forward to returning to an Australian hospital and being " amongst our boys " ; the Australian soldiers often found their compatriots to be friendlier than the British nurses . On Anzac Day 1916 , a year after the Landing at Gallipoli , Corkhill and two other Australian nurses commemorated the occasion . They wore gum tree leaves on their capes , and gave small packets of cigarettes and matches to the Australians who were interned at the hospital as gifts .
Corkhill went back to serve at the 1st Australian General Hospital in Rouen on 16 June 1916 for the remainder of the year . On 23 January 1917 , she went to England on leave until 9 February . She then served at the Australian Hospital until July 1918 , with the exception of her two leaves ; to England in October 1917 and to Paris in February 1918 . On 15 May 1918 , Corkhill was sent to Abbeville to join the 3rd Australian General Hospital , and was briefly posted to the 38th British Casualty Clearing Station on 2 June . After serving in with the 3rd Australian General Hospital for a further two months , she was again posted to the Casualty Clearing Station on 21 August 1918 .
= = = Military Medal = = =
Casualty Clearing Stations were deliberately sited as close to the front line as possible , since many injuries caused during battle required more urgent attention than the time to travel to a field hospital allowed . Often within seven miles of the front line , they were considered extremely dangerous , and the appropriateness of having nurses attend such stations was hotly debated within the military . As a result of its proximity to the front , the station would often come under enemy attack , as was the case of the 38th British Casualty Station on 23 August . The Casualty Station suffered a heavy air raid by German forces , with the sterilisation room being destroyed and the camp being hit by numerous bombs . Despite the heavy attack , Corkhill , who was attending to the wounded at the time , remained calm and continued to aid the patients . For her actions , she was recommended for and later awarded the Military Medal .
War Office , 23rd August , 1918
His Majesty the KING has been pleased to approve of the award of the Military Medal to the undermentioned Lady for distinguished service in the Field , as recorded : —
Staff Nurse Pearl Elizabeth Corkhill , Aust . A.N.S.
For courage and devotion on the occasion of an enemy air @-@ raid . She continued to attend to the wounded without any regard to her own safety , though enemy aircraft were overhead . Her example was of the greatest value in allaying the alarm of the patients .
Corkhill was initially unconvinced that she deserved the award , being more concerned about having to purchase a new dress to wear while meeting the King . The award was more heavily celebrated by the men than by Corkhill herself , as she described in a letter to her mother :
Today word came that I had been awarded the MM. Well the C.O. sent over a bottle of champagne and they all drank my health and now the medical officers are giving me a dinner in honour of the event . I can 't see what I 've done to deserve it but the part I don 't like is having to face old George and Mary to get the medal . It will cost me a new mess dress , but I suppose I should not grumble at that — I 'm still wearing the one I left Australia in .
= = = Later service = = =
The day following the action , 24 August , Corkhill was posted to the 1st Australian General Hospital , and went on leave in the United Kingdom . She was retained for service at the 1st Australian Auxiliary Hospital in Harefield , London on 27 August 1918 . She was promoted to the rank of Sister on 1 October , and continued to serve at the hospital until She returned to Australia on 24 January 1919 . She was discharged on 22 June 1919 .
= = Later life = =
A memorial commemorating Corkhill 's efforts in the war was erected in Tilba , and she was presented with the medal by Governor @-@ General Lord Foster . Following the war , Corkhill went on to pursue a nursing career . After serving as a nurse in various hospitals both in Australia and overseas , Corkhill became the senior sister at the District Hospital in Bega , New South Wales in 1951 . In 1975 , she donated a large collection of her father 's photographs to National Library of Australia . Amongst the one thousand piece collection were personal photographs along with pictures the Tilba area , which were later used to create a book , Taken at Tilba and an engagement calendar . Corkhill was a skilled horsewoman , and was the lead in the centenary Cooma Show . A supper cloth made by Corkhill while on duty has been used as an example of decorative crafts of the era , and a number of photographs she had taken while on duty were donated to the Australian War Memorial . Corkhill died on 4 December 1985 in Dalmeny , New South Wales . She was unmarried .
= Beecher 's Handmade Cheese =
Beecher 's Handmade Cheese is an artisan cheesemaker and retail shop with locations in the Pike Place Market , Seattle , Washington and New York City 's Flatiron District . The company was founded by Kurt Beecher Dammeier in 2003 and opened in the Pike Place Market after Dammeier obtained a difficult to obtain storefront lease in the Market . Because Dammeier had never been a cheesemaker , he sought out the assistance of Brad Sinko , who helped run a family cheese @-@ making business in Oregon . A second location was opened in 2011 in the Flatiron neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City .
Unlike most artisan cheese makers , Beecher 's mainly uses pasteurized milk and operates a high @-@ volume modern production facility , with multiple farms supplying milk . When Beecher 's encountered problems in guaranteeing the standard flavor of the milks they were using to make cheese , the company bought their own herds of dairy cattle and farms to ensure control of the cheese products from beginning to end . Beecher 's uses various cheese cultures when mixing cheeses , so a cheddar cheese produced by Beecher 's may use cultures not normally intended for cheddar cheese production .
Beecher 's Pike Place Market cheese @-@ making facility includes a café , which serves grilled cheese and other items , and a retail shop , which sells both Beecher 's cheeses and others brands from local Pacific Northwest cheesemakers . The New York location is a much larger space . In addition to the production facility , café , and retail space , it also has a full @-@ service restaurant downstairs referred to as The Cellar . Beecher 's also manufactures and sells macaroni and cheese dishes ( and other frozen sides ) , which have received praise in reviews from the national news media . Dammeier and his firm 's cheeses have been featured on national television , including twice on The Martha Stewart Show and once on Oprah , with the " World 's Best " Macaroni and Cheese featured as one of Oprah 's " Favorite Things . " A cookbook by Dammeier , Pure Flavor : 125 Fresh All @-@ American Recipes From The Pacific Northwest , has been published , and incorporates recipes used to make various Beecher 's products and dishes . In addition to their various business endeavors , Beecher 's sponsors the Flagship foundation and Pure Food Kids project , an educational program to teach children in the Seattle public schools system about healthful diets .
= = Founding and history = =
Before founding Beecher 's , Dammeier had never made cheese , and had little direct knowledge of the cheese making business . His self @-@ described " passion " for cheese began during his childhood in Tacoma , Washington , where his family always kept a cheese board piled high with local cheeses . Raised in a family business involving printing and food manufacturing , he decided to open a cheese business after his family sold the printing company . He named it for his great @-@ grandfather , Beecher McKenzie . Dammeier also owns the Seattle @-@ based specialty grocer Pasta & Co. and is a major investor in Pyramid Breweries , Inc . ; other members of his family have stakes in Pyramid as well . Dammeier also founded Bennett 's Pure Food Bistro on nearby Mercer Island , and the food truck Maximus / Minimus , both of which carry many dishes prepared with Beecher 's products . In 2003 , Dammeier opened Beecher 's in Seattle 's Pike Place Market when a rare large retail location became available in the market after the nursery Molbak 's closed its Market location and moved to its current Woodinville , Washington property .
After taking a cheese making course at Washington State University , Dammeier decided he needed to hire someone to work with him as chief cheesemaker . He hired Brad Sinko , a microbiologist , who previously had managed his family cheese business of Bandon Cheese in Oregon , before it was acquired by the Tillamook County Creamery Association . According to Dammeier , the artisanal cheese market was underrepresented in Seattle and Washington , and he opened his business in part to encourage more cheese business to grow in the region . In 2000 , Washington had nine licensed cheesemakers ; this expanded to twenty @-@ eight by 2007 . Dammeier compared the growth he expects in artisan cheese to the United States ' recent growth in sales of specialty beers :
" If you said the word ' Porter ' 20 years ago , no one in the U.S. would have had any idea you were talking about beer . Twenty years from now , people will know what a washed rind is . "
Thanks to financing from Dammeier 's other business ventures , Beecher 's had the ability to build up their operations slowly , absorbing the costs of capitalization of the business while experimenting with their cheeses , including the time to age them . " The first vat , " remarked Dammeier , " we threw away . The second vat was really good . " As their work progressed Sinko would adjust the formulas of their cheese processing , the cultures , and the enzymes involved , and increased the average aging time for their Flagship brand to 18 months . However , they only publicly claim 12 months of aging . In their first year of operation , Beecher 's had no aged product of their own to sell , instead building up an inventory of 80 @,@ 000 pounds ( 36 @,@ 000 kg ) of cheese . During that same time , their primary sales were of fresh cheese curds .
= = Milk supplies = =
After their initial founding with one milk supplier , Beecher 's production system has
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carry a lunar orbit scientific instrument package weighed just over 54 @,@ 000 pounds ( 24 @,@ 000 kg ) .
North American Aviation won the contract to build the CSM , and also the second stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle for NASA . Because the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous , the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the CSM off of the Moon , and thus was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight . Also , there was no provision for docking with the Lunar Module . A 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued as Block I which would be used for early testing , while Block II , the actual lunar spacecraft , would incorporate the docking equipment and take advantage of the lessons learned in Block I development .
= = = Lunar Module = = =
The Lunar Module ( LM ) was designed to descend from lunar orbit to land two astronauts on the Moon and take them back to orbit to rendezvous with the Command Module . Not designed to fly through the Earth 's atmosphere or return to Earth , its fuselage was designed totally without aerodynamic considerations , and was of an extremely lightweight construction . It consisted of separate descent and ascent stages , each with its own engine . The descent stage contained storage for the descent propellant , surface stay consumables , and surface exploration equipment . The ascent stage contained the crew cabin , ascent propellant , and a reaction control system . The initial LM model weighed approximately 33 @,@ 300 pounds ( 15 @,@ 100 kg ) , and allowed surface stays up to around 34 hours . An Extended Lunar Module weighed over 36 @,@ 200 pounds ( 16 @,@ 400 kg ) , and allowed surface stays of over 3 days . The contract for design and construction of the Lunar Module was awarded to Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation , and the project was overseen by Thomas J. Kelly .
= = Launch vehicles = =
Before the Apollo program began , Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers had started work on plans for very large launch vehicles , the Saturn series , and the even larger Nova series . In the midst of these plans , von Braun was transferred from the Army to NASA , and made Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center . The initial direct ascent plan to send the three @-@ man Apollo Command / Service Module directly to the lunar surface , on top of a large descent rocket stage , would require a Nova @-@ class launcher , with a lunar payload capability of over 180 @,@ 000 pounds ( 82 @,@ 000 kg ) . The June 11 , 1962 , decision to use lunar orbit rendezvous enabled the Saturn V to replace the Nova , and the MSFC proceeded to develop the Saturn rocket family for Apollo .
= = = Little Joe II = = =
Since Apollo , like Mercury , would require a launch escape system ( LES ) in case of a launch failure , a relatively small rocket was required for qualification flight testing of this system . A size bigger than the NAA Little Joe would be required , so the Little Joe II was built by General Dynamics / Convair . After an August 1963 qualification test flight , four LES test flights ( A @-@ 001 through 004 ) were made at the White Sands Missile Range between May 1964 and January 1966 .
= = = Saturn I = = =
Since Apollo , like Mercury , used more than one launch vehicle for space missions , NASA used spacecraft @-@ launch vehicle combination series numbers : AS @-@ 10x for Saturn I , AS @-@ 20x for Saturn IB , and AS @-@ 50x for Saturn V ( compare Mercury @-@ Redstone 3 , Mercury @-@ Atlas 6 ) to designate and plan all missions , rather than numbering them sequentially as in Project Gemini . This was changed by the time manned flights began .
Saturn I , the first US heavy lift launch vehicle , was initially planned to launch partially equipped CSMs in low Earth orbit tests . The S @-@ I first stage burned RP @-@ 1 with liquid oxygen ( LOX ) oxidizer in eight clustered Rocketdyne H @-@ 1 engines , to produce 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 6 @,@ 670 kN ) of thrust . The S @-@ IV second stage used six liquid hydrogen @-@ fueled Pratt & Whitney RL @-@ 10 engines with 90 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 400 kN ) of thrust . A planned Centaur ( S @-@ V ) third stage with two RL @-@ 10 engines , never flew on Saturn I.
The first four Saturn I test flights were launched from LC @-@ 34 , with only live first stages , carrying dummy upper stages filled with water . The first flight with a live S @-@ IV was launched from LC @-@ 37 . This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs ( designated AS @-@ 101 through AS @-@ 105 ) into orbit in 1964 and 1965 . The last three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites , which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts .
In September 1962 , NASA planned to launch four manned CSM flights on the Saturn I from late 1965 through 1966 , concurrent with Project Gemini . The 22 @,@ 500 @-@ pound ( 10 @,@ 200 kg ) payload capacity would have severely limited the systems which could be included , so the decision was made in October 1963 to use the uprated Saturn IB for all manned Earth orbital flights .
= = = Saturn IB = = =
The Saturn IB was an upgraded version of the Saturn I. The S @-@ IB first stage increased the thrust to 1 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 7 @,@ 120 kN ) by uprating the H @-@ 1 engine . The second stage replaced the S @-@ IV with the S @-@ IVB @-@ 200 , powered by a single J @-@ 2 engine burning liquid hydrogen fuel with LOX , to produce 200 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 890 kN ) of thrust . A restartable version of the S @-@ IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V. The Saturn IB could send over 40 @,@ 000 pounds ( 18 @,@ 100 kg ) into low Earth orbit , sufficient for a partially fueled CSM or the LM . Saturn IB launch vehicles and flights were designated with an AS @-@ 200 series number , " AS " indicating " Apollo Saturn " and the " 2 " indicating the second member of the Saturn rocket family .
= = = Saturn V = = =
Saturn V launch vehicles and flights were designated with an AS @-@ 500 series number , " AS " indicating " Apollo Saturn " and the " 5 " indicating Saturn V. The three @-@ stage Saturn V was designed to send a fully fueled CSM and LM to the Moon . It was 33 feet ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) in diameter and stood 363 feet ( 110 @.@ 6 m ) tall with its 96 @,@ 800 @-@ pound ( 43 @,@ 900 kg ) lunar payload . Its capability grew to 103 @,@ 600 pounds ( 47 @,@ 000 kg ) for the later advanced lunar landings . The S @-@ IC first stage burned RP @-@ 1 / LOX for a rated thrust of 7 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 33 @,@ 400 kN ) , which was upgraded to 7 @,@ 610 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 33 @,@ 900 kN ) . The second and third stages burned liquid hydrogen , and the third stage was a modified version of the S @-@ IVB , with thrust increased to 230 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 1 @,@ 020 kN ) and capability to restart the engine for translunar injection after reaching a parking orbit .
= = Astronauts = =
NASA 's Director of Flight Crew Operations during the Apollo program was Donald K. " Deke " Slayton , one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts who was medically grounded in September 1962 due to a heart murmur . Slayton was responsible for making all Gemini and Apollo crew assignments .
Thirty @-@ two astronauts were assigned to fly missions in the Apollo program . Twenty @-@ four of these left Earth ’ s orbit and flew around the Moon between December 1968 and December 1972 ( three of them twice ) . Half of the 24 walked on its surface , though none of them returned to the Moon after landing once . One of the moonwalkers was a trained geologist . Of the 32 , Gus Grissom , Edward H. White , and Roger Chaffee were killed during a ground test in preparation for their Apollo 1 mission .
The Apollo astronauts were chosen from the Project Mercury and Gemini veterans , plus from two later astronaut groups . All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans . Crews on all development flights ( except the Earth orbit CSM development flights ) through the first two landings on Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 , included at least two ( sometimes three ) Gemini veterans . Dr. Harrison Schmitt , a geologist , was the first NASA scientist astronaut to fly in space , and landed on the Moon on the last mission , Apollo 17 . Schmitt participated in the lunar geology training of all of the Apollo landing crews .
NASA awarded all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor , the Distinguished Service Medal , given for " distinguished service , ability , or courage " , and personal " contribution representing substantial progress to the NASA mission " . The medals were awarded posthumously to Grissom , White , and Chaffee in 1969 , then to the crews of all missions from Apollo 8 onward . The crew that flew the first Earth orbital test mission Apollo 7 , Walter M. Schirra , Donn Eisele , and Walter Cunningham , were awarded the lesser NASA Exceptional Service Medal , because of discipline problems with the Flight Director 's orders during their flight . The NASA Administrator in October , 2008 , decided to award them the Distinguished Service Medals , by this time posthumously to Schirra and Eisele .
= = Lunar mission profile = =
The nominal planned lunar landing mission proceeded as follows :
= = = Profile variations = = =
After Apollo 12 placed the second of several seismometers on the Moon , the S @-@ IVBs on subsequent missions were deliberately crashed on the Moon instead of being sent to solar orbit , as an active seismic experiment to induce vibrations in the Moon .
The first three lunar missions ( Apollo 8 , Apollo 10 , and Apollo 11 ) used a free return trajectory , keeping a flight path coplanar with the lunar orbit , which would allow a return to Earth in case the SM engine failed to make lunar orbit insertion . Landing site lighting conditions on later missions dictated a lunar orbital plane change , which required a course change maneuver soon after TLI , and eliminated the free @-@ return option .
Starting with Apollo 13 , descent orbit insertion was to be performed using the Service Module engine instead of the LM engine , in order to allow a greater fuel reserve for landing . This was actually first done for the first time on Apollo 14 , since the Apollo 13 mission was aborted before landing .
On Apollo 12 and later missions , the jettisoned LM ascent stages were deliberately crashed on the Moon at known locations , as another active seismic experiment . The only exceptions to this were the Apollo 13 LM which burned up in the Earth 's atmosphere , and Apollo 16 , where a loss of attitude control after jettison prevented making a targeted impact .
= = Development history = =
= = = Unmanned flight tests = = =
Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC @-@ 34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB . The first , AS @-@ 201 launched on February 26 , reached an altitude of 265 @.@ 7 nautical miles ( 492 @.@ 1 km ) and splashed down 4 @,@ 577 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 477 km ) downrange in the Atlantic Ocean . The second , AS @-@ 202 on August 25 , reached 617 @.@ 1 nautical miles ( 1 @,@ 142 @.@ 9 km ) altitude and was recovered 13 @,@ 900 nautical miles ( 25 @,@ 700 km ) downrange in the Pacific Ocean . These flights validated the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield .
A third Saturn IB test , AS @-@ 203 launched from pad 37 , went into orbit to support design of the S @-@ IVB upper stage restart capability needed for the Saturn V. It carried a nosecone instead of the Apollo spacecraft , and its payload was the unburned liquid hydrogen fuel , the behavior of which engineers measured with temperature and pressure sensors , and a TV camera . This flight occurred on July 5 , before AS @-@ 202 , which was delayed because of problems getting the Apollo spacecraft ready for flight .
= = = Preparation for manned flight = = =
Two manned orbital Block I CSM missions were planned : AS @-@ 204 and AS @-@ 205 . The Block I crew positions were titled Command Pilot , Senior Pilot , and Pilot . The Senior Pilot would assume navigation duties , while the Pilot would function as a systems engineer . The astronauts would wear a modified version of the Gemini spacesuit .
After an unmanned LM test flight AS @-@ 206 , a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM in a dual mission known as AS @-@ 207 / 208 , or AS @-@ 278 ( each spacecraft would be launched on a separate Saturn IB ) . The Block II crew positions were titled Commander ( CDR ) Command Module Pilot ( CMP ) and Lunar Module Pilot ( LMP ) . The astronauts would begin wearing a new Apollo A6L spacesuit , designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity ( EVA ) . The traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear " fishbowl " type for greater visibility , and the lunar surface EVA suit would include a water @-@ cooled undergarment .
Deke Slayton , the grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs , selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966 , with Grissom as Command Pilot , White as Senior Pilot , and rookie Donn F. Eisele as Pilot . But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135 weightlessness training aircraft , and had to undergo surgery on January 27 . Slayton replaced him with Chaffee . NASA announced the final crew selection for AS @-@ 204 on March 21 , 1966 , with the backup crew consisting of Gemini veterans James McDivitt and David Scott , with rookie Russell L. " Rusty " Schweickart . Mercury / Gemini veteran Wally Schirra , Eisele , and rookie Walter Cunningham were announced on September 29 as the prime crew for AS @-@ 205 .
In December 1966 , the AS @-@ 205 mission was canceled , since the validation of the CSM would be accomplished on the 14 @-@ day first flight , and AS @-@ 205 would have been devoted to space experiments and contribute no new engineering knowledge about the spacecraft . Its Saturn IB was allocated to the dual mission , now redesignated AS @-@ 205 / 208 or AS @-@ 258 , planned for August 1967 . McDivitt , Scott and Schweickart were promoted to the prime AS @-@ 258 crew , and Schirra , Eisele and Cunningham were reassigned as the Apollo 1 backup crew .
= = = = Program delays = = = =
The spacecraft for the AS @-@ 202 and AS @-@ 204 missions were delivered by North American Aviation to the Kennedy Space Center with long lists of equipment problems which had to be corrected before flight ; these delays caused the launch of AS @-@ 202 to slip behind AS @-@ 203 , and eliminated hopes the first manned mission might be ready to launch as soon as November 1966 , concurrently with the last Gemini mission . Eventually the planned AS @-@ 204 flight date was pushed to February 21 , 1967 .
North American Aviation was prime contractor not only for the Apollo CSM , but for the Saturn V S @-@ II second stage as well , and delays in this stage pushed the first unmanned Saturn V flight AS @-@ 501 from late 1966 to November 1967 . ( The initial assembly of AS @-@ 501 had to use a dummy spacer spool in place of the stage . )
The problems with North American were severe enough in late 1965 to cause Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller to appoint program director Samuel Phillips to head a " tiger team " to investigate North American 's problems and identify corrections . Phillips documented his findings in a December 19 letter to NAA president Lee Atwood , with a strongly worded letter by Mueller , and also gave a presentation of the results to Mueller and Deputy Administrator Robert Seamans . Meanwhile , Grumman was also encountering problems with the Lunar Module , eliminating hopes it would be ready for manned flight in 1967 , not long after the first manned CSM flights .
= = = = Disaster strikes = = = =
Grissom , White , and Chaffee decided to name their flight Apollo 1 as a motivational focus on the first manned flight . They trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at North American , and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center . A " plugs @-@ out " test was planned for January , which would simulate a launch countdown on LC @-@ 34 with the spacecraft transferring from pad @-@ supplied to internal power . If successful , this would be followed by a more rigorous countdown simulation test closer to the February 21 launch , with both spacecraft and launch vehicle fueled .
The plugs @-@ out test began on the morning of January 27 , 1967 , and immediately was plagued with problems . First the crew noticed a strange odor in their spacesuits , which delayed the sealing of the hatch . Then , communications problems frustrated the astronauts and forced a hold in the simulated countdown . During this hold , an electrical fire began in the cabin , and spread quickly in the high pressure , 100 % oxygen atmosphere . Pressure rose high enough from the fire that the cabin inner wall burst , allowing the fire to erupt onto the pad area and frustrating attempts to rescue the crew . The astronauts were asphyxiated before the hatch could be opened .
NASA immediately convened an accident review board , overseen by both houses of Congress . While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex , the review board concluded that " deficiencies existed in Command Module design , workmanship and quality control . " At the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb , North American removed Harrison Storms as Command Module program manager . Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office ( ASPO ) Manager Joseph Francis Shea , replacing him with George Low .
To remedy the causes of the fire , changes were made in the Block II spacecraft and operational procedures , the most important of which were use of a nitrogen / oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch , and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials . The Block II design already called for replacement of the Block I plug @-@ type hatch cover with a quick @-@ release , outward opening door . NASA discontinued the manned Block I program , using the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights . Crew members would also exclusively wear modified , fire @-@ resistant A7L Block II space suits , and would be designated by the Block II titles , regardless of whether a LM was present on the flight or not .
= = = = Unmanned Saturn V and LM tests = = = =
On April 24 , 1967 , Mueller published an official Apollo mission numbering scheme , using sequential numbers for all flights , manned or unmanned . The sequence would start with Apollo 4 to cover the first three unmanned flights while retiring the Apollo 1 designation to honor the crew , per their widows ' wishes .
In September 1967 , Mueller approved a sequence of mission types which had to be successfully accomplished in order to achieve the manned lunar landing . Each step had to be successfully accomplished before the next ones could be performed , and it was unknown how many tries of each mission would be necessary ; therefore letters were used instead of numbers . The A missions were unmanned Saturn V validation ; B was unmanned LM validation using the Saturn IB ; C was manned CSM Earth orbit validation using the Saturn IB ; D was the first manned CSM / LM flight ( this replaced AS @-@ 258 , using a single Saturn V launch ) ; E would be a higher Earth orbit CSM / LM flight ; F would be the first lunar mission , testing the LM in lunar orbit but without landing ( a " dress rehearsal " ) ; and G would be the first manned landing . The list of types covered follow @-@ on lunar exploration to include H lunar landings , I for lunar orbital survey missions , and J for extended @-@ stay lunar landings .
The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man @-@ rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 ( AS @-@ 501 ) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V , carrying a Block I CSM on November 9 , 1967 . The capability of the Command Module 's heat shield to survive a trans @-@ lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the Service Module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth @-@ orbital reentry speed . This was followed on April 4 , 1968 , by Apollo 6 ( AS @-@ 502 ) which carried a CSM and a LM Test Article as ballast . The intent of this mission was to achieve trans @-@ lunar injection , followed closely by a simulated direct @-@ return abort , using the Service Module engine to achieve another high @-@ speed reentry . The Saturn V experienced pogo oscillation , a problem caused by non @-@ steady engine combustion , which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages . Two S @-@ II engines shut down prematurely , but the remaining engines were able to compensate . The damage to the third stage engine was more severe , preventing it from restarting for trans @-@ lunar injection . Mission controllers were able to use the Service Module engine to essentially repeat the flight profile of Apollo 4 . Based on the good performance of Apollo 6 and identification of satisfactory fixes to the Apollo 6 problems , NASA declared the Saturn V ready to fly men , cancelling a third unmanned test .
Apollo 5 ( AS @-@ 204 ) was the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit , launched from pad 37 on January 22 , 1968 , by the Saturn IB that would have been used for Apollo 1 . The LM engines were successfully test @-@ fired and restarted , despite a computer programming error which cut short the first descent stage firing . The ascent engine was fired in abort mode , known as a " fire @-@ in @-@ the @-@ hole " test , where it was lit simultaneously with jettison of the descent stage . Although Grumman wanted a second unmanned test , George Low decided the next LM flight would be manned .
= = = Manned development missions = = =
Apollo 7 , launched from LC @-@ 34 on October 11 , 1968 , was the C mission , crewed by Schirra , Eisele and Cunningham . It was an 11 @-@ day Earth @-@ orbital flight which tested the CSM systems .
Apollo 8 was planned to be the D mission in December 1968 , crewed by McDivitt , Scott and Schweickart , launched on a Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs . In the summer it had become clear that the LM would not be ready in time . Rather than waste the Saturn V on another simple Earth @-@ orbiting mission , ASPO Manager George Low suggested the bold step of sending Apollo 8 to orbit the Moon instead , deferring the D mission to the next mission in March 1969 , and eliminating the E mission . This would keep the program on track . The Soviet Union had sent animals around the Moon on September 15 , 1968 , aboard Zond 5 , and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts . The decision was not announced publicly until successful completion of Apollo 7 . Gemini veterans Frank Borman and Jim Lovell , and rookie William Anders captured the world 's attention by making ten lunar orbits in 20 hours , transmitting television pictures of the lunar surface on Christmas Eve , and returning safely to Earth .
The following March , LM flight , rendezvous and docking were successfully demonstrated in Earth orbit on Apollo 9 , and Schweickart tested the full lunar EVA suit with its Portable Life Support System ( PLSS ) outside the LM . The F mission was successfully carried out on Apollo 10 in May 1969 by Gemini veterans Thomas P. Stafford , John Young and Eugene Cernan . Stafford and Cernan took the LM to within 50 @,@ 000 feet ( 15 km ) of the lunar surface .
The G mission was achieved on Apollo 11 in July 1969 by an all @-@ Gemini veteran crew consisting of Neil Armstrong , Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin . Armstrong and Aldrin performed the first landing at the Sea of Tranquility at 20 : 17 : 40 UTC on July 20 , 1969 . They spent a total of 21 hours , 36 minutes on the surface , and spent 2 hours , 31 minutes outside the spacecraft , walking on the surface , taking photographs , collecting material samples , and deploying automated scientific instruments , while continuously sending black @-@ and @-@ white television back to Earth . The astronauts returned safely on July 24 .
That 's one small step for [ a ] man , one giant leap for mankind .
= = = Production lunar landings = = =
In November 1969 , Gemini veteran Charles " Pete " Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe , which had landed in April 1967 on the Ocean of Storms . The Command Module Pilot was Gemini veteran Richard F. Gordon , Jr . Conrad and Bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera , but it was damaged when accidentally pointed into the Sun . They made two EVAs totaling 7 hours and 45 minutes . On one , they walked to the Surveyor , photographed it , and removed some parts which they returned to Earth .
The success of the first two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a single veteran as Commander , with two rookies . Apollo 13 launched Lovell , Jack Swigert , and Fred Haise in April 1970 , headed for the Fra Mauro formation . But two days out , a liquid oxygen tank exploded , disabling the Service Module and forcing the crew to use the LM as a " life boat " to return to Earth . Another NASA review board was convened to determine the cause , which turned out to be a combination of damage of the tank in the factory , and a subcontractor not making a tank component according to updated design specifications . Apollo was grounded again , for the remainder of 1970 while the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added .
The contracted batch of 15 Saturn Vs were enough for lunar landing missions through Apollo 20 . NASA publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned landing sites , with plans to increase the mass of the CSM and LM for the last five missions , along with the payload capacity of the Saturn V. These final missions would combine the I and J types in the 1967 list , allowing the CMP to operate a package of lunar orbital sensors and cameras while his companions were on the surface , and allowing them to stay on the Moon for over three days . These missions would also carry the Lunar Roving Vehicle ( LRV ) increasing the exploration area and allowing televised liftoff of the LM . Also , the Block II spacesuit was revised for the extended missions to allow greater flexibility and visibility for driving the LRV .
= = = = Mission cutbacks = = = =
About the time of the first landing in 1969 , it was decided to use an existing Saturn V to launch the Skylab orbital laboratory pre @-@ built on the ground , replacing the original plan to construct it in orbit from several Saturn IB launches ; this eliminated Apollo 20 . NASA 's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing , and NASA also had to make funds available for the development of the upcoming Space Shuttle . By 1971 , the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19 . The two unused Saturn Vs became museum exhibits at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island , Florida , George C. Marshall Space Center in Huntsville , Alabama , Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans , Louisiana , and Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston , Texas .
The cutbacks forced mission planners to reassess the original planned landing sites in order to achieve the most effective geological sample and data collection from the remaining four missions . Apollo 15 had been planned to be the last of the H series missions , but since there would be only two subsequent missions left , it was changed to the first of three J missions .
Apollo 13 's Fra Mauro mission was reassigned to Apollo 14 , commanded in February 1971 by Mercury veteran Alan Shepard , with Stuart Roosa and Edgar Mitchell . This time the mission was successful . Shepard and Mitchell spent 33 hours and 31 minutes on the surface , and completed two EVAs totalling 9 hours 24 minutes , which was a record for the longest EVA by a lunar crew at the time .
In August 1971 , just after conclusion of the Apollo 15 mission , President Richard Nixon proposed canceling the two remaining lunar landing missions , Apollo 16 and 17 . Office of Management and Budget Deputy Director Caspar Weinberger was opposed to this , and persuaded Nixon to keep the remaining missions .
= = = = Extended missions = = = =
Apollo 15 was launched on July 26 , 1971 , with David Scott , Alfred Worden and James Irwin . Scott and Irwin landed on July 30 near Hadley Rille , and spent just under 2 days , 19 hours on the surface . In over 18 hours of EVA , they collected about 77 kilograms ( 170 lb ) of lunar material .
Apollo 16 landed in the Descartes Highlands on April 20 , 1972 . The crew was commanded by John Young , with Ken Mattingly and Charles Duke . Young and Duke spent just under 3 days on the surface , with a total of over 20 hours EVA .
Apollo 17 was the last of the Apollo program , landing in the Taurus @-@ Littrow region in December
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1972 . Eugene Cernan commanded Ronald E. Evans and NASA 's first scientist @-@ astronaut , geologist Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt . Schmitt was originally scheduled for Apollo 18 , but the lunar geological community lobbied for his inclusion on the final lunar landing . Cernan and Schmitt stayed on the surface for just over 3 days and spent just over 23 hours of total EVA .
= = Mission summary = =
Source : Apollo by the Numbers : A Statistical Reference ( Orloff 2004 ) .
= = Samples returned = =
The Apollo program returned over 838 pounds ( 380 kg ) of lunar rocks and soil to the Lunar Receiving Laboratory in Houston . Today , 75 % of the samples are stored at the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility built in 1979 .
The rocks collected from the Moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth , as measured by radiometric dating techniques . They range in age from about 3 @.@ 2 billion years for the basaltic samples derived from the lunar maria , to about 4 @.@ 6 billion years for samples derived from the highlands crust . As such , they represent samples from a very early period in the development of the Solar System , that are largely absent on Earth . One important rock found during the Apollo Program is dubbed the Genesis Rock , retrieved by astronauts David Scott and James Irwin during the Apollo 15 mission . This anorthosite rock is composed almost exclusively of the calcium @-@ rich feldspar mineral anorthite , and is believed to be representative of the highland crust . A geochemical component called KREEP was discovered by Apollo 12 , which has no known terrestrial counterpart . KREEP and the anorthositic samples have been used to infer that the outer portion of the Moon was once completely molten ( see lunar magma ocean ) .
Almost all the rocks show evidence of impact process effects . Many samples appear to be pitted with micrometeoroid impact craters , which is never seen on Earth rocks , due to the thick atmosphere . Many show signs of being subjected to high pressure shock waves that are generated during impact events . Some of the returned samples are of impact melt ( materials melted near an impact crater . ) All samples returned from the Moon are highly brecciated as a result of being subjected to multiple impact events .
Analysis of composition of the lunar samples supports the giant impact hypothesis , that the Moon was created through impact of a large astronomical body with the Earth .
= = Costs = =
When President Kennedy first chartered the Moon landing program , a preliminary cost estimate of $ 7 billion was generated , but this proved an extremely unrealistic guess of what could not possibly be determined precisely , and James Webb used his judgment as administrator to change the estimate to $ 20 billion before giving it to Vice President Johnson .
When Kennedy made his 1962 speech at Rice University , the annual space budget was $ 5 @.@ 4 billion , and he described this cost as 40 cents per person per week , " somewhat less than we pay for cigarettes and cigars every year " , but that the Moon program would soon raise this to " more than 50 cents a week for every man , woman and child in the United States " .
Webb 's estimate shocked many at the time ( including the President ) but ultimately proved to be reasonably accurate . In January 1969 , NASA prepared an itemized estimate of the run @-@ out cost of the Apollo program . The total came to $ 23 @.@ 9 billion , itemized as follows :
Apollo spacecraft : $ 7 @,@ 945 @.@ 0 million
Saturn I launch vehicles : $ 767 @.@ 1 million
Saturn IB launch vehicles : $ 1 @,@ 131 @.@ 2 million
Saturn V launch vehicles : $ 6 @,@ 871 @.@ 1 million
Launch vehicle engine development : $ 854 @.@ 2 million
Mission support : $ 1 @,@ 432 @.@ 3 million
Tracking and data acquisition : $ 664 @.@ 1 million
Ground facilities : $ 1 @,@ 830 @.@ 3 million
Operation of installations : $ 2 @,@ 420 @.@ 6 million
The final cost of Apollo was reported to Congress as $ 25 @.@ 4 billion in 1973 . It took up the majority of NASA 's budget while it was being developed . For example , in 1966 it accounted for about 60 percent of NASA 's total $ 5 @.@ 2 billion budget . A single Saturn V launch in 1969 cost up to $ 375 million , compared to the National Science Foundation 's fiscal year 1970 budget of $ 440 million .
In 2009 , NASA held a symposium on project costs which presented an estimate of the Apollo program costs in 2005 dollars as roughly $ 170 billion . This included all research and development costs ; the procurement of 15 Saturn V rockets , 16 Command / Service Modules , 12 Lunar Modules , plus program support and management costs ; construction expenses for facilities and their upgrading , and costs for flight operations . This was based on a Congressional Budget Office report , A Budgetary Analysis of NASA 's New Vision for Space , September 2004 . The Space Review estimated in 2010 the cost of Apollo from 1959 to 1973 as $ 20 @.@ 4 billion , or $ 109 billion in 2010 dollars .
= = Apollo Applications Program = =
Looking beyond the manned lunar landings , NASA investigated several post @-@ lunar applications for Apollo hardware . The Apollo Extension Series ( Apollo X , ) proposed up to 30 flights to Earth orbit , using the space in the Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter ( SLA ) to house a small orbital laboratory ( workshop ) . Astronauts would continue to use the CSM as a ferry to the station . This study was followed by design of a larger orbital workshop to be built in orbit from an empty S @-@ IVB Saturn upper stage , and grew into the Apollo Applications Program ( AAP ) . The workshop was to be supplemented by the Apollo Telescope Mount , which could be attached to the ascent stage of the lunar module via a rack . The most ambitious plan called for using an empty S @-@ IVB as an interplanetary spacecraft for a Venus fly @-@ by mission .
The S @-@ IVB orbital workshop was the only one of these plans to make it off the drawing board . Dubbed Skylab , it was constructed complete on the ground rather than in space , and launched in 1973 using the two lower stages of a Saturn V. It was equipped with an Apollo Telescope Mount . Skylab 's last crew departed the station on February 8 , 1974 , and the station itself re @-@ entered the atmosphere in 1979 .
The Apollo @-@ Soyuz Test Project also used Apollo hardware for the first joint nation space flight , paving the way for future cooperation with other nations in the Space Shuttle and International Space Station programs .
= = Recent observations = =
In September 2007 , the X PRIZE Foundation and Google announced the Google Lunar X Prize , to be awarded for a robotic lunar landing mission which transmits close @-@ up images of the Apollo Lunar Modules and other artificial objects on the surface .
In 2008 , Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 's SELENE probe observed evidence of the halo surrounding the Apollo 15 Lunar Module blast crater while orbiting above the lunar surface . In 2009 , NASA 's robotic Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , while orbiting 50 kilometers ( 31 mi ) above the Moon , began photographing the remnants of the Apollo program left on the lunar surface , and photographed each site where manned Apollo flights landed . All of the U. S. flags left on the Moon during the Apollo missions were found to still be standing , with the exception of the one left during the Apollo 11 mission , which was blown over during that mission 's lift @-@ off from the lunar surface and return to the mission Command Module in lunar orbit ; the degree to which these flags retain their original colors remains unknown .
In a November 16 , 2009 editorial , The New York Times opined :
[ T ] here 's something terribly wistful about these photographs of the Apollo landing sites . The detail is such that if Neil Armstrong were walking there now , we could make him out , make out his footsteps even , like the astronaut footpath clearly visible in the photos of the Apollo 14 site . Perhaps the wistfulness is caused by the sense of simple grandeur in those Apollo missions . Perhaps , too , it ’ s a reminder of the risk we all felt after the Eagle had landed – the possibility that it might be unable to lift off again and the astronauts would be stranded on the Moon . But it may also be that a photograph like this one is as close as we ’ re able to come to looking directly back into the human past ...
There the [ Apollo 11 ] lunar module sits , parked just where it landed 40 years ago , as if it still really were 40 years ago and all the time since merely imaginary .
= = Legacy = =
= = = Science and engineering = = =
The Apollo program has been called the greatest technological achievement in human history . Apollo stimulated many areas of technology , leading to over 1 @,@ 800 spinoff products as of 2015 . The flight computer design used in both the Lunar and Command Modules was , along with the Polaris and Minuteman missile systems , the driving force behind early research into integrated circuits ( IC ) . By 1963 , Apollo was using 60 percent of the United States ' production of ICs . The crucial difference between the requirements of Apollo and the missile programs was Apollo 's much greater need for reliability . While the Navy and Air Force could work around reliability problems by deploying more missiles , the political and financial cost of failure of an Apollo mission was unacceptably high .
= = = Cultural impact = = =
The crew of Apollo 8 sent the first live televised pictures of the Earth and the Moon back to Earth , and read from the creation story in the Book of Genesis , on Christmas Eve , 1968 . An estimated one @-@ quarter of the population of the world saw — either live or delayed — the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon , and an estimated one @-@ fifth of the population of the world watched the live transmission of the Apollo 11 moonwalk .
The Apollo program also affected environmental activism in the 1970s due to photos taken by the astronauts . The most famous , taken by the Apollo 17 astronauts , is The Blue Marble . This image , which was released during a surge in environmentalism , became a symbol of the environmental movement , as a depiction of Earth 's frailty , vulnerability , and isolation amid the vast expanse of space .
According to The Economist , Apollo succeeded in accomplishing President Kennedy 's goal of taking on the Soviet Union in the Space Race , and beat it by accomplishing a singular and significant achievement , and thereby showcased the superiority of the capitalistic , free @-@ market system as represented by the US . The
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and kickoff returns and were No. 16 nationally in turnover margin .
= = = Tennessee offense = = =
At the conclusion of the 2009 regular season , Tennessee 's offense was the 32nd most successful squad in the nation , scoring an average of 30 @.@ 58 points per game . In terms of yardage gained , Tennessee was 48th . There wasn 't much difference between the success of the rushing offense ( 43rd ) and the passing offense ( 47th ) . Tennessee quarterback Jonathan Crompton , after struggling in 2008 , improved significantly in 2009 , when he passed for 2 @,@ 565 yards and 26 touchdowns . In 2008 , the Volunteers were 11th in the SEC in offense , averaging 145 @.@ 8 yards per game . In 2009 , they were third , averaging 225 @.@ 6 yards per game . In addition to Crompton , running back Montario Hardesty also improved his performance from 2008 to 2009 . In the season leading up to the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl , he had 1 @,@ 306 rushing yards , just 158 short of the single @-@ season Tennessee record , and 12 touchdowns . Entering the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl , Hardesty hoped to match the team 's rushing record , but doubted he would be able to because of past knee injuries that made it difficult to run on artificial turf . Volunteers tight end Luke Stocker , who caught 27 passes for 370 yards and six touchdowns in 2009 , was a player Virginia Tech 's defense focused on in pregame preparation .
Because Tennessee 's placekicking had been erratic during the regular season , Tennessee 's head coach held an open competition among his three kickers to compete for the starting placekicking job in the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl .
= = = Virginia Tech defense = = =
In 2009 , Virginia Tech was ranked 14th in total defense , sixth in passing defense , and 52nd in rushing defense . In scoring defense , the Hokies were 11th nationally , permitting an average of 15 @.@ 75 points per game . The top individual performer on the defense was linebacker Cody Grimm , who tied for the most forced fumbles in college football during the regular season , with seven . In recognition of the achievement , he earned the Dudley Award , given annually to the top Division I football player in Virginia , and was named a first @-@ team All @-@ ACC and third @-@ team All @-@ America player . Cornerback Stephen Virgil , a starter for the Hokies in 10 of their regular @-@ season games , was declared ineligible for the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl because of poor grades . Defensive coordinator Bud Foster was wooed by several other teams between the conclusion of the regular season and the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl , but Foster remained at Tech after the school created an annuity for Foster , granted if he remained with the team for five more years .
= = = Tennessee defense = = =
Tennessee 's defense was prized for its success against opponents ' passing game . In 2009 , the Volunteers were 10th nationally against the pass , permitting an average of 165 @.@ 92 yards per game . Against the run , they were 58th . When both facets were combined , the defense was 16th , permitting an average of 308 @.@ 83 yards per game . Much of the reason for Tennessee 's success against the pass was star safety Eric Berry , only the second player in Tennessee history to be named a unanimous All @-@ American twice . He won the Jim Thorpe Award , given each year to the best defensive back in the nation . Joining Berry in the defensive secondary was Janzen Jackson , who returned to the field following three missed games caused by his alleged involvement in an armed robbery . Countering Jackson 's return , Tennessee lost defensive back Brent Vinson , who was dismissed from the team for reasons unrevealed at the time . Two months after the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl , Vinson was charged with tampering with evidence related to a murder investigation . Tennessee defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin , interviewed 10 days before the game , said Virginia Tech 's offensive strength presented problems for Tennessee .
= = Game summary = =
The 2009 Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl kicked off at 7 : 37 p.m. EST on December 31 , 2009 , in the Georgia Dome , Atlanta , Georgia . Bowl officials announced 73 @,@ 777 people attended the game , but that figure was based on the number of tickets sold rather than actual turnstile attendance . That attendance figure was the fourth @-@ largest in Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl history , including when the game was known as the Peach Bowl , and it was the 13th consecutive sellout for the game . The game was broadcast in the United States by ESPN , and was watched by an estimated 4 @.@ 87 million people , earning it a Nielsen Rating of 4 @.@ 2 . That figure was the 10th highest among bowl games that season , and was a 36 percent increase from the previous year 's rating . The sportscasters for the broadcast were Sean McDonough , Matt Millen , and Holly Rowe . Because the game was played indoors , weather was not a factor .
The ceremonial playing of the national anthem was performed by trumpeter Dan Oxley . The game 's referee was Ed Ardito , its umpire was Greg Adams , and its linesman was Jim Laborde , all of Conference USA . A military veteran from each school was invited to the ceremonial pregame coin toss to determine first possession .
= = = First quarter = = =
Tennessee won that ceremonial coin toss and chose to kick off to begin the game , ensuring the Volunteers received the ball to begin the second half . Tennessee placekicker Chad Cunningham delivered the ball from the tee , and Virginia Tech 's Dyrell Roberts returned it to the Tech 26 @-@ yard line , where Virginia Tech began the game 's first offensive drive . Two running plays by Tech 's Ryan Williams gained 4 yards , then Tech quarterback Tyrod Taylor completed a seven @-@ yard pass for the game 's initial first down . Tech advanced as far as its 43 @-@ yard line , but a five @-@ yard false @-@ start penalty prevented the Hokies from gaining another first down . They punted the ball to Tennessee , which began its first drive of the game from its 11 @-@ yard line .
Two running plays gained 11 yards and a first down , then Tennessee quarterback Jonathan Crompton began throwing the ball . His first pass the game fell incomplete , and his second was intercepted by Virginia Tech defender Rashad Carmichael , who ran it back to the Tennessee 44 @-@ yard line . Tech 's second drive of the game thus began in Tennessee 's defensive half . The first play of the drive was a 20 @-@ yard throw from Taylor to wide receiver Jarrett Boykin . That completed pass was the longest play of the drive , which continued through short rushes and passes . On the seventh play after the interception , Williams ran the ball forward one yard , crossing the goal line for the game 's first touchdown . Tech placekicker Matt Waldron successfully converted the extra point , and with 6 : 56 remaining in the first quarter , Tech led 7 @-@ 0 .
Virginia Tech 's post @-@ score kickoff was returned to the Tennessee 25 @-@ yard line , but the Volunteers failed to gain a first down on their second drive of the game , going three @-@ and @-@ out . They punted , returning the ball to Virginia Tech at the Hokies ' 31 @-@ yard line . Taylor completed a 14 @-@ yard pass to Roberts and a 10 @-@ yard throw to Marcus Davis for two first downs , advancing the Hokies into Tennessee 's half of the field , but Virginia Tech 's drive petered out after Williams was tackled for a three @-@ yard loss and the Hokies were unable to regain the lost yardage . Tech punted to the Tennessee 10 @-@ yard line , where the Volunteers took over on offense with 1 : 16 remaining in the quarter . Crompton completed a passing play that lost three yards , then Tennessee regained two of those yards with a running play as time expired in the quarter with Tech leading , 7 @-@ 0 .
= = = Second quarter = = =
The second quarter began with Tennessee facing third down and 11 from its 9 @-@ yard line . The first play of the quarter ended in a two @-@ yard loss for Tennessee , and the Volunteers punted after their second consecutive three @-@ and @-@ out . Starting at Tennessee 's 46 @-@ yard line after the punt , Tech quarterback Taylor completed a 42 @-@ yard pass to Danny Coale on the Hokies ' first play of the quarter , giving Virginia Tech a first down at the Tennessee 4 @-@ yard line . There , however , Tennessee 's defense stiffened . Tech was stopped for no gain on consecutive plays , but on third down the Volunteers committed a facemask penalty , giving Virginia Tech a first down at the 1 @-@ yard line . Even then , it took Ryan Williams two plays to gain the momentum needed to cross the goal line for Virginia Tech 's second touchdown . The score and subsequent extra point gave the Hokies a 14 @-@ 0 lead with 11 : 56 remaining before halftime .
Virginia Tech 's kickoff was downed for a touchback , and Tennessee started its drive from its 20 @-@ yard line . On the second play of the possession , Crompton completed a 40 @-@ yard pass to wide receiver Denarius Moore . The play gave Tennessee its first plays inside Virginia Tech territory , and the Volunteers capitalized on the field position . After two rushing plays were stymied for no gain or losses , Crompton completed a 15 @-@ yard pass to wide receiver Gerald Jones . Crompton was sacked on the next play , but two plays later completed a 20 @-@ yard throw to Jones , who ran out of bounds at the Tech 4 @-@ yard line , giving Tennessee another first down . Two plays later , running back Montario Hardesty ran forward four yards into the end zone , halving Virginia Tech 's lead . After the extra point , Virginia Tech still led , 14 @-@ 7 , with 6 : 43 remaining in the first half .
Following Tennessee 's score , the two teams traded possessions as each offense went three @-@ and @-@ out . Virginia Tech 's offense then began a drive from its 40 @-@ yard line with 3 : 21 remaining in the half . Williams gained a first down with a pair of five @-@ yard running plays , and Taylor gained 21 yards on another running play . Tech advanced to the Tennessee 31 @-@ yard line , where Taylor was sacked for a loss of nine yards . In an effort to recover the lost field position , Taylor threw a pass downfield , but the ball was intercepted by Tennessee 's Janzen Jackson , who returned it to the Tech 48 @-@ yard line . Tennessee 's offense entered the field of play with 1 : 11 remaining in the quarter , and it moved quickly . On the first play of the drive , a Crompton pass was caught by Hardesty for a 47 @-@ yard gain . Two plays later , Crompton completed a two @-@ yard toss to Moore for a touchdown . The extra point tied the game at 14 with 18 seconds remaining before halftime .
Tennessee 's post @-@ touchdown kickoff was returned to the Tech 33 @-@ yard line , but Virginia Tech decided to not run an inconsequential play to drain the final seconds from the clock and enter halftime . On the first play after the kickoff , Taylor threw a surprise pass downfield to Boykin , who was tackled at the Tennessee four @-@ yard line . Instant replay revealed there were two seconds remaining on the game clock after the play , and Virginia Tech placekicker Matt Waldron came onto the field to complete a 21 @-@ yard field goal as time expired . The Hokies thus regained a 17 @-@ 14 lead at halftime .
= = = Third quarter = = =
Because Virginia Tech received the ball to begin the game , Tennessee received the ball to begin the second half . After a short return , Tennessee 's offense started the half from its 30 @-@ yard line . Crompton completed passes of 11 and 8 yards , then Virginia Tech 's defense halted the Tennessee advance and forced a punt . Virginia Tech 's offense began its first drive of the second half at its 26 @-@ yard line , with 13 : 02 remaining in the quarter . From the 26 , Tech began an eight @-@ play drive that saw Ryan Williams carry the ball on seven consecutive plays . Only the final play of the drive , a one @-@ yard touchdown run by Tyrod Taylor , didn 't feature the Tech running back . Williams opened the drive with a 21 @-@ yard sprint and had a 32 @-@ yard run during the possession that ended with Taylor 's touchdown at the 8 : 42 mark in the quarter . The touchdown and extra point extended Tech 's lead to 24 @-@ 14 .
Tennessee attempted to answer Tech 's score in its following possession . The Hokies ' kickoff resulted in a touchback , so the Volunteers began from their 20 @-@ yard line . Montario Hardesty gained a first down with a 10 @-@ yard run , then Crompton gained another first down with an 11 @-@ yard pass . Tennessee continued to advance on running plays and a 14 @-@ yard pass by Crompton , pushing the ball inside the Tech 30 @-@ yard line . Once there , however , the Hokies rallied by sacking Crompton for a seven @-@ yard loss . A two @-@ yard run and an incomplete pass kept Tennessee from gaining another first down , setting up a fourth down . Rather than try an offensive play and possibly gain a first down or turn the ball over on downs , Tennessee punted , forcing Virginia Tech 's offense to start from its 11 @-@ yard line .
Building on the rushing success of its previous drive , Virginia Tech used fullback Josh Oglesby in tandem with Williams , who also figured prominently in the team 's second possession of the half . The two men combined for 19 yards on the first three plays of the drive , then Williams exited the game because of an injury . After play resumed , Taylor gained 10 yards on a rushing play and completed a 23 @-@ yard pass before Oglesby carried the ball again . When the third quarter ended , Virginia Tech faced second down at the Tennessee 30 @-@ yard line , still leading 24 @-@ 14 .
= = = Fourth quarter = = =
Virginia Tech began the quarter in possession of the ball in Tennessee territory , attempting to capitalize upon a drive begun in the third quarter . Tennessee 's defense , however , allowed only one yard on the first two plays of the quarter , and Tech placekicker Waldron returned to the field to convert a 46 @-@ yard field goal , extending Virginia Tech 's lead to 27 @-@ 14 with 13 : 33 left in the game .
After Virginia Tech 's post @-@ score kickoff and a short return , Tennessee 's offense started from its 31 @-@ yard line . A five @-@ yard penalty against Virginia Tech was followed by a five @-@ yard first @-@ down run by Hardesty . Tennessee attempted to move its offense quickly in order to maximize the chances of closing Virginia Tech 's lead by scoring fast . Crompton completed an 18 @-@ yard pass , advancing the Volunteers into Tech territory , but he was sacked by the Tech defense and Tennessee committed a five @-@ yard false start penalty , forcing the Volunteers to punt . The kick rolled into the end zone for a touchback , and Tech 's offense returned to the field at its 20 @-@ yard line .
As in the previous two drives , Virginia Tech relied upon its rushing offense : The first five plays of the drive were runs by David Wilson , who gained 26 yards . The Hokies then switched gears , surprising Tennessee , whose defense allowed a 30 @-@ yard pass completion from Taylor to Boykin . Tech reverted to running plays , but Tennessee again allowed a long gain , as Roberts advanced 21 yards on a run , then Wilson ran three yards into the end zone . The touchdown and extra point gave Virginia Tech a 34 @-@ 14 lead with 5 : 14 remaining in the game .
Tech 's kickoff was returned to the Tennessee 25 @-@ yard line , but on the first play of the Volunteers ' drive , Crompton was sacked by Jason Worilds and fumbled the ball . The loose ball was recovered by Virginia Tech 's John Graves at the Tennessee 13 @-@ yard line . The Hokies ' offense returned to the field and began running out the clock with running plays , which keep the game clock ticking as long as the ball carrier is tackled in the field of play . Three rushing plays failed to gain a first down , but they drained more than two minutes from the game clock , and Tech 's Waldron extended the Hokies ' lead to 37 @-@ 14 with a 22 @-@ yard field goal .
Tennessee had one final opportunity to score after receiving Virginia Tech 's kickoff with 2 : 38 remaining . Jonathan Crompton threw several passes downfield , completing throws of 9 , 9 , 8 , and 26 yards , advancing the Volunteers toward the end zone . Inside the Virginia Tech red zone , however , the Volunteers found less success . They committed a false start penalty , advanced the ball with a five @-@ yard run , then Crompton threw two incomplete passes . On fourth down , Crompton was sacked for a 14 @-@ yard loss , the Volunteers ' final play of the game . Virginia Tech knelt on the ball to run the final seconds off the clock and clinch the 37 @-@ 14 victory .
= = = Scoring summary = = =
= = Statistical summary = =
In recognition of his performance , Virginia Tech running back Ryan Williams was named the game 's most valuable player . On 25 carries , Williams accumulated 117 rushing yards and two touchdowns . Williams also caught two passes : one that gained six yards and one that lost six yards . Williams ' performance , coupled with success early in the season , allowed him to set Tech 's single @-@ season rushing record with 1 @,@ 655 yards . The game was Williams ' 10th of at least 100 yards that season . Williams also set two ACC records : His touchdowns gave him 21 rushing touchdowns on the season and 22 total touchdowns .
Alone , Williams had more rushing yards than all of Tennessee 's players combined . Tennessee 's leading rusher was Montario Hardesty , who carried the ball 18 times for 39 yards and a touchdown . Hardesty had 1 @,@ 345 rushing yards on the season , the fourth @-@ highest season total for any player in Tennessee 's history . Tennessee 's No. 2 rusher was Tauren Poole , who gained 15 yards on 3 carries . Collectively , Tennessee had just five yards net rushing , the second @-@ least ever in a Tennessee bowl game and the least allowed by Virginia Tech in a bowl game . Most of Tennessee 's rushing gains were negated when quarterback Jonathan Crompton was sacked six times , losing 55 yards .
Though ineffective on the ground , Crompton outperformed Virginia Tech quarterback Tyrod Taylor in the passing game . Crompton completed 15 of 26 pass attempts for 235 yards , one touchdown , and one interception . Crompton finished the season with 27 touchdown passes , third @-@ most in school history , and had the fourth @-@ most pass attempts , ninth @-@ most completions , and eighth @-@ most yards for a Tennessee season . Virginia Tech quarterback Tyrod Taylor completed 10 of 17 passes for 209 yards and one interception .
Tennessee 's Herman Lathers led all defenders with 12 total tackles , including 2 tackles for loss , both career highs . The game 's No. 2 tackler was Tennessee 's Dan Williams , who tied a career high by recording nine tackles , including half a sack . Virginia Tech 's leading tackler was Lyndell Gibson , who had eight tackles , including half a tackle for loss . Virginia Tech 's John Graves , participating in his first game of the season , had two tackles for loss , including a sack , and forced a fumble . Virginia Tech 's other forced turnover was an interception caught by cornerback Rashad Carmichael . Tennessee 's Janzen Jackson had the Volunteers ' only interception .
Virginia Tech kicker Matt Waldron set a school record for most field goals in a bowl game ( 3 ) and tied the school record for the longest bowl @-@ game field goal with his 46 @-@ yard kick .
= = Postgame effects = =
Virginia Tech 's victory gave the team its sixth consecutive 10 @-@ win season and brought the Hokies to a final 2009 record of 10 @-@ 3 . It was the first time in school history that Tech won bowl games in consecutive years . Tennessee 's loss dropped it to 7 @-@ 6 , and the Volunteers remained unranked in the final college football polls of the year . Virginia Tech was credited for its bowl @-@ game win and rose to 10th in both the Associated Press and coaches ' polls . Visiting fans generated an estimated $ 31 @.@ 2 million in business for the Atlanta area .
Several players from each team participated in all @-@ star games following the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl . Virginia Tech 's Kam Chancellor , Sergio Render and Stephan Virgil played in the 2010 East @-@ West Shrine Game . Tennessee 's Morgan Cox , Chris Scott and Dan Williams played in the Senior Bowl , while Jonathan Crompton and Vladimir Richard participated in the Texas vs The Nation game . These all @-@ star games were a chance for graduating players to highlight their skills before the 2010 NFL Draft , which took place in April . A handful of players from each team were selected through the draft to play for National Football League teams .
Tennessee had six players selected , including two in the first round : safety Eric Berry was the fifth selection overall , followed by Dan Williams ( 26 ) , Montario Hardesty ( 59 ) , Jacques McClendon ( 129 ) , Chris Scott ( 151 ) , and Jonathan Crompton ( 168 ) . Virginia Tech had five players selected : Jason Worilds was picked 52nd overall , followed by Kam Chancellor ( 133 ) , Ed Wang ( 140 ) , Brent Bowden ( 172 ) , and Cody Grimm ( 210 ) .
In addition to player changes , Tennessee saw coaching changes . Two weeks after the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl defeat , Tennessee head coach Lane Kiffin announced he was leaving the team to become the new head coach of the University of Southern California football team . The decision shocked Tennessee administrators and fans , who believed Kiffin would stay longer than one season . To replace Kiffin , Tennessee hired Derek Dooley , who had been coaching football at Louisiana Tech . Defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin and assistant head coach and recruiting coordinator Ed Orgeron also left with Kiffin . They were replaced by Justin Wilcox and Chuck Smith , respectively .
Dooley also changed position coaches , naming Terry Joseph defensive backs coach and Eric Russell special teams coach . To coach quarterbacks , he brought in Darin Hinshaw of Memphis . He hired Charlie Baggett to coach wide receivers and serve as assistant head coach , and added assistant coach Harry Hiestand and strength and conditioning coach Bennie Wylie . He retained offensive coordinator Jim Chaney from Kiffin 's staff .
= History of the National Hockey League ( 1942 – 67 ) =
The Original Six era of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began in 1942 with the demise of the Brooklyn Americans , reducing the league to six teams : Boston Bruins , Chicago Black Hawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , New York Rangers , and Toronto Maple Leafs . This structure remained stable for a quarter century ; the era ended in 1967 when the NHL doubled in size adding six expansion teams .
The Stanley Cup , was the de facto championship since 1926 , becoming the de jure championship in 1947 , when the NHL completed a deal with the Stanley Cup trustees to gain control of the Cup . Toronto and Montreal evidenced dynasties , as the Maple Leafs won the Stanley Cup nine times from 1942 onwards , while the Canadiens won ten times , including five consecutive titles between 1956 and 1960 . The 1967 championship is the last Maple Leafs title to date .
Remarkably , Maurice Richard became the first player to score 50 goals in a season in 1944 – 45 . In 1955 , Richard was suspended for assaulting a linesman , leading to the Richard Riot . Gordie Howe made his debut in 1946 , retiring 32 years later as the NHL 's all @-@ time leader in both goals and points . Willie O 'Ree broke the NHL 's colour barrier when he dressed for the Bruins in 1958 .
The NHL continued to develop throughout the era . In 1943 , in an attempt to ' open up ' the game , the league introduced the centre @-@ ice red line allowing players for the first time to pass out of their defensive zone . In 1959 , Jacques Plante became the first goaltender to regularly wear a face mask for protection . Off the ice , the business of hockey was changing as well . The first amateur draft was held in 1963 as part of efforts to balance talent distribution within the league . The National Hockey League Players Association was formed in 1967 , ten years after Ted Lindsay 's attempts at unionization failed .
= = Background = =
In the 1930s and early 1940s , both the Great Depression and World War II were detrimental to the NHL . Although the league peaked at ten teams between 1926 and 1931 , financial pressures led to the demise of several of these . In 1930 , the Pittsburgh Pirates relocated to become the Philadelphia Quakers before folding in 1931 . In 1934 , the Ottawa Senators became the St. Louis Eagles , and likewise ceased operations after one year in their new market . The Montreal Maroons suspended operations in 1937 as the Montreal market was unable to support two teams . The New York Americans , renamed the Brooklyn Americans , suspended operations in 1942 , citing financial difficulty , and a lack of players due to the war . By the 1942 – 43 season , the league was reduced to six teams .
There was also change at the top ; in February 1943 , league President Frank Calder collapsed during a meeting , dying shortly after . After receiving assurances from the league the Brooklyn franchise he operated would resume play after the war , Red Dutton agreed to take over as president . When the other team owners reneged on this promise in 1946 , Dutton resigned as league president . In 1946 , with Dutton 's recommendation , Clarence Campbell was named president of the NHL . Campbell remained until retirement in 1977 . Campbell 's tenure matched the league 's stability . For the first 21 years of his presidency , the same six teams competed for the Stanley Cup ; that period has been called the " golden age of hockey " . The NHL featured increasingly intense rivalries coupled with rule innovations that opened up the game .
= = Post @-@ war period = =
World War II extensively ravaged the rosters of many teams ; by the 1943 – 44 season teams battled each other for players . In need of a goaltender , the Bruins won a fight with the Canadiens over the services of Bert Gardiner . Meanwhile , the Rangers were forced to lend forward Phil Watson to the Canadiens in exchange for two players , as Watson was required in Montreal for a war job , and refused permission to play in New York .
With only five returning players from the previous season , Rangers general manager Lester Patrick suggested suspension of his team 's play for the duration of the war . Patrick was otherwise persuaded ; however , the Rangers managed only six wins in a 50 @-@ game schedule , giving up 310 goals that year . The Rangers were so desperate for players that 42 @-@ year @-@ old coach Frank Boucher made a brief comeback , recording four goals and ten assists in 15 games . That year the Canadiens dominated the league , finishing with a 38 – 5 – 7 record . Five losses remains a league record for the fewest in one season ; the Canadiens did not lose a game on home ice . Their 1944 Stanley Cup victory was the team 's first in 14 seasons . The Canadiens again dominated the 1944 – 45 , finishing with a 38 – 8 – 4 record . They were defeated in the playoffs by the underdog Maple Leafs , who eventually won the Cup .
NHL teams exclusively competed for the Stanley Cup following the 1926 demise of the Western Hockey League . Though rejected by Cup trustees for various reasons , in the intervening years other teams , and leagues , attempted to challenge for the Cup . In 1947 , the NHL reached an agreement with trustees P. D. Ross and Cooper Smeaton to grant Cup control to the NHL , thereby allowing the league to reject challenges from other leagues . The last such challenge came in 1953 , from the Cleveland Barons of the American Hockey League ; it was rejected , as the AHL was not considered of equivalent calibre to the NHL , which was a condition of the NHL 's ' deal ' with trustees .
The Hockey Hall of Fame was established in 1943 under the leadership of James T. Sutherland , a former President of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association ( CAHA ) . The Hall of Fame was established as a joint venture between the NHL and the CAHA , in Kingston , Ontario , considered by Sutherland the birthplace of hockey . Originally called the " International Hockey Hall of Fame " , its mandate was to honor great hockey players and to raise funds for a permanent location . The first eleven honored members were inducted on April 30 , 1945 . Not until 1961 did the Hockey Hall of Fame establish a permanent home at Exhibition Place in Toronto .
On October 13 , 1947 , to raise money for the newly created NHL Pension Society , the first official All @-@ Star Game took place at Toronto 's Maple Leaf Gardens . The NHL All @-@ Stars defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs 4 – 3 and raised C $ 25 @,@ 000 for the pension fund . The All @-@ Star Game remains an annual tradition .
= = = " Rocket " Richard = = =
The 1940s Canadiens were led by the " Punch line " of Elmer Lach , Toe Blake and Maurice " Rocket " Richard . In 1944 – 45 , Lach , Richard and Blake finished first , second and third in the NHL 's scoring race with 80 , 73 and 67 points , respectively . Richard became a media and fan focus with attempts to score 50 goals in a 50 @-@ game season , a feat no other player had accomplished in league history . During that season , in a 9 – 1 victory over Detroit on December 28 , 1944 , Richard set a single @-@ game scoring record , scoring five goals and three assists . Later scoring his 45th goal in his 42nd game , he broke Joe Malone 's goal scoring record . Opposing teams did all they could to prevent him from reaching the 50 @-@ goal mark : he was slashed , elbowed and held , as no team wanted to be known for giving up the 50th goal . Despite the opposition 's efforts , in Boston at 17 : 45 of the third period of Montreal 's final game of the season , Richard scored his 50th goal . Until Mike Bossy in 1980 – 81 , no other player scored 50 goals in 50 games .
In March 1955 , Richard was suspended for the remainder of the season , including the playoffs , after receiving a match penalty for slashing Boston 's Hal Laycoe then punching a linesman who attempted to intervene . The suspension created a wave of anger towards Campbell , who was warned not to attend a scheduled game in Montreal after receiving numerous death threats , mainly from French @-@ Canadians accusing him of anti @-@ French bias . Dismissing the warnings , Campbell attended the March 17 game , as planned .
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is , indicates that the common ancestor of dromaeosaurids , troodontids , and birds ( which is called the ancestral paravian ) may have been very small , at around 65 cm in length and 600 to 700 grams of mass .
= = = Feathers = = =
There is a large body of evidence showing that dromaeosaurids were covered in feathers . Some dromaeosaurid fossils preserve long , pennaceous feathers on the hands and arms ( remiges ) and tail ( rectrices ) , as well as shorter , down @-@ like feathers covering the body . Other fossils , which do not preserve actual impressions of feathers , still preserve the associated bumps on the forearm bones where long wing feathers would have attached in life . Overall , this feather pattern looks very much like Archaeopteryx .
The first known dromaeosaurid with definitive evidence of feathers was Sinornithosaurus , reported from China by Xu et al. in 1999 . Many other dromaeosaurid fossils have been found with feathers covering their bodies , some with fully developed feathered wings . Microraptor even shows evidence of a second pair of wings on the hind legs . While direct feather impressions are only possible in fine @-@ grained sediments , some fossils found in coarser rocks show evidence of feathers by the presence of quill knobs , the attachment points for wing feathers possessed by some birds . The dromaeosaurids Rahonavis and Velociraptor have both been found with quill knobs , showing that these forms had feathers despite no impressions having been found . In light of this , it is most likely that even the larger ground @-@ dwelling dromaeosaurids bore feathers , since even flightless birds today retain most of their plumage , and relatively large dromaeosaurids , like Velociraptor , are known to have retained pennaceous feathers . Though some scientists had suggested that the larger dromaeosaurids lost some or all of their insulatory covering , the discovery of feathers in Velociraptor specimens has been cited as evidence that all members of the family retained feathers .
More recently , the discovery of Zhenyuanlong established the presence of a full feathered coat in relatively large dromaeosaurs . Additionally , the animal displays proportionally large , aerodynamic wing feathers , as well as a tail @-@ spanning fan , both of which unexpected traits that may offer an understanding to the integument of large dromaeosaurs . Dakotaraptor is an even larger dromaeosaur species with evidence of feathers , albeit indirect in the form of quill knobs .
= = Paleobiology = =
= = = Claw function = = =
There is currently disagreement about the function of the enlarged " sickle claw " on the second toe . When John Ostrom described it for Deinonychus in 1969 , he interpreted the claw as a blade @-@ like slashing weapon , much like the canines of some saber @-@ toothed cats , used with powerful kicks to cut into prey . Adams ( 1987 ) suggested that the talon was used to disembowel large ceratopsian dinosaurs . The interpretation of the sickle claw as a killing weapon applied to all dromaeosaurids . However , Manning et al. argued that the claw instead served as a hook , reconstructing the keratinous sheath with an elliptical cross section , instead of the previously inferred inverted teardrop shape . In Manning 's interpretation , the second toe claw would be used as a climbing aid when subduing bigger prey and also as stabbing weapon .
Ostrom compared Deinonychus to the ostrich and cassowary . He noted that the bird species can inflict serious injury with the large claw on the second toe . The cassowary has claws up to 125 millimetres ( 4 @.@ 9 in ) long . Ostrom cited Gilliard ( 1958 ) in saying that they can sever an arm or disembowel a man . Kofron ( 1999 and 2003 ) studied 241 documented cassowary attacks and found that one human and two dogs had been killed , but no evidence that cassowaries can disembowel or dismember other animals . Cassowaries use their claws to defend themselves , to attack threatening animals , and in agonistic displays such as the Bowed Threat Display . The seriema also has an enlarged second toe claw , and uses it to tear apart small prey items for swallowing .
Phillip Manning and colleagues ( 2009 ) attempted to test the function of the sickle claw and similarly shaped claws on the forelimbs . They analyzed the bio @-@ mechanics of how stresses and strains would be distributed along the claws and into the limbs , using X @-@ ray imaging to create a three @-@ dimensional contour map of a forelimb claw from Velociraptor . For comparison , they analyzed the construction of a claw from a modern predatory bird , the eagle owl . They found that , based on the way that stress was conducted along the claw , they were ideal for climbing . The scientists found that the sharpened tip of the claw was a puncturing and gripping instrument , while the curved and expanded claw base helped transfer stress loads evenly .
The Manning team also compared the curvature of the dromaeosaurid " sickle claw " on the foot with curvature in modern birds and mammals . Previous studies had shown that the amount of curvature in a claw corresponded to what lifestyle the animal has : animals with strongly curved claws of a certain shape tend to be climbers , while straighter claws indicate ground @-@ dwelling lifestyles . The sickle @-@ claws of the dromaeosaurid Deinonychus have a curvature of 160 degrees , well within the range of climbing animals . The forelimb claws they studied also fell within the climbing range of curvature .
Paleontologist Peter Mackovicky commented on the Manning team 's study , stating that small , primitive dromaeosaurids ( such as Microraptor ) were likely to have been tree @-@ climbers , but that climbing did not explain why later , gigantic dromaeosaurids such as Achillobator retained highly curved claws when they were too large to have climbed trees . Mackovicky speculated that giant dromaeosaurids may have adapted the claw to be used exclusively for latching on to prey .
In 2009 Phil Senter published a study on dromaeosaurid toes and showed that their range of motion was compatible with the excavation of tough insect nests . Senter suggested that small dromaeosaurids such as Rahonavis and Buitreraptor were small enough to be partial insectivores , while larger genera such as Deinonychus and Neuquenraptor could have used this ability to catch vertebrate prey residing in insect nests . However , Senter did not test whether the strong curvature of dromaeosaurid claws was also conducive to such activities .
In 2011 , Denver Fowler and colleagues suggested a new method by which dromaeosaurids may have taken smaller prey . This model , known as the " raptor prey restraint " ( RPR ) model of predation , proposes that dromaeosaurids killed their prey in a manner very similar to extant accipitrid birds of prey : by leaping onto their quarry , pinning it under their body weight , and gripping it tightly with the large , sickle @-@ shaped claws . Like accipitrids , the dromaeosaurid would then begin to feed on the animal while still alive , until it eventually died from blood loss and organ failure . This proposal is based primarily on comparisons between the morphology and proportions of the feet and legs of dromaeosaurids to several groups of extant birds of prey with known predatory behaviors . Fowler found that the feet and legs of dromaeosaurids most closely resemble those of eagles and hawks , especially in terms of having an enlarged second claw and a similar range of grasping motion . The short metatarsus and foot strength , however , would have been more similar to that of owls . The RPR method of predation would be consistent with other aspects of dromaeosaurid anatomy , such as their unusual dentition and arm morphology . The arms , which could exert a lot of force but were likely covered in long feathers , may have been used as flapping stabilizers for balance while atop a struggling prey animal , along with the stiff counterbalancing tail . Dromaeosaurid jaws , thought by Fowler and colleagues to be comparatively weak , would have been useful for eating prey alive but not as useful for quick , forceful dispatch of the prey . These predatory adaptations working together may also have implications for the origin of flapping in paravians .
= = = Group behavior = = =
Deinonychus fossils have been uncovered in small groups near the remains of the herbivore Tenontosaurus , a larger ornithischian dinosaur . This had been interpreted as evidence that these dromaeosaurids hunted in coordinated packs like some modern mammals . However , not all paleontologists found the evidence conclusive , and a subsequent study published in 2007 by Roach and Brinkman suggests that the Deinonychus may have actually displayed a disorganized mobbing behavior . Modern diapsids , including birds and crocodiles ( the closest relatives of dromaeosaurids ) , display minimal cooperative hunting ; instead , they are usually either solitary hunters , or are drawn to previously killed carcasses , where conflict often occurs between individuals of the same species . For example , in situations where groups of Komodo dragons are eating together , the largest individuals eat first and might attack smaller Komodo dragons that attempt to feed ; if the smaller animal dies , it is usually cannibalized . When this information is applied to the sites containing putative pack @-@ hunting behavior in dromaeosaurids , it appears somewhat consistent with a Komodo- or crocodile @-@ like feeding strategy . Deinonychus skeletal remains found at these sites are from subadults , with missing parts that may have been eaten by other Deinonychus , which a study by Roach et al. presented as evidence against the idea that the animals cooperated in the hunt .
In 2007 , scientists described the first known extensive dromaeosaurid trackway , in Shandong , China . In addition to confirming the hypothesis that the sickle @-@ claw was held retracted off the ground , the trackway ( made by a large , Achillobator @-@ sized species ) showed evidence of six individuals of about equal size moving together along a shoreline . The individuals were spaced about one meter apart , and retained the same direction of travel , walking at a fairly slow pace . The authors of the paper describing these footprints interpreted the trackways as evidence that some species of dromaeosaurids lived in groups . While the trackways clearly do not represent hunting behavior , the idea that groups of dromaeosaurids may have hunted together , according to the authors , could not be ruled out .
= = = Flying and gliding = = =
The ability to fly or glide has been suggested for at least five dromaeosaurid species . The first , Rahonavis ostromi ( originally classified as avian bird , but found to be a dromaeosaurid in later studies ) may have been capable of powered flight , as indicated by its long forelimbs with evidence of quill knob attachments for long sturdy flight feathers . The forelimbs of Rahonavis were more powerfully built than Archaeopteryx , and show evidence that they bore strong ligament attachments necessary for flapping flight . Luis Chiappe concluded that , given these adaptations , Rahonavis could probably fly but would have been more clumsy in the air than modern birds .
Another species of dromaeosaurid , Microraptor gui , may have been capable of gliding using its well @-@ developed wings on both the fore and hind limbs . A 2005 study by Sankar Chatterjee suggested that the wings of Microraptor functioned like a split @-@ level " biplane " , and that it likely employed a phugoid style of gliding , in which it would launch from a perch and swoop downward in a ' U ' shaped curve , then lift again to land on another tree , with the tail and hind wings helping to control its position and speed . Chatterjee also found that Microraptor had the basic requirements to sustain level powered flight in addition to gliding .
Changyuraptor yangi is a close relative of Microraptor gui , also thought to be a glider or flyer based on the presence of four wings and similar limb proportions . However , it is a considerably larger animal , around the size of a wild turkey , being among the largest known flying Mesozoic paravians .
Another dromaeosaurid species , Deinonychus antirrhopus , may display partial flight capacities . The young of this species bore longer arms and more robust pectoral girdles than adults , and which were similar to those seen in other flapping theropods , implying that they may have been capable of flight when young and then lost the ability as they grew .
The possibility that Sinornithosaurus millenii was capable of gliding or even powered flight has also been brought up several times , though no further studies have occurred .
Zhenyuanlong preserves wing feathers that are aerodynamically shaped , with particularly bird @-@ like coverts as opposed to the longer , wider @-@ spanning coverts of forms like Archaeopteryx and Anchiornis , as well as fused sternal plates . Due to its size and short arms it is unlikely that Zhenyuanlong was capable of powered flight ( though the importance of biomechanical modelling in this regard is stressed ) , but it may suggest a relatively close descendance from flying ancestors , or even some capacity for gliding or wing @-@ assisted incline running .
= = = Senses = = =
Comparisons between the scleral rings of several dromaeosaurids ( Microraptor , Sinornithosaurus , and Velociraptor ) and modern birds and reptiles indicate that some dromaeosaurids ( including Microraptor and Velociraptor ) may have been nocturnal predators , while Sinornithosaurus is inferred to be cathemeral ( active throughout the day at short intervals ) . However , the discovery of iridescent plumage in Microraptor has cast doubt on the inference of nocturnality in this genus , as no modern birds that have iridescent plumage are known to be nocturnal .
Studies of the olfactory bulbs of dromaeosaurids reveal that they had similar olfactory ratios for their size to other non @-@ avian theropods and modern birds with an acute sense of smell , such as tyrannosaurids and the turkey vulture , probably reflecting the importance of the olfactory sense in the daily activities of dromaeosaurids such as finding food .
= = = Paleopathology = = =
In 2001 , Bruce Rothschild and others published a study examining evidence for stress fractures and tendon avulsions in theropod dinosaurs and the implications for their behavior . Since stress fractures are caused by repeated trauma rather than singular events they are more likely to be caused by regular behavior than other types of injuries . The researchers found lesion like those caused by stress fractures on a dromaeosaurid hand claw , one of only two such claw lesions discovered in the course of the study . Stress fractures in the hands have special behavioral significance compared to those found in the feet since stress fractures there can be obtained while running or during migration . Hand injuries , by contrast , are more likely to be obtained while in contact with struggling prey .
= = Classification = =
= = = Relationship with birds = = =
Dromaeosaurids share many features with early birds ( clade Avialae or Aves ) . The precise nature of their relationship to birds has undergone a great deal of study , and hypotheses about that relationship have changed as large amounts of new evidence became available . As late as 2001 , Mark Norell and colleagues analyzed a large survey of coelurosaur fossils and produced the tentative result that dromaeosaurids were most closely related to birds , with troodontids as a more distant outgroup . They even suggested that Dromaeosauridae could be paraphyletic relative to Avialae . In 2002 , Hwang and colleagues utilized the work of Norell et al . , including new characters and better fossil evidence , to determine that birds ( avialans ) were better thought of as cousins to the dromaeosaurids and troodontids . A consensus of paleontologists has concluded that there is not yet enough evidence to determine whether any dromaeosaurids could fly or glide , or whether they evolved from ancestors that could .
= = = Alternative theories and flightlessness = = =
Dromaeosaurids are so birdlike that they have led some researchers to argue that they would be better classified as birds . First , since they had feathers , dromaeosaurids ( along with many other coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs ) are " birds ” under traditional definitions of the word " bird ” , or " Aves ” , that are based on the possession of feathers . However , other scientists , such as Lawrence Witmer , have argued that calling a theropod like Caudipteryx a bird because it has feathers may stretch the word past any useful meaning .
At least two schools of researchers have proposed that dromaeosaurids may actually be descended from flying ancestors . Hypotheses involving a flying ancestor for dromaeosaurids are sometimes called " Birds Came First ” ( BCF ) . George Olshevsky is usually credited as the first author of BCF . In his own work , Gregory S. Paul pointed out numerous features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton that he interpreted as evidence that the entire group had evolved from flying , dinosaurian , ancestors , perhaps something like Archaeopteryx . In that case , the larger dromaeosaurids were secondarily flightless , like the modern ostrich . In 1988 , Paul suggested that dromaeosaurids may actually be more closely related to modern birds than to Archaeopteryx . By 2002 , however , Paul placed dromaeosaurids and Archaeopteryx as the closest relatives to one another .
In 2002 , Hwang et al. found that Microraptor was the most primitive dromaeosaurid . Xu and colleagues in 2003 cited the basal position of Microraptor , along with feather and wing features , as evidence that the ancestral dromaeosaurid could glide . In that case the larger dromaeosaurids would be secondarily terrestrial — having lost the ability to glide later in their evolutionary history .
Also in 2002 , Steven Czerkas described Cryptovolans , though it is a probable junior synonym of Microraptor . He reconstructed the fossil inaccurately with only two wings and thus argued that dromaeosaurids were powered fliers , rather than passive gliders . He later issued a revised reconstruction in agreement with that of Microraptor
Other researchers , like Larry Martin believe that dromaeosaurids , along with all maniraptorans are not dinosaurs at all . Martin asserted for decades that birds were unrelated to maniraptorans , but in 2004 he changed his position , and now he agrees that the two are the closest of relatives . Martin believes that maniraptorans are secondarily flightless birds , and that birds evolved from non – dinosaurian archosaurs , so that most of the species formerly called theropods would now not even be classified as dinosaurs .
In 2005 , Mayr and Peters described the anatomy of a very well preserved specimen of Archaeopteryx , and determined that its anatomy was more like non @-@ avian theropods than previously understood . Specifically , they found that Archaeopteryx had a primitive palatine , unreversed hallux , and hyper @-@ extendable second toe . Their phylogenetic analysis produced the controversial result that Confuciusornis was closer to Microraptor than to Archaeopteryx , making the Avialae a paraphyletic taxon . They also suggested that the ancestral paravian was able to fly or glide , and that the dromaeosaurids and troodontids were secondarily flightless ( or had lost the ability to glide ) . Corfe and Butler criticized this work on methodological grounds .
A challenge to all of these alternative scenarios came when Turner and colleagues in 2007 described a new dromaeosaurid , Mahakala , which they found to be the most basal and most primitive member of the Dromaeosauridae , more primitive than Microraptor . Mahakala had short arms and no ability to glide . Turner et al. also inferred that flight evolved only in the Avialae , and these two points suggested that the ancestral dromaeosaurid could not glide or fly . Based on this cladistic analysis , Mahakala suggests that the ancestral condition for dromaeosaurids is non @-@ volant . However , in 2012 , an expanded and revised study incorporating the most recent Dromaeosaurid finds recovered the Archaeopteryx @-@ like Xiaotingia as the most primitive member of the clade Dromaeosauridae , which appears to suggest the earliest members of the clade may have been capable of flight .
= = = Deinonychosauria = = =
Since the 1960s , the dromaeosaurids and troodontids have often been classified together in a group or clade named the Deinonychosauria , initially based primarily on the presence of a retractable second toe with sickle @-@ claw ( now also known to be present in some primitive birds ) . The name Deinonychosauria was coined by Ned Colbert and Dale Russell in 1969 , and defined as a clade ( all theropods closer to dromaeosaurids than to birds ) by Jaques Gauthier in 1986 . Through the early 2000s , consensus among paleontologists was that dromaeosaurids were most closely related to the troodontids , and together with the troodontids , with deinonychosaurians in turn the sister taxon to avialans , and therefore the closest relatives of avialan birds . In 2012 , Turner et al. conducted a phylogenetic analysis ( using a dataset of 474 characters scored for 111 taxa ) which found Deinonychosauria to be monophyletic . However , several more recent studies have cast doubt on the hypothesis that dromaeosaurids and troodontids were more closely related to each other than either was to birds . A more robust 2013 study by Godefroit et al . ( using a dataset of 1 @,@ 500 characters scored for 358 taxa ) found that troodontids were possibly more closely related to birds than to dromaeosaurids ; forcing troodontids to remain in a monophyletic Deinonychosauria required four extra steps in the analysis , making this result less likely but not implausible . Because Deinonychosauria was originally defined as all animals closer to dromaeosaurids than to birds without specific reference to troodontids , Deinonychosauria is a synonym of Dromaeosauridae if Troodontidae is closer to birds .
= = = Taxonomy = = =
The authorship of the family Dromaeosauridae is credited to William Diller Matthew and Barnum Brown , who erected it as a subfamily ( Dromaeosaurinae ) of the family Deinodontidae in 1922 , containing only the new genus Dromaeosaurus .
The subfamilies of Dromaeosauridae frequently shift in content based on new analysis , but typically consist of the following groups . A number of dromaeosaurids have not been assigned to any particular subfamily , often because they are too poorly preserved to be placed confidently in phylogenetic analysis ( see section Phylogeny below ) , or because they are basal relative to the primary subdivisions of Dromaeosauridae ( Mahakala , for example , is the most primitive known dromaeosaurid and falls outside any named sub @-@ group ) . The most basal subfamily of dromaeosaurids is often found to be the Unenlagiinae . This enigmatic group is the most poorly supported subfamily of dromaeosaurids and it is possible that some or all of its members belong outside of Dromaeosauridae . The larger , ground @-@ dwelling members like Buitreraptor and Unenlagia show strong flight adaptations , although they were probably too large to ' take off ' . One member of this group , Rahonavis , is very small , with well @-@ developed wings that show evidence of quill knobs ( the attachment points for flight feathers ) and it is very likely that it could fly . The next most primitive clade of dromaeosaurids is the Microraptoria . This group includes many of the smallest dromaeosaurids , which show adaptations for living in trees . All known dromaeosaurid skin impressions hail from this group and all show an extensive covering of feathers and well @-@ developed wings . Like the unenlagiines , some species may have been capable of active flight . The subfamily Velociraptorinae has traditionally included Velociraptor , Deinonychus , and Saurornitholestes , and while the discovery of Tsaagan lent support to this grouping , the inclusion of Saurornitholestes is still uncertain . The Dromaeosaurinae is usually found to consist of medium to giant @-@ sized species , with generally box @-@ shaped skulls ( the other subfamilies generally have narrower snouts ) .
The following classification of the various genera of dromaeosaurids follows the table provided in Holtz , 2011 unless otherwise noted .
Family Dromaeosauridae
Luanchuanraptor
Mahakala
Nuthetes ?
Pamparaptor
Ornithodesmus
Variraptor ( = Pyroraptor ? )
Pyroraptor ?
Shanag
Subfamily Unenlagiinae
Austroraptor
Rahonavis
Unenlagia
Buitreraptor
Neuquenraptor
Unquillosaurus
Subfamily Microraptorinae
Tianyuraptor
Graciliraptor
Changyuraptor
Hesperonychus
Microraptor
Cryptovolans ?
Sinornithosaurus
Zhenyuanlong
Node EudromaeosauriaSubfamily Saurornitholestinae
Bambiraptor
Saurornitholestes
Atrociraptor
Deinonychus
Subfamily Velociraptorinae
Acheroraptor
Itemirus
Linheraptor
Velociraptor
Tsaagan
Adasaurus
Subfamily Dromaeosaurinae
Achillobator
Dromaeosaurus
Dakotaraptor
Dromaeosauroides
Utahraptor
Yurgovuchia
= = = = History of genera = = = =
= = = Phylogeny = = =
Dromaeosauridae was first defined as a clade by Paul Sereno in 1998 , as the most inclusive natural group containing Dromaeosaurus but not Troodon , Ornithomimus or Passer . The various " subfamilies " have also been re @-@ defined as clades , usually defined as all species closer to the groups namesake than to Dromaeosaurus or any namesakes of other sub @-@ clades ( for example , Makovicky defined the clade Unenlagiinae as all dromaeosaurids closer to Unenlagia than to Velociraptor ) . The Microraptoria is the only dromaeosaurid sub @-@ clade not converted from a subfamily . Senter and colleagues expressly coined the name without the subfamily suffix -inae to avoid perceived issues with erecting a traditional family @-@ group taxon , should the group be found to lie outside dromaeosauridae proper . Sereno offered a revised definition of the sub @-@ group containing Microraptor to ensure that it would fall within Dromaeosauridae , and erected the subfamily Microraptorinae , attributing it to Senter et al . , though this usage has only appeared on his online TaxonSearch database and has not been formally published . The extensive cladistic analysis conducted by Turner et al . ( 2012 ) further supported the monophyly of Dromaeosauridae .
The cladogram below follows a 2015 analysis by paleontologists Robert DePalma , David Burnham , Larry Martin , Peter Larson , and Robert Bakker , using updated data from the Theropod Working Group .
= = Technical diagnosis = =
Dromaeosaurids are diagnosed by the following features ; short T @-@ shaped frontals that form the rostral boundary of the supratemporal fenestra ; a caudolateral overhanging shelf of the squamosal ; a lateral process of the quadrate that contacts the quadratojugal ; raised , stalked , parapophyses on the dorsal vertebrae , a modified pedal digit II ; chevrons and prezygapophyses of the caudal vertebrae elongate and spanning several vertebrae ; the presence of a subglenoid fossa on the coracoid .
= = In popular culture = =
Velociraptor , a dromaeosaurid , gained much attention after it was featured prominently in the 1993 Steven Spielberg film Jurassic Park . However , the dimensions of the Velociraptor in the film are much larger than the largest members of that genus . Robert Bakker recalled that Spielberg had been disappointed with the dimensions of Velociraptor and so upsized it , adding that soon afterwards he named Utahraptor which was more the size depicted , or larger . Gregory S. Paul , in his book Predatory Dinosaurs of the World , considered Deinonychus antirrhopus a species of Velociraptor ,
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disappointing " blaming producer Nellee Hooper , suggesting he " sabotaged a ferociously iconoclastic talent with a phalanx of cheap electronic gimmickry . " Michele Romero of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a C , saying , " On a few songs , [ Björk 's ] breathy mewl is a pleasant contrast to the mechanical drone of Sugarcube @-@ like techno @-@ tunes . But most of Debut sounds annoyingly like the monotonous plinking of a deranged music box . Wind it up if you like -- eventually it will stop . " Debut rated highly in British end of year polls . The NME ranked Debut at number one on their list of " Top 50 LPs of 1993 " . Melody Maker placed the album at number six on their list of " Albums of the Year for 1993 " calling it " a fantastic debut " . In 1994 , Q included the album on their list for top fifty albums of 1993 . Björk reacted to the positive reviews hesitantly , stating that if she 'd " delivered exactly the same album and I came from Nottingham , I 'd have got completely different reviews , normal down @-@ to @-@ earth ones " and that Debut " was a bit of a rehearsal and it 's really not that good . I can do much better . "
Later reception was also positive . In Spin magazine 's alternative record guide , the album received a rating of nine out of ten stating that the choice of Nellee Hooper as producer was a " stroke of genius " and Björk 's vocals were " awe @-@ inspiring " . Heather Phares of AllMusic gave the album a five @-@ star rating , stating that Debut is " Possibly her prettiest work , Björk 's horizons expanded on her other releases , but the album still sounds fresh , which is even more impressive considering electronic music 's whiplash @-@ speed innovations . "
= = Legacy = =
Debut is widely regarded as one of the greatest albums of 1993 and the 1990s in general . In 2013 , John Hamilton of Idolator called the album " highly influential " , and wrote " in spite of its advancing age , Debut ’ s futurism has aged exquisitely . " The album has also been credited as one of the first albums to introduce electronic music into mainstream pop . Stereogum 's Tom Breihan wrote : " House music didn 't quite have critical respect before Björk came along , and plenty of American writers didn ’ t know what to make of the sound of Debut when it came out . [ ... ] Debut didn 't just establish Björk ; it helped make sounds like that cool to a segment of the music @-@ dork universe that might ’ ve remained deaf to its charms otherwise . At this point , it 's virtually impossible to imagine a big publication slamming an adventurous dance @-@ pop album for " cheap electronic gimmickry , " and Debut is a big part of that change . Celebrating the album 's twenty @-@ year anniversary , Emily Mackay of NME wrote the album " put the lie to the post @-@ grunge assumption that heartfelt , passionate solo artistry came in the form of acoustic guitar and heartbreak , creating a new breed of singer @-@ songwriter . " Dubbing it an " influential masterpiece " , she found influences of the album in the work of musicians such as M.I.A. , Grimes , These New Puritans and Tune @-@ Yards , writing : " It 's in fascinatingly individual artists like those that you 'll find [ Björk 's ] influence — not , as many would have you believe , in every pretty @-@ faced girl with a big voice . " Mackay also noted that the album 's legacy echoes through dance @-@ pop artists like Lady Gaga and Robyn .
Furthermore , in 2013 Michael Cragg of The Guardian pointed out that " two decades after its release , the Icelandic artist 's first album has never sounded more relevant . " He argued that Debut " reconstructed pop music " , also writing that " while pop in 2013 looks back to the early 90s for inspiration , Björk 's ability on Debut to innovate by using disparate genres without losing a sense of her own identity should be the blueprint for any new artist with desires to break the mould . " In the album 's entry in their list of " The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " — where the album was included at number 46 — , NME claimed that " Debut achieved the remarkable feat of turning an idiosyncratic vocalist from a feted cult band into a significant global pop star , without losing one iota of the experimental mindset and creative cool that made her so special . " In 2005 , Björk stated that she thought the album wasn 't as strong as her later efforts : " It 's hard to judge yourself but I don 't think [ Debut and Post are ] my best . Debut was the album that went the highest up there in terms of what is ' Bjork music ' . But I think that the persona I created , which was entirely accidental , is better captured on the later albums " .
= = = Accolades = = =
The information regarding accolades attributed to Debut is adapted from Acclaimed Music , except where otherwise noted .
= = Track listing = =
Notes
^ a signifies an additional producer
= = Personnel = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = = Singles = = =
= M @-@ 11 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 11 is a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan in the Grand Rapids metropolitan area . The highway runs through the western and southern sides of the metro area , starting over the border in Ottawa County at an interchange with Interstate 96 ( I @-@ 96 ) . It runs through both rural woodlands and busy commercial areas before it terminates at another interchange with I @-@ 96 in Cascade Township . Locally known as Wilson Avenue and 28th Street , the trunkline is listed on the National Highway System , M @-@ 11 carries between 8 @,@ 000 and 42 @,@ 000 vehicles on average each day .
When the original state trunklines were designated , an M @-@ 11 ran the length of the Lake Michigan shoreline from the Indiana state line to Mackinaw City . That highway was replaced in 1926 by two of the then @-@ newly created US Highways . A second highway was given the M @-@ 11 designation at that time in the Saline area . This highway was removed from the highway system and the designation decommissioned in 1954 . The current M @-@ 11 was designated in 1961 along a set of roads in the Grand Rapids area that includes portions of a former route of US Highway 16 ( US 16 ) in Michigan .
= = Route description = =
The western terminus is at exit 24 on I @-@ 96 , one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) east of Marne . In Ottawa County , the road is called Ironwood Drive . Beginning at the Kent County border , the street is called Remembrance Road ( in honor of those who died in battle ) . From its western terminus , the road angles southeast – northwest for about a mile and a half ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) . Then M @-@ 11 turns south on Wilson Avenue to run north – south through Walker . Wilson Avenue intersects M @-@ 45 ( Lake Michigan Drive ) in the Standale Business District . South of Lake Michigan Drive , the trunkline continues on Wilson Avenue through the edge of a rural area . The highway runs through forest land near Millennium Park until it crosses the Grand River at I @-@ 196 .
Past I @-@ 196 , M @-@ 11 curves to run east – west and becomes 28th Street . Wilson continues southwards as a local road and 28th Street is the route through Grandville and Wyoming . Chicago Drive runs under 28th Street in Grandville ; there is a ramp from eastbound Chicago Drive to eastbound 28th Street , but all other connections are through the " 28th Street Cutoff " to the east of the grade @-@ separated junction . Continuing eastward through Wyoming , M @-@ 11 passes through that city 's central business district . The highway intersects US Highway 131 and crosses into Grand Rapids at Division Avenue . Near Kalamazoo Avenue , 28th Street passes the Indian Hills Golf Course . From Breton Avenue eastward , 28th Street is dominated by retail establishments as it continues into Kentwood . M @-@ 11 meets an intersection with East Beltline Avenue near the Woodland Mall . East Beltline carries M @-@ 37 through the eastern side of the Grand Rapids metro area , and M @-@ 44 north of 28th Street . M @-@ 11 continues eastward to its terminus at exit 44 on I @-@ 96 while 28th Street continues farther east to Cascade Road .
M @-@ 11 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway .
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had a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 529 ft / s ( 466 m / s ) . The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells .
By 1885 all of the 138 @-@ millimeter guns were replaced by four or six 120 @-@ millimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) guns . At some point the ships received a dozen 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss 5 @-@ barrel revolving guns . They fired a shell weighing about 500 g ( 1 @.@ 1 lb ) at a muzzle velocity of about 610 m / s ( 2 @,@ 000 ft / s ) to a range of about 3 @,@ 200 meters ( 3 @,@ 500 yd ) . They had a rate of fire of about 30 rounds per minute . The hull was not recessed to enable any of the guns on the battery deck to fire forward or aft . However , the guns mounted in the barbettes sponsoned out over the sides of the hull did have some ability to fire fore and aft . Late in the ships ' careers four above @-@ water 356 @-@ millimeter ( 14 @.@ 0 in ) torpedo tubes were added .
= = = Armor = = =
The Ocean @-@ class ships had a complete 178 – 203 @-@ millimeter ( 7 @.@ 0 – 8 @.@ 0 in ) waterline belt of wrought iron . The sides of the battery itself were armored with 160 millimeters ( 6 @.@ 3 in ) of wrought iron . The barbette armor was 150 millimeters ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) thick . The unarmored portions of their sides were protected by 15 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) iron plates . Gardiner says that the barbette armor was later removed to improve their stability , but this is not confirmed by any other source .
= = Ships = =
= = Service = =
During the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 – 71 Océan was assigned to the Northern Squadron that attempted to blockade Prussian ports on the Baltic until recalled on 16 September 1870 and ordered to return to Cherbourg . Afterward she was assigned to the Evolutionary Squadron until 1875 when she was placed in reserve . Océan was recommissioned in 1879 for service with the Mediterranean Squadron . She had a lengthy refit in 1884 – 85 and was assigned to the Northern Squadron after it was completed . Around 1888 the ship was transferred back to the Mediterranean Squadron until she was reduced to reserve around 1891 . Océan was assigned to the Gunnery School that same year and later became a training ship for naval apprentices before being condemned in 1894 .
Marengo was running her sea trials when the Franco @-@ Prussian War began and was immediately put in reserve . She was recommissioned in 1872 for service with the Mediterranean Squadron until 1876 when she was again placed in reserve . On 2 October 1880 the ship was recommissioned and assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron . Marengo was transferred to the Levant Squadron ( French : Division Navale du Levant ) on 13 February 1881 and bombarded the Tunisian port of Sfax in July 1881 as part of the French conquest of Tunisia . She remained in the Mediterranean until she was assigned to the Reserve Squadron in 1886 . In 1888 Marengo became the flagship of the Northern Squadron and led the squadron during its port visit to Kronstadt in 1891 . She was reduced to reserve the following year and sold in 1896 .
Suffren was placed into reserve after she completed her sea trials and was not commissioned until 1 March 1876 when she became flagship of the Cherbourg Division . Throughout her career the ship was often used as a flagship because of her spacious admiral 's quarters . On 1 September 1880 the ship was assigned to the division that participated in the international naval demonstration at Ragusa later that month under the command of Vice Admiral Seymour of the Royal Navy in an attempt to force the Ottoman Empire to comply with the terms of the Treaty of Berlin and turn over the town of Ulcinj to Montenegro . Suffren was reduced to reserve in 1881 and not recommissioned until 23 August 1884 when she was assigned to the Northern Squadron . The ship was transferred to the Mediterranean Squadron about 1888 and remained there until paid off in 1895 and condemned in 1897 .
= The Boat Race 1984 =
The 130th Boat Race took place on 18 March 1984 . Held annually , the event is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The race was originally scheduled to take place the day before but the Cambridge boat struck a barge before the start and the race was postponed until the following day , making it the first Boat Race to be held on a Sunday . Oxford won by three @-@ and @-@ three @-@ quarter lengths and both crews beat the existing course record .
Cambridge 's Goldie won the reserve race , while Cambridge were victorious in the Women 's Boat Race .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Cambridge by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths in the previous year 's race . However Cambridge held the overall lead , with 68 victories to Oxford 's 60 .
Originally scheduled to take place on Saturday 17 March , the Cambridge cox , Peter Hobson , steered their boat into a moored barge during the warmup , destroying the bow . The crew paddled to the side of the river where most were able to disembark , but some were forced to swim to safety . The race was postponed to the following day where Cambridge competed in a boat borrowed from the Amateur Rowing Association . It was the first Boat Race to be held on a Sunday in the history of the competition . The disagreement over the inclusion of Boris Rankov in Oxford 's crew for the sixth time in the previous year 's race had not been resolved . Rankov , however , had left the university after completing his studies so the dispute would have no impact on this year 's race .
The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race .
= = Crews = =
Oxford were pre @-@ race favourites and their crew were an average of 11 pounds ( 5 @.@ 0 kg ) heavier than their Cambridge opponents . The race saw the return of five Blues for Oxford and four for Cambridge . Oxford 's crew contained two Canadian brothers ( the Evans twins , Mark and Michael ) , two Australians and an American cox , while Cambridge 's predominantly British crew was completed by a Canadian and an American .
= = Race = =
Oxford started from the Surrey station and despite rating higher , were slightly behind Cambridge after a minute . Aggressive steering from Hobson resulted in warnings from umpire Mike Sweeney , and by the mile post , Oxford held a two @-@ second lead . A push by Oxford at Harrods saw them five seconds clear by Hammersmith Bridge and two lengths clear by Chiswick Steps . Nine seconds ahead by Barnes Bridge , Oxford passed the finishing post officially 12 seconds and three @-@ and @-@ three @-@ quarter lengths ahead of Cambridge , in a time of 16 minutes 45 seconds , beating the previous best of 16 minutes 58 seconds recorded by Oxford in the 1976 race . This was Oxford 's ninth consecutive victory , and their tenth in eleven years , and took the overall record to 68 – 61 in favour of Cambridge .
In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis by two @-@ and @-@ three @-@ quarter lengths , while Cambridge won the 39th Women 's Boat Race .
= = Reaction = =
Cambridge cox Hobson reacted to the pre @-@ race crash : " It was the worst nightmare in the world coming true . " Regarding the race , the Cambridge number 5 , John Garrett stated " the borrowed boat was better than ours but we weren 't used to it . " Oxford cox Seth Lesser said he was aware that his crew were setting a record @-@ breaking pace : " I knew the record was on ... We made another burn at St Paul 's School just to make sure . "
As a result of Saturday 's collision and the associated publicity , Sunday 's race was viewed on British television by more than 12 million people .
= Steel =
Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements , primarily carbon , that is widely used in construction and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost . Steel 's base metal is iron , which is able to take on two crystalline forms ( allotropic forms ) , body centered cubic ( BCC ) and face centered cubic ( FCC ) , depending on its temperature . It is the interaction of those allotropes with the alloying elements , primarily carbon , that gives steel and cast iron their range of unique properties . In the body @-@ centred cubic arrangement , there is an iron atom in the centre of each cube , and in the face @-@ centred cubic , there is one at the center of each of the six faces of the cube . Carbon , other elements , and inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that otherwise occur in the crystal lattices of iron atoms .
The carbon in typical steel alloys may contribute up to 2 @.@ 1 % of its weight . Varying the amount of alloying elements , their presence in the steel either as solute elements , or as precipitated phases , retards the movement of those dislocations that make iron comparatively ductile and weak , and thus controls its qualities such as the hardness , ductility , and tensile strength of the resulting steel . Steel 's strength compared to pure iron is only possible at the expense of iron 's ductility , of which iron has an excess .
Steel was produced in bloomery furnaces for thousands of years , but its extensive use began after more efficient production methods were devised in the 17th century , with the production of blister steel and then crucible steel . With the invention of the Bessemer process in the mid @-@ 19th century , a new era of mass @-@ produced steel began . This was followed by Siemens @-@ Martin process and then Gilchrist @-@ Thomas process that refined the quality of steel . With their introductions , mild steel replaced wrought iron .
Further refinements in the process , such as basic oxygen steelmaking ( BOS ) , largely replaced earlier methods by further lowering the cost of production and increasing the quality of the product . Today , steel is one of the most common materials in the world , with more than 1 @.@ 3 billion tons produced annually . It is a major component in buildings , infrastructure , tools , ships , automobiles , machines , appliances , and weapons . Modern steel is generally identified by various grades defined by assorted standards organizations .
= = Definitions and related materials = =
The noun steel originates from the Proto @-@ Germanic adjective stakhli
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Roosevelt dime had been designed by Sinnock , and had provoked complaints by citizens viewing Sinnock 's initials " JS " on the coin as those of Joseph Stalin , placed there by some Kremlin infiltrator within the Mint . Even though Sinnock 's initials ( placed on the cutoff of Franklin 's bust ) were expressed " JRS " , the Mint still received similar complaints , to which they responded with what numismatic historian Walter Breen termed " outraged official denials " . According to The New York Times , " People wrote in demanding to know how the Bureau of the Mint had discovered that Joe Stalin had a middle name . " Another rumor was that the small " o " in " of " was an error , and that the coins would be recalled . This claim died more quickly than the Stalin rumor .
After the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22 , 1963 , Congress and the Mint moved with great speed to authorize and produce a half dollar in tribute to him . With the authorization of the Kennedy half dollar on December 30 , 1963 , the Franklin half dollar series came to an end . Breen reports rumors of 1964 Franklin half dollars , produced possibly as trial strikes to test 1964 @-@ dated dies , but none has ever come to light . A total of 465 @,@ 814 @,@ 455 Franklin half dollars were struck for circulation ; in addition , 15 @,@ 886 @,@ 955 were struck in proof .
= = Collecting = =
The Franklin half dollar was struck in relatively small numbers in its first years , as there was limited demand due to a glut of Walking Liberty halves . No half dollars were struck at Denver in 1955 and 1956 due to a lack of demand for additional pieces . The San Francisco Mint closed in 1955 ; it did not reopen until 1965 . In 1957 , with improved economic conditions , demand for the pieces began to rise . They were struck in much greater numbers beginning in 1962 , which saw the start of the greatly increased demand for coins which would culminate in the great coin shortage of 1964 . No Franklin half dollar is rare today , as even low @-@ mintage dates were widely saved . Proof coins were struck at the Philadelphia Mint from 1950 . " Cameo proofs " , with frosted surfaces and mirror @-@ like fields , were struck in small numbers and carry a premium . Just under 498 million Franklin half dollars , including proofs , were struck .
There are only 35 different dates and mintmarks in the series , making it a relatively inexpensive collecting project . A widely known variety is the 1955 " Bugs Bunny " half . This variety was caused by a die clash between an obverse die and a reverse die . The impact of the eagle 's wings on the other die caused a marking outside of Franklin 's mouth which , according to some , resembles buck teeth . The quality of half dollars struck by the Mint decreased in the late 1950s , caused by deterioration of the master die from which working dies were made for coinage .
In an initial attempt to improve the quality of the pieces , the Mint made slight modifications to the designs , though both the old ( Type I ) and new ( Type II ) were struck in 1958 and 1959 . One obvious difference between the types is the number of long tail feathers on the eagle — Type I half dollars have four tail feathers , Type II only three . Approximately 20 % of the 1958 Philadelphia coinage is Type II , struck from dies which were first used to strike the 1958 proofs . About 70 % of the 1959 half dollars struck at Philadelphia are Type II ; all 1958 @-@ D and 1959 @-@ D half dollars are Type I. The Mint recut the master die before beginning the 1960 coinage , improving quality .
An especially well @-@ struck Franklin half dollar is said to have full bell lines . To qualify , the seven parallel lines making up the bottom of the bell must be fully visible , and the three wisps of hair to the right of Franklin 's ear on the obverse must also fully show , and not blend together . Many Franklins have been damaged by " roll friction " : the tendency of pieces in a loose coin roll to rub together repeatedly , causing steel @-@ gray abrasions , usually on Franklin 's cheek and on the center of the Liberty Bell .
By mintages , the key dates in this series are the 1948 , 1949 @-@ S , 1953 and 1955 . Franklin half dollars have been extensively melted for their silver , and many dates are rarer than the mintage figures indicate . For example , although more than nine million 1962 halves were struck for circulation , and an additional three million in proof , the coin was more valuable as bullion than in any condition when silver prices reached record levels in 1979 – 1980 . In 2010 , the 1962 half in MS @-@ 65 condition sold for about US $ 145 , second only to the 1953 @-@ S in price in that grade .
= = = Mintage figures = = =
Note : Numbers in parentheses represent coins which were distributed in proof sets , which are also included in the totals .
= Lofty Large =
Donald " Lofty " Large ( 27 September 1930 – 22 October 2006 ) was a British soldier and author .
Having joined the Army as a boy , Large fought in the Korean War and was wounded and taken prisoner at the Battle of Imjin . He spent two years in a prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camp , where his injuries went untreated and he lost more than a third of his body weight . After his release and rehabilitation , he joined the Special Air Service ( SAS ) and went on to serve in various conflicts around the world , hunting communist guerrillas in Malaya , suppressing rebellions in Oman and Aden , and conducting deniable cross @-@ border reconnaissance and raids during the Indonesia – Malaysia confrontation .
An imposing figure – he was almost 6 feet 6 inches ( 1 @.@ 98 m ) tall – he was given the nickname " Lofty " after joining the Army .
After his retirement , Large wrote two books about his Army career , preceding such authors as Andy McNab and Chris Ryan . Andy McNab has said that Large and his books were " instrumental in setting the template for future members of the [ SAS ] Regiment " .
= = Early life = =
Large was born in Oxfordshire , the first child of Joseph Large and his wife Emily ( née Pratley ) . His sister , Janet , was nine years his junior . In 1939 , the family moved to a cottage 2 miles ( 3 km ) outside the village of Guiting Power in the Gloucestershire Cotswolds . As a child his father taught him how to shoot game ; he later said of this experience , " little did I realise I would spend a lot of time , many years later [ in the SAS ] , being trained in exactly that type of instinctive shooting " .
Large would later dedicate his first book to " the best parents a man could ask for " .
Growing up during the Second World War , and having watched British and American soldiers on field exercises in the Cotswold Hills , Large said that he had always wanted to be a soldier . He also joined the Army Cadet Force .
= = Army career = =
Large joined the British Army as a " band boy " at the age of 15 . Unable to join his county regiment ( the Gloucestershire Regiment ) because of a lack of vacancies , he instead joined the Wiltshire Regiment , with whom he served for five years in England , Germany and Hong Kong . During this time he was given the nickname " Lofty " , having reached his adult height of 6 feet 5 3 ⁄ 4 inches ( 1.975m ) . In 1951 , by requesting a transfer to the Gloucestershire Regiment , Large volunteered to fight in the Korean War . After a combat training course in Japan , he was deployed to the front line .
= = = Korean War = = =
In March 1951 , along with half a dozen other newly badged Glosters , Large was sent to B Company 's position in the low hills above the Imjin River . The Glosters , as part of the 29th Brigade , were defending routes through the valley that could potentially be used by the Chinese in a southbound offensive towards Seoul . On 22 April 1951 , they engaged with Chinese troops in the Battle of Imjin . By the morning of 24 April , B Company had fought off seven assaults before they were able to rejoin the remainder of their battalion on what became known as Gloster Hill . By this time the battalion was vastly outnumbered , low on ammunition and cut off from United Nations lines . Large himself was shot in the left shoulder and , along with most of the remaining Glosters , was forced to surrender .
After a 10 @-@ day forced march north , and having received only basic medical attention , Large arrived at a prison camp outside Chongsung , about 50 miles north east of Sinuiju . He spent two years in the camp and celebrated his 21st birthday there . Throughout his incarceration he had two bullets and at least 18 pieces of shrapnel embedded in his body . To help Large cope with the chronic pain of his untreated injuries , an American POW introduced him to marijuana , which grew wild in the area . Although he found it to be a highly effective – and enjoyable – painkiller , he was somewhat alarmed by its psychoactive effects and subsequently tried to limit his use of the drug . Like many of his fellow prisoners , Large also suffered from beri @-@ beri and dysentery .
In March 1953 , a Chinese doctor operated on Large and removed a tracer round from his ribs as a preliminary to his being released as part of an exchange of wounded prisoners . Having weighed 217 pounds ( 98 kg ) in March 1951 , he had dropped to 136 pounds ( 62 kg ) by the time of his release . He also still had very limited movement in his atrophied and wasted left arm and was later told that if he had been treated by a British doctor at the time of his injury his arm would probably have been amputated .
Large was one of a batch of 22 exchanged British POWs whose release and subsequent return to Britain became front @-@ page news : The Guardian newspaper reported that the group had been unaware of the death of King George VI ( which had occurred over a year earlier ) , but were now looking forward to the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II . Interviewed after his release , Large described the war as " useless " and said that he believed the communist 's claims that the US had engaged in germ warfare .
For its defence of Gloster Hill in the Battle of Imjin , the 1st Battalion , Gloucestershire Regiment was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation . The citation is conferred on units of the armed forces of the United States and of allied nations , and was awarded to the Glosters for " exceptionally outstanding performance of duty and extraordinary heroism in action against the armed enemy ... Every yard of ground they surrendered was covered with enemy dead , until the last gallant soldier of the fighting battalion was over @-@ powered by the final surge of the enemy masses . "
After returning to the UK , Large was offered a discharge on medical grounds , which he declined . He went on to serve briefly in the quartermaster 's stores , as an instructor , and in the regimental police . Throughout this time he worked on regaining his fitness and rehabilitating his arm .
= = = Special Air Service = = =
In 1957 , wanting to escape the " stupidities of drill " and the " bullshit " of the regular Army , Large volunteered for the SAS ; however , while riding home from the Brecon Beacons within hours of successfully completing the notoriously tough selection course , he crashed his motorbike , and , having injured his ankle , he had to repeat selection – this time with one boot two sizes larger than the other to accommodate the bandages and swelling . He went on to serve with 22 SAS in Malaya , Oman , Borneo and Aden .
Large 's first operation with the SAS was in Malaya , hunting the Malayan Races Liberation Army ( MRLA ) guerrillas engaged in the Malayan Emergency uprising . By the time of Large 's involvement there was little communist activity and , despite months of jungle patrols and encounters with leeches , scorpions , civet cats and tigers , he never had any contact with MRLA guerrillas .
While suppressing a rebellion in Oman in 1958 , Large infamously lost his temper with a recalcitrant donkey . Recalling the incident in a 2003 interview , he said :
All the donkey handler did was laugh . Just as I turned round , the donkey 's face was right by me and it shook its head and I stuck a punch in among it somewhere , and the donkey went down like it was shot ... much to my amazement . But not to as much amazement as the donkey handler 's – I 've never seen a bloke sober up so quick . It was a hole in one : the donkey struggled to its feet and looked really willing to go up the hill and the donkey handler lost his laugh .
Several weeks later , in January 1959 , Large was part of the " A " and " D " Squadron assault on the Jebel Akhdar . This entailed a 2 @,@ 500 @-@ metre ( 8 @,@ 200 ft ) overnight ascent of the south side of the jebel , with each soldier carrying up to 120 pounds ( 54 kg ) of kit . Having completed the ascent the SAS were able to surprise and defeat the rebels , who had previously held the plateau as a virtually impregnable stronghold .
During the Indonesia – Malaysia confrontation in Borneo , Large took part in Operation Claret . As the leader of a four @-@ man SAS patrol , he spent up to two weeks at a time hidden in the jungle on deniable incursions into Indonesia , performing reconnaissance or ambushing Indonesian forces . While hidden on the banks of the Sungei Koemba River during one of these incursions , Large and his patrol had the opportunity to assassinate Colonel Leonardus Moerdani , the commander of the Indonesian special forces in the area ( and later Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Indonesian Armed Forces and subsequently Indonesia 's Minister of Defence and Security ) , who was passing by on a river boat . However , at the last moment Large spotted a woman on the boat . He later described the incident :
There could have been other women and there could have been children on the boat . And we don 't do that sort of target , so ... it went . And it was in fact the very man we 'd been looking for for three months : Colonel Moerdani of the Indonesian paracommando unit , and he was on the end of my rifle and I let him go – but ... you can 't blat women and kids .
For his service in Borneo , he was mentioned in despatches .
Parachuting was an important part of SAS training and operations , but it was not an experience that Large enjoyed : He suffered from a fear of heights and his considerable bulk meant that he descended far too quickly to have any chance of a comfortable landing . Despite this , he eventually qualified as a parachute instructor , although the footnote on his course report read , " not suited to parachuting – either in size or inclination . "
In his memoirs Large recalls that the last shots he fired on active duty were warning shots . Fired at long range at the ground a few feet in front of a local woman ( it is unclear where the incident took place ) , they were intended to dissuade her from heading into " certain danger " . Despite firing increasingly close to the woman 's feet , she continued forward , moving out of sight , only to reappear moments later leading the previously unseen bull which she had been intent on retrieving – " What a player ! God help any poor son @-@ in @-@ law she might have . "
Large spent the final years of his 27 @-@ year Army career as an instructor with 23 SAS Regiment ( one of the SAS 's two reserve regiments ) , eventually leaving the Army in 1973 as a Squadron Sergeant Major and Warrant Officer Class 2 .
= = Legacy = =
In his book SAS Heroes : Remarkable Soldiers , Extraordinary Men , former SAS soldier Pete Scholey describes Large as " simply the finest soldier [ I ] had ever met ... an inspiration to those around him ... with an admirable sense of fair play " .
Andy McNab , who joined the SAS 11 years after Large 's departure , has written about Large 's enduring impact on the Regiment :
Being like Lofty was something I aspired to without realising it . When I joined the Regiment I was told that the best way to survive those first years in the Sabre squadron was to pick out someone who you thought you would like to be . Shut up , watch and listen . For me there were a number of the ' old and bold ' who fitted that requirement . It wasn 't until later in my service that I learned that most of them , as newly ' badged ' members to a squadron , had picked Lofty .
A memorial bench was donated to the Allied Special Forces Memorial Grove at the National Memorial Arboretum by a group of Large 's former SAS colleagues . The inscription reads :
= = Personal life = =
Before leaving for Hong Kong with the Wiltshire Regiment in 1951 , Large had met Ann , a nanny at the Regiment 's depot in Devizes . She wrote to him five times a week during his captivity in Chongsung , although only about 90 of these letters were actually delivered to Large . They eventually married in 1955 and afterwards lived in an Army rental property on the top floor of a farmhouse in Longford , on the outskirts of Gloucester .
When Large volunteered for the SAS in 1957 it was not a unit that was well known outside of military circles – a fact that Large took advantage of by initially telling his wife that the Regiment 's job was to air drop supplies to troops in the jungle .
In 1960 the couple moved with the Regiment to Hereford , where they later had two children , Andy and Donna .
= = Later years = =
After leaving the Army Large worked in the UK and the Middle East . Having earned a heavy goods vehicle driving licence and a qualified testing officer 's certificate during his time in the Army , he spent the last 14 years of his working life as a driving instructor .
He wrote two books about his time in the Army : One Man 's SAS and One Man 's War in Korea , and was one of the first non @-@ commissioned officers ( NCOs ) to write about the SAS , preceding such soldiers @-@ turned @-@ authors as Andy McNab and Chris Ryan . A third book , Soldier Against the Odds : From Korean War to SAS , consisted of revised versions of his first two books together with some additional material . Andy McNab has said that " [ Large 's first two books ] were recommended reading for Regiment candidates . He was instrumental in setting the template for future members of the Regiment . "
In his seventies , Large , along with Pete Scholey , returned to the Borneo jungle as part of a 2003 Channel 4 documentary about the history of the SAS , taking the camera crew to the exact spot on the bank of the Sungei Koemba River where his patrol had successfully ambushed an Indonesian Army river boat in 1965 .
Having been ill with leukaemia for three years , Large died aged 76 at St Michael 's Hospice , Hereford . His funeral was held on 1 November 2006 at St Martin 's Church ( which has a long association with the SAS ) .
= Empedocles ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Empedocles " is the seventeenth episode of the eighth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on April 22 , 2001 . The episode was written by Greg Walker and directed by Barry K. Thomas . " Empedocles " is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . The episode received a Nielsen rating of 7 @.@ 3 and was viewed by 7 @.@ 46 million households and over 12 @.@ 46 million viewers . Overall , the episode received mixed reviews from critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) , Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) and John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) , who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) enlists Mulder ’ s help investigating a killer ’ s connection to the unsolved murder of Doggett ’ s son , but Mulder soon finds himself clashing with Doggett .
" Empedocles " was named after the famed Greek pre @-@ Socratic philosopher of the same name . The episode marked the return of Special Agent Monica Reyes , who was first introduced in the earlier season eight episode " This is Not Happening " . Reyes would later become Doggett 's partner , in the show 's ninth season . The episode included an elaborate special effects sequence wherein actor Jay Underwood rips off his face to reveal fire underneath his skin , which was created via green screen technology .
= = Plot = =
In New Orleans , Jeb Larold Dukes is fired from his job . After he leaves the office , Jeb witnesses a car chase which ends in a fiery crash . A burning figure that only Jeb can see emerges from the wreck and seems to merge with him . Jeb , now possessed by the being , returns to his office to fatally shoot his boss and co @-@ workers .
Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) arrives at the crime scene and meets NOPD detective Franklin Potter , who has called her in out of his belief that the murders are related to satanism . Reyes merely answers the detective that it was not devil worship , and that the killer probably was under stress . As she is leaving , she witnesses one of the bodies carbonize into a charred corpse in front of her , only to have it revert to normal .
Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) takes a pregnant Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) to the hospital when she doubles over in pain . There , Reyes phones him to ask about the case , but Mulder cedes to the authority of John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) , who is formally running the X @-@ Files . However , Reyes says she can 't call Doggett since it is about him . Meanwhile , Jeb is in a hotel room in Georgia trying to shoot himself in the head . Suddenly , he notices something wrong with his face ; he claws at his face , peeling away the skin to reveal burning embers beneath the skin .
Mulder and Reyes meet in an FBI records room , where she divulges the story about the death of Doggett ’ s son , Luke : years ago , when Doggett ’ s son disappeared , the FBI were called in to investigate . Reyes was one of the agents on the case . They never found the killer , and when they discovered Luke ’ s body , both Reyes and Doggett saw it transform into ashes instantly . Reyes says that Doggett has spent the last few years convincing himself he did not see it . Reyes believes it was a psychic clue , and now with the other crime scene , she has seen it again .
Doggett soon attacks Mulder for looking into his son 's case , but Reyes explains why they are investigating . She reveals that Bob Harvey , a suspect in Luke 's murder , died in the car crash in New Orleans . Reyes stresses her vision 's importance , but Doggett dismisses it . Reyes goes to visit Jeb 's sister , Katha , and learns he did not know Bob Harvey . While Reyes is there , Katha receives a call from Jeb , but tells him to call later . As Jeb leaves the phone booth , he kills a female motorist . Meanwhile , Doggett learns from Scully that she has suffered a placental abruption . He asks her what made her start to believe in the paranormal . She says she realized she was “ afraid to believe . ” Scully later tells Mulder to keep trying to help Doggett .
As Doggett approaches the body of Jeb 's latest victim , he has a flashback of when he found Luke 's body . Doggett storms off , but Reyes refuses to let it go , finally revealing her theory : she believes that the boy 's murder was part of a “ thread of evil , ” an interconnected series of terrible events . Meanwhile , Katha returns home with her daughter and finds Jeb there . He insists that it wasn 't him who committed the murder , and pleads to his sister for help . Katha calls the agents and tries to separate her daughter from Jeb , but he realizes what she is planning and uses his niece as a hostage . Before Jeb can shoot Doggett , Reyes incapacitates him with a round to the throat .
Doggett finally embraces the memory of his vision . Mulder tells him that when he worked in violent crimes and saw the horrible things people did , he began to think of evil like a disease that infected people . Some lack immunity to this disease of evil because of some tragedy in their lives . Jeb dies while Reyes and Katha are in the room . After the doctors leave , Katha ’ s eyes glow , much like Jeb 's . She hits Reyes over the head with an oxygen tank and takes her gun . Before she can execute Reyes for killing her brother , Doggett appears and wrestles her to the ground .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
The episode was written by Greg Walker and directed by Barry K. Thomas , marking his directoral debut . The episode takes its title from the famed Greek pre @-@ Socratic philosopher of the same name . Empedocles believed that out of the four classic elements — earth , wind , fire , and water — fire was the most superior . According to legend , in order to become a god , Empedocles threw himself into a volcano in Mount Etna . As such , Empedocles is often associated with fire .
The episode marked the return of Special Agent Monica Reyes , who was first introduced in the earlier season eight episode " This is Not Happening " . Although Reyes would later become Doggett 's partner , the series attempted to differentiate the Doggett / Reyes relationship from the Mulder / Scully relationship . Robert Patrick later noted , " We 're not going to try to duplicate [ the Mulder and Scully relationship ] , we 're not going to try to regenerate the magic chemistry . "
= = = Special effects = = =
In order to create the " Lava Face " effect , actor Jay Underwood 's face was painted green . A mask with pre @-@ cut slits was then placed over the skin . Underwood then tore the mask off of his own face , revealing streaks of the green coloring . A matte of the scene was then cut and various fire effects were placed into Underwood 's face via green screen technology . In order to make the " cracks " appear , digital technology was created to " smooth over " the skin and then slowly reveal the pre @-@ cut slits . Producer Paul Rabwin later joked that Underwood " had fire for brains " .
= = Reception = =
" Empedocles " first aired on Fox on April 22 , 2001 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 7 @.@ 3 , meaning that it was seen by 7 @.@ 3 % of the nation 's estimated households . The episode was viewed by 7 @.@ 46 million households and over 12 @.@ 46 million viewers . The episode ranked as the 40th most @-@ watched episode for the week ending April 22 . The episode subsequently aired in the United Kingdom on the BBC Two on July 28 , 2002 . Fox promoted the episode with the tagline " The murder of Doggett 's son is about to become an X @-@ file . "
Critical reception to the episode was mostly mixed . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five . The two noted that the " X @-@ File in itself is an interesting concept , but left frustratingly vague . " Shearman and Pearson , however , did positively write that the episode is " a character study which gives its new leads some background and depth and , better yet , somewhere new to develop . " VanDerWerff later awarded the episode an " C + " and wrote that " there are a lot of things to like in “ Empedocles , ” but the central conceit is just too stupid for the episode as a whole to work . " While he enjoyed the " way that [ the episode ] features all four FBI agents in the same episode " , he was critical of both the plot and the Mulder and Scully dynamic , noting that it fell flat .
Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a negative review and awarded it one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four . She criticized several of the plot points in the episode , most notably how a " big @-@ city " New Orleans detective could mistake Marilyn Manson CDs as signs of blatant satanic imagery . Vitaris further criticized the " sidelined " behavior of
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Scully and the " shoehorned " characterization of Reyes . Tom Kessenich , in his book Examinations , wrote a largely negative review of the episode . He criticized the down @-@ sized role Mulder and Scully played in the episode , noting that they had been " reduced to mere footnotes " . Furthermore , Kessenich reasoned that , by trying to " prep for [ a ] future " of just Doggett and Reyes and " [ connect ] to the past " with Mulder and Scully , the episode ultimately " served to remind us how Doggett and Reyes pale in comparison to the magic of Mulder and Scully . "
Not all reviews were negative . Television Without Pity writer Jessica Morgan rated the episode a B − . Sarah Stegall awarded the episode five stars out of five and noted " Being dead has done wonders for Fox Mulder . " Stegall concluded that the episode " is one of the best episodes of the new era . Mulder and Scully get one last chance to remind us why we will miss them , and Doggett and Reyes get a chance to earn their stripes . [ ... ] If this is the season where the torch gets passed , it 's good to see that it 's got one last flare in it . "
= Shaker , Why Don 't You Sing ? =
Shaker , Why Don 't You Sing ? is author and poet Maya Angelou 's fourth volume of poetry , published by Random House in 1983 . It was published during one of the most productive periods in Angelou 's career ; she had written four autobiographies and published three other volumes of poetry up to that point . Angelou considers herself a poet and a playwright , but is best known for her seven autobiographies , especially her first , I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , although her poetry has also been successful . She began , early in her writing career , alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry . Many of the poems in Shaker focus on survival despite threatened freedom , lost love , and defeated dreams . Over half of them are love poems , and emphasize the inevitable loss of love . " Caged Bird " , which refers to Angelou 's first autobiography , is contained in this volume .
= = Background = =
Shaker , Why Don 't You Sing is Maya Angelou 's fourth volume of poetry . She studied and began writing poetry at a young age . After her rape at the age of eight , as recounted in her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings ( 1969 ) , she dealt with her trauma by memorizing and reciting great works of literature , including poetry , which helped bring her out of her self @-@ imposed muteness .
The publication of Shaker , Why Don 't You Sing occurred during one of the most productive periods of Angelou 's career . She had written songs for Roberta Flack and had composed movie scores . She had written articles , short stories , TV scripts and documentaries , autobiographies , and poetry , she produced plays , and was named a visiting professor of several colleges and universities . Angelou was given a multitude of awards during this period , including over thirty honorary degrees from colleges and universities from all over the world . In 1981 , after ten years of marriage , Angelou and her husband Paul du Feu divorced . Angelou returned to the southern United States , where she accepted the lifetime Reynolds Professorship of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston @-@ Salem , North Carolina , and taught a variety of subjects that reflected her interests , including philosophy , ethics , theology , science , theater , and writing .
Although Angelou considered herself a playwright and poet when her editor Robert Loomis challenged her to write Caged Bird , she has been best known for her autobiographies . Many of Angelou 's readers identify her as a poet first and an autobiographer second , but like Lynn Z. Bloom , many critics consider her autobiographies more important than her poetry . Critic William Sylvester agrees , and states that although her books have been best @-@ sellers , her poetry has " received little serious critical attention " . Bloom also believes that Angelou 's poetry is more interesting when she recites them . Bloom calls her performances " characteristically dynamic " , and says that Angelou " moves exuberantly , vigorously to reinforce the rhythms of the lines , the tone of the words . Her singing and dancing and electrifying stage presence transcend the predictable words and phrases " .
Angelou 's began , early in her writing career , alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry . By the time Shaker was published in 1983 , she had published four autobiographies , eventually going on to publish seven . Her publisher , Random House , placed the poems in Shaker in her first collection of poetry , The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou ( 1994 ) , perhaps to capitalize on her popularity following her reading of her poem " On the Pulse of Morning " at President Bill Clinton 's inauguration in 1993 . Also in the 1994 collection were her three previous collections , Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie ( 1971 ) , Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well , and And Still I Rise ( 1978 ) , along with I Shall Not Be Moved , published in 1990 . Angelou 's publisher placed four poems in a smaller volume , entitled Phenomenal Woman in 1995 .
= = Themes = =
According to critic Carol E. Neubauer , like Angelou 's previous poetry collections , " Shaker celebrates the ability to survive despite threatened freedom , lost love , and defeated dreams . Neubauer also states that the poems in this volume are full of " the control and confidence that have become characteristic of Angelou 's work in general " . Their tone moves from themes of strength to humor and satire , and captures , more than her previous poetry , the loneliness of lovers and the sacrifice that many slaves experienced without succumbing to defeat or despair .
Over half the poems in Shaker focus on love and doomed relationships . In " The Lie " , for example , the speaker feels compelled to use deception to protect herself from her lover 's abandonment . In the brief poem " Prelude to a Parting " , the speaker instinctively senses the inevitable and implicit end of her relationship , especially when her lover draws away from her touch . Not all the love poems in the volume focus on dishonesty or deception , but most , such as the title poem " Shaker , Why Don 't You Sing ? " , describe the inevitable loss of love .
The rest of the poems in Shaker emphasize determination despite the " unabiding anguish over the oppression of the black race " , and deal with the cruel treatment of slaves in the South . In the poem " Family Affairs " , Angelou uses the German fairy tale " Rapunzel " as a framework to summarize her painful origins of slavery and to compare Black / white tensions . Critic J. T. Keefe calls it " a wise and deeply felt poem " . Neubauer considers Angelou 's poem " Caged Bird " , which she says " inevitably brings Angelou 's audience full circle " with her first autobiography , as the most powerful poem in the volume . Keefe agrees , and calls it Angelou 's " central motif " and a rhythmical and hypnotic chant that cries out to be sung " . Neubauer states , " Her poems in Shaker , Why Don 't You Sing imply that as long as such melodies are sung and heard , hope and strength will overcome defeated dreams " . Scholar Yasmin Y. DeGout agrees , and cites " A Plagued Journey " as an example of Angelou 's themes of liberation found in all her poetry . In the poem , Angelou calls for a reconsideration of the beliefs that limit human beings , and insists that " hope allows action and forces engagement with the world " .
= = Reviews = =
Janet B. Blundell , in Library Journal , finds Angelou 's poetry lacking in comparison to her prose , and states , " The reader is jarred by stilted , ' poetic ' language and stilted , sing @-@ song , school @-@ girlish rhyme " . She finds the best poems in Shaker are the ones that are structured like blues music . Mary S. Cosgrove , in Horn Book Magazine , calls the poems in Shaker " a lyrical outpouring of seasoned feelings from the heart and mind " , and calls Angelou " musical , rhythmical , and enchanting " . J.T. Keefe , in World Literature Today , says about Shaker " : " Deceptively light and graceful , Maya Angelou 's poems are lyrical , emotional , melancholy " . Keefe compares Angelou 's poems to music , especially the music of French singer Édith Piaf , and also states , " These poems are full of shining hurt as , like curving scimitars , they skillfully pierce the hearts of their readers " .
= = Poems = =
Shaker , Why Don 't You Sing ? , which contains 28 poems , is dedicated to Angelou 's son , Guy Johnson , and to her grandson , Colin Ashanti Murphy Johnson .
= Juventus F.C. =
Juventus Football Club S.p.A. ( from Latin iuventūs , " youth " ; Italian pronunciation : [ juˈvɛntus ] ) , colloquially known as Juve ( pronounced [ ˈjuːve ] ) , is a professional Italian association football club based in Turin , Piedmont . The club is the third oldest of its kind in the country and has spent the majority of its history , with the exception of the 2006 – 07 season , in the top flight First Division ( known as Serie A since 1929 ) .
Founded in 1897 as Sport @-@ Club Juventus by a group of young Torinese students , among them , who was their first president , Eugenio Canfari , and his brother Enrico , author of the company 's historical memory ; they have been managed by the industrial Agnelli family since 1923 , which constitutes the oldest sporting partnership in Italy , thus making Juventus the first professional club in the country .
Over time , the club has become a symbol of the nation 's Italianità ( " Italianness " ) , due to their tradition of success , some of which have had a significant impact in Italian society , especially in the 1930s and the first post @-@ war decade ; and the ideological politics and socio @-@ economic origin of the club 's sympathisers . This is reflected , among others , in the club 's contribution to the national team , uninterrupted since the second half of the 1920s and recognised as one of the most influential in international football , having performed a decisive role in the World Cup triumphs of 1934 , 1982 and 2006 . The club 's fan base is larger than any other Italian football club and is one of the largest worldwide . Support for Juventus is widespread throughout the country and abroad , mainly in countries with a significant presence of Italian immigrants .
Juventus is historically the most successful club in Italian football and one of the most laureated and important globally . Overall , they have won sixty @-@ one official titles on the national and international stage , more than any other Italian club : a record thirty @-@ two official league titles , a record eleven Coppa Italia titles , a record seven Supercoppa Italiana titles , and , with eleven titles in confederation and inter @-@ confederation competitions ( two Intercontinental Cups , two European Champion Clubs ' Cup / UEFA Champions Leagues , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , three UEFA Cups , one UEFA Intertoto Cup and two UEFA Super Cups ) the club ranks fourth in Europe and eighth in the world with the most trophies won .
In 1985 , under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni , who led the Torinese team to thirteen official trophies in ten years until 1986 , including six league titles and five international titles ; Juventus became the first club in the history of European football to have won all three major competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations : the European Champions ' Cup , the ( now @-@ defunct ) Cup Winners ' Cup and the UEFA Cup ( the first Italian and Southern European side to win the tournament ) . After their triumph in the Intercontinental Cup the same year , the club also became the first in football history — and remains the only one at present — to have won all possible official continental competitions and the world title . According to the all @-@ time ranking published in 2009 by the International Federation of Football History and Statistics , an organisation recognised by FIFA , based on clubs ' performance in international competitions , Juventus were Italy 's best club and second in Europe of the 20th century .
= = History = =
= = = Early years = = =
Juventus were founded as Sport @-@ Club Juventus in late 1897 by pupils from the Massimo D 'Azeglio Lyceum school in Turin , but were renamed as Foot @-@ Ball Club Juventus two years later . The club joined the Italian Football Championship during 1900 . In 1904 the businessman Ajmone @-@ Marsan revived the finances of the football club Juventus , making it also possible to transfer the training field from Piazza d 'Armi to the more appropriate Velodrome Umberto I. During this period the team wore a pink and black kit . Juventus first won the league championship in 1905 while playing at their Velodrome Umberto I ground . By this time the club colours had changed to black and white stripes , inspired by English side Notts County .
There was a split at the club in 1906 , after some of the staff considered moving Juve out of Turin . President Alfred Dick was unhappy with this and left with some prominent players to found FBC Torino which in turn spawned the Derby della Mole . Juventus spent much of this period steadily rebuilding after the split , surviving the First World War .
= = = League dominance = = =
Fiat owner Edoardo Agnelli gained control of the club in 1923 , and built a new stadium . This helped the club to its second scudetto ( league championship ) in the 1925 – 26 season beating Alba Roma with an aggregate score of 12 – 1 , Antonio Vojak 's goals were essential that season . The club established itself as a major force in Italian football since the 1930s , becoming the country 's first professional club and the first with a decentralised fan base , which led it to win a record of five consecutive Italian championships the first four under the management of Carlo Carcano and form the core of the Italy national team during the Vittorio Pozzo 's era , including the 1934 world champion squad . With star players such as Raimundo Orsi , Luigi Bertolini , Giovanni Ferrari and Luis Monti amongst others .
Juventus moved to the Stadio Comunale , but for the rest of the 1930s and the majority of the 1940s they were unable to recapture championship dominance . After the Second World War , Gianni Agnelli was appointed honorary president . The club added two more league championships to its name in the 1949 – 50 and 1951 – 52 seasons , the latter of which was under the management of Englishman Jesse Carver . Two new strikers were signed during 1957 – 58 ; Welshman John Charles and Italo @-@ Argentine Omar Sivori , playing alongside longtime member Giampiero Boniperti . That season saw Juventus awarded with the Golden Star for Sport Excellence to wear on their shirts after becoming the first Italian side to win ten league titles . In the same season , Omar Sivori became the first ever player at the club to win the European Footballer of the Year . The following season they beat Fiorentina to complete their first league and cup double , winning Serie A and Coppa Italia . Boniperti retired in 1961 as the all @-@ time top scorer at the club , with 182 goals in all competitions , a club record which stood for 45 years .
During the rest of the decade , the club won the league just once more in 1966 – 67 , The 1970s , however , saw Juventus further solidify their strong position in Italian football . Under former player Čestmír Vycpálek , they won the scudetto in 1971 – 72 and 1972 – 73 , with players such as Roberto Bettega , Franco Causio and José Altafini breaking through . During the rest of the decade , they won the league twice more , with defender Gaetano Scirea contributing significantly . The later win was under Giovanni Trapattoni , who also led the club to their first ever major European title , the UEFA Cup , in 1977 , and helped the club 's domination continue on into the early part of the 1980s . During Trapattoni 's tenure , many Juventus players also formed the backbone of the Italy national team during Enzo Bearzot 's successful managerial era , including the 1978 World Cup , UEFA Euro 1980 and 1982 world champion squads .
= = = European stage = = =
The Trapattoni era was highly successful in the 1980s ; the club started the decade off well , winning the league title three more times by 1984 . This meant Juventus had won 20 Italian league titles and were allowed to add a second golden star to their shirt , thus becoming the only Italian club to achieve this . Around this time , the club 's players were attracting considerable attention ; Paolo Rossi was named European Footballer of the Year following his contribution to Italy 's victory in the 1982 World Cup , where he was named Player of the Tournament .
Frenchman Michel Platini was also awarded the European Footballer of the Year title for three years in a row in 1983 , 1984 and 1985 , which is a record . Juventus are the only club to have players from their club winning the award in four consecutive years . Indeed , it was Platini who scored the winning goal in the 1985 European Cup final against Liverpool , however this was marred by a tragedy which changed European football . That year , Juventus became the first club in the history of European football to have won all three major UEFA competitions and , after their triumph in the Intercontinental Cup , the club also became the first in association football history — and remain the world 's only one at present — to have won all possible confederation competitions and the club world title .
With the exception of winning the closely contested Italian Championship of 1985 – 86 , the rest of the 1980s were not very successful for the club . As well as having to contend with Diego Maradona 's Napoli , both of the Milanese clubs , Milan and Internazionale , won Italian championships ; Juventus did win a Coppa Italia @-@ UEFA Cup double in 1990 under the guidance of former club legend Dino Zoff , however . In 1990 , Juventus also moved into their new home , the Stadio delle Alpi , which was built for the 1990 World Cup . Despite the arrival of Italian star Roberto Baggio later that year for a world record transfer fee , the early 1990s under Luigi Maifredi and subsequently Trapattoni once again also saw little success for Juventus , as they only managed to win the UEFA Cup in 1993 .
= = = Lippi era of success = = =
Marcello Lippi took over as Juventus manager at the start of the 1994 – 95 campaign . His first season at the helm of the club was a successful one , as Juventus recorded their first Serie A championship title since the mid @-@ 1980s , as well as the Coppa Italia . The crop of players during this period featured Ciro Ferrara , Roberto Baggio , Gianluca Vialli and a young Alessandro Del Piero . Lippi led Juventus to their first Supercoppa Italiana , and the Champions League the following season , beating Ajax on penalties after a 1 – 1 draw in which Fabrizio Ravanelli scored for Juve .
The club did not rest long after winning the European Cup : more highly regarded players were brought into the fold in the form of Zinedine Zidane , Filippo Inzaghi and Edgar Davids . At home , Juventus won the 1996 – 97 and 1997 – 98 Serie A titles , as well as the 1996 UEFA Super Cup and the 1996 Intercontinental Cup . Juventus reached the 1997 and 1998 Champions League finals during this period , but lost out to Borussia Dortmund and Real Madrid respectively .
After a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ season absence , Lippi returned to the club in 2001 , following his replacement Carlo Ancelotti 's dismissal , signing big name players such as Gianluigi Buffon , David Trezeguet , Pavel Nedvěd and Lilian Thuram , helping the team to two more scudetto titles during the 2001 – 02 and 2002 – 03 seasons . Juventus were also part of an all Italian Champions League final in 2003 but lost out to Milan on penalties after the game ended in a 0 – 0 draw . At the conclusion of the following season , Lippi was appointed as the Italy national team 's head coach , bringing an end to one of the most fruitful managerial spells in Juventus ' history .
= = = " Calciopoli " scandal = = =
Fabio Capello was appointed as Juventus 's coach in 2004 and led the club to two more consecutive Serie A titles . In May 2006 , however , Juventus became one of the five clubs linked to a 2006 Italian football scandal , the result of which saw the club relegated to Serie B for the first time in its history . The club was also stripped of the two titles won under Capello in 2005 and 2006 .
Many key players left following the demotion to Serie B , including Lillian Thuram , star striker Zlatan Ibrahimović and defensive stalwart Fabio Cannavaro . Other big name players , however , such as Gianluigi Buffon , Alessandro Del Piero , David Trezeguet and Pavel Nedvěd , remained to help the club return to Serie A , while youngsters from the Primavera ( youth team ) , such as Sebastian Giovinco and Claudio Marchisio , were integrated into the first team . Juventus were promoted straight back up to the top division as league winners after the 2006 – 07 season , while captain Del Piero claimed the top scorer award with 21 goals .
As early as 2010 , Juventus considered challenging the stripping of their Scudetti from 2005 and 2006 , dependent on the results of trials connected to the 2006 scandal . Subsequent investigations found in 2011 that Juventus ' relegation in 2006 was without merit . When former general manager Luciano Moggi 's conviction in criminal court in connection with the scandal was thrown out by an appeals court in 2015 , the club sued the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) for € 443 million for damages caused by their 2006 relegation . FIGC president Carlo Tavecchio offered to discuss reinstatement of the lost Scudetti in exchange for Juventus dropping the lawsuit .
= = = Return to Serie A = = =
After returning to Serie A in the 2007 – 08 season , Juventus appointed Claudio Ranieri as manager . They finished in third place in their first season back in the top flight , and qualified for the Champions League third qualifying round in the preliminary stages . Juventus reached the group stages , where they beat Real Madrid in both home and away legs , before losing in the knockout round to Chelsea . Ranieri was sacked following a string of unsuccessful results , and Ciro Ferrara was appointed as manager on a temporary basis for the last two games of the 2008 – 09 season , before being subsequently appointed as the manager for the 2009 – 10 season .
Ferrara 's stint as Juventus manager , however , proved to be unsuccessful , with Juventus knocked out of Champions League and Coppa Italia , and just lying on the sixth place in the league table at the end of January 2010 , leading to the dismissal of Ferrara and the naming of Alberto Zaccheroni as caretaker manager . Zaccheroni could not help the side improve , as Juventus finished the season in seventh place in Serie A. For the 2010 – 11 season , Jean @-@ Claude Blanc was replaced by Andrea Agnelli as the club 's president . Agnelli 's first action was to replace Zaccheroni and director of sport Alessio Secco with Sampdoria manager Luigi Delneri and director of sport Giuseppe Marotta . Delneri , however , failed to improve their fortunes and was dismissed . Former player and fan favourite Antonio Conte , fresh after winning promotion with Siena , was named as Delneri 's replacement . In September 2011 , Juventus relocated to the new Juventus Stadium .
= = = Conte and Allegri era of success = = =
With Conte as manager , Juventus went unbeaten for the entire 2011 – 12 Serie A season . Towards the second half of the season , the team was mostly competing with northern rivals Milan for first place in a tight contest . Juventus won the title on the 37th matchday , after beating Cagliari 2 – 0 , and Milan losing to Internazionale 4 – 2 . After a 3 – 1 win in the final matchday against Atalanta , Juventus became the first team to go the season unbeaten in the current 38 @-@ game format . Other noteworthy achievements include the biggest away win ( 5 – 0 at Fiorentina ) , best defensive record ( 20 goals conceded , fewest ever in the current league format ) in Serie A and second best in the top six European leagues that year .
In 2013 – 14 , Juventus won a third consecutive Scudetto with a record 102 points and 33 wins . The title was the 30th official league championship in the club 's history . They also achieved the semi @-@ finals of Europa League being eliminated at home against ten @-@ man Benfica 's catenaccio , missing the final at the Juventus Stadium . In 2014 – 15 , Massimiliano Allegri was appointed as manager , with whom Juventus won their 31st official title , making it a fourth @-@ straight , as well as achieving a record tenth Coppa Italia for the double . The club also beat Real Madrid in the semi finals of the Champions League 3 – 2 on aggregate to face Barcelona in the final in Berlin for the first time since the 2002 – 03 Champions League . Juventus lost the final to Barcelona 3 – 1 after an early fourth @-@ minute goal from Ivan Rakitić , followed by an Álvaro Morata equalizer in the 55th minute ; Barcelona took the lead again with a goal from Luis Suárez in the 70th minute , followed by a final minute goal by Neymar as Juventus were caught out on the counterattack . On 14 December 2015 , Juventus won the Serie A Football Club of the Year award for the 2014 – 15 season , the fourth time in succession . On 25 April 2016 , the club won their fifth @-@ straight title ( and 32nd overall ) since last winning five @-@ straight between 1930 – 31 and 1934 – 35 , after second place Napoli lost to Roma to give Juventus mathematical certainty of the title with three games to spare ; last losing to Sassuolo on 25 October 2015 , which left them in 12th place , before taking 73 points of a possible 75 . On 21 May , the club then won the Coppa Italia for the 11th time , and their second @-@ straight title , becoming the first team in Italy 's history to complete Serie A and Coppa Italia doubles in back @-@ to @-@ back seasons .
= = Colours , badge , nicknames and mascot = =
Juventus have played in black and white striped shirts , with white shorts , sometimes black shorts since 1903 . Originally , they played in pink shirts with a black tie . The father of one of the players made the earliest shirts , but continual washing faded the colour so much that in 1903 the club sought to replace them .
Juventus asked one of their team members , Englishman John Savage , if he had any contacts in England who could supply new shirts in a colour that would better withstand the elements . He had a friend who lived in Nottingham , who being a Notts County supporter , shipped out the black and white striped shirts to Turin . Juve have worn the shirts ever since , considering the colours to be aggressive and powerful .
Juventus Football Club 's official emblem has undergone different and small modifications since the 1920s . The last modification of the Juventus badge took place before 2004 – 05 season . Since then , the emblem of the team is a black @-@ and @-@ white oval shield of a type used by Italian ecclesiastics . It is divided in five vertical stripes : two white stripes and three black stripes , inside which are the following elements ; in its upper section , the name of the society superimposed on a white convex section , over golden curvature ( gold for honour ) . The white silhouette of a charging bull is in the lower section of the oval shield , superimposed on a black old French shield ; the charging bull is a symbol of the Comune di Torino .
There is also a black silhouette of a mural crown above the black spherical triangle 's base . This is a reminiscence to Augusta Tourinorum , the old city of the Roman era which the present capital of Piedmont region is its cultural heiress .
Juventus was also the first team in association football history to adopt a star who added one above their badge in 1958 to represent their tenth Italian Football Championship and Serie A title , at the time and has since become popularized with other clubs as well .
In the past , the convex section of the emblem had a blue colour ( another symbol of Turin ) and , furthermore , its shape was concave . The old French shield and the mural crown , also in the lower section of the emblem , had a considerably greater size with respect to the present . The two Golden Stars for Sport Excellence were located above the convex and concave section of Juventus ' emblem . During the 1980s , the club emblem was the silhouette of a zebra , to both sides of the equide 's head , the two golden stars and , above this badge , forming an arc , the club 's name .
Juventus unofficially won their 30th league title in 2011 – 12 , but a dispute with the Italian Football Federation , who stripped Juventus of their 2004 – 05 and 2005 – 06 titles due to their involvement in a 2006 Italian football scandal , left their official total at 28 . However , they elected to wear no stars at all the following season . Juventus won their 30th title in 2013 – 14 and thus earned the right to wear their third star , however , club president Andrea Agnelli stated that the club suspended the use of the stars until another team wins their 20th championship , thus having the right to wear two stars , " to emphasise Juventus ' superiority " . However , for the 2015 – 16 season , Juventus reintroduced the stars and added the third star to their jersey as well with new kit manufacturers Adidas . For the 2016 – 17 season , Juventus re @-@ designed their kit with a different take on the trademark white and black stripes .
During its history , the club has acquired a number of nicknames , la Vecchia Signora ( the Old Lady ) being the best example . The " old " part of the nickname is a pun on Juventus which means " youth " in Latin . It was derived from the age of the Juventus star players towards
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match on the show . Shelley won the contest with a roll @-@ up pin with his feet on the ropes for leverage at 8 minutes and 50 seconds .
Abyss , who was accompanied by James Mitchell , versus Lance Hoyt was the following encounter . It lasted 9 minutes and 9 seconds . Mitchell interfered in the bout by handing Abyss a steel chair , which was taken by the referee before Abyss could use it . Hoyt gained a near @-@ fall after kicking the chair into Abyss ' face . Abyss also gained a near @-@ fall after slamming Hoyt back @-@ first into the mat with his signature Black Hole Slam maneuver . Hoyt earned another near @-@ fall by laying a steel chair across Abyss ' chest while Abyss laid in one of the six turnbuckle corners , then jumping off the opposing ring ropes and dropkicking the steel chair into Abyss ' chest . Abyss won the contest after performing the Black Hole Slam .
A Tag Team match with B.G. James as Special Guest Referee between the 3Live Kru ( Konnan and Ron Killings ) and the team of Kip James and Monty Brown was next . It lasted 7 minutes and 45 seconds . Konnan took off his shoe during the match and began to use it as a weapon . He attempted to throw it at Brown and Kip , however , he accidentally struck B.G. in the process . Later , Kip attempted to attack Konnan with a steel chair but was stopped by B.G. Kip in returned shoved B.G. , which caused B.G. to punch Kip in retaliation . Konnan then grabbed the chair and bashed Kip over the head with it to score the pinfall victory for his team .
In the fifth match , Christopher Daniels fought Austin Aries in what was promoted as the Internet Dream match . Daniels and Aries each gained several near @-@ falls during the encounter . Daniels won the contest by slamming Aries face @-@ first against the mat with his signature Angel Wings maneuver at 9 minutes and 35 seconds .
= = = Main event matches = = =
In the next scheduled match Jerry Lynn faced Sean Waltman . The contest duration was 15 minutes and 31 seconds . During the bout while Lynn stood on the ring apron , Waltman attempted to suplex him back into the ring , however , Lynn countered and instead suplexed Waltman over the ring ropes and down to the floor . Waltman scored a near @-@ fall following a groin hit and slamming Lynn 's face into the mat with his signature X @-@ Factor maneuver . Chris Sabin , Shark Boy , and Sonjay Dutt came from the backstage area to view this encounter from ringside . Lynn gained the pinfall on Waltman after countering a scoop powerslam into a victory roll pin . Following the bout , Waltman and Lynn shook hands and hugged in a display of mutual respect . This instead was a trick by Waltman , allowing him to attack Lynn and bash Lynn 's arm with a steel chair while it was draped over the ring apron until Dutt , Sabin , and Shark Boy came to Lynn 's aid .
TNA held an Eight Man Tag Team match pitting the team of America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ) and The Naturals ( Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens ) , who were accompanied by Jimmy Hart , against Team Canada ( A @-@ 1 , Bobby Roode , Eric Young , and Petey Williams ) . A brawl ensued during the bout after The Naturals performed their signature Natural Disaster tag team maneuver on Young . This resulted in A @-@ 1 , Douglas , Storm , Young , and Williams fighting at the ringside area until Harris jumped off the top of a padded turnbuckle onto the group with a splash . Williams attempted to bash Storm with a hockey stick , but missed allowing Storm to toss him to the floor . Meanwhile , Roode scored the pinfall on Stevens with a small package pin while holding his tights for leverage at 11 minutes and 11 seconds .
The Finals of the 2005 TNA Super X Cup Tournament was next between A.J. Styles and Samoa Joe . The duration of the encounter was 15 minutes and 15 seconds . Christopher Daniels provided commentary for this contest , due to him labeling the tournament the Christopher Daniels Invitational and being the TNA X Division Champion at the time . The winner of this match won the silver Super X Cup trophy and became number one contender to the TNA X Division Championship , earning a title match against Daniels at TNA 's Unbreakable PPV event on September 11 . In the beginning while Styles was laying against the ring ropes , Joe ran across the ring and kicked him in the face , causing him to fly out of the ring and crash against the floor . Joe then followed by diving through the ring ropes and smashing Styles in the face with his forearm once Styles reached his feet . Later , Styles held Joe on his shoulders before twisting him off into a powerbomb for what he calls a Rack Bomb . However , during the move referee Andrew Thomas was knocked unconscious after being kicked in the face , which allowed Daniels to interfere in the contest attacking Styles and attempting to attack Joe with the X Division Title belt before Styles threw Daniels from the ring . Joe followed by lifting Styles up and performing his signature Muscle Buster maneuver by slamming Styles back and neck @-@ first into the mat before placing Styles in his signature Coquina Clutch submission hold . Once the referee came too Styles submitted to the move , giving the victory to Joe and thus Joe winning the 2005 TNA Super X Cup Tournament and a X Division Championship match at Unbreakable .
The main event was a Tag Team match pitting the team of Jeff Jarrett and Monty Brown against the team of Raven and Sabu . An added stipulation to this bout was if Jarrett pinned Raven he would earn a future NWA World Heavyweight Championship match , however , if Raven pinned Jarrett then he would not garner one for an entire year . Despite this match being under standard tag team rules in which there are disqualifications and count outs , the participants used weapons and fought outside the ring for an extended period . In the beginning , Raven used a pizza cutter to cut open Jarrett 's forehead , causing him to bleed . Both teams used trashcans and steel chairs during the bout . Abyss interfered in the bout attacking Sabu by throwing him over the top rope and through a table at ringside . Jeff Hardy then interfered in the match attacking Jarrett and Rhino with a steel chair . Hardy then performed his signature Twist of Fate maneuver by forcing Jarrett 's face into the mat . He followed by doing a front @-@ flip splash off the top of a padded turnbuckle . Afterwards , Raven covered Jarrett for a two count . Rhino gained the pinfall at 16 minutes and 23 seconds on Raven after tackling Raven with his signature Gore maneuver through a table .
= = Reception = =
A total of 775 people attended Sacrifice . Canadian Online Explorer writer Corey David Lacroix felt " there was not a single bad match " on the show . Lacorix also commented saying " With less than two months before they make their national debut on Spike TV , Total Nonstop Action needed to show everyone in the wrestling business that they are prepared to do what needs to be done to elevate their product above everyone else . Last night at TNA 's Sacrifice pay per view the promotion clearly did so , showing everyone they have a vision and are willing and able to take it to a new level of intensity . " Lacroix rated the main event and Jerry Lynn versus Sean Waltman a 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 . The Super X Cup Finals and the Abyss versus Lance Hoyt bouts were each rated an 8 out of 10 , which were his highest ratings of the review . His lowest went to the 3Live Kru versus Kip James and Monty Brown Tag Team match , with 4 out of 10 . Speaking on the main event , Lacorix felt it was a " well @-@ executed , high @-@ octane , hardcore match with all four giving a good performance . " Lacorix believed that the Super X Cup Finals " could have been a certified Match of the Year contender if someone in the back had not decided to make Daniels interfere in this contest . " He went on to state the match " was a thing of beauty that got stained . "
Wade Keller of the Pro Wrestling Torch rated the main event and the Christopher Daniels versus Austin Aries encounter 3 and a fourth stars out of 5 . Regrading the main event , Keller felt it was a " good chaotic bag @-@ o @-@ tricks match . " As for the Daniels versus Aries , Keller stated " it was very good . " Keller 's highest rating of his review went to the Super X Cup Finals with 4 and a fourth stars out of 5 , which Keller believed was a " four star match that was begging to be given an extra ten minutes to be a match of the year candidate . " Meanwhile , the Lynn versus Waltman bout was ranked 3 and three @-@ fourth stars out of 5 , with Keller stating it was a " very smartly executed match , which told a story without the frenetic pace of so many TNA spotfests – yet it still had enough good highspots to not feel old fashioned or conservative . "
= = Aftermath = =
A.J. Styles received a tendon injury during his bout with Samoa Joe at Sacrifice . TNA Management did not have him wrestle on the proceeding Impact ! tapings , hoping to keep him rested in order to not chance any further injury despite the belief in him not expecting to be sidelined long . Styles , however , was forced to cancel a scheduled appearance for the Ring of Honor promotion on August 20 , but appeared for the promotion the following week on August 27 at their Dragon 's Gate Invasion event in a losing effort against CIMA . On the August 19 episode of Impact ! , it was announced Jerry Lynn received a shoulder injury from Waltman 's attack following their bout , and would be sidelined for at least one month in the storyline .
After winning the 2005 TNA Super X Cup Tournament , Joe was scheduled to face Christopher Daniels for the TNA X Division Championship at TNA 's next PPV event Unbreakable . However , Styles ended up assaulting Daniels on the August 19 episode of Impact ! , as revenge for Daniels ' interference at Sacrifice . Daniels demanded Styles be suspended due to the attack , but the request was declined by NWA Championship Committee member Larry Zbyszko . Instead Zbyszko added Styles to the contest at Unbreakable on the August 26 episode of Impact ! , thus making it a Three Way match for the TNA X Division Championship . Styles ended up gaining the pinfall on Daniels during the main event of the show , thus winning the championship .
Following Sacrifice , TNA announced on their website that Rhino was considered the new number one contender to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship . On the August 19 episode of Impact ! , Mike Tenay announced that Raven and Rhino would face for the title at Unbreakable . At the event , the match was given a Raven 's Rule stipulation , which aided Raven in retaining the championship as he pinned Rhino to win the encounter .
Abyss and Sabu engaged in a rivalry following the event , with the two facing in a No Disqualification match at Unbreakable , which Abyss won . The two then fought in a Four Way Monster 's Ball match , also involving Rhino and Jeff Hardy , at TNA 's Bound for Glory PPV event on October 23 . Rhino won the contest at the gathering . At TNA 's Genesis PPV event on November 13 , Abyss and Sabu fought in another No Disqualification match , with Abyss coming out the victor . The two ended their rivalry at TNA 's Turning Point PPV event on December 11 , where Sabu defeated Abyss in the first @-@ ever Barbed Wire Massacre .
TNA held The Chris Candido Memorial Tag Team Tournament in the weeks leading up to Unbreakable . It involved eight randomly assigned teams , with the team of Alex Shelley and Sean Waltman defeating Chris Sabin and Shocker in the Finals on the September 9 episode of Impact ! . Due to winning the tournament , Shelley and Waltman gained entry into a Four Way Elimination match for the NWA World Tag Team Championship at Unbreakable which also involved then @-@ champions The Naturals ( Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens ) , America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ) , and Team Canada ( A @-@ 1 and Eric Young ) . Waltman ended up missing the event for unknown reasons , with Chris Candido 's legitimate brother Johnny Candido taking Waltman 's place as Shelley 's partner . The Naturals ended up retaining the championship at the event .
The feud between the 3Live Kru ( B.G. James , Konnan , and Ron Killings ) and Kip James and Monty Brown ended following Sacrifice . The 3Live Kru went on to defeat The Diamonds in the Rough ( David Young , Elix Skipper , and Simon Diamond ) at Unbreakable , while Brown and Kip defeated Apolo and Lance Hoyt at the show .
TNA Management were impressed with Aries ' performance in his match with Daniels at the gathering that they stated they wished to bring him in for another match down the line . This led to Aries facing another non @-@ TNA contracted wrestler Roderick Strong at Unbreakable , which Aries won .
= = Results = =
Tournament bracket
= Disturbia ( song ) =
" Disturbia " is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for Good Girl Gone Bad : Reloaded ( 2008 ) , a re @-@ release of her third studio album Good Girl Gone Bad ( 2007 ) . It was written by Andre Merritt , Chris Brown , Brian Kennedy and Rob . A ! , with production of the song helmed by Kennedy . The song was released as the third single from the reloaded edition of the album , and seventh overall . " Disturbia " was sent to US Contemporary hit radio on June 17 , 2008 , and was released as a CD single in the United Kingdom on July 22 , 2008 .
" Disturbia " is an uptempo dance @-@ pop and electropop song with a " sizzling " beat . Lyrically , the song is about the experiences of anguish , anxiety and confusion . The song received positive reviews from music critics , who generally praised its dark musical tone , lyrics and beat , and noted that it is reminiscent of Rihanna 's previous single , " Don 't Stop the Music " ( 2007 ) . " Disturbia " earned Rihanna an award for Best International Song at the 2009 NRJ Music Awards and a nomination for Best Dance Recording at the 2009 Grammy Awards .
" Disturbia " was a commercial success , and peaked at number one in Belgium ( Flanders ) and New Zealand and became a top @-@ ten hit in more than twenty countries including Australia , Canada and the United Kingdom . The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for two consecutive weeks , and became Rihanna 's third number @-@ one single from Good Girl Gone Bad and fourth overall on the Hot 100 . The accompanying music video for " Disturbia " was directed by Anthony Mandler , which portrays Rihanna in various locations such as in a prison cell and gas chamber . " Disturbia " has regularly featured on the set lists of Rihanna 's tours and live performances since its release .
= = Background = =
" Disturbia " was written by American recording artist Chris Brown and his team which included Brian Kennedy , Rob . A and Andre Merritt , better known as the Graffiti Artizts . The track was originally considered to be part of the re @-@ release edition of Brown 's second studio album , Exclusive ( 2007 ) . However , after finishing the song , he took preference to another song , " Forever " , which later became the lead single from his re @-@ released album , titled Exclusive : The Forever Edition ( 2008 ) . He felt that " Disturbia " would be better suited for a female singer and instead forwarded the song to Rihanna . When writing the song , he was inspired " to go totally left and kind of weird " . Speaking to USA Today , Brown described his feelings with regard to him giving the song to Rihanna : " It 's fun being creative and even if you have a concept in your head to write about , you can write it and give it and give it to someone else because it might not personally fit you , but it might be an idea you have . "
" Disturbia " was recorded in 2008 at Rocky Mountain Recorders in Denver , Colorado . Speaking to Nick Levine of Digital Spy , Rihanna explained : " I went into the studio making music my way . I found myself all at once . " In an interview on This Morning , Rihanna said that the song is not necessarily about a specific personal experience , but rather the general feelings of mental anguish , anxiety and confusion . Rihanna further explained that she wanted to record the song because she felt that listeners would be able to relate to the subject matter . When Good Girl Gone Bad was repackaged , Rihanna approached L.A. Reid , boss of Def Jam , suggesting to release " Disturbia " as a single and follow @-@ up to " Take a Bow " . Speaking to MTV News , Reid said , " It was the first time Rihanna actually came to me and said , ' Here 's the song I want to put out . ' She played me the song . That was her taking control [ ... ] She understands what hits are , and she knows what she wants to say . She 's at that place where she can do that . "
= = Composition = =
Musically , " Disturbia " is an uptempo dance @-@ pop and electropop song with a " sizzling " beat . The song is reminiscent of Rihanna 's previous single " Don 't Stop the Music " ( 2007 ) . The rock @-@ tinged song opens with a horror movie @-@ like scream , followed by the hook " Bum @-@ bum @-@ be @-@ dum @-@ bum @-@ bum @-@ be @-@ dum @-@ bum " which has been likened to the " Ella @-@ ella @-@ ella @-@ ey @-@ ey " hook from " Umbrella " ( 2007 ) . It then transitions into a spoken part , where Rihanna says , " What 's wrong with me ? / Why do I feel like this ? / I 'm going crazy now ! " , before the first verse begins . Some critics interpreted it as Rihanna singing about being frightened but felt that lyrically , it made no sense .
Fraser McAplpine from BBC Music has claimed that the song 's chorus can be likened to Eiffel 65 's " Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) " ( 1999 ) . According to digital music sheet published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , " Disturbia " is composed in a key of B minor and is set in common time with a moderate techno @-@ pop groove . Rihanna 's vocal range spans from the lower note of F3 to the high note of D5 and the track follows a chord progression of Bm @-@ D @-@ A @-@ G in the verses and chorus . The song features various vocal effects , namely the use of Auto @-@ Tune and a vocoder in contrast with the detached electronic bounce of the song and its weaving , winding melody .
= = Reception and accolades = =
" Disturbia " received positive reviews from contemporary music critics . Josh Tyrangiel of Time complimented the song 's " rubber @-@ ball melodies that bounce around your head " . Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy said that unlike the usual seventh single release by an artist , " Disturbia " is one Rihanna 's stronger releases and that it proves that she is ruling ' 08 much like she did ' 07 . He went on to describe it as a " fun @-@ packed electro treat filled with sizzling beats and crazy vocal effects . " Fletcher further highlighted the song 's strong intro hook and said that the chorus is her catchiest since " Umbrella " . Spence D of IGN felt that the track has an infectious " Bum @-@ bum @-@ be @-@ dum @-@ bum @-@ bum " hook that sucks you into the detached electronic bounce of the track . Jaime Gill from Yahoo ! Music highlighted the song 's " insistent hook , sturdy beat and weaving , winding melody . " Fraser McAlpine from the BBC Music deemed the song 's plus points to be Rihanna 's icy whine , the frosty @-@ rave chorus and the Eiffel 65 @-@ like refrain .
Billboard ranked the song at number nine on its list of " Songs of the Summer of 2008 " . Time Magazine has named the song on number two on its list of ' 10 Best Songs of the Summer ' , only behind Kid Rock 's " All Summer Long " . According to Caryn Ganz , a reviewer from the US @-@ based magazine Rolling Stone , " Disturbia " was the second best song of 2008 , only behind MGMT 's " Kids " . The song won the award for Best International Song at the 2009 NRJ Music Awards , however , after a miscommunication , Katy Perry accepted the award for her single " I Kissed A Girl " . Later , the awards host Nikos Aliagas admitted that originally Rihanna won the award . The song also earned Rihanna a nomination for Best Dance Recording at the 51st Grammy Awards , but lost to Daft Punk 's " Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger " .
= = Chart performance = =
" Disturbia " debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number eighteen on June 26 , 2008 , becoming Rihanna 's sixth top 20 from Good Girl Gone Bad . In the issue dated August 14 , 2008 the song topped the chart , selling 148 @,@ 000 downloads according to Nielsen SoundScan and replaced Katy Perry 's " I Kissed A Girl " after seven weeks reign . " Disturbia " became Rihanna 's fourth number @-@ one song on the chart only after " SOS " , " Umbrella " and " Take a Bow " , and tied her with Beyoncé and Mariah Carey for most number @-@ one singles of the decade . The single topped the chart for two consecutive weeks . For the Billboard issue dated September 13 , 2008 , " Disturbia " also topped both the Hot Dance Club Play and Hot Dance Airplay charts . The song also peaked at number one on the US Billboard Pop Songs , becoming her third number one on the chart , after " Unfaithful " and " Take a Bow " . " Disturbia " has been certified six @-@ times platinum by the RIAA , having sold 4 @.@ 8 million digital copies as of June 2015 , marking Rihanna 's third best @-@ selling single in the country . The song was also successful in Canada , where it peaked at number two on the Canadian Hot 100 , remaining at the position for five weeks .
In the United Kingdom , following the release of Good Girl Gone Bad : Reloaded , " Disturbia " debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number forty @-@ seven due to strong digital sales . After the release of the music video , the song re @-@ entered the chart at number forty @-@ seven , ultimately peaking at number three from digital sales . The song remained within the top ten for eleven weeks , marking Rihanna 's eighth top ten single in the country . " Dist
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. Following Stuart 's next draft , Lucas hired Last Crusade writer Jeffrey Boam to write the next three versions , the last of which was completed in March 1996 . Three months later , Independence Day was released , and Spielberg told Lucas he would not make another alien invasion film . Lucas decided to focus on the Star Wars prequels .
In 2000 , Spielberg 's son asked when the next Indiana Jones film would be released , which made him interested in reviving the project . The same year , Ford , Lucas , Spielberg , Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy met during the American Film Institute 's tribute to Ford , and decided they wanted to enjoy the experience of making an Indiana Jones film again . Spielberg also found returning to the series a respite from his many dark films during this period , such as A.I. : Artificial Intelligence , Minority Report , and Munich . Lucas convinced Spielberg to use aliens in the plot by saying they were not " extraterrestrials " , but " interdimensional " , with this concept taking inspiration in the superstring theory . Spielberg and Lucas discussed the central idea of a B @-@ movie involving aliens , and Lucas suggested using the crystal skulls to ground the idea . Lucas found those artifacts as fascinating as the Ark of the Covenant , and had intended to feature them for a Young Indiana Jones episode before the show 's cancellation . M. Night Shyamalan was hired to write for an intended 2002 shoot , but he was overwhelmed writing a sequel to a film he loved like Raiders of the Lost Ark , and claimed it was difficult to get Ford , Spielberg and Lucas to focus . Stephen Gaghan and Tom Stoppard were also approached .
Frank Darabont , who wrote various Young Indiana Jones episodes , was hired to write in May 2002 . His script , entitled Indiana Jones and the City of Gods , was set in the 1950s , with ex @-@ Nazis pursuing Jones . Spielberg conceived the idea because of real life figures such as Juan Perón in Argentina , who protected Nazi war criminals . Darabont claimed Spielberg loved the script , but Lucas had issues with it , and decided to take over writing himself . Lucas and Spielberg acknowledged the 1950s setting could not ignore the Cold War , and the Russians were more plausible villains . Spielberg decided he could not satirize the Nazis after directing Schindler 's List , while Ford noted , " We plum [ b ] wore the Nazis out . "
Jeff Nathanson met with Spielberg and Lucas in August 2004 , and turned in the next drafts in October and November 2005 , titled The Atomic Ants . David Koepp continued on from there , giving his script the subtitle Destroyer of Worlds , based on the J. Robert Oppenheimer quote . It was changed to Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , as Spielberg found it more inviting a title and actually named the plot device of the crystal skulls . Lucas insisted on the Kingdom part . Koepp 's " bright [ title ] idea " was Indiana Jones and the Son of Indiana Jones , and Spielberg had also considered having the title name the aliens as The Mysterians , but dropped that when he remembered that was another film 's title . Koepp collaborated with Raiders of the Lost Ark screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan on the film 's " love dialogue . "
= = = Filming = = =
Unlike the previous Indiana Jones films , Spielberg shot the entire film in the United States , stating he did not want to be away from his family . Shooting began on June 18 , 2007 , in Deming , New Mexico . An extensive chase scene set at the fictional Marshall College was filmed between June 28 and July 7 at Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut ( where Spielberg 's son Theo was studying ) . To keep in line with the fact the story takes place in the 1950s , several facades were changed , although signs were put up in between shots to tell the public what the store or restaurant actually was .
Afterwards , they filmed scenes set in the Peruvian jungles in Hilo , Hawaii until August . Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull was the biggest film shot in Hawaii since Waterworld , and was estimated to generate US $ 22 million to $ 45 million in the local economy . Because of an approaching hurricane , Spielberg was unable to shoot a fight at a waterfall , so he sent the second unit to film shots of Brazil 's and Argentina 's Iguazu Falls . These were digitally combined into the fight , which was shot at the Universal backlot .
Half the film was scheduled to shoot on five sound stages at Los Angeles : Downey , Sony , Warner Bros. , Paramount and Universal . Filming moved to Chandler Field in Fresno , California , substituting for Mexico City International Airport , on October 11 , 2007 . After shooting aerial shots of Chandler Airport and a DC @-@ 3 on the morning of October 12 , 2007 , filming wrapped . Although he originally found no need for re @-@ shoots after viewing his first cut of the film , Spielberg decided to add an establishing shot filmed on February 29 , 2008 , in Pasadena , California .
= = = Design = = =
Spielberg and Janusz Kamiński , who has shot all of the director 's films since 1993 's Schindler 's List , reviewed the previous films to study Douglas Slocombe 's style . " I didn ’ t want Janusz to modernize and bring us into the 21st century " , Spielberg explained . " I still wanted the film to have a lighting style not dissimilar to the work Doug Slocombe had achieved , which meant that both Janusz and I had to swallow our pride . Janusz had to approximate another cinematographer 's look , and I had to approximate this younger director 's look that I thought I had moved away from after almost two decades . " Spielberg also hired production designer Guy Hendrix Dyas after admiring his design work for Superman Returns . Spielberg did not want to fast cut action scenes , relying on his script instead for a fast pace , and had confirmed in 2002 that he would not shoot the film digitally , a format Lucas had adopted . Lucas felt " it looks like it was shot three years after Last Crusade . The people , the look of it , everything . You ’ d never know there was 20 years between shooting . " Kamiński commented upon watching the three films back @-@ to @-@ back , he was amazed how each of them advanced technologically , but were all nevertheless consistent , neither too brightly or darkly lit .
While shooting War of the Worlds in late 2004 , Spielberg met with stunt coordinator Vic Armstrong , who doubled for Ford in the previous films , to discuss three action sequences he had envisioned . However , Armstrong was filming The Mummy : Tomb of the Dragon Emperor during shooting of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , so Dan Bradley was hired instead . Bradley and Spielberg used previsualization for all the action scenes , except the motorcycle chase at Marshall College , because that idea was conceived after the animators had left . Bradley drew traditional storyboards instead , and was given free rein to create dramatic moments , just as Raiders of the Lost Ark second unit director Michael D. Moore did when filming the truck chase . Spielberg improvised on set , changing the location of Mutt and Spalko 's duel from the ground to on top of vehicles .
The Ark of the Covenant is seen in a broken crate during the Hangar 51 opening sequence . Lucasfilm used the same prop from Raiders of the Lost Ark . Guards were hired to protect the highly sought after piece of film memorabilia during the day of its use . A replica of the staff carried by Charlton Heston in The Ten Commandments was also used to populate the set to illustrate the Hangar 's history .
= = = Effects = = =
Producer Frank Marshall stated in 2003 that the film would use traditional stunt work so as to be consistent with the previous films . CGI was used to remove the visible safety wires on the actors when they did their stunts ( such as when Indy swings on a lamp with his whip ) . Timed explosives were used for a scene where Indiana drives a truck through crates . During the take , an explosive failed to detonate and landed in the seat beside Ford . It did not go off and he was not injured .
Spielberg stated before production began that very few CGI effects would be used to maintain consistency with the other films . During filming significantly more CGI work was done than initially anticipated as in many cases it proved to be more practical . There ended up being a total of about 450 CGI shots in the film , with an estimated 30 percent of the film 's shots containing CG matte paintings . Spielberg initially wanted brushstrokes to be visible on the paintings for added consistency with the previous films , but decided against it . The script also required a non @-@ deforested jungle for a chase scene , but this would have been unsafe and much CGI work was done to create the jungle action sequence . Visual effects supervisor Pablo Helman ( who worked on Lucas ' Star Wars : Episode I – The Phantom Menace and Star Wars : Episode II – Attack of the Clones as well as Spielberg 's War of the Worlds and Munich ) traveled to Brazil and Argentina to photograph elements that were composited into the final images . Industrial Light and Magic then effectively created a virtual jungle with a geography like the real Amazon .
The appearance of a live alien and flying saucer was in flux . Spielberg wanted the alien to resemble a Grey alien , and also rejected early versions of the saucer that looked " too Close Encounters " . Art director Christian Alzmann said the aesthetic was " looking at a lot of older B @-@ movie designs – but trying to make that look more real and gritty to fit in with the Indy universe . " Other reference for the visual effects work included government tapes of nuclear tests , and video reference of real prairie dogs shot in 1080p by Nathan Edward Denning .
= = = Music = = =
John Williams began composing the score in October 2007 ; ten days of recording sessions wrapped on March 6 , 2008 , at Sony Pictures Studios . Williams described composing for the Indiana Jones universe again as " like sitting down and finishing a letter that you started 25 years ago " . He reused Indiana 's theme ( Raiders March ) and also Marion 's from Raiders of the Lost Ark , and also composed five new motifs for Mutt , Spalko and the skull . Williams gave Mutt 's a swashbuckling feel , and homaged film noir and 1950s B @-@ movies for Spalko and the crystal skull respectively . As an in @-@ joke , Williams incorporated a measure and a half of Johannes Brahms ' " Academic Festival Overture " when Indiana and Mutt crash into the library . The soundtrack features a Continuum , an instrument often used for sound effects instead of music . The Concord Music Group released the soundtrack on May 20 , 2008 .
= = Release = =
The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on May 18 , 2008 , a couple of days ahead of its worldwide May 21 – 23 release . It was the first Spielberg film since 1982 's E.T. the Extra @-@ Terrestrial to premiere at Cannes . The film was released in approximately 4 @,@ 000 theaters in the United States , and dubbed into 25 languages for its worldwide release . More than 12 @,@ 000 release prints were distributed , which is the largest in Paramount Pictures ' history . Although Spielberg insisted his films only be watched traditionally at theaters , Paramount chose to release the film in digital cinemas as part of a scheme to convert 10 @,@ 000 U.S. cinemas to the format .
= = = Secrecy = = =
Frank Marshall remarked , " In today 's information age , secrecy has been a real challenge . ... People actually said , ' No , we 're going to respect Steven 's vision . ' " Prior to release , moviegoers on the Internet scrutinized numerous photos and the film 's promotional LEGO sets in hope of understanding plot details ; Spielberg biographer Ian Freer wrote , " What Indy IV is actually about has been the great cultural guessing game of 2007 / 08 . Yet , it has to be said , there is something refreshing about being ten weeks away from a giant blockbuster and knowing next to nothing about it . " To distract investigative fans from the film 's title during filming , five fake titles were registered with the Motion Picture Association of America ; The City of Gods , The Destroyer of Worlds , The Fourth Corner of the Earth , The Lost City of Gold and The Quest for the Covenant . Lucas and Spielberg had also wanted to keep Karen Allen 's return a secret until the film 's release , but decided to confirm it at the 2007 Comic @-@ Con.
An extra in the film , Tyler Nelson , violated his nondisclosure agreement in an interview with The Edmond Sun on September 17 , 2007 , which was then picked up by the mainstream media . It is unknown if he remained in the final cut . At Nelson 's request , The Edmond Sun subsequently pulled the story from its website . On October 2 , 2007 , a Superior Court order was filed finding that Nelson knowingly violated the agreement . The terms of the settlement were not disclosed . A number of production photos and sensitive documents pertaining to the film 's production budget were also stolen from Spielberg 's production office . The Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department set up a sting operation after being alerted by a webmaster that the thief might try to sell the photos . On October 4 , 2007 , the seller , 37 @-@ year @-@ old Roderick Eric Davis , was arrested . He pleaded guilty to two felony counts and was sentenced to two years and four months in prison .
= = = Marketing = = =
Howard Roffman , President of Lucas Licensing , attributed the film 's large marketing campaign to it having been " nineteen years since the last film , and we are sensing a huge pent @-@ up demand for everything Indy " . Paramount spent at least $ 150 million to promote the film , whereas most film promotions range from $ 70 to 100 million . As well as fans , the film also needed to appeal to younger viewers . Licensing deals include Expedia , Dr Pepper , Burger King , M & M 's and Lunchables . Paramount sponsored an Indiana Jones open wheel car for Marco Andretti in the 2008 Indianapolis 500 , and his racing suit was designed to resemble Indiana Jones 's outfit . The distributor also paired with M & M 's to sponsor the # 18 Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota , with NASCAR driver Kyle Busch behind the wheel , in the 2008 Dodge Challenger 500 at Darlington Raceway . Kyle Busch and the # 18 team won the race and visited victory lane with Indiana Jones on the car . With the film 's release , producer Frank Marshall and UNESCO worked together to promote conservation of World Heritage Sites around the world . Disneyland hosted " Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries " to promote the film 's release .
The Boston @-@ based design studio Creative Pilot created the packaging style for the film 's merchandise , which merged Drew Struzan 's original illustrations " with a fresh new look , which showcases the whip , a map and exotic hieroglyphic patterns " . Hasbro , Lego , Sideshow Collectibles , Topps , Diamond Select , Hallmark Cards , and Cartamundi all sold products . A THQ mobile game based on the film was released , as was a Lego video game based on the past films . Lego also released a series of computer @-@ animated spoofs , Lego Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Brick , directed by Peder Pedersen . Stern Pinball released a new Indiana Jones pinball machine , designed by John Borg , based on all four films . From October 2007 to April 2008 , the reedited episodes of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles were released in three DVD box sets .
Random House , Dark Horse Comics , Diamond Comic Distributors , Scholastic and DK published books , including James Rollins ' novelization of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , a two @-@ issue comic book adaptation written by John Jackson Miller and drawn by Luke Ross ( Samurai : Heaven and Earth ) , children 's novelizations of all four films , the Indiana Jones Adventures comic book series aimed at children , and the official Indiana Jones Magazine . Scholastic featured Indiana and Mutt on the covers of Scholastic News and Scholastic Maths , to the concern of parents , though Jack Silbert , editor of the latter , felt the film would interest children in archaeology .
= = = Home media = = =
The film was released on Blu @-@ ray Disc and DVD in North America on October 14 , 2008 and in the U.K. on November 10 . This release includes a two @-@ disc edition Blu @-@ ray , a two @-@ disc Special Edition DVD , and a one @-@ disc edition DVD . The film made its worldwide television premiere on USA on December 9 , 2010 . On September 18 , 2012 , it was re @-@ released on Blu @-@ ray as part of Indiana Jones : The Complete Adventures .
Several collectible editions have also been released . For example : Best Buy 's gift set includes a replica crystal skull from Sideshow Collectibles and a $ 25 gift card to Sideshowcollectibles.com ; Kmart 's giveaway of four mini @-@ posters comprises LEGO replicas of the original Indiana Jones theatrical posters ; and Target Corporation 's DVD package includes an 80 @-@ page hardcover book of behind the scenes photographs .
As of October 16 , 2013 , the film has made $ 117 @,@ 239 @,@ 631 in revenue .
= = = Lawsuit = = =
The director of the Institute of Archeology of Belize , Dr. Jaime Awe , sued Lucasfilm , Disney and Paramount Pictures on behalf of the country Belize for using the Mitchell @-@ Hedges skull 's " likeness " in the film .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office = = =
Indiana Jones is distributed by one entity , Paramount , but owned by another , Lucasfilm . The pre @-@ production arrangement between the two organizations granted Paramount 12 @.@ 5 % of the film 's revenue . As the $ 185 million budget was larger than the original $ 125 million estimate , Lucas , Spielberg and Ford turned down large upfront salaries so Paramount could cover the film 's costs . In order for Paramount to see a profit beyond its distribution fee , the film had to make over $ 400 million . At that point , Lucas , Spielberg , Ford and those with smaller profit @-@ sharing deals would also begin to collect their cut .
The film was released on Thursday , May 22 , 2008 in North America and grossed $ 25 million its opening day . In its opening weekend , the film grossed an estimated $ 101 million in 4 @,@ 260 theaters in the United States and Canada , ranking # 1 at the box office , and making it the third widest opening of all time . Within its first five days of release , it grossed $ 311 million worldwide . The film 's total $ 151 million gross in the U.S. ranked it as the second biggest Memorial Day weekend release , behind Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End . It was the third most successful film of 2008 domestically , behind The Dark Knight and Iron Man respectively , and the year 's second highest @-@ grossing film internationally , behind The Dark Knight . In February 2010 , it was the 25th highest @-@ grossing film of all time domestically , and 44th highest @-@ grossing worldwide , as well as the most financially successful Indiana Jones film when not adjusted for inflation of ticket prices .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull received strongly polarized reviews , yet mostly positive ; as a result , it has been nominated both for numerous " best of " and " worst of " awards . Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 77 % based on 257 reviews , with an average rating of 6 @.@ 9 out 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " Though the plot elements are certainly familiar , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull still delivers the thrills and Harrison Ford 's return in the title role is more than welcome . " Another aggregator , Metacritic , gives the film a weighted average rating of 65 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Surveys conducted by CinemaScore indicated a general " B " rating from audiences , on an A + to F scale .
Roger Ebert gave the film 3 @.@ 5 stars out of 4 , the same rating he gave The Last Crusade , finding it " same old , same old " , but what " I want it to be . " Leonard Maltin also gave the film 3 1 / 2 stars out of 4 , more
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day predictions .
" Force Majeure " features stock footage of the 1996 Saguenay Flood , and makes mention of a conjunction of planets which occurred in May 2000 . The episode was viewed by approximately 6 @.@ 9 million households during its original broadcast , and has received positive reviews from critics .
= = Plot = =
During a hailstorm in Roseburg , Oregon university students run to find shelter . One girl , Lauren ( Kristi Angus ) , stands in the rain , lights a cigarette , and goes up in flames . Millennium Group consultant Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) travels to the university to interview witnesses to the death . A teaching assistant tells Black that the dead girl was highly intelligent , pointing out an armillary sphere Lauren had constructed . She also tells Black that the previous Millennium Group contact had taken great interest in this sphere . Black did not realize the Group had sent another member , but on leaving , he meets the man in question — Dennis Hoffman ( Brad Dourif ) . Hoffman describes his theories to Black , detailing how when several planets achieve syzygy on May 5 , 2000 , a series of natural disasters will bring about the end of the world . Hoffman believes that this cataclysm will be preceded by strange events and weather patterns .
Black later contacts another Group member , Peter Watts ( Terry O 'Quinn ) , who tells him that Hoffman had attempted to join the Group years earlier , and although he was refused admission , has continued to track the Group 's activities harmlessly . Watts also finds that Lauren is not her parents ' biological child , but cannot find any record of her adoption . Group coroner Cheryl Andrews ( C. C. H. Pounder ) finds traces of accelerant on the body , and rules the death a suicide . She also finds an astrological symbol representing conjunction carved in the girl 's thigh .
At a waterfall , another girl commits suicide by drowning . The girl , Carlin , looks identical to Lauren . Andrews performs an autopsy on Carlin as well , finding the same astrological symbol . It also becomes clear that the two girls are related — identical twins , born seven years apart . The girls are clones , produced using a technique similar to that used to create identical cattle . Black believes that this is connected to Hoffman 's Earth Changes theory , that someone is breeding offspring destined to survive May 5 , 2000 .
Hoffman provides the Group with information leading them to Pocatello , Idaho , where a group of even more cloned girls is found living in a commune . The police fear that a cult @-@ involved suicide may be being planned , and they take the girls into protective custody . The girls are taken onto a bus as Black speaks to their biological father , a preacher confined to a negative pressure ventilator ( Morgan Woodward ) . The man reveals to Black that he attempted to create a caste of pure and innocent people who could repopulate society benevolently after the cataclysm . He contacted some of the girls to let them know he would die before the apocalyptic date , and they committed suicide shortly afterwards . That night , a power cut stops the man 's ventilator , killing him .
When Black leaves to meet with the girls in custody , he finds that the bus driver was another of the man in the ventilator 's offspring , and has escaped with the clones ; Hoffman has also disappeared . Black realizes that the building they found the girls in is located in an area of extreme geological stability , and is built on shock absorbing foundations — Black does not know where the cult has escaped to , but he does know where they will be on May 5 , 2000 .
= = Production = =
" Force Majeure " was the second of four episodes helmed by director Winrich Kolbe , who had previously worked on " Kingdom Come " , and would return later in the first season for " Lamentation " and " Broken World " . The episode also marks the second writing credit in the series for Chip Johannessen , after the earlier " Blood Relatives " . Johannessen would go on to write an additional eleven episodes across all three seasons , including the series ' final episode " Goodbye to All That " . After Millennium 's cancellation , Johannessen would also contribute an episode to its sister show The X @-@ Files , 1999 's " Orison " . Johannessen would also become one of the series ' executive producers during its third season , alongside Ken Horton .
Footage used in the episode to demonstrate cataclysmic flooding was taken from stock footage of the 1996 Saguenay Flood , a series of flash floods across the Saguenay @-@ Lac @-@ Saint @-@ Jean region in Quebec . The " little white house " visible in the footage has since been converted into a museum . The episode features the third appearance by C. C. H. Pounder as Millennium Group pathologist Cheryl Andrews . Pounder would appear in four other episodes as the character , appearing across all three seasons .
The conjunction of several planets which Brad Dourif 's character Dennis Hoffman speaks about was reliably predicted at the time of the episode 's broadcast . The effects of such an alignment had been debated for some time , with studies both linking conjunction to several major earthquakes and debunking the theory entirely . Several similar alignments have occurred in the past without resulting in any additional natural activity on Earth . The predicted conjunction did occur in May 2000 , with no consequence on Earth .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Force Majeure " was first broadcast on the Fox Network on February 7 , 1997 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 7 @.@ 1 during its original broadcast , meaning that 7 @.@ 1 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode . This represented 6 @.@ 9 million households , and left the episode the sixty @-@ third most @-@ viewed broadcast that week .
The episode received positive reviews from critics . The A.V. Club 's Zack Handlen rated the episode an A − , describing it as " sort of kind of pretty much batshit insane " . Handlen felt that the episode " was a lot of fun to watch , though , even if it didn 't entirely come together . The script is Carter and company 's usual hodepodge of crackpot theory and weird extemporization , but it 's a huge relief to shift away , even for a week , from the grind of heavy @-@ handed murder parties that define so much of the series " . Bill Gibron , writing for DVD Talk , rated the episode 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 , calling it " superb " and " very atmospheric " . Gibron praised Dourif 's guest role , and noted that the episode helped to lay the groundwork for the direction the series would take in its second season . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated " Force Majeure " five stars out of five , describing it as " rich and dark " . Shearman felt that the episode 's plot was " borrowed from The X @-@ Files " , and came across as " just a collection of ideas " . However , he praised Dourif 's " barnstorming performance " , comparing it to his role in The X @-@ Files episode " Beyond the Sea " , and noted that " Force Majeure " was " an episode which bravely redefines what [ Millennium ] is capable of " .
= Isabella Beeton =
Isabella Mary Beeton ( née Mayson ; 14 March 1836 – 6 February 1865 ) , also known as Mrs Beeton , was an English journalist , editor and writer . Her name is particularly associated with her first book , the 1861 work Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management . She was born in London and , after schooling in Islington , north London , and Heidelberg , Germany , she married Samuel Orchart Beeton , an ambitious publisher and magazine editor .
In 1857 , less than a year after the wedding , Isabella began writing for one of her husband 's publications , The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine . She translated French fiction and wrote the cookery column , though all the recipes were plagiarised from other works or sent in by the magazine 's readers . In 1859 the Beetons launched a series of 48 @-@ page monthly supplements to The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine ; the 24 instalments were published in one volume as Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management in October 1861 , which sold 60 @,@ 000 copies in the first year . Isabella was working on an abridged version of her book , which was to be titled The Dictionary of Every @-@ Day Cookery , when she died of puerperal fever in February 1865 at the age of 28 . She gave birth to four children , two of whom died in infancy , and had several miscarriages . Two of her biographers , Nancy Spain and Kathryn Hughes , posit the theory that Samuel had unknowingly contracted syphilis in a premarital liaison with a prostitute , and had unwittingly passed the disease on to his wife .
The Book of Household Management has been edited , revised and enlarged several times since Isabella 's death and is still in print as at 2016 . Food writers have stated that the subsequent editions of the work were far removed from and inferior to the original version . Several cookery writers , including Elizabeth David and Clarissa Dickson Wright , have criticised Isabella 's work , particularly her use of other people 's recipes . Others , such as the food writer Bee Wilson , consider the censure overstated , and that Beeton and her work should be thought extraordinary and admirable . Her name has become associated with knowledge and authority on Victorian cooking and home management , and the Oxford English Dictionary states that by 1891 the term Mrs Beeton had become used as a generic name for a domestic authority . She is also considered a strong influence in the building or shaping of a middle @-@ class identity of the Victorian era .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life , 1836 – 54 = = =
Isabella Mayson was born on 14 March 1836 in Marylebone , London . She was the eldest of three daughters to Benjamin Mayson , a linen factor ( merchant ) and his wife Elizabeth ( née Jerrom ) . Shortly after Isabella 's birth the family moved to Milk Street , Cheapside , from where Benjamin traded . He died when Isabella was four years old , and Elizabeth , pregnant and unable to cope with raising the children on her own while maintaining Benjamin 's business , sent her two elder daughters to live with relatives . Isabella went to live with her recently widowed paternal grandfather in Great Orton , Cumberland , though she was back with her mother within the next two years .
Three years after Benjamin 's death Elizabeth married Henry Dorling , a widower with four children . Henry was the Clerk of Epsom Racecourse , and had been granted residence within the racecourse grounds . The family , including Elizabeth 's mother , moved to Surrey and over the next twenty years Henry and Elizabeth had a further thirteen children . Isabella was instrumental in her siblings ' upbringing , and collectively referred to them as a " living cargo of children " . The experience gave her much insight and experience in how to manage a family and its household .
After a brief education at a boarding school in Islington , in 1851 Isabella was sent to school in Heidelberg , Germany , accompanied by her stepsister Jane Dorling . Isabella became proficient in the piano and excelled in French and German ; she also gained knowledge and experience in making pastry . She had returned to Epsom by the summer of 1854 and took further lessons in pastry @-@ making from a local baker .
= = = Marriage and career , 1854 – 61 = = =
Around 1854 Isabella began a relationship with Samuel Orchart Beeton . His family had lived in Milk Street at the same time as the Maysons — Samuel 's father still ran the Dolphin Tavern there — and Samuel 's sisters had also attended the same Heidelberg school as Isabella . Samuel was the first British publisher of Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin in 1852 and had also released two innovative and pioneering journals : The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine in 1852 and the Boys ' Own magazine in 1855 . The couple entered into extensive correspondence in 1855 — in which Isabella signed her letters as " Fatty " — and they announced their engagement in June 1855 . The marriage took place at St Martin 's Church , Epsom , in July the following year , and was announced in The Times . Samuel was " a discreet but firm believer in the equality of women " and their relationship , both personal and professional , was an equal partnership . The couple went to Paris for a three @-@ week honeymoon , after which Samuel 's mother joined them in a visit to Heidelberg . They returned to Britain in August , when the newlyweds moved into 2 Chandos Villas , a large Italianate house in Pinner .
Within a month of returning from their honeymoon Isabella was pregnant . A few weeks before the birth , Samuel persuaded his wife to contribute to The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine , a publication that the food writers Mary Aylett and Olive Ordish consider was " designed to make women content with their lot inside the home , not to interest them in the world outside " . The magazine was affordable , aimed at young middle class women and was commercially successful , selling 50 @,@ 000 issues a month by 1856 . Isabella began by translating French fiction for publication as stories or serials . Shortly afterwards she started to work on the cookery column — which had been moribund for the previous six months following the departure of the previous correspondent — and the household article . The Beetons ' son , Samuel Orchart , was born towards the end of May 1857 , but died at the end of August that year . On the death certificate , the cause of death was given as diarrhoea and cholera , although Hughes hypothesises that Samuel senior had unknowingly contracted syphilis in a premarital liaison with a prostitute , and had unwittingly passed the condition on to his wife , which would have infected his son .
While coping with the loss of her child , Isabella continued to work at The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine . Although she was not a regular cook , she and Samuel obtained recipes from other sources . A request to receive the readers ' own recipes led to over 2 @,@ 000 being sent in , which were selected and edited by
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calling card , reversible poster , and music CD . WellMADE also released two free spinoff games in December 2003 and March 2004 , collectively named Unagi Fuku Warai ( うなぎ福笑い ) and featuring Unagi as the heroine . WellMADE designed the games to be humorous and fun ; the second allows Unagi to transform into her humanoid form after a certain point in the story .
The initial limited edition release of Popotan on CD @-@ ROM suffered critical errors , such as graphic display issues , saving and loading issues , the inability to complete some routes and Mii 's mini @-@ game not starting . Petite Ferret issued a patch on January 10 , 2003 . Later versions of the game were released bug @-@ free .
Issho ni A @-@ SO @-@ BO also contained several serious errors . Petit Ferret addressed these issues in two patches . The first patch added missing voice data from the original game CD ; customers were given the option of downloading the patch or exchanging for a new CD . Ferret released the second patch on July 7 , 2003 ; it corrected grammatical errors , adjusted the game 's difficulty , and enhanced stability . The second patch did not contain the first 's fixes .
= = Related media = =
= = = Anime series = = =
Shaft produced a Popotan anime , featuring Shinichiro Kimura 's directing and storyboards , Jukki Hanada 's writing , Haruka Sakurai 's character designs ( based on Akio Watanabe 's original concept ) , and Rondo Mizukami 's animation oversight . Under17 composed the opening theme song in the same style used for the game ; Funta wrote the ending theme song . Tokyo Broadcasting System 's satellite station BS @-@ i and the Bandai Channel aired the anime from July 17 , 2003 through October 3 , 2003 .
The narrative is episodic and usually focuses on one character at a time . Each of the first four episodes focuses on one of the four main characters , depicting social interaction and growth . The anime 's use of time travel allows focus on the older versions or children of previously @-@ featured characters , and contrasts their experiences with the protagonists ' agelessness . Reviewers have experienced difficulty categorizing the Popotan anime , though it does feature an overall comedic tone . The characters are very lighthearted and eager to help new acquaintances . Nudity appears in many episodes , though no sexually explicit scenes occur . Geneon rated the series for ages 16 + ; Section23 Films gave its re @-@ release a TV @-@ MA rating .
Shaft released a teaser DVD entitled The Secret of the 3 Sisters ( ぽぽたん 送開始記念版 うガマンできない 、 ３姉妹のひ ・ み ・ つ , Popotan Hōsō Kaishi Kinen ban Mou Gaman Deki Nai , 3 Shimai no Hi ・ Mi ・ Tsu ) on June 27 , 2003 featuring character designs by Haruka Sakurai . The DVD also contained video interviews with the anime 's Japanese voice actresses , a CD of music from radio the drama , Poporaji ( ぽぽらじ ) ' s theme " Poporaji no Uta " ( ぽぽらじの歌 ) , metallic paint illustrations , and a plushie of Unagi . Bandai Visual released the anime on six Japanese DVDs containing two episodes each . Bandai staggered the discs ' release over the period September 26 , 2003 and February 25 , 2004 . Each disc came with a promotional figurine of one of the girls ; Bandai provided DVDs without the figurines at lower costs . A misprint on the volume 3 DVD jacket occurred during production , numbering the episodes incorrectly . Bandai Visual offered free exchanges of the jackets to purchasers . Geneon USA licensed the DVDs for North American release , producing three DVDs containing four episodes each between December 7 , 2004 and April 26 , 2005 . Geneon USA began selling a box set on August 14 , 2007 , shortly before the firm 's demise . Sentai Filmworks licensed the anime for distribution in late 2009 , having made an announcement July 28 . Section23 Films re @-@ released the complete series through a 2 @-@ disc set on October 27 , 2009 .
= = = = Setting and plot = = = =
An adaptation of the visual novel , the anime takes place in an alternate reality . The main female characters and their relations are unchanged , but the storyline is unrelated to the game 's . The plot follows the perspective of the three sisters and their maid rather than the game 's protagonist ; all the game 's major female characters appear and many of the minor characters are used in supporting or cameo roles .
The story centers around the three sisters as they travel through time in a mansion , run a Christmas shop , and search for the dandelion @-@ resembling " popotan " . The sisters interact with others and try to improve their situations . The anime suggests that others , including the antagonist Keith , have attempted similar journeys in the past . The anime otherwise covers little backstory , obscuring the reason for why Shizuku , Keith and Mea are associated . The sisters meet Shizuku while traveling through time , who gives them the option to continue journeying or stay in the era they enjoy most ; they choose the former . The story ends as they continue traveling through time , leaving unanswered questions concerning their final destination and why they were chosen .
Their bodies are connected to the mansion where they live , which allows them to travel through time . Their bodies cease to age outside the mansion ; even their hair stops growing . They jump five years into the future when traveling through time and always arrive in different places , except for a split @-@ party scenario in which Mai and Mea are left behind .
= = = Music = = =
The visual novel features three themes by Under17 — the opening theme Say It ! Popotan ( いっちゃえ ！ ぽぽたん , Icchae ! Popotan ) , the theme song for Mii 's " Magical Girl Mii " cosplay ( Mii @-@ tan no Mahou de Pon ! ! ( みいタンの魔法でポン ! ! ) ) , and ending theme Answer ( こたえ , Kotae ) . Under17 added their theme songs to their Best Album soundtracks along with Popotan Kiss from the radio drama . Under17 plays work composed for Popotan in their live events . Customers who pre @-@ ordered the game received the moe theme songs by Under17 as bonus content . Petit Ferret coincided the visual novel 's premiere with the release of a special maxi single containing the anime 's vocal theme songs and their instrumental counterparts , otherwise unavailable to listeners . A third Popotan image album based on the visual novel was packaged as a pre @-@ order item with the PS2 port the following year .
The anime opens with Popotan Hatake de Tsukamaete ( ぽぽたん畑でつかまえて ) by Under17 , and the closes with S – U – K – I by Funta . Petit Ferret released two full @-@ length albums and one extended play based on the anime in late 2003 . The EP , Popotan e.p. ( ぽぽたん e.p. ) , debuted on August 6 , 2003 and featured full versions of the anime 's opening and ending themes as well as Gem Stone , an image song collaboration between Under17 and Funta . The first album , It ’ s A PoPoTime ! , contains original character songs by the Japanese voice actresses and was released November 6 , 2003 . The second album , Popo Music , comprised the anime 's original soundtrack by Osamu Tezuka and was released on the 27th .
= = = Radio drama and publications = = =
Petit Ferret developed a radio drama named Poporaji , based on a song used in the anime 's broadcast premiere DVD , The Secret of the 3 Sisters . The show focused on the three sisters and Mea with their respective Japanese voice actresses playing their roles . It was broadcast by Osaka Broadcasting Corporation in two segments ; the first ran from April to September 2003 and the second from October to December 2003 . TBS Radio rebroadcast the drama later in its debut week . Petit Ferret announced on January 22 , 2004 that Poporaji would be replayed on BEAT NetRadio on Bandai Visual 's website and compiled into two CDs , Poporaji Popoi CD ( ぽぽらじっぽいCD ) and Poporaji Popoi CD2 .
Sasami Uachiruda and SPIRITE wrote and illustrated two novels , entitled Popotan ～ Himitsu no Jumon ～ Kōhen ( ぽぽたん ～ ひみつのじゅもん ～ 後編 ) and published by Softgarage on June 20 and August 22 , 2002 . These novels follow the plot of the series , involving all notable characters and combining their personal storylines . Magazine Z published a two @-@ part Popotan manga series by Yūjiro Izumi whose story revolved around the three sisters . The manga was released in two volumes on December 19 , 2003 and August 23 , 2004 .
Two Popotan reference books have been released — Popotan Visual Fan Book ( ぽぽたん ビジュアルファンブック , Popotan - Bijuarufanbukku ) , published by Petit Ferret and SoftBank Publishing , and distributed by Raspberry Books ; and Popotan - Official Anthology Manga Book ( ぽぽたんオフィシャルビジュアルコミックアンソロジー , Popotan - Ofisharubijuarukomikkuansorojii ) by Air Publications . The Popotan Visual Fan Book featured a new side @-@ story printed in western format . Kadokawa Shoten published an art book for the series entitled Popotan - Kadokawa Game Collection ( ぽぽたん ろっくちゃんのひみつの絵本 , Popotan Ro Kkuchin no Himitsuno Ehon ) . Popotan illustrations also appear in Akio Watanabe - Art Works ( ART WORKS ( アートワークス ) , Art Works ( Aato Waakusu ) ) . A fan book by ムービック ( Muubiki ) for the television series was released March 5 , 2003 , entitled Popotan - Exciting ROM Book ( ぽぽたん どきどきROMぶっく , Popotan Dokidoki ROM Bukku ) and containing a Microsoft Windows CD @-@ ROM with extra content .
= = Legacy , reception and sales = =
= = = Visual novel = = =
Popotan visual novels released by Petit Ferret enjoyed strong initial sales . PCNews ' national rating of bishōjo games listed Popotan 's initial CD @-@ ROM release at ninth place around one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half months after its release ; it stayed on the charts another half @-@ month at twenty @-@ first . It returned six months after release for a brief stay at forty @-@ sixth shortly before the fan disc was released . The DVD @-@ ROM re @-@ release rose to twenty @-@ fourth in overall sales one month after its debut . The fan disc 's release propelled it to eleventh among the most sold bishōjo games within one month . The PS2 port Oshiete ! Popotan received a score rating of 22 / 40 .
The visual novel featured a dance in its opening that became an Internet phenomenon . The dance features Mai and Mii swinging their hips sideways while holding their hands near the sides of their heads and flapping them , as if making a " goodbye " motion . Internet users set the dance to a sped @-@ up chorus of the song Caramelldansen by Caramell . The scene 's popularity helped the Popotan franchise and Caramell attain a cult following . The dance is performed by individuals ( especially in Japan ) at anime conventions , and in advertising , video games and other unrelated anime . The popularity of Popotan in Japan brought Momoi Haruko and her band Under17 to prominence .
= = = Anime = = =
The first English Popotan DVD met mixed reviews in the United States . Anime Jump gave it 1 ½ stars , stating that beyond the pretty pictures , " it is created specifically to sell DVDs , tiny figurines , and other merchandise to introverted adult men . " DVDtalk gave it a final rating of " recommended " and only criticized the bonus content . The reviewer remarked that the first disc " [ ... ] was full of surprises for even a jaded old reviewer like myself . " Anime News Network held mixed attitudes towards the second DVD , citing certain characters and the level of nudity . Its reviewers praised Popotan 's storyline , considering it especially complex for a video game @-@ based anime . Popotan has proven notoriously difficult for English reviewers to categorize , leading several to praise its multi @-@ genre style and appeal .
Critics who reviewed only the first DVD gave the series more negative marks than those who reviewed it in full . Of the latter , Allmovie gave Popotan 4 / 5 stars and DVDtalk awarded it " recommended " status , citing the first two discs . Examining the Sentai Filmworks re @-@ release , Theron Martin concurred that the anime improved towards the end despite rushed plot development . He gave the series low marks overall , feeling its quality varied wildly each episode .
The level of nudity and its importance to the storyline have been widely debated . John Oppliger of Anime Nation feels explicit nudity ruined the Popotan anime , overshadowing its character depth and complex storyline . Anime News Network and Mania agreed that it was excessive ; one reviewer from the former likened it to " kiddy porn " and another attributed its re @-@ release to demand for nudity . DVDtalk 's reviewers were mixed ; one claimed the nude scenes were out @-@ of @-@ place , and another considered them appropriate . Both considered the overall use of nudity to be " minor " .
Critics have generally praised the animation and Akio Watanabe 's character design . Despite chiding the plot , Mark Tools found the character design " memorable " ; reviewer Theron Martin disagreed . Ozamu Tezuka ( 手塚理 , Tezuka Ozamu ) found praise for his minimalist approach to the score . Geneon 's voice acting also elicited good reception , credited to Rob Beckwell , Popotan 's English voice director . Mii is the only protagonist criticized for her voice acting ; reviewers particularly praised Mea 's voice .
= 2007 Giro d 'Italia =
The 2007 Giro d 'Italia was the 90th running of the Giro d 'Italia , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . It took place from 12 May to 3 June 2007 . The race began in Sardinia and finished in Milan , and featured five mountain top finishes , of which one was an individual time trial . The race also visited France and Austria in three stages .
Danilo Di Luca of the Liquigas team won the race , with Andy Schleck from Team CSC and Eddy Mazzoleni from Astana rounding out the podium . Schleck also won the youth classification , which featured in the Giro for the first time since 1994 . Di Luca 's team dominated the overall classification , holding the race leader 's pink jersey for 17 of the 21 stages .
During the race , Alessandro Petacchi tested positive for elevated levels of salbutamol at a doping control on 23 May , after winning Stage 11 . Petacchi has a medical exemption to use salbutamol in the treatment of asthma , but the concentration of the drug in his urine sample from this control was above the therapeutically accepted level . Though the Italian Cycling Federation originally refused to punish him , the Italian National Olympic Committee appealed the case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport , resulting in a suspension for the rider and forfeiture of all his results from the Giro .
= = Teams = =
The Giro , along with the season 's other Grand Tours ( the Tour de France and the Vuelta a España ) , was one of several events run in 2007 as a UCI ProTour event but without a ProTour license . This meant that while ProTour points were awarded in the race , the organizers were not obligated to invite the 20 ProTour teams . Nineteen of the twenty ProTour teams , Unibet.com being the exception , were invited , with three UCI Professional Continental teams rounding out the event 's 22 @-@ team peloton . Each team entered nine riders , so the race began with 198 in total .
The 22 teams who took part in the race were :
= = Pre @-@ race favorites = =
In the months leading up to the Giro , headlines centered on defending champion Ivan Basso . After having been removed from Team CSC 's start list for the 2006 Tour de France due to his apparent involvement in the Operación Puerto doping case , Basso and Team CSC mutually agreed on the termination of his contract with them . Days later , Basso appeared to be cleared of any connection to Puerto , as the Italian Cycling Federation ( FCI ) shelved his case , and he signed with Discovery Channel . He rode part of the 2007 season with Discovery , and had intended to seek overall victory both in this Giro and in the 2007 Tour de France with his new team . In April 2007 , Basso 's case was re @-@ opened by the FCI , a step rarely taken on cases formally shelved . Facing further investigations into his involvement with the doping ring , team Discovery asked him to stop racing late in April . Shortly afterward , just two weeks before the Giro was to begin , Basso terminated his contract with Discovery , meaning the Giro started without its defending champion . Basso subsequently admitted to planning on doping in the 2006 Tour , and the FCI handed him a two @-@ year suspension , with credit for time already served in 2006 after he was first connected to the doping ring . Paolo Bettini , the reigning world champion , wore bib number one in Basso 's place .
Basso 's removal left wide open the possibilities for overall victory in this Giro . Four former Giro winners started this race – Damiano Cunego , Paolo Savoldelli , Gilberto Simoni , and Stefano Garzelli – and they were expected to be among the favorites . Simoni 's Saunier Duval – Prodir team was noted to contain many strong climbers , including Riccardo Riccò and Leonardo Piepoli . The passage of the Giro over Monte Zoncolan , where Simoni won a stage en route to overall victory in the 2003 Giro d 'Italia , was also noted as a factor in his favor . Classics specialist Danilo Di Luca of Liquigas was also named as a contender , chiefly because of his strong team . Further riders named as contenders included Pietro Caucchioli and Yaroslav Popovych .
The most high @-@ profile sprinters lined up to begin the 2007 Giro were Alessandro Petacchi and Robbie McEwen . They , along with countrymen Mario Cipollini and Baden Cooke , had had a back @-@ and @-@ forth rivalry for sprinting supremacy that had gone back several years but had been stunted in 2006 when Petacchi missed most of the season , including all but the first three stages of the Giro , due to a fractured kneecap sustained from a crash . One pre @-@ race analysis viewed Petacchi 's 2007 Giro and season as a chance at redemption for him . Other fast men in the race noted to be contenders in the flat stages included two @-@ time points classification winner Bettini , Danilo Napolitano , and Graeme Brown .
= = Route and stages = =
Race director Angelo Zomegnan commented that the route was designed to be easier than that of the extremely climbing @-@ intensive 2006 Giro . The Giro 's twenty @-@ one stages were divided into the following classifications : three time trials ( one team and two individual ) , eleven flat or undulating stages ( officially there was no distinction made between flat and undulating ) , four intermediate stages , and three mountain stages . The race began with a team time trial on the island of Sardinia . This was followed by two flat stages and an unusually early rest day to transfer from Sardinia to Italy 's mainland . The riders transferred by plane while the Giro caravan , race officials and team cars made the trip by boat . The final stage , as was tradition , was a flat , mostly ceremonial road stage to Milan , finishing with ten circuits on the Corso Venezia of the Via Montenapoleone .
There were three stages that began or ended outside Italy . Stage 12 , the first high mountain stage , ended at the French city Briançon , a frequent destination for the Tour de France . The 16th stage ended at Lienz in Austria , and the 17th began there .
Five stages ended with climbs . Stage 4 , the first intermediate stage , ended at Montevergine di Mercogliano at 1 @,@ 260 m ( 4 @,@ 130 ft ) . The tenth stage , also classified intermediate , had a less imposing final climb of 760 m ( 2 @,@ 490 ft ) , but it was nonetheless expected to change the race 's overall standings as it was very long it had numerous small climbs . Stage 13 was a climbing time trial , to Santuario di Oropa at 1 @,@ 142 m ( 3 @,@ 747 ft ) , with gradients on the climb reaching as high as 13 % . Two stages later was perhaps the race 's most difficult stage , featuring four major climbs and ending at 2 @,@ 304 m ( 7 @,@ 559 ft ) at Tre Cime di Lavaredo . The last mountaintop arrival was in the seventeenth stage , and featured one of the hardest climbs in the world , Monte Zoncolan . Though the summit of this climb was lesser than some other peaks visited in the race , at 1 @,@ 730 m ( 5 @,@ 680 ft ) , its gradients were crushing , with the steepest stretches reaching over 20 % incline . Though the number of mountain stages was small , it was nonetheless expected that it would take a strong climber to win the race .
= = Race overview = =
The Giro began with a team time trial on the island of Sardinia . The winning team was Liquigas , but due to unusual stage @-@ ending tactics , it was Enrico Gasparotto and not team leader Danilo Di Luca who took the first pink jersey . Gasparotto faced intense questioning from his teammates and the media after not yielding first position to his team 's captain , as is usual practice in a team time trial . Gasparotto yielded the jersey to Di Luca after stage 2 , when Di Luca finished higher @-@ placed in the mass finish , but took it back again after stage 3 when he contested the sprint and finished eighth . Finally , after stage 4 , the six @-@ way tie involving the Liquigas riders who finished together in the team time trial was broken , as Di Luca won the stage into Montevergine and took the pink jersey again .
Di Luca held the race lead until the conclusion of stage 6 , which was decided by a breakaway . Luis Felipe Laverde and Marco Pinotti were the last members of a five @-@ man morning breakaway still together at the finish . Since Pinotti started the day better @-@ placed in the overall classification and became the new race leader because of their time gap over the peloton , he allowed Laverde to take the stage win . Laverde took the green jersey as mountains classification leader after the stage . The next three stages were flat and contested among sprinters and breakaways . This meant Pinotti was able to maintain his race lead with little difficulty , until stage 10 , the Giro 's next intermediate stage . The race 's overall contenders showed themselves on this stage , with Leonardo Piepoli putting in a decisive attack 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) from the summit of the Santuario Nostra Signora della Guardia to claim victory by 19 seconds over Di Luca . Pinotti finished more than four minutes back , and surrendered the pink jersey to Di Luca 's teammate Andrea Noè , who was tenth on the stage . At age 38 , Noè was the oldest rider in the Giro and the oldest ever to lead a Grand Tour . Di Luca took the green jersey after this stage , his second stint in the maglia verde to go along with his two in pink . Team CSC 's Andy Schleck took the white jersey after this stage by finishing third , after Di Luca passed him for second in the final kilometer .
Stage 12 into Briançon in France was the Giro 's first high mountain stage , and it shook up the standings for the final time . Di Luca took the stage win , twice attacking from an elite group of five that had made the climb together . As Noè finished nearly ten minutes behind , Di Luca took the pink jersey for a third time , while still holding the green jersey . As Di Luca concentrated on winning the race overall , Piepoli took the green jersey after stage 15 , the race 's queen stage , topping two of that stage 's climbs in first position . His lead in the mountains classification quickly became unassailable , and he won the jersey in Milan . It was also on this stage that Astana 's Eddy Mazzoleni distinguished himself as a podium contender , taking a minute and a half out of Di Luca to move into second overall . Schleck lost time to Di Luca and Mazzoleni , but gained time over other riders in the top of the overall standings and stood third overall .
The last minor change to the top of the overall standings took place during stage 17 , to Monte Zoncolan . The stage itself was conquered by the Saunier Duval – Prodir duo of Gilberto Simoni and Piepoli . Since the climb had personal significance for Simoni , having won a stage there four years earlier , his teammate allowed him to cross the line first . Schleck , for his part , was third , just seven seconds back , and gained over two minutes against Mazzoleni to move up to the second step of the podium . Mazzoleni fell to fifth on this stage , but returned to the podium after the race 's final time trial . Mazzoleni 's teammate Paolo Savoldelli won the stage by a comfortable margin , but Mazzoleni took back nearly all the time he had lost on the Zoncolan stage and finished the race third overall . Di Luca was not seriously challenged after taking the race lead in stage 12 , and comfortably won the Giro in Milan with a two @-@ minute gap over Schleck in second .
Di Luca 's team Liquigas was dominant . They took three stage wins , two with Di Luca himself to go along with the race 's opening team time trial , and held the pink jersey for all but four days . With Alessandro Petacchi 's disqualification ( see below ) , Saunier Duval @-@ Prodir took the most stage wins . Three of their victories came in the high mountains , with Piepoli , Riccò , and Simoni all winning high @-@ profile stages . Iban Mayo added a breakaway win in Stage 18 . Acqua & Sapone – Caffè Mokambo team leader Stefano Garzelli , a former Giro winner , also won two stages . Danilo Napolitano and Marzio Bruseghin both took wins for Lampre – Fondital , and four other teams were single stage winners . The teams classifications and the classifications which awarded jerseys were all won by teams who had won stages , meaning eight of the 22 teams in the race took significant victories .
= = = Doping cases = = =
The most noteworthy doping case from the 2007 Giro involved sprinter Alessandro Petacchi . Petacchi took five stage wins , but after the third of them , he tested non @-@ negative for salbutamol , an asthma medication which Petacchi has a medical exemption to use . Petacchi was obligated as the stage winner to give a urine sample to the doping authorities , and it had a concentration of 1 @,@ 352 nanograms per milliliter of salbutamol , above the 1 @,@ 000 allowed by the medical exemption . Salbutamol has anabolic effects at high concentrations . Team Milram placed Petacchi on immediate provisional suspension following the Giro , which kept him from participating in the Tour de France later that season as he had planned . The Italian National Olympic Committee ( CONI ) asked the Italian Cycling Federation ( FCI ) for a one @-@ year ban for Petacchi .
The FCI refused to suspend Petacchi , and he returned to racing in late July . Their decision , however , was not made to exonerate Petacchi , but rather because they did not believe they should hear the case , instead deferring to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) . The CAS heard the case , and Petacchi testified to the court , stating that the hot and humid day on which the stage was the run had made it so that he took several extra puffs from his inhaler , but that this was accidental and that most had come after he had already crossed the finish line and won the stage .
In its decision , the CAS ruled that Petacchi had likely not intended to cheat , but that he had not exercised the " utmost caution " it deemed necessary to abide by doping rules . Petacchi was suspended for a year , minus the time he had already sat out after Team Milram first provisionally suspended him , and his results from the Giro were all stripped . Team Milram subsequently fired Petacchi , and he was without a team until late in the 2008 season . While the court 's decision explicitly stripped Petacchi of his results from this race , it does not seem that it granted those victories retroactively to other riders .
Petacchi was not the only rider identified as giving a non @-@ negative doping test during the Giro . Reports emerged in June that three riders were under suspicion of doping , later identified as Petacchi , Leonardo Piepoli , and Iban Mayo . Petacchi and Piepoli both gave tests showing elevated levels of salbutamol , while Mayo 's had abnormally high testosterone levels . Mayo was quickly cleared , as further testing revealed that his testosterone levels were of natural origin and that his team Saunier Duval – Prodir had informed the UCI of this . Though Piepoli 's level of salbutamol was , at 1 @,@ 800 nanograms per milliliter , even higher than Petacchi 's , he was cleared by his national federation of any doping charges in August .
Giro champion Danilo Di Luca also gave an irregular doping test , after stage 17 to Monte Zoncolan . The test , given spontaneously hours after the routine test Di Luca gave for being race leader at the time , reportedly showed hormone levels like " those of a child , " causing anti @-@ doping authorities to suspect that Di Luca was using some means to cover the presence of banned substances . These unusual levels were not present in the routine test , leading to suspicions that Di Luca had received an autologous blood transfusion between the two tests . A CONI commission later cleared Di Luca on the basis of insufficient evidence to conclude that he had doped .
Mayo and Piepoli would both test positive for erythropoietin later in their careers at the Tour de France , and Di Luca likewise at the 2009 Giro
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d 'Italia , all leading to lengthy suspensions , while Petacchi made a successful return to top @-@ level cycling and to the Giro in 2009 .
= = Classification leadership = =
In the 2007 Giro d 'Italia , four different jerseys were awarded . For the general classification , calculated by adding each cyclist 's finishing times on each stage , and allowing time bonuses for the first three finishers on mass start stages , the leader received a pink jersey . This classification is considered the most important of the Giro d 'Italia , and the winner is considered the winner of the Giro .
Additionally , there was a points classification , which awarded a mauve jersey . In the points classification , cyclists got points for finishing in the top 15 in a stage . The stage win awarded 25 points , second place awarded 20 points , third 16 , fourth 14 , fifth 12 , sixth 10 , and one point less per place down the line , to a single point for 15th . In addition , some points could be won in intermediate sprints .
There was also a mountains classification , which awarded a green jersey . In the mountains classifications , points were won by reaching the top of a mountain before other cyclists . Each climb was categorized , either first , second , or third category , with more points available for the higher @-@ categorized climbs . The highest point in the Giro ( called the Cima Coppi ) , which in 2007 was the Colle dell 'Agnello in stage 12 , afforded still more points than the other first @-@ category climbs .
The fourth was the young rider classification , which awarded a white jersey . This was decided the same way as the general classification , but only riders born on or after 1 January 1982 were eligible . This classification was featured in the Giro in 2007 for the first time since 1994 .
There were also two classifications for teams . The first was the Trofeo Fast Team . In this classification , the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage are added , and the team with the lowest time is leading team . The Trofeo Super Team was a team points classification , with the top 20 placed riders on each stage earning points ( 20 for first place , 19 for second place and so on , down to a single point for 20th ) for their team .
The rows in the following table correspond to the jerseys awarded after that stage was run . A year after the race , Alessandro Petacchi was stripped of all his results ; this table reflects the stages and jersey awards he originally won .
= = Final standings = =
= = = Minor classifications = = =
Other less well @-@ known classifications were awarded during the Giro , whose leaders did not receive a special jersey . These awards were based on points earned throughout the three weeks of the tour . Each mass start stage had one intermediate sprint , awarding points to the Traguardo Volante Garibaldi classification . These sprints gave bonus seconds towards the general classification , points towards the regular points classification , and also points towards the Traguardo Volante Garibaldi . This award was known in previous years as the Intergiro , and was previously time @-@ based , awarding a blue jersey . Tinkoff Credit Systems rider Mikhail Ignatiev won this classification .
Additional minor classifications included the combativity classification , which was a compilation of points gained for position on crossing intermediate sprints , mountain passes and stage finishes . Alessandro Petacchi was the original winner , but with all his 2007 Giro results forfeited , it appears there is no official winner of this award . The Azzurri d 'Italia classification was based on finishing order , but points were awarded only to the top three finishers in each stage . Petacchi originally won this as well .
Also , the Trofeo Fuga Gilera rewarded riders who took part in a breakaway at the head of the field , each rider in an escape of ten or fewer riders getting one point for each kilometre that the group stays clear . Along with the Traguardo Volante Garibadli , Mikhail Ignatiev also finished first in this classification . Teams were given penalty points for minor technical infringements . Française des Jeux was not assessed any penalties , and so was the winner of the Fair Play classification .
= Glacier Bay Basin =
Glacier Bay Basin in southeastern Alaska , in the United States , encompasses the Glacier Bay and surrounding mountains and glaciers , which was first proclaimed a U.S. National Monument on February 25 , 1925 , and which was later , on December 2 , 1980 , enlarged and designated as the Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve under the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act , covering an area of 3 @,@ 283 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 329 @,@ 000 ha ) . In 1986 , UNESCO declared an area of 57 @,@ 000 acres ( 23 @,@ 000 ha ) within a World Biosphere Reserve . This is the largest UNESCO protected biosphere in the world . In 1992 , UNESCO included this area as a part of a World Heritage site , extending over an area of 24 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 98 @,@ 000 km2 ) which also included the Wrangell @-@ St. Elias National Park , Kluane National Park ( Canada ) and Tatshenshini @-@ Alsek Park ( Canada ) . Part of the National Park is also designated a Wilderness area covering 2 @,@ 658 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 076 @,@ 000 ha ) .
Glacier Bay , the body of water , covers an area 1 @,@ 375 square miles ( 3 @,@ 560 km2 ) of glaciers and accounts for 27 % of the Park area . It was a large single glacier of solid ice till early 18th century . It started retreating and evolved over the centuries into the largest protected water area park in the world . Glacier Bay , on the Gulf of Alaska , was known as the Grand Pacific Glacier about 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) thick and about 20 miles ( 32 km ) in width which has since then , over the last more than 200 years retreated by 65 miles ( 105 km ) to the head of the bay at Tarr Inlet , and in this process left separate 20 other glaciers in its trail . In 1890 , the name “ Glacier Bay ” as such was given to the bay by Captain Lester A. Beardslee of the U.S. Navy . It was first proclaimed a U.S. National Monument on February 25 , 1925 , by President Calvin Coolidge .
The Glacier Bay has many branches , inlets , lagoons , islands , and channels that holds prospects for scientific exploration and visual treat . Thus , the area is popular as a cruise ship destination during summer season . However , there are restrictions imposed by the National Park Service on the numbers of vessels that can operate in a day to 2 cruise ships , 3 tour boats , 6 charter vessels , and 25 private vessels . According to National Park Service statistics for calendar year 2009 , 444 @,@ 653 people visited Glacier Bay , with 422 @,@ 919 of those being cruise ship passengers .
= = History = =
Geologists believe that Glacier Bay existed during a minimum of four Glacial periods ending with the Little Ice Age , which has a 4 @,@ 000 @-@ year @-@ old record , as the latest period . All glaciers in the park today are said to be remnants of this glacial period .
The earliest recorded history of the Glacier Bay area starts with the 1741 Russian expedition of Vitus Bering and Aleksei Chirikov . La Perouse ( after whom one of the glaciers in the bay was named subsequently ) established contact with the local inhabitants , the Tlingits at Lutya Bay , in 1786 . This was followed by the Russians staking their claim to the region .
In 1794 , Joseph Whidbey , master of the Discovery during George Vancouver 's 1791 @-@ 95 expedition , reported that his exploration of this part of the coast was blocked by a wall of 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) width and 1 @,@ 200 metres ( 3 @,@ 900 ft ) ) thick . Vancouver claimed the land for Britain in conflict with an earlier Russian claim , which was resolved by the Anglo @-@ Russian Convention of 1825 . The United States purchased Alaska from the Russians in 1867 with a claim under that treaty of owning all lands up to " the summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast " . The United States and Canada agreed that an arbitration board would draw the exact boundary . The arbitration award given in 1903 resolved the Alaska boundary dispute by drawing a line that linked the mountain peaks in this area . Because the agreement froze the exact boundary in 1903 , further retreat of the glacier does not alter the boundary as the coast extends northward . As a result , the northern edge of Tarr Inlet is approaching the boundary .
With the discovery of gold in the area , gold rush brought miners to the area . In 1890 , Willoughby Island in Glacier Bay was the scene of a meeting of the miners , which was followed by the establishment of the Berry mining district . In the 1890s , a salt mine was established at Bartlett Cove . Fox farms and a cannery were also established ; however , the cannery was abandoned in 1935 .
John Muir , the naturalist , conservationist and scientist , pioneered the focus of the world on the Glacier Bay phenomenon . During his research Muir had witnessed the glaciers in action . He had noted that the ice had retreated almost all the way up . In 1888 ( 1889 is also mentioned in some references ) when John Muir first visited the Bay , this wall was 48 miles ( 77 km ) and retreated from the sea by 44 miles ( 71 km ) . Now , it stands retreated to 65 miles ( 105 km ) , as a remnant of the old wall of the glacier system and has 16 major tidewater glaciers ( 10 , 12 and 15 are also mentioned in some references ) .
In 1899 , wealthy railroad magnate Edward Harriman arranged for a maritime expedition called the Harriman Alaska Expedition to Alaska comprising an elite community of scientists , artists , photographers , and naturalists to explore and document the Alaskan coast . The voyagers , spent two months traveling from Seattle , along the coast of Alaska , to Siberia , and back again . In many ways , the expedition was an intersection of 19th @-@ century science and 20th @-@ century science . The expedition claimed to have discovered some 600 species that were new to science , including 38 new fossil species . They charted the geographic distribution of many species . They discovered an unmapped fiord and named several glaciers . John Muir and his friend Harriman who were members of this expedition were instrumental in governmental lobbying on National Park legislation says . The Herriman expedition was instrumental in documenting the extent of the glacier 's retreat in 1899 .
John Muir was seeking corroboration of the continental glaciation theories of Louis Agassiz , whose controversial Etudes sur les Glaciers was published in 1840 . The year 1893 recorded the arrival of the first tourist ship at the entrance to the Bay , at Bartlett Cove , which over the years has become central to the tourist trade in the Glacier Bay . By 1916 , the Grand Pacific Glacier was at the head of Tarr Inlet , about 65 miles ( 105 km ) from Glacier Bay 's mouth . This is the fastest documented glacial retreat ever . In 1925 , Glacier Bay was declared a national monument .
For centuries , the Glacier Bay has been the home land of the Huna Tlingit native tribes of Alaska . Their oral traditions indicate being displaced by the last advance of the glacier . They continue to be part of the Bay residents and it is woven into the " tapestry of their lives " .
= = Geography = =
Glacier Bay is subsumed within the larger about 3 @.@ 3 @-@ million @-@ acre ( 13 @,@ 000 km2 ) National Park and Preserve . The preserve , which is a spectacular ensemble of marine and terrestrial life , is delimited by : The Tongass National Forest borders on the east and north east ; by the international boundary with Tatshenshini @-@ Alsek Wilderness Provincial Park in British Columbia , Canada on the north ; by the waters of Cross Sound and Icy Strait border on the south ; and by the Pacific Ocean on the west . When President Calvin Coolidge declared the Glacial Bay to be a national monument , in 1925 , the objective clearly stated was :
The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 changed its status to a National Park and Reserve covering an area of 3 @,@ 283 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 329 @,@ 000 ha ) including 57 @,@ 000 acres ( 23 @,@ 000 ha ) as a preserve : However , 2 @,@ 670 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 080 @,@ 000 ha ) have been declared as Wilderness . The Glacier Bay also encompasses about 400 acres ( 160 ha ) of two mining claim groups , and about 3 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 200 ha ) allotted to Alaska Natives ; some small private tracts are also reported within the limits of the Glacier Bay .
The Glacier Bay Basin is now a myriad combination of tidewater glaciers , snow @-@ capped mountain ranges , ocean coastlines , deep fjords , and freshwater rivers and lakes that provide widely varying land and seascape and “ hosts a mosaic of plant communities and a variety of marine and terrestrial wildlife . ”
Glacier Bay is covered with 1 @,@ 375 square miles ( 3 @,@ 560 km2 ) of glaciers which accounts for 27 % of the Park area with most glaciers originating in mountains with elevation range of 8 @,@ 000 – 15 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 400 – 4 @,@ 600 m ) . There are over 50 named glaciers ( both tidewater and terrestrial glaciers ) ; 1
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mobility .
= = History = =
A freeway along the I @-@ 475 corridor was proposed in the 1950s . The 1955 Yellow Book , an early proposal for what would become the Interstate Highway System , contained an inset of the proposed freeways in and around the Flint area , including a loop route freeway near the downtown area . Designated as part of the Interstate Highway System in 1957 , I @-@ 475 construction was funded by the federal government .
I @-@ 475 was first opened to traffic in the early 1970s . The first section was built between I @-@ 75 / US 10 northward to M @-@ 21 / M @-@ 78 . The second section was built from I @-@ 75 / US 10 / US 23 to BUS M @-@ 54 along the north side of town . These two sections were opened on November 9 , 1973 and September 26 , 1974 respectively . The final section was opened between them in 1981 .
= = Memorial highway designations = =
I @-@ 475 has carried two different memorial highway designations in its history , the Buick Freeway and the UAW Freeway .
David Dunbar Buick was a Scottish @-@ born immigrant who moved to Detroit with his parents at the age of two in 1856 – 57 . He quit school to supplement the family 's income after his father 's 1860 death . In the 1880s , he was a plumbing supplier in the Detroit area , inventing a process that created a cheaper white bathtub . Buick produced a method for permanently coating cast iron with vitreous enamel which allowed the production of " white " baths at lower cost . He later sold his plumbing business and the patents to American Standard . Using the profits from this sale , Buick started working on gasoline engines , and later automobiles . He eventually moved his operations from Detroit to the Flint Wagon Works . William Durant managed the fledgling Buick Manufacturing Company , making it the number one car @-@ building company in the country by 1908 . Durant later built on the foundation of Buick 's company to create General Motors . In honor of Buick 's contributions to Flint 's manufacturing base , the Flint City Commission proposed naming I @-@ 475 after Buick . The freeway passed by the city 's Buick plant and many of the employees would use the new freeway on their commutes to work . The Michigan Legislature passed Concurrent Resolution 22 in 1969 to add the name .
The United Auto Workers ( UAW ) was founded in Detroit on August 26 , 1935 . The labor union struggled to gain members until the Flint Sit @-@ Down Strike in 1937 . The strike started on December 30 , 1936 , when workers at the Fisher Body Plant No. 1 stopped loading tool dies on the night shift , locking themselves into the plant . The dies were destined for shipment to plants where union activity was much weaker than the UAW @-@ organized plants in Flint . On January 3 , 1937 , workers at the plant sat down on the job ; Fisher Plant No. 2 later joined in the sit @-@ down strike . The heat was shut off at the plants , and on January 11 , food deliveries were stopped , sparking a riot . Governor Frank Murphy mobilized 4 @,@ 000 National Guard troops to keep peace at the plants . A second riot occurred at Chevrolet Plant No. 4 on February 1 . The National Guard troops surrounded the 12 striking plants in Flint , but the governor never ordered them into action . President Franklin D. Roosevelt encouraged the two parties to sit down once more , and an agreement was signed , recognizing the UAW in the 17 striking plants across the country .
A local politician wanted to honor not just the automotive pioneers in Flint , but the workers that worked in the plants . Since the UAW came to maturity in Flint as a result of the strikes , it was the appropriate location for a memorial highway designation . In 1980 , the Michigan Legislature passed House Concurrent Resolution 583 , renaming Flint 's east – west freeway ( I @-@ 69 ) the " Chevrolet – Buick Freeway " and I @-@ 475 the " UAW Freeway " . I @-@ 475 was dedicated with its new name on Labor Day , 1981 .
Public Act 142 of 2001 consolidated the memorial highway designations of the state . In passing this act , the Michigan Legislature expanded the Chevrolet – Buick Freeway to encompass all of I @-@ 69 in Genesee County . The act also restored Buick 's name to I @-@ 475 .
= = Future = =
The Genesee County Board of Commissioners has proposed to MDOT that I @-@ 475 should be connected to US 23 in the southern part of Genesee County . The board approved a study to investigate the economic impact of such an extension . The study will also examine how such an extension will impact an existing intermodal transportation hub at Bishop International Airport and a rail terminal being built at the former Buick City complex . Proposals for the freeway connection have been around since the late 1990s , but was indefinitely postponed in 2011 .
= = Exit list = =
The entire highway is in Genesee County .
= M @-@ 56 ( 1919 – 1957 Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 56 was a state trunkline highway in the southeastern part of the US state of Michigan . It existed from 1919 until 1957 . The highway ran north from Monroe , where it connected with US Highway 24 ( US 24 , Telegraph Road ) , to Flat Rock where it terminated at an intersection with US 24 / US 25 . Before a series of truncations in the 1950s , the highway continued along the Huron River to New Boston and Belleville . The trunkline was progressively scaled back to Flat Rock before being decommissioned in 1957 .
= = Route description = =
When it was decommissioned in 1957 , M @-@ 56 started at an intersection with US 24 ( Telegraph Road ) on the west side of Monroe . From there , the trunkline ran southeasterly along Elm Avenue to an intersection with US 25 ( Dixie Highway , now M @-@ 125 ) in downtown . M @-@ 56 also intersected US 24A ( now Interstate 75 ) just outside town . The highway continued northeasterly past Sterling State Park and along Brest Bay in the communities of Detroit Beach and Woodland Beach . Turning inland near Stony Point , the trunkline followed Dixie Highway across the Swan Creek . North of the creek , Dixie Highway met US Turnpike , and M @-@ 56 followed Dixie Highway northward into South Rockwood . In that village , the trunkline turned northeasterly parallel to US 24 to cross the Huron River . On the north side of the river , M @-@ 56 followed the southernmost end of Fort Street to Huron River Drive , turning northwesterly along the latter road . The highway ran through an intersection with US 24A and parallel to the river into Flat Rock , where it terminated at the intersection with US 24 / US 25 ( Telegraph Road , now just US 24 ) .
= = History = =
When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919 , M @-@ 56 was assigned to roadways that ran northeasterly from the Ohio state line to the Belleville area . When the United States Numbered Highway System was created on November 11 , 1926 , the southern section between the state line and Monroe was redesignated as a section of US 25 . In the 1940s , the northern end was rerouted north from New Boston to follow M @-@ 112 along the Willow Run Expressway ( now I @-@ 94 and part of the Detroit Industrial Freeway ) into Belleville north to US 112 . In late 1954 or early 1955 , the northern end was changed again , this time truncating the highway to end at New Boston . The northern end was shortened again to terminate at US 24 / US 25 in Flat Rock in 1956 . The remainder of the highway from Monroe to Flat Rock was removed and decommissioned from the state highway system the next year , becoming county roads under the jurisdiction of Monroe and Wayne counties .
= = Major intersections = =
= Okay Hot @-@ Shot , Okay ! =
Okay Hot @-@ Shot , Okay ! ( sometimes Okay Hot @-@ Shot ) is a 1963 pop art painting by Roy Lichtenstein that uses his Ben @-@ Day dots style and a text balloon . It is one of several examples of military art that Lichtenstein created between 1962 and 1964 , including several with aeronautical themes like this one . It was inspired by panels from four different comic books that provide the sources for the plane , the pilot , the text balloon and the graphic onomatopoeia , " VOOMP ! " .
Lichtenstein made several alterations to the source images as he compiled them into this composition . He used themes in this work that relate to those expressed in several of his other works . The narrative content is also said to relate to themes from other works , but instead of Lichtenstein 's own works it relates to Jackson Pollock 's contemporaneous works .
= = Background = =
During the late 1950s and early 1960s a number of American painters began to adapt the imagery and motifs of comic strips . Lichtenstein made drawings of comic strip characters in 1958 . Andy Warhol produced his earliest paintings using this style in 1960 . Lichtenstein , unaware of Warhol 's work , produced Look Mickey and Popeye in 1961 . Soon , Lichtenstein advanced from animated cartoons to more serious themes such as romance and combat depictions . Lichtenstein said that at the time , " I was very excited about , and very interested in , the highly emotional content yet detached impersonal handling of love , hate , war , etc . , in these cartoon images . " The work was inspired by five different comic book panels made by Russ Heath and Irv Novick . The plane , the pilot , the text balloon and the graphic onomatopoeia , " VOOMP ! " , all come from panels from different comic books .
Lichtenstein was a trained draftsman and artist . He also received training during World War II as an army pilot , but never saw active combat . His list of aeronautically themed works is extensive , including several others featuring pilots situated in cockpits during air combat such as Jet Pilot ( 1962 ) , Brattata ( 1962 ) , and Bratatat ! ( 1963 ) . Some sources list Okay Hot @-@ Shot , Okay ! along with Whaam ! and Blam as Lichtenstein 's best @-@ known examples of military art .
Okay Hot @-@ Shot , Okay ! is one of several comics @-@ based works , including Jet Pilot and Von Karp , inspired by the World War II U.S. fighter pilot Johnny Cloud of DC Comics ' The Losers . The January – February 1962 DC Comics ' All @-@ American Men of War issue # 89 was the inspiration for several Lichtenstein paintings , providing two of the source panels of Okay Hot @-@ Shot , Okay ! as well as sources for Brattata , Blam , Whaam ! and Tex ! The graphite pencil sketch , Jet Pilot was also from that issue .
= = Critical appraisal = =
In the source , the pilot wore traditional World War II headgear , but Lichtenstein altered the headgear to that of a cosmonaut , astronaut or modern air force pilot of the Cold War era . Lichtenstein also shifted the subject so that his left iris is in the frame . The work also is related to Lichtenstein 's theme of " machine and embodied vision " as exhibited in works such as Crak ! , Bratatat ! , and Jet Pilot .
The narrative content , " Okay , hot @-@ shot , okay ! I 'm pouring ! [ ammunition into the enemy ] " is said to have a dual meaning that alludes to the style of poured painting being made famous at the time by Pollock . Melodrama through heightened tension ties this with some of Lichtenstein 's most notable works .
While melding the elements and motifs of panels from two artists , Lichtenstein simplified the hatching and use of color . In Lichtenstein 's obituary , Los Angeles Times critic Christopher Knight said the use of color in this work harkened back to works by Morris Louis and the explosion 's graphic elements recalled Kenneth Noland 's target work .
In an account published in 1998 after Lichtenstein was famous , Irv Novick said that he met Lichtenstein in the army in 1947 and , as his superior officer , had responded to Lichtenstein 's tearful complaints about the menial tasks he was assigned by recommending him for a better job . Jean @-@ Paul Gabilliet has questioned this account , saying that Lichtenstein had left the army a year before the time Novick says the incident took place . Bart Beaty , noting that Lichtenstein had appropriated Novick for works such as Whaam ! and Okay Hot @-@ Shot , Okay ! , says that Novick 's story " seems to be an attempt to personally diminish " the more famous artist .
= 1927 Atlantic hurricane season =
The 1927 Atlantic hurricane season featured no hurricane landfalls in the United States , in contrast to the four hurricanes that struck the United States in the previous season . Overall , the season was relatively inactive , with eight tropical storms , four of which became hurricanes . One of these became a major hurricane , which is Category 3 or higher on the modern day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . The first system , a tropical depression , developed on August 13 , while the final cyclone , a tropical storm , merged with a cold front on November 21 . The most significant storm of the season was Hurricane One , nicknamed the Nova Scotia hurricane . The sole major hurricane , this storm resulted in between 173 and 192 deaths in Atlantic Canada , mostly from capsized and missing ships offshore . On land , the storm left about $ 1 @.@ 7 million ( 1927 USD ) in damage , with much of the damage occurring in Nova Scotia . Additionally , the fourth , fifth , and sixth tropical storms brought minor impact to Bermuda , South Carolina , and Cuba , respectively .
The season 's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 56 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) , which is tropical storm strength .
= = Storms = =
= = = August tropical depression = = =
A low pressure area formerly associated with a weakening frontal boundary developed into a tropical depression on August 13 . The depression moved rapidly east @-@ northeastward and was soon absorbed by the frontal boundary .
= = = Hurricane One = = =
A tropical storm developed from a tropical wave over the deep tropics of the Atlantic Ocean on August 18 . Moving west @-@ northwestward , it intensified into a Category 1 hurricane on the modern day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale by August 19 . The storm deepened significantly over the next few days , and by August 22 , it peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) and a minimum pressure of 950 mbar ( 28 inHg ) . The latter was observed by the S.S. Maraval , while the former was estimated using the pressure @-@ wind relationship . Around that time , the system began curving northwestward and later northward . By August 23 , it turned to the north @-@ northeast and then began weakening on August 24 . Thereafter , the storm accelerated toward Atlantic Canada . Late on August 24 , the hurricane struck near Yarmouth , Nova Scotia , as a Category 2 hurricane , just before becoming extratropical . The remnants continued northeastward , striking Newfoundland and later Iceland , before dissipating near Jan Mayen on August 29 .
In New England , the storm brought heavy rainfall , peaking at 2 @.@ 09 inches ( 53 mm ) in Portland , Maine . Minor street flooding was reported in Maine , Massachusetts , and Rhode Island , with flooding in the Providence area damaging pavement and overflowing sewers . Along the coast of Massachusetts , rough seas disrupted shipping in Boston and beached a ship at Cape Cod . Of the 173 @-@ 192 fatalities in Canada , most of them occurred due to damaged or missing ships , with two boats losing their entire crew . On land , heavy rainfall in Nova Scotia washed out 20 – 25 percent of the rail lines , which disrupted rail service . Flooding also damaged numerous roads and swept away bridges . Crop damage from the hurricane was severe as the storm destroyed about half of the fruit , vegetable , and hay harvest , leaving a loss of $ 1 million ( 1927 CAD ) . Property damage in the province was in the thousands of dollars range and there were many electrical and telephone service outages . Similar but less severe impact occurred in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island . The storm also left minor wind damage in Newfoundland . Overall , the hurricane caused just under $ 1 @.@ 6 million ( 1927 CAD ) in damage .
= = = Hurricane Two = = =
A tropical wave developed into the second tropical depression of the season on September 2 , while located about 190 mi ( 310 km ) east of the Cape Verde Islands . Six hours after forming , the depression intensified into a tropical storm . Moving west @-@ southwestward , the storm passed through the Cape Verde Islands on September 3 , striking Boa Vista with winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) . The island of Santiago observed winds of 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) at 12 : 00 UTC . Thereafter , the system headed west @-@ northwestward into the open Atlantic and slowly intensified . Early on September 8 , the storm strengthened into a Category 1 while beginning a northwestward motion . Around that time , a radiogram from the British S.S. Socrates indicated that the ship recorded a barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 007 mbar ( 29 @.@ 7 inHg ) , the lowest observed in association with the storm .
By September 9 , the hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) and began curving north @-@ northwestward , which was soon followed by a turn to the north @-@ northeast later that day . Thereafter , the storm started to lose tropical characteristics , with historical weather maps indicating a low pressure area imbedded within a cold front by September 10 . Around 12 : 00 UTC , the cyclone weakened to a tropical storm . Late on September 11 , the storm weakened to a tropical depression and was last noted at 18 : 00 UTC , while located about 870 mi ( 1 @,@ 400 km ) east @-@ northeast of Bermuda .
= = = Hurricane Three = = =
A low pressure area developed into a tropical depression around 12 : 00 UTC on September 22 while located about 820 mi ( 1 @,@ 320 km ) southwest of the southwestern @-@ most islands of Cape Verde . Moving northwestward , the depression strengthened into a tropical storm by early on September 23 . Thereafter , the storm proceeded to intensify very slowly during the next several days . On September 26 , the cyclone began moving generally northward . Based on a ship report , the storm finally reached hurricane status by 12 : 00 UTC on September 28 . A different ship observation indicated a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 005 mbar ( 29 @.@ 7 inHg ) . Based on the pressure @-@ wind relationship , it is estimated that the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Early on September 29 , the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm and became extratropical six hours later , while situated about 935 mi ( 1 @,@ 505 km ) south @-@ southeast of Cape Race , Newfoundland .
= = = Hurricane Four = = =
A low pressure area developed into a tropical storm about 835 mi ( 1 @,@ 345 km ) east @-@ northeast of Barbuda early on September 23 . The system moved northwest , and by 12 : 00 UTC on September 24 , it strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane . Late on September 25 , the cyclone intensified into a Category 2 hurricane . A ship recorded a pressure of 971 mbar ( 28 @.@ 7 inHg ) on September 26 . Because this was measured within the storm 's radius of maximum sustained winds , the hurricane 's minimum barometric pressure was estimated to have been 967 mbar ( 28 @.@ 6 inHg ) . Based on the pressure @-@ wind relationship , the system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) . Thereafter , it curved northeastward on September 27 , shortly before weakening to a Category 1 hurricane . Early on September 28 , the hurricane became extratropical about 360 mi ( 580 km ) south @-@ southeast of Sable Island . However , the extratropical storm existed until October 1 , when it dissipated well north of the Azores .
= = = Tropical Storm Five = = =
At approximately 12 : 00 UTC on September 30 , a low pressure area developed into a tropical depression while situated about 175 mi ( 280 km ) northeast of Turks and Caicos Islands . The depression moved parallel to the islands of the Bahamas and slowly strengthened , reaching tropical storm status early on October 2 . Continuing its northwestward motion , the storm strengthened further and peaked early on October 3 with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 008 mbar ( 29 @.@ 8 inHg ) , the latter of which was a ship observation . Around 09 : 00 UTC , the cyclone made landfall near Beaufort , South Carolina , at the same intensity . The storm curved northward after moving inland and weakened to a tropical depression early on October 4 . Several hours later , the system dissipated over West Virginia .
In South Carolina , rainfall was generally beneficial due to ongoing drought conditions . In Beaufort , many tree branches were felled in several neighborhoods of the city . Many were left without power for several hours on morning of October 3 , crippling industries that depended on electricity , including delaying publication of the The Beaufort Gazette because the linotype machine could not be used . Very minor damage occurred to corn in the city . Elsewhere in the state , particularly in Charleston , there were widespread telephone , telegraph , and power outages due to downed lines and poles , severing communications . In North Carolina , similar damage occurred to the methods of communications in Raleigh , Selma , Siler City , and other areas closer to the Virginia state line due to wires knocked over by strong winds .
= = = Tropical Storm Six = = =
The season 's next cyclone developed from over the northwestern Caribbean Sea from a broad low pressure area near the Bay Islands Department of Honduras on October 16 . Moving east @-@ northeastward , the system strengthened into a tropical storm several hours later . Early on October 17 , the system peaked with winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) , based on a ship observation of a minimum barometric pressure of 999 mbar ( 29 @.@ 5 inHg ) . Curving northeastward , it made landfall near Santa Cruz del Sur , Camagüey Province , late on October 18 at the same intensity . After crossing Cuba , the storm accelerated and moved through the Bahamas early the following day , striking the island of Acklins . By 06 : 00 UTC , the system was absorbed by a cold front while located about 105 mi ( 170 km ) north @-@ northeast of Mayaguana .
The Government of Cuba issued warnings in anticipation of the storm in the central provinces of the island , particularly over concerns of heavy rainfall . Additionally , radio messages were sent to ship to warning of the approaching cyclone . Heavy rains caused some crop damage but little else of consequence .
= = = October tropical depression = = =
The northern portion of the disturbance that would later develop into the previous system split and spawned a tropical depression over the northern Bahamas on October 17 . The depression moved rapidly northward ahead of an approaching frontal boundary . Historical weather maps indicated that the highest sustained winds were at 30 mph ( 50 km / h ) and the minimum barometric pressure was 1 @,@ 004 mbar ( 29 @.@ 6 inHg ) . The depression was absorbed by the front on the same day .
= = = Tropical Storm Seven = = =
A weak low pressure area developed into the seventh storm of the season formed near the Cayman Islands on October 30 . Initially a tropical depression , it tracked slowly north @-@ northeastward and reached tropical storm status about six hours after forming . Early on October 31 , the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) , several hours before making landfall in Sancti Spíritus Province several hours later . After emerging over the Bahamas , the storm slowly weakened . Late on November 1 , the system struck Andros Island with winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) . Thereafter , the cyclone accelerated and continued weakening , falling to tropical depression intensity late on November 3 . Shortly thereafter , it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while located about 215 mi ( 345 km ) south of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina .
The remnants contributed to the development of the system which brought devastating floods to the Northeastern United States . Following well above average precipitation in October , this system brought as much as 15 in ( 380 mm ) to Vermont . The flooding left at least $ 50 million ( 1927 USD ) in damage and 85 deaths , with all but one death occurring in Vermont .
= = = Tropical Storm Eight = = =
The final tropical cyclone of the season developed from a low pressure area early on November 19 , while situated about 770 mi ( 1 @,@ 240 km ) east @-@ northeast of Barbuda . Initially a tropical depression , the cyclone deepened into a tropical storm about 12 hours later while moving north @-@ northwestward . At 12 : 00 UTC on November 20 , a ship observed a barometric pressure of 999 mbar ( 29 @.@ 5 inHg ) , the lowest known pressure in association with the storm . Using the pressure @-@ wind relationship , it is estimated that the storm reached maximum sustained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) at that time . On November 21 , the storm weakened and lost tropical characteristics , merging with a cold front about 585 mi ( 940 km ) east @-@ northeast of Bermuda at 12 : 00 UTC . The extratropical cyclone persisted for only about six more hours . This storm may have been subtropical , but in the absence of satellite imagery , it is considered a tropical cyclone .
= Calshot Castle =
Calshot Castle is an artillery fort constructed by Henry VIII on the Calshot Spit , Hampshire , England , between 1539 and 1540 . It formed part of the King 's Device programme to protect against invasion from France and the Holy Roman Empire and defend Southampton Water as it met the Solent . The castle had a keep at its centre , surrounded by a curtain wall and a moat . Initially heavily armed , it had a garrison of 16 men and as many as 36 artillery guns . The castle continued in use for many years , surviving the English Civil War intact and being extensively modernised in the 1770s . During the 19th century , Calshot Castle was used by the coastguard as a base for combating smuggling . In 1894 , however , fresh fears of a French invasion led to it being brought back into use as an artillery fort : a large coastal battery was constructed alongside the older castle and a boom built across Southampton Water , controlled from the castle .
During the First World War , Calshot Castle was primarily used as a base for seaplanes , deployed on anti @-@ submarine patrols in the English Channel ; its guns were removed before the end of the war , probably for use in France . The air base , by then called RAF Calshot , grew in size during the inter @-@ war years , hosting the Schneider Trophy air races . With the outbreak of the Second World War , Calshot was re @-@ armed in the face of a possible German invasion . The station continued in use after the war , but as military seaplanes became obsolete , it was finally closed in 1961 . After a short period of use by the coastguard , the castle was opened to the public by English Heritage in the 1980s . Restored to its pre @-@ 1914 appearance , the castle received 5 @,@ 751 visitors in 2010 . Historic England considers Calshot a " well @-@ preserved example " of King Henry 's Device Forts .
= = History = =
= = = 16th century = = =
= = = = Construction = = = =
Calshot Castle was built as a consequence of international tensions between England , France and the Holy Roman Empire in the final years of the reign of King Henry VIII . Traditionally the Crown had left coastal defences to local lords and communities , only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications , and while France and the Empire remained in conflict , maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely . Modest defences based around simple blockhouses and towers existed in the south @-@ west and along the Sussex coast , with a few more impressive works in the north of England , but in general the fortifications were limited in scale .
In 1533 , Henry broke with Pope Paul III over the annulment of his long @-@ standing marriage to Catherine of Aragon . Catherine was the aunt of Charles V , the Holy Roman Emperor , who took the annulment as a personal insult . This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538 , and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England . An invasion of England appeared certain . In response , Henry issued an order , called a " device " , in 1539 , giving instructions for the " defence of the realm in time of invasion " and the construction of forts along the English coastline .
Calshot Castle was designed to protect the Solent , a body of water that led from the English Channel to the naval base at Portsmouth and , through Southampton Water , to the important port of Southampton . The castle was one of four forts that William Fitzwilliam , the Lord Admiral , and William Paulet decided to build to improve the defences along the Solent ; the others were at East and West Cowes , and Hurst . Calshot was constructed on the narrow Calshot Spit , overlooking the deep @-@ water channel running through into Southampton . Temporary earthwork defences and gun batteries were erected as an interim measure , but the castle itself was built quickly and finished by the end of 1540 . It probably reused stone and lead from Bealieu and Netley abbeys , which had recently been closed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries .
The castle initially had a garrison of eight gunners , five soldiers and a lieutenant , under the command of a captain . In the late 1540s , it was heavily armed by the standards of the time , with 36 pieces of artillery . In the 1580s , the castle caught fire and the timber needed for the repairs required 127 trees to be sent from the New Forest . The work was carried out in 1584 , prompted by the threat of a Spanish invasion , but by that time its garrison had shrunk to eight men .
= = = 17th – 19th centuries = = =
In the early 1600s , England was at peace with France and Spain and coastal defences received little attention . During the English Civil War of the 1640s , Calshot was held by Parliamentary forces against King Charles I , and protected with a 15 @-@ strong garrison at an annual cost of £ 107 . Parliament considered the fortress important and kept it supplied with ammunition ; unlike several other local forts , Parliament kept the castle operational , probably because of its ongoing role in defending Southampton Water . During the early 18th @-@ century War of Spanish Succession it was equipped with up to 25 guns .
The castle was modernised in the 1770s with a new parapet around the central keep , alterations to the gun embrasures around the outer wall and an expansion of the gatehouse with an additional set of rooms for the castle 's captain . Reports in 1793 , however , showed the castle 's guns to be in a poor condition and complained that the fortification was under the command of an infirm , elderly master @-@ gunner . Improvements were probably made at the start of the Revolutionary Wars that year , but in 1809 the geographer James Playfair described the castle as merely " a blockhouse with a garrison " . In 1804 , the castle was used to store munitions for the Sea Fencibles , fishing boats used as volunteer naval vessels to counter the threat of a French invasion . Seven guns were added to the castle 's arsenal to protect against French attack .
With the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 , the government coastguard took control of the castle , using it as a base to combat smuggling , taking advantage of the water behind the Calshot Spit as a good location to position their waiting interception vessels . By the middle of the century , two officers and forty @-@ two men were stationed there . By the 1850s , there was renewed military interest in the site , and several proposals were made to redevelop it to mount as many 32 artillery guns ; the plans were not taken forward , and it was noted that the presence of the 16th @-@ century stone keep would create dangerous splinters in the event of any enemy artillery fire landing there . In 1887 , the Castle Yacht Club was established just beside the castle along the spit .
During the 1880s , concerns were raised that Southampton might be vulnerable to French attack using small ships armed with torpedoes . As a result , in 1894 the War Office took the castle back from the coastguard , building a boom across Southampton Water which was moved using three gunboats . The 16th @-@ century castle was too small to host a gun battery to protect the boom , so a larger battery was built south of the old castle in 1895 , armed with two 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) and four 12 @-@ pounder ( 5 @.@ 4 kg ) quick @-@ firing guns , supported by three searchlights mounted on the older castle walls . The boom was managed from two towers called "
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Stern from MTV wrote that " with its poetic lyrics and gorgeous orchestration , " Masterpiece " is an instant classic addition to Madonna 's back catalog of stellar balladry . " Another review from MTV stated that " the song doesn 't follow Madonna 's usual style of sexy , energetic and mischievious [ sic ] , rather it shows Madge 's wisdom of naked beauty with stripped down vocals , strong penned lyrics and haunting melodies . " Michael Cragg from The Guardian praised the song as one of the best vocal performances on MDNA . Neil McCormick from The Daily Telegraph described the song as " sweet , gentle love song with a Spanish guitar loop , a light beat and flowing melody , filled out by synthetic strings . " Keith Caulfield from Billboard felt that the song is " very pretty " and Madonna vocals are " lovely " .
Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly described the song as a throwback to Madonna 's mid @-@ 1990s style . Nick Levine from The National felt that the song would slot neatly onto her 1995 ballads compilation Something to Remember . Blogcritics editor Tyrone S. Reid called the song a " slow @-@ burning instant classic , " which recalls Madonna 's Ray of Light era . A writer for Idolator website said that the song 's minimal production " remind [ s ] us very much of Madge 's American Life days , allowing us to focus on the lovely lyrics and Madonna 's gorgeous vocals . All in all , a terrific effort that bodes well for [ MDNA ] . " Robert Copsey from Digital Spy felt that the song 's production is more " organic " and " it doesn 't try to be anything other than a solid pop song . "
= = Accolades = =
On January 15 , 2012 , " Masterpiece " won the Best Original Song category at the 69th Golden Globe Awards . Its nomination sparked rivalrous comments on the red carpet from fellow singer Elton John , whose song — " Hello , Hello " from Gnomeo & Juliet — was also nominated in the category . John told host Carson Daly that Madonna " hasn 't got a fucking chance " of winning the award . When Madonna later had her red carpet interview with Daly , she took swipes at John 's masculinity first , asking about his wardrobe : " Was he wearing a dress ? " and after being informed of his comments stating , " May the best man win " .
Subsequent to the announcement , John 's husband , David Furnish , opined on his personal Facebook page that " Madonna winning Best Original Song truly shows how these awards have nothing to do with merit " . Madonna commented backstage : " I hope [ Elton John ] speaks to me for the next couple of years . He 's been known to get mad at me so I don 't know . He 's brilliant and I adore him so he 'll win another award . I don 't feel bad ! " Three days later Furnish recanted his comments saying , " My passion for our film Gnomeo & Juliet and belief in Elton 's song really got my emotional juices going , " and continuing by wishing her well on the premiere of W.E.
" Masterpiece " was ineligible for the Best Original Song category at the 84th Academy Awards , since it was not " used either in the body of the film , or as the ' first music cue ' in the closing credits ( i.e. the first song that plays once the screen fades to black ) . " It was used too late in the film credits to be eligible . " Masterpiece " was also nominated for Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film at the 2012 World Soundtrack Awards , but lost to Albert Nobbs theme " Lay Your Head Down " by Brian Byrne and Glenn Close .
= = Chart performance = =
" Masterpiece " was released to radio stations the United Kingdom on April 2 , 2012 . The song reached number 25 on the UK Airplay Chart with 26 @.@ 60 million audience impressions and 660 plays on radio during the eleventh week of 2012 . The song later debuted at number 68 on the UK Singles Chart for issue date of April 7 , 2012 , due to digital download of the track from MDNA . The next week was its final appearance on the chart , dropping at number 87 . In Japan , the song debuted at number 77 on the Japan Hot 100 chart on the issue date of February 13 , 2012 and remained on the chart for one week . The song also debuted on the Japanese Hot Top Airplay at number 58 as well as on the Digital and Airplay Overseas at number 19 . In Czech Republic , the song debuted at number 83 on the official airplay chart for the ninth week of 2012 . It peaked at number 58 in its seventh week and stayed on the chart for 12 weeks . In South Korea , the song debuted at number 147 on the Gaon International Downloads Chart with sales of 2 @,@ 516 copies . The song achieved its strongest chart performance in Russia , where it topped the Russian Music Charts in the week of December 2 , 2012 . It became the sixth most successful song of 2012 with 409 @,@ 334 radio plays across Russia .
= = Live performance = =
Madonna performed " Masterpiece " at The MDNA Tour in 2012 . It was a part of the second segment of the concert , titled Prophecy , where a mix of joyful songs that " bring people together " were performed . The wardrobe during the performance included an all @-@ leather look , a custom design by Hervé Léger and Max Azria , with knee @-@ high boots and a mini fur bolero . After finishing an energetic performance of " Open Your Heart " , Madonna is joined by Basque musicians Kalakan trio and they perform a Basque song called " Sagarra Jo " . After that , Madonna sat down to sing an acoustic guitar , fiddle , and beat @-@ based version of " Masterpiece " , as clips from W.E. appeared in the backdrops . The Kalakan trio backed the singer during the performance , while her dancers accompanied Madonna on stage , dressed as soldiers . The performance of the song at the November 19 – 20 , 2012 , shows in Miami , at the American Airlines Arena were recorded and released in Madonna 's fourth live album , MDNA World Tour .
Sarah Rodman from The Boston Globe felt that the addition of the Kalakan trio " enriched " the song , which was already a stand @-@ out track from MDNA . Journalist Liz Smith wrote in her blog for The Huffington Post that Madonna 's vocals , when she sings live is " effective and moving " , especially in the performance of " Masterpiece " . This view was shared by Dean Piper from Daily Mirror . The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution 's Melissa Ruggieri considered it the show 's highlight , while a writer for The Glasgow Herald felt that the performance invigorated Madonna 's artistic side .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Management
Recorded at 3 : 20 Studios , Los Angeles , California and MSR Studios , New York
Webo Girl Publishing , Inc . ( ASCAP ) , EMI April Music Inc . , Totally Famous Music and Curvature Music ( ASCAP ) ,
Personnel
Madonna – songwriter , producer , vocals
Julie Frost – songwriter
Jimmy Harry – songwriter , additional production , acoustic guitars , keyboards , vocoder , programming
William Orbit – producer
Demacio " Demo " Castellon – mixing , engineering
Frank Filipetti – engineering
Angie Teo – engineering , additional editing
Ron Taylor – protools editing
Stephen " The Koz " Kozmeniuk – additional editing
Credits and personnel adapted from the liner notes of MDNA .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
= Richard M. Daley =
Richard Michael Daley ( born April 24 , 1942 ) is an American politician , who served as the 54th Mayor of Chicago , Illinois from 1989 to 2011 . Daley was elected mayor in 1989 and was re @-@ elected five times until declining to run for a seventh term . At 22 years , he was the longest @-@ serving Chicago mayor , surpassing the tenure of his father , Richard J. Daley . Mayor Daley took over the Chicago Public Schools , developed tourism , oversaw the construction of Millennium Park , increased environmental efforts and the rapid development of the city 's central business district downtown and adjacent near North , near South and near West sides . Daley expanded employee benefits to same @-@ sex partners of city workers , and advocated for gun control . Daley was a national leader in privatization and the lease and sale of public assets to private corporations . Daley was criticized when family , personal friends , and political allies seemed to disproportionately benefit from city contracting . Mayor Daley took office in a city with regular annual budget surpluses and left the city with massive structural deficits . His budgets ran up the largest deficits in Chicago history . Prior to serving as mayor , Daley served in the Illinois Senate and then as the Cook County State 's Attorney . Police use of force was an issue in Daley 's tenures as state 's attorney and mayor .
= = Early and personal life = =
Richard M. Daley is the fourth of seven children and eldest son of Richard J. and Eleanor Daley , the late Mayor and First Lady of Chicago . Daley was raised in Bridgeport , a historically Irish @-@ American neighborhood located on Chicago 's South Side . Daley is a brother of William M. Daley , former White House Chief of Staff and former United States Secretary of Commerce under President Bill Clinton ; John P. Daley , a commissioner on the Cook County Board of Commissioners and chairman of the Board 's Finance Committee ; and Michael Daley , an attorney with Daley & Georges , a law firm founded by their father Richard J. Daley , that specializes in zoning law and is often hired by developers to help get zoning changes through city hall . Daley was married to Margaret " Maggie " Corbett until her death on Thanksgiving Day , November 24 , 2011 after a decade @-@ long battle with metastatic breast cancer , which had spread to her bones and liver ; Maggie Daley Park in the Chicago Loop commemorates her . They have four children : Nora , Patrick , Elizabeth and Kevin , all born at Mercy Hospital and Medical Center in Chicago . Their second son , Kevin , died at age two of complications from spina bifida in 1981 .
Daley graduated from De La Salle Institute high school in Chicago and obtained his bachelor 's degree from Providence College in Providence , Rhode Island in 1964 . In 1962 , at age 19 , home on Christmas break , Daley was ticketed for running a stop sign at Huron and Rush , and the Chicago Sun @-@ Times headline was " Mayor 's Son Gets Ticket , Uses No Clout , " with a subhead reading " Quiet Boy . "
Sources conflict on Daley 's military record . The only book @-@ length biography of Daley makes no mention of military service . A 1995 profile in the Chicago Sun @-@ Times stated that Daley served in the United States Marine Corps Reserve from 1961 to 1967 , while a 1996 profile in People Magazine cited 1960 to 1964 . A civilian website for Marines and their families found no military record for Daley .
Daley earned a Juris Doctor degree from DePaul University . He passed the Illinois Bar Examination on his third try . Daley later reflected , " I flunked the bar exam twice . I had to keep studying harder and harder and harder . I passed it the third time . " Daley never tried a case . Daley was elected to his first party office as a delegate to the 1969 Illinois Constitutional Convention .
According to journalist Rick Perlstein , in June , 1972 , Daley led a mob on behalf of his father 's Democratic Party regulars against pro @-@ McGovern reformers meeting in a church in Illinois ' Fifth Congressional District . The action was unsuccessful and the reformers ' slate ( which included Rev. Jesse Jackson ) replaced the Daley slate at the Democratic National Convention in Miami Beach , Florida .
After his father died in 1976 , Daley succeeded his father as the 11th Ward Democratic committeeman , a party post , until succeeded in the post by his brother John P. Daley in 1980 . With John P. Daley holding the post from 1980 to the present , a Daley has held the post of 11th Ward Committeeman for 60 years .
= = Illinois State Senate ( 1972 – 1980 ) = =
With the support of the Democratic political organization , Daley was elected to the Illinois Senate , serving from 1972 to 1980 . State Senator Daley rarely spoke to reporters and didn 't hold a news conference for six years . Daley chaired the Senate Judiciary Committee . Daley was named one of Illinois ' ten worst state legislators by Chicago Magazine " for arrogance , for sharklike qualities , for living off his father 's name , and for pulling puppet strings attached to some of the worst members of the Senate . " He was considered " too shrewd to be one of the worst , but he controls so many of the worst senators that he belongs on the list to represent all of them . " After the Spring 1975 state legislative session , Chicago Democrat Dawn Clark Netsch , who served with Daley as Illinois Constitutional Convention delegates and as State Senators , blamed " dirty little Richie " for frustrating her good government legislative agenda in the state legislature .
= = Cook County State 's Attorney ( 1981 – 1989 ) = =
Daley challenged incumbent Republican Bernard Carey for Cook County State 's Attorney . Democratic Mayor Jane Byrne endorsed Alderman Edward M. Burke in the Democratic primary , and after Daley prevailed in the primary , endorsed Carey in the general election . Daley prevailed and served from 1981 to 1989 .
= = = Police torture reported to Daley , 1982 = = =
In February 1982 , Andrew Wilson was arrested for the murder of two Chicago police officers . Wilson was taken to Area 2 detective headquarters on the South Side for interrogation under Chicago Police Detective Jon Burge . Dr. John Raba , Medical Director of Cermak Health Services , the prison hospital in the Cook County Hospital system , examined Wilson , determined Wilson had been tortured , and complained in writing to then Chicago Police Superintendent Richard Brzeczek :
I examined Mr. Andrew Wilson on Feb. 15 & 16 , 1982 . He had multiple bruises , swellings and abrasions on his face and head . His right eye was battered and had a superficial laceration . Andrew Wilson had several linear blisters on his right thigh , right cheek and anterior chest which were consistent with radiator burns . He stated he 'd been cuffed to a radiator and pushed into it . He also stated that electrical shocks had been administered to his gums , lips and genitals . All these injuries occurred prior to his arrival at the Jail . There must be a thorough investigation of this alleged brutality .
Brzeczek forwarded the letter to State 's Attorney Daley . Daley never replied , and charges were never brought against any officers . Daley 's prosecutors convicted Wilson and his brother Jackie of murder , and Andrew Wilson was sentenced to death . On April 2 , 1987 the Illinois Supreme Court overturned the convictions , ruling that Wilson was forced to confess involuntarily after being beaten by police .
= = = First campaign for Mayor , 1983 : challenge to Jane Byrne = = =
In November 1982 , Daley announced his first campaign for mayor . The candidates in the three @-@ way Democratic primary , which included incumbent Mayor Jane Byrne , a former protegée of his father , and Congressman Harold Washington , held a series of four televised debates . Daley finished third . Many of Richard J. ' s political allies blamed Richard M. for splitting the white vote , enabling Washington to become Chicago 's first black mayor .
= = = Second campaign for Mayor , 1989 : challenge to Eugene Sawyer = = =
On November 25 , 1987 , Mayor Washington died in office of a heart attack . On December 2 , 1987 , the Chicago City Council appointed Alderman Eugene Sawyer as mayor until a special election for the remaining two years of the term could be held in 1989 . Daley announced his candidacy on December 6 , 1988 , saying
Let 's face it : we have a problem in Chicago . The name @-@ calling and politics at City Hall are keeping us from tackling the real issues ... I may not be the best speaker in town , but I know how to run a government and how to bring people together .
Rahm Emanuel worked for the Daley campaign as a fundraiser , David Axelrod as campaign strategist , William Daley as chief strategist , and Forrest Claypool as a campaign aide . Among four Daley campaign appearances on a Sunday shortly before the primary was a rally of Polish Highlanders at 4808 S. Archer Ave . In a videotaped television newscast , it appeared that Daley said , " You want a white mayor to sit down with everybody . " Sawyer said he was " shocked . " Daley explained , " It was my standard stump speech . I 'm not maybe the best speaker in town , but I have never used the word [ white ] . " That Friday , the campaign watchdog group CONDUCT censured Daley and commended Sawyer for his " rejection of racially inflammatory comments . "
Daley defeated Sawyer in the primary . In the 1989 general election , Daley faced Republican candidate Edward Vrdolyak , a former Democratic alderman who had opposed Mayor Washington , and Alderman Timothy C. Evans , the candidate of the newly created Harold Washington Party . After winning the general election on April 4 , 1989 , Daley was inaugurated as Mayor of Chicago on April 24 , 1989 , his 47th birthday , at a ceremony in Orchestra Hall .
= = Mayor of Chicago ( 1989 – 2011 ) = =
= = = First term ( 1989 – 1991 ) = = =
Daley presided over the most docile City Council since his father . One of the new mayor 's first acts was to arrogate the City Council 's power to approve city contracts , a right aldermen exercised under former Mayors Washington and Sawyer . Daley 's first budget proposal , the 1990 budget , included $ 3 billion in spending , $ 50 million more than 1989 , featured a $ 25 million reduction in the property tax levy , extended Mayor Sawyer 's hiring freeze , piloted recycling , and privatized the City 's tow truck fleet . Daley became the first Chicago Mayor to lead Chicago 's Gay and Lesbian Pride Parade , at the 20th annual parade on Sunday , June 26 , 1989 . On August 22 , 1990 , Daley told reporters that " people are getting hurt in drive @-@ by shoot @-@ a @-@ longs . " In December 1990 Amnesty International issued a report " Allegations of Police Torture in Chicago , Illinois " calling for a full inquiry into allegations that some Chicago police officers tortured criminal suspects between 1972 and 1984 .
= = = Second term ( 1991 – 1995 ) = = =
On April 2 , 1991 Daley was re @-@ elected to a second term ( his first full , four @-@ year term ) , with 70 @.@ 7 % of the vote , over African American civil rights attorney and Appellate Judge R. Eugene Pincham . Questioned about the city 's rising homicide rate on September 10 , 1991 , Daley said " The more killing and homicides you have , the more havoc it prevents . "
= = = = Brawl at Daley home in Michigan = = = =
On the weekend of March 1 – 2 , 1992 , Daley and his wife arranged for 16 @-@ year @-@ old son Patrick to stay with relatives while they attended a family event in New York . Patrick told the relatives he was staying with friends , drove his father 's new sports utility vehicle to the Daley second home in Grand Beach , Michigan and threw a party Saturday night without parental consent or adult supervision . Someone asked two Filipino and two white youths to leave , racial epithets were exchanged , and a fistfight broke out . Patrick fetched Richard J. Daley 's shotgun from the house and gave it to his cousin , who was aged 17 . A youth was seriously injured when a juvenile struck him in the head with a baseball bat . On Monday a sobbing Mayor Daley read a statement at a City Hall press conference , pausing repeatedly as he tried to maintain his composure ,
I am very disappointed , as any parent would be , after his son held a party in their home while his parents were away . I am more deeply distressed for the welfare of the young man who was injured in this fight .
Patrick pleaded guilty to misdemeanor charges of furnishing alcohol to minors and disturbing the peace and was sentenced to six months ' probation , 50 hours of community service in Grand Beach , fined $ 1 @,@ 950 and ordered to pay restitution to his parents for property damage . His cousin pleaded guilty to aiming a firearm without malice and was fined $ 1 @,@ 235 . Sixteen other youths were charged with juvenile and adult offenses . The injured youth recovered .
= = = Third term ( 1995 – 1999 ) = = =
Daley took control of the Chicago Public School system in 1995 and appointed Paul Vallas . When Vallas left the post to run for governor , Daley chose the relatively obscure Arne Duncan , now the U.S. Secretary of Education , to lead the district . On March 19 , 1997 , the Chicago City Council adopted the Domestic Partners Ordinance , which made employee benefits available to same @-@ sex partners of City employees . Daley said it was an issue of fairness .
= = = = Daley 's floor leader in City Council resigns = = = =
The first major public corruption scandal of Daley 's tenure as mayor involved the circumstances of the resignation of his City Council floor leader , Alderman Patrick Huels , in October 1997 . Daley , Huels , and another close friend Michael Tadin grew up within two blocks on S. Emerald Avenue in Bridgeport . Huels attended De La Salle Institute , the same high school attended by Daley , his father , and Michael Bilandic . Huels worked for the city 's Public Works Department as a laborer and tree trimmer , then as an administrative assistant in the Environment Department , and then as a City Council investigator . He answered phones for the 11th Ward Democratic organization , and was its secretary for several years . When Mayor Richard J. Daley died , 11th Ward Alderman Bilandic was named acting mayor , and Huels , then 26 , replaced Bilandic as alderman . Huels chaired the Council 's Transportation Committee and became Mayor Richard J. Daley 's floor leader . In the summer of 2007 , in reaction to ongoing indictments and convictions of aldermen , Daley and Huels shepherded a package of ethics reforms through city council . Huels owned a security firm , SDI Security , Inc. along with his wife and his brother , a Chicago police lieutenant . In the mid @-@ 1990s , the firm had about 390 full @-@ time employees and was grossing $ 7 million a year . Huels was president and a director , and Council Finance Committee Chairman Alderman Edward M. Burke ( 14th ) was secretary . Huels and Burke authorized $ 633 @,@ 971 in legal consulting fees from their respective Council committees to attorney Michael A. Pedicone , a long @-@ time officer of SDI . In March 1995 the Internal Revenue Service placed a lien on SDI for $ 326 @,@ 951 and in June 1996 for $ 997 @,@ 382 for failing to pay payroll taxes , including money withheld from its employees ' pay checks .
In 1970 , after high school , Tadin went to work for Marina Cartage ; within a decade , he owned the company , and over the next 15 years expanded it from 20 trucks to 150 . Between 1992 and 1997 , the city paid Marina Cartage and another Tadin company $ 49 million for supplying the city with snow removal and other heavy equipment and operators . Tadin earned millions of dollars by buying land cheaply , then leasing or selling it to the city . Marina Cartage used Huels ' SDI Security services since 1992 . In 1995 , with Huels ' support , the City Council approved a tax reduction which halved the assessment on a new $ 4 @.@ 5 million headquarters and trucking terminal for Marina Cartage at 4450 S. Morgan in Huels ' ward , a tax savings of as much as $ 80 @,@ 000 per year . In 1996 , with Huels ' support , the City Council approved a $ 1 @.@ 1 million direct grant for the construction of the facility . Weeks later , Tadin created a new company which was used to originate a $ 1 @.@ 25 million bailout loan to SDI . Daley said Huels " did the right thing resigning " and claimed no knowledge of Huels ' business dealings . " I don 't get into people 's private lives . I am not into that , " Daley said . Daley announced an executive order and new ethics legislation , saying :
The goal of this executive order is to help address questions about favoritism in city contracting by preventing conflicts of interest , or even the appearance of such conflicts . ... There should be a level playing field , where no one has an advantage — or a disadvantage — in obtaining city contracts , simply because they know me or anyone else in government . ... Under the steps I 'm taking today and recommending to the City Council , the public can easily learn everything there is to know about a city contract : who is involved , who will benefit and whether the city is paying a fair price . I and every other city official must be prepared to defend every contract on its merits .
= = = Fourth term ( 1999 – 2003 ) = = =
On February 23 , 1999 , Daley won re @-@ election to a fourth term with 68 @.@ 9 percent of the vote over challenger U.S. Congressman Bobby Rush . In August 1999 , prompted by police excessive @-@ force incidents in Chicago , New York and other cities , the U.S. affiliate of Amnesty International issued a report " Race , Rights & Brutality : Portraits of Abuse in the USA , " that called on federal officials to better document excessive @-@ force cases and to pursue prosecutions of the officers involved . In October 1999 the organization issued a report " Summary of Amnesty International 's concerns on police abuse in Chicago " which expressed concerns including improper interrogation tactics , excessive force , shootings of unarmed suspects , and the detention and interrogation of children .
The Duff family formed a janitorial services company , Windy City Maintenance Inc . , one month after Daley 's inauguration . Bruce DuMont , president of the Museum of Broadcast Communications , said that Daley recommended that Dumont 's wife Kathy Osterman , then director of the Mayor 's Office of Special Events , award city contracts to Duff family companies . Daley denied steering contracts to the Duffs , and said he would " look into " the allegations , while stopping short of promising to do so , saying " I don 't promise . That 's the wrong word to use . You know ... promising , promising . We do look into it , yes . " In September 2003 a federal investigation led to indictments of Patricia Green Duff , her sons John M. Duff and James Duff , and others on charges they won nearly $ 100 million in city contracts through the city 's set @-@ aside program by misrepresenting their companies as women- and minority @-@ owned . John M. Duff pleaded guilty to 33 counts of racketeering , fraud and other charges on January 10 , 2004 . A 1978 state law designed by Illinois Democrats gave the Mayor the power to appoint to fill vacancies in the City Council rather than holding special elections , and by 2002 more than a third of the Council 's 50 aldermen were initially appointed by Daley . The Council became even more of a rubber stamp than in Richard J. Daley 's terms . In the 18 months from January 12 , 2000 to June 6 , 2001 , only 13 votes in the Council were divided , less than one a month . 32 aldermen supported the mayor 90 @-@ 100 % of the time and another 14 80 @-@ 89 % of the time .
= = = Fifth term ( 2003 – 2007 ) = = =
On February 26 , 2003 , Daley took 78 @.@ 5 % of the vote to prevail over challenger Reverend Paul Jakes Jr . Daley endorsed same @-@ sex marriage , saying on February 18 , 2004 he would have " no problem " with Cook County issuing marriage licenses to gay couples . Time magazine in its April 25 , 2005 issue named Daley as the best out of five mayors of large cities in the United States , and characterized Daley as having " imperial " style and power . In May 2006 in Geneva , Switzerland the United Nations Committee Against Torture released a report which noted the " limited investigation and lack of prosecution " into allegations of torture in Areas 2 and 3 of the Chicago Police Department and called on American authorities to " promptly , thoroughly and impartially " investigate the allegations , and provide the committee with more information . Daley was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame in 2006 as a Friend of the Community .
= = = = Daley orders demolition of Meigs Field = = = =
A long @-@ standing agreement between the city and state required the city to maintain and operate Meigs Field , a small , downtown , lakefront airport on Northerly Island used by general aviation aircraft and helicopters , until 2011 or turn it over to the state . On September 12 , 1996 , the City Council approved Daley 's plan to convert the airport into a park , and the state began planning to take over operation of the airport . Fresh off a 2003 re @-@ election mandate , one of Daley 's first major acts was ordering the demolition of Meigs Field . On Sunday night , March 30 , 2003 , shortly before midnight , transport trucks carrying construction equipment moved onto Meigs with Chicago Police escort . By early Monday morning , city crews excavated six large X 's into the only runway . The city 's 50 aldermen , Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich , the Federal Aviation Administration and the Department of Homeland Security were not consulted on the plan . The demolition of the runway trapped planes . In the days following , many of those aircraft were able to take off using the taxiway .
" To do this any other way would have been needlessly contentious , " Daley explained at a news conference Monday morning . Daley argued that the airport was a threat to Chicago 's high @-@ rise cityscape and its high profile skyscrapers , such as the Sears Tower and the John Hancock Center . Daley criticized the Federal Aviation Administration , saying " Now , think of that ; Mickey and Minnie have it . I mean , I can 't believe that . They get it first before we get it ? " , referring to the post @-@ 9 / 11 air space restrictions in place over Orlando , Florida . " The signature act of Richard Daley 's 22 years in office was the midnight bulldozing of Meigs Field , " according to Chicago Tribune columnist Eric Zorn . " He ruined Meigs because he wanted to , because he could , " Chicago Tribune columnist John Kass wrote of Daley . " The issue is Daley 's increasingly authoritarian style that brooks no disagreements , legal challenges , negotiations , compromise or any of that messy give @-@ and @-@ take normally associated with democratic government , " the Chicago Tribune editorialized . The Federal Aviation Administration cited the City for failure to comply with federal law requiring thirty @-@ day advance notice to the FAA of plans for an airport closure . The city was fined $ 33 @,@ 000 , the maximum allowable . The city paid the fine and repaid $ 1 million in misspent federal airport development grants . Daley defended his actions by claiming that the airport was abandoned , in spite of the fact that the Chicago Fire Department had several helicopters based on the field at the time , in addition to the dozens of private aircraft left stranded .
= = = = Hired Truck Program scandal = = = =
The $ 40 million @-@ a @-@ year Hired Truck program was the biggest scandal of Daley 's first 15 years as mayor . The Hired Truck Program hired private truck companies to do city work . A six @-@ month investigation by the Chicago Sun @-@ Times resulted in a three @-@ day series of articles in January 2004 that revealed some participating companies were being paid for doing little or no work , had American Mafia connections or were tied to city employees , or paid bribes to get into the program . Between 1996 and 2004 , companies in the Hired Truck Program gave more than $ 800 @,@ 000 in campaign contributions to various politicians , including Daley , House Speaker Michael Madigan , and Governor Rod Blagojevich ; Daley received at least $ 108 @,@ 575 and his brother John Daley and his ward organization more than $ 47 @,@ 500 .
Mark Gyrion , Daley 's second cousin , was a superintendent of garages for the City 's Water Management Department , and among his duties was deciding when City @-@ owned trucks should be sold for scrap . Gyrion 's mother @-@ in @-@ law 's firm , Jacz Transportation , participated in the Hired Truck Program , receiving about $ 1 million between 1998 and 2004 . Jacz Transportation bought a truck three days after the city sold it to a Franklin Park dealership and then leased it back to the city . Gyrion was accused of failing to disclose his mother @-@ in @-@ law 's role in the Hired Truck Program and the transfer of the truck . Gyrion was fired and Jacz Transportation was one of 13 truck companies suspended from the Hired Truck program . About 35 % of the 70 firms in the program were suspended or
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included dozens of unique songs per show . Raposo , who wrote over 2 @,@ 000 compositions for Sesame Street , called it a " sausage factory " . Raposo was inspired by the goals of Sesame Street , especially in the early days of the show 's production , and responded by composing , as Davis put it , " a stack " of curriculum @-@ inspired songs . Davis also stated , " In the early days of production , nobody ' got ' the gestalt of Sesame Street faster of better than Raposo " . The show 's researchers reported that they enjoyed working with Raposo , and he enjoyed working with them . They also reported that he would change his songs based upon the researchers ' needs and suggestions , and on the goals of the show 's curriculum . Raposo won three Emmys and four Grammys for his work on the show .
Raposo wrote the music to the " Sesame Street Theme " , also known as " Sunny Day " , which Davis called " jaunty " and " deceptively simple " . Stone and writer Bruce Hart were listed as the song 's lyricists ; Stone considered the song " a musical masterpiece and a lyrical embarrassment " . On Epstein 's recommendation , Raposo enlisted jazz harmonica player Jean " Toots " Thielemans , as well as a mixed choir of children , to record the opening and closing themes . The song 's arrangement has changed about six times , but the words have remained the same throughout the years . " Sunny Day " has since become what Davis called a " siren song for preschoolers " .
Epstein called Moss " a true gentleman " , and Cooney called him " a true music visionary " . He wrote " I Love Trash " for Oscar the Grouch , which was included on the first album of Sesame Street songs . One of Moss ' best @-@ known compositions for the show was Rubber Duckie ; it was performed by Henson for the Muppet Ernie and also appeared on the album . The song was performed by the Boston Pops and hit # 11 on the Billboard charts in 1971 , and became a hit in Germany in 1996 . Moss also wrote " I Don 't Want to Live on the Moon " and " People in Your Neighborhood " . Epstein called his music " simple " but " not simplistic " . Moss co @-@ wrote over 70 songs with Raposo .
Raposo also wrote Bein ' Green in 1970 , again performed by Henson , but this time for Kermit the Frog . Davis calls it " Raposo 's best @-@ regarded song for Sesame Street " , and it has been recorded by several singers , including Frank Sinatra , Van Morrison and Ray Charles . Raposo 's other notable songs written for the show include " Somebody Come and Play " and " C is for Cookie " . " Sing " , which Epstein called " a monument " , became a hit for The Carpenters in 1973 . Barbra Streisand , Lena Horne , Dizzy Gillespie , Paul Simon , and Jose Feliciano also recorded Raposo 's Sesame Street songs . By 1991 , Sesame Street had been honored with eight Grammys . In 2010 , Time Magazine compiled a list of the Top Ten celebrity songs to be featured on the show . The list included older artists such as Smokey Robinson , Johnny Cash and Cab Calloway as well as newer performers like Norah Jones and Feist .
= California State Route 76 =
State Route 76 ( SR 76 ) is a 52 @.@ 63 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 84 @.@ 70 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of California . It is a frequently used east – west route in the North County region of San Diego County that begins in Oceanside near Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) and continues east . The highway serves as a major route through the region , continuing east into the community of Bonsall while providing access to Fallbrook . East of the junction with I @-@ 15 , SR 76 goes through Pala and Pauma Valley before terminating at SR 79 .
A route along the corridor has existed since the early 20th century , as has the bridge over the San Luis Rey River near Bonsall . The route was added to the state highway system in 1933 , and was officially designated as SR 76 in the 1964 state highway renumbering , though the route was known as SR 76 before then . The section of the highway through Oceanside and Bonsall is mostly a four @-@ lane expressway ; east of Bonsall , SR 76 is mostly a two @-@ lane highway . Originally , the entire highway was two lanes wide ; west of Bonsall , the route was widened in stages , after decades of funding shortages , planning , and litigation . Caltrans plans to expand the entire length of the highway west of I @-@ 15 to an expressway . As of March 2016 , construction is under way between Bonsall and I @-@ 15 .
= = Route description = =
The roadway carrying the SR 76 designation begins at County Route S21 ( CR S21 ) in Oceanside , although Caltrans does not consider the road west of I @-@ 5 as part of the route , and that part of the road is not in the legal definition . It quickly has an interchange with I @-@ 5 , then becomes a four @-@ lane expressway known as the San Luis Rey Mission Expressway . From I @-@ 5 to Mission Avenue , SR 76 parallels the San Luis Rey River until it passes by Oceanside Municipal Airport . During this stretch , SR 76 intersects Loretta Street , Canyon Drive , Benet Road , Airport Road , and Foussat Road . It then has two overpasses , one over Mission Avenue , and one over El Camino Real , before intersecting Douglas Drive , the main road to the San Luis Rey gate of Camp Pendleton . After an intersection with Rancho Del Oro Road , SR 76 passes over Mission Avenue again before intersecting with Old Grove Road , Frazee Road , a turnoff into the Towne Center North shopping center , and College Boulevard .
As it begins to enter rural Oceanside , SR 76 intersects with North Santa Fe Avenue ( CR S14 ) , Guajome Lake Road ( near Guajome County Park ) , and Melrose Drive . SR 76 intersects the southern segment of CR S13 , known as East Vista Way , and passes over the San Luis Rey River on roughly parallel bridges before an intersection at North River Road . The highway then goes through Bonsall , intersecting Via Montellano , Olive Hill Road , and Throughbred Lane . SR 76 then meets the northern segment of CR S13 , known as South Mission Road , while heading north into Fallbrook ; SR 76 is the primary road connecting the two portions of CR S13 . It is at this point when SR 76 becomes known as Pala Road , and the road narrows to two lanes . It intersects Via Monserate and Gird Road south of Fallbrook before encountering the former routing of US 395 and the current routing of I @-@ 15 in the community of Pala Mesa Village .
SR 76 then goes through Pala and the Pala Indian Reservation , passing by Pala Casino and intersecting CR S16 , the turnoff to the Pala Mission and Temecula . Continuing to parallel the San Luis Rey River , SR 76 passes by the Wilderness Gardens County Park before entering the community of Pauma Valley and meeting the southern terminus of CR S7 ( Nate Harrison Grade ) , a dirt road leading into Palomar Mountain State Park . SR 76 intersects the southern leg of CR S6 ( Valley Center Road ) , leading to Valley Center and Escondido . East of the small Yuima Indian Reservation , it then encounters the northern leg of CR S6 , the southern approach to the Palomar Observatory and Palomar Mountain State Park , as well as the community of La Jolla Amago . It then briefly passes through the Cleveland National Forest and meets the eastern terminus of CR S7 , the eastern approach to Palomar Mountain . SR 76 then passes along the shores of Lake Henshaw before terminating at the intersection with SR 79 at Morettis Junction , southeast of Lake Henshaw .
From I @-@ 5 to I @-@ 15 , SR 76 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System , but is not part of the National Highway System , a network of highways that are essential to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . SR 76 is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System , but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation . The part of the highway from the western terminus to Douglas Drive is also named for Tony Zeppetella , an Oceanside police officer killed while on duty performing a traffic stop . In 2013 , SR 76 had an annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) of 1 @,@ 500 between East Palomar Road and the eastern terminus at SR 79 , and 53 @,@ 000 between Airport Road and El Camino Real in Oceanside , the latter of which was the highest AADT for the highway .
= = History = =
The road through the San Luis Rey Valley was planned as early as 1889 , and was constructed during the early 20th century . It was added to the state highway system in 1933 , while the condition of the highway continued to improve . After a few decades of litigation , the San Luis Rey Mission Expressway was constructed during the 1990s and 2000s , and efforts were underway to extend the expressway east to I @-@ 15 during the 2010s .
= = = Original road = = =
Plans by the City of Oceanside for a road east through the San Luis Rey Valley to Fallbrook date from June 1889 , and included a bridge over the San Luis Rey River . Construction on the bridge over the river at Bonsall had commenced by October 1906 , and the bridge was to be 250 feet ( 76 m ) long . In November , the road to the bridge was under construction ; originally , the bridge was to serve the road from Escondido to Temecula . A survey was commissioned in 1908 to replace the road along the south bank of the river with one along the north bank to Pala , as the former was sandy and difficult for travel . However , there were state funding issues for the Pala road by May 1912 that prevented completion , though the planned road had been surveyed from Bonsall , where it met with the Escondido road , to Oceanside .
Flooding in January 1916 resulted in the closing of the road that existed between Bonsall and Pala ; part of it had reopened October . Nevertheless , six miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) of the road between Pauma Valley and Pala did not reopen until two years later . Meanwhile , a road from Pala to Warner Springs neared completion in March 1918 , though a bridge would be necessary for the road to be usable during the winter months . By mid @-@ 1921 , plans were underway to pave Mission Avenue through the Oceanside city limits . The first three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east from Oceanside were paved by November 1924 . The Bonsall Bridge over the San Luis Rey River was completed in 1925 , and opened in 1926 as the county 's largest bridge at the time , and served as part of the road from San Diego to Elsinore . The Pala road was constructed by 1930 , although it was not paved east of Pala .
SR 76 was originally added to the state highway system in 1933 , and extended from US 101 in Oceanside all the way to SR 79 near Lake Henshaw . However , it was not designated as legislative Route 195 until 1935 . By 1936 , US 395 was signed along what would become SR 76 through Bonsall , as part of the route in between Elsinore and San Diego . In 1943 , work began on widening the approaches to the Bonsall bridge . US 395 had been shifted east away from Bonsall by 1949 . SR 76 was signed by 1954 . During the 1964 state highway renumbering , Route 195 was legally redesignated as State Route 76 ; at that time , the legal definition was updated to reflect the new designation of I @-@ 5 , replacing US 101 .
= = = Delays and postponement = = =
Plans for constructing a replacement for Mission Avenue date from 1950 . By 1961 , there were plans to make SR 76 a freeway from Oceanside to Fallbrook Road , and an expressway from there to US 395 . The next year , the new Highway 76 Association formed a committee to promote the upgrade of the road into Pauma Valley . In 1963 , more specific plans were proposed by the Highway Development Association initiative , including making the portions from Foussat Road and the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia and from Vista Way to Mission Road an expressway , and making the part of the highway in Oceanside wider . In 1964 , the state allocated funds for the widening of SR 76 to four lanes in Oceanside , and in October 1965 , the first portion of the widening from Carey Road to Frontier Drive entered the bidding phase . The next part of the widening entered the bidding phase in December 1968 , and extended from Frontier Drive to near the Mission .
Caltrans engineer Jacob Dekema announced in April 1969 that the construction on SR 76 and the nearby SR 78 between I @-@ 5 and US 395 would be delayed until the construction on I @-@ 5 and US 395 was underway , or at least until 1976 . Nevertheless , a widening project was commissioned in 1970 between Pauma Reservation Road and Cole Grade Road , well east of US 395 . The next year , construction began on a new interchange between the future routing of SR 76 and I @-@ 5 , near Oceanside Harbor and Camp Del Mar in Camp Pendleton . The expansion of SR 76 appeared on the Comprehensive Planning Organization ( CPO ) regional government plan in late 1974 . At that time , there was an effort by the City of Oceanside to have SR 76 included as a scenic highway , but SR 76 has not been included in the system . The Chamber of Commerce decided to continue efforts to have SR 76 expanded at the end of 1974 .
In January 1975 , Caltrans presented plans to realign SR 76 away from Mission Avenue and move it to the south side of the San Luis Rey River from I @-@ 5 to Frontier Drive . However , one member of the Tri @-@ Cities Taxpayers ' League suggested that the freeway be built on the northern side of the river , and follow the river all the way east to I @-@ 15 . Following concerns that the project would be cancelled due to lack of state funding , the California Highway Commission ( CHC ) stated that the plans were still being considered . The City of Oceanside raised concerns about the congestion on Mission Avenue , as well as the realignment being a part of the city master plan . After this , at the start of the next year , the CHC decided to keep the proposal , though there were concerns that construction would be delayed due to the state financial crisis . Caltrans stated a few months later that SR 76 would be delayed because of the funding issues and the relatively low levels of traffic that would not support building a freeway . Following this , State Senator John Stull alleged that Caltrans head Adriana Gianturco was purposefully delaying the project by delaying the release of the environmental impact report . A petition drive began soon thereafter , supported by many North County leaders , with the exception of Bonsall due to concerns about a full freeway running through the community .
Over the period from 1974 to 1977 , Oceanside police kept track of over 1 @,@ 000 accidents that occurred along SR 76 from that time period . A citizen action group known as Concerned Citizens for Highway 76 formed soon afterward . Caltrans began holding hearings again in 1979 , proposing the building of an expressway as opposed to a freeway or to widening Mission Avenue . At one hearing , local officials criticized the delay , while others criticized the routing , the decision to build an expressway instead of a freeway , and building a route through an environmentally sensitive area . In May 1980 , the state Assembly Transportation Committee approved a resolution that requested an answer from the governor at the time , Jerry Brown , and Caltrans as to why certain projects , including SR 76 , had not been started .
In the meantime , the Oceanside Development Agency recommended extending the new highway west to Pacific Street to aid in redeveloping the downtown area . The San Diego Regional Coastal Commission disagreed with constructing the highway , among other development proposals for downtown Oceanside , due to concerns about destroying habitat along the river and the marsh areas . Soon after , in October 1980 , the California Coastal Commission recommended removing the realignment of the freeway from plans entirely , on environmental grounds .
= = = Widening and realignment = = =
In 1983 , a federal gasoline tax of five @-@ cents @-@ per @-@ gallon ( one @-@ cent @-@ per @-@ liter ) was approved , which added more funding to complete projects in San Diego County , among other places . From that revenue , $ 5 million ( about $ 18 million in 2015 dollars ) was allocated to rebuilding the Bonsall bridge and realigning the highway . Issues cited with the old bridge included the sharp turns at either end of the bridge and its narrow width . However , some members of the community hoped that the old bridge would remain standing as a historical landmark , and a pedestrian bridge . County Supervisor Paul Eckert commissioned a campaign to leave the bridge standing a week later . Plans to replace the bridge were delayed by April , due to issues acquiring the land necessary for the new bridge .
Caltrans tentatively approved the westernmost 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) of the SR 76 widening project in May , while noting that there were several more steps in the legal process necessary before construction began . Two years later , concerns were expressed by environmental groups over the potential destruction of the habitat of the least Bell 's vireo songbird by the construction of SR 76 and other projects in the region . In 1986 , the bird was added to the federal endangered species register . The next year , the Oceanside Jaycees group collected 12 @,@ 000 signatures supporting the construction of the freeway immediately . At that time , the fatality rate on SR 76 was 222 percent above that of any other state highway in California . The petitions were given to the office of then @-@ Governor George Deukmejian . In November 1987 , the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service approved the project , on condition that Caltrans purchase additional land to set up habitat for environmental mitigation .
Funds for the new Bonsall bridge were approved by the California Transportation Commission ( CTC ) in October 1988 , and construction was scheduled to begin in early 1989 . In November 1989 , the California Coastal Commission gave the go @-@ ahead for the realignment of SR 76 in western Oceanside , from I @-@ 5 to Frontier Drive . However , in February 1990 , the Sierra Club , National Audubon Society , and League for Coastal Protection filed a lawsuit to have the approval overturned , citing concerns over the destruction of habitat . The Bonsall bridge was completed in early 1990 , while the old bridge became a National Historic Place . In 1992 , the City of Oceanside offered to purchase land as additional habitat for the songbird , even though it was not a party to the lawsuit . However , the following year , the City Council voted to use the Lawrence Canyon land for commercial use instead of for the environmental mitigation , thus stalling the project . Following this , the CTC rejected the
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buy itself back from its investors in August 2011 from the revenue made from sales of Limbo . Playdead 's followup title , Inside , first released in June 2016 , is visually and thematically similar to Limbo , and includes some elements that were cut from Limbo 's development .
= Red Auerbach =
Arnold Jacob " Red " Auerbach ( September 20 , 1917 – October 28 , 2006 ) was an American basketball coach of the Washington Capitols , the Tri @-@ Cities Blackhawks and the Boston Celtics . After he retired from coaching , he served as president and front office executive of the Celtics until his death . As a coach , he won 938 games ( a record at his retirement ) and nine National Basketball Association ( NBA ) championships in ten years ( a number surpassed only by Phil Jackson , who won 11 in twenty years ) . As general manager and team president of the Celtics , he won an additional seven NBA titles , for a grand total of 16 in a span of 29 years , making him one of the most successful team officials in the history of North American professional sports .
Auerbach is remembered as a pioneer of modern basketball , redefining basketball as a game dominated by team play and defense and for introducing the fast break as a potent offensive weapon . He groomed many players who went on to be inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame . Additionally , Auerbach was vital in breaking down color barriers in the NBA . He made history by drafting the first African @-@ American NBA player , Chuck Cooper in 1950 , introduced the first African @-@ American starting five in 1964 , and hired the first African @-@ American head coach in North American sports ( Bill Russell in 1966 ) . Famous for his polarizing nature , he was well known for smoking a cigar when he thought a victory was assured , a habit that became , for many , " the ultimate symbol of victory " during his Boston tenure .
In 1967 , the NBA Coach of the Year award , which he had won in 1965 , was named the " Red Auerbach Trophy , " and Auerbach was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1969 . In 1980 , he was named the greatest coach in the history of the NBA by the Professional Basketball Writers Association of America , and was NBA Executive of the Year in 1980 . In addition , Auerbach was voted one of the NBA 10 Greatest Coaches in history , was inducted into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame , and is honored with a retired number 2 jersey in the TD Garden , the home of the Boston Celtics .
= = Early life = =
Arnold Jacob Auerbach was one of the four children of Marie and Hyman Auerbach . Hyman was a Russian Jewish immigrant from Minsk , Russia , and Marie Auerbach , née Thompson , was American @-@ born . Auerbach Sr. had left Russia when he was 13 , and the couple owned a delicatessen store and later went into the dry @-@ cleaning business . Little Arnold spent his whole childhood in Williamsburg , Brooklyn , playing basketball . With his flaming red hair and fiery temper , Auerbach was soon nicknamed " Red . "
Amid the Great Depression , Red played basketball at PS 122 and in the Eastern District High School , where he was named " Second Team All @-@ Brooklyn " by the World @-@ Telegram in his senior year . Auerbach received an athletic scholarship to the basketball program of Bill Reinhart at George Washington University in Washington , D.C .. Auerbach was a standout basketball player and graduated with a M.A. in 1941 . In those years , Auerbach began to understand the importance of the fast break , appreciating how potent three charging attackers against two back @-@ pedalling defenders could be .
= = First coaching years ( 1941 – 1950 ) = =
In 1941 , Auerbach began coaching basketball at the St. Albans School and Roosevelt High School in Washington , D.C. Two years later , he joined the US Navy for three years , coaching the Navy basketball team in Norfolk . There , he caught the eye of Washington millionaire Mike Uline , who hired him to coach the Washington Capitols in the newly founded Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , a predecessor of the NBA .
In the 1946 @-@ 47 BAA season , Auerbach led a fast break @-@ oriented team built around early BAA star Bones McKinney and various ex @-@ Navy players to a 49 – 11 win – loss record , including a standard @-@ setting 17 @-@ game winning streak that stood as the single @-@ season league record until 1969 . In the playoffs , however , they were defeated by the Chicago Stags in six games .
The next year the Capitols went 28 – 20 but were eliminated from the playoffs in a one @-@ game Western Division tie @-@ breaker . In the 1948 @-@ 49 BAA season , the Caps won their first 15 games and finished the season at 38 – 22 . The team reached the BAA Finals , but were beaten by the Minneapolis Lakers , who were led by Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame center George Mikan . In the next season , the BAA and the rival league National Basketball League merged to become the NBA , and Auerbach felt he had to rebuild his squad . However , owner Uline declined his proposals , and Auerbach resigned .
Auerbach was then approached by Ben Kerner , owner of the Tri @-@ Cities Blackhawks . After getting a green light to rebuild the team from scratch , Auerbach traded more than two dozen players in just six weeks , and the revamped Blackhawks improved , but ended the 1949 – 50 NBA season with a losing record of 28 – 29 . When Kerner traded Auerbach 's favorite player John Mahnken , an angry Auerbach resigned again .
= = Boston Celtics ( 1950 – 2006 ) = =
= = = The early years ( 1950 – 56 ) = = =
Prior to the 1950 – 51 NBA season , Walter Brown , owner of the Boston Celtics , was desperate to turn around his struggling and financially strapped franchise , which was reeling from a 22 – 46 record . Brown , in characteristic candor , said to a gathering of local Boston sportswriters , " Boys , I don 't know anything about basketball . Who would you recommend I hire as coach ? " The group vociferously answered that he get the recently available Auerbach , and Brown complied . In the 1950 NBA Draft , Auerbach made some notable moves . First , he famously snubbed Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame New England point guard Bob Cousy in the 1950 NBA Draft , infuriating the Boston crowd . He argued that the flashy Cousy lacked the poise necessary to make his team , taunting him as a " local yokel " . Second , he drafted African @-@ American Chuck Cooper , the first black player to be drafted by an NBA club . With that , Auerbach effectively broke down the color barrier in professional basketball .
In that year , the core of the Celtics consisted of Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame center Ed Macauley , Auerbach 's old favorite McKinney , and an unlikely addition , Cousy . Cousy had refused to report to the club that had drafted him ( ironically , the Blackhawks , Auerbach 's old club ) , and because his next team ( the Chicago Stags ) folded , he ended up with the Celtics . With Auerbach 's fast @-@ break tactics , the Celtics achieved a 39 – 30 record but lost in the 1951 NBA Playoffs to the New York Knicks . However , the relationship between Auerbach and Cousy improved when the coach saw that the " Houdini of the Hardwood " — as the spectacular dribbler and flashy passer Cousy was lovingly called — became the first great playmaker of the fledgling NBA .
In the following 1951 – 52 NBA season , Auerbach made a remarkable draft pick of future Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame guard Bill Sharman . With the high @-@ scoring Macauley , elite passer Cousy , and new prodigy Sharman , Auerbach had a core that provided high @-@ octane fast @-@ break basketball . Other notable players who joined the Celtics were forwards Frank Ramsey and Jim Loscutoff . In the next years until 1956 , the Celtics would make the playoffs every year , but never won the title . In fact , the Celtics often choked in the playoffs , going a mere 10 – 17 in the postseason from 1951 through 1956 . As Cousy put it : " We would get tired in the end and could not get the ball . " As a result , Auerbach sought a defensive big man who could both get easy rebounds , initiate fast breaks , and close out games .
= = = The dynasty ( 1956 – 66 ) = = =
Before the 1956 NBA Draft , Auerbach had already set his sights on defensive rebounding center Bill Russell . Via a draft @-@ day trade that sent Macauley and rookie Cliff Hagan to the rival St. Louis Hawks , he acquired a center in Russell , who would go on to become one of the greatest basketball players of all time . In the same draft , Auerbach picked up forward Tom Heinsohn and guard K.C. Jones , also two future Hall @-@ of @-@ Famers . Emphasizing team play rather than individual performances , and stressing that defense was more important than offense , Auerbach drilled his players to play tough defense and force opposing turnovers for easy fast @-@ break points . Forward Tom Sanders recalled that the teams were also regularly among the best @-@ conditioned and toughest squads .
Anchored by defensive stalwart Russell , the tough Celtics forced their opponents to take low @-@ percentage shots from farther distances ( there was no three @-@ point arc at the time ) ; misses were then often grabbed by perennial rebounding champion Russell , who then either passed it on to elite fast @-@ break distributor Cousy or made the outlet pass himself , providing their sprinting colleagues opportunities for an easy slam dunk or layup . Auerbach also emphasized the need for role players like Frank Ramsey
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and John Havlicek , who became two of the first legitimate sixth men in NBA history , a role later succeeded in by Don Nelson . Auerbach 's recipe proved devastating to the opposition . From 1957 to 1966 , the Celtics won nine of ten NBA championships . This included eight consecutive championships — which is the longest championship streak in North American sports — and six victories over the Los Angeles Lakers of Hall @-@ of @-@ Famers Elgin Baylor and Jerry West in the NBA Finals . The streak also denied perennial scoring and rebounding champion Wilt Chamberlain a title during Auerbach 's coaching reign .
Flowing from Auerbach 's emphasis on teamwork , what was also striking about his teams was that they never seemed to have a dominant scorer : in the 1960 – 61 NBA season , for instance , the Celtics had six players who scored between 15 and 21 points per game , but none made the Top 10 scoring list . In 1964 , he sent out the first @-@ ever NBA starting five consisting of an African @-@ American quintet , namely Russell , Willie Naulls , Tom Sanders , Sam Jones , and K. C. Jones . Auerbach would go a step further in the 1966 – 67 NBA season , when he stepped down after winning nine titles in 11 years , and made Bill Russell player @-@ coach . Auerbach also popularized smoking a victory cigar whenever he thought a game was already decided , a habit that became cult @-@ like in popularity in the Boston area . Furthermore , having acquired a reputation as a fierce competitor , he often got into verbal altercations with officials , receiving more fines and getting ejected more often than any other coach in NBA history .
All in all , Auerbach coached nine championship teams directly and mentored 4 players — Russell , Sharman , Heinsohn and K.C. Jones — who would go on to win an additional 7 NBA championships as coaches ( two each for Russell , Heinsohn and Jones , all with the Celtics , and one for Sharman with the Lakers ) . Ten players who played for Auerbach have been inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame — Macauley , Ramsey , Cousy , Sharman , Heinsohn , Russell , K. C. Jones , Havlicek , Sam Jones and Bailey Howell . Although Don Nelson played for Auerbach only during his last year as coach , his influence was profound : Nelson would later join Auerbach as one of the 10 Greatest Coaches in NBA history . Sharman and Heinsohn would become two of only four people to be inducted into the Hall of Fame as both a player and a coach . Few , if any , coaches can match Auerbach 's record of wins and successful mentorship of his players .
= = = General manager ( 1966 – 84 ) = = =
Prior to the 1965 @-@ 66 NBA season , Auerbach announced the coming year would be his last as coach , stating to the rest of the league , " This is your chance to take your last shot at me . " After losing game 1 of the 1966 finals to the Lakers , he publicly named his successor , center Bill Russell . The Celtics won the series in seven games , sending Auerbach out on top . Russell then took over as a player @-@ coach , and so became the first African @-@ American head coach ever in the four major North American professional team sports . While his pupil led the Celtics to two further titles in 1968 and 1969 , Auerbach rebuilt the aging Celtics with shrewd draft picks , among them Jo Jo White and future Hall @-@ of @-@ Famers Dave Cowens , Paul Westphal , and Don Chaney . With his ex @-@ player Tom Heinsohn coaching the Celtics and led by former sixth man John Havlicek , Auerbach 's new recruits won the Atlantic Division every year from 1972 to 1976 , winning the NBA title in 1974 and 1976 . Auerbach also signed veteran forward / center Paul Silas and ex @-@ ABA star Charlie Scott .
However , Auerbach could not prevent the Celtics from going into a slump at the end of the 1970s . He traded away both Silas and Westphal because they wanted salary increases that would have made them higher earners than the best player on the Celtics ( Cowens ) , which was not acceptable to Auerbach . While the Westphal trade to the Phoenix Suns in exchange for Charlie Scott was considered a success due to the Celtics ' 13th title in 1976 , Auerbach later admitted he erred in letting Silas go , even after Cowens personally begged him to give Silas a new deal . When scoring champion Havlicek retired in 1978 , the Celtics went 61 – 103 in two seasons . In the summer of 1978 , after the worst in a string of contentious clashes with several different owners after Walter Brown 's passing in 1964 , Auerbach hopped into a taxi to take him to Logan Airport , where he was to board a flight to New York to consider a lucrative contract offer from Knicks owner Sonny Werblin . However , the cab driver pleaded with him to stay , emphasizing how much Bostonians loved him and considered him family . Soon after , heading a team press conference , and with his typical bravado , Auerbach puffed on his trademark cigar and stated simply , " I 'm not going anywhere . We 're going to sign Larry Bird , and we 're going to be on top again . " Despite knowing that Bird , a talented young player from unheralded Indiana State , had a year of college eligibility remaining , he had drafted Bird as a junior eligible in the 1978 NBA Draft and waited for a year until the future Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame forward Bird arrived , finally setting aside his team salary rules when it became clear that his choices were paying Bird a record @-@ setting rookie salary or watch him simply re @-@ enter the 1979 draft . Bird then became the highest @-@ paid Celtic as a rookie , with a $ 650 @,@ 000 @-@ per year deal . Auerbach knew that the brilliant , hardworking Bird would be the cornerstone of a new Celtics generation .
In 1980 , Auerbach achieved another great coup , which was dubbed " The Steal of The Century " . He convinced the Golden State Warriors to trade him a # 3 overall pick and future Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame center Robert Parish in exchange for two picks in the 1980 NBA Draft : # 1 overall Joe Barry Carroll , who went on to have an unremarkable career , and the # 13 pick Rickey Brown . With the # 3 pick , Auerbach selected the player he most wanted in the draft , Kevin McHale , who would also be inducted into the Hall of Fame . The frontcourt of Parish @-@ McHale @-@ Bird became one of the greatest front lines in NBA history . Auerbach hired head coach Bill Fitch who led the revamped Celtics to the 1981 title .
In 1983 , Auerbach named former Celtics player K.C. Jones coach of the Celtics . Starting in 1984 , Jones coached the Celtics to four straight appearances in the NBA Finals , winning championships in 1984 and 1986 .
= = = President and vice chairman ( 1984 – 2006 ) = = =
In 1984 , Auerbach relinquished his general managing duties and became president and later vice @-@ chairman of the Boston Celtics . In a surprising move after winning their 15th title , he traded popular guard Gerald Henderson , the game 2 hero in the finals against the Lakers , for Seattle 's first round draft pick in 1986 . Two years later , after the Celtics defeated Houston in the finals for their 16th championship , he used the second overall pick in the 1986 draft , the pick acquired from Seattle , to take college prodigy Len Bias from Maryland , arguably the most brilliant coup in Auerbach 's stellar career . With the team 's star players still in their prime , the defending champions appeared set to compete at the top for years . However , tragedy struck just two days later , when Bias died of a cocaine overdose . Several years later , Celtics star player Reggie Lewis died suddenly in 1993 , and without any league compensation for either loss , the team fell into decline , not seeing another Finals in Auerbach 's lifetime .
In an interview , Auerbach confessed that he lost interest in big @-@ time managing in the early 1990s , preferring to stay in the background and concentrating on his pastimes , racquetball and his beloved cigar @-@ smoking . He would , however , stay on with the Celtics as president until 1997 , as vice chairman until 2001 , and then became president again , a position he held until his death , although in his final years , he was weakened by heart problems and often used a wheelchair .
= = Personal life = =
Auerbach was one of four children of American @-@ born Marie Auerbach and Russian Jewish immigrant Hyman Auerbach in Brooklyn . His brother Zang Auerbach , four years his junior , was a respected cartoonist and portraitist at the Washington Star . He married Dorothy Lewis in the spring of 1941 . The couple had two daughters , Nancy and Randy .
Auerbach was known for his love for cigar smoking . Because Red made his victory cigars a cult in the 1960s , Boston restaurants would often say " no cigar or pipe smoking , except for Red Auerbach " . In addition , Auerbach was well known for his love of Chinese food . In an interview shortly before his death , he explained that since the 1950s , Chinese takeout was the most convenient nutrition : back then , NBA teams travelled on regular flights and had a tight time schedule , so filling up the stomach with heavier non @-@ Chinese food meant wasting time and risking travel @-@ sickness . Over the years , Auerbach became so fond of this food that he even became a part @-@ owner of a Chinese restaurant in Boston . Despite a heart operation , he remained active in his 80s , playing racquetball and making frequent public appearances .
Despite his fierce nature , Auerbach was popular among his players . He recalled that on his 75th birthday party , 45 of his former players showed up ; and when he turned 80 , his perennial 1960s victim Wilt Chamberlain showed up , a gesture which Auerbach dearly appreciated .
In an interview with ESPN , Auerbach stated that his all @-@ star fantasy team would consist of Bill Russell — who in the former 's opinion was the ultimate player to start a franchise with — as well as Bob Pettit , Elgin Baylor , Oscar Robertson and Jerry West , with John Havlicek as the sixth man . Regarding greatest basketballers of all time , Auerbach 's candidates were Russell , Larry Bird , Magic Johnson , Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar , Michael Jordan , and Robertson . "
= = = Death = = =
Auerbach died of a heart attack on October 28 , 2006 at the age of 89 . NBA commissioner David Stern said , " the void caused by his death will never be filled " and players Bill Russell , K.C. Jones , John Havlicek and Larry Bird , as well as contemporaries like Jerry West , Pat Riley , and Wayne Embry universally hailed Auerbach as one of the greatest personalities in NBA history . Bird stated " Red shared our passion for the game , our commitment to excellence , and our desire to do whatever it takes to win . " Auerbach was survived by his two daughters , Nancy and Randy . Auerbach was interred in Falls Church , Virginia at King David Memorial Gardens within National Memorial Park on October 31 , 2006 . Attendees included basketball dignitaries Bill Russell , Kevin McHale , Danny Ainge , and David Stern .
During the 2006 – 07 NBA season , NBA TV and NBA.com aired reruns of Auerbach 's four @-@ minute instructional videos known as " Red on Roundball " previously aired during NBA on CBS halftime shows in the 1970s and 1980s , and as a testament to his importance in the Boston sports world , the Boston Red Sox honored Auerbach at their April 20 , 2007 game against the New York Yankees by wearing green uniforms and by hanging replicated Celtics championship banners on the " Green Monster " at Fenway Park . Boston won 7 – 6 .
Prior to Boston 's season opener against the Wizards , his signature was officially placed on the parquet floor near center court , thereby naming the court as " Red Auerbach Parquet Floor . " The ceremony was attended by his daughter Randy and some of the Celtics legends . The signature replaced the Red Auerbach memorial logo used during the 2007 season .
= = Writing = =
Auerbach was the author of seven books . His first , Basketball for the Player , the Fan and Coach , has been translated into seven languages and is the best @-@ selling basketball book in print . His second book , co @-@ authored with Paul Sann , was Winning the Hard Way . He also wrote a pair of books with Joe Fitzgerald : Red Auerbach : An Autobiography and Red Auerbach On and Off the Court . In October 1991 M.B.A. : Management by Auerbach was co @-@ authored with Ken Dooley . In 1994 , Seeing Red was written with Dan Shaughnessy . In October 2004 , his last book , Let Me Tell You A Story , was co @-@ authored with sports journalist John Feinstein .
= = Legacy = =
Among Auerbach 's accomplishments during his 20 @-@ year professional coaching career were eleven Eastern Division titles ( including nine in a row from 1957 – 65 ) , 11 appearances in the finals ( including ten in a row from 1957 – 66 ) , and nine NBA championships . With a total of 16 NBA championship rings in a span of 29 years ( 1957 – 86 ) as the Celtics coach , general manager , and team president , Auerbach is the most successful team official in NBA history . He is credited with creating several generations of championship Boston Celtics teams , including the first Celtics dynasty with Bill Russell , which won an NBA record eight titles in a row ( 1959 – 66 ) . As Celtics general manager , he created championship @-@ winning teams around Hall @-@ of @-@ Famers Dave Cowens in the 1970s and Larry Bird in the 1980s .
In addition to coaching , Auerbach was a highly effective mentor ; several players coached by Auerbach would become successful coaches themselves . Bill Russell won two titles as Auerbach 's successor , Tom Heinsohn won a pair of championships as a Celtics coach in the 1970s , K.C. Jones led the Celtics to two further titles in the 1980s , and Bill Sharman coached the Los Angeles Lakers to their first title in 1972 . In addition , prototypical sixth man Don Nelson had a highly successful coaching career and joined his mentor Auerbach as one of
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1980s .
According to Smith , the album 's lyrics had a negative impact on their later career . In 1984 Motown Records expressed interest in signing the band to a new UK division , with a provisional offer of a £ 46 @,@ 000 upfront advance . The label executive asked to hear something from their back catalogue . Hex was the only album Smith had to hand , and remembered thinking , " when he hears that , we 've had it . " The rejection letter stated that the label saw " no commercial potential in this band whatsoever " . Smith believes this was due to the " obligatory niggers " line from the opening track " The Classical " .
= = Re @-@ issues = =
The album went out of print when the Kamera label folded in 1983 , but a German edition on the Line imprint remained available , with copies pressed on white vinyl . Line issued a CD edition , flat transferred from a later generation tape . In 2002 , a new edition titled Hex Enduction Hour + ( adding both sides of the " Look , Know " single ) was released via Smith 's Cog Sinister imprint .
The album was remastered and issued in 2005 by Sanctuary Records , along with a disc of bonus live material . Smith conceded that the remastering was an improvement , but when asked if he liked the bonus live tracks he admitted that he hadn 't listened " that far " .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Mark E. Smith .
= = Personnel = =
The Fall
Karl Burns – drums , backing vocals , tape operation on " Fortress / Deer Park "
Kay Carroll – percussion , backing vocals
Paul Hanley – drums , guitar on " Winter "
Steve Hanley – bass guitar , backing vocals , xylophone on " Hip Priest "
Marc Riley – electronic organ , guitar , piano , backing vocals , banjo on " Iceland "
Craig Scanlon – guitar , backing vocals , piano on " Iceland "
Mark E. Smith – vocals , tape operation on " Fortress / Deer Park " and " Iceland " , guitar , production , cover design
Technical personnel
Richard Mazda – production
Alan Skinner – cover design
Tony J. Sutcliffe – engineering
= New Jersey Route 21 =
Route 21 is a highway in northern New Jersey , running 14 @.@ 35 mi ( 23 @.@ 09 km ) from the Newark Airport Interchange with U.S. Route 1 / 9 and U.S. Route 22 in Newark , Essex County to an interchange with U.S. Route 46 in Clifton , Passaic County . The route is a four- to six @-@ lane divided highway known as McCarter Highway on its southern portion in Newark that serves as a connector between the Newark and Paterson areas , following the west bank of the Passaic River for much of its length . It also serves as the main north – south highway through the central part of Newark , connecting attractions in downtown Newark with the Newark Liberty International Airport . The portion of Route 21 through Newark is a surface arterial that runs alongside the elevated Northeast Corridor rail line through the southern part of the city and continues north through Downtown Newark while the portion north of Downtown Newark is a freeway . Route 21 intersects many major roads including Interstate 78 , Route 27 , and Interstate 280 in Newark , Route 7 in Belleville , and Route 3 in Clifton .
Route 21 was created in 1927 to run from Newark to Belleville . In 1948 , the route was extended north to Paterson . In the 1950s construction began on the freeway portion of Route 21 and it was completed in stages between Chester Avenue in Newark and Monroe Street in Passaic between 1958 and 1973 . Plans were made to extend the freeway north to Interstate 80 in Elmwood Park ; however , they were opposed by residents living on the east side of the Passaic River . In the 1980s , another northern extension of the Route 21 freeway was proposed to U.S. Route 46 in Clifton ; this section was built between 1997 and 2000 . The surface portion of Route 21 through Newark underwent many improvements in the 1990s and 2000s .
= = Route description = =
= = = Essex County = = =
Route 21 heads north from the Newark Airport Interchange with U.S. Route 1 / 9 and U.S. Route 22 in Newark near the Newark Liberty International Airport on the six @-@ lane , divided McCarter Highway . This portion of Route 21 serves to connect Newark Liberty with downtown Newark . The route interchanges with Interstate 78 and then crosses over the Northeast Corridor rail line on a viaduct , coming to an interchange with Broad Street that provides access to Route 27 . The route continues north , paralleling the elevated Northeast Corridor ( former Pennsylvania Railroad ) tracks that lead up to Newark Penn Station . At the Emmet Street intersection , Route 21 becomes a four @-@ lane , undivided road and intersects Murray Street , which provides access to the Ironbound neighborhood of Newark . This section of Route 21 through the southern part of Newark has a high accident rate due to the heavy concentration of businesses and traffic lights along this portion of road . The road widens to six lanes and the route intersects County Route 510 ( Market Street ) near Newark Penn Station and continues north into downtown Newark , splitting from the Northeast Corridor rail line . It crosses Raymond Boulevard and the route meets County Route 508 ( Center Street ) , with which it forms a concurrency .
Route 21 and County Route 508 head along the west bank of the Passaic River , passing by the New Jersey Performing Arts Center . County Route 508 splits from Route 21 by heading east on Bridge Street , crossing the Passaic River , and Route 21 continues north , passing by Bears & Eagles Riverfront Stadium before interchanging with Interstate 280 . The route intersects County Route 506 Spur ( Clay Street ) . Past the intersection with 3rd Avenue , Route 21 becomes a six @-@ lane freeway . After about a quarter mile , the northbound side swings under the southbound side and the freeway becomes a double @-@ decker , passes by Mt . Pleasant Cemetery , and returns to single @-@ decker configuration . It then interchanges with Chester Avenue / Riverside Avenue with a southbound exit and northbound entrance . Route 21 comes to a northbound exit and southbound entrance for Grafton Avenue and Mill Street ; this interchange actually connects with the originally McCarter Highway , a street that retains this name and acts as a service road to Route 21 for a few blocks in this area . Route 21 briefly becomes a double @-@ decker freeway again past the latter interchange , before crossing into Belleville at the Second River crossing . The freeway features a southbound exit for Mill Street and a northbound exit for Route 7 and County Route 506 ( Rutgers Street / Belleville Turnpike ) as it passes by houses on the left side of the freeway . Route 21 features an interchange with Main Street that has a southbound exit and an entrance in both directions . It enters Nutley where the freeway interchanges with County Route 646 ( Park Avenue ) , continuing north through residential areas along the Passaic River .
= = = Passaic County = = =
Route 21 crosses into Clifton , Passaic County . It passes under Route 3 and comes to an interchange that provides access to that route . Past Route 3 , the freeway comes to a northbound exit and southbound entrance for southbound County Route 624 ( River Road ) , passing through residential neighborhoods , and enters Passaic . In Passaic , Route 21 interchanges with County Route 608 ( Brook Avenue ) , County Route 614 ( Van Houten Avenue ) , and County Route 624 . The route features an interchange with County Route 624 ( River Drive ) and County Route 601 ( Main Avenue ) and meets State Street at a partial interchange with a northbound exit and southbound entrance . It provide access to the Union Avenue Bridge over the Passaic . Route 21 briefly enters Wallington , Bergen County before crossing back into Passaic , where it heads farther to the west of the Passaic River , passing through industrial and residential areas of Passaic . The freeway comes to an interchange that provides access to County Route 619 ( Market Street ) , Dayton Avenue , and Monroe Street . Route 21 continues to the north and resumes along the west bank of the Passaic River , narrowing to four lanes and crossing back into Clifton . Upon entering Clifton , the route comes to an interchange with Ackerman Avenue . The freeway heads to the northwest , passing by a park and featuring a southbound exit and northbound entrance for Lexington Avenue before ending at an interchange with U.S. Route 46 .
= = History = =
Route 21 was first defined in the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering to run from Route 25 ( now U.S. Route 1 / 9 ) and Route 29 ( now U.S. Route 22 ) in Newark north to Belleville . The surface portion of Route 21 in Newark , which follows the Northeast Corridor rail line , was commissioned in 1934 between Routes 25 and 29 and Market Street and the portion through downtown Newark was commissioned in 1936 between Market Street and Clay Street . In 1948 , the Route 21 designation was extended north to Paterson .
Plans for a freeway along the Route 21 corridor between Newark and Paterson date back to the early 1930s and became official in 1951 . In 1958 , the highway was extended northward as a freeway along the west bank of the Passaic River to an interchange with Park Avenue in Nutley . Route 21 was extended to the Passaic Park interchange in 1962 , Main Avenue in 1968 , and Monroe Street in 1973 . With the completion of the freeway , a portion of the former route was briefly known as Route 21A .
The Route 21 freeway was planned to extend north to Interstate 80 in Elmwood Park at the interchange with County Route 507 , crossing over the Passaic River . However , this extension was opposed by residents who lived on the east side of the Passaic River , and for a quarter @-@ century , traffic headed for Paterson had to use local streets in Passaic . In the 1980s , plans were resurrected for completing the Route 21 freeway along the west bank of the Passaic River to U.S. Route 46 in Clifton . Official plans were made in 1996 , and in late 1997 , construction began on this portion of the freeway . It opened on December 20 , 2000 at a cost of $ 136 million .
Sections of Route 21 through Newark were improved in the 1990s and the 2000s . The four @-@ lane viaduct over the Northeast Corridor , which was built in the 1920s , was replaced between 1997 and 2003 at a cost of $ 253 million . A major reconstruction is planned for the intersection with Interstate 280 at the William A. Stickel Memorial Bridge in Newark in 2015 @-@ 2018 .
= = Major intersections = =
= Sideshow Bob Roberts =
" Sideshow Bob Roberts " is the fifth episode of The Simpsons ' sixth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 9 , 1994 . Kelsey Grammer returns as villain Sideshow Bob , who , in this episode , wins the Springfield mayoral election through electoral fraud . The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , and directed by Mark Kirkland . Oakley and Weinstein drew inspiration for the episode from the Watergate scandal , and included many cultural references to political films , as well as real @-@ life events . These included the film All the President 's Men and the first televised debate between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy during the 1960 United States presidential election .
The episode received favorable reception in the media , including a positive mention in I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide and Green Bay Press @-@ Gazette . A review in Press & Sun @-@ Bulletin placed the episode as the seventh best of the series .
= = Plot = =
In Springfield Prison , Sideshow Bob calls local right @-@ wing talk show host Birch Barlow and complains about being unfairly imprisoned . Barlow and Springfield 's residents pressure Mayor Quimby into releasing Bob . Bob is soon unveiled as the Republican candidate for the Springfield mayoral election . Determined to keep Bob from becoming mayor , Bart and Lisa decide to campaign for Quimby . Unfortunately , due to Bob 's charisma and Quimby 's drowsy , overmedicated appearance at a televised debate , Bob wins the election by a massive margin . Among those voting for Bob are Krusty , who , though Bob framed him for armed robbery , " is aching for that upper @-@ class tax break " he has promised , and Homer , who disagrees with Bob 's " Bart @-@ killing policy " but does approve of his " Selma @-@ killing policy . "
The Simpsons awake to find that their house is in the way of Bob 's new " Matlock Expressway " and that it will soon be demolished , which will leave the Simpsons homeless . Principal Skinner who was excited by Bob 's elections , happily demotes Bart to kindergarten at Springfield Elementary School . Bart and Lisa begin to suspect that Bob somehow rigged the election . Lisa goes through the voting records but is unable to find any proof that the election was rigged . Lisa receives a message from a whistleblower to meet at night in an underground parking garage , who turns out to be Waylon Smithers , after Homer unintentionally exposes him from the cover of darkness due to his car lights . Bob 's policies disagree with Smithers ' " choice of lifestyle , " so he tells Bart and Lisa to find a voter named Edgar Neubauer , who will lead them to evidence of electoral fraud .
Eventually , Bart discovers the name Edgar Neubauer on a tombstone at the cemetery . After he explains this to Lisa , she discovers that many of those listed as voting for Bob are in fact long dead , including her former cat , Snowball I , making Lisa angry and makes her bring on her A game . At the trial that follows after Bart and Lisa reveal their story to the public , they trick Bob into confessing his crime by accusing him of being Barlow 's political puppet ( causing Bob to become annoyed ) resulting in Bob blurting out that he was indeed the mastermind , saying that he would never need help to rig an election . He then reveals that he did this because of what he perceives as the town 's stupidity at voting for Quimby , the Democrat , whereas Bob claims they really desire and need " a cold @-@ hearted Republican to cut [ their ] taxes , brutalize criminals , and rule [ them ] like a king . " The court then strips Bob of his position and sends him back to prison . The Simpsons get their house back , Quimby regains his job as mayor , Bart returns to the fourth grade , and the " Matlock Expressway " is put on hold . Bob vows revenge from his minimum security prison , though he quickly finds a new goal to be accomplished : helping the Yale alumni inmates beat the Princeton alumni at rowing .
= = Production = =
Although the episode primarily mocks the Republican Party , the writers included several jokes at the expense of the Democratic Party , liberal and conservative politics , to try to be as neutral as possible . Writers Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein were very interested in the Watergate scandal and based a lot of the second act on that . Mark Kirkland directed the episode .
The episode sees Kelsey Grammer return as Sideshow Bob for his fourth appearance . Clips from previous episodes featuring Bob were used to remind viewers who he was and what he had done . Bob 's Cape Fear musical cue from the episode " Cape Feare " is also reused . Showrunner David Mirkin found directing Grammer " a joy " . Dr. Demento also guest @-@ starred , as did Larry King for the second time , while Henry Corden voices Fred Flintstone . One of the prisoners in Bob 's campaign advert is a caricature of producer Richard Sakai . The " Les Wynan " joke was pitched by Mike Reiss . The episode does not feature a chalkboard or couch gag , cutting straight from the clouds to the TV . Some syndication edits have included a couch gag .
The episode contains the first use of the word " meh " in the show . The word , which was later included in the Collins English Dictionary , is credited as being popularized by the show , principally following its usage in the season twelve episode " Hungry , Hungry Homer " . In " Sideshow Bob Roberts " , the word is used by the librarian who provides Lisa with the town 's voting records , in response to her questioning their unclassified nature .
= = Cultural references = =
Much of the episode is based on the Watergate scandal , as well as other real @-@ life political events . The two Republicans who follow Bob around were based on H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman , two of Richard Nixon 's closest advisors during Watergate . Sideshow Bob 's campaign advert was based on the famous Willie Horton and Revolving Door political advertisements used by George H.W. Bush during the 1988 United States presidential election . Birch Barlow 's question to Mayor Quimby about whether his stance on crime would differ if it was his family being attacked is a reference to Bernard Shaw 's similar question to Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis during the 1988 presidential debates . Quimby 's appearance during the debate parodies Richard Nixon 's appearance during his first televised debate with John F. Kennedy during the 1960 presidential election . Nixon had recently recovered from a cold , and sweated considerably throughout , something that was detrimental to the impression he made in the debate .
Many political films are also referenced . The episode features several references to the film All the President 's Men , which chronicled Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein 's investigation of the Watergate scandal . These include the pull @-@ out of Lisa looking over the voting records , the music , and the clandestine meeting with Smithers in a parking garage . The end court scene , as well as Sideshow Bob 's speech , echo the 1992 film A Few Good Men , including Jack Nicholson 's speech with the line " You can 't handle the truth " . Bob 's sudden confession that he did rig the election was a vague reference to " every episode of Perry Mason " . Sideshow Bob gives his acceptance speech underneath a giant poster with a picture of himself on it ; this is a reference to the campaign speech scene in Citizen Kane . The title and several plot elements , including Bob entering Burns ' meeting draped in an American flag , are references to the 1992 film Bob Roberts .
The character Birch Barlow is a take @-@ off of American talk show host and political commentator Rush Limbaugh . Barlow mentions Colonel Oliver North , Officer Stacey Koon and advertising mascot Joe Camel as being " intelligent conservative [ s ] , railroaded by our liberal justice system " . Also , the language spoken at Republican Party headquarters is inspired by Enochian , a language associated with occult and Satanic ceremonies .
The Springfield Minimum Security Prison is a parody of Allenwood Minimum Security Prison . When Lisa drives , she is listening to " St. Elmo 's Fire " by John Parr , a choice David Mirkin found " very sad " . Archie Comics characters Archie Andrews , Reggie Mantle , Moose Mason and Jughead Jones are shown throwing Homer on the Simpsons ' lawn and warning him to " stay out of Riverdale ! " Some of the deceased voters are Buddy Holly , Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper , who all died in a plane crash on February 3 , 1959 . The epitaph on The Big Bopper 's gravestone is " Gooooodbye , Baby ! " a reference to the opening line of his song " Chantilly Lace " - " Hellooo Baby ! " . Finally , the Simpsons ' home being demolished to make way for a bypass is a very slight reference to the opening of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy .
= = Themes and analysis = =
David L.G. Arnold comments in the book Leaving Springfield that the episode is a satire on " society 's lazy , uninformed attitude about the electoral process , " as well as " a comment on the role in society of a cadre of elites ( the Republican party ) who see themselves as naturally suited to lead . " The episode also portrays Republicans as willing to break the law in order to achieve this ; in this case , Bob commits electoral fraud . This is most displayed in Bob 's line : " Your guilty conscience may force you to vote Democratic , but deep down inside
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and recipe author . She is a graduate of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama ( 1990 ) . Her first professional role was in the chorus of a pantomime version of Around the World in 80 Days . Ripley 's early film and television appearances were limited , so she supplemented her earnings by working as a children 's entertainer and by selling menswear door @-@ to @-@ door . After her scenes as a prostitute were cut from Frankenstein ( 1994 ) , Ripley gained her first major film role playing Karen Hughes in Mute Witness ( 1995 ) .
In 1996 , Ripley was cast in her breakthrough role of Jenny Gifford in the ITV series Cold Feet . Initially a supporting role in the pilot episode , Ripley 's character was expanded when a series was commissioned in 1998 . She stayed with the show for three full series before leaving to take more varied roles and to spend more time with her family . She returned for a guest appearance in the fifth series . After leaving Cold Feet , Ripley played a succession of leading roles in comedies and dramas including Green @-@ Eyed Monster ( 2001 ) , I Saw You ( 2002 ) , The Stretford Wives ( 2002 ) , and Dead Gorgeous ( 2002 ) . Each role won her critical acclaim . In 2006 , she filmed a leading role in the ITV drama Bon Voyage , before taking time away from acting after the birth of her second child . Ripley returned to television in 2009 , starring as human resources manager Christine Frances in the ITV comedy drama Monday Monday , and Nicola Perrin alongside Martin Clunes in BBC One 's Reggie Perrin .
Since 2009 , Ripley has authored two recipe books ; Fay 's Family Food in 2009 and What 's For Dinner ? in 2012 . She is married to actor Daniel Lapaine , with whom she has two children — a daughter and a son — and is an advocate of several charities and causes .
= = Early life = =
Ripley was born in Wimbledon , south @-@ west London to Bev ( erley ) William Deacon Ripley and Tina Ripley ( née Forster ) on 26 February 1966 . Her father was a successful businessman- the son of Sydney William Leonard Ripley J.P. , D.L. , a member of Greater London Council , whose father had owned a printing company that produced movie posters- and brother of 1960s pop singer Twinkle , and her mother an antiques dealer . They separated when Ripley was two years old and both remarried , so Ripley spent her childhood moving around Surrey between two families . She was the only child from her parents ' marriage but had several half @-@ brothers and sisters from their new relationships . In her early life , she lived in various Surrey towns , including Walton @-@ on @-@ Thames , Weybridge , Esher and Cobham . Her father wanted her to have a good education so , despite the family 's Protestant religion , sent her to various Catholic convent schools around the county . One was St Maur 's Convent School in Weybridge , which she attended with Liza Tarbuck . Ripley did not feel academically challenged there , and later declared the school mediocre .
At school , Ripley enjoyed drama lessons , spurred on by the positive remarks she received from her drama teacher Susan Ford . She said of Ford , " When I was 15 , one of the few people who said , ' Well done ' , was my drama teacher , and she was really brilliant . She was a powerful woman . Those women change your life . You always remember them . There was something about her . She basically made me feel very good about myself as a 15 @-@ year @-@ old girl . " Abandoning her childhood ambition to become a nurse , Ripley decided to go into acting . Her father wanted to send her to a finishing school in Switzerland but , in an effort to rebel from her middle class Home Counties background , Ripley instead went to a local state college in Surrey , where she took A @-@ levels in communication studies , art , and drama . During her time at the college , Ripley performed her own small shows at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe . In an effort to " bring Brecht to the masses " , she performed The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui at the 1983 festival .
After completing her A @-@ levels , Ripley sought entry to the Guildhall School of Music and Drama . It took her three attempts before she was accepted onto an acting course at the age of 20 . While at drama school , Ripley lived in a flat in Streatham , South London , during a time she described as " horrible and penniless " . To support herself financially , she sold menswear door @-@ to @-@ door , timeshares on Kensington High Street and Oxford Street , worked as a receptionist at a health club , and spent five years as children 's entertainer " Miss Chief the Clown " . As Miss Chief , Ripley performed magic tricks and painted faces at children 's parties . The work paid off when she was able to get a mortgage on her first flat , stating clown as her occupation .
= = Early career = =
Ripley graduated from drama school in 1990 . Her first role afterwards was playing Osatko in the chorus of Around the World in 80 Days at the Liverpool Playhouse during the 1990 – 91 pantomime season . She had ten lines in Japanese . Her next role came at the end of the year in the Manchester Royal Exchange 's production of Medea . Ripley recalled , " It was only my second job , and I took it all very seriously , in my Greek sarong and my torch of fire , having to burble in tongues . "
Ripley 's early television and film career was characterised by minor roles as prostitutes or mistresses ; in what was to be her film debut , she filmed two scenes as a prostitute in the film Frankenstein ( Kenneth Branagh , 1994 ) . In the first scene , her character was strangled by the creature ( played by Robert De Niro 's stand @-@ in ) . The second scene featured De Niro himself , though Ripley 's character was lying dead in a mortuary throughout . Pleased with what looked like her breakout role , Ripley bought a dress for the premiere , though she was distraught when Branagh sent her a card apologising for cutting her scenes from the finished film . The same year , she filmed the role of Karen Hughes , the sister of a mute character who believes she sees a murder , in the low @-@ budget film Mute Witness ( Anthony Waller , 1995 ) . After Mute Witness 's British television premiere in 1999 , a Daily Record critic wrote that Ripley 's dramatic scenes were not as good as her comic ones .
In 1995 , she appeared in an episode of Channel 4 's Alan Davies vehicle One for the Road and made her last theatre appearance as a cast member in the Bush Theatre 's Two Lips , Indifferent Red . In 1996 , she had a role in Stephen Poliakoff 's Frontiers , and played a club barmaid in Dennis Potter 's penultimate television series Karaoke . The following year she had roles in the comedy film Roseanna 's Grave ( Paul Weiland , 1997 ) , an episode of The Bill — as a woman whose nanny is accused of stealing from her — and a two @-@ part episode of the Kevin Whately series The Broker 's Man as a police officer . Her role in The Broker 's Man was one of the few occasions on which Ripley played a police officer ; she has frequently declined offers of similar roles because she does not want to " summon up the misery " to play a character that performs post @-@ mortem examinations or investigates murders when she could be starring in more true to life and funny programmes .
= = Breakthrough roles = =
In 1996 , Ripley auditioned for Granada Television 's Cold Feet , a television pilot about the romances of three couples living in Manchester . She believed she was reading for the role of Rachel , the " young , pretty one " , and was surprised to discover that she was wanted for Jenny , the " northern housewife " . In the audition , she performed with an inelegant approximation of a local Manchester accent . The producers found her approach to the role refreshing from other actresses , who were seen as too " finger @-@ wagging " . Ripley won the role , and appeared opposite John Thomson and James Nesbitt in the programme . After the pilot won an award , ITV 's director of programmes commissioned a series of Cold Feet , so Ripley worked on improving her character 's accent by speaking to locals and mimicking their speech . Her supporting character from the pilot episode was given a bigger role in the series ; in the first episode ( broadcast in 1998 ) , Jenny gives birth to her first child . At that time , Ripley had never experienced childbirth , so copied birth scenes she had seen in other television series . An Independent review of the first series in November 1998 noted , " Fay Ripley has a range of quirky mannerisms that are more reminiscent of Elaine in Seinfeld than of any other Brit @-@ com woman . " The character also gained Ripley public recognition ; after being noticed by a member of staff in Marks & Spencer , she was so pleased that she invited the woman to dinner .
Ripley 's performance in the first series won her a nomination for Best TV Comedy Actress at the British Comedy Awards 1999 . For her performance in the third series ( 2000 ) , in which her character separates from her husband and dates another man ( played by Ben Miles ) , she was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress . During pre @-@ production of the fourth series ( 2001 ) , Ripley announced to the producers that she would be leaving the show , partly because she did not want to spend five months living in Manchester away from her home in London and wanted to spend more time with her husband , and partly to take other roles which she would otherwise not be able to do . She asked the writer Mike Bullen to either kill off Jenny or have her lose a limb . Bullen refused and instead wrote a plot in which Jenny moves to New York . Ripley returned to the series for a guest appearance in the final episode ( 2003 ) . She had originally planned not to return to the show , but reprised the role so she could have an on @-@ screen record of the final stages of her pregnancy with her first child .
In 2000 , Ripley appeared in the British dogme film The Announcement , as well as playing lead female character Grace Bingley — opposite Paul Rhys — in the Granada television pilot I Saw You , which used many of the same production staff as Cold Feet . David Belcher of The Herald called Ripley " perfectly scatty , tousled and self @-@ sufficient " in the role , and Joe Joseph of The Times complimented her comic timing . Ripley returned to I Saw You for a three @-@ episode miniseries in 2002 . She considers I Saw You , in which she acted alongside her husband Daniel Lapaine , the television show she is most proud to have worked on .
= = Leading roles = =
Having left Cold Feet , Ripley began to take on more leading roles ; her first role was as housewife Deanna in the BBC thriller Green @-@ Eyed Monster , which was broadcast in September 2001 . She researched her character , a murderer , by visiting a coroner . Guardian critic Gareth McLean wrote of her performance , " Ripley did a good job of exorcising the ghost of Jenny Gifford [ ... ] by coolly cranking up the insane desperation and needy malevolence to an impressive degree . " In 2002 , she played domestic abuse victim Donna Massey in Danny Brocklehurst 's The Stretford Wives . Ripley was initially not eager to play another character from around Manchester so soon after leaving Cold Feet , but she changed her mind after reading the script . She did not research spousal abuse to play her character , a woman struggling to bring up her two children in a run @-@ down house while her husband is imprisoned , because she did not find it difficult to " work out what it 's like to be scared and want to protect your kids " . Also in 2002 , Ripley played Rose Bell in the ITV post @-@ war period drama Dead Gorgeous , alongside Helen McCrory . The following year , she provided the voice of Meg in the ITV adaptation of the Meg and Mog children 's books , before playing Jill in the third series of the BBC One sitcom Bedtime at the end of 2003 .
In 2004 , Ripley had her first of three on @-@ screen partnerships with Martin Clunes , playing Jane White in the CBBC adaptation of Fungus the Bogeyman . The following year , she played the guest role of corrupt police inspector Sam Phillips in the BBC TV series Hustle , a role that received praise from The Times and The Sun newspapers . In 2006 , Ripley played the role of child abductor Linda Holder in the two @-@ part ITV drama Bon Voyage , starring alongside Ben Miles , Rachael Blake and Daniel Ryan . She was offered the part without having to audition , and took it because she wanted the opportunity to play an antagonist . She liked the style of Canadian director John Fawcett in making the thriller , as it differed to that of other British thrillers , which she believed were poorly filmed . Ripley filmed the role in Canada during the later weeks of her second pregnancy , so her character was dressed in baggy clothes to hide her bump . Her pregnancy also caused changes to the script ; originally her character was to run through a forest , fall off a cliff and " die a gruesome death " . Reviewing , Thomas Sutcliffe of The Independent and Gareth McLean of The Guardian noted that Ripley 's pregnancy was poorly disguised . In complimenting the performance of the whole cast , Brian McIver of the Daily Record praised Ripley 's portrayal of Linda as " scary but sympathetic " .
Bon Voyage marked Ripley 's last television acting appearance until 2009 . During that time she appeared as a guest on panel shows and talk shows . In 2009 , she returned to television screens as Nicola Perrin alongside Martin Clunes ' eponymous character in the BBC One sitcom Reggie Perrin . She took the role because she had previously worked with Clunes and the writer Simon Nye . As the series was Ripley 's first studio sitcom , she approached the role with apprehension ; she told The Independent on Sunday , " I basically just hung off Martin 's coat @-@ tails and hoped for the best . " Ripley compared Nicola to Reggie 's house @-@ bound wife Elizabeth in the original series , noting that the modern character needed a job and independence from her husband because of changes in society . She reprised the role in the second series in 2010 , after which the series was cancelled . 2009 also saw the broadcast of Monday Monday , an ITV comedy drama series in which Ripley plays Christine Frances , an alcoholic human resources manager at a supermarket head office that moves from London to Leeds . She took the role because it was different to characters she had previously played .
= = Other work = =
During her time on Cold Feet , Ripley hosted the Channel 4 show Sofa Melt , a relationships chat show in the vein of Trisha . The show lasted for one series of 60 episodes , broadcast in 1999 . In Scotland on Sunday , critic Stewart Hennessey called Ripley 's presenting fantastic and called the show itself " utterly without any intelligent merit whatsoever . It is just unmissable because the people on it are hilariously stupid . Set the vid , show it at parties . " Ripley said of the show retrospectively , " It was the most terrifying thing I 've ever done . " In 2003 , she presented a short film advocating Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire for the BBC 's Big Read series and in 2009 , she presented an episode of the Blighty documentary series My Brilliant Britain .
In 2004 , she appeared on the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car segment of Top Gear , where she discussed her car history with presenter Jeremy Clarkson . On her celebrity lap of the Top Gear test track , she achieved a lap time of 1 : 53 , making her 38th on the Suzuki Liana leader board . The same year , she participated in a major advertising venture by The National Lottery , playing " Lady Luck " alongside a unicorn voiced by Graham Norton . In 2008 , she appeared alongside Martin Clunes in a series of advertisements for Tesco Direct and , since 2009 , has starred with Mark Addy in a series of adverts for Tesco 's various brands .
In 2007 , Ripley announced that she would be writing a cookbook about family food . She said , " I want to help people prepare good food for their kids , really practical stuff that 's easy , quick , healthy and you can whizz up in the blender for the baby . " Fay 's Family Food was published by Michael Joseph , an imprint of Penguin Books , in April 2009 and was selected by Marie @-@ Claire Digby of The Irish Times as a " summer read " . Ripley 's second book , entitled What 's For Dinner , was published in April 2012 . Since the release of her first book , she has resisted offers from television production companies to make her own cookery series .
= = Personal life = =
Ripley met English actor James Purefoy when the two were starring in the eponymous roles in a college production of Romeo and Juliet in 1983 . They began an 11 @-@ year relationship that ended when Ripley was 27 . Ripley said of the relationship in 2006 , " We were just kids when we met and , therefore , the relationship had more than run its course . " She was single for five years , before being introduced to Australian actor Daniel Lapaine at a party hosted by mutual friends . Neither of them thought the other was interested in dating and they drifted apart . After meeting again on separate holidays in New York , they began dating and married in October 2001 in a ceremony in Tuscany , Italy . Ripley gave birth to the couple 's first child , a daughter , in October 2002 . She gave birth to a son in October 2006 .
Ripley is a patron of several charities and causes . In 2007 she took part in What 's it going to take ? , a campaign by Women 's Aid to raise awareness of domestic abuse against women . She visited Tanzania with ActionAid in October 2008 to raise awareness of child sponsorship . While in the country , Ripley visited community projects set up by ActionAid in Bagamoyo and Mkuranga . Ripley was already sponsoring a child and had been asked by ActionAid to participate in a visit but had always declined because of conflicts with her work . Ripley also fronted a " Climate Action Now " protest with novelist Rebecca Frayn and actress Rula Lenska in 2008 , opposing government support of the then planned third runway at Heathrow Airport .
= = Filmography = =
= 2009 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Final =
The 2009 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Final was played on September 2 , 2009 , at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in Washington , D.C. The match determined the winner of the 2009 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup , a tournament open to amateur and professional soccer teams affiliated with the United States Soccer Federation . This was the 96th edition of the oldest competition in United States soccer . The match was won by Seattle Sounders FC , who defeated D.C. United 2 – 1 . Clyde Simms scored D.C. United 's only goal . Fredy Montero and Roger Levesque scored Seattle 's two goals as the club became the second expansion team in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) history to win the tournament in their inaugural season .
D.C. United entered the tournament as the competition 's defending champions . They had previously won the tournament in 1996 as well . Both Sounders FC and D.C. United had to play through two qualification rounds for MLS teams before entering the official tournament . Prior to the final , there was a public dispute between the owners of the two
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in approximately $ 1 @.@ 7 million in both the United Kingdom and Russia , an estimated $ 1 @.@ 1 million in Spain , and $ 1 million in both Italy and Germany . According to Paramount , this was the largest opening outside North America of any of the Friday the 13th films . The film finished its North American box office run with $ 65 @,@ 002 @,@ 019 ; coupled with its earnings of $ 26 @,@ 377 @,@ 032 outside North America , the film has accumulated $ 91 @,@ 379 @,@ 051 worldwide .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Based on 166 reviews collected by review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , Friday the 13th has a 25 % approval rating from critics with an average score of 4 @.@ 2 out of 10 . The consensus reads : " Though technically well @-@ constructed , Friday the 13th is a series rehash that features little to distinguish it from its predecessors . " Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , calculated an average score of 34 based on 29 reviews . CinemaScore polls reported that average grade cinemagoers gave the film a " B- " on a scale of A + to F. Exit polls showed that 51 % of the audience was male and 59 % were at least 25 years old .
Alonso Duralde wrote that the film should please slasher fans , but that it added nothing new to the genre or the franchise and would not appeal to people who did not like slasher films . Duralde criticized the film for adding a black and an Asian character in an attempt to " update the movie for the new millennium " . He also said the prospect of another Friday the 13th — crafted by the film 's " sequel @-@ friendly " ending — did not leave him with a feeling of dread . Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic said the film accepts the " ridiculousness " of what it is trying to accomplish — mainly the " death and dismemberment " of " party @-@ hungry kids " , and that audiences would enjoy it if they also recognized that . Although Goodykoontz acknowledges the unique touches the film brings to certain characters ' deaths , he was unimpressed with the acting and said Padalecki 's presence gave the film a " less @-@ good episode of Supernatural " vibe .
The Washington Post 's Dan Zak wrote that the film fails to provide laughs , scares , suspense , or gore . Zak also said it fails to provide the exhibition of nudity expected of horror films that cannot deliver on the previously listed criteria . Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times said Nispel captured the despair he created with his Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake . Olsen also said the film failed to provide the " giddiness " , " teenage lust " , and " rambunctiousness " that made the previous Friday the 13th films work . Wesley Morris said Friday the 13th did have humor ; he said the characters continually act the clichéd role of would @-@ be @-@ victim , making it hard to fear for their safety . In his opinion , the 2009 film lacked the " psycho @-@ social " aspect — a mother killing out of revenge for her son 's death — crafted by its 1980 predecessor , and ultimately the film is " more hilarious than terrifying " .
The New York Post 's Kyle Smith said Nispel made no attempt to create a movie beyond blood and guts , and even those attempts were " forgettable " . Smith said that apart from Clay and Trent , the rest of the cast were merely " faces in the crowd " with no attempt to give them any sort of backstory . USA Today 's Claudia Puig said that the film keeps to the same formula as its predecessors , with a story that adds little to nothing to the franchise . She also said Padalecki and Panabaker filled their lead roles well , and that Aaron Yoo 's comic relief made him one of the most likable characters on screen . Rob Nelson of Variety also praised Panabaker and Yoo 's performances .
In contrast to the film 's detractors , The New York Times 's Nathan Lee said Friday the 13th managed to " reboot the concept " of the original films with style . Lee said the film takes pleasure in killing off each of its characters , that there is a desire among cinemagoers for this type of material , and that Friday the 13th satisfies that desire . Adam Graham from The Detroit News said the film is the most effective and scary film in the Friday the 13th series ; he praised its choice of allowing Jason to run after his victims — as opposed to slowly walking behind them , as became prominent in later sequels — because it made him more menacing . Graham also said the film does not " soften " Jason 's scariness by providing a sympathetic backstory . Entertainment Weekly 's Clark Collis said director Nispel made a competent film that performs better as a whole than the previously released remakes of Prom Night ( 2008 ) and My Bloody Valentine 3D ( 2009 ) , although it does provide a few too many unbelievable character moments .
Jason Anderson of the Toronto Star said the film added freshness to the standard formula of the previous films by focusing on the chasing and killing aspects instead of lingering on the prolonged suffering of victims like the Saw films . IGN 's Chris Carle said Aaron Yoo stole the film with his comic timing and with his " memorable death " . Carle said Derek Mears ' portrayal of Jason adds more to the character than being simply a stuntman ; Mears 's subtle movements , athleticism , and physicality created an imposing image of Jason .
= Prospect Park Zoo =
The Prospect Park Zoo is a 12 @-@ acre ( 4 @.@ 9 ha ) zoo located off Flatbush Avenue on the eastern side of Prospect Park , Brooklyn , New York City . Its precursor , the Menagerie , opened in 1890 . The present facility first opened as a city zoo on July 3 , 1935 , and was part of a larger revitalization program of city parks , playgrounds and zoos initiated in 1934 by Parks Commissioner Robert Moses . It was built , in large part , through Civil Works Administration and Works Project Administration ( WPA ) labor and funding .
After 53 years of operation as a city zoo run by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation , Prospect Park Zoo closed on June 1988 for reconstruction . The closure signaled the start of a five @-@ year , $ 37 million renovation program , that , save for the exteriors of the 1930s @-@ era buildings , completely replaced the zoo . It was rededicated on October 5 , 1993 , as the Prospect Park Wildlife Conservation Center , joining an integrated system of four zoos and one aquarium managed by the Wildlife Conservation Society ( WCS ) , all of which are accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums ( AZA ) .
The Prospect Park Zoo presently offers children 's educational programs , is engaged in restoration of endangered species populations , runs a wildlife theater and reaches out to the local community through volunteer programs . The zoo houses nearly 630 animals representing about 101 species . It averages 300 @,@ 000 visitors annually .
= = Features = =
The Prospect Park Zoo is part of the Wildlife Conservation Society integrated network of zoos and aquaria spread throughout New York City . Located at 450 Flatbush Avenue , across from the Brooklyn Botanic Garden , the zoo is situated on a 12 @-@ acre ( 4 @.@ 9 ha ) plot somewhat lower than street level in Prospect Park . Visitors may enter through the Flatbush Avenue entrance or from within Prospect Park , near Leffert 's Homestead and the Carousel .
= = = Exhibits = = =
The zoo presents three themed exhibition venues , each housed in a dedicated building .
= = = = World of Animals = = = =
The World of Animals in the southern quadrant of the zoo , features the Discovery Trail . The trail begins in the World of Animals building , but visitors quickly pass to an outdoor path that winds through the southern third of the zoo . Animals from diverse corners of the globe are shown in settings not unlike their natural habitats . Visitors may find along the trail black @-@ tailed prairie dogs , porcupines , red pandas , emus , dingos , North American river otters , and other animals . Signs often ask challenging questions , reinforcing presentations made in the zoo 's Discovery Center , or alert viewers to look for signs of animal habitation . Along one part of the Discovery Trail , young visitors may crawl through " underground burrows " to observation posts roofed with clear , hemispherical observation ports . They may observe prairie dogs in the ground , right in the midst of the animals themselves .
= = = = Animal Lifestyles = = = =
Animal Lifestyles , in the western quadrant of the zoo , features indoor habitat exhibits . Visitors in the foyer of the building are shown Life in the Water , Life in Air , and Life on Land dioramas . Each diorama holds a carefully controlled environment that features select animals . These central displays broadly relate animals to their surrounds . Exhibits featuring more specific biota branch off from the central foyer . Side exhibits center on cotton @-@ top tamarins , meerkats , emerald tree boas , dwarf mongooses , desert monitors , among others . Some of these exhibits feature critically endangered animals . The Prospect Park Zoo is engaged in breeding species in captivity , a part of the larger wild life recovery program of the Wildlife Conservation Society .
The main Animal Lifestyles exhibit consists of a troop of hamadryas baboons . Zoo visitors may observe the troop in a large glassed @-@ in gallery which looks out into a rocky outcrop . Small caves in the outcrop lead to interior burrows where the animals may avoid inclement weather . The rear wall of the gallery illustrates common forms of baboon signalling and behavior , along with other social aspects of the animals . Ample seating allows visitors to observe the troop .
= = = = Animals in our Lives = = = =
Animals in our Lives in the northern quadrant of the zoo has both indoor and outdoor exhibits illustrating myriad relationships between animals and people and animal adaptations . The Animals in Art themed area occupies one side of the Animals in Our Lives building . At the art station , drawing supplies are provided , and young visitors learn to observe wildlife by taking the time to sketch it . Some animals found here have been the subjects of art through the ages , while other up @-@ close exhibits highlight the inherent beauty and form of certain species . The other side of the building showcases animals and their adaptations for a variety of survival needs . Here , visitors learn how colors help animals attract one another , blend into their surroundings or send off warning signals . A small nocturnal area showcases animals who have adapted to life at night .
A small working barn further north of the building contains the Animals in Our Lives exhibit . It is organized around a working barn with sheep , cows , goats , ducks , geese and other animals .
= = = Educational programs = = =
The zoo hosts educational venues as well as exhibits . These revolve around the Discovery Center , a building with classrooms and laboratories designed to introduce school @-@ age children to investigative practices of environmental and wildlife scientists . The Discovery Center introduces children to laboratory practices ; they learn about and use professional laboratory equipment and learn how to integrate what they observe into zoological theory . These programs are based on educational concepts developed through WIZE ( Wildlife Inquiry through Zoo Education ) , a program developed by Bronx Zoo educators .
The volunteer program at the Prospect Park Zoo engages members of the community ; it is a combination outreach and educational program for adults . Volunteer guides conduct tours for visitors , while volunteer docents augment the educational program . Docents enroll in a four @-@ month training program . Following their graduation , docents assist staff in putting on demonstrations and explaining exhibits .
= = = Facilities = = =
The zoo grounds and building exteriors were designed by Aymar Embury II . The facility consists of six red brick and lime @-@ stoned trimmed buildings grouped in a semi @-@ circular arrangement around a central courtyard with the sea lion pool occupying the center of the court . The building exteriors date to the 1930s while the interiors were built during the 1989 – 1993 reconstruction . There is a freestanding wooden barn just north of the circular group of buildings . A set of stairs from the main entrance leads visitors down to zoo level . A small restaurant and the administrative center is immediately to the left , occupying the southeastern quadrant of the zoo . The Discovery Center is immediately to the right , occupying the northeastern quadrant of the zoo . Arrayed in front of the visitor are the three exhibit buildings , The World of Animals to the south , the Animal Lifestyles building , behind the sea lion pool directly in front of the visitor , Animals in our Lives is to the right . Visitors may view the exhibits in any order .
= = History and context = =
= = = Proposal and menagerie = = =
The original 1866 proposal of Prospect Park featured a " Zoological Garden " on the western flank of the park , near the present Litchfield Villa , but the garden had not been started by the time Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux separated from the park in 1874 . This notwithstanding , a few features of the original park design did serve zoological purposes . A Wild Fowl Pond , once occupying the northern quadrant of the zoo grounds , served as a haven for water birds . A Deer Paddock , once occupying the southern quadrants of the zoo grounds , was a penned @-@ in area for deer . In addition , a flock of sheep regularly maintained the grass in the park meadows and were kept in a paddock on the eastern flank of Sullivan Hill , near the now @-@ demolished Dairy Farmhouse .
Interest in zoological gardens flowered in the last decade of the 19th century . An informal Menagerie began to take shape within Prospect Park in May 1890 when the newly appointed president of the City of Brooklyn Parks Commission , George V. Brower , donated " three young cinnamon bears . " State Treasurer Harry Adams followed with a donation of three white deer , establishing a pattern . It was mainly through donations of animals by rich or prominent individuals that the Menagerie grew . By 1893 , one observer noted that “ seven seals arrived , one buffalo , from the estate of Samuel B. Duryea , three red foxes , three bears , one sacred cow , two white deer , five red deer , seven seals , and twelve to fifteen peacocks . "
The animals were kept in pens on Sullivan Hill , situated across the East Drive from the zoo 's present location , near the sheep paddock and northeast of the Dairy Farmhouse . Of the original zoological facilities in the park , the Deer Paddock , located near the present Carousel , was converted into a meadow and the deer were moved to the new Menagerie , The Wild Fowl Pond remained , located on the east side of the park in a low area now forming the northern part of the zoo . The Menagerie continued to accrue animals in the first decades of the 20th century . These were generally donated by prominent individuals and institutions and formed a varied collection of specimens both native to North America and other regions of the world .
= = = Modern zoo creation = = =
After assuming office in January 1934 , New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia tapped Robert Moses to head a newly unified Parks Department . Moses soon prepared extensive plans to reconstruct the city 's parks , renovate existing facilities and create new swimming pools , zoos , playgrounds and parks . Moses acquired substantial Civil Works Administration , and later , Works Progress Administration funding and soon embarked upon an eight @-@ year city @-@ wide construction program , relieving some of the high unemployment in New York City in this Depression year .
Plans for the new Prospect Park Zoo , prepared by Aymar Embury II , were announced in March 1934 . The area between the Wild Fowl Pond and former Deer Paddock on the east side of the park , situated across the East Drive from the Menagerie , was chosen as the site for the new zoo . Architect Embury designed a half circle of six brick buildings centered on a seal pool . Built of red brick with limestone trim , the buildings featured bas @-@ relief scenes from Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book .
Five sculptors executed a total of thirteen such scenes , not only on the front and back walls of zoo buildings , but also on all four sides of both brick entrance shelters at Flatbush Avenue . However , the positioning of some of the bas @-@ reliefs makes them less accessible than others .
Dedicated on July 3 , 1935 , as the Prospect Park Zoo , the buildings constituted an integrated facility and were seen as a great improvement over the somewhat haphazardly developed Menagerie . The zoo featured an extensive bear pit , a seal pool , a lion 's house ( the current Animals in our Lives building ) an elephant 's house ( the current Animal Lifestyles building ) and a house for monkeys , birds , and horned animals ( now the World of Animals building ) . With the completion of the new zoo , The Dairy Farmhouse , sheep paddock , and Menagerie were demolished and the sheep flock was replaced with mechanical mowers . The site of the old Menagerie has since been allowed to revert to forest land .
= = = Decline = = =
For the next fifty years , the zoo served as a showcase of large animals from far away places , appealing to a sense of wonder . An estimated one million people visited the Prospect Park Zoo annually prior to World War II , but attendance gradually declined , reaching about a half million by the early 1980s . Around this time , the facility showed signs of deterioration . Writing in New York Magazine in late 1970 , writer Erik Sanberg @-@ Diment termed the zoo the ' rattiest ' in New York – " in the literal sense of the word . ( I 've never been there without seeing several rodents romping in the bear lair ) " . He reported that ' Vultch ' , a Southern United States black vulture which was one of the zoo 's earliest residents " … is still there , looking down his beak at visitors littering the walks , and celebrating his 35th anniversary in the same old cage . "
A decade later , a New York Times reporter visiting the zoo noted that " ... an Asiatic Black Bear lay on a rock a short distance from a guard rail . A shattered wine bottle , a cracked stick , and a number of empty beer cans were strewn about the ground a few feet in front of him . ' How many times have I seen a bear lift his foot and leave a bloody foot print ? ' said John Kinzig , a park supervisor at the Prospect Park Zoo . ' Vandalism is a major problem , and deterioration is overtaking repairs . ' " Activists were pressing for major renovations of the zoo , which , in 1983 , was rated by the Humane Society of the United States as one of the " 10 worst " zoos in the country . Others felt that a zoo was not in keeping with the original design of Prospect Park and urged its complete removal from the grounds . A fatal accident of an 11 @-@ year @-@ old boy scaling the fence to the polar bear pit only served to underscore difficulties with the fifty @-@ year @-@ old facility .
After fifteen years of off @-@ again , on @-@ again , conversations , The Koch Administration and the then @-@ named NY Zoological Society ( now Wildlife Conservation Society ) , signed a fifty @-@ year agreement in April 1980 , where the Central , Prospect , and Queens zoos would be administered by the Society . Specific plans for Prospect Park Zoo were another seven years in the making . By late summer 1987 , an $ 18 million , two and a half year renovation plan was put forth to renovate Prospect Park Zoo and coordinate its venue with other facilities to avoid redundant programming . Prospect Park Zoo was slated to specialize in children programs and house smaller , unaggressive animal species .
= = = Renovation of a re @-@ purposed zoo = = =
The Prospect Park Zoo closed to the public in June 1988 . Over the next six months , new homes were found for the displaced animals in other zoos throughout the US . Demolition was managed by the Parks Department and began in June 1989 , commencing what became nearly a five @-@ year , $ 37 million effort , overrunning initial estimates by two years and $ 19 million . The exteriors of the Aymar Embury buildings were preserved , but badly deteriorated interiors were gutted , pits and cages were demolished , and new structures were built . The facilities were turned over to the NY Zoological Society in April 1993 .
A further six months were needed to repopulate the zoo , prepare exhibits , and ready the facility for the public . The re @-@ purposed zoo opened on October 5 , 1993 under the rubric " Prospect Park Wildlife Conservation Center " . The Zoological Society hoped that the new name would suggest that the ' Wildlife Conservation Center ' was far more than a mere ' zoo ' ; it was indeed a facility designed to preserve animal species . This name change coincided with the renaming of the zoological society to the ' Wildlife Conservation Society ' .
The programs of the new center were geared toward educating children . Classrooms for the Discovery Center were housed in a dedicated building on the north wing of the zoo . Exhibits housed smaller species , eschewing elephants , tigers , and lions , and augmented displays with interactive exhibits . The public , however , continued to call the facility ' The Prospect Park Zoo ' , and over the ensuing thirteen years the old name quietly stuck . Even in WCS literature ' Prospect Park Zoo ' is now used interchangeably with the new name .
= = = Budget issues = = =
The Wildlife Conservation Society , which supports the Prospect Park Zoo through a combination of private funds and subsidies from the city , is vulnerable to funding shortfalls such as the one on April 15 , 2003 , when Mayor Michael Bloomberg published his " doomsday budget " proposal for the fiscal year beginning in July 2003 . Among other cuts to help close an overall $ 3 @.@ 8 billion budget deficit , the Mayor proposed to cut all city funding for the Prospect Park Zoo and the Queens Zoo , as well as trim funding for the New York Aquarium and the Bronx Zoo . The two zoos were the smallest among the facilities managed by the Wildlife Conservation Society , and had the lowest annual attendance rates , approximately 200 @,@ 000 for each threatened zoo . In contrast , the Bronx Zoo boasted annual attendance of two million and the Central Park Zoo enjoyed one million visitors annually . Over the next two months , the fate of the two zoos hung in limbo while the city 's executive branch and City Council hammered out a compromise budget . While there were a number of items on the budget , the zoo closures remained among the more visible of anticipated losses .
In the middle of June , City Council Speaker Gifford Miller visited the zoo , and in a press conference outlined some of the pragmatic consequences of closure : a savings estimated by the city of $ 6 million for both facilities that would be offset by a WCS estimated expenditure of $ 8 million , to decommission facilities and — on short notice — find homes for 160 displaced animals . If the estimates were correct , reasoning went , it would be cheaper to run the zoos than to shut them down .
By the start of the new fiscal year in July 2003 , the approved budget restored a reduced funding level to the affected WCS facilities . To keep the Prospect Park and Queens Zoos open , the WCS had to close two classroom @-@ based instructional programs , lay off the supporting full- and part @-@ time instructors , and double admission fees . Funding levels for the Wildlife Conservation Society were restored in the 2007 city budget , though vulnerability to shortfalls remain . In the opening months of 2009 , the WCS itself faced the prospect of losing its fiscal year 2010 New York State funding . While not citing specifics concerning Prospect Park Zoo , the Wildlife Conservation Society reported in the NY Daily News that the proposed cuts will involve " ' layoffs [ that ] would cut across the board , ' and include ' front @-@ line workers ' in sales , groundskeeping and other positions , and include both union and nonunion positions " .
In 2007 , 234 @,@ 000 people visited the Prospect Park Zoo , a drop of 1 @,@ 000 from the 2006 level of 235 @,@ 000 . Visitation since then has shown a steady increase , with 269 @,@ 914 people visiting in 2009 .
= Tommy Dunderdale =
Thomas Dunderdale ( 6 May 1887 – 15 December 1960 ) was a professional ice hockey forward . Born in Australia , he moved to Canada at the age of 6 , in 1894 . He played in Winnipeg for three seasons , from 1906 to 1910 . In 1910 , he joined the Montreal Shamrocks of the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) , before moving on to the Quebec Bulldogs the following season . In 1911 – 12 , he joined the Victoria Aristocrats of the newly formed Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) , playing nine seasons in total in Victoria . He split his seasons in Victoria with a three @-@ season stint with the Portland Rosebuds between 1915 and 1918 . After the PCHA folded in 1923 , Dunderdale played one season in the West Coast Hockey League ( WCHL ) , splitting the season between the Saskatoon Crescents and the
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wary of provoking a Europe @-@ wide war . The Reich Air Travel Ministry concluded that Nationalist forces would need at least 20 Ju 52s , flown by Deutsche Lufthansa pilots , to carry the Army of Africa from Spanish Morocco to Spain . This mission became known as Operation Magic Fire ( German : Feuerzauber ) . The joint Spanish @-@ German Sociedad Hispano @-@ Marroquí de Transportes ( HISMA ) " Spanish @-@ Moroccan Transport Company " and an entirely German company , the Raw Materials and Good Purchasing Company ( German : Rohstoffe @-@ und @-@ Waren @-@ Einkaufsgesellschaft , ROWAK ) were established . This involvement was kept covert , hidden from both foreign and economic ministries , and funded with three million Reichmarks .
The organisation and recruitment of German volunteers was also kept secret ; by 27 July the call for pilots had been made in major German cities . The first contingent of 86 men left on 1 August in civilian clothes , unaware of where they were going . They were accompanied with six biplane fighters , anti @-@ aircraft guns and about 100 tons of other supplies . They were placed at Tablada airfield near Seville , and accompanied by German air transport , they began the airlift of Franco 's troops to Spain . Germany 's involvement grew in September to encompass the Wehrmacht 's other branches ; Operation Magic Fire was renamed Operation Guido in November . A wide belief was that the soldiers would train Spanish Nationalists , and not engage the Republicans . In August , 155 tons of bombs were transferred from Germany through Portugal . Other military aid was provided . The head of the Kriegsmarine initially refused to provide submarines , but this changed after 24 October , upon the signing of the Rome @-@ Berlin Axis , when it became clear to Mussolini 's Italy would do the same . The Kriegsmarine also provided various surface ships and coordinated the movement of German supplies to Spain . German U @-@ Boats were dispatched to Spanish waters under the codename Ursula .
In the two weeks following 27 July , German transports moved nearly 2 @,@ 500 troops of the Army of Africa to Spain ; 1 @,@ 500 between 29 July and 5 August . Transport planes were moved to Spain from Germany via San Remo in Italy . German aircraft continued to provide cover for ship movements in the Strait of Gibraltar . There were fuel shortages , however , these eased as more fuel arrived from Germany . By 11 October , the mission 's official end , 13 @,@ 500 troops , 127 machine guns and 36 field guns had been carried into Spain from Morocco . Over this period there was a movement from training and supply missions of overt combat . The operation leader , Alexander von Scheele , was replaced by Walter Warlimont , and was moved into Franco 's headquarters to coordinate military and diplomatic efforts . In September , 86 tons of bombs , 40 Panzer PzKpfw I tanks and 122 personnel had been landed in Spain ; they were accompanied with 108 aircraft in the July – October period , split between aircraft for the Nationalist faction itself and planes for German volunteers in Spain .
German air crews supported the Nationalist advance on Madrid , and the successful relief of the Siege of the Alcázar . Ultimately , this phase of the Siege of Madrid was unsuccessful . Soviet air support for the Republicans was growing , particularly through the supply of Polikarpov aircraft . Warlimont appealed to Nazi Germany to step up support . Some Nazi figures , including Göring , were opposed , but following German recognition of Franco 's government on 30 September , German efforts in Spain were reorganised and expanded . The existing command structure was replaced with the Winterübung Rügen , and the military units already in Spain were formed into a new legion , which was briefly called the Iron Rations ( German : Eiserne Rationen ) and the Iron Legion ( German : Eiserne Legion ) before Göring renamed it the Condor Legion ( German : Legion Condor ) . The first German chargé to Franco 's government , General Wilhelm von Faupel , arrived in November , but was told not to interfere in military matters . By mid @-@ November , 20 German shipments had arrived in Spain , carrying supplies like ammunition , aviation fuel , rifles , grenades , radio equipment and both civilian and military vehicles .
Göring ( who controlled Rheinmetall @-@ Borsig ) supplied arms to the Republicans ; shipped to Greece supposedly for their use , the arms were transferred by Bodosakis to ships supposedly sailing to Mexico . He was also supplying the Nationalists , who got the best and latest weapons while the Republicans got the oldest and least serviceable . This supply peaked in 1937 – 38 . Nationalists identified 18 vessels to Republican ports from 3 January 1937 and 11 May 1938 , and estimated that Goering received the equivalent of one pound sterling per rifle . An earlier shipment from Hamburg to Alicante on 1 October 1936 by the Welsh ship Bramhill had 19 @,@ 000 rifles , 101 machine guns and more than 20 million cartridges for the CNT militia in Barcelona . Nazi Germany also helped the propaganda war with a gift of a Telefunken transmitter for the newly created national radio service .
= = The Condor Legion = =
The Condor Legion , upon establishment , consisted of the Kampfgruppe 88 , with three squadrons of Ju 52 bombers and the Jagdgruppe 88 with three squadrons of Heinkel He 51 fighters , the reconnaissance Aufklärungsgruppe 88 ( supplemented by the Aufklärungsgruppe See 88 ) , an anti @-@ aircraft group , the Flakbteilung 88 , and a signals group , the Nachrichtenabteilung 88 . Overall command was given to Hugo Sperrle , with Alexander Holle as chief of staff . Scheele was transferred to become a military attaché in Salamanca . Two armoured units under the command of Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma , with 106 Panzer Is , were also operational .
The Nationalists were supported by German and Italian units and equipment during the Battle of Madrid . However , the military situation in Madrid remained poor for the Nationalists , and both German and Italian aircraft ( under Franco 's direction ) began bombing raids on the city as a whole . The Germans were keen to observe the effects of civilian bombings and the deliberate burning of the city . Offensives involving German aircraft , as well as the bombings , were unsuccessful . Increasing Republican air superiority became apparent , particularly the strength of the Soviet Polikarpov I @-@ 15 and I @-@ 16 aircraft . Historian Hugh Thomas described their armaments as " primitive " . Faupel , in November – December , urged the creation of a single German unit of 15 @,@ 000 – 30 @,@ 000 , believing it would be enough to turn the tide of the war to the Nationalists . Hans @-@ Heinrich Dieckhoff argued this would be insufficient , and that larger measures could provoke the wrath of the Spanish . Between late 1936 and early 1937 , new aircraft were sent to the Condor Legion . Older aircraft were passed onto the Nationalists . By the end of 1936 , 7 @,@ 000 Germans were in Spain . The British estimated that between January 1937 and August 1938 , 320 @,@ 000 rifles and 550 @,@ 000 revolvers were transferred to the Nationalists from Germany .
German forces also operated in the Battle of Jarama , which began with a Nationalist offensive on 6 February 1937 . It included German @-@ supplied ground forces , including two batteries of machine guns , a tank division , and the Condor Legion 's anti @-@ aircraft guns . Bombing by both Republican and Nationalist aircraft helped ensure a stalemate . It showed up the inadequacy of the Legion 's aircraft , faced with superior Soviet @-@ made fighters . The Legion 's efforts only partly mitigated what was a significant defeat for the Nationalists at the Battle of Guadalajara during March . A joint Italian @-@ German general had been set up in January 1937 to advise Franco on war planning . The defeat of a significant Italian force and the growing Soviet superiority in tanks and aircraft led the Germans to support a plan to abandon the offensive on Madrid and instead concentrate a series of attacks on weaker Republican @-@ controlled areas . While many countries believed motorised troops to have been proven less effective than first thought , it was the inadequacy of the Italians as a fighting force that dominated German thought .
= = = The Vizcaya Campaign = = =
The isolated area of Vizcaya , a predominantly Basque part of northern Spain , was the most immediate target , in what was called the War in the North . It was largely a Nationalist and Italian offensive , but was supported by a consistently re @-@ equipping Condor Legion . Sperrle remained in Salamanca ; Wolfram von Richthofen replaced Holle in January as deputy and in actual command . The Legion 's air force initially attacked the towns of Ochandiano and Durango . Durango had no anti @-@ aircraft defence , and only minor other defences . According to the Basques , 250 civilians died on 31 March , including the priest , nuns and congregation of a church ceremony . The Germans , with their air raids , were hated . The Basque ground forces were in full retreat towards Bilbao , through the town of Guernica , which was attacked on 26 April in one of the most controversial events of the Spanish Civil War . In Operation Rügen , waves of planes bombed and strafed targets in the town . The number of casualties is a matter of controversy , with between 200 and 300 people killed ; the number reported dead by the Basques was 1 @,@ 654 dead and 889 wounded . Several explanations were put forward by the Nationalists , including blaming the attack on the Republicans , that the attack on the town had been a prolonged offensive . However , the nature of the operation itself makes this seem unlikely . The offensive on Bilbao , when it eventually came on 11 July , was supported by ground units of the Condor Legion , and extensive air operations . It proved the worth of the Condor Legion to the Nationalist cause .
= = = Further campaigns = = =
The Condor Legion also took part in the Battle of Brunete . The Legion was sent from the north to reinforce the broken line . There were repeated raids on Spanish Republican Army armoured vehicles and later defensive positions by both bombers and fighters based at Salamanca . Spanish Republican Air Force aircraft were ineffective , despite Nationalist fears , compared with German aircraft . The Legion lost eight aircraft , but claimed 18 victories . German tactics were also improved with the experience of Brunete , particularly the en masse use of tanks by the Nationalists .
The Nationalists returned to focus on the capture of northern Spain . German test aircraft , with the latest models , faced an outdated Basque section ( Escuadrilla vasca ) of the Spanish Republican Air Force . Heavy aerial bombardment from 200 Nationalist , German and Italian aircraft was used far behind Basque lines in August 1937 , leading to the fall of Santander after the Battle of Santander on 1 September . The formal battle in Asturias ended with the fall of Gijón on 21 October . Germany immediately began to ship the products of the region 's industry back to Germany . Sperrle argued repeatedly with Faupel , and against HISMA 's monopoly . Faupel was replaced with Eberhard von Stohrer by Franco , through Sperrle . Sperrle also returned to Germany and was replaced by Helmuth Volkmann ; following disagreements with Volkmann , Von Richthofen would be replaced with Hermann Plocher in early 1938 .
The Condor Legion began a week of strikes against Republican airfields , halted by the Republican advance on Teruel and the ensuing Battle of Teruel . Both the Legion 's land and air forces were used . Poor weather resulted in few flights , and the town fell to Republican forces on 6 January . Up to 100 sorties a day were launched during the Nationalist 's counter @-@ offensive through the Alfambra valley . Teruel was retaken on 22 February . The continued Nationalist offensive on Aragon in April – June 1937 , including the Battle of Belchite , involved bombing raids and the use of the Legion 's ground forces . The Legion was switched to focus in the north , towards the Segre river , before moving south again following Nationalist successes . Hitler 's words to his colleagues belied a change in attitude about the war in Germany – that a quick victory in the war was not desirable , a mere continuation of the war would be preferable . German policy would be to prevent a Republican defeat . However , casualties were beginning to mount for the Legion and , combined with a resurgence in Republican air activity , the Nationalist advance stalled . Arguments over the bill to the Germans – now rising at 10 million Reichmarks a month – continued , unresolved . The Legion 's materiel had been exhausted .
On 24 – 25 July , Republican forces launched the last major offensive of the war , the Battle of the Ebro . Reconnaissance units of the Condor Legion had noticed a troop build @-@ up , and warned Nationalists forces . The warning went unheeded . Although the Republic gained ground , Republican forces failed to gain control of Gandesa , with 422 sorties by the Legion having considerable effect . However , tensions in Czechoslovakia and a shortage of pilots in Germany led to the return of 250 pilots from the Legion . Although trained Spaniards made up some of the shortfall , Volkmann complained to central command in Berlin , which led to his recall in September . During the battle , which saw 113 days of fighting , only 10 aircraft were lost ( some by accident ) ; the Legion claimed around 100 Republican aircraft . Only five aircrew had been killed , and six captured . Aid from Germany temporarily halted in mid @-@ September . Germany and Nationalist Spain settled the issue of German interests in Spanish mines .
The Legion took a short break from active duty to receive new aircraft , including Bf 109Es , He 111Es and Js , and Hs 126As , bringing its strength to 96 aircraft , around a fifth of the Nationalist 's force as a whole . Von Richthofen returned to Spain in overall command , with Hans Seidemann as chief of staff . This reinforcement may have been the single most important intervention by a foreign side in the war , enabling a counterattack after the Battle of the Ebro . It mainly took part in operations against the remaining Republican air force during January – February 1939 , with considerable success . It was rapidly dissolved . The men returned on 26 May ; the best aircraft were returned to Germany and the rest of the equipment bought by the new Spanish regime .
The Condor Legion claimed to have destroyed 320 Republican aircraft through aerial combat and shot down another 52 using anti @-@ aircraft guns . They also claimed to have destroyed 60 ships . They lost 72 aircraft due to hostile action , and another 160 to accidents .
= = Maritime operations = =
= = = Condor Legion = = =
The Maritime Reconnaissance Staffel 88 ( German : Aufklärungsstaffel See 88 ) was the Condor Legion 's maritime unit under the command of Karl Heinz Wolff . Operating independently of the land @-@ based division , it acted against Republican shipping , ports , coastal communications and occasionally inland targets such as bridges . It used floatplanes , starting with the Heinkel He 60 , which began operating in October 1936 . Beginning in June , operations were expanded to allow attacks on all Republican ports , so long as no British ships were present . Ten ships were attacked in the second half of 1937 ; however , the Norwegian torpedoes being used proved ineffective , and strafing or bombing targets was used instead .
The arrival of Martin Harlinghausen saw operations expand , targeting Alicante , Almeria , Barcelona and Cartegena . As naval activity declined , inland targets became more numerous , and night missions began . Activities in support of ground forces became the main focus of the unit until the end of hostilities . In total , eleven men were killed in action , and five others died due to accident or illness .
= = = Kriegsmarine = = =
Overtly , the Kriegsmarine was part of the force enforcing the non @-@ intervention agreement signed on 28 September 1936 , which barred its signatory countries from interfering in the Civil War . However , this agreement was clearly broken by France , the USSR , Germany and Italy , who supported one faction or another . As a result , the German pocket battleships Deutschland and Admiral Scheer stood guard in the Strait of Gibraltar to prevent interference from Republican ships while Franco transported his troops to the Spanish mainland . By mid @-@ October , the German North Sea Group around Spain consisted of the pocket battleships Deutschland and Admiral Scheer , the light cruiser Köln , and four torpedo boats . They quickly uncovered evidence that the Soviet Union was supplying the Republicans . They also helped the aircraft bound for the Condor Legion to cross the Mediterranean and assisted in the Battle of Málaga .
On 29 May , Deutschland was attacked by two Republican planes . It was claimed that their Soviet pilots had mistaken it for the Nationalist ship Canarias , or else had been fired upon by it . 32 sailors were killed , the Kriegsmarine 's greatest loss of life in the war . After a retaliatory attack on Almeria ( Valencia had been the original target , but minefields posed too great a problem ) , Germany came close to withdrawing from the agreement , but British diplomatic efforts to keep Germany patrolling prevailed . After the Germans claimed that Leipzig had been attacked by an unidentified submarine off Oran , it formally withdrew from international patrols to enforce the agreement . Republican minister of defense Indalecio Prieto considered a declaration of war on Germany , but Soviet fear of a world war prevented this .
= = = Operation Ursula = = =
Operation Ursula ( named after the daughter of Karl Dönitz ) saw a group of German U @-@ boats active around the waters near Spain against the Spanish Republican Navy , under the overall command of Hermann Boehm ( Konteradmiral since 1934 , and Vizeadmiral since April 1 , 1937 ) in Berlin . It began on 20 November 1936 , with the movement of U @-@ 33 and U @-@ 34 from Wilhelmshaven . Any identification marks were obscured , and the whole mission was kept secret . They entered the Mediterranean on the night of 27 – 28 November , taking over from Italian submarine patrols . If damaged , they were to sail to La Maddelena , and enter under an Italian ensign . U @-@ 33 operated around Alicante , and U @-@ 34 around Cartagena . Difficulties in identifying legitimate targets and concerns about discovery
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an Insta @-@ Broiler , was one of two pieces of equipment the founders of Insta @-@ Burger King purchased before opening their new restaurant . The Insta @-@ Broiler worked by cooking 12 burger patties in a wire basket , allowing the patties to be cooked from both sides simultaneously . When McLamore and Edgerton took over the company , besides dropping the " Insta- " prefix , they switched to an improved unit , which they called a " Flame Broiler " . Designed by the two and featuring stationary burners that cooked the meat on a moving chain , the unit broke down less often , while maintaining a similar cooking rate . The company would stay with that format for the next 40 years until Burger King began developing a variable speed broiler that could handle multiple items with different cooking rates and times . These new units began testing in 1999 and eventually evolved into the two models the company deployed system @-@ wide in 2008 – 2009 . Accompanying these new broilers was new food @-@ holding equipment , accompanied with a computer @-@ based product monitoring system for its cooked products . The monitoring system allows for more concise tracking of product quality , while giving the company and its franchisees a method to streamline costs by more precisely projecting sales and product usage .
= = Advertising = =
Since its foundation in 1954 , Burger King has employed varied advertising programs , both successful and unsuccessful . During the 1970s , output included its Hold the pickles , hold the lettuce ... jingle , the inspiration for its current mascot the Burger King , and several well known and parodied slogans such as " Have it your way " and " It takes two hands to handle a Whopper " . Burger King introduced the first attack ad in the fast food industry with a pre @-@ teen Sarah Michelle Gellar in 1981 . The television spot , which claimed BK burgers were larger and better tasting than competitor McDonald 's , so enraged executives at McDonald 's parent company that they sued all parties involved . Starting in the early 1980s and running through approximately 2001 , BK engaged a series of ad agencies that produced many unsuccessful slogans and programs , including its biggest advertising flop " Where 's Herb ? " .
Burger King was a pioneer in the advertising practice known as the " product tie @-@ in " , with a successful partnership with George Lucas ' Lucasfilm , Ltd . , to promote the 1977 film Star Wars in which BK sold a set of glasses featuring the main characters from the movie . This promotion was one of the first in the fast food industry and set the pattern that continues to the present . BK 's early success in the field was overshadowed by a 1982 deal between McDonald 's and the Walt Disney Company to promote Disney 's animated films beginning in the mid @-@ 1980s and running through the early 1990s . In 1994 , Disney switched from McDonald 's to Burger King , signing a 10 @-@ movie promotional contract which would include such top 10 films as Aladdin ( 1992 ) , Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) , The Lion King ( 1994 ) , and Toy Story ( 1995 ) . A partnership in association with the Pokémon franchise at the height of its popularity in 1999 was tremendously successful for the company , with many locations rapidly selling out of the toys and the replacements .
Shortly after the acquisition of Burger King by TPG Capital , L.P. in 2002 , its new CEO Brad Blum set about turning around the fortunes of the company by initiating an overhaul of its flailing advertising programs . One of the first moves by the company was to reinstate its famous " Have it your way " slogan as the corporate motto . BK handed the effort off to its new advertising agency , Miami @-@ based Crispin Porter + Bogusky ( abbreviated as CP + B ) . CP + B was known for having a hip , subversive tack when creating campaigns for its clients , exactly what BK was looking for . One of CP + B strategies was to revive the Burger King character used during BK 's 1970s / 1980s Burger King Kingdom children 's advertising campaign as a caricatured variation , now simply called " the King " . The farcical nature of " the Burger King " centered advertisements inspired an internet meme where the King is edited into unusual situations that are either comical or menacing , many times followed with the phrase " Where is your God now ? "
Additionally , CP + B created a series of new characters like the Subservient Chicken and the faux nu metal band Coq Roq , featured in a series of viral web @-@ based advertisements on sites such as MySpace and various BK corporate pages , to complement various television and print promotional campaigns . One of the more successful promotions that CP + B devised was the creation of a series of three advergames for the Xbox 360 . Created by UK based Blitz Games and featuring company celebrity spokesman Brooke Burke , the games sold more than 3 @.@ 2 million copies , placing them as one of the top selling games along with another Xbox 360 hit , Gears of War . These ad campaigns , coupled with other new promotions and a series of new product introductions , drew positive and negative attention to BK , and helped TPG and its partners realize about US $ 367 million in dividends .
With the late @-@ 2000s recession hitting the 18 – 35 demographic targeted by the CP + B created ads particularly hard , the company saw its market share decline and the company move into the red . After the completion of the sale of the company in late 2010 , the new ownership group terminated Burger King 's seven @-@ year relationship with CP + B and hired rival firm McGarryBowen to create a new campaign with an expanded market reach . As part of the new campaign , McGarryBowen terminated the use of The Burger King in the company 's advertising program in favor of a new program that focused on the food and ingredients in its new advertising campaigns .
= Lewisville , Texas =
Lewisville / ˈljuː.ɪs.vɪl / is a city in Denton County , Texas , United States . It is a northwestern suburb of Dallas . The 2000 United States Census placed the city 's population at 77 @,@ 737 and the 2010 Census placed it at 95 @,@ 290 , making it one of the fastest @-@ growing city populations in the United States and the 33rd most populous in Texas . It occupies 36 @.@ 4 square miles ( 94 km2 ) of land and includes 6 @.@ 07 square miles ( 15 @.@ 7 km2 ) of Lewisville Lake .
Originally called Holford 's Prairie , the origins of Lewisville date back to the early 1840s . The arrival of the town 's first railroad in 1881 engendered its initial growth , and the expansion of the area 's transportation infrastructure spurred further development in the early part of the 20th century . Lewisville incorporated in 1925 , and when construction of Lewisville Lake was completed in the 1950s , the city began to expand rapidly .
Lewisville 's consistently warm climate and proximity to Lewisville Lake has made it a recreational hub of the Dallas – Fort Worth metroplex . The city 's municipal government , led by a nonpartisan city council , focuses its recreational and cultural investments on facilities such as Toyota of Lewisville Park and the MCL Grand Theater . The area 's transportation infrastructure has evolved around the I @-@ 35 Corridor along Interstate 35E . The diversity of its population and industry has created a stable economic climate . Lewisville Independent School District provides most of the area 's public education programs .
= = History = =
= = = Settlement = = =
In 1841 , the Republic of Texas chartered the Peters Colony Land Grant Company ( named for William Smalling Peters , publisher of the song " Oh ! Susanna " ) to settle the North Texas area . In 1844 , John W. King and his wife settled on the east side of the prairie , where the city now lies . Baptist settlers from Platte County , Missouri , settled on the west side ; among them were John and James Holford , who named the area Holford 's Prairie . Further south , Presbyterians established a church and called it Flower Mound . In the confusion over land ownership after the Hedgcoxe War , Basdeal Lewis purchased Holford 's Prairie in 1853 and renamed it after himself .
In 1845 , the Fox family , which owned about a dozen slaves , buried a slave child called Melinda on the family farm , which eventually became the town 's cemetery for black residents . Named Fox – Hembry Cemetery , the plot still exists today . After it had fallen into disrepair , local residents and businesses gathered to restore it in 2011 . Though Abraham Lincoln was not on the ballot in the area for the 1860 Presidential election , residents of Lewisville ( listed as " Hollforts " on election results ) still gave John C. Breckinridge only a 44 – 31 majority over an electoral fusion option .
During Reconstruction , Lewisville became home to Denton County 's first cotton gin . Built in 1867 , it could produce up to three bales per day . The Thirteenth Texas Legislature chartered the Dallas and Wichita Railroad ( later the Missouri – Kansas – Texas ) on terms requiring 20 miles of track to be in running order by July 1 , 1875 . Lewisville paid the company $ 15 @,@ 000 to come to the city , with a promise of another $ 5 @,@ 000 on completion . The company fulfilled the deal by completing the railroad tracks to a point just south of Lewisville on the morning of the deadline , and the line began running full @-@ time in 1881 . Republicans in the Fourteenth Texas Legislature passed a law on April 30 , 1874 , prohibiting alcohol within two miles of the town . Many residents ignored the law , however , and the city retained as many as 17 saloons at one point . The population of the unincorporated town was 500 in 1888 .
= = = Progress = = =
On January 15 , 1925 , residents voted by a margin of 17 votes to incorporate Lewisville , which established its official boundaries as a city . By 1930 , Lewisville 's population had increased to 853 , making it the fourth most populous municipality in Denton County ( behind Denton , Sanger , and Pilot Point ) .
Because the city 's economy had become diversified before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , Lewisville was relatively well insulated from the Great Depression . Many residents , including business leaders , nevertheless supported the New Deal programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt . By 1936 , the Works Progress Administration operated a cannery in the city to provide temporary jobs for unemployed residents . As an extension of the Good Roads Movement , which had been prominent in Denton County since the early 1910s , residents formed the Good Roads Committee of Lewisville to lobby state and federal officials for funding to create better streets . Lewisville celebrated the paving of the U.S. Route 77 between Denton and Dallas in 1931 with a " Coming Out of the Mud " ceremony . The new pavement closed the " Lewisville Gap " between the two cities , a stretch of dirt road through the city that often became too muddy for travel .
The new road also led indirectly to the downfall of the area 's public transportation system . Between 1925 and 1932 , the Texas Interurban Railway , an electric commuter rail service that ran from Dallas to Denton , operated a station in Lewisville . Business leaders in the Lewisville Chamber of Commerce welcomed the service at the time , proudly citing the city 's progressive citizenship . The area 's low population density could not sustain the venture , however , and in 1932 , the line went out of business and immediately halted service .
On April 25 , 1934 , Raymond Hamilton of the Barrow Gang robbed the First National Bank of Lewisville . Residents chased him to Howe , Texas , where he was captured at a roadblock and transferred to Dallas County Jail .
= = = Growth = = =
Lewisville 's rapid growth began when construction of the Garza – Little Elm Dam finished in 1954 , expanding the Garza – Little Elm Reservoir into the what is now Lewisville Lake . The city adopted a home rule charter for a council – manager style of municipal government in 1963 , becoming one of only a few home rule cities in Texas with a population of less than 5 @,@ 000 . In September 1969 , 13 days after Woodstock , the city hosted the Texas International Pop Festival , which drew over 150 @,@ 000 spectators and featured performances by Janis Joplin , B.B. King and Led Zeppelin . In 2011 , the Texas Historical Commission dedicated a historical event marker at the Hebron A @-@ train station in Lewisville to commemorate the event .
When Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport opened to the south of the city in 1974 and Vista Ridge Mall opened at the intersection of Interstate 35E and Round Grove Road in 1989 , Lewisville began to undergo rapid suburban growth . Its population increased from 24 @,@ 273 in 1980 to 46 @,@ 521 in 1990 , making it the 40th most populous city in Texas . In the early 1990s , the Lewisville Chamber of Commerce marketed the city with the slogan " City of Expanding Horizons " . The population reached 77 @,@ 737 in 2000 and 95 @,@ 290 in 2010 .
= = Geography = =
Lewisville is located at 33 ° 2 ′ 18 ″ N 97 ° 0 ′ 22 ″ W ( 33 @.@ 038316 , − 97 @.@ 006232 ) at an elevation of about 550 feet ( 170 m ) . It has a total area of 42 @.@ 47 square miles ( 110 @.@ 0 km2 ) , of which 36 @.@ 4 sq mi ( 94 km2 ) is land . It lies at the southern end of Denton County and the northern end of the Dallas – Fort Worth metroplex , in the eastern part of the Cross Timbers region of Texas between the Texas Blackland Prairies and the Grand Prairie . Vista Ridge , a small plateau , is in the southeast corner of Lewisville , and the lowest part of Denton County , at 484 feet ( 148 m ) , is found in the city . Lewisville sits above the Barnett Shale , a geological formation containing a large quantity of natural shale gas .
Water constitutes 6 @.@ 072 sq mi ( 15 @.@ 73 km2 ) of the city 's total area , including Lewisville Lake , the Elm Fork of the Trinity River , and two local tributaries of the Elm Fork , Prairie Creek and Timber Creek . A riparian zone encompasses a portion of the city in the southeast . The intersection of the Elm Fork and Lake Lewisville has given rise to a delta at the southern end of the lake , extending 6 @.@ 9 miles ( 11 @.@ 1 km ) south . The Federal Emergency Management Agency has labeled much of the area surrounding the delta as " Zone AE " , meaning that the area is subject to 100 @-@ year flood precautions .
= = = Climate and weather = = =
Lewisville 's climate is classified as humid subtropical . Its Köppen climate classification is Cfa , which means that it has a temperate climate , does not have a dry season , and has a hot summer . According to the United States Department of Agriculture , Lewisville is located in a hardiness zone of 8a . The city is seldom affected by extreme weather , but Hurricane Carla in 1961 brought 86 @-@ mile @-@ per @-@ hour ( 138 km / h ) winds and caused 6 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) swells on Lewisville Lake . During heavy rains , Timber Creek can overflow its banks , and on rare occasion , flood some of the surrounding homes . The National Weather Service defines no official borders for Tornado Alley , but Lewisville is considered to be in it .
= = = Surrounding municipalities = = =
= = Arts and cultural life = =
= = = MCL Grand Theater = = =
The Medical Center of Lewisville Grand Theater , known informally as the MCL Grand , is located on the east side of Interstate 35E in Lewisville 's Old Town . It functions as a hub for the arts in Lewisville , able to show films , host meetings , and provide a venue for various kinds of artistic performance . The project began in 2004 and aimed to fulfill a long @-@ term goal of building an arts center to coincide with the 2011 opening of the Old Town Station . The facility opened in January 2011 with a series of performances , children 's shows , concerts , and exhibits , and the Greater Lewisville Arts Alliance presented the theater with a $ 25 @,@ 000 contribution to begin their fundraiser to place a Steinway piano in the theater . In 2011 and 2012 , The Flower Mound Connection newspaper named the MCL Grand the best events venue in Denton County .
= = = Libraries = = =
The city government created the Lewisville Public Library in 1968 , naming Cindy Bennett as its first director . A 5 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 460 m2 ) structure was built where the city hall now stands . A new library facility was built in 1986 as part of the municipal building on Main Street . In 2001 , Lewisville voters approved a 4B tax package , part of which was dedicated to building a new library facility , the children 's wing of which was dedicated to Bennett . The $ 11 million renovation opened in 2006 , and it received the Achievement of Excellence in Libraries Award in that year and again in 2009 . Lewisville was also the temporary home of the George W. Bush Presidential Library until 2013 .
= = = Media = = =
Lewisville is served mainly by media from the Dallas area , but a number of niche publications focus on local news . The Lewisville Enterprise merged with The Lewisville Leader in 1962 . The paper 's publisher and editor at the time , U.O. Clements , was a staunch conservative , but vociferously supported the racial integration of Lewisville Independent School District , for which he received many anonymous threats from members of the Ku Klux Klan . Clements sold the paper to Harte @-@ Hanks Community Newspapers in 1971 . Star Newspapers , which owned the Leader , was purchased by 1013 Communications in 2012 . The newspaper is based in Plano , Texas . In 2011 , the Lewisville City Council designated the Lewisville portion of Neighborsgo , a weekly section of The Dallas Morning News , as the city 's official newspaper of record .
= = Parks and recreation = =
The City of Lewisville operates various public recreation facilities , including parks , two recreation centers , and approximately 14 miles ( 23 km ) of trails . The $ 20 million Railroad Park was built in 2009 using the revenue from a quarter @-@ cent sales tax increase ; it was the largest capital project in the city 's history at the time . It was renamed Toyota of Lewisville Railroad Park in 2010 in a deal worth $ 1 @.@ 5 million . The park has a baseball / softball complex , a football complex , eight lighted soccer fields , two concession buildings , a perimeter walking / jogging trail , three man @-@ made lakes , a dog park and the Scion Skate Park . Since 2010 , the skate park has hosted the Scion Regional Amateur Tour , part an annual series of six skateboarding competitions held across the country . In 2012 , the venue hosted its first annual triathlon event benefiting the Court Appointed Special Advocates ( CASA ) of Denton County .
Lewisville Lake Park comprises 662 acres ( 268 ha ) , which the city leases from the United States Army Corps of Engineers . The park includes various amenities , including athletic fields and designated campgrounds . The Lewisville Fishing Barge , an indoor – outdoor fishing facility that opened in 1958 , is located on the lake . The park also hosts the Rick Neill Memorial , a cross country running meet organized each year by the Lewisville High School track and field team . In February 2013 , the city began to review a development proposal to build a resort hotel and convention center on a 60 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 24 km2 ) parcel of land next to the lake .
Lewisville is also a major hub of the Northern Golf Corridor of the Dallas – Fort Worth metroplex . Golf facilities located in the city include the Hank Haney Golf Ranch at Vista Ridge and Timbercreek Golf Center . Located on the southeast edge of the city , the Lakes at Castle Hills is a Jay Morrish @-@ designed course which opened in the late 1990s ; critics have rated the course highly , praising its amenities and difficulty level . Lake Park Golf Course , located near Lewisville Lake , is noted for its beginner @-@ friendly design . The nine @-@ hole , 1 @,@ 724 @-@ yard ( 1 @,@ 576 m ) Lake Park Executive course opened in 1994 . Lewisville is also home to professional golfer Chad Campbell , winner of the 2003 Tour Championship .
In 2011 , the Lewisville Park Board proposed a new master plan for the city 's parks and recreation facilities . It specifies a major overhaul of the city 's trail system , including 51 miles ( 82 km ) of off @-@ street trails , 50 miles ( 80 km ) of enhanced sidewalks , 50 miles ( 80 km ) of bicycle routes , a 7 @.@ 4 @-@ mile ( 11 @.@ 9 km ) paddling trail down the Elm Fork of the Trinity River , and 31 major and minor trailheads throughout the area , many of which would connect to other trail networks . The plan includes numerous crossings of Interstate 35E for pedestrian and bicyclist safety . In March 2012 , the Park Board began reviewing a new master plan to address the next ten years of park development in the city .
= = Government = =
Since 1963 , the City of Lewisville has operated as a home rule city with a council – manager style of municipal government . Residents elect six at @-@ large members to serve on the City Council , including a mayor . Council elections in Texas are nonpartisan . Members are elected to three @-@ year terms and are not term @-@ limited . The mayor does not vote on issues that come before the council except in the case of a tie . There were three different female mayors between 1985 and 2000 , but no woman has served on the City Council since 2001 . In 2011 , the Fitch Group upgraded the city 's general obligation bond rating from " AA + " to " AAA " . Lewisville has the lowest municipal property tax rate in the Dallas – Fort Worth metroplex . In the fiscal year 2012 – 2013 , the city government 's operating funds totaled $ 124 @,@ 845 @,@ 436 .
The Lewisville Police Department had 27 sworn police officers in 1977 , and the number had increased to 136 by 2007 . As of 2015 , the department included 229 full @-@ time employees , four of whom were administrators . The Lewisville Fire Department included 146 full @-@ time employees , six of whom were administrators . After the September 11 attacks , the fire department and its then chief , Rick Lasky , attracted national attention when they raised a large amount of donations for victims ' families . As a reward , John Travolta , Joaquin Phoenix , and Robert Patrick visited the department in 2004 to promote the release of the film Ladder 49 . In May 2011 , Lewisville residents approved a sales tax increase to create two public safety districts . The revenue from the increase will fund investments in the city 's police and fire departments , including new officers and vehicles , as well as a new fire station in the eastern part of the city .
Lewisville is located in the 26th Congressional district in Texas , which is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Michael C. Burgess . As of 2015 , the city is represented in District 12 of the Texas Senate by Jane Nelson . The city is split between two Texas House of Representatives districts : District 63 , represented by Tan Parker , and District 65 , represented by Ron Simmons . Lewisville is a voluntary member of the North Central Texas Council of Governments , the purpose of which is to coordinate individual and collective local governments and facilitate regional solutions , eliminate unnecessary duplication , and enable joint decisions .
= = Transportation = =
The primary freeway running through Lewisville is Interstate 35E , which runs north – south through the city . Before it was built , US Highway 77 ( now Mill Street ) was the main through route , connecting the city with Denton to the north and Dallas to the south . In 1998 , the Texas Department of Transportation carried out a Major Investment Study to examine the possibility of expanding the section of Interstate 35E between Interstate 635 and U.S. Route 380 , the primary focus being an 8 @-@ mile ( 13 km ) stretch from Texas State Highway 121 to the bridge crossing Lewisville Lake . The project is scheduled to add one general @-@ purpose lane in each direction , in addition to a managed toll lane . The project is expected to allow the city to substantially renovate its portion of the I @-@ 35 Corridor . Construction on the first phase of the project is projected to begin in summer 2013 and finish in late 2016 .
Texas State Highway 121 , which runs along the Sam Rayburn Tollway , intersects with Interstate 35E in the southeastern edge of the city . Farm to Market Road 1171 , known in the city as Main Street , runs east – west across the middle part of the city from Business Highway 121 to Interstate 35W . Farm to Market Road 407 runs east – west across the northern part of the city . Lewisville also encompasses most of Farm to Market Road 3040 , which runs east – west towards Carrollton and Flower Mound .
Lewisville residents voted in a special election held on September 13 , 2003 , to become a full member of the Denton County Transportation Authority ( DCTA ) . The authority began running a regional bus service in November 2006 . In 2011 , the Old Town and Hebron stations opened as commuter stops along the route of the DCTA 's A @-@ train . The route continues north to Denton and south to Trinity Mills Station in Carrollton , where it connects with the Dallas Area Rapid Transit ( DART ) Green Line to Dallas . DCTA also owns a Rail Operation and Maintenance Facility in Lewisville .
= = Demographics = =
The 2010 United States Census recorded a population of 95 @,@ 290 in Lewisville , up from the 77 @,@ 737 recorded for the 2000 Census , making it one of the 25 fastest @-@ growing city populations in the United States . The 2010 population was made up of 37 @,@ 496 households and 23 @,@ 417 families . Its racial makeup was 65 @.@ 3 % White , 11 @.@ 2 % African American , 0 @.@ 7 % Native American , 7 @.@ 8 % Asian , 11 @.@ 3 % from other races , and 3 @.@ 2 % from two or more races . 29 @.@ 2 % of the population was considered to be of Hispanic or Latino origin . There were children under the age of 18 in 35 @.@ 5 % of the households . The average household size was 2 @.@ 53 persons and the average family size was 3 @.@ 21 persons . The median age was 30 @.@ 9 years . Between 2007 and 2011 , the median income for a Lewisville household was $ 56 @,@ 811 , and per capita income was $ 28 @,@ 144 . About 9 @.@ 6 % of the population was below the poverty line , as compared to 17 % for Texas as a whole .
= = Economy = =
The city has a diverse commercial tax base . Its top employers include JPMorgan Chase , Lewisville Independent School District , and Nationstar Mortgage . Automobile dealerships have flourished there , including Huffines Auto Dealerships and Village Auto Group , which was ranked as one of the top " Powerhouses of the New Economy " by Black Enterprise magazine in 2000 . Lewisville 's lake and the city 's location in the DFW Metroplex has contributed to the largest boat sales market in the state by volume in a state that is second in the nation in overall boat sales . Because of the city 's proximity to Dallas and Fort Worth , a number of food distribution companies have branches in Lewisville , including Sysco and Meadowbrook Meat Company ( MBM ) . Fleming Companies , one of the United States ' largest food distribution companies , relocated to Lewisville in 2000 , but it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2003 after the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission announced that the company had been hiding massive losses . Responsive Education Solutions , which operates chartered schools nationwide , is also headquartered in Lewisville .
= = Education = =
Lewisville Independent School District operates the area 's public school system , including Lewisville High School . Four of the district 's middle schools feed into two high school feeder campuses ; since the 2011 − 2012 school year , the Killough and Harmon campuses have served the city 's ninth and tenth grade students , while the main campus at the intersection of FM 1171 ( Main Street ) and Valley Parkway is used primarily for eleventh and twelfth grade students . The district also operates the Dale Jackson Career Center and conducts a night high school in Lewisville .
According to American Community Survey results from 2007 to 2011 , 86 @.@ 7 % of the city 's population aged 25 or older had graduated from high school , 29 @.@ 7 % held a bachelor 's degree or higher , and 8 @.@ 4 % held a graduate or professional degree . The survey estimated that 24 @,@ 879 Lewisville residents over the age of three were enrolled in schools .
= Cleveland Lakefront Station =
Cleveland Lakefront Station is an Amtrak train station at North Coast Harbor in Cleveland , Ohio . The station was built in 1977 to provide service to the Lake Shore Limited route , which was reinstated by Amtrak via Cleveland and Toledo in 1975 . It replaced service to Cleveland Union Terminal . Lakefront Station is a modern station located in downtown Cleveland near the Lake Erie waterfront , adjacent to the Cleveland Memorial Shoreway and in the immediate vicinity of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , the Great Lakes Science Center , the Steamship William G. Mather Museum , and FirstEnergy Stadium . The station has had little to no renovation since its opening .
As of January 2014 , the only trains that stop at Lakefront Station are Amtrak 's Lake Shore Limited and Capitol Limited trains , both of which arrive and depart between 1 : 00 a.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. The RTA Waterfront Line will stop at Lakefront Station , but only upon request . The Pennsylvanian served Cleveland from 1998 to 2003 , when it reverted to its original Pittsburgh – New York route .
= = Services = =
Cleveland has four daily trains : the Capitol Limited ( trains 29 and 30 ) between Washington , D.C. and Chicago , and the Lake Shore Limited ( trains 48 / 448 and 49 / 449 ) between Chicago and New York City / Boston . As of January 2014 , these trains were scheduled to arrive / depart from Cleveland at various times between 1 : 00 a.m. and 5 : 50 a.m. The timing of the departures and arrivals has drawn criticism , with Amtrak also trying to tinker with train schedules through suggestions , reminding people that the schedules are not set in stone .
The Cleveland RTA Rapid Waterfront Line tracks separate the station building and Amtrak platform . There is no platform for the Waterfront Line trains , but they will stop at the station upon request , with passengers discharging at the at @-@ grade pedestrian connection to the building . As such , the stop is not wheelchair accessible . Disabled passengers must instead board or disembark at the North Coast station , which is within walking distance to the Amtrak station . However , the Waterfront Line currently does not run during most of the time of day that includes Amtrak arrivals or departures .
The Lake Shore Limited has served Lakefront Station from its opening in 1977 . The Capitol Limited began stopping at Lakefront on November 12 , 1990 , after Conrail 's abandonment of portions of the ex @-@ Pittsburgh , Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway in northwestern Indiana forced the re @-@ routing of that train along with the Broadway Limited . Previously it had passed to the south , serving Canton . Between 1998 and 2003 , the Pennsylvanian served Cleveland , providing daylight service to Chicago and Philadelphia . Weak ridership prompted Amtrak to return the train to a Pittsburgh – New York schedule .
= = Station layout = =
The two Amtrak tracks share an island platform ; the RTA tracks do not have any platforms . The structure has a porte @-@ cochère , which protects passengers from inclement weather . The interior was built with a similar design to that of the exterior , and features a central skylight . Shadows from its exposed trusses create different patterns on the brown brick floor , built in a basket @-@ weaved pattern . Exposed ductwork is visible throughout the trusses , as are the light fixtures . All of the ceiling elements are painted white , which tend to recede and produce a sense of airiness which is further enhanced by the floor @-@ to @-@ ceiling windows . Banks of seats are located close to
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public telephones and a vending area .
= = History = =
Amtrak used to run its trains through Cleveland Union Terminal ( now Tower City Center ) , which was built in 1928 and served as the main terminal for the Shaker Heights Rapid Transit , and in 1955 , the crosstown Red Line . By 1976 , because of Cleveland Union Terminal 's high rent , the massive size of the facility , and the need to switch to electric locomotives to access its enclosed platforms , Amtrak decided to construct a smaller station . Lakefront Station was built in 1976 – 1977 and opened for service in 1977 to provide service for the Lake Shore Limited , which had resumed service via Toledo in 1975 . The station officially opened on June 29 , 1977 , with the formal dedication occurring on July 12 . According to Amtrak 's employee magazine , a crowd of more than 300 gathered for the dedication of the $ 552 @,@ 000 depot . Speakers included Mary J. Head , vice chairman of the Amtrak Board of Directors , and Cleveland Mayor Ralph J. Perk . Following the dedication ceremony , attendees were invited to tour the facility and enjoy cake and coffee .
Lakefront Station 's lack of modernization since its opening has become more noticeable , especially its appearance and lack of adequate signage . In August 2012 , when the Cleveland Convention Center was under construction , a Cuyahoga County official expressed a desire to keep Lakefront Station out of view . One proposed solution was to build a new station underground , but due to a lack of funding , the county settled on hiding the station behind trees and shrubs as a short @-@ term solution .
= Juniper Networks =
Juniper Networks is a multinational corporation headquartered in Sunnyvale , California that develops and markets networking products . Its products include routers , switches , network management software , network security products and software @-@ defined networking technology .
Juniper was founded in 1996 by Pradeep Sindhu . The company received several rounds of funding from venture capitalists and telecommunications companies before going public in 1999 . Juniper grew to $ 673 million in annual revenues by 2000 . By 2001 it had a 37 percent share of the core routers market , challenging Cisco 's once @-@ dominant market @-@ share . It grew to $ 4 billion in revenues by 2004 and $ 4 @.@ 63 billion in 2014 . Juniper appointed Kevin Johnson as CEO in 2008 , Shaygan Kheradpir in 2013 and Rami Rahim in 2014 .
Juniper Networks originally focused on core routers , which are used by internet service providers ( ISPs ) to perform IP address lookups and direct internet traffic . Through the acquisition of Unisphere in 2002 , Juniper entered the market for edge routers , which are used by ISPs to route internet traffic to individual consumers . Juniper entered the IT security market with its own JProtect security toolkit in 2003 , before acquiring security company NetScreen Technologies the following year . It entered the enterprise segment in the early 2000s , which accounted for one @-@ third of revenues by 2005 . As of 2014 , Juniper has been focused on developing new software @-@ defined networking products . However , in 2016 , the company encountered some controversy under suspicion allegedly putting backdoors into its ScreenOS products .
= = History = =
= = = Origins and funding = = =
Juniper Networks was founded in February 1996 by Pradeep Sindhu , a scientist with Xerox ’ s Palo Alto Research Center ( PARC ) . He conceived the idea for Juniper while on vacation in 1995 . At the time most routers used for internet traffic were intended for phone calls and had dedicated circuits for each caller ; he wanted to create packet @-@ based routers that were optimized for internet traffic . Sindhu was joined by engineers Bjorn Liencres from Sun Microsystems and Dennis Ferguson from MCI Communications .
Sindhu started Juniper Networks with $ 2 million in seed funding , which was followed by $ 12 million in funding in the company 's first year of operations . About seven months after the company 's founding , Scott Kriens was appointed CEO to manage the business , while founder Sindhu became the Chief Technology Officer . By February 1997 , Juniper had raised $ 8 million in venture funding . Later that year , Juniper raised an additional $ 40 million in investments from a round that included four out five of the largest telecommunications equipment manufacturers : Siemens , Ericsson , Nortel and 3Com . Juniper also received $ 2 @.@ 5 million from Qwest and other investments from AT & T.
= = = Growth and IPO = = =
Juniper had $ 3 @.@ 8 million in annual revenue in 1998 . By the following year , its only product , the M40 router , was being used by 50 telecommunications companies . Juniper signed agreements with Alcatel and Ericsson to distribute the M40 internationally . A European headquarters was established in the United Kingdom and an Asia @-@ Pacific headquarters in Hong Kong . A subsidiary was created in Japan and offices were established in Korea in 1999 . Juniper 's market share for core routers grew from 6 % in 1998 to 17 @.@ 5 % one year later , and 20 % by April 2000 .
Juniper filed for an initial public offering in April 1999 and its first day on the NASDAQ was that June . The stock set a record in first @-@ day trading in the technology sector by increasing 191 % to a market capitalization of $ 4 @.@ 9 billion . According to Telephony , Juniper Networks became the " latest darling of Wall Street " , reaching a $ 7 billion valuation by late July . Within a year , the company 's stock grew five @-@ fold .
Juniper 's revenues grew 600 % in 2000 to $ 673 million . That same year , Juniper moved its headquarters from Mountain View to Sunnyvale , California .
= = = Competition = = =
By 2001 , Juniper controlled one @-@ third of the market for high @-@ end core routers , mostly at the expense of Cisco Systems sales . According to BusinessWeek , " analysts unanimously agree [ d ] that Juniper 's boxes [ were ] technically superior to Cisco 's because the hardware does most of the data processing . Cisco routers still relied on software , which often results in slower speeds . " However , Cisco provided a broader range of services and support and had an entrenched market position . The press often depicted Juniper and Cisco as a " David versus Goliath " story . Cisco had grown through acquisitions to be a large generalist vendor for routing equipment in homes , businesses and for ISPs , whereas Juniper was thought of as the " anti @-@ Cisco " for being a small company with a narrow focus .
In January 2001 , Cisco introduced a suite of router products that BusinessWeek said was intended to challenge Juniper 's increasing market @-@ share . According to BusinessWeek , Juniper 's top @-@ end router was four times as fast at only twice the cost of comparable Cisco products . Cisco 's routers were not expected to erode Juniper 's growing share of the market , but other companies such as Lucent , Alcatel , and startups Avici Systems and Pluris had announced plans to release products that would out @-@ pace Juniper 's routers .
Juniper introduced a suite of routers for the network edge , where it would also compete with Cisco . Juniper 's edge routers had a 9 % market share two months after release . Both companies made exaggerated marketing claims ; Juniper promoted its products as stable enough to make IT staff bored and Cisco announced lab tests from Light Reading proved its products were superior to Juniper , whereas the publication itself reached the opposite conclusion . By 2002 , both companies were repeatedly announcing products with faster specifications than the other in what Network World called a " ' speeds @-@ and @-@ feeds ' public relations contest " .
By 2004 , Juniper controlled 38 % of the core router market . By 2007 , it had a 5 % , 18 % and 30 % share of the market for enterprise , edge and core routers respectively . Alcatel @-@ Lucent was unsuccessful in challenging Juniper in the core router market , but continued competing with Juniper in edge routers , along with Cisco .
= = = Further development = = =
In late 2000 , Juniper formed a joint venture with Ericsson to develop and market network switches for internet traffic on mobile devices , and with Nortel for fiber optic technology . In 2001 , Juniper introduced a technical certification program and was involved in the first optical internet network in China . Juniper 's growth slowed in 2001 as the telecommunications sector experienced a slowdown and revenues fell by two @-@ thirds during the dot @-@ com bust . 9 to 10 % of its workforce was laid off .
Juniper had rebounded by 2004 , surpassing $ 1 billion in revenues for the first time that year and reaching $ 2 billion in revenue in 2005 . Beginning in 2004 , with the acquisition of NetScreen , Juniper Networks began developing and marketing products for the enterprise segment . Juniper had a reputation for serving ISPs , not enterprises , which it was trying to change . By 2005 enterprise customers accounted for one @-@ third of the company 's revenues , but it had spent $ 5 billion in acquisitions and R & D for the enterprise market .
In 2006 , more than 200 US companies restated their financial results due to a series of investigations into stock backdating practices . Juniper stockholders alleged the company engaged in deceptive backdating practices that benefited its top executives unfairly . In December 2006 , Juniper restated its financials , charging $ 900 million in expenses to correct backdated stock options from 1999 to 2003 . This was followed by a $ 169 million settlement with stockholders in February 2010 .
= = = 2008 – present = = =
In July 2008 Juniper 's first CEO , Scott Kriens , became chairman and former Microsoft executive Kevin Johnson was appointed CEO . Johnson focused the company more on software , creating a software solutions division headed by a former Microsoft colleague , Bob Muglia . Juniper also hired other former Microsoft executives to focus on the company 's software strategy and encourage developers to create software products that run on the Junos operating system . Juniper established partnerships with IBM , Microsoft and Oracle for software compatibility efforts . The SSL / VPN Pulse product family was launched in 2010 , then later spun off to a private equity firm in 2014 for $ 250 million .
In 2012 , Juniper laid off 5 % of its staff and four of its high @-@ ranking executives departed . The following year , CEO Kevin Johnson announced he was retiring once a replacement was found . In November 2013 , Juniper Networks announced that Shaygan Kheradpir would be appointed as the new CEO . He started the position in January 2014 .
In January 2014 , hedge fund , activist investor and Juniper shareholder Elliott Associates advocated that Juniper reduce its cash reserves and cut costs , before Kheradpir was officially appointed . That February , Juniper reached an agreement with Elliott and other stakeholders for an Integrated Operating Plan ( IOP ) that involved repurchasing $ 2 billion in shares , reducing operating expenses by $ 160 million and appointing two new directors to its board . That April , 6 % of the company 's staff were laid off to cut expenses . In November 2014 , Kheradpir unexpectedly resigned following a review by Juniper 's board of directors regarding his conduct in a negotiation with an unnamed Juniper customer . An internal Juniper executive , Rami Rahim , took his place as CEO .
In May 2014 , Palo Alto Networks agreed to pay a $ 175 million settlement for allegedly infringing on Juniper 's patents for application firewalls .
= = Acquisitions and investments = =
By 2001 , Juniper had made only a few acquisitions of smaller companies , due to the leadership 's preference for organic growth . The pace of acquisition picked up in 2001 and 2002 with the purchases of Pacific Broadband and Unisphere Networks . In 2004 Juniper made a $ 4 billion acquisition of network security company NetScreen Technologies . Juniper revised NetScreen 's channel program that year and used its reseller network to bring other products to market .
Juniper made five acquisitions in 2005 , mostly of startups with deal values ranging from $ 8 @.@ 7 to $ 337 million . It acquired application @-@ acceleration vendor Redline Networks , VOIP company Kagoor Networks , as well as wide area network ( WAN ) company Peribit Networks . Peribit and Redline were incorporated into a new application products group and their technology was integrated into Juniper 's infranet framework . Afterwards , Juniper did not make any additional acquisitions until 2010 .
From 2010 to September 2011 , Juniper made six acquisitions and invested in eight companies . Often Juniper acquired early @-@ stage startups , developing their technology , than selling it to pre @-@ existing Juniper clients . Juniper acquired two digital video companies , Ankeena Networks and Blackwave Inc . , as well as wireless LAN software company Trapeze Networks . In 2012 , Juniper acquired Mykonos Software , which develops security software intended to deceive hackers already within the network perimeter. and a developer of software @-@ defined network controllers , Contrail Systems . In 2014 Juniper acquired the software @-@ defined networking ( SDN ) company WANDL .
= = Products = =
Juniper Networks designs and markets IT networking products , such as routers , switches and IT security products . It started out selling core routers for ISPs , and expanded into edge routers , data centers , wireless networking , networking for branch offices and other access and aggregation devices .
Juniper is the third largest market @-@ share holder overall for routers and switches used by ISPs . According to analyst firm Dell 'Oro Group , it is the fourth largest for edge routers and second for core routers with 25 % of the core market . It is also the second largest market share holder for firewall products with a 24 @.@ 8 % share of the firewall market . In data center security appliances , Juniper is the second @-@ place market @-@ share holder behind Cisco . In WLAN , where Juniper holds a joint development and marketing agreement with Aruba Networks , it holds a more marginal market share . Juniper provides technical support and services through the J @-@ Care program .
As of February 2015 , Juniper 's product families include the following :
= = = Routers and switches = = =
Juniper Networks ' first product was the Junos router operating system , which was released on July 1 , 1998 . The first Juniper router was made available that September and was a core router for internet service providers called the M40 . It incorporated specialized Application @-@ specific integrated circuits ( ASIC ) for routing internet traffic that were developed in partnership with IBM . It had ten times the throughput of comparable contemporary Cisco products . The M40 was followed by the smaller M20 router in December 1999 and the M160 in March 2000 .
By 2000 , Juniper had developed five hardware systems and made seven new releases of its Junos operating system . That April , Juniper released the second generation of the internet processors embedded in its core routers . In April 2002 , Juniper released the first of the T @-@ series family ( originally known under the code @-@ name Gibson ) , which could perform four times as many route lookups per second as the M160 . The first products of the TX Matrix family , which could be used to combine up to four T @-@ series routers , was released in December 2004 .
By 2003 , Juniper had diversified into three major router applications : core routers , edge routers and routers for mobile traffic . Juniper 's first major diversification from core routers was when it entered the market for edge routers , by acquiring the e @-@ series product family ( originally known as ERX ) through the purchase of Unisphere in 2000 . By 2002 , both Cisco and Juniper had increased their focus on edge routers , because many ISPs had built up abundant bandwidth at the core . Several improvements to Juniper 's software and its broadband aggregation features were released in late 2003 . At this time , Juniper had the largest market @-@ share ( 52 % ) of the broadband aggregation market . In 2003 , Juniper entered the market for cable @-@ modem termination systems with the G @-@ series product family after the acquisition of Pacific Broadband . The product family was discontinued later that year .
Juniper 's first enterprise switch product was the EX 4200 , which was released in 2008 . In a comparative technical test , Network World said the EX4200 was the top performer out of network switches they tested in latency and throughput , but its multicast features were " newer and less robust " than other aspects of the product . Juniper Networks announced the T1600 1 @.@ 6 Terabits per second core router in 2007 and the newer T4000 4 Terabit router in 2010 . In 2012 it released the ACX family of universal access routers . In 2013 , the company made several new releases in the MX family of edge routers : it introduced a smaller version of its core routers called PTX3000 , and several new enterprise routers were released . Seven months later , Juniper acquired WANDL , and its technology was integrated into the NorthStar WAN controller Juniper announced in February 2014 .
In February 2011 , Juniper introduced QFabric , a proprietary protocol methodology for transferring data over a network using a single network layer . Several individual products for the QFabric methodology were released throughout the year . In October 2013 Juniper introduced another network architecture called MetaFabric and a new set of switches , the QFX5100 family , as one of the foundations of the new architecture .
In February 2014 , several software and hardware improvements were introduced for Juniper routers , including a series of software applications ISPs could use to provide internet @-@ based services to consumers . In December 2014 , Juniper introduced a network switch , OCX1100 , that could run on either the Junos operating system or the Open Compute Project open @-@ source software .
= = = Security = = =
Juniper Networks introduced the JProtect security toolkit in May 2003 . It included firewalls , flow monitoring , filtering and Network Address Translation ( NAT ) . Through the 2004 acquisition of NetScreen Technologies , Juniper acquired the Juniper Secure Meeting product line , as well as remote desktop access software . The NetScreen @-@ 5GT ADSL security appliance was the first new NetScreen product Juniper introduced after the acquisition and its first wireless product . The first Juniper product intended for small businesses was a remote access appliance that was released in August 2004 . An open interface for the development of third party tools for the appliance was made available that September .
In September 2004 , Juniper entered the market for enterprise access routers with three routers that were the first of the J @-@ series product family . It used the channel partners acquired with NetScreen to take the routers to market . Juniper released its first dedicated Network Access Control ( NAC ) product in late 2005 , which was followed by the acquisition of Funk Software for its NAC capabilities for switches . According to a 2006 review in Network World , Juniper 's SSG 520 firewall and routing product was " the first serious threat " to competing products from Cisco . Juniper released the SRX family of gateway products in 2008 . The gateways sold well , but customers and resellers reported a wide range of technical issues starting in 2010 , which Juniper did not acknowledge until 2012 , when it began providing updates to the product software .
In August 2011 , Juniper and AT & T announced they would jointly develop the AT & T Mobile Security application based on Juniper 's Pulse security software . In May 2012 , Juniper released a series of new features for the web security software it acquired from Mykonos Software that February . Mykonos ' software is focused on deceiving hackers by presenting fake vulnerabilities and tracking their activity . In January 2014 , Juniper announced the Firefly Suite of security and switching products for virtual machines . The following month , Juniper released several products for " intrusion deception " , which create fake files , store incorrect passwords and change network maps in order to confuse hackers that have already penetrated the network perimeter .
An analysis of Juniper 's ScreenOS firmware code in December 2015 discovered a backdoor key using Dual _ EC _ DRBG allowing to passively decrypt the traffic encrypted by ScreenOS . This backdoor was inserted in the year 2008 into the versions of ScreenOS from 6.2.0r15 to 6.2.0r18 and from 6.3.0r12 to 6.3.0r20 and gives any user administrative access when using a special master password . Some analysts claim that this backdoor still exists in ScreenOS . Stephen Checkoway was quoted in Wired that " If this backdoor was not intentional , then , in my opinion , it ’ s an amazing coincidence . "
In December 2015 Juniper Systems announced that they had discovered " unauthorized code " in the ScreenOS software that underlies their NetScreen devices , present from 2012 onwards . There were two vulnerabilities : One was a simple root password backdoor , and the other one was changing a point in Dual _ EC _ DRBG so that the attackers presumably had the key to use the preexisting ( intentional or unintentional ) kleptographic backdoor in ScreenOS to passively decrypt traffic .
= = = Software defined networking = = =
According to a 2014 SWOT analysis by MarketLine , in recent history Juniper has been focusing on software @-@ defined networking ( SDN ) . It acquired SDN company Contrail Systems in December 2012 . The following month Juniper announced its SDN strategy , which included a new licensing model based on usage and new features for the Junos operating system . In February 2013 , Juniper released several SDN products , including the application provisioning software , Services Activation Director and the Mobile Control Gateway appliance .
In May 2013 , Juniper announced an SDN controller called JunosV Contrail , using technology it acquired through Contrail Systems . A series of SDN products were released in February 2014 , such as a network management software product , Junos Fusion , and an SDN controller called NorthStar . Northstar helps find the optimal path for data to travel through a network .
= = = Recent updates = = =
In March 2015 , Juniper announced a series of updates to the PTX family of core routers , the QFX family of switches , as well as updates to its security portfolio .
According to a report published by technology consulting firm LexInnova in June 2015 , Juniper Networks is the third largest recipient of network security @-@ related patents with portfolio of 2 @,@ 926 security @-@ related patents .
= = Operations = =
Juniper Networks has operations in more than 100 countries . Around 50 % of its revenue is from the United States , 30 % are from EMEA and 20 % are from Asia . Juniper sells directly to businesses , as well as through resale and distribution partners , such as Ericsson , IBM , Nokia , IngramMicro and NEC . About 50 % of Juniper 's revenues are derived from routers , 13 % from switches , 12 % comes from IT security and 25 % from services .
According to a 2013 report by Glassdoor , Juniper Networks has the highest paid software engineers in the technology sector by a margin of about $ 24 @,@ 000 per year . It operates the Juniper Network 's Academic Alliance program , which scouts fresh college graduates .
According to a SWOT analysis by MarketLine , Juniper has " a strong focus " on research and development . R & D expenses have been between 22 and 25 % of revenue from 2011 to 2013 . Most of the company 's manufacturing is outsourced to three manufacturing companies : Celestica , Flextronics and Accton Technology . Juniper operates the Junos Innovation Fund , which was started with $ 50 million in 2010 and invests in early @-@ stage technology companies developing applications for the Junos operating system . As of 2011 , Juniper had invested in 20 companies . This is estimated to be 1 to 2 % of the companies it has evaluated for a potential investment .
= The Age of Plastic =
The Age of Plastic is the debut studio album by the British new wave duo The Buggles , composed of Trevor Horn and Geoff Downes . The name of the record was conceived from the group 's intention of being a " plastic group " . The album has lyrical themes of nostalgia and anxiety about the possible effects of modern technology . The titular song , " Living in the Plastic Age " , views the experiences of watching media coverage of the Vietnam War , while " Kid Dynamo " follows a child overexposed to media and its resulting effects on him . Described by writers as the first technopop landmark , the record is an electropop new wave album that includes musical elements and influences of disco , punk , progressive rock and 1960s pop music . In a 1979 interview , Downes defined the album as " science fiction music . It 's like modern psychedelic music . It 's very futuristic . " Horn used pre @-@ dated technology for the album to have sounds unlike what was typical in records that were released at the time . The songs were written by The Buggles between 1977 and 1979 , with contributions on several tracks from Bruce Woolley . The backing tracks were recorded at Virgin 's Town House in West London , while the vocals were recorded and mixed at Sarm East Studios . Mixing was completed before Christmas 1979 .
The Age of Plastic was released by Island Records in Australia in January 1980 , and later in February in the UK . The album 's release followed the success of the group 's 1979 first single , " Video Killed the Radio Star " , which reached number 1 on the UK Singles Chart . Most of the songs for the album were written during promotion of the song . Three subsequent singles , " The Plastic Age " , " Clean , Clean " and " Elstree " , all released in 1980 , followed " Video " , and also charted in the UK , reaching number 16 , 38 and 55 respectively . In Europe , The Age of Plastic reached the Top 20 in Italy and the Top 40 in France , Norway , Sweden and the United Kingdom . In other continents , the album reached the top 40 in Japan and was number 83 on the Canadian RPM albums chart . It has been met with positive critical response , with some critics comparing it to other albums of its genre . There have been two reissues of the album , in 2000 and in 2010 . A September 2010 performance of the album by the Buggles , a gig live at the " Ladbroke Grove 's Supperclub " in Notting Hill , London , marked the first time the group performed it in its entirety .
= = Background and production = =
Geoff Downes formed The Buggles in 1977 in Wimbledon , South West London with Trevor Horn and Bruce Woolley . The trio had done rough demos of early compositions such as " Video Killed the Radio Star " , " Clean , Clean " , and " On TV " , a track later included on their second album Adventures in Modern Recording . Talking about the formation of the Buggles , Downes said about the demos :
“ We ’ d sort out the songs at my place and do all the arrangements together . Later we ’ d kick the artist out of the studio and spent most of the studio time just doing different things of our own , using every moment to our best advantage . It was a big experience for both of us and after a couple of years of doing that , we had quite a few songs together ... It was at that stage that we decided to become artists . We felt that it was about time that somebody started making good , well @-@ produced pop records again . We wanted to give people something more than they already had . ”
The Buggles were signed to Island Records , who gave Horn and Downes recording and publishing contracts , and started recording their upcoming first studio album in the first half of 1979 . Although Woolley was originally intended to be the band 's lead vocalist , he left the group during the sessions to form his own band , The Camera Club , who also did versions of " Clean , Clean " and " Video " that appeared on their album English Garden . When " Video Killed the Radio Star " was a huge commercial success , they had realized the problem that they had not finished an album 's worth of material yet , so they wrote more during the promotion of the single , while in airport lounges , dressing rooms , rehearsal rooms and studios .
= = Production process = =
The Age of Plastic had a budget of £ 60 @,@ 000 . Hugh Padgham recorded the backing tracks at Virgin 's Town House in West London , due to Sarm East 's very small size and Horn wanting to record real drums . The Buggles went to London ’ s Wardour Street to gain the attention of and record two females to appear on the album . The mixing and Horn 's vocal recording were later done at Sarm East Studios , and mixing was finished before Christmas 1979 for a new year 's release of the album . Sarm East mixer Gary Langan used a 40 @-@ input Trident TSM console to record and mix the album , which was housed inside the same control room as two Studer A80 24 @-@ track machines and outboard gear that included an EMT 140 echo plate , Eventide digital delay , Eventide phaser , Marshall Time Modulator , Kepex noise gates , Urei and Orban EQs , and Urei 1176 , Dbx 160 , and UA LA2 and LA3 compressors .
The vocals of the album were recorded at Sarm East to a click track using a Roland TR @-@ 808 drum machine , and other various machines and boxes sync ’ ed up the tracks . As Langan recalls : " In those days of relatively limited technology we again had to push what we had to the limit ... If , for instance , something required an effect , whether it be tape delay or phasing or some big , delayed reverb , the art was to get that effect right and record it ... It all had to be done and then , as I said , it would influence the next process . " Langan has noted that balancing the backing vocals in the songs from the album was a major problem , due to no available terabytes of storage . He stated : " We 'd make it as clean as we possibly could , bounce that down to two tracks and then we 'd erase . "
= = Music development and arrangement = =
The Age of Plastic lasts for a total length of 36 minutes and 24 seconds . Unable to make the album sound like what was typical of other records released in the late 1970s , as well as finding it boring , Horn " figured that if I couldn 't get records to sound like Elton John , which I couldn 't because I couldn 't figure out how they did it , then whatever I could do , I 'd better exaggerate it . " He had also wanted to " perverse things with sound , except that in 1978 and 1979 , none of the equipment which would later allow me to do that was available . So I had to pre @-@ date that technology by finding my own ways of achieving certain sounds . " Audio noted the album 's sound to be reminiscent of duo Godley & Creme 's debut album Consequences .
Writers have labeled The Age of Plastic as the first landmark of another electropop era . In his book Are We Not New Wave ? : Modern Pop at the Turn of the 1980s , Theo Cateforis wrote that the album 's title and the songs " I Love You ( Miss Robot ) " and " Astroboy " " picture the arrival of the 1980s as a novelty era of playful futurism " . In a 1979 interview , Downes defined the album as " science fiction music . It 's like modern psychedelic music . It 's very futuristic . " Writers have described it as a mixture of synthpop and new wave music , with elements of disco , punk , progressive rock and pop music from the 1960s . The music on the album was also influenced by groups such as 10cc , ELO and Kraftwerk .
Journalists noted the tracks ' instrumentations of guitars , bass guitar , drums , vocoded , robotic and female vocals , and synthesizers used to emulate orchestral instruments , and well as compositional elements of a variety of complex builds . Downes said that he used five synthesizers in making The Age of Plastic , which were used to " fake up things and to provide effects we won ’ t use them in the manner that somebody like John Foxx does . " According to Horn : " We used about three different drummers including one from Landscape and Johnny Richardson from The Rubettes , who ’ s really good . We also used the occasional session guitarist to play various bits and there were three or four girl singers involved . Apart from that , we did everything ourselves . " Downes claimed of using George Shearing 's trick of doubling melody lines in block chords very heavily on some of the songs .
= = Lyrics and song information = =
The Age of Plastic is a tragicomic concept album with lyrical themes of intense nostalgia and anxiety about the possible effects of modern technology . The lyrics , which were written by Trevor Horn , were inspired by the works of J.G. Ballard . The Buggles claimed they were necessarily a " plastic group " to meet the needs of a plastic age , which was why their debut album was called The Age of Plastic . Downes said that the lyrics were " trying to make cynical comments on a number of issues . " Eight tracks are included on The Age of Plastic : " Living in the Plastic Age " , " Video Killed the Radio Star " , " Kid Dynamo " , " I Love You ( Miss Robot ) " , " Clean , Clean " , " Elstree " , " Astroboy ( And the Proles on Parade ) " , and " Johnny ( on the Monorail ) " . The album 's lyrical concept was compared by Orange Coast magazine to that of the works of Canadian progressive rock band Klaatu .
The Age of Plastic starts with the title track " The Plastic Age , " which , according to Downes , is about a person 's view of plastic experiences from watching and reading news reports on the Vietnam War . " Video Killed the Radio Star , " the second track , refers to a period of technological change in the 1960s , the desire to remember the past and the disappointment that children of the current generation would not appreciate the past . The fast @-@ paced third song , " Kid Dynamo , " is about the effects of media on a futuristic kid of the 1980s . " I Love You ( Miss Robot ) " is the album 's fourth track , that Downes said it talks about " being on the road and making love to someone you don 't really like , while all the time you 're wanting to phone someone who 's a long way off . " Wave Maker Magazine viewed the song as " a darkly soothing , bass guitar @-@ driven ballad which brings us back into cyberpunk country . "
" Clean , Clean " is the album 's fifth track , and follows the story of a
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composed occasionally . Tastes in popular music had changed during and after the war and his music declined in popularity ; his income in 1940 had been £ 3 @,@ 493 , which dropped to £ 2 @,@ 906 in 1950 — a particularly steep drop when wartime inflation is considered . McCanna writes that apart from a commission for the National Brass Band competition in 1945 , Ketèlbey produced nothing memorable after the war , and his biographer Keith Anderson considers that in the postwar period Ketèlbey 's work " ... lacked novelty . Of the handful of works published ... most were reworkings of old material , although the composer attempted to disguise the origins " . The BBC also began to ignore his work . In their 1949 Festival of Light Music , none of his compositions were played , which he found distressing . In his letter to the Director @-@ General of the BBC , Sir William Haley , Ketèlbey said the exclusion was " a public insult " . His music still found an audience : in 1952 and 1953 With Honour Crowned was again played as a slow march at the Trooping the Colour ceremony .
Ketèlbey died in his Cowes home of heart and renal failure on 26 November 1959 . By the time of his death he had slipped into obscurity . Only a handful of mourners attended his funeral , which was held at Golders Green Crematorium in London .
= = Music = =
Under his own name and at least six pseudonyms Ketèlbey composed several hundred works , about 150 of them for the orchestra . In the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , Phillip Scowcroft writes , " His gifts for melody and sensitive , colourful scoring ensured continuing popularity with light orchestras and bands until after 1945 . The most popular of his hundreds of pieces emphasize emotionalism and sometimes exaggerated effects at the expense of structure and harmonic subtlety . "
= = = Early works and serious music = = =
Ketèlbey 's early compositions are classical and orthodox in form , reflecting the training at Trinity College . The first substantial work was a piano sonata ( 1888 ) ; it was followed by a Caprice for piano and orchestra ( 1892 ) , a Concertstück for piano and orchestra ( circa 1893 ) and a piano concerto in G minor ( 1895 ) . Ketèlbey 's piano writing was notable for its brilliance , and the composer 's own performance of the solo part of the Concertstück brought out that quality . As a student , Ketèlbey composed a cadenza for the first movement of Beethoven 's First Piano Concerto , judged " clever and effective " in performance in 1890 .
For the chamber repertoire , Ketèlbey composed a string quartet ( c . 1896 ) and a quintet for piano and wind ( 1896 ) which won the Costa Prize and the College Gold Medal . His 1894 Romance for violin and piano was praised as " a charming , musicianly work " . His other early works include choral pieces , including the anthems " Every good Gift " ; " Behold upon the mountains " , and " Be strong , all ye people " ( all 1896 ) . After these works he moved professionally into conducting light opera , and serious music became the exception rather than the rule in his compositions .
Ketèlbey 's concert music was less well known in England than in continental Europe , where he conducted many programmes of his own works for the Concertgebouw Orchestra and others . The composer 's more avowedly serious music was less widely esteemed by his compatriots . In a 1928 profile the magazine The British Musician commented , " There is no need to explain here why his serious music , whether written thirty years ago or as recently as 1927 ... has not won the popularity of , say , Edward German 's dances : it is pleasant music , delightfully scored ; but it is not so fascinating as that from which it derives — the music of the Viennese writers of dance music , of Délibes and Gounod and the like . " The reviewer added , " Albert Ketèlbey 's works of the Monastery Garden type are by far the best that anyone in this country has written , and they represent the end to which he was born . "
= = = Light orchestral = = =
Ketèlbey , a capable player of the cello , clarinet , oboe , and horn , was a skilled orchestrator . He generally followed the normal style for light music of his day : picturesque and romantic , with colourful orchestral effects . Reviewing a collection of Ketèlbey 's music , the authors of The Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music commented in 2008 , " when vulgarity is called for it is not shirked — only it 's a stylish kind of vulgarity ! " Many of Ketèlbey 's pieces are programmatic , typically lasting between four and six minutes . His penchant for arranging his works for various combinations of instruments makes them harder to categorise than the works of many other composers . His first two pieces to make a mark with a wide public were The Phantom Melody ( 1911 ) and In a Monastery Garden ( 1915 ) , both best known in their orchestral versions , but originally written for cello and piano and for solo piano respectively . For the familiar orchestral version of the second of these pieces the composer published a synopsis :
The first theme represents a poet 's reverie in the quietude of the monastery garden amidst beautiful surroundings — the calm serene atmosphere — the leafy trees and the singing birds . The second theme in the minor expresses the more ' personal ' note of sadness , of appeal and contrition . Presently , the monks are heard chanting the " Kyrie Eleison " with the organ playing and the chapel bell ringing . The first theme is now heard in a quieter manner as if it had become more ethereal and distant ; the singing of the monks is again heard — it becomes louder and more insistent , bringing the piece to a conclusion in a glow of exultation .
Ketèlbey followed the same basic formula for many of his most popular later works . For In a Persian Market his synopsis notes " the camel drivers approaching , the cries of beggars , entry of beautiful princess ( represented by a languorous theme given at first to clarinet and cello and then full orchestra ) ... she watches the jugglers and snake @-@ charmers ... the Caliph passes by , interrupting the entertainment ... all depart , their themes heard faintly in the distance , and the marketplace becomes deserted . " Ketèlbey establishes the eastern setting in the opening section , employing the distinctive melodic intervals , A – B ♭ – E. The orchestral players are instructed to sing at two points in the score , a descending motif representing beggars crying for baksheesh . Although one contemporary critic belittled the music as " pseudo @-@ orientalism " , McCanna comments that " The princess portrayed by the big romantic theme is a cousin of the princesses in Stravinsky 's Firebird " .
Ketèlbey sought to repeat the exoticism of In a Persian Market in several later pieces . Among them is In a Chinese Temple Garden ( 1923 ) , described as an " oriental phantasy " , with episodes depicting a priestly incantation , two lovers , a wedding procession , a street brawl and the restoration of calm by the beating of the temple gong . Another example is In the Mystic Land of Egypt ( 1931 ) , which , like its Persian predecessor , opens with a vigorous march theme followed by a broad romantic melody . Again , the composer employs unconventional musical devices for colour — in this case a chromatic scale , descending at each appearance until the closing bars , where it is inverted . In 1958 , the critic Ronald Ever wrote that Ketèlbey was noted for his use of " every exotic noisemaker known to man — chimes , orchestra bells , gongs ( all sizes and nationalities ) , cymbals , woodblocks , xylophone , drums of every variety " . Ever commented that Ketèlbey 's exoticism had left an immovable impression of eastern music on western ears , to which " Oriental music is Ketèlbey music : the clashing cymbals ; the little pinging bells ; the minor modes ; the amazingly graphic mincing step created by rapidly reiterated notes ; the coy taps on the woodblock . "
Among Ketèlbey 's light orchestral works with a wholly British flavour is Bells Across the Meadows ( 1921 ) , redolent , in the words of McDonald , of " rose @-@ entwined thatched cottages standing amidst gardens full of hollyhocks with a gentle brook bubbling on its rustic way and cows grazing peacefully in the pastures beyond " . Urban life was evoked in the five @-@ movement Cockney Suite ( 1924 ) , described by The Times as " character pieces complete with leering saxophone , cheeky mouth @-@ organ , and some infernally catchy tunes " . Ketèlbey depicts successively a royal procession from Buckingham Palace to the Houses of Parliament ; an East End pub , with a main theme based on the Cockney ditty " ' Arf a pint of mild and bitter " ; a waltz at a palais de danse ; a sombre glimpse of the Cenotaph in Whitehall ; and in the finale , " ' Appy ' Ampstead " , a picture of the August Bank Holiday fair on Hampstead Heath .
Much of the music Ketèlbey wrote as accompaniment to silent films between 1915 and 1929 , though lucrative at the time , has proved ephemeral , although he reused and rearranged some of it in solo pieces for amateur pianists . With the requirements of cinemas of all sizes in mind , his film music was published in the " Bosworth Loose Leaf Film Play Music Series " in versions for solo piano or for small orchestras . The titles offered included Dramatic Agitato , Amaryllis ( described by the composer as " suitable for use in dainty , fickle scenes " ) , Mystery ( " greatly in favour for uncanny and weird picturizations " ) , " Agitato Furioso " ( " famous for its excellence in playing to riots , storms , wars , etc . " ) and Bacchanale de Montmartre ( for " cabaret , orgy and riotous continental scenes " ) .
= = = Instrumental works = = =
In addition to arrangements for solo instruments of his popular orchestral works , Ketèlbey wrote a range of music for organ and for piano . Some of the more serious of these pieces were published under his " Vodorinsky " pen name . Among the organ works are Pastorale and Rêverie dramatique , both dating from about 1911 . The piano works include the early classical pieces such as the 1888 Sonata , and shorter items in a more popular style , such as Rêverie ( 1894 ) and Les pèlerins ( 1925 ) , by way of A Romantic Melody ( 1898 ) , Pensées joyeuses ( 1888 ) , In the Woodlands ( 1921 ) , A Song of Summer ( 1922 ) , and Légende triste ( 1923 ) . The musical influences on his piano works were on the whole conservative : for the early works McCanna mentions Haydn and Mendelssohn in this context . Much of the piano music published in the years after the First World War was aimed at a domestic audience ; it requires only a modest technical proficiency to play and is simple in structure with deft harmonies . The most commercially successful of the Vodorinski works was the Prelude in C ♯ minor ( 1907 ) . McCanna comments that not only the title but the material is reminiscent of Rachmaninoff : " the music turns out to copy some of the more illustrious composer 's features , notably the final fortissimo statement of the melody in the bass " . Ketèlbey followed Chopin 's model in several waltzes in the key of A ♭ major , including La grâcieuse ( 1907 ) and two different pieces under the title Valse brillante ( 1905 and 1911 ) .
= = = Songs = = =
Throughout his career Ketèlbey composed songs , providing the words for most of those written after 1913 . His first , unpublished , song , " Be Still , Sad Heart " dates from 1892 , and during the rest of the 1890s he wrote songs for children as well as sentimental ballads like " Believe Me True " ( 1897 ) for their seniors . Many had words by Florence Hoare , whose other lyrics included English words for songs by Tchaikovsky , Gounod and Brahms . Ketèlbey 's popular ballads included " The Heart 's Awakening " ( 1907 ) , " My Heart @-@ a @-@ dream " ( 1909 ) , " I Loved You More Than I Knew " ( 1912 ) , " My Heart Still Clings to You " ( 1913 ) , " Will You Forgive ? ( 1924 ) " , and " A Birthday Song " ( 1933 ) . He wrote patriotic songs for use in three wars : " There 's Something in the English After all " ( 1899 , during the Boer War ) , " The Trumpet Voice of Motherland is Calling " ( 1914 , for the First World War ) and " Fighting for Freedom " ( 1941 , during the Second World War ) . His sole Shakespeare setting , " Blow ! Blow ! Thou Winter Wind " ( 1898 , revised 1951 ) , was written as incidental music for a production of As You Like It .
= = Reputation and legacy = =
The obituarist for The Musical Times claimed that " Ketèlbey 's especial fame ... consisted in his phenomenal success as a composer of light music . His remarkable gift for alluring tunes , rich in homely sentiment , was reflected in the immense popularity of [ his ] pieces " . McCanna opines that Ketèlbey 's popularity
lay in its memorable expressive melodies combined with its ability to set the scene by enhanced use of different kinds of colour : local colour in the choice of characteristic settings , often with explicit narrative captions printed above the music ; musical colour in the form of exotic scales and harmonies ; orchestral colour in the novel use of singing by the players and of sound effects executed by the drummer .
During his tenure at Columbia , Ketèlbey promoted the works of several composers , including Haydn Wood , Charles Ancliffe , Ivor Novello , James W. Tate and Kenneth J. Alford , helping to increase the popularity of British light music . Ronnie Ronalde made In a Monastery Garden his signature tune from 1958 , while Serge Gainsbourg used the theme of In a Persian Market for his 1977 song " My Lady Héroïne " .
Dempsey , writing in 2001 , considered that Ketèlbey 's " late @-@ Romantic tone miniatures ... are deserving of reappraisal " . The composer 's reputation has improved over time , and the cultural historian Andrew Blake identifies a " form of ' cult following ' " for him . In the 21st century , Ketèlbey 's music is still frequently heard on radio and in a 2003 poll by the BBC radio programme Your Hundred Best Tunes , Bells across the Meadows was voted thirty @-@ sixth most popular tune of all time . The last night of the corporation 's 2009 Proms season included In a Monastery Garden to mark the fiftieth anniversary of Ketèlbey 's death ; it was the first time the tune had been included in the festival 's finale . Tim Page , the music critic for The Washington Post , considers that Ketèlbey 's work expresses an " ornate , perfumed , genteel Orientalism [ which ] found expression in miniatures " ; he adds that " all of Ketèlbey 's music is pretty weird — deeply derivative yet unmistakably personal , tidy in form yet grandiose in execution , amiable and often touching despite its unashamed mawkishness . "
= Ganteaume 's expeditions of 1801 =
Ganteaume 's expeditions of 1801 were three connected major French Navy operations of the spring of 1801 during the French Revolutionary Wars . A French naval squadron from Brest under Contre @-@ amiral Honoré Ganteaume , seeking to reinforce the besieged French garrison in Egypt , made three separate but futile efforts to reach the Eastern Mediterranean . The French army in Egypt had been trapped there shortly after the start of the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt in 1798 , when the French Mediterranean Fleet was destroyed at the Battle of the Nile . Since that defeat , the French Navy had maintained only a minimal presence in the Mediterranean Sea , while the more numerous British and their allies had succeeded in blockading and defeating several French bases almost unopposed .
The despatch of Ganteaume 's squadron was a direct effort to restore balance to the situation in the Mediterranean by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte and on the first cruise it reached Toulon on 19 February 1801 , providing vital reinforcements to the remnants of the fleet there . The second expedition , launched from Toulon a month later , was forced back to the port by a combination of bad weather and the British blockade . The third expedition actually reached the Eastern Mediterranean and a fruitless attempt was made to land troops at Benghazi , before British ships from the blockade of Egypt successfully drove Ganteaume 's forces away . The French squadron returned to Toulon by 22 July , at which point the expedition was called off . Despite his failure to land troops in North Africa , Ganteaume did win a series of minor victories over lone British warships , including the frigate HMS Success and the ship of the line HMS Swiftsure , and several of his ships detached during the third expedition were subsequently involved in the Algeciras Campaign in July . Ultimately the inability of the French to break through the British blockade of Egypt resulted in the defeat and surrender of the garrison there later in the year .
= = Background = =
In May 1798 , a large French fleet of warships and transports crossed the Mediterranean Sea with an army of more than 35 @,@ 000 men under General Napoleon Bonaparte , intent on an invasion of Egypt , then nominally held by the neutral Ottoman Empire . Pausing to capture Malta , the French force then pressed on eastwards aware that a fleet under Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson had entered the Mediterranean and was in pursuit . Successfully avoiding Nelson 's forces , the fleet reached Alexandria on 29 June and immediately invaded , rapidly advancing inland and defeating the Mamluk rulers of Egypt at the Battle of the Pyramids on 21 July . While the army had pushed inland , the fleet , under Vice @-@ Admiral François @-@ Paul Brueys D 'Aigalliers , had anchored in Aboukir Bay near Alexandria , and was found there in the afternoon of 1 August by Nelson 's fleet . Despite the growing darkness , Nelson attacked at once and in the three @-@ day Battle of the Nile destroyed or captured eleven ships of the line and two frigates . Just two ships of the line and two frigates escaped and among the more than 3 @,@ 000 casualties was Admiral Brueys , killed on his flagship Orient .
With his route back to France suddenly closed , Bonaparte consolidated his position in Egypt and then attacked north into Ottoman Syria . The operation achieved some initial success , but British dominance at sea heavily influenced the campaign : the siege train was captured on its coastal barges , all supplies had to be brought overland and any French operations near the shoreline came under heavy fire from Royal Navy warships , particularly at the culminating Siege of Acre . An attempt by the French Atlantic Fleet to intervene in the Mediterranean , known as the Croisière de Bruix , failed in July 1799 . Defeated at Acre and driven back to Egypt , Bonaparte decided to return to France in November 1799 in order to take charge of the deteriorating situation in the War of the Second Coalition . He could only evacuate a small number of advisors with him on the frigates Muiron and Carrère , but promised the army remaining in Egypt under General Jean Baptiste Kléber that he would send support and reinforcements from Europe . Bonaparte successfully reached France without interception by British forces and on 9 November 1799 seized power in the coup of 18 Brumaire and proclaimed himself First Consul .
While Bonaparte was preoccupied in the Middle East and then with French politics , the Royal Navy had returned to the Mediterranean in force . British forces had withdrawn from the region in 1796 after France and Spain became allies in the Treaty of San Ildefonso , but Nelson 's victory at the Nile had eliminated the French threat , allowing a large scale redeployment in the second half of the year . Malta was besieged , the Ionian Islands were captured by a joint Turkish and Russian force and successive efforts to reach the trapped garrison of Egypt were defeated at sea . Negotiations to return the French troops to Europe collapsed and although Kléber defeated an Ottoman attack at the Battle of Heliopolis on 20 March 1800 , he was assassinated in June . As morale fell , the situation in Egypt became increasingly desperate for the French garrison and the British planned an invasion for March 1801 . News of British intentions reached France where Bonaparte , who had successfully reorganised the French Army and driven back allied advances in Italy thus bringing the continental war to an end , ordered a squadron from the French Atlantic Fleet , based at Brest , to reinforce the garrison in Egypt .
= = First expedition = =
The squadron selected for the reinforcement of Egypt was placed under the command of Contre @-@ amiral Honoré Ganteaume , a survivor of the Battle of the Nile and therefore an officer with experience of service in the Eastern Mediterranean . Under Ganteaume 's command were three 80 @-@ gun and four 74 @-@ gun ships of the line , two frigates and a lugger which between them carried 5 @,@ 000 troops as reinforcements for the Army in Egypt under General Jean Sahuguet . Rumours were spread that the expedition was destined for the Caribbean to oppose the Haitian Revolution , and demonstrations were arranged at every French Atlantic and Channel port , intended to confuse the British blockade squadrons as to which ships were actually sailing and which were only giving the impression of doing so . Ganteaume 's squadron was ordered to sail from Brest on 7 January 1801 , but the diversion plan was not successful , as the British squadron that was permanently maintained off Brest under Rear @-@ Admiral Henry Harvey immediately gave chase to Ganteauame 's ships as they emerged from the Passage du Raz . Within hours , Ganteaume had been forced to take shelter under the batteries at the mouth of the River Vilaine , pretending that his voyage had only been a feint like the other operations along the coast . A few days later he managed to slip back into Brest harbour .
On 23 January a heavy storm struck the Brittany coast , fierce northerly winds driving the British out to sea and leaving the entrance to Brest clear for Ganteaume 's escape . Driving out through the Iroise , the French ships were scattered by the storm and several suffered damage to their masts . The squadron broke into two bodies : a main force of six ships of the line , one frigate and the lugger under Commodore Moncousu and a smaller force under Ganteaume , with one ship of the line and one frigate . Unobserved by the absent British , these forces passed southwest over the following five days , hoping to rendezvous at Cape Spartel . Both had encounters with scattered British warships : the larger body encountered the British frigate HMS Concorde under Captain Robert Barton at 09 : 00 on 27 January approximately 75 nautical miles ( 139 km ) northeast of Finisterre . Concorde was towing a seized Swedish merchant vessel , but abandoned the ship as soon as a ship of the line and the frigate Bravoure closed to investigate .
Concorde initially retreated before the advancing ships , but at 6 nautical miles ( 11 km ) distant from the squadron turned to meet Bravoure , which was now advancing alone . As he approached , Captain Louis @-@ Auguste Dordelin demanded that Barton surrender but was met with musket fire and both ships commenced a close range engagement with their main broadsides . For half an hour the battle continued until wreckage was seen falling from Bravoure and Barton ordered his ship to ceasefire on the assumption that the French ship had surrendered . In fact , Dordelin was hastily turning his ship back towards the squadron for support and although Concorde gave chase , Barton 's rigging was too severely damaged to continue the operation , Concorde turning back towards Europe at 03 : 00 on 28 January . Although Bravoure could still be seen in the distance the following morning , the continued presence of Moncousu 's ships rendered any further efforts to attack Bravoure too dangerous . The British ship had lost four killed and 19 wounded from a total of 244 crew members , the French ten killed and 24 wounded , including Captain Doredelin , who had lost a hand .
= = = Entering the Mediterranean = = =
On 30 January , shortly before the separated squadron was reunited off Cape Spartel , Ganteaume 's ships also encountered a British vessel , chasing down the small fireship HMS Incendiary under Commander Richard Dalling Dunn . Incendiary was unable to resist the larger warships and after they had removed her crew her captors set fire to Incendiary , scuttling her . After passing southwards together , the united squadron reached the Straits of Gibraltar on 9 February and passed through them without resistance . As most of the British fleet was operating in the Mediterranean Sea and no news of Ganteaume 's operation had yet reached the authorities at Gibraltar , the only Royal Navy ship on hand to observe the French squadron was the 32 @-@ gun frigate HMS Success under Captain Shuldham Peard that lay at anchor off the British base . Peard correctly assumed that the French squadron was sailing for Egypt and decided to follow them , shadowing the French during 10
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s coming out story . He wished that viewers got to see more of Chris 's thoughts and feelings and less of how his situation affected the people around him . Langford added " I do like that Chris isn 't a perfect kid . Many shows tend to make gay teens near saints . Instead , he 's a fairly average kid who makes mistakes and messes up , like starting a fight at a basketball game . In July 2011 , Langford revealed that he had seen some comments from people thinking that Lucas and Chris should be paired up . He opined that there is not a hint of romance between the two and wondered why people assumed that if a gay character shares a scene with another guy , they must get together . Langford revealed that he liked Chris and Lucas 's mentor and mentee relationship as it is . The writer also commented on the introduction of Chris 's father and said that he was " delighted " that Chris was finally getting his own drama , that was " pretty realistic . " He added " It 's nice to see the father / son dynamic play out . I have the feeling that a lot of Chris 's dad 's issues stem from the fact that his son is gay and I hope the show will delve into those unresoved issues . "
Sarah Ellis writing for Inside Soap said " I 'd love to see Chris with a boyfriend – he 's the nicest guy in Erinsborough ! " In 2011 , Mason revealed that he has had a positive reaction to his character from viewers and he has been receiving mail from people who have had similar experiences , who appreciate what Neighbours is doing . He added " What 's interesting is that a lot of feedback has been about the fact the character 's coming out wasn 't a " warm and fuzzy " experience , that there were rough spots . They appreciated the authenticity of the story , and I think that comes from the character and storylines being based on other people 's real life experiences . " Cameron Adams of the Herald Sun branded Chris Erinsborough 's token gay . He added " Good on Neighbours for not having their gay character flouncing around in a midriff top listening to Britney Spears . " Inside Soap 's staff said that they could not wait to see how Chris would get on with Aidan . They added that it was " high time he had a boyfriend " . Of the Chris and Scotty storyline , Melinda Houston from The Sun @-@ Herald wrote " Good on Neighbours for not just having an ongoing gay character but using him to explore some interesting issues .
= She Ain 't You =
" She Ain 't You " is a song by American recording artist Chris Brown . The mid @-@ tempo R & B , pop @-@ flavored ballad was written by Brown , Jean Baptiste , Ryan Buendia , Kevin McCall and Jason Boyd , and was produced by Free School . It was sent to urban contemporary radio in the United States on March 28 , 2011 , as the fourth US single from Brown 's fourth studio album , F.A.M.E. ( 2011 ) . Musically , " She Ain 't You " samples the remixed version of SWV 's " Right Here " ( 1993 ) , which in turn samples Michael Jackson 's " Human Nature " ( 1983 ) . The song 's lyrics are about Brown falling in and out of love . " She Ain 't You " received mixed to positive reviews from music critics .
" She Ain 't You " reached number five on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , number 17 on the US Pop Songs chart , and number 27 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . Although it was only officially released in the US , the song also charted in Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Slovakia and the United Kingdom . The accompanying music video was directed by Colin Tilley and features Brown paying tribute to Michael Jackson . Brown performed " She Ain 't You " at the 2011 BET Awards , on Today , and during his F.A.M.E. Tour .
= = Background and composition = =
" She Ain 't You " was written by Brown , Jean Baptiste , Ryan Buendia , Kevin McCall and Jason Boyd , and was produced by Free School . It was recorded at Stadium Red Studios in New York City — and Brian Springer mixed the song at The Record Plant — a studio in Los Angeles , California . Springer was assisted by Iain Findlay and Mark Beaven . Amber Streeter of R & B girl group RichGirl performed background vocals on the song . The song was sent to urban contemporary radio in the United States on March 28 , 2011 . It also impacted rhythmic contemporary radio on April 19 , 2011 , and contemporary hit radio on May 31 , 2011 . A remix of " She Ain 't You " featuring SWV premiered online on June 10 , 2011 .
" She Ain 't You " is a mid @-@ tempo R & B , pop @-@ flavored ballad , featuring electronic and calm beats . The song is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 92 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of D major with Brown 's vocal range spanning from the note of B3 to the note of B5 . It also makes use of the drums . " She Ain 't You " contains a portion of a remixed version of SWV 's " Right Here " ( 1993 ) , which in turn samples Michael Jackson 's " Human Nature " ( 1982 ) . According to Najah Goldstein of WNOW @-@ FM , it is " reminiscent of a 90 's R & B love song . " According to Scott Shetler of AOL Music , on the song , " Brown sings that he 's found a new girl , but he 's not happy because he still prefers his ex . " Hannah Ash of The Harber Herald noted that the line : " With you I had a bad romance " , could be a reference to Lady Gaga 's 2009 single " Bad Romance " . Ash also noted that the song contains " slow and pouty vocals . "
= = Critical reception = =
Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe wrote that the song " is totally shameless and completely effective " as it " derives much of its charm from a hefty sample of Michael Jackson 's ' Human Nature ' " . Joanne Dorken of MTV UK wrote that the sample gives " the tune an instant eighties feel " . Najah Goldstein of radio station WNOW @-@ FM wrote that the song is " shows a much softer side of Chris Brown " , and further added that it 's " definitely a song for the ladies ... maybe even for pop star Rihanna . " Margaret Wappler of Los Angeles Times wrote that " the sentiment of the song is refreshingly complex . " Hannah Ash of The Harber Herald wrote that on F.A.M.E. , " She Ain 't You " and " Up to You " are " the perfect sweet and cute love songs " . While reviewing the album , Sean Fennessey of The Washington Post wrote that " a more appropriate application appears on ' She Ain ’ t You ' , which interpolates Michael Jackson 's ' Human Nature ' . Jackson has long been the emotional , physical and musical forebear to Brown . But on ' She Ain ’ t You ' he begs the comparison , and it isn ’ t pretty . " Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that Brown " has a really charmless way with a lyric , as on ' She Ain ’ t You ' — " When I 'm with her it 's only ' bout the sex / With you I had a bad romance / And if I could just trade her in I would " — and a voice nowhere near strong enough to make up for it . " The song was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2011 Soul Train Music Awards , and Top R & B Song at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards .
= = Chart performance = =
In the issue dated April 2 , 2011 , " She Ain 't You " debuted at number 75 on the US Hot R & B / Hip Hop Songs chart . The song peaked at number five in the issue dated June 18 , 2011 , and spent twenty @-@ two weeks on the chart . In the issue dated April 30 , 2011 , " She Ain 't You " debuted at number 90 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , and peaked at number 27 in the issue dated August 6 , 2011 . Even though the song was only officially released in the US , it still managed to chart in other countries . On the Australian Singles Chart , " She Ain 't You " debuted at number 34 on June 13 , 2011 , and peaked at number 27 . The song was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting sales of 35 @,@ 000 copies . On the New Zealand Singles Chart , " She Ain 't You " debuted at number 37 , peaked at number 27 , and spent a total of seven weeks on the chart . In the United Kingdom , the song debuted at number 90 on the UK Singles Chart dated October 15 , 2011 , and peaked at number 53 on November 12 , 2011 . It also charted on the UK R & B Singles Chart , where it peaked at number 17 .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " She Ain 't You " was directed by Colin Tilley , and premiered on May 2 , 2011 . Throughout the video , Brown pays tribute to Michael Jackson , and as stated by Lewis Corner of Digital Spy , " Brown has also choreographed a selection of iconic Jackson @-@ inspired moves for the song 's dance routine . " The video opens with the following dedication , " Dedicated to my biggest inspiration of all time ... I Love You . R.I.P. Michael Jackson . 08 / 29 / 58 – 06 / 25 / 09 . " Brown then appears in a 1980s @-@ styled white suit and a black fedora , performing choreography with male and female dancers against a wall of neon lights . Brown 's outfit was noted for its similarities to the one Jackson wore in his music video for " Smooth Criminal " ( 1988 ) . In between these scenes , Brown can also be seen wearing a black suit while dancing in front of a backdrop of dark clouds . Amber Streeter and Brown appear separately during the song 's chorus where they are surrounded by gold butterflies . More scenes of Brown performing choreography are shown during the second verse . He also appears outdoors splashing in a pool of water . The video ends showing Brown flying through the air .
A writer for Rap @-@ Up wrote that the video showcased what Brown does best – " dance " . Anthony Osei of Complex magazine wrote , " If anyone can do a great Michael Jackson tribute , it 's Chris Brown . " A writer of DesiHits wrote that the video brought the " same magic " from his tribute to Jackson at the 2010 BET Awards , and added that it included " great lighting and even better choreography . " Robbie Daw of Idolator found the video " mildly enjoyable " . Brad Wete of Entertainment Weekly called Brown 's dancing " tremendous " and wrote , " You 'd be hard pressed trying to find a singer out there with enough dancing abilities to even attempt a proper Jackson tribute . Brown is one of the few — if not the only . " At the 2011 Soul Train Music Awards , the video was nominated for Best Dance Performance .
= = Live performances = =
On June 26 , 2011 , Brown performed " She Ain 't You " along with " Look at Me Now " and " Paper , Scissors , Rock " at the 2011 BET Awards . The performance started off with Brown performing " She Ain 't You " in a gray suit with voluminous pant legs and a cape fashioned out of a jacket . He then switched his outfit to a black jumpsuit and performed " Look at Me Now " , as a group of dancers in similarly street black hoodies joined him on stage . Busta Rhymes later appeared from a brightly lit cube flanked by dancers in eerie , transparent masks illuminated by blinking lights . Brown ended the performance with " Paper , Scissors , Rock " . On July 15 , 2011 , Brown performed " She Ain 't You " in front of an audience of 18 @,@ 000 people at the Rockefeller Plaza in New York City as part of Today concert series . For the performance , Brown wore a white shirt and a black and gold vest with black pants . " She Ain 't You " was added to the set list of Brown 's F.A.M.E. Tour in North America .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes for F.A.M.E ..
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Release dates = =
= Jada Pinkett Smith =
Jada Koren Pinkett – Smith ( / ˌdʒeɪdə ˌpɪŋkᵻt ˈsmɪθ / ; born Jada Koren Pinkett ; September 18 , 1971 ) is an American actress , dancer , singer @-@ songwriter , and businesswoman . She began her career in 1990 , when she made a guest appearance in the short @-@ lived sitcom True Colors . She starred in A Different World , produced by Bill Cosby , and she featured opposite Eddie Murphy in The Nutty Professor ( 1996 ) . She starred in dramatic films such as Menace II Society ( 1993 ) and Set It Off ( 1996 ) . She has appeared in more than 20 films in a variety of genres , including Scream 2 , Ali , The Matrix Reloaded , The Matrix Revolutions , Madagascar , Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , and Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted .
Pinkett Smith launched her music career in 2002 , when she helped create the metal band Wicked Wisdom , for which she is a singer and songwriter . Smith also created a production company , in addition to authoring a book , published in 2004 .
In 1997 , she married actor Will Smith . They have two children , Jaden and Willow . The couple founded the Will and Jada Smith Family Foundation , a charity organization which focuses on inner @-@ city youth and family support and has worked with non @-@ profit organizations like YouthBuild and the Lupus Foundation of America .
= = Family and early life = =
Born in Baltimore , Maryland , Jada Koren Pinkett was named after her mother 's favorite soap @-@ opera actress , Jada Rowland . Pinkett Smith is of African American , West Indian ( from Jamaica and Barbados ) , Creole , and Portuguese @-@ Jewish ancestry . Her parents are Adrienne Banfield @-@ Jones , the head nurse of an inner @-@ city clinic in Baltimore , and Robsol Pinkett , Jr . , who ran a construction company . Banfield @-@ Jones became pregnant in high school ; the couple married but divorced after several months . Banfield @-@ Jones raised Pinkett with the help of her own mother , Marion Martin Banfield , a social worker . Banfield noticed her granddaughter 's passion for the performing arts and enrolled her in piano , tap dance , and ballet lessons . She has a younger brother , actor / writer Caleeb Pinkett .
Pinkett Smith has remained close to her mother and said , " A mother and daughter 's relationship is usually the most honest , and we are so close . " She also added : " [ My mother ] understood what I wanted and never stood in my way . " She participated as the maid of honor in Banfield @-@ Jones ' 1998 wedding to telecommunications executive Paul Jones . Pinkett Smith has shown great admiration for her grandmother , saying , " My grandmother was a doer who wanted to create a better community and add beauty to the world . "
Pinkett Smith attended the Baltimore School for the Arts , where she met and became lifelong friends with classmate Tupac Shakur . She majored in dance and theatre and graduated in 1989 . She continued her education at the North Carolina School of the Arts , and became fully invested in pursuing her acting career . She ultimately moved to Los Angeles , California , where she quickly found success in show business .
= = Acting career = =
She began her acting career in 1990 , when she starred in an episode of True Colors . She then appeared in a television pilot for
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many celebrities to invest a combined total of $ 10 million in Carol 's Daughter , a line of beauty products created by Lisa Price . She became a spokesperson for the beauty line , and said , " To be a part of another African American woman 's dream was just priceless to me . "
She also is a shareholder the Philadelphia 76ers with her husband Will Smith and other partners .
= = Charity work and politics = =
Together with Smith , Pinkett Smith has created the Will and Jada Smith Family Foundation in Baltimore , Maryland , a charity which focuses on youth in urban inner cities and family support . Her aunt , Karen Banfield Evans , is the foundation 's executive director . The charity was awarded the David Angell Humanitarian Award by The American Screenwriters Association ( ASA ) in 2006 . The Will and Jada Smith Family Foundation has provided grants to non @-@ profit organizations such as YouthBuild , and Pinkett Smith has made personal donations to organizations such as Capital K @-@ 9s .
In December 2006 , she donated $ 1 million to the Baltimore School for the Arts in memory of her friend Tupac .
When Pinkett Smith 's aunt , Karen Banfield Evans , was diagnosed with lupus , the Will and Jada Smith Family Foundation , in association with the Lupus Foundation of America and Maybelline , held the first annual " Butterflies Over Hollywood " event on September 29 , 2007 , at the El Rey Theatre in Los Angeles . The event raised funds for LFA public and professional educational programs . The Will and Jada Smith Family Foundation was presented with an award in 2007 at the 4th Annual Lupus Foundation of America Awards .
In 2012 , on behalf of PETA , Pinkett Smith wrote a letter to Baltimore 's mayor , asking that the visiting Ringling Brothers Circus " comply with Baltimore ’ s absolute prohibition of the use of devices such as bullhooks " and not harm the elephants . In 2013 , she appeared in a video clip for Gucci 's " Chime for Change " campaign that aims to raise funds and awareness of women 's issues globally .
In 1997 , Pinkett Smith was the emcee of the Million Woman March in Philadelphia .
= = = Scientology = = =
After meeting Tom Cruise during the filming of Collateral in 2004 , Pinkett Smith and Smith donated $ 20 @,@ 000 to the Hollywood Education and Literacy Program ( HELP ) , Scientology 's basis for homeschooling . The couple came under fire in 2008 when they decided to fund New Village Leadership Academy , a private elementary school located in Calabasas , California ( now defunct ) . The school employed teachers dedicated to Scientology and featured controversial methodologies like Study Technology , created by Church of Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard . The couple have denied claims that they are themselves Scientologists .
= = Filmography = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
= CMLL World Tag Team Championship =
The CMLL World Tag Team Championship ( CMLL Campeonato Mundial de Parejas in Spanish ) is a professional wrestling championship promoted by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ; Spanish for " World Wrestling Council " ) in Mexico and is for two @-@ man tag teams only . The championship was created in 1993 to replace the Mexican National Tag Team Championship and is still promoted by CMLL to this day . It is the top championship promoted by CMLL , with the CMLL Arena Coliseo Tag Team Championship and the Occidente Tag Team Championship considered lower ranked , regional tag team championships . As it is a professional wrestling championship , it is not won or lost competitively but instead by the decision of the bookers of a wrestling promotion . The title is awarded after the chosen team " wins " a match to maintain the illusion that professional wrestling is a competitive sport .
The current tag team champions are Negro Casas and Shocker , having defeated the team known as Los Ingobernables ( " The Unruly " ; La Máscara and Rush ) on June 13 , 2014 . This is the sixth reign for Casas and the third for Shocker , they are the 37th overall champions and , the 28th championship team . Los Guerreros de la Atlantida ( Dragón Rojo Jr. and Último Guerrero ) hold the record for longest reign as a team , at 640 days . Último Guerrero and Rey Bucanero hold the record for the longest combined reigns of any team : 1 @,@ 185 days divided over three reigns . Individually , Último Guerrero has held the championship six times for a total of 1 @,@ 923 days , the longest of any individual . The team of Último Guerrero and Dr. Wagner Jr. held the championship for seven days , the shortest reign of any championship team . Casas and Último Guerrero have the most title reigns with six each , while the combinations of Casas and El Hijo del Santo , Último Guerrero and Rey Bucanero and Averno and Mephisto are the only teams to have won the championship three times .
The championship has been declared vacant on a number of occasions , either because of an injury to one of the champions or because a wrestler stopped working for CMLL for a period of time . The championship has been held up once , based on the inconclusive outcome of a match , being vacant for a week until the two teams had a rematch . CMLL has also held a couple of tournaments designed to give the winners of the tournament a match against the champions , declaring them the official number one contender for the champions .
= = History = =
Starting in 1957 the Mexican Lucha libre , or professional wrestling , promotion Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre ( " Mexican Wrestling Enterprise " ; EMLL ) began promoting the Mexican National Tag Team Championship as the top championship of their tag team division . In 1991 EMLL was rebranded Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( " World Wrestling Council " ; CMLL ) after the promotion left the National Wrestling Alliance in the late 1980s . In 1992 then @-@ CMLL executive Antonio Peña left CMLL along with a number of the promotion 's wrestlers to form Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( AAA ) . Among the wrestlers that left CMLL were then @-@ reigning Mexican National Tag Team Champions Misterioso and Volador . The Mexican National Tag Team Championship was not owned by CMLL but rather by the Mexico City Boxing and Wrestling Commission and the commission allowed AAA to take control of the championship . In early 1993 CMLL decided to create their own tag team championship to replace the Mexican National Tag Team Championship and introduced the CMLL World Tag Team Championship . The team of Canek and Dr. Wagner Jr. faced off against Vampiro Canadiense and Pierroth Jr. in the finals of a 16 @-@ team tournament to determine the first champions , with Canek and Wagner Jr. winning the match to become the first tag team champions . The duo would hold the title until El Canek left CMLL in November 1994 . CMLL held a 32 @-@ team tournament from November 11 to December 16 , 1994 . In the finals " Los Cowboys " ( Silver King and El Texano ) defeated El Satánico and Emilio Charles Jr. to become the second ever CMLL World Tag Team Champions . Six months later Los Cowboys would lose the title to their longtime rivals los Headhunters .
In September 1996 the champions , the team of Atlantis and Lizmark , were stripped of the championship after an inconclusive match against los Headhunters . In the subsequent eight @-@ team tournament brothers Silver King and Dr. Wagner Jr. captured the title with a victory over Dos Caras and Último Dragón . The title would be vacated once again only six months later as Silver King left CMLL to work for World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . Dr. Wagner Jr. teamed up with Emilio Charles Jr. and the two former champions won an eight @-@ team tournament in August 1997 . The title would be vacated once again in 1998 when one half of the tag team champions , Mr. Niebla , was injured . Bestia Salvaje and Emilio Charles Jr. became champions by winning an 8 @-@ team tournament and began working a storyline with the team of Negro Casas and El Hijo del Santo , whom they traded the title back and forth with over the next year . In early 1999 El Hijo del Santo left CMLL forcing them to vacate the title once again . Los Guerreros del Infierno ( " The Warriors from the Inferno " ; Último Guerrero and Rey Bucanero ) defeated Mr. Niebla and Villano IV in a tournament final bringing some stability to the title as they have not been vacated since then . Guerrero and Bucanero has held the title three times since then and Guerrero has teamed with Dr. Wagner Jr. and Atlantis to win the title twice more for Los Guerreros del Infierno . CMLL held a number one contenders tournament in both 2008 and in 2013 , using the tournament to build the credibility of the tournament winners . Both the 2008 winners , Averno and Mephisto , and the 2013 winners , Rush and La Máscara would go on to win the championship .
In 2000 CMLL revived the CMLL Arena Coliseo Tag Team Championship after it had been dormant since the 1980s . The title became a secondary tag team championship for CMLL , primarily for younger , lower ranked wrestlers . The Guadalajara branch of CMLL has intermittently promoted the Occidente ( western ) tag team championship , a local championship that is not defended outside the Mexican state of Jalisco .
= = Reigns = =
The current tag team champions are Negro Casas and Shocker , having defeated the team of La Máscara and Rush on June 13 , 2014 . This is the sixth reign for Casas and the third for Shocker , together they are the 37th overall champions and the 28th duo to hold the championship . On January 22 , 2016 it was announced that Shocker had undergone knee surgery due to a severe injury that had kept him out of the ring since mid @-@ December , 2015 @.@ it was announced he was expected not to be able to compete for around four months . No announcements were been made in regards to the status of tag team championship .
Negro Casas and Último Guerrero share the record for individual reigns with six , and three teams are tied for most title reigns as a team with Guerrero and Rey Bucanero , Averno and Mephisto and Negro Casas and Hijo del Santo , who all have three reigns . Los Guerreros de la Atlantida ( Dragón Rojo Jr. and Último Guerrero ) held the title for 640 days , which is the longest reign of any team while Último Guerrero 's six reign combine to 1 @,@ 923 days . Último Guerrero and Dr. Wagner Jr. held the title for seven days and are thus the team with the shortest reign to date . CMLL has been forced to declare the championship vacant on eight different occasions since its creation in 1993 , which meant that there were no champions for a period of time . The title has been declared vacant twice because one of the champions ( El Canek and Silver King respectively ) left CMLL , and four times due to a major injury to one of the champions . On one occasion CMLL held up the championship , vacating the championship until a rematch between the teams of Místico / Héctor Garza and Averno / Mephisto , a match that Místico and Héctor Garza won to become two @-@ times champions . On February 5 , 1999 El Hijo del Santo and Negro Casas defeated Bestia Salvaje and Scorpio Jr. by disqualification , which in CMLL meant that they also won the championship . Casas and Hijo del Santo refused to win the championship in that matter , vacating the championship until the two teams could have a rematch . Casas and Hijo del Santo won the rematch without controversy to win the championship once more .
As the CMLL World Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling championship , it is not actually won or lost competitively but instead championship changes are decided by the officials and the bookers of CMLL . The title is awarded after the chosen team " wins " a match to maintain the illusion that professional wrestling is a competitive sport . Championship matches usually take place under best two @-@ out @-@ of @-@ three falls rules . On occasion single fall title matches have taken place , especially when promoting CMLL title matches in Japan , conforming to the traditions of the local promotion . An example of this was when Bushi won the CMLL World Welterweight Championship in a one @-@ fall match on a New Japan Pro Wrestling show in 2015 .
= = Tournaments = =
= = = 1993 = = =
The CMLL World Tag Team Championship was the last of the CMLL branded championships to be created in the years immediately following the name change to Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre . Until early 1993 the Mexican National Tag Team Championship had served as the main tag team title , but the title moved to AAA when the champions left CMLL to jump to AAA leaving CMLL without a tag team championship . CMLL co @-@ promoted the tournament with the Universal Wrestling Association ( UWA ) with the tournament spread out between CMLL and UWA shows , the tournament started on February 26 , 1993 featuring wrestlers from both promotions . The three falls final match was spread out over three shows , with one fall of the match on each of the shows . The finals took place on March 19 on a CMLL show , followed by a second fall on March 21 at a UWA show and the finals on March 26 on CMLL 's Super Viernes show . The tournament was won by Dr. Wagner Jr. a CMLL regular , and El Canek who had been synonymous with the UWA for over a decade at that point in time .
Tournament bracket
= = = 1994 = = =
In the summer of 1994 El Canek was planning on leaving CMLL , which meant that CMLL had to make plans for the tag team championship that Canek held at the time alongside Dr. Wagner Jr . The decision was made to hold a 16 @-@ team tournament to determine the next champions . The tournament started on July 22 , 1994 and ran until August 5 . As it turned out El Canek stayed in CMLL longer than expected and was still working for them by the time El Texano and Silver King won the tournament . CMLL named the winning team the " number one contenders " , but before they got a chance to wrestle against Canek and Dr. Wagner Jr . , Canek left CMLL . Without a championship team to defend against El Texano and Silver King CMLL organized a second 16 @-@ team tournament to determine who would wrestle the previous tournament winners for the vacant championship . The second tournament , which ran from November 18 until December 2 featured several wrestlers that also competed in the first tournament , most with different partners . The second tournament was won by El Satánico and Emilio Charles Jr . , who ended up losing to El Texano and Silver King on December 16 , 1994 . With their victory El Texano and Silver King became the second CMLL Tag Team Champions .
Number 1 Contenders tournament
Number 2 Contenders tournament
= = = February 1997 = = =
On October 25 , 1996 Los Headhunters defeated then reigning CMLL World Tag Team Champions Atlantis and Lizmark to win the titles . After the match was over Los Headhunters continued to attack both of their opponents , which led to the referee disqualifying the team , negating the championship change . Los Headhunters took the championship belts with them , ignoring that they were not actually the champions . The storyline was that the team declared themselves the tag team champions , but CMLL did not have the same opinion , declaring the titles vacant instead . CMLL followed up the decision to vacate the championship by holding an eight @-@ team tournament that spanned their February 21 and February 28 , 1997 Super Viernes shows . In the end , the brother team of Dr. Wagner Jr. and Silver King defeated Dos Caras and Último Dragón to become the seventh overall champions .
Tournament bracket
= = = August 1997 = = =
The team of Silver King and Dr. Wagner Jr. had held the championship since winning a tournament on February 2 , 1997 , but in August , 1997 Silver King left CMLL to work for Promo Azteca and the U.S. based World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . CMLL held a two @-@ night , eight @-@ team tournament to fill the void left by Silver King leaving . The finals took place on August 29 , where Dr. Wagner Jr. and his new partner Emilio Charles Jr. defeated los Headhunters to become the eight overall champions .
Tournament brackets
= = = 1998 = = =
In the fall of 1998 Mr. Niebla suffered an injury while holding the CMLL World Tag Team Championship with Shocker . Due to the injury Mr. Niebla was unable to compete so CMLL declared the championship vacant and put together an eight @-@ team tournament to crown new champions . The tournament started on October 30 and lasted until to November 13 where the team of Bestia Salvaje and Scorpio Jr. defeated El Satánico and Dr. Wagner Jr. to become the tenth over all tag team champions .
Tournament brackets
= = = 2000 = = =
On June 16 , 2000 the CMLL World Tag Team Championship was announced as vacant . The official explanation was that co @-@ champion Negro Casas voluntarily gave up the championship to " give other teams a chance " , but in reality his partner , El Hijo del Santo , had stopped working for CMLL . CMLL organized a 16 @-@ team tournament from June 23 through August 4 , 2000 , with the finals being at CMLL 's Entre Torre Infernal pay @-@ per @-@ view . The finals of the tournament was set to be Los Infernales ( " The Infernal Ones " ; Rey Bucanero and Último Guerrero ) against the team of Emilio Charles Jr. and Mr. Niebla but Emilio Charles Jr. had suffered an injury before the show began . As a result , Los Infernales were declared the new champions . The team was then ordered to defend the championship against Mr. Niebla and his new partner Villano IV so there was still a championship match on the show . Los Infernales retained the championship . They later successfully defended against Mr. Niebla and Emilio Charles Jr. on August 18 , 2000 .
Tournament brackets
= = = Number one contenders tournament 2008 = = =
In January 2008 CMLL put together a 16 @-@ team tournament to determine which team would get a title match against then @-@ champions Atlantis and Último Guerrero . The tournament took place over three weeks , with two qualifying blocks and then the final match in the third week . The finals saw former CMLL World Tag Team Champions Los Hijos del Averno ( " The Sons of Hell " ; Averno and Mephisto ) defeating the team of Dos Caras Jr. and La Sombra . On February 1 , 2008 Averno and Mephisto defeated Atlantis and Último Guerrero to become the 25th overall champions .
Tournament brackets
= = = Number one contenders tournament 2013 = = =
In September , 2013 CMLL arranged a 16 @-@ team tournament to determine which duo would be next in line to get a match for the CMLL World Tag Team Championship . In the end , the team of La Máscara and Rush defeated the team of Atlantis and La Sombra . The duo would be awarded the championship on September 18 , 2013 when champions Rey Bucanero and Tama Tonga were unable to defend the title due to Bucanero being injured . Months later La Máscara , Rush and La Sombra formed Los Ingobernables during La Máscara and Rush 's tag team title reign .
Tournament brackets
= Nils Vogt ( journalist ) =
Nils Vogt ( 27 October 1859 – 27 June 1927 ) was a Norwegian journalist and newspaper editor . Born into a family of politicians and civil servants , he became the first chairman of the Norwegian Press Association and the Conservative Press Association . Vogt worked at the conservative newspaper Morgenbladet for 45 years , acting as editor @-@ in @-@ chief from 1894 to 1913 . He wrote numerous articles during his lifetime , advocating independence from Sweden and the Riksmål standard of written Norwegian .
= = Early life and education = =
Nils Vogt was born in Bergen as the son of politician Niels Petersen Vogt ( 1817 – 94 ) and his wife Karen Magdalena ( " Kaja " ) Ancher Arntzen ( 1819 – 70 ) . Amongst Nils Vogt 's forbears were many politicians and government officials . His brother was Paul Benjamin Vogt ( 1863 – 1947 ) and his second cousins were Johan Vogt ( 1858 – 1932 ) , Nils Collett Vogt ( 1864 – 1937 ) and Ragnar Vogt ( 1870 – 1943 ) . Growing up in Kristiansand and Christiania ( today Oslo ) , he finished his secondary education in 1876 . He graduated with a cand.jur. degree in 1881 after having studied law at the Royal Frederick University in Christiania .
= = Journalistic and political career = =
After a stint in Statistics Norway , Vogt began devoting his life working for the newspaper Morgenbladet . His decision to make a career within journalism was met with disdain amongst his friends and family . He worked in the beginning as sub @-@ editor for the editor @-@ in @-@ chief Christian Friele , whom he succeeded in 1894 . Vogt 's biographer Rune Ottosen writes in Norsk biografisk leksikon that Vogt " unfolded his wide journalistic commitment for politics " in the newspaper . Having a profound interest in the plays of Henrik Ibsen , Vogt also wrote theatre reviews for the newspaper . From 1905 to 1915 , Vogt was a correspondent to The Times . He subsequently was correspondent to Stockholms Dagblad and other newspapers in Northern Europe .
When it came to politics , Vogt was a conservative with many liberal opinions . He disagreed with Francis Hagerup , who supported the Union between Sweden and Norway . In his political articles , he championed the Riksmål written standard and the policies of Michelsen 's Cabinet .
Having founded the Conservative Press Association in 1892 , Vogt was its first chairman , serving from 1892 to 1898 and from 1906 to 1909 . He was also elected the first chairman of the Norwegian Press Association ( NP ) , notwithstanding his controversial position in the press of Kristiania . In 1910 , he penned an article for the periodical Samtiden entitled " Pressen og kapitalen " ( " The Press and The Capital " ) , in which he made the distinction between newspaper editors who were solely motivated by profit and those who regarded the job as an ideal life mission . The article was reprinted in his 1913 book Under Frieles haand og paa egen .
In 1910 , controversy arose in the NP when lawyer Olaf Madsen – who had cooperated with Ola Thommessen for more than 20 years at the newspaper Verdens Gang and was responsible for its financial priorities – wanted to have more dividend for his investments in the newspaper . Editor Ola Thommessen considered this to be an inappropriate intervention in the editorial part of the newspaper , and took his staff with him and started a new newspaper named Tidens Tegn . Vogt supported Thommessen in his decision , and came at odds with the chairman of Morgenbladet 's board , lawyer and politician Edmund Harbitz . Both left Morgenbladet in the summer of 1913 as a result of the disaccord , although Vogt continued as theatre and literature critic in the paper until his 1927 death . As editor , Vogt was succeeded by C. J. Hambro .
= = Marriage , honours and death = =
On 6 November 1884 , Vogt married Helena Andrea Ottesen ( 1861 – 1906 ) . Acting as Norwegian president in the Nordic press partnership , he attended the press meetings in Kristiania in 1899 and in Copenhagen in 1902 . He was also delegated to the international press congresses in Stockholm ( 1897 ) , Rome ( 1899 ) and Berlin ( 1909 ) . He was decorated as a Knight , First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1907 . He was also a knight of the Danish Order of the Dannebrog and the French Legion of Honour . Vogt died in Aker ( now Oslo ) on 27 June 1927 .
= 1997 – 98 Manchester United F.C. season =
The 1997 – 98 season was Manchester United 's sixth season in the Premier League , and their 23rd consecutive season in the top division of English football . The campaign ended in disastrous fashion , having been pipped to the Premier League title by Arsenal , who managed a ten @-@ match winning streak in the last two months of the season as well as being eliminated by league strugglers Barnsley and French outfit AS Monaco in the FA Cup and UEFA Champions League , respectively . To make matters worse , United entered March still in contention for a League and European double after opening up a 12 @-@ point gap , regardless of the fact that nearest challengers Arsenal had three games in hand . Thus , the season ended with only the Charity Shield in the cabinet .
Following the loss of captain and star striker , Eric Cantona at the end of the previous season , Ferguson acquired the services of England international Teddy Sheringham as a direct replacement on a three @-@ year deal from Tottenham Hotspur for £ 3 @.@ 5 million . Cantona 's departure meant that Roy Keane was promoted as captain and a reshuffle of squad numbers occurred ; David Beckham was awarded the coveted number 7 shirt and Sheringham was given Beckham 's former squad number 10 . Henning Berg was the only other new face to arrive at Old Trafford from Blackburn Rovers for a £ 5 million fee at the start of the season .
= = Pre @-@ season and friendlies = =
Colours : Green
= Manchester United win ; Yellow =
draw ; Red = opponents win .
= = FA Charity Shield = =
Manchester United faced FA Cup winners Chelsea in the season 's annual curtain raiser , the FA Charity Shield . The Premiership champions won the match 4 – 2 on penalties after both teams produced a 1 – 1 draw after 90 minutes .
Colours : Green
= Manchester United win ; Yellow =
draw ; Red = opponents win .
= = FA Premier League = =
= = = August – October = = =
Manchester United started their campaign to win an unprecedented third straight title at White Hart Lane — Teddy Sheringham 's former stomping ground . An hour into his debut presented him with a chance to score from a dubious penalty , but he hit the post and blasted the rebound wide . What seemed like a pulsating draw turned out to be business as usual for the champions , who scored twice in the last ten minutes from a Nicky Butt strike and an own goal by hapless defender Ramon Vega . David Beckham came off the bench to grab the winner against Southampton to ensure United remained in the driving seat and despite a lacklustre goalless draw to Leicester at Filbert Street , they managed a third straight clean sheet . Beckham kept up his ever @-@ improving goal @-@ scoring record while Sheringham poached his first goal for the club as Ferguson 's all @-@ conquering United dismantled Everton at Goodison Park . At home to Coventry , Andy Cole marked his return from minor surgery with a goal inside 73 seconds that left goalkeeper , Steve Ogrizovic completely bamboozled . Keane and Poborský added to the rout , which Ferguson and Coventry boss Gordon Strachan mutually agreed was a " flattering scoreline " . The champions set the benchmark in August with five straight clean sheets and eight goals leaving them joint top with Blackburn Rovers . In such commanding form , pundits alike reckoned that it was a matter of time before they would resume their domestic supremacy .
West Ham took some heart in their performance at Old Trafford by scoring the opening goal , thus breaking United 's clean sheet record . The champions responded in typical fashion , scoring twice in both halves of the match to win a third on the trot and give Ferguson the perfect boost ahead of their midweek Champions League tie . Although victorious away to Košice , United couldn 't break the deadlock in their next league match to Bolton , squandering numerous chances to remain at the top of the table , most notably from Andy Cole . The main talking point at the Reebok Stadium came in the 35th minute , when a brawl between Nathan
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Blake and Gary Pallister resulted in both players being controversially sent off . After the game , a furious Ferguson personally sent a video of the incident to The Football Association in the hope of the decision being rescinded . Referee Paul Durkin publicly admitted before the video arrived that , in hindsight , he had made the wrong decision . Mark Hughes returned to Old Trafford and scored what looked to be the winner for Chelsea , before super @-@ sub Ole Gunnar Solskjær popped in to earn a dramatic equaliser with four minutes to go . A first @-@ half header from Leeds defender David Wetherall was enough to condemn United to their first defeat of the season and first in almost three months of football . Worse was to come for the champions , as captain Roy Keane was ruled out for the rest of the season with knee ligament damage , although Ferguson revealed after the Leeds match that they hoped that he would be fit enough to play some part in their next Champions League game , at home to Juventus on the coming Wednesday . Schmeichel was placed as captain in his absence .
Crystal Palace met Manchester United in the first week of October , looking to capitalise on their defeat to Leeds . Ferguson had anticipated that their midweek triumph at home to Italian giants Juventus would act as the " spark " to their league form . A 2 – 0 win – their first in four attempts – put them a point behind league leaders Arsenal . The first ever sell @-@ out game at Derby 's new £ 20 million Pride Park stadium saw the home side take a commanding 2 – 0 lead through Paulo Wanchope and Francesco Baiano . A third defeat in five games was on the cards for Alex Ferguson 's side after Teddy Sheringham missed his second penalty of the season , but he quickly made amends , connecting his head with Gary Neville 's inch @-@ perfect cross . Cole , who was dropped from the first team for the Champions League tie at home to Feyenoord , came on with fifteen minutes of normal time remaining and grabbed a vital equaliser , drilling a low shot past the wretched Derby defence . Old Trafford welcomed Barnsley for the first time in over 60 years and a rampant United display helped them leapfrog Arsenal to the top of the Premiership for the first time since early September . Andy Cole bagged a first half hat @-@ trick and Scholes , Ryan Giggs ( 2 ) and Poborský followed up with goals in a breathtaking performance that gave the Tykes their ninth league defeat of the season .
= = = November – February = = =
Fergie 's fledglings began November in the same fashion they ended the previous month – with a rout . Sheringham , Cole and Solskjær all scored twice each at home to Sheffield Wednesday , in a game that they could have scored so many more . David Pleat managed to get sympathy from Ferguson who admitted " every shot United had in the first half went in " but not from the board , cumulating in his sacking the following Monday . The talk of a one @-@ horse race for the Premiership was put on hold after defeat to Arsenal at Highbury . The psychological impact of United opening up a seven @-@ point lead had they won would have been too much ground to make up for the challengers . Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger admitted before the game that defeat would make it " difficult for them " to catch up on United 's ground but not " impossible " . The Gunners put themselves in front with Nicolas Anelka 's first goal for the club and Patrick Vieira 's swooping shot which left Schmeichel rattled . Sheringham 's admirable brace just before half time left the match finely poised but former United trainee David Platt headed into the far corner with seven minutes left . Thumping Wimbledon courtesy of a Beckham brace and goals from Cole , Scholes and Butt was the perfect response after their second defeat of the season and United bettered it at home to Blackburn Rovers , the only team with an unbeaten away record . A 4 – 0 win ensured distance between themselves and the challengers , popping the question as to which team was capable of stopping them . The Red Devils managed to score 30 goals in the last nine fixtures prior to this game and qualification to the quarter finals of the Champions League meant that they could prolong their rich domestic goal @-@ scoring form . Ferguson understandably quashed any sort of hype , but admitted that they were in an " ideal position " , in comparison to the same point in the last season .
An early morning kick @-@ off away to fierce rivals Liverpool ended in a routine victory for United . Losing to Juventus in the last match of the Champions League before hiatus had seemed to have no effect on United 's domestic dominance . They comprehensively defeated Aston Villa thanks to a solitary Giggs goal and followed it up with a heroic Schmeichel performance to deny Newcastle United at St James ' Park . British Prime Minister Tony Blair , a lifelong fan of the Geordies , was among the crowd and was in awe over Ferguson 's team , believing that the manager had assembled " one of the greatest sides of the century " . Two out of two became three as Everton found no answer to deny the league leaders , who extended their lead at the top of the table to six points on Boxing Day . The win marked the end of Karel Poborský 's spell , coming on for David Beckham in the second half ahead of a switch to Graeme Souness ' Benfica . However , what was to come at the end of December exemplified the vulnerability of the defence during the second half of the season . In losing to mid @-@ table Coventry City two days after the Everton win , United blew the chance to open up a nine @-@ point lead at the top of the table , which would virtually slam the door shut on the challengers . They again found themselves a goal down , this time courtesy of Noel Whelan , Solskjær and Sheringham responded to restore the advantage back on the champions but a Dion Dublin penalty and mazy run from youngster Darren Huckerby in the last minute ensured an implausible victory , given the fact that Coventry were 2 – 1 down with five minutes to go . Prior to the game , Ferguson highlighted the fact that the league " wasn 't won in December " , but following the defeat blasted his side 's display as " silly " and " on the verge of complacency " .
As 1997 turned to 1998 , an inspirational performance from Giggs helped a modest United side labour for a hard @-@ earned three points and still maintain their desire for a fifth title in six seasons . A trip to the Dell to play Southampton – where United were undone last season repeated itself , this time by a solitary Kevin Davies goal in the third minute . The Saints pulled off a valiant performance , most notably from goalkeeper Paul Jones , who denied Solskjær from scoring right at the death of the second half . Things went from bad to worse in January as Tony Cottee popped in to stun Old Trafford and score the winner for Leicester in what proved a wretched season for the striker . This was the Foxes first win in the league since November and United 's first home defeat of the season and fifth altogether .
7 February marked the visit of Bolton Wanderers to Old Trafford on the 40th anniversary of the Munich air disaster , which killed seven United players , eight sports journalists and several club officials . Having gone a goal down to Bob Taylor 's scrappy shot that bamboozled Gary Neville and Schmeichel , Andy Cole struck in a late equaliser with five minutes to go . In injury time , Gary Neville connected with a floating corner provided by Beckham , only for it to ricochet off the crossbar . Although they gained a point , United increased their lead due to their contenders ' inability to close the gap . They typically left it late to snatch the three points in their next match – away to Aston Villa – but followed it up against Derby County with a somewhat polished 2 – 0 victory . The only drawback that came out of the match was a hamstring injury suffered by Giggs that ruled him out of the FA Cup replay away to Barnsley and remained serious doubt for first leg of the Champions League quarter @-@ final at Monaco . Giggs joined Scholes and Keane on the injury list , who both had knee injuries . Another early morning kick @-@ off had meant United had the chance to open up an 11 @-@ point lead at the top of the table if they could beat Chelsea at Stamford Bridge . They did via a rare goal from Phil Neville , which also ended the Blues ' title challenge . Although Arsenal had three games in hand , a third successive title was within United 's grasp .
= = = March – May = = =
Ferguson 's target of achieving an unassailable lead in the Premiership was coming into fruition . United managed to gain 22 points out of a possible 33 over the winter , in spite of the absence of first team regulars . Such a massive gap between themselves and the chasing pack with ten games remaining was enough for Manchester bookmaker Fred Done to pay out on punters who backed the champions in retaining their crown . Within several hours , £ 17 @,@ 000 had been snapped up , irrespective if a late challenger had emerged . Drawing away to AS Monaco gave them a slender but crucial outcome but a shock defeat at the hands of Sheffield Wednesday prevented them from opening up a 14 @-@ point advantage . The league leaders ' dismal run continued ; Paul Scholes scored his first goal in over four months to salvage a point at Upton Park . On the same night , Arsenal sealed a 1 – 0 win against Wimbledon to close the gap on United and set up a frantic contest between the top two on the Saturday . A late surge from the Gunners also reopened betting for the Premiership title race , much to the delight of Arsène Wenger . Leading up to the potential championship decider , Ferguson was adamant that a win would just about seal this title . After numerous attempts to break the deadlock in the match , Arsenal finally managed to score with 15 minutes left ; Marc Overmars latched onto an Anelka header coming from a long ball and used his agility to flick it beyond the goalkeeper to give Arsenal the all important lead and win . Peter Schmeichel , who was in agony in the closing stages was ruled out for the Monaco encounter on Wednesday with a hamstring injury . When asked which team was in the best position going into the finishing straight of the season , Wenger admitted to the press that United had a " small advantage " over the rest . Ferguson , however was bullish with his side 's downturn and warned that it would be " inevitable " for Arsenal to lose points .
Elimination to Monaco through the away goals ruling ended United 's run in the European Cup but they showed their championship credentials , scoring twice late on at home to Wimbledon and extending their lead via thumping Blackburn . However , it left Arsenal six points behind with three games in hand . Liverpool frustrated the leaders on Good Friday , holding out for a draw after teenage sensation Michael Owen had been sent off by the referee for a double bookable offence in the 40th minute . Another draw , this time to Newcastle meant that Arsenal moved to the top of the table for the first time since October , having thrashed Blackburn 4 – 1 and Wimbledon 5 – 0 respectively . United moved to within a point on Monday night after relegating Crystal Palace but Ferguson confessed only " a total collapse " would prevent the title heading towards North London .
By the time United kicked off their final home game of the season , Arsenal had recorded a tenth straight league victory at home to Everton and ensured their status as champions for the first time in seven years . Frenchman Arsène Wenger also became the first foreign manager to get his hands on the coveted trophy since its inception , in only his first full campaign . He completed a double three weeks later by winning the FA Cup , regarded by many fans and pundits alike as unthinkable given the circumstances four months ago .
The Red Devils signed off their disappointing campaign on a high at home to Leeds and a comfortable victory away to the already relegated Barnsley . Alex Ferguson vowed to regain the trophy next season and promised a whole host of new signings , starting with Dutch defender , Jaap Stam .
Colours : Green
= Manchester United win ; Yellow =
draw ; Red
= opponents win .
Pld =
Matches played ; W
= Matches won ; D =
Matches drawn ; L
= Matches lost ; GF =
Goals for ; GA
= Goals against ; GD =
Goal difference ; Pts = Points
Points allocation : Three points awarded for a win ; one for a drawn match ; none for a loss .
= = FA Cup = =
The draw for the third round of the FA Cup saw Manchester United take on cup holders Chelsea at Stamford Bridge in a repeat of the 1994 final . The outcome was the same : United dominated from the outset and Chelsea found themselves 3 – 0 down before the end of the first half . Cole and Sheringham added to the rout , before Graeme Le Saux and Gianluca Vialli added three between them for Chelsea to keep the score a competitive one . Many journalists and fans regarded the win as United 's best of the season . Another five goals were dished out against Division Two outfit Walsall , and in the fifth round they were placed alongside Premiership strugglers , Barnsley , whom they had ripped apart in October . An error by Schmeichel allowed Barnsley to take the lead but Sheringham equalised four minutes later . A replay was needed , much to the discomfort of Ferguson , and in a thrilling cup tie , United were knocked out , putting the ultimate treble dream – comprising the UEFA Champions League , the Premier League and the FA Cup – on hold for another season .
Colours : Green
= Manchester United win ; Yellow =
draw ; Red = opponents win .
= = League Cup = =
The League Cup was clearly not one of Ferguson 's main priorities of the season , as he used it to blood the younger and less @-@ known players . After being swept aside in the third round by Ipswich Town – a team at the bottom of the First Division – Ferguson came under intense scrutiny for fielding a reshuffled squad . However , the manager felt that it was , at the time , an unwanted domestic distraction .
Colours : Green
= Manchester United win ; Yellow =
draw ; Red = opponents win .
= = UEFA Champions League = =
= = = Group stage = = =
European dominance was at the forefront of United 's agenda during the 1997 – 98 season . Having failed to take their chances in a semi @-@ final against eventual champions Borussia Dortmund in 1996 – 97 , Ferguson was resolute to go one step further and emulate Matt Busby 's success of 1968 , quashing any talk that his team was not good enough .
Early autumn marked the return of the Champions League and Manchester United were paired up with Italian champions , Juventus , Dutch giants Feyenoord and Slovakians Košice in Group B. Ferguson 's men started their quest away to Košice ; it didn 't take them long to stamp their authority – Denis Irwin tapped in an intercepted cross , Henning Berg scored his first goal with a thumping header and Andy Cole completed the rout three minutes from time with a composed finish . The first night of October brought Juventus to Old Trafford in what was to be perhaps one of the best European matches ever staged at Old Trafford . After going a goal down inside 24 seconds to Alessandro Del Piero 's cool finish , Teddy Sheringham replied with a looping header before Scholes put United into the lead , dribbling round Angelo Peruzzi to place the ball in the back of the net . They weren 't finished yet – Giggs fired into the top left hand corner to give them an historic win . Juventus were given a late consolidation from a Zinedine Zidane free @-@ kick but this couldn 't dampen United 's joy . After the game , an ecstatic Ferguson felt United were in a " great position " and emphasised his belief that his squad was capable of winning the tournament .
Feyenoord were the next to feel the wrath of United in a back @-@ to @-@ back fixture . A penalty from Irwin in the home tie helped ensure the Mancunians would increase their tally to nine points , and a hat @-@ trick from Andy Cole in Rotterdam helped maintain their 100 % record in the group stage . However , the game was marred by a high tackle on defender Denis Irwin by Feyenoord midfielder Paul Bosvelt ( leaving the Irish international six weeks out at a crucial stage of the season and causing something of a media frenzy back in Britain ) and constant clashes between both sets of fans . Nevertheless , United were placed as favourites for the competition , largely due to their impressive start , and a routine 3 – 0 win at home to Košice all but ensured qualification to the knockout stage . Filippo Inzaghi 's late header ended United 's unbeaten streak in Europe in their last match away to Juventus , but United qualified as group winners nonetheless .
Colours : Green
= Manchester United win ; Yellow =
draw ; Red = opponents win .
Points allocation : Three points awarded for a win ; one for a drawn match ; none for a loss .
= = = Knockout phase = = =
United were drawn against French champions AS Monaco in the quarter @-@ finals , and drew 0 – 0 and 1 – 1 in the first and second legs respectively . AS Monaco went through on away goals , as the second leg was played at Old Trafford .
Colours : Green
= Manchester United win ; Yellow =
draw ; Red = opponents win .
= = Squad statistics = =
Note : In the following table figures , in brackets are substitution appearances .
= = Transfers = =
United 's first departure of the 1997 – 98 season was Gareth Macklin , who signed for Newcastle United on a free transfer on 1 July . Five days later , Gary Bickerton , Jamie Byers , Christopher Calderone , and Jonathan Phillips were all released . On 22 July , Jon Macken signed for Preston North End for a fee of £ 250 @,@ 000 , while six days later , Pat McGibbon signed for Wigan Athletic for the same fee . Simon Davies joined Luton Town on 1 August , while a week later , Michael Appleton joined Macken at Preston North End , with Appleton 's fee being double Macken 's . Stephen Newman joined Middlesbrough on 26 September .
Arriving during the summer were Norwegian duo Erik Nevland and Henning Berg , who signed from Viking and Blackburn Rovers respectively . Both players would eventually rejoin their old clubs , with Nevland rejoining Viking in 1999 , and Berg going back to Blackburn in 2000 .
Leaving in the winter were Czech midfielder Karel Poborský , English forward Neil Mustoe , and English defender John O 'Kane . Andy Duncan joined Cambridge United on 1 April , while on 12 June , Grant Brebner joined Reading . Robert Trees departed to Bristol Rovers on 14 June , while on 30 June , Stuart Brightwell , David Brown , Brian McClair , Ross Millard , Gavin Naylor , and Kevin Pilkington left .
On 24 March , Jonathan Greening joined from York City for a fee of £ 750 @,@ 000 .
= = = In = = =
= = = Out = = =
= = = Loan out = = =
= Girdap =
Girdap or Ghirdap ( Bulgarian : Гирдап ) was the first privately owned Bulgarian bank . Established in Ruse in 1881 , until its closure in 1925 it was one of the two large Bulgarian banks which relied on capital that was both private and local , along with the Bulgarian Commercial Bank . Prior to the Balkan Wars and World War I , Girdap was among the six largest banks in Bulgaria , and during the wars its financial group was the most influential in the country .
= = History = =
= = = Early years = = =
Girdap 's constituent assembly was held on 1 December 1881 , less than four years after the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule and the establishment of the Principality of Bulgaria . At the time , the northeastern Bulgarian city of Ruse was a major economic hub . Ruse prospered due to its role as a major port on the Danube , its rapid industrial development and its well @-@ established ties with Central Europe along that river . Banking , however , was a new concept , as most people employed the services of money lenders and entrusted their savings to people they knew personally . The founders of Girdap sought to " liberate the population of money lenders " , in the words of later bank director Boncho Boev . Due to an overall lack of capital in the country , interest rates of loans given by Girdap were nonetheless high : 15 – 18 % as compared to the over 20 – 30 % interest rate of money lenders . The bank officially commenced operations on 1 January 1882 . It took its name from the Girdap neighbourhood of Ruse where the constituent assembly was held .
The capital of Girdap at the time of its foundation amounted to 1 @,@ 380 Bulgarian gold leva , though by the end of 1882 it had increased fivefold to 6 @,@ 900 gold leva . In 1886 , the capital of Girdap amounted to 70 @,@ 300 leva ; in that year , the bank hired a clerk for the first time . In the year of the company 's 10th anniversary , 1891 , it disposed of 300 @,@ 000 leva , and in 1894 its capital had increased to 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 leva . Founded as a depositor 's company , it was transformed into a joint @-@ stock credit company in 1894 . In 1898 , Girdap 's capital was 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 leva and a new company statute was approved , which extended the board of managers to 12 members . These included Ruse 's wealthiest and most eminent people , most notably the chairman Stefan Simeonov . In the autumn of 1902 , Girdap opened its first branch offices outside Ruse : in the port of Varna on the Black Sea coast , in the Dobrujan city of Dobrich and in Istanbul ( Constantinople ) , the capital of the Ottoman Empire and largest city of the Balkans . In Istanbul , the bank was known under a French name , Société de Crédit Ghirdap , though the branch only existed for 18 months and was closed down due to political pressure . An office in Silistra was opened on 1 August 1910 .
Ever since its establishment Girdap served political interests , and it was later tied to the Popular Liberal Party of Stefan Stambolov . On the other hand , the Bulgarian Commercial Bank ( Balgarska targovska banka ) , which was also founded in Ruse in 1885 , was close to the Popular Party . The two banks competed for lending municipal loans and regularly used their political ties in their competition . These relations were often damaging to the Bulgarian treasury , as politicians who were also bank shareholders or somehow related to Girdap awarded contracts based on their personal interest rather than that of the state . As the Bulgarian economy consolidated in the first decade of the 20th century and the emerging industry required increasing funds , local banks grew in importance . In 1911 Girdap had a capital of 2 million leva and by 1912 it was the third @-@ largest private bank in the Kingdom of Bulgaria after the Bulgarian Commercial Bank and the Deutsche Bank @-@ related Credit Bank ( Kreditna banka ) . However , Bulgaria 's privately owned banking sector remained comparatively small .
= = = Heyday and bankruptcy = = =
Girdap 's heyday was during the Balkan Wars and World War I ( 1912 – 1918 ) , when it became the leading financial group in the kingdom and remained close to the government . It controlled some 83 @.@ 97 million leva of invested capital , which put it ahead of the General Credit Society , the Balkan Bank and the Bulgarian Commercial Bank financial group . During the wars , Bulgarian banks established filial companies or invested in new enterprises . Girdap was no exception to that trend .
One of Girdap 's notable enterprises was the international transport company Transbalkania which had a capital of 100 @,@ 000 leva . Of the company 's 500 shares , 200 were owned by Girdap and another 170 were owned by three of the bank 's managers or employees . Liquidated after World War I , Transbalkania was active as a carrier from Bulgaria to Edirne , Alexandroupoli , Thessaloniki and Niš and along the Danube . During the wars , Girdap was involved in tobacco trade and had warehouses in modern Dupnitsa , Blagoevgrad and Xanthi . This led to the establishment of another Girdap venture , the Bulgarian Macedonian Bank ( Balgarska makedonska banka ) , on 21 May 1916 . The Bulgarian Macedonian Bank was mostly active as a commercial bank , which is indicated by its capital of 46 @.@ 95 million leva as opposed to only 13 @.@ 31 million leva of deposits . Other banks more or less related to Girdap included the Sofia Bank ( Sofiyska banka , established in 1906 ) , the Bulgarian Forest Commercial Bank ( Balgarska gorsko @-@ targovska banka , established in 1917 ) , and the Bulgarian Surety Bank ( Balgarska garantsionna banka , established in 1912 ) . The Pleven @-@ based Lev cement factory was founded in 1917 with Girdap board of managers member Ivan Kovachev as chief shareholder . Ninety percent of the capital of the Kurilo mine in the Iskar Gorge was controlled by Girdap or its head figures Ivan Kovachev and Boncho Boev . Despite Girdap 's active involvement in assistance to national industry , it failed to make a significant contribution and gradually minimized its participation due to insufficient profits .
After World War I , Girdap was deprived of its government protections , as it had no links to the new agrarian government of Aleksandar Stamboliyski . In 1919 Boncho Bonev was imprisoned in Berkovitsa for eight months before he was acquitted , Ivan Kovachev was put on trial , and the bank 's funds were sealed . In 1922 , the Bulgarian National Bank closed Girdap 's account , causing 38 million leva of deposits in Girdap to be withdrawn by 1923 and its debtors ( including members of Girdap 's management ) to protest their bills . While at the time the Bulgarian National Bank , Girdap 's most important creditor , was opposed to Girdap 's declaration of bankruptcy , it reversed its stance two years later . Girdap was declared bankrupt on 3 February 1925 and its managers Boncho Boev , Ivan Kovachev and Nikola Kovachev were arrested .
= = Headquarters in Ruse = =
Girdap 's central office in Ruse was located in a historic edifice at 2 Aleksandrovska Street that takes up 260 square metres ( 2 @,@ 800 sq ft ) . It was finished in 1896 and designed either by Stoyan Zolotov and Udo Ribau ( architect of what is known as Ruse 's Old High School of Music ) or by Samuil Danailov , at the time still an architecture student . Together with the opposing building owned by wine merchant Petar Petrov and built in 1897 under Viennese architect Georg Lang , the Girdap headquarters are part of an architectural ensemble highlighting the entrance to Ruse 's commercial street from Liberty Square , the location of the Monument of Liberty .
The building 's attic was damaged in a fire in 1913 . An additional storey was constructed in 1935 under the engineer Todor Tonev , turning the headquarters into a three @-@ storey edifice . The trademark clock was added in the late 19th century . In 1964 – 1967 , the building 's interior was refurbished so it could accommodate the City People 's Council . Today , it houses the administration of Ruse 's Chamber of Control .
= Expédition d 'Irlande =
The Expédition d 'Irlande ( " Expedition to Ireland " ) was an unsuccessful attempt by the First French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars to assist the outlawed Society of United Irishmen , a popular rebel Irish republican group , in their planned rebellion against British rule . The French intended to land a large expeditionary force in Ireland during the winter of 1796 – 1797 which would join with the United Irishmen and drive the British out of Ireland . The French anticipated that this would be a major blow to British morale , prestige and military effectiveness , and was also intended to possibly be the first stage of an eventual invasion of Britain itself . To this end , the French Directory gathered a force of approximately 15 @,@ 000 soldiers at Brest under General Lazare Hoche during late 1796 , in readiness for a major landing at Bantry Bay in December .
The operation was launched during one of the stormiest winters of the 18th century , with the French fleet unprepared for such severe conditions . Patrolling British frigates observed the departure of the fleet and notified the British Channel Fleet , most of which was sheltering at Spithead for the winter . The French fleet was subject to confused orders as it left port and was scattered across the approaches to Brest : one ship was wrecked with heavy loss of life and the others widely dispersed . Separated , most of the French fleet managed to reach Bantry Bay late in December , but its commanders were driven miles off course and without them the fleet was unsure of what action to take , with amphibious landings impossible due to the weather conditions , which were the worst recorded since 1708 . Within a week the fleet had broken up , small squadrons and individual ships making their way back to Brest through storms , fog and British patrols .
The British were largely unable to interfere with the French fleet before , during or after the invasion . A few ships operating from Cork captured isolated French warships and transports , but the only significant British response came from Captain Sir Edward Pellew , who was able to drive the French ship of the line Droits de l 'Homme ashore in the Action of 13 January 1797 with the loss of over 1 @,@ 000 lives . In total , the French lost 12 ships captured or wrecked and thousands of soldiers and sailors drowned , without a single man reaching Ireland except as prisoners of war . Both navies were criticised by their governments for their behaviour during the campaign , but the French were encouraged to launch a second attempt in 1798 , successfully landing 2 @,@ 000 men in August but failing to influence the Irish Rebellion and again losing significant numbers of men and ships .
= = Background = =
Following the French Revolution in 1789 , the cause of republicanism was taken up in many countries , including the Kingdom of Ireland , at that time ruled by the Kingdom of Great Britain . Opposition to British rule had existed in Ireland for centuries , but the French example , combined with the imposition of the Penal Laws which discriminated against the Catholic majority and a large Presbyterian minority , prompted the creation of the Society of United Irishmen , a broad non @-@ sectarian coalition of groups seeking to create an Irish Republic . Initially a non @-@ violent political movement , the United Irishmen were forced to operate as a secret society after membership was made illegal in 1793 at the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars . Deciding that their only hope of creating the Irish Republic lay in armed revolt , the United Irishmen began secretly organising and arming their forces . In search of external aid , two of their leaders , Lord Edward FitzGerald and Arthur O 'Connor travelled to Basle to meet with French General Lazare Hoche . Their efforts were supported by Protestant Dublin lawyer Theobald Wolfe Tone , who travelled to Paris to appeal to the French Directory in person . During this period , the British government repealed some of the Penal Laws , in an attempt to quell unrest .
The First French Republic had long planned an invasion of the British Isles , but their ambitions had been repeatedly thwarted by other factors ,
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on the Eat a Peach tour , and many label mates on Capricorn opened for the band , including Wet Willie , Cowboy , and Dr. John .
= = Track listing = =
All songs arranged by the Allman Brothers Band , except where noted .
Side one
" Ain 't Wastin ' Time No More " ( Gregg Allman ) – 3 : 40
" Les Brers in A Minor " ( Dickey Betts ) – 9 : 03
" Melissa " ( Gregg Allman , Steve Alaimo ) – 3 : 54
Side two
" Mountain Jam " ( Donovan Leitch , Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Berry Oakley , Butch Trucks , Jai Johanny Johanson ) – 19 : 37 *
Side three
" One Way Out " ( Elmore James , Marshall Sehorn , Sonny Boy Williamson II ) – 4 : 58
" Trouble No More " ( Muddy Waters ) – 3 : 43
" Stand Back " ( Gregg Allman , Berry Oakley ) – 3 : 24
" Blue Sky " ( Dickey Betts ) – 5 : 09
" Little Martha " ( Duane Allman ) – 2 : 07
Side four
" Mountain Jam " ( Continued ) – 15 : 06 *
Later compact disc editions of the album include the entirety of " Mountain Jam " ( which , in all , runs 33 : 38 ) as track four .
= = = 2006 Deluxe Edition = = =
= = = = Disc 1 = = = =
" Ain 't Wastin ' Time No More " ( Gregg Allman ) - 3 : 40
" Les Brers In A Minor " ( Dickey Betts ) - 9 : 05
" Melissa " ( Gregg Allman ) - 3 : 56
" Mountain Jam " ( Live ) ( Donovan Leitch , Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Berry Oakley , Butch Trucks , Jai Johanny Johanson ) - 33 : 41
" One Way Out " ( Live ) ( Elmore James , Marshall Sehorn , Sonny Boy Williamson II ) - 4 : 58
" Trouble No More " ( Live ) ( McKinley Morganfield aka Muddy Waters ) - 3 : 44
" Stand Back " ( Gregg Allman , Berry Oakley ) - 3 : 26
" Blue Sky " ( Dickey Betts ) - 5 : 10
" Little Martha " ( Duane Allman ) - 2 : 10
= = = = Live Songs = = = =
Tracks 4 and 6 recorded March 12 & 13 , 1971 at the Fillmore East in New York , NY
Track 5 recorded June 27 , 1971 at the Fillmore East in New York , NY
= = = = Disc 2 = = = =
Recorded live from the final Fillmore East show in New York , NY on June 27 , 1971
" Statesboro Blues " ( Blind Willie McTell ) - 4 : 25
" Don 't Keep Me Wonderin ' " ( Gregg Allman ) - 3 : 46
" Done Somebody Wrong " ( Elmore James , Clarence Lewis , Bobby Robinson ) - 3 : 38
" One Way Out " ( Elmore James , Marshall Sehorn , Sonny Boy Williamson II ) - 5 : 08
" In Memory of Elizabeth Reed " ( Dickey Betts ) - 12 : 50
" Midnight Rider " ( Gregg Allman , Robert Payne ) - 3 : 08
" Hot ' Lanta " ( Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Berry Oakley , Butch Trucks , Jai Johanny Johanson ) - 5 : 51
" Whipping Post " ( Gregg Allman ) - 20 : 06
" You Don 't Love Me " ( Willie Cobbs ) - 17 : 24
= = Personnel = =
All credits adapted from liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= Stefan Czarniecki =
Stefan Czarniecki [ ˈstɛfan t ͡ ʂarˈɲɛt ͡ skʲi ] of the Łodzia coat of arms ( 1599 – 16 February 1665 ) was a Polish nobleman , general and military commander . In his career he rose from a petty nobleman to a magnate holding one of the highest offices in the Commonwealth , something that was unprecedented in the Commonwealth history . On 22 July 1664 he received the office of the voivode of Kiev and on 2 January 1665 , a few weeks before his death , he was given the office of Field Hetman ( one of top military commanders ) of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom . He is remembered as an accomplished military commander , and regarded as a Polish national hero . His status in Polish history is acknowledged by a mention of his name in the Polish national anthem .
Czarniecki made significant contributions fighting the Khmelnytsky Uprising , during the Russo @-@ Polish War , and the Polish – Swedish war ( The Deluge ) . His use of guerrilla warfare against Swedes is credited as one of the main reason for the eventual Polish victory in this war .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early career = = =
Stefan Czarniecki was born in 1599 in the family estate of Czarnca by Włoszczowa in southern Poland in a szlachta ( nobility ) Czarniecki family . The date of his birth is only an assumption , as no documents exist to prove it without a doubt ; most historians , as noted by historians Leszek Podhorodecki and Adam Kersten , accept the 1599 date , although historian Zdzisław Spieralski argued for 1604 . His father , Krzysztof Czarniecki , was a soldier who participated in several wars in the late 16th and early 17th century , and eventually became a courtier to Polish queen Constance of Austria . Whereas historian Mirosław Nagielski notes that the Czarniecki family was not well off , which limited some of Stefan 's life chances , Podhorecki points out that they owned several villages and even a small town , and the family wealth was " not small " . However , Stefan had ten siblings ( he himself was the sixth out of nine brothers ) , and divided into that many parts , the family resources would be stretched rather thin . However , involvement with the queen 's court allowed Krzysztof to boost his son 's careers with the court influence , where they were often able to serve as young courtiers themselves .
Nothing is known about Stefan 's childhood . His family could not afford to send him to a university abroad ( only one of his brothers would do so ) ; hence he embarked early on a military career . Before that , he attended a jesuit college , either in Kraków or Sandomierz , achieving a solid secondary education . After finishing his schooling , he became a courtier to then @-@ royal prince and future king of Poland John II Casimir Vasa . As Stefan could not afford the equipment needed to join a hussar unit , he learned the art of war serving with the Lisowczycy mercenaries , joining them as towarzysz ( companion , a junior cavalry officer ) in the spring of 1621 . Already an officer at the age of eighteen , he took part in the battle of Chocim ( Khotyn ) in 1621 , where the Commonwealth army stopped the Ottomans and ended the Polish – Ottoman War ( 1620 – 21 ) . His years with the brutal Lisowczycy mercenaries would impact his strategy in the latter years , where he would not hesitate to use any means necessary – including mistreatment of civilians – to achieve victory .
The next time he took arms was in 1623 , when his brother Paweł received a nomination as a rotmistrz of light ( cossack ) cavalry of the regular army ( wojsko kwarciane ) , and recruited some of siblings , including Stefan , into his unit . They served under hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski in the campaigns against the Tatars in 1624 ( participating in the battle of Martynów ) . In 1625 they took part in the quelling of a Cossack Zhmaylo Uprising . He fought later against Gustavus Adolphus ( 1626 – 1629 ) ( part of the Polish – Swedish War ) . His light cavalry was used in reconnaissance , diversion , and raiding the enemy territory . In 1627 Stefan , serving in his brother 's chorągiew , was promoted to chorąży . On 6 – 7 August that year he participated in the battle of Tczew , where Gustavus Adolphus was nearly killed . During those years , he learned much from observing a mastery of military arts , hetman Koniecpolski , who often commanded the Polish army in which he served , and from Poland 's Swedish opponents , and earlier from the Cossacks and Tatars they fought .
As the Polish – Swedish war ended , in 1630 Czarniecki enlisted in the Habsburg forces and continued to fight against the Swedes , participating in the battle of Breitenfeld . In 1633 he joined the Commonwealth forces again , to fight under the new Polish king , Władysław IV , in the Smolensk War against Muscovy that lasted until 1634 . During the Smolensk War he learned Western tactics used by the foreign mercenary troops . In December 1633 he commanded a raiding unit that successfully raided and pillaged behind the Russian lines , spreading terror , disrupting supply lines , and burned Kozelsk . For his achievements in that war , in which he advanced to a porucznik rank in the light " cossack " cavalry unit under hetman Marcin Kazanowski , he received some land in the Smolensk Voivodeship near Starodub .
After that war , he moved to a more prestigious hussar unit ( rota ) , and likely due to a reduction of the royal army , he served in the private formation of Władysław Myszkowski and later , voivode Stanisław Lubomirski . In 1635 he might have served as a military adviser to John II Casimir Vasa , and possibly accompanied the king to Vienna . In 1637 he married Zofia Kobierzycka , and later that year he fought in the Pawluk Uprising against the rebellious Cossacks under Pavel Mikhnovych , participating in the battle of Kumejki . He led a cavalry charge at Kumejki which was instrumental for the Polish victory there . Earlier that year he served as a military delegate to the Sejm ( parliament ) in Warsaw .
= = = Struggles against the Cossacks = = =
For the next several years he would serve on the always @-@ virulent south @-@ eastern border , where he made his home in the city of Illńce . In 1644 under Koniecpolski he took part in the battle of Ochmatów where Commonwealth forces dealt a crushing defeat to Toğay bey 's ( Tuhaj Bej ) Tatars . He served as one of seven pułkowniks in Koniecpolski 's army , and once again his cavalry unit charge proved to be a decisive moment of the battle , bringing him much fame . That year he also became a regimentarz in his own light cavalry unit , but he still held the rank of a porucznik of hussars .
He took an active part in the battles against the Cossacks in the Khmelnytsky Uprising . On 16 May 1648 he was one of the many noble Polish prisoners who fell into the hands of Bohdan Khmelnytsky at the battle of Zhovti Vody , but he was quickly ransomed . He participated in the defense of the Kudak Fortress , which surrendered on 26 September ; he was once again captured and not released until the autumn of 1649 , in the aftermath of the Treaty of Zborov . He served as a porucznik in the hussar chorągiew of hetman Mikołaj Potocki , a military judge deputized by the hetman , and a member of his staff , meeting with the new king of Poland , John Casimir Vasa . He was part of the fighting at the battle of Berestechko and battle of Bila Tserkva in 1651 . He received the title of chorąży of Sandomierz , and was elected the military deputy for the Sejm in January 1652 . According to Nagielski , Czarniecki , while returning from the Sejm , witnessed the massacre of Polish prisoners in the aftermath of the battle of Batoh ; This scene made him reject the notions that a compromise with the enemies of the Commonwealth was a likely or desired outcome . Podhorodecki however notes that another historian , Wojciech Jacek Długołecki , questions Czarniecki 's presence there , and concludes that we have no conclusive proof whether Czarniecki was present at Batoh , The massacre further escalated the hostilities and the surrounding hatred ; illustrating that is a letter Czariecki wrote soon after the battle , in which he promised that if enough military forces are gathered and given to him , he will leave few Ruthenians alive .
Later that year Czarniecki
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a black person , and the character was based on his genuine liking for Jamaicans , whom he saw as " full of goodwill and cheerfulness and humour " . The relationship between Bond and Quarrel was based on a presumption of Bond 's superiority . Fleming described the relationship as " that of a Scots laird with his head stalker ; authority was unspoken and there was no room for servility " . Winder considers the scenes with Quarrel to be " embarrassingly patronising but nonetheless hypnotic " .
= = Style = =
In From Russia , with Love Fleming experimented with an unusual narrative structure that saw Bond 's entry into the story delayed until chapter eleven . For Dr. No he returned to the conventional form with which he felt comfortable — that of the thriller writers of the early 20th century . As a result , the story 's villain is closer to the intellectual " gentleman crook " of the golden age of detective fiction , and the novel 's focus is on action at the expense of character development and depth of plot .
Benson describes the " Fleming Sweep " as taking the reader from one chapter to another using " hooks " at the end of chapters to heighten tension and pull the reader onto the next . He feels that the " Fleming Sweep briskly propels the plot " of Dr. No through chapters that are longer than in previous Bond novels ; the cultural historian Jeremy Black also likes Dr. No 's pacing , despite considering it inconsistent in places . Winder believes that the novel 's plotting is chaotic , although he still feels the book " can be read over and over again with immense pleasure " .
Fleming used known brand names and everyday details to produce a sense of realism , which the writer Kingsley Amis calls " the Fleming effect " . Amis describes " the imaginative use of information , whereby the pervading fantastic nature of Bond 's world ... [ is ] bolted down to some sort of reality , or at least counter @-@ balanced . " The journalist and writer Matthew Parker sees the novel as " the most fantastical , gothic and melodramatic ; and at times frankly , even knowingly , over the top " , while Black considers the fantastic element of Doctor No 's underground lair to be a " weak " and " bizarre " part of the story . When the writer Raymond Chandler reviewed the novel , he thought " that the long sensational business which is the heart of the book not only borders on fantasy . It plunges in with both feet . Ian Fleming 's impetuous imagination has no rules . " Writing in 1963 , Fleming acknowledged his plots were " fantastical while often being based in truth . They go wildly beyond the probable but not , I think , beyond the possible " .
= = Themes = =
Two main themes run through Dr. No : the meaning of power ; and the concept of friendship and loyalty . Bond talks about the meaning of power with several villains in the series . His conversation with Doctor No reveals that the latter believes it can only be secured through the privacy required to maintain the sovereignty of his island . No quotes Carl von Clausewitz 's first principle — about having a secure base from which to operate — in support of his argument . According to Panek , in his examination of 20th century British spy novels , Dr. No " shows a shift towards emphasizing the intellect and organizing power of the individual " , as opposed to a group or nation . Black considers that although it is American assets that are under threat from the Soviet Union , it is British power , through the British agent , that concludes the issue . This is reinforced at the end of the book , when a modern British warship bearing British soldiers is despatched to the island . In Black and Parker 's views , the display of British power , with no assistance from America , portrayed the British Empire as an enduring force .
The concept of friendship and loyalty is the second major theme . The relationship between Bond and Quarrel , the Cayman Islander , is mutually felt . According to Lindner , Quarrel is " an indispensable ally " who had assisted Bond in Live and Let Die . Benson sees no racial discrimination in the relationship between the two men and acknowledges that Bond feels genuine remorse and sadness at Quarrel 's death .
= = Publication and reception = =
= = = Publication history = = =
Dr. No was released on 31 March 1958 in the UK as a hardcover edition by the publishers Jonathan Cape . A paperback edition was issued by Pan Books in February 1960 ; over 115 @,@ 000 copies were sold that year . The first American edition was published in June 1958 by Macmillan under the name Doctor No . The largest boost in sales of the novel came in 1962 with the release of the film adaptation . In the seven months after the picture 's release , 1 @.@ 5 million copies of the book were sold . In 1964 the novel was serialised in France @-@ Soir for the French market , which led to increased sales of Bond works in that country ; 480 @,@ 000 French @-@ language copies of the six Bond novels were sold that year . Since its initial publication the book has been issued in numerous hardback and paperback editions , translated into several languages and has never been out of print .
= = = Reviews = = =
For the first time in the Bond series , Fleming encountered harsh criticism . The most virulent came from Paul Johnson of the New Statesman , who opened his review , " Sex , Snobbery and Sadism " , with : " I have just finished what is , without doubt , the nastiest book I have ever read " . He went on to say that " by the time I was a third of the way through , I had to suppress a strong impulse to throw the thing away " . Although he recognised that Bond represented " a social phenomenon of some importance " , he saw this as a negative element , as the phenomenon concerned " three basic ingredients in Dr. No , all unhealthy , all thoroughly English : the sadism of a schoolboy bully , the mechanical , two @-@ dimensional sex @-@ longings of a frustrated adolescent , and the crude , snob @-@ cravings of a suburban adult " . Johnson saw no positives in Dr. No , saying that " Mr Fleming has no literary skill , the construction of the book is chaotic , and entire incidents and situations are inserted , and then forgotten , in a haphazard manner . "
Maurice Richardson , of The Observer , considered the novel " the usual sado @-@ masochistic free @-@ for @-@ all , plus octopuses " . The unnamed critic in The Manchester Guardian referred to Johnson 's " sex , snobbery and sadism " complaint . They highlighted the " sinister ... cult of luxury for its own sake " , with Bond 's enjoyment of branded and bespoke products , but disagreed with part of Johnson 's summary that the novel was a sign of moral decay ; rather , " we should be grateful to Mr. Fleming for providing a conveniently accessible safety @-@ valve for the boiling sensibility of modern man . " This reviewer also conceded that while " the casualties take place on a somewhat narrower front than usual , they are heavy " . In April 1958 , Fleming wrote to The Manchester Guardian in defence of his work , referring to both that paper 's review of Dr. No and the article in The Twentieth Century . Fleming partly accepted the criticism concerning the exclusivity of Bond 's objects , such as cigarettes and food , but defended it on the basis that " I had to fit Bond out with some theatrical props " . These included his cocktail , ( " The Vesper " ) and Bond 's diet . Fleming called these devices " vulgar foibles " which he was saddled with , although maybe , he suggested , " Bond 's luxury meals are simply saying ' no ' to toad @-@ in @-@ the @-@ hole and tele @-@ bickies . "
Writing in The Times Literary Supplement , Philip Stead was more generous to Dr. No . Despite thinking that Fleming was offering " too opulent a feast " with the book , Stead argued that Fleming managed to pull this off , where " a less accomplished writer ... would never have got away with this story . " Raymond Chandler reviewed the novel for The Sunday Times and praised as " masterly " Fleming 's depiction of colonial Kingston in the first chapter . Chandler admired Fleming 's writing , which had " an acute sense of pace . ... You don 't have to work at Ian Fleming . He does the work for you . "
The reviewer for Time acknowledged the critical storm around Fleming and Dr. No , but was broadly welcoming of the book , writing that while " not all readers will agree that Dr. No ... is magnificent writing , ... pages of it , at least , qualify for Ezra Pound 's classic comment on Tropic of Cancer : ' At last , an unprintable book that is readable ' . " In The New York Times , Anthony Boucher — described by Fleming 's biographer John Pearson as " throughout an avid anti @-@ Bond and an anti @-@ Fleming man " — was again damning of Fleming 's work , saying " it 's harder than ever to see why an ardent coterie so admires Ian Fleming 's tales " . Benson described Boucher 's critique as " true to form " and " a tirade " as Boucher concluded his review by saying : " it is 80 @,@ 000 words long , with enough plot for 8 @,@ 000 and enough originality for 800 . "
Glendy Culligan of The Washington Post described the novel as a " thin little whodunit which rocked the British Empire and shook the English Establishment " , adding " Bully for it ! " Culligan admitted that " Confidentially though , we enjoyed Dr. No , and if this be sick , sick , sick , gentlemen , make the most of it . " James Sandoe in his book review for The New York Herald Tribune was very positive about Dr. No and thought that it was " the most artfully bold , dizzyingly poised thriller of the decade . You 'd much better read it than read about it . "
The writer
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, 2007 . Rivas signed to the Florida Firecats of the af2 league on April 25 , 2008 , for the 2008 and 2009 seasons . In 2009 , he played in nine of the first ten games , but he did not appear in any of the last six games . During his final af2 season he completed 41 of 58 point after touchdown conversions and missed both of his field goal attempts . He played for the Tampa Bay Storm in the reincarnated Arena Football League in 2010 and participated in the Arena Bowl with the team .
He also serves as an assistant football coach and physical education teacher at Berkeley Preparatory School , where he runs the offseason football conditioning program .
= = Statistics = =
Michigan
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= Tayutama : Kiss on my Deity =
Tayutama : Kiss on my Deity ( タユタマ -Kiss on my Deity- ) is a Japanese visual novel developed by Lump of Sugar . It was first released as an adult game for Windows PCs on July 11 , 2008 in both limited and regular editions , and was later followed by an Xbox 360 version . Tayutama is Lump of Sugar 's third title after their previous titles Nursery Rhyme and Itsuka , Todoku , Ano Sora ni . The story centers on the male protagonist Yuri Mito , a high school student who is the son of a family that presides over the local Shinto shrine . As Yuri performs a ritual to transfer a relic that hosts a fictional , supernatural race called Tayutai , he and his friends accidentally summon a goddess , who incarnates as a young girl .
The gameplay in Tayutama mainly consists of reading a text @-@ based , branching plot line with multiple endings , and offers pre @-@ determined scenarios and courses of interaction based on the player 's decisions . The game received two awards from the 2008 Bishōjo Game Awards for its visuals . It received a fan disc titled Tayutama : It 's Happy Days in May 2009 , and made several transitions to other media . It received a manga adaptation illustrated by artist Yukiwo , who co @-@ created an original story for the adaptation . A twelve @-@ episode anime series produced by the animation studio Silver Link was broadcast in Japan between April and June 2009 . A manga anthology series drawn by multiple artists , an Internet radio talk show used to promote the anime adaptation , and several music albums were also released .
= = Gameplay = =
Tayutama is a romance visual novel in which the player assumes the role of Yuri Mito . Its gameplay mainly consists of reading and progressing through the story 's narrative and dialogue . The game 's text is accompanied by character sprites , which represent who Yuri is talking to , appearing on top of background artwork . Throughout the game , the player encounters CG artwork at certain points in the story , which take the place of the regular background art and character sprites . When the game is completed at least once , a gallery of the viewed CGs and played background music is available on the game 's title screen . Tayutama follows a branching plot line with nonlinear sequences and multiple endings , where the plot 's direction is affected by the player 's decisions .
Throughout gameplay , the player is given multiple options to choose from , and text progression pauses at these points until a decision is made . These decisions determine the sequence in which the story 's events will occur , and progress the plot toward a specific heroine 's ending . There are four main plot lines in the original Windows version that the player will have the chance to experience , one for each of the heroines in the story . This is increased to five plot lines in the Xbox 360 version with the extended scenario for Nue . In order to view all plot lines in their entirety , the player will have to replay the game multiple times and make different decisions to progress the plot in alternate directions .
= = Plot = =
= = = Setting and themes = = =
The main part of Tayutama takes place in a town called Ashihara @-@ chō ( 葦原町 ) , which houses various landmarks such as the Sosei Academy ( 創聖学院 , Sōsei Gakuin ) , which the main characters attend , and the Yachimata Shrine ( 八衢神社 , Yachimata Jinja ) , a local Shinto shrine managed by Yuri 's family . Sosei Academy consists of two departments : a notorious all @-@ girls department named Flawless ( フローレス , Furōresu ) , which stems its roots from the Sosei Girls ' Academy ; and a recently added coeducation department named Slightly ( スライトリー , Suraitorii ) . The campus grounds are separated into two parts which houses the two separate departments . Students attending the Flawless department live in a dormitory across from the school building , which is separated from Slightly 's school building and schoolyard by a small forest .
Supernatural phenomena are a recurring theme in Tayutama . The fictional , mythological race Tayutai ( 太転依 ) is worshiped by the Yachimata Shrine , and its members are able to take shape in various forms , including humans . Various characters also possess supernatural abilities , such as Yuri who excels in Shinto studies and practices , and Mashiro , who is a Tayutai herself . Yumina and Ameri both receive wings as a result of gaining the favor and allying respectively with Houou and Ouryu , two Tayutai . Mifuyu is befriended by Nue , another Tayutai , and is physically powerful enough to engage a Tayutai in battle .
= = = Principal characters = = =
The player assumes the role of Yuri Mito ( 泉戸 裕理 , Mito Yūri , voiced by Satoshi Hino ) , the protagonist of Tayutama . Yuri comes from a family that presides over the Yachimata Shrine , and holds a vast knowledge in Shinto practices . He takes an interest in automobile maintenance , and also aspires to be an auto mechanic or designer . Mashiro Mito ( 泉戸 ましろ , Mito Mashiro , voiced by Noriko Rikimaru ) , the main heroine of Tayutama , is a Tayutai girl with a high understanding of spiritual powers . She is the incarnation of the goddess Kikuramikami no Hime ( 綺久羅美守毘売 , voiced by Haruka Nagami ) , and wishes for a mutual harmony between humans and Tayutai . She falls in love with Yuri soon after being left in his care , to the extent that she claims to be his wife .
Several characters also become involved in Yuri and Mashiro 's attempt to create a world where both humans and Tayutai can coexist together . Ameri Kawai ( 河合 アメリ , Kawai Ameri , voiced by Asami Shimoda ) , another heroine , is Yuri 's energetic and outgoing childhood friend . She frequently carries around candies , which she often shares with others , and has a crush towards Yuri , but is unable to carry her feelings further . Yumina Takanashi ( 小鳥遊 ゆみな , Takanashi Yumina , voiced by Kaori Mizuhashi ) , also a heroine , is Yuri 's stepsister who resided with his family until their mother 's death . She is often shy and quiet in front of others , and takes an interest in activities such as drawing and cooking . Yumina transfers into Flawless early in the story , and often voluntarily takes care of the household chores for Yuri 's family . Mifuyu Kisaragi ( 如月 美冬 , Kisaragi Mifuyu , voiced by Shizuka Itō ) , the last of Tayutama 's heroines , is an honor student from Flawless . She is calm and intelligent , and tends to act as an elder sister figure to other Flawless students . She is skilled in various martial arts , and is in particular proficient in kenjutsu .
= = = Story = = =
The story of Tayutama revolves around the male protagonist Yuri Mito , whose family manages the local Shinto shrine . One day during spring break , Yuri and his friends Ameri Kawai and Sankurou Kaname find in the school 's woods a mysterious relic that was used in the past to seal the Tayutai , an ancient , mythological race . Yuri discovers that the school board has determined that the relic is insignificant for preservation , and that it will be demolished to allow the school to expand . After coming to the conclusion that destroying the relic may have adverse consequences , the trio attempts to relocate the relic 's spirits . As Yuri performs the ritual , he summons Kikuramikami no Hime , a Tayutai goddess who explains to him the belligerent relationship between humans and Tayutai ; Kikuramikami then incarnates as a young girl , Mashiro , in hopes of maintaining a mutual relationship with humans . Shortly afterwards , the relic is destroyed in an accident , releasing the entire race of Tayutai . Among them are Nue , Houou , and Ouryu , three influential Tayutai who hold humans in low regard and are referred to collectively as the " Three Mightiest " ( 三強 , Sankyō ) . Following the incident , Yuri takes Mashiro to the Yachimata Shrine to live with his family , and later finds Mashiro as a teenager , who proclaims herself to be Yuri 's wife .
In their attempt to
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create a world where humans and Tayutai can peacefully coexist , Yuri and Mashiro battle the members of the Three Mightiest in a successive , nonlinear order determined by the player 's decisions . In one scenario , Nue , a young female Tayutai , begins to steal undergarments from the Flawless dormitories due to her curiosity in them . She is defeated by Mashiro and Mifuyu Kisaragi , and finds herself befriended by Mifuyu , who later begins to take care of her as a guardian . Yumina Takanashi , Yuri 's stepsister , also begins to take care of Hou , an exhausted bird Tayutai who begins to nest on Yumina 's head . Yumina is later attacked by Ou , another Tayutai who makes up the Houou couple with Hou , before the couple reconciles with the help of Yuri and Mashiro . Lastly , Ameri allies herself with Ouryu , the last of the Three Mightiest , out of jealousy from the amount of attention Mashiro receives from Yuri . After Ameri reconciles with Yuri , Ouryu agrees to stop attacking humans , and acknowledges Mashiro 's goal .
= = Development and release = =
Tayutama is the third title developed by Lump of Sugar . The visual novel 's scenario was written by Chihiro Fumikata . The character designs and illustrations for the visual novel were drawn by Fumitake Moekibara ; Moekibara also served the same position for Lump of Sugar 's previous titles . The game 's music was composed entirely by Shigenobu Ōkawa , who was also one of the two composers for Itsuka , Todoku , Ano Sora ni .
Tayutama was first released for Windows on July 11 , 2008 in both limited and regular editions . The limited edition contained the game itself , a vocal collection CD , an official fan book , character portraits , and a phone strap ; the regular edition did not contain the aforementioned extras . A fan disc of Tayutama , titled Tayutama : It 's Happy Days , was released on May 29 , 2009 in both limited and regular editions . The limited edition of It 's Happy Days contained the game itself and a visual fan book with short summaries of the game 's characters , illustrations , conception materials , and an interview with the game 's development team . 5pb. released an Xbox 360 version of the original game on November 5 , 2009 . The Xbox 360 version contains remastered graphics , additional music , and additional scenarios for Nue , a supporting female character being promoted to a heroine . It was released in both limited and regular editions , and the limited edition contains the game itself , a phone strap , and a drama CD adaptation .
= = Adaptations = =
= = = Printed media = = =
A manga adaptation based on Tayutama was serialized between the January and July 2009 issues of the manga magazine Comp Ace . The manga series was drawn by illustrator Yukiwo and written by Yūya , and features an original story in which Yuri becomes a girl . The individual chapters were later compiled into a single bound volume published by Kadokawa Shoten on June 26 , 2009 . Enterbrain published a series of four @-@ panel comic strip anthologies , titled Magi @-@ Cu 4 @-@ koma Tayutama : Kiss on my Deity . The anthology series spanned four volumes , and it was released under Enterbrain 's Magi @-@ Cu Comics imprint between April 25 and October 26 , 2009 . The contents of the anthologies were drawn by numerous artists , and eighteen different illustrators contributed to the first volume .
An art book titled Tayutama : Kiss on my Deity Official Book was released with the game 's limited edition release on July 11 , 2008 . The book included content such as sketches of the characters and staff comments . A 112 @-@ page visual fan book for the fan disc , Tayutama : It 's Happy Days , was first released with the game 's limited edition release on May 29 , 2009 ; it was also released separately on January 22 , 2010 . The book contains content such as illustrations and computer graphic artwork from the game , development materials , and staff interviews .
= = = Anime = = =
A Tayutama anime adaptation was first announced in Enterbrain 's Tech Gian magazine on December 20 , 2008 . The anime series was produced by Silver Link , directed by Keitaro Motonaga and written by Makoto Ueda . The anime was first exhibited as a video at Media Factory 's Spring Anime Festival in the Ryōgoku KFC Hall in Tokyo , on March 29 , 2009 . The exhibition featured a public showing of the anime 's first episode along with Phantom : Requiem for the Phantom and Queen 's Blade 's respective episodes , and also talk shows featuring voice actors from the three series . The anime was first broadcast in Japan between April 5 and June 21 , 2009 on the Chiba TV broadcasting network , and was later broadcast on other independent stations and the AT @-@ X network . The series was released in Japan as six separate Blu @-@ ray Disc and DVD volumes between June 25 and November 25 , 2009 ; each volume also contains an animated extra titled Tayutayu : Pure my Heart ( たゆたゆ -Pure my heart- ) . Sentai Filmworks licensed the anime for distribution by Section23 Films in North America , and the series was released as a volume of two DVDs on March 16 , 2010 .
An Internet radio talk show titled Tayutama Radio : Hirusagari no Yometachi ( タユタマらじお -昼下がりの嫁たち- ) was hosted by Noriko Rikimaru and Asami Shimoda , who voiced Mashiro and Ameri respectively in the anime . The radio show was first streamed on the Japanese Internet radio network Onsen on March 9 , 2009 , and continued to do so every Monday until its tenth episode on July 13 , 2009 .
= = Music = =
The Windows version of Tayutama has four main theme songs : " Konna Haru no Sora o " ( こんな春の空を ) , the first opening theme , and " Niji o Mitsuketa Yō na Iro de " ( 虹を見つけたような色で ) , the ending theme , were sung by Haruka Shimotsuki ; " Shunkan Spline " ( 瞬間スプライン , " Shunkan Supurain " , " Instantaneous Spline " ) , the second opening theme , and " Cherry " , an insert song , were sung by Kicco . The Xbox 360 version featured three theme songs : " Ōka Shunkō " ( 桜花春煌 ) , the first opening theme song , and " Eien o Hajimeyou " ( 永遠を始めよう , " Let 's Begin Eternity " ) , the ending theme , were both performed by Kicco ; " Doko made mo Tomo ni " ( どこまでも共に , " Together Anywhere " ) , the second opening theme , was performed by Shimotsuki . There are also four additional insert songs , one for each heroine and was sung by their respective voice actresses . The insert song for Mashiro is " Marital Vows " ; the insert song for Ameri is " Going My Way " ( ごーいんぐまいうぇい , Gōingu Mai Uei ) ; the insert song for Yumina is " Flower Doll " ; and lastly , the insert song for Mifuyu is " Rainy Pain " .
The first music release was a maxi single entitled " Shunkan Spline " . The single contains the titular theme song and " Cherry " , and was released on June 27 , 2008 . The game 's original soundtrack was released on July 9 , 2008 . Of the 31 tracks collected in the album , two are the theme songs " Konna Haru no Sora o " and " Niji o Mitsuketa Yō na Iro de " . Another maxi single , titled " The Fine Every Day " , was released on April 22 , 2009 . The single contains the opening theme for the anime , " The Fine Every Day " , and the opening theme for Tayutama : It 's Happy Days , " Jōnetsu no Uoburu " ( 情熱のウォブル , " Passionate Wobble " ) , both sung by Kicco . A maxi single by Ui Miyazaki , titled " Kizuna no Uta " ( キズナノ唄 , " Song of Bonds " ) , was released on May 27 , 2009 featuring the titular ending theme for the anime . An image song album , titled Tayutama : Kiss on my Deity Chara @-@ son + ( 「 タユタマ @-@ Kiss on my Deity- 」 キャラソン + , Tayutama : Kiss on my Deity Kyarason + ) , was released on July 24 , 2009 containing the Windows version 's second opening theme and inserts . Lastly , an album titled Xbox 360 Tayutama : Kiss on my Deity Theme Songs ( Xbox360ソフト 「 タユタマ @-@ Kiss on my Deity- 」 主題歌集 , Xbox 360 Sofuto " Tayutama : Kiss on my Deity " Shudaika @-@ shū ) was released on November 25 , 2009 .
= = Reception and legacy = =
According to a sales ranking conducted by PCPress , Tayutama : Kiss on my Deity was the second best @-@ selling bishōjo game in July 2008 , only falling behind Key 's Little Busters ! Ecstasy . It was also the second most widely sold game on Getchu.com for July 2008 , and was the sixth most widely sold game of the year on the website . The game was also the twenty @-@ seventh most widely sold game on the website for the month of April 2009 . The game received two awards from the 2008 Bishōjo Game Awards panel , a silver prize for graphics , coming behind Akabeisoft2 's G Senjō no Maō , and a gold prize for character designs . Tadamoto Ōsawa , the editor @-@ in @-@ chief of the Japanese bishōjo magazine BugBug , praised Moekibara for his heroines ' appealing character designs , and cited Mashiro as a character fitting for the award .
The anime adaptation received mixed reviews . Chris Beveridge of Mania.com praised the series ' aesthetics . He stated that it " has a solid looking presentation to it with its animation style and character design , " and in particular found the costume and setting designs appealing . However , he criticized how the storyline " has a whole lot of the familiar ... that keeps it from standing well on its own , " and described the series as " not bad , it 's just another show that we 've seen before . " Stig Høgset of THEM Anime Reviews also noted the characters are " generally pleasant to look at . " He described the adaptation 's story as " fairly straightforward and hardly difficult to follow , " but criticized it as " basically written with a complete disregard for logic and common sense . " Høgset concluded by comparing Tayutama 's anime adaptation to Natsume 's Book of Friends , stating that although the former is " honestly trying to tell a decent story about the possible friendship between two different races ... [ the latter ] does this a hell of a lot better . "
Several characters from Tayutama also appear in video games created by other developers . Ameri , Mashiro , and Mifuyu were featured as playable characters in the fighting game Twinkle Queen . The game was released on August 26 , 2010 for Wii , and also featured characters from G Senjō no Maō , Windmill 's Shukufuku no Campanella , and BaseSon 's Shin Koihime Musō . Ameri and Mashiro were also featured as characters in Illusion 's Characolle ! 3D animation program series . The program 's fourth entry , Characolle ! Lump of Sugar , was released on July 1 , 2011 , and included the characters ' models and scenery assets based on Tayutama 's locales as part of the package .
= Edmund Evans =
Edmund Evans ( 23 February 1826 – 21 August 1905 ) was a prominent English wood engraver and colour printer during the Victorian era . Evans specialized in full @-@ colour printing , which , in part because of his work , became popular in the mid @-@ 19th century . He employed and collaborated with illustrators such as Walter Crane , Randolph Caldecott , Kate Greenaway and Richard Doyle to produce what are now considered to be classic children 's books . Although little is known about his life , he wrote a short autobiography before his death in 1905 in which he described his life as a printer in Victorian London .
After finishing an apprenticeship , Evans went into business for himself . By the early 1850s , he had established a reputation as a printer of covers for a type of cheap novels known as yellow @-@ backs . In the early 1860s , he began to print children 's toy books and picture books in association with the printing house Routledge and Warne . His intention was to produce books for children that were beautiful and inexpensive . For three decades he produced multiple volumes each year , first illustrated by Crane , and later by Caldecott and Greenaway .
Evans used a woodblock printing technique known as chromoxylography , which was used primarily for inexpensive serialised books and children 's books requiring few colours , so as to maximize profits . However , chromoxylography allowed a variety of hues and tones to be produced by mixing colours . The process was complicated and required intricate engraving to achieve the best results . Evans possessed a meticulous eye for detail and used a hand @-@ press and as many as a dozen colour blocks for a single image . He went on to become the preeminent wood engraver and colour printer in Britain during the second half of the 19th century .
= = Apprenticeship and early work = =
Evans was born in Southwark , London , on 23 February 1826 , to Henry and Mary Evans . He attended school in Jamaica Row , where he enjoyed mathematics but wished he had learned Latin . As a 13 @-@ year @-@ old he began work as a " reading boy " at the printing house of Samuel Bentley in London in 1839 . However , he was reassigned as a general errand boy because his stutter interfered with his duties . The hours were long — from seven in the morning until nine or ten at night — but the printmaking process itself , and the books produced by the establishment , fascinated Evans . Bentley soon realized the boy was talented after seeing his early attempts at scratching illustrations on slate , and arranged for Evans to begin an apprenticeship with wood @-@ engraver Ebenezer Landells .
Evans started with Landells in 1840 . His duties included delivering proofs of drawings to be approved by artists such as Edward Dalziel , or authors such as Charles Dickens . A year later , Landells launched Punch magazine , and as early as 1842 had Evans illustrate covers for the new publication . Evans worked and became friends with Myles Birket Foster , John Greenaway and George Dalziel . Foster and Evans became lifelong friends . When Landells received a commission from the Illustrated London News to provide illustrations of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert , he sent Evans and Foster to Balmoral to make sketches , which Evans engraved . Toward the end of his apprenticeship , the demands of the Illustrated London News caused Evans to work late into the night and return early in the morning .
When his apprenticeship ended in 1847 , Evans , then 21 , refused an offer of employment from Landells , deciding instead to go into business for himself as a wood @-@ engraver and colour printer . In 1848 Evans engraved a title @-@ page illustration , among other commissions , for the Illustrated London News . However , the Illustrated London News stopped employing him on the basis that his wood engraving was too fine for newspaper work . His final print for the Illustrated London News showed the four seasons , and was illustrated by Foster . In fact Foster received his first commission from the publisher Ingram , Cook , and Company to reproduce the four scenes in oil . In 1851 , Ingram chose Evans to engrave three prints for Ida Pfeiffer 's Travels in the Holy Land . He used three blocks for the work : the key @-@ block , outlining the illustration , was printed in a dark @-@ brown hue ; the other two were in a buff colour and a grayish @-@ blue colour . For the same firm , Evans completed an order for a book @-@ cover using bright reds and blues on white paper . That year he received the first commission to print a book , written by Fanny Fern and illustrated by Foster . Evans had enough business to apprentice his two younger brothers , Wilfred and Herbert , and to buy a hand @-@ press . Soon he moved his premises to Racquet Court , and bought three more hand @-@ presses .
In the early 1850s , Evans designed book @-@ covers known as yellow @-@ backs , a " book bound in yellow @-@ glazed paper over boards " . He perfected the method and became the printer of choice for many London publishers ; by 1853 he was the chief yellow @-@ back printer in the city . He developed the yellow @-@ back as he disliked the white paper book @-@ covers that became soiled and discoloured ; as a result of this aversion he experimented with yellow paper by treating before adding the printed illustration . Often yellow @-@ backs were used for unsold editions , so that they functioned as reprints or waste ; typically " enormous number of these covers " were left behind for publishers . Other terms for the books were " Penny dreadfuls " , " railway novels " and " mustard plaisters " . For the illustrations , Evans commissioned artists such as George Cruikshank , Phiz , Randolph Caldecott and Walter Crane . Evans ' first cover was brightly coloured , utilising only reds and blues , overprinting blue over black to create what appeared as a black background . He continued the practice of using red and blue , engraving " in graduation " for lighter tints of reds used for faces and hands , and engraving the blue blocks in a manner that created textures and patterns . Evans realised books that may have been unsuccessful in a first printing were easy to sell with well @-@ designed cover art .
In the mid @-@ 1850s , Evans and Foster visited Scotland to create sketches for a series of guide books , which Evans printed . He later engraved Foster 's illustrations for Lady of the Lake , and Foster 's illustrations for The Poetical Works of George Herbert ( 1856 ) , printed in Edinburgh . Of the George Herbert engravings he states : " these illustrations I consider the best that I ever engraved " . By 1856 Evans had " perfected a process of colour printing from wood blocks " , and achieved a reputation as the preeminent wood engraver and best colour printer in London .
In the late 1850s Evans worked on an edition of The Poems of Oliver Goldsmith , illustrated by Foster , published in 1859 . The volume was successful enough to warrant a second edition , with 11 more colour @-@ printed illustrations , which was published in 1860 . During the 1860s , his most notable work was for James Doyle 's A Chronicle of England , which includes 80 illustrations , and is considered evidence of his capability as a master of colour . His method of coloured wood engraving allowed for watercolours to be reproduced , and was used for The Art Album : Sixteen Facsimilies of Water @-@ colour Drawings , which he engraved and printed in 1861 . Before he began printing children 's books , much of Evans ' business was to provide colour printwork for magazines such as Lamplighter , The Sunday School Companion and Chatterbox . With increased print orders , Evans leased space on Fleet Street to expand the business , adding steam engines , boilers and " many extra machines " .
From the late 1850s to the early 1860s , Evans produced the blocks and printed for , among others , books illustrated by W. S. Coleman including , Common Objects of the Sea Shore , Common Objects of the Country , Our Woodlands , Heaths , and Hedges , and British Butterflies . The printing process used up to 12 colours and , as was his usual practice , a hand @-@ press . During these years he also completed work on Foster 's Bible Emblem Anniversary Book , and Little Bird Red and Little Bird Blue . In 1870 , Evans printed In Fairyland , a Series of Pictures from the Elf @-@ World , illustrated by James Doyle 's brother Richard in which Doyle depicted fairies living " among birds , snails , butterflies and beetles as large as themselves " , and Evans produced his largest wood @-@ engravings for the volume . The 36 illustrations contained within are " often considered the masterpiece of Victorian illustration . " During the 1860s and 1870s , he was employing up to 30 engravers .
In 1864 , Evans married Mary Spence Brown , Foster 's niece , and the couple lived in Witley , Surrey . Foster was their neighbour , as was George Eliot . Commenting on his work , Evans said that it " kept me fully employed mind and body : I had to direct the engravers to the direction of the lines in the colour blocks , and the printers for the tones of the inks for printing , often mixing the inks " . Whenever possible he visited Brighton , where he enjoyed the air .
= = Process and techniques = =
During the Victorian period , the art of book illustration gained popularity , supported through the work of wood engravers . Woodcut extended back centuries in Europe and further in Asia . Typically the parts to be printed in black were left in relief by the carver , allowing illustrations to be printed along with the text . Thomas Bewick developed the technique in the 18th century and " perfected the process that was used extensively throughout the 19th century , which necessitated the use of hardwood blocks and tools for metal engraving " . The preferred method of relief engraving had been to work with the grain on the plank side of a block ; however Bewick worked the end of the block and carved against the grain using a burin . Bewick passed his techniques to apprentices , including Landells , who in turn passed them to Evans . In the 1860s , Thomas Bolton developed a method for transferring a photographic image onto block , which enabled the engraver " to work on the surface " .
In the 1830s George Baxter repopularised colour relief printing , known as chromoxylography , by using a " background detail plate printed in aquatint intaglio , followed by colours printed in oil inks from relief plates — usually wood blocks " . Evans followed the Baxter process , with the modification of using relief wood blocks only . For The Poems of Oliver Goldsmith , Evans created a facsimile of a watercolour , by superimposing colours with the use of separate colour blocks , one by one , to achieve the graduated colours of the original . First , Foster drew the illustration directly on the woodblocks that were to be cut , and he then recreated a coloured paper copy of the drawing . Evans , using the same pigments as Foster , grinding them himself , produced inks to match Foster 's colours . The printing was done using a hand @-@ press , with nine or ten print runs required for each illustration . For A Chronicle of England , Evans engraved prints dropped into the text at six @-@ page intervals . Doyle drew the illustrations directly onto the wood blocks and created coloured proofs . Nine or ten wood blocks ( colour blocks ) were used for each of the 80 illustrations , which Evans again printed on a hand @-@ press . The use of colour and the ability to create subtle tones are characteristic of Evans ' skill as a colourist . His work was distinctive because of the characteristic quality of the wood engraving ( carving ) and his manner of limiting the use of ink to create a more striking result .
Evans ' process involved a number of steps . First , the line drawing of an illustration was photographed and printed onto block while the line drawing was engraved . Proofs of the key block were coloured by the illustrator ; Evans would then " determine the sequencing and register ... to arrive at a close reproduction of the artist 's original " . Blocks were painted and engraved ; one for each colour . A proof of each colour block was made before a final proof from the key block . Ideally , the proof would be a faithful reproduction of the original drawing , but Evans believed a print was never as good as a drawing . He took care to grind and mix his inks so they closely emulated the original . Finally , each block was placed so as to allow the individual colours to print on the page exactly as intended . Aware of costs and printing efficiencies , he used as few colours as possible . Illustrations were produced with a base of black , along with one or two colours and a flesh tone for faces and hands . In some cases , Evans may have used as few as four colour blocks : likely black , flesh and two primary colours ; the addition of yellow allowed him a greater range . Each colour was printed from a separately engraved block ; there were often between five or ten blocks . The chief problem was to maintain correct register , achieved by placing small holes in precise positions on each block to which the paper was pinned . If done correctly , the register of colours match , although sometimes ink squash is visible along the edges of an illustration .
Often the artist drew the illustration in reverse , and directly onto a block ; in other cases the printer copied the illustration from a drawing . After the 1860s , images could be photographically projected onto the blocks , although it was more difficult for the printer to carve the reliefs without leaving the distinctive lines of the illustration . Books printed by Evans have been reproduced using some of the original blocks which have " remained in continuous use for over a century " .
= = Children 's books = =
Critics regard Evans ' most important work to be his prints of children 's books with from the latter part of the century with Walter Crane , Kate Greenaway , and Randolph Caldecott which revolutionized children 's publishing . Early in the century children 's book were often hand colored , and the chromoxylography processes Evans perfected " brought an immense improvement in coloured picture books for children in the last quarter of the century " . In 1865 , Evans agreed with publishing house Routledge and Warne to provide toy books — paperbound books of six pages , to be sold for sixpence each . They " revolutionized the field of children 's books " and lent Evans his association with children 's book illustrators . The market for toy books became so great that he began to self @-@ publish and commission the artists for illustrations . When demand swelled beyond his capacity , he employed other engraving firms to fill the orders .
The concept of a picture book for children , with the art dominating the text rather than illustrations supplementing the text , was an invention of the mid @-@ 19th century . According to Judith Saltman of the University of British Columbia , Evans ' work as a printer of children 's picture @-@ books is particularly notable ; she believes he printed the " most memorable body of illustrated books for children " in the Victorian era , and the three illustrators , whose works he printed , can be regarded as the " founders of the picture @-@ book tradition in English and American children 's books " . He considered full @-@ colour printing a technique well @-@ suited to the simple illustrations in children 's books . Evans reacted against crudely coloured children 's book illustrations , which he believed could be beautiful and inexpensive if the print run was large enough to maintain the costs . In doing so , Evans hired Walter Crane , Kate Greenaway and Randolph Caldecott as illustrators , all of whom became successful because of Evans ' " recognition , encouragement , and brilliant colour reproduction " .
= = = Walter Crane = = =
In 1863 , Evans employed Walter Crane to illustrate covers for inexpensive novels sold in railroad stations called " yellow backs " — after their yellow covers . In 1865 , they began to collaborate on toy books of nursery rhymes and fairy tales . Between 1865 and 1876 , Crane and Evans produced two or three toybooks a year . The earliest of the series ( which grew in popularity ) showed only two colours — red and blue — with black or blue used for the key block . Crane illustrated the early books , printed by Evans , This Is the House That Jack Built and Sing a Song of Sixpence , in which the simple designs are presented without background ornamentation and printed only in red , blue and black . Between 1865 and 1886 , Crane illustrated 50 toybooks , all of which were engraved and printed by Evans . These commercially successful books established Crane as one of the most popular illustrators of children 's books in England .
Crane drew his designs directly on the blocks . The designs gradually became more elaborate , as Crane became influenced by Japanese prints . In 1869 , Evans added yellow , which he mixed with red and blue to create a greater variety of hues . The following year , Crane was given a set of Japanese prints and , impressed with " the definite black outline , the flat brilliance as well as delicate colours " he applied the techniques to toy book illustrations . His interest in design details , such as furniture and clothing , are reflected in his illustrations . During these years Crane and Evans worked for the publishing house Routledge and collaborated on books such as The Yellow Dwarf , Beauty and the Beast , Princess Belle – etoile , and Goody Two Shoes . Crane sold his illustrations directly to the publisher and , with printing and engraving expenses , large print runs were required .
Crane was abroad from 1871 to 1873 while Evans continued to print his work . Evans received Crane 's illustrations via post , photographed the image to the keyblock to be engraved , and then returned a proof to Crane for colouring . In 1878 Crane and Evans collaborated on The Baby 's Opera , a complex project with a dozen fully illustrated pages , and decorative borders on each of the 56 pages . Crane visited Evans at his home in Witley to design the book . Evans gave Crane a dummy book to design the layout of the entire volume . The first print run consisted of 10 @,@ 000 copies , but Evans quickly added more as demand for the volume grew . Evans added more hues to the illustrations , with " light blues , yellows , and brick reds , delicately blended " replacing the brighter colours of earlier work .
In 1880 , Crane illustrated and Evans printed , The Baby 's Bouquet : a Fresh Bunch of Old Rhymes and Tunes , which went on to sell hundreds of thousands of copies . The book shows influences ranging from the Pre @-@ Raphaelites , Japanese art to the incipient arts and crafts movement . In 1889 , Flora 's Feast : A Masque of Flowers was published , featuring flowers represented as human figures , for which Evans used as many as eight colour blocks . Their later collaborations includes an edition of Alice in Wonderland with coloured versions of John Tenniel 's 1890 illustrations , and the 1899 A Floral Fantasy in an Old English Garden .
= = = Randolph Caldecott = = =
The pressure of such steady production caused Crane to stop his work for a period , and Evans replaced him with Randolph Caldecott , whose magazine illustrations he had seen and liked . Initially Evans hired Caldecott to draw illustrations for nursery rhyme books , beginning with another printing of The House that Jack Built in 1877 . Evans proposed to fill each page with an illustration , which were " often little more than outlines " to avoid the blank pages which were customary in toy books of the period . In 1878 The Diverting Story of John Gilpin was published , illustrated by Caldecott and printed by Evans . Evans supplied Caldecott with materials for the illustrations and payment based on sales quantities . Evans explained the business arrangement :
I agreed to run all the risks of engraving the key blocks which he drew on wood ; after he finished colouring a proof I would furnish him , on drawing paper , I would engrave the blocks to be printed in as few colours as necessary ... the key block in dark brown , then a flesh tint for the faces , hands , and wherever it would bring the other colours as nearly as possible to his painted copy , a red , a blue , a yellow and a grey .
Beginning in 1878 through 1885 , Caldecott illustrated two books a year for Evans , and secured his reputation as an illustrator . The books were released for the Christmas season , when sales would be sufficient to warrant print runs as large as 100 @,@ 000 . Later , collected editions of four works reprinted in a single volume were published . Throughout the late 1870s , Evans and Caldecott collaborated on 17 books , considered Caldecott 's best , and to have changed the " course of children 's illustrated books " . Caldecott drew pen and ink illustrations on plain paper that were photographed to wood . Evans " engraved in facsimile " the illustration to the woodblock . Six blocks ( one for each colour ) were used to create a multi @-@ colour " image of extremely delicate quality " .
Caldecott died of tuberculosis in 1886 , and the following year Evans printed a collection of his picture books , titled The Complete Collection of Pictures & Songs . Ruari McLean explains in the introduction to Evans ' Reminiscences , that as late as the 1960s reprints of Caldecott 's The House that Jack Built were " astonishingly , still being printed from the plates made from the original wood @-@ blocks engraved by Edmund Evans " .
= = = Kate Greenaway = = =
In the late 1870s , Kate Greenaway — who spent her earlier career illustrating greeting cards — persuaded her father , also in the engraving business , to show Evans her poetry manuscript , Under the Window . Evans invited her to Witley , and as he explains : " I was at once fascinated by the originality of the drawings and the ideas of the verse , so I at once purchased them . " Evans believed her illustrations to be commercially appealing and encouraged Routledge to publish the book . Of Greenaway 's first collection of illustrations and verse , Evans writes :
After I had engraved the blocks and colour blocks , I printed the first edition of 20 @,@ 000 copies , and was ridiculed by the publishers for risking such a large edition of a six @-@ shilling book ; but the edition sold before I could reprint another edition ; in the meantime copies were sold at a premium . Reprinting kept on till 70 @,@ 000 was reached .
When George Eliot saw Greenaway 's drawings , while visiting the Evanses at their home , she " was much charmed by them " , however , she refused Evans ' request to write a children 's story to be illustrated by Greenaway . Published in 1879 , Evans produced 100 @,@ 000 copies of Under the Window ( including French and German editions ) which helped launch Greenaway 's career as an author and illustrator of children 's books . For Under the Window , Evans paid Greenaway outright for her artwork , and royalties up to one @-@ third of proceeds , after the costs of printing ; for subsequent books he paid half of the proceeds after deducting the printing costs . Evans photographed Greenaway 's drawings to wood , engraved in facsimile , and created colour blocks of red , blue , yellow and flesh tint .
Evans paid particular attention to detail in the printing of her Mother Goose . The " antique look " added to the Regency style artwork , while his ink and colouring choices conveyed the look of a hand @-@ coloured book suitable for a mass @-@ market edition . To achieve the antique look , rough paper was pressed and printed , with the roughness restored after printing by dipping the paper in water . As an example of 19th @-@ century book production , Mother Goose is considered exceptional , and facsimiles were printed well into the mid @-@ 20th century .
During the 1880s , Evans printed two to three Greenaway books a year , including a run of 150 @,@ 000 copies of Kate Greenaway 's Birthday Book ( 1880 ) , as well as Mother Goose ( 1881 ) , The Language of Flowers ( 1884 ) , Marigold Garden ( 1885 ) , The Pied Piper of Hamelin ( 18
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N lists the scimitar oryx as regionally extinct in Algeria , Burkina Faso , Chad , Egypt , Libya , Mali , Mauritania , Morocco , Niger , Nigeria , Senegal , Sudan , Tunisia and Western Sahara , and has assessed it as extinct in the wild since 2000 . Reports of sightings in Chad and Niger remain unsubstantiated , despite extensive surveys carried out throughout Chad and Niger from 2001 to 2004 in an effort to detect antelopes in the Sahel and the Sahara . At least until 1985 , 500 oryx were estimated to be surviving in Chad and Niger , but by 1988 , only a few individuals survived in the wild .
There is now a global captive breeding program for the scimitar oryx . In 2005 , at least 1 @,@ 550 captives were managed as part of breeding programs , and in 2008 , more than 4 @,@ 000 were believed to be held in private collections in the United Arab Emirates . Reintroduction plans involve fenced @-@ in herds in Bou Hedma National Park ( 1985 ) , Sidi Toui National Park ( 1999 ) and Oued Dekouk National Park ( 1999 ) in Tunisia ; Souss @-@ Massa National Park ( 1995 ) in Morocco ; and Ferlo Faunal Reserve ( 1998 ) and Guembuel Wildlife Reserve ( 1999 ) in Senegal . Chad is currently leading a project to reintroduce the species in Ouadi Rimé Ouadi Achim Game Reserve , with the support of the Saharan Conservation Fund and the Environment Agency of Abu Dhabi . The first group has been released at the beginning of 2016 in an acclimation enclosure and should be fully released in the wild in the rainy season .
= = In culture = =
= = = Ancient times = = =
In ancient Egypt scimitar oryx were domesticated and tamed , possibly to be used as offerings for religious ceremonies or as food . They were called ran and bred in captivity . In ancient Rome they were kept in paddocks and used for coursing , and wealthy Romans ate them . The scimitar oryx was the preferred quarry of Sahelo @-@ Saharan hunters . Its hide is of superior quality , and the king of Rio de Oro sent 1000 shields made of it to a contemporary in the Middle Ages . Since then , it has been used to make ropes , harnesses and saddlery .
= = = Unicorn myth = = =
The myth of the one @-@ horned unicorn may have originated from sightings of injured scimitar oryx ; Aristotle and Pliny the Elder held that the oryx was the unicorn 's " prototype " . From certain angles , the oryx may seem to have one horn rather than two , and given that its horns are made from hollow bone that cannot be regrown , if an oryx were to lose one of its horns , for the rest of its life it would have only one .
= Hurricane Marie ( 2014 ) =
Hurricane Marie is tied as the seventh @-@ most intense Pacific hurricane on record , attaining a barometric pressure of 918 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 11 inHg ) in August 2014 . On August 10 , a tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa over the Atlantic Ocean . Some organization of shower and thunderstorm activity initially took place , but dry air soon impinged upon the system and imparted weakening . The wave trekked westward across the Atlantic and Caribbean for several days . On August 19 , an area of low pressure consolidated within the wave west of Central America . With favorable atmospheric conditions , convective activity and banding features increased around the system and by August 22 , the system acquired enough organization to be classified as Tropical Depression Thirteen @-@ E while situated about 370 mi ( 595 km ) south @-@ southeast of Acapulco , Mexico . Development was initially fast @-@ paced , as the depression acquired tropical storm @-@ force winds within six hours of formation and hurricane @-@ force by August 23 . However , due to some vertical wind shear its intensification rate stalled , and for a time it remained a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale .
On August 24 , Marie developed an eye and rapidly intensified to a Category 5 hurricane with winds of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) . At its peak , the hurricane 's gale @-@ force winds spanned an area 575 mi ( 925 km ) across . Marie subsequently underwent an eyewall replacement cycle on August 25 which prompted steady weakening . Over the next several days , Marie progressively degraded to below hurricane strength as it moved into an increasingly hostile environment with cooler waters and a more stable atmosphere . On August 29 , after having lost all signs of organized deep convection , Marie degenerated into a remnant low . The large system gradually wound down over the following several days , with winds subsiding below gale @-@ force on August 30 . The remnant cyclone eventually lost a well defined center and dissipated on September 2 about 1 @,@ 200 mi ( 1 @,@ 950 km ) northeast of Hawaii .
Although Hurricane Marie 's center remained well away from land throughout its entire existence , its large size brought increased surf to areas from Southwestern Mexico northward to southern California . Off the coast of Los Cabos , three people drowned after their boat capsized in rough seas . In Colima and Oaxaca , heavy rains from outer bands caused flooding , resulting in two fatalities . Similar effects were felt across Baja California Sur . Toward the end of August , Marie brought one of the largest hurricane @-@ related surf events to southern California in decades . Swells of 10 to 15 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 to 4 @.@ 6 m ) battered coastal areas , with structural damage occurring on Santa Catalina Island and in the Greater Los Angeles Area . A breakwater near Long Beach sustained $ 10 million worth of damage , with portions gouged out . One person drowned in the surf near Malibu . Hundreds of ocean rescues , including over 100 in Malibu alone , were attributed to the storm , and overall losses reached $ 20 million .
= = Meteorological history = =
On August 10 , 2014 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) began monitoring a westward moving tropical wave emerging off the west coast of Africa , centered along 16 ° W. Accompanied by disorganized convective activity , development , if any , was expected to be slow . A broad area of low pressure subsequently formed within the wave about halfway between Africa and the Cape Verde Islands . Embedded within an elongated trough , the weak system struggled to organize and convection soon diminished . Interaction with a monsoon trough reinvigorated shower and thunderstorm activity on August 11 across a large area southwest of the Cape Verde Islands , but the surface low had dissipated by this time . Development was no longer expected over the following days as dry air created a hostile area for storm organization . The wave continued westward across the Atlantic and entered the Caribbean Sea on August 16 . Subsequent interactions with South America and an upper @-@ level trough inhibited improvement of the system .
Beginning on August 17 , the NHC anticipated that a low pressure area would form within five days to the south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec in the East Pacific , with a 30 % chance of tropical cyclogenesis . By the next day , the wave was located over Panama , and the NHC upgraded the potential for development to 60 % . The wave crossed into the eastern Pacific with accompanying convection , developing a low pressure area on August 19 . Conditions were favorable for further development , and the thunderstorms increased and became better organized on August 20 . After an increase in rainbands and outflow around the well @-@ defined center , the NHC classified the system as Tropical Depression Thirteen @-@ E early on August 22 about 370 mi ( 595 km ) south @-@ southeast of Acapulco , Mexico . A strong ridge over the southern United States , later expanding into northern Mexico , steered the system on a west @-@ northwest course throughout its existence as a tropical cyclone .
Conditions were favorable for the nascent depression to strengthen . The Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme model predicted the system would become a Category 4 on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale when the system was only a tropical depression . Only six hours after the NHC issued its first advisory the agency upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Marie , the thirteenth named storm of the 2014 season . The storm very quickly organized , developing a central dense overcast consisting of intense convection ; this was aided by warm water temperatures and low wind shear . On August 23 , the NHC upgraded Marie to hurricane status , and an eye began forming later that day . On the next day , as the storm rapidly intensified , the eye became much more distinct and was surrounded by a powerful eyewall . During this phase the storm wobbled , shifting due west before resuming its previous motion . At 18 : 00 UTC on August 24 , Marie attained Category 5 status on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale , the first such Pacific hurricane since Celia in 2010 . The NHC estimated peak sustained winds of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) , based on a Dvorak rating of 7 @.@ 0 provided by TAFB and SAB . They also estimated Marie 's minimum barometric pressure at 918 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 11 inHg ) , ranking as the seventh @-@ strongest in the Pacific east of the International Dateline since records began in 1949 . Coincidentally , Hurricane Odile attained the same pressure just three weeks later . At its peak , Marie was a large hurricane with tropical storm @-@ force winds covering an area 575 mi ( 925 km ) across .
Shortly after Marie attained peak intensity , the convection weakened due to an eyewall replacement cycle , in which an outer eye formed . The storm also weakened due to gradually decreasing water temperatures . By early on August 26 , the eye became much less defined . The double eye feature persisted through that day , although the outer eyewall opened up as thunderstorms weakened further . Late on August 27 , Marie weakened to tropical storm status , by which time the circulation became exposed from the convection . A strengthening ridge near California caused the storm to accelerate more to the west @-@ northwest , into an area of cooler waters and dry air . Failing to produce any additional convection , Marie degenerated into a remnant low late on August 28 . The residual circulation gradually wound down as it continued northwest . Through August 29 , the system continued to produce gale @-@ force winds . Turning west and later west @-@ southwest within a weak easterly flow , Marie slowly moved across the open Pacific while remaining a broad , weak cyclone . The former cyclone eventually lost a well @-@ defined center and dissipated on September 2 , about 1 @,@ 200 mi ( 1 @,@ 950 km ) northeast of Hawaii .
= = Preparations and impact = =
= = = Mexico = = =
Although the core of Hurricane Marie remained well offshore , a " green " alert was issued for Guerrero and Oaxaca and a " blue " ( minimal ) alert was issued for Jalisco , Colima , Michoacán , and Chiapas . Heavy rains in Oaxaca triggered flooding and landslides , with the districts of Juquila and Pochutla being most affected . Five people were swept away by a swollen river ; all were wounded but later rescued . A portion of Federal Highway 200 and a bridge were closed . Approximately 10 @,@ 000 people were in need of assistance and a disaster declaration was requested for the state of Oaxaca . Storm surge in Colima destroyed four buildings and damaged ten more . Flooding along the Marabasco and San Nicolás rivers resulted in two fatalities . Minor flooding also occurred near Acapulco and in Colima where 16 ft ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) waves pounded the coast . In Guadalajara , numerous trees were downed and 12 shops were closed .
Off the coast of Los Cabos in Baja California Sur , large swells capsized a fishing boat with seven people aboard on August 25 . Four were able to swim back to shore while the other three remained missing and were later presumed dead . Strong rain bands along the outer fringes of Hurricane Marie brought heavy rain to parts of the state . Landslides blocked several roads near Los Cabos while gusty winds downed trees and power lines . Owing to the dangerous conditions , all schools Los Cabos were closed on August 25 .
= = = United States = = =
Owing to the size of Marie , increased surf was anticipated well north of the hurricane . High surf advisories were issued in California for the Greater Los Angeles Area . Forecasters at the local National Weather Service office warned residents in Los Angeles and Ventura counties could " potentially see the largest surf in recent years generated by a hurricane . " Swells of 10 to 15 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 to 4 @.@ 6 m ) were anticipated with the risk of coastal flooding and structural damage . Advisories were also issued for Orange and Santa Barbara counties . Surf in the region ultimately reached 20 ft ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) along south @-@ facing shores while west @-@ facing beaches only saw waves up to 8 ft ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) .
The combination of large swells , high tide , and powerful south @-@ to @-@ north longshore currents impeded by the bight formed by the Palos Verdes Peninsula resulted in significant coastal flooding in Seal Beach . A four @-@ block area of oceanfront property was affected ; several apartments were left with inches of water on the ground floor . Severe beach erosion resulted in the loss of 10 @,@ 000 – 20 @,@ 000 yd3 ( 7 @,@ 600 – 15 @,@ 200 m3 ) of sand ; a state of emergency was declared to assist with restoration efforts . Near Malibu Pier , several surfers were caught in the rough swells and knocked into each other ; one struck a rock , was knocked unconscious , and drowned . Malibu Pier itself sustained some damage and a lifeguard house built in the 1950s was destroyed . North of Malibu , one structure fell into the ocean . The Los Angeles County Fire Department assisted with over 115 ocean rescues on August 26 . More than 170 rescues were made the following day , including 73 at the famous surfing spot " The Wedge " in Newport Beach .
Significant flooding also occurred in and around the Port of Long Beach . The Army Corps of Engineers was sent out to inspect significant damage to the middle breakwater at Long Beach . Eleven sections of the breakwater sustained major damage , including three areas which were completely gouged out . Along the 18 @,@ 500 ft ( 5 @,@ 600 m ) breakwater , 1 @,@ 550 ft ( 470 m ) of it sustained major damage , 850 ft ( 260 m ) saw significant damage , and a further 1 @,@ 725 ft ( 526 m ) experienced moderate damage . Several hundred tons of rock were estimated to have been dislodged by the storm . The nearby San Pedro and Long Beach breakwaters saw substantial damage as well , though not as severe as the middle breakwater . Debris from the Navy Mole breakwater damaged a roadway near the Sea Launch Commander , within Long Beach . The breach resulted in roughly $ 3 million in damage to nearby terminals . Two barges and a pleasure craft were loosed from their anchors by the surging waves and had to be towed back . Two terminals had to close due to dangerous conditions for workers . Less than two weeks after Marie , Hurricane Norbert threatened to bring further increased surf to the area . With the breakwater yet to be repaired , a large sand berm was reinforced along beaches and residents were supplied with sandbags .
The Army Corps estimated that it would take more than $ 20 million to repair just the major breaches along the middle breakwater . On September 18 Connolly @-@ Pacific Co. was contracted for $ 5m to repair the twelve worst affected areas of the breakwaters and construction began on October 8 . An estimated 20 @,@ 000 – 30 @,@ 000 tons of rock would be used in the project . A $ 200 @,@ 000 repair budget was initially allocated for areas around Navy Mole , including Pier F , J South , and Navy Mole Road ; this was later increased to $ 4 million by the Long Beach Board of Harbor Commissioners in January 2015 .
On Santa Catalina Island , boulders estimated to weigh 3 @,@ 000 lb ( 1 @,@ 400 kg ) were tossed inland by the surf . Substantial damage took place at the Avalon Harbor where many dry @-@ docked boats were knocked off their stands . The harbor was littered with debris for several days , mainly pieces of lumber . A pier at White 's Landing was also partially destroyed . A 25 ft ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) boat was tossed onshore at Pebbly Beach into Catalina Laundry , the only laundry business on the island . The building and a nearby boatyard were deemed total losses . Damage at the beach was deemed the worst since September 1997 when Hurricane Linda brought large swells to the region . The Catalina Express ferry halted service on August 27 due to the rough seas . Damage across Catalina Island was estimated to be $ 3 – 5 million . Total losses in California amounted to nearly $ 20 million .
= M @-@ 93 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 93 is the designation of a state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan . It links both Camp Grayling and Hartwick Pines State Park with Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) . Both termini of M @-@ 93 end at locations , rather than junctions with another road . The western end of M @-@ 93 ends in a traffic circle before it turns into Howe Road as it travels through Camp Grayling . The highway dates back to 1919 as a connection with the predecessor to Camp Grayling . Since that time , it has been extended through Grayling along first US Highway 27 ( US 27 ) and now Business Loop I @-@ 75 ( BL 75 ) to connect with the state park .
= = Route description = =
M @-@ 93 starts at the main gate of Camp Grayling . From there it runs north and east along Sharon Road parallel to the shore of Lake Margarethe through the edge of the base complex . The highway continues through forested terrain to a junction with M @-@ 72 west of the city of Grayling . M @-@ 93 turns east , running concurrently along M @-@ 72 into town . As the highway approaches downtown , the landscape becomes more urbanized after crossing the Au Sable River . In Grayling , M @-@ 93 turns north along the former route of US 27 , which is now BL I @-@ 75 . M @-@ 72 turns south with BL I @-@ 75 along James Street , ending the M @-@ 72 / M @-@ 93 concurrency .
The roadway runs north through town passing the Grayling Army Airfield , and BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 93 becomes Grayling Highway . Together they make a right turn onto Hartwick Pines Road when they intersect Old 27 Road , turning back towards I @-@ 75 ; this area is part of the Grayling State Forest . The BL I @-@ 75 designation ends at I @-@ 75 while M @-@ 93 continues along Hartwick Pines Road . The M @-@ 93 designation ends at the park 's former main gate . The roadway continues further into Hartwick Pines State Park as White Road , a rural road that intersects unsigned route County Road 612 north of the park boundaries .
= = History = =
On July 1 , 1919 , M @-@ 93 was a spur routing from M @-@ 18 to the " State Military Camp " , what is now Camp Grayling . The designation was extended in 1929 along North Down River Road , and several back roads to Bob Cat Trail and Hartwick Pines State Park . A new routing was completed in 1932 north of downtown Grayling to the park . The highway extended north of the park to County Road 612 east of Frederick at this time as well . When I @-@ 75 was completed in the area in 1963 , the US 27 designation was dropped , and BL I @-@ 75 was designated through town in its place . The northern end was truncated to the state park in 1968 . When the park 's entrance was moved in the early 1990s , the highway designation was not truncated again , and MDOT still maintains M @-@ 93 to the former park entrance at Bob Cat Trail .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is in Crawford County .
= History of tropical cyclone naming =
The practice of using names to identify tropical cyclones goes back several centuries , with storms named after places , saints or things they hit before the formal start of naming in each basin . Examples of such names are the 1911 Ship Cyclone , the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane and the 1938 New England hurricane . The system currently in place provides identification of tropical cyclones in a brief form that is easily understood and recognized by the public . The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge , who named tropical cyclones and anticyclones between 1887 and 1907 . This system of naming fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired , until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific . Over the following decades formal naming schemes were introduced for several tropical cyclone basins , including the North and South Atlantic , Eastern , Central , Western and Southern Pacific basins as well as the Australian region and Indian Ocean .
However , there has been controversy over the names used at various times , with names being dropped for religious and political reasons . Female names were exclusively used in the basins at various times between 1945 and 2000 , and were the subject of several protests . At present tropical cyclones are officially named by one of eleven meteorological services and retain their names throughout their lifetimes . Due to the potential for longevity and multiple concurrent storms , the names reduce the confusion about what storm is being described in forecasts , watches and warnings . Names are assigned in order from predetermined lists once storms have one , three , or ten @-@ minute sustained wind speeds of more than 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) , depending on which basin it originates in . Standards vary from basin to basin , with some tropical depressions named in the Western Pacific , while a significant amount of gale @-@ force winds are required in the Southern Hemisphere . The names of significant tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean , Pacific Ocean and Australian region are retired from the naming lists and replaced with another name , at meetings of the World Meteorological Organization 's various tropical cyclone committees .
= = Formal start of naming = =
The practice of using names to identify tropical cyclones goes back several centuries , with systems named after places , saints or things they hit before the formal start of naming in each basin . Examples include the 1526 San Francisco hurricane , the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane and the 1938 New England hurricane . Credit for the first usage of personal names for weather is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge , who named named tropical cyclones and anticyclones between 1887 – 1907 . Wragge used names drawn from the letters of the Greek alphabet , Greek and Roman mythology and female names , to describe weather systems over Australia , New Zealand and the Antarctic . After the new Australian government had failed to create a federal weather bureau and appoint him director , Wragge started naming cyclones after political figures . This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired , until it was revived in the latter part of the Second World War . Despite falling into disuse the naming scheme was occasionally mentioned in the press , with an editorial published in the Launceston Examiner newspaper on October 5 , 1935 that called for the return of the naming scheme . Wragge 's naming was also mentioned within Sir Napier Shaw ’ s “ Manual of Meteorology ” which likened it to a " child naming waves " .
After reading about Clement Wragge , George Stewart was inspired to write a novel , " Storm " , about a storm affecting California which was named Maria . The book was widely read after it was published in 1941 by Random House , especially by United States Army Air Corps and United States Navy ( USN ) meteorologists during World War II . During 1944 , United States Army Air Forces forecasters ( USAAF ) at the newly established Saipan weather center , started to informally name typhoons after their wives and girlfriends . This practise became popular amongst meteorologists from the United States Airforce and Navy who found that it reduced confusion during map discussions , and in 1945 the United States Armed Services publicly adopted a list of women 's names for typhoons of the Pacific . However , they were not able to persuade the United States Weather Bureau ( USWB ) to start naming Atlantic hurricanes , as the Weather Bureau wanted to be seen as a serious enterprise , and thus felt that it was " not appropriate " to name tropical cyclones while warning the United States public . They also felt that using women 's names was frivolous and that using the names in official communications would have made them look silly . During 1947 the Air Force Hurricane Office in Miami started using the Joint Army / Navy Phonetic Alphabet to name significant tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean . These names were used over the next few years in private / internal communications between weather centres and aircraft , and were not included in public bulletins .
During August and September 1950 , three tropical cyclones ( Hurricanes Baker , Dog and Easy ) occurred simultaneously and impacted the United States during August and September 1950
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School of Medicine and the Dental Institute . The Florence Nightingale Museum is also located here . The museum is dedicated to Florence Nightingale , the founder of the Nightingale Training School of St Thomas ' Hospital ( now King 's Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery ) . St Thomas ' Hospital became part of King 's College London School of Medicine in 1998 . The St Thomas ' Hospital and Campus were named after St Thomas Becket . The Department of Twin Research ( TwinsUk ) , King 's College London is located in St. Thomas ' Hospital .
The nearest Underground station is Westminster .
= = = Denmark Hill Campus = = =
Denmark Hill Campus is situated in south London near the borders of the London Borough of Lambeth and the London Borough of Southwark in Camberwell and is the only campus not situated on the River Thames . The campus consists of King 's College Hospital , the Maudsley Hospital and the Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology and Neuroscience ( IoPPN ) . In addition to the Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology and Neuroscience , parts of the Dental Institute and School of Medicine , and a large hall of residence , King 's College Hall , are situated here . Other buildings include the campus library known as the Weston Education Centre ( WEC ) , the James Black Centre , the Rayne Institute ( haemato @-@ oncology ) and the Cicely Saunders Institute ( palliative care ) .
The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute was opened by the Princess Royal in 2015 at the Denmark Hill Campus . It is named after British philanthropist Maurice Wohl , who had a long association with King ’ s and supported many medical projects .
The nearest Overground station is Denmark Hill .
= = = Redevelopment programme = = =
As of 2016 , King 's is undergoing a £ 1 billion redevelopment programme of its estates . Since 1999 over half of the activities of King 's have been relocated in new and refurbished buildings . Major completed projects include a £ 35 million renovation of the Maughan Library in 2002 , a £ 40 million renovation of buildings at the Strand Campus , a £ 25 million renovation of Somerset House East Wing , a £ 30 million renovation of the Denmark Hill Campus in 2007 , the renovation of the Franklin @-@ Wilkins Library at the Waterloo Campus and the completion of the £ 9 million Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care in 2010 . The college chapel at the Strand Campus was also restored in 2001 .
The Strand Campus redevelopment won the Green Gown Award in 2007 for sustainable construction . The award recognised the " reduced energy and carbon emissions from a sustainable refurbishment of the historic South Range of the King 's Building " . King 's was also the recipient of the 2003 City Heritage Award for the conversion of the Grade II * listed Maughan Library .
Current projects include a £ 45 million development for the Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute , £ 18 million on modernising King 's learning and teaching environments , a sports pavilion at Honor Oak Park . In April 2012 a £ 20 million redevelopment of the Strand Campus Quad was announced and will provide an additional 3 @,@ 700 square metres of teaching space and student facilities .
King 's acquired a lease for the Aldwych Quarter with initial term of 50 years . King 's will occupy Bush House and Strand House from September 2016 , and King House and Melbourne House from 2025 . The Chairman of King 's College London , Duke of Wellington said that the King 's Strand Campus has had inadequate and cramped teaching space for too long , and the acquisition will transform the original campus of King 's which dates back to 1829 .
= = Organisation and administration = =
= = = Governance = = =
The head of King 's College London is formally the principal and president , currently held by Ed Byrne . The office is established by the charter of King 's as " the chief academic and administrative officer of the College " and King 's statutes require the principal to have the general responsibility to the council for " ensuring that the objects of the College are fulfilled and for maintaining and promoting the efficiency , discipline and good order of the College " . The charter and statutes granted in 2009 created the additional position of " president " . As such the full title of the head of King 's College London is the " Principal and President " . Senior officers are called the Principal 's Central Team . Six vice @-@ principals have specific responsibilities for education ; research and innovation ; strategy and development ; arts and sciences ; international ( developing the global research networks of King 's ) ; and health ( where there is also a deputy vice @-@ principal ) .
The council is the supreme governing body of King 's College London established under the charter and statutes , comprising 21 members . Its membership include the president of King 's College London Students ' Union ( KCLSU ) , as the student member ; the principal and president ; up to seven other staff members ; and up to 12 lay members who must not be employees of King 's . It is supported by a number of standing committees . The current chairman of the council is Charles Wellesley , 9th Duke of Wellington . Sir Christopher Geidt will succeed the Duke of Wellington as Chairman of Council from the beginning of the 2016 academic year .
The dean of King 's College is an ordained person , which is unusual among British universities . The dean is " responsible for overseeing the spiritual development and welfare of all students and staff " . The Office of the Dean co @-@ ordinate the Associateship of King 's College programme , the chaplaincy and the chapel choir , which includes 25 choir scholarships . One of the dean 's roles is to encourage and foster vocations to the Church of England priesthood .
The Archbishop of Canterbury is the King 's College London 's visitor by right of office owing to the role of the Church of England in King 's foundation .
= = = Faculties and departments = = =
In the 19th century , King 's College London had five departments : Theological , General Literature and Science , Applied Sciences , Medical and Military . The Theological Department provided studies in ecclesiastical history , pastoral theology and Exegesis of testaments . Languages and literature , history , law and jurisprudence , political economy , commerce , fencing , mathematics , zoology and natural history were taught within the Department of General Literature and Science , and natural philosophy , geology , mineralogy and arts @-@ related subjects were taught within the Department of Applied Sciences .
Currently , King 's is made up of eight academic faculties , which are subdivided into departments , centres and research divisions . In 2017 , these will be joined by a ninth with the opening of King 's Business School in Bush House .
= = = = Faculty of Arts and Humanities = = = =
The Faculty of Arts and Humanities is an academic faculty of King 's . It was formed in 1989 following the amalgamation of the faculties of Arts , Music and Theology . The faculty encompasses traditional disciplinary subjects , as well as less @-@ common subjects such as Hellenic , Portuguese and Medieval Studies , and emerging disciplines such as Digital Humanities and Queer Studies .
The Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) is administered through King 's , and its students graduate alongside members of the departments which form the Faculty of Arts and Humanities . As RADA does not have degree awarding powers , its courses are validated by King 's .
= = = = Dental Institute = = = =
The Dental Institute is the dental school of King 's . The institute focuses on understanding disease , enhancing health and restoring function . The institute is the successor of Guy 's Hospital Dental School , King 's College Hospital Dental School , Royal Dental Hospital of London School of Dental Surgery , and the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy 's and St Thomas ' Hospitals . It was a part of King 's School of Medicine and Dentistry until 2005 , when the dental school became the Dental Institute .
In 1799 Joseph Fox started to give a series of lectures on dental surgery at Guy ’ s Hospital , and was appointed dental surgeon in the same year . Thomas Bell succeeded Fox as dental surgeon either in 1817 or 1825 . Frederick Newland Pedley , who was appointed assistant dental surgeon at Guy ’ s Hospital in 1885 , advocated the establishment of a dental school within the hospital , and he flooded the two dental schools in London , the Metropolitan School of Dental Science and the London School of Dental Surgery , with patients to prove that a further hospital was needed . In December 1888 , Guy ’ s Hospital Dental School was established . Guy ’ s Hospital Dental School was recognised as a school of the University of London in 1901 . In the 1970s , since there was a decline in the demand for dental services , the Department of Health of the UK suggested that there should be a decrease in the number of dental undergraduate students as well as the duration of all courses . In response to the recommendations , Royal Dental Hospital of London School of Dental Surgery amalgamated with the Guy ’ s Hospital Dental School of the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy 's and St Thomas ' Hospitals on 1 August 1983 .
The establishment of King 's College Hospital Dental School was proposed by Viscount Hambleden at a Hospital Management Committee meeting on 12 April 1923 . The dental school was opened on 12 November 1923 in King ’ s College Hospital . Under the 1948 National Health Act , King 's Medical and Dental School split from King 's and became an independent school , but the school remerged with King 's in 1983 . The school further merged with the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy ’ s and St Thomas ’ Hospitals in 1998 .
= = = = Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine = = = =
The King 's Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine was created as a result of the merger of the School of Medicine with the School of Biomedical Sciences in 2014 . There are two schools of education in the Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine . The GKT School of Medical Education is responsible for the medical education and training of students on the MBBS programme , and the School of Bioscience Education is responsible for the biomedical and health professions education and training . The faculty is divided into 18 academic divisions , including Cancer Studies , Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care , Medical Education and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics . Formerly divisions of the School of Biomedical Sciences , the MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology and Wolfson Centre for Age @-@ Related Diseases have moved to the Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology and Neuroscience in 2014 .
= = = = Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology and Neuroscience = = = =
Formerly known as the Institute of Psychiatry ( IoP ) , the Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology and Neuroscience ( IoPPN ) is a school of King 's and a research institution dedicated to discovering what causes mental illness and diseases of the brain , and to help identify new treatments of the diseases . The institute is the largest centre for research and postgraduate education in psychiatry , psychology and neuroscience in Europe . Originally established in 1924 as the Maudsley Hospital Medical School , the institute changed its name to the Institute of Psychiatry in 1948 , merged with King ’ s College London in 1997 , and was renamed IoPPN in 2014 .
= = = = The Dickson Poon School of Law = = = =
Previously known as King 's College London School of Law , the Dickson Poon School of Law is the law school of King 's . The Dickson Poon School of Law at King 's College London has been ranking top of the UK for world leading research above Oxford , Cambridge , UCL and LSE since 2014 . The school includes various research centres and groups which serve as focal points for research activity , including the Centre of European Law ( established in 1974 ) , Centre of Medical Law and Ethics ( established in 1978 ) , Centre of British Constitutional Law and History ( established in 1988 ) , Centre of Construction Law , Centre for Technology , Ethics and Law in Society , Centre for Politics , Philosophy and Law , Transnational Law Institute and Trust Law Committee . Law has been taught at King 's since 1831 and it was taught within the Senior Department , the Department of General Literature and Science in 1839 , then the Faculty of Arts in 1893 . The Faculty of Laws was founded in 1909 and became the School of Law in 1991 .
= = = = Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences = = = =
Following the reorganisation of the King 's School of Physical Sciences and Engineering in 2010 , the Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences was established . The faculty provides education and research in chemistry , informatics , physics , mathematics and telecommunications . Physics and Mathematics has been studied at the university since 1829 and 1830 respectively , and there are six Nobel laureates who were either students or academic staff of the faculty .
Chemistry has been taught at King 's since its foundation in 1829 , and Copley medallist John Frederic Daniell was appointed the first professor . The Department of Chemistry was forced to close in 2003 due to a decline in student numbers and reduced funding . In 2012 , a new Department of Chemistry was established and a new undergraduate degree , Chemistry with Biomedicine , was launched . The new department covers traditional areas of chemistry ( organic , inorganic , physical and computational chemistry ) and other academic discipline including cell biology and physics . King 's Department of Engineering was established in 1838 , making it arguably the oldest school of engineering in England . The Department of Engineering was the largest engineering school in the UK in 1893 , and engineering students were taught by prominent scientists including James Clerk Maxwell , Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Siemens . The Division of Engineering was closed in 2013 .
The 1920s were a significant period for the Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences . In 1921 , Albert Einstein visited King 's and delivered a lecture on the topic ‘ The Development and Present Position of the Theory of Relativity ’ . Einstein referred in the lecture to the work of King 's Professor of Natural Philosophy James Clerk Maxwell .
= = = = Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery = = = =
The Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery is one of the largest schools in King 's . It primarily concerned with the education of people to become nurses and midwives , but also carries out nursing research and provides continuing professional development and postgraduate programmes . Formerly known as the Nightingale Training School and Home for Nurses , the faculty was established by Florence Nightingale in 1860 , and is the first nursing school in the world to be continuously connected to a fully serving hospital and medical school .
The Nightingale Training School was amalgamated in 1996 with the Olive Haydon School of Midwifery and the Thomas Guy and Lewisham School of Nursing , and all staff and students were integrated at King ’ s by 1996 .
= = = = Faculty of Social Science and Public Policy = = = =
The Faculty of Social Science and Public Policy was established in 2001 , and is one of the largest university schools focusing on policy @-@ oriented research in the UK . The Department of War Studies in the faculty is unique in the UK , and is supported by facilities such as the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives , the Centre for Defence Studies , and the King 's Centre for Military Health Research ( KCMHR ) .
Set up in 2002 , the King 's Centre for Risk Management ( KCRM ) holds international research relating to risk management , governance and communication , and supports various projects , conferences and academic fellowships , facilitating in translating risk research into relevant and practical policy solutions .
The School of Global Affairs was created in 2015 by federating eight King ’ s Global Institutes ; the Brazil Institute , the Lau China Institute , the India Institute , the Russia Institute , the Institute of North American Studies , the International Development Institute , the African Leadership Centre and the Institute of Middle Eastern Studies .
= = = Finances = = =
In the financial year ended 31 July 2014 , King 's had a total income of £ 603 @.@ 67 million ( 2012 / 13 – £ 586 @.@ 95 million ) and total expenditure of £ 605 @.@ 81 million ( 2012 / 13 – £ 577 @.@ 38 million ) . Key sources of income included £ 201 @.@ 08 million from tuition fees and education contracts ( 2012 / 13 – £ 174 @.@ 58 million ) , £ 171 @.@ 55 million from research grants and contracts ( 2012 / 13 – £ 164 @.@ 03 million ) , £ 122 @.@ 43 million from Funding Council grants ( 2012 / 13 – £ 130 @.@ 67 million ) and £ 5 @.@ 77 million from endowment and investment income ( 2012 / 13 – £ 6 @.@ 4 million ) . During the 2012 / 13 financial year King 's had a capital expenditure of £ 105 @.@ 9 million ( 2012 / 13 – £ 73 million ) .
At 31 July 2014 King 's had total endowments of £ 162 @.@ 6 million ( 31 July 2013 – £ 154 @.@ 09 million ) and total net assets of £ 828 @.@ 37 million ( 31 July 2013 – £ 810 @.@ 05 million ) . King 's has a credit rating of AA from Standard & Poor 's .
In 2013 / 14 , King 's had the seventh @-@ highest total income of any British university .
In October 2010 King 's launched a major fundraising campaign — " World questions | King 's answers " — fronted by former British Prime Minister John Major , with a goal to raise £ 500 million by 2015 . This was surpassed even before 2015 and King 's subsequently increased the target to £ 600 million . It again met and beat this new target by raising £ 610 million . This is the third highest fund raised by a UK university , only behind Oxford and Cambridge respectively .
= = = Coat of arms = = =
The coat of arms displayed on the King 's College London charter is that of George IV . The shield depicts the royal coat of arms together with an inescutcheon of the House of Hanover , while the supporters embody King 's motto of sancte et sapienter . No correspondence is believed to have survived regarding the choice of this coat of arms , either in King 's archives or at the College of Arms , and a variety of unofficial adaptations have been used throughout the history of King 's . The current coat of arms was developed following the mergers with Queen Elizabeth College and Chelsea College in 1985 and incorporates aspects of their heraldry . The official coat of arms , in heraldic terminology , is :
Arms :
Or on a Pale Azure between two Lions rampant respectant Gules an Anchor Gold ensigned by a Royal Crown proper on a Chief Argent an Ancient Lamp proper inflamed Gold between two Blazing Hearths also proper .
The crest and supporters :
On a Helm with a Wreath Or and Azure Upon a Book proper rising from a Coronet Or the rim set with jewels two Azure ( one manifest ) four Vert ( two manifest ) and two Gules a demi Lion Gules holding a Rod of Dexter a female figure habited Azure the cloak lined coif and sleeves Argent holding in the exterior hand a Lond Cross botony Gold and sinister a male figure the Long Coat Azure trimmed with Sable proper shirt Argent holding in the interior hand a Book proper .
= = = = Coat of arms of the medical schools = = = =
Although the St Thomas 's Hospital Medical School and Guy 's Medical School became legal bodies separate from St Thomas ' Hospital and Guy 's Hospital in 1948 , the tradition of using the hospitals ' shields and coat of arms continues today .
In 1949 , St Thomas 's Hospital Medical School was granted its own coat of arms . However , the St Thomas ' Hospital coat of arms has still been used . Guy ’ s Medical School proposed to apply for its own coat of arms after separating from Guy ’ s Hospital , yet the school decided to continue to use Guy 's Hospital ’ s arms in 1954 . The two medical schools merged in 1982 and became the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy 's and St Thomas ' Hospitals ( UMDS ) . Simon Argles , secretary of UMDS , said that because of the name of the medical school it was more appropriate to use the hospital 's coat of arms .
UMDS merged with King 's College Hospital to become Guy 's , King 's and St Thomas ' School of Medicine in 1998 . The shields of Guy ’ s and St Thomas ’ hospitals are used in conjunction with King 's shield in the medical schools ' publications and graduation materials .
= = = Affiliations and partnerships = = =
King 's College London is a constituent college and was one of the two founding members of the federal University of London . King 's is a member of Association of Commonwealth Universities ( ACU ) , European University Association ( EUA ) and Universities UK . In 1998 , King 's joined the Russell Group , an association of 24 public research universities established in 1994 . King 's is currently the only British member of the Institutional Network of the Universities from the Capitals of Europe ( UNICA ) , a network of major higher education institutions in the European capital cities .
King 's is a founding member of Global Medical Excellence Cluster ( GMEC ) , the largest life science bio @-@ cluster in the world established with the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford , University College London and Imperial College London . King 's is also the founding partner of FutureLearn , a massive open online course learning platform founded in December 2012 . Launched in 2014 , MedCity is the collaboration between King 's and the other two main science universities in London , Imperial College and University College London . In 2016 , King 's College London , together with Arizona State University and University of New South Wales , forms the PLuS Alliance , an international university alliance to address global challenges . King 's is also often regarded as part of the " golden triangle " , a group of elite universities located in the English cities of Cambridge , Oxford and London , including the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford , Imperial College London , London School of Economics and University College London .
King 's College London is also a part of King 's Health Partners , an academic health science centre comprises Guy 's and St Thomas ' NHS Foundation Trust , King 's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King 's College London itself . King 's is a participant and one of the founding members of the Francis Crick Institute . King 's offers joint degrees with many universities and other institutions , including Columbia University , University of Paris I , University of Hong Kong , National University of Singapore , Royal Academy of Music , British Library , Tate Modern , Shakespeare ’ s Globe , National Gallery , National Portrait Gallery and British Museum .
= = Academics = =
= = = Admissions = = =
In 2005 , the Sunday Times ranked King 's as the sixth @-@ most difficult UK university to gain admission to . In terms of average UCAS points of entrants , King 's ranked 15th in Britain in 2014 . According to the 2015 Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide , approximately 30 % of King 's undergraduates come from independent schools .
A freedom @-@ of @-@ information request in 2015 revealed that the university received 31 @,@ 857 undergraduate applications and made 13 @,@ 302 offers in 2014 @-@ 15 . This resulted in an offer rate of 41 @.@ 8 % , a yield rate on offers of 45 @.@ 3 % and an overall acceptance rate of 18 @.@ 9 % . The School of Medicine received 1 @,@ 764 applications , only 39 offers were made resulting in an offer rate of just 2 @.@ 2 % . Nursery & Midwifery , Physiotherapy and Clinical Dentistry had the lowest offer rates of 14 % , 16 % and 17 % respectively .
= = = Teaching = = =
King 's academic year runs from the last Monday in September to the first Friday in June . Different faculties and departments adopt different academic term structures . For example , the academic year of the Mathematics School and Department of War Studies is divided into three terms ( Autumn , Spring and Summer terms ) ; while the Faculty of Arts & Humanities academic year runs in two semesters .
= = = Graduation = = =
Graduation ceremonies are held in January ( winter ) and June or July ( summer ) , with ceremonies held in the Barbican Centre . During summer graduation , while most graduands attend the ceremonies in the Barbican , the graduation ceremonies for the School of Medical Education and the Dental Institute are held in Southwark Cathedral ; this is owing to St Thomas 's Medical School roots that could be traced to St Mary Overie Priory .
After being vested the power to award its own degrees separately from the University of London in 2006 , graduates began wearing King 's College London academic dress in 2008 . King 's graduates have since worn gowns designed by Vivienne Westwood .
= = = Research = = =
In 2013 / 14 King 's had a total research income of £ 171 @.@ 55 million , of which £ 47 @.@ 64 million was from UK charitable bodies ; £ 38 @.@ 26 million from Research Councils ; £ 32 @.@ 97 million from UK central government , local authorities , health and hospital authorities ; £ 21 @.@ 38 million from EU government and other bodies ; £ 17 @.@ 09 million from overseas ( excluding EU ) ; £ 13 @.@ 11 million from UK industry , commerce and public corporations ; and £ 1 @.@ 11 million from other sources .
King 's submitted a total of 1 @,@ 369 staff across 27 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework ( REF ) assessment ( compared with 1 @,@ 172 submitted to the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise ( RAE 2008 ) ) . In the REF results 40 % of King 's submitted research was classified as 4 * , 45 % as 3 * , 13 % as 2 * and 2 % as 1 * , giving an overall GPA of 3 @.@ 23 . In rankings produced by Times Higher Education based upon the REF results King 's was ranked 6th overall for research power and 7th for GPA ( compared to 11th and joint 22nd respectively in the equivalent rankings for the RAE 2008 ) . The Times Higher Education described King 's as " arguably the biggest winner " in REF2014 after it rose 15 places on GPA , while submitting about 200 more people .
= = = Medicine = = =
King 's claims to be the largest centre for healthcare education in Europe . King 's College London School of Medicine has over 2 @,@ 000 undergraduate students , over 1 @,@ 400 teachers , four main teaching hospitals – Guy 's Hospital , King 's College Hospital , St Thomas ' Hospital and University Hospital Lewisham – and 17 associated district general hospitals . King 's College London Dental Institute is the largest dental school in Europe . The Florence Nightingale School of Nursing & Midwifery is the oldest professional school of nursing in the world .
King 's is a major centre for biomedical research . It is a founding member of King 's Health Partners , one of the largest academic health sciences centres in Europe with a turnover of over £ 2 billion and approximately 25 @,@ 000 employees . It also is home to six Medical Research Council centres , and is part of two of the twelve biomedical research centres established by the NHS in England – the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy 's and St Thomas ' NHS Foundation Trust and King 's College London , and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King 's College London .
The Drug Control Centre at King 's was established in 1978 and is the only WADA accredited anti @-@ doping laboratory in the UK and holds the official UK contract for running doping tests on UK athletes . In 1997 , it became the first International Olympic Committee accredited laboratory to meet the ISO / IEC 17025 quality standard . The centre was the anti @-@ doping facility for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games .
= = = Libraries = = =
King 's library facilities are spread across its campuses . The collections encompass over one million printed books , as well as thousands of journals and electronic resources .
= = = = Maughan Library = = = =
The Maughan Library is King 's largest library and is housed in the Grade II * listed 19th century gothic former Public Record Office building situated on Chancery Lane at the Strand Campus . The building was designed by Sir James Pennethorne and is home to the books and journals of the Schools of Arts & Humanities , Law , Natural & Mathematical Sciences , and Social Science & Public Policy . It also houses the Special Collections and rare books . Inside the Library is the octagonal Round Reading Room , inspired by the reading room of the British Museum , and the former Rolls Chapel ( renamed the Weston Room following a donation from the Garfield Weston Foundation ) with its stained glass windows , mosaic floor and monuments , including a Renaissance terracotta figure by Pietro Torrigiano of Dr Yonge , Master of the Rolls , who died in 1516 .
= = = = Other libraries = = = =
Foyle Special Collections Library : Situated at Chancery Lane , the library houses a collection of 180 @,@ 000 printed works as well as thousands of maps , slides , sound recordings and some manuscript material . The collections are built up by purchase , gift and bequest over centuries , which cover all subject areas and contain many special items , including incunabula . The collections are particularly strong in European military and diplomatic history , Jewish and Christian theology , the history of the British Empire , Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean , Germany , voyages and travels , medicine and science .
Tony Arnold Library : Situated at Chancery Lane , it houses a collection of over 3000 law books and 140 law journals . It was named after Tony Arnold , the longest serving Secretary of the Institute of Taxation . The library was opened on 18 December 1997 , and in September 2001 , the library became part of the law collection of King 's College London .
Archives Reading Room : Situated at Chancery Lane , it holds a collection of institutional and research papers from King 's and organisations merged with or founded by King 's ( such as King ’ s College Hospital , Guy ’ s and St Thomas ’ medical and dental schools , the Institute of Psychiatry ) . The reading room also houses research papers of former staff and students , including Sir Charles Wheatstone , Maurice Wilkins and Eric Mottram .
Franklin @-@ Wilkins Library : Situated at the Waterloo Campus , the library is home to extensive management and education holdings , as well as wide @-@ ranging biomedical , health and life sciences coverage includes nursing , midwifery , public health , pharmacy , biological and environmental sciences , biochemistry and forensic science .
Wills Library and Keats Room : Situated in the Hodgkin Building at Guy 's Campus , it was originally the main library for the Guy ’ s Hospital Medical School . The Wills Library was a gift in 1903 by the former governor of Guy 's Hospital , the late Sir Frederick Wills and it was opened as the Medical School Library . Many books , archives and documents that were kept in the Wills Library , such as Guy 's committee minute books , have been moved to the King 's College London Archives in 2004 , although the library still contains a collection of books that can be retrieved by request . The Wills Library also incorporates the Keats Room named after King 's alumni John Keats , who was a
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attempts some of his master 's magic tricks but does not know how to control them .
Rite of Spring by Igor Stravinsky . A visual history of the Earth 's beginnings is depicted to selected sections of the ballet score . The sequence progresses from the planet 's formation to the first living creatures , followed by the reign and extinction of the dinosaurs .
Intermission / Meet the Soundtrack : The orchestra musicians depart and the Fantasia title card is revealed . After the intermission there is a brief jam session of jazz music led by a clarinettist as the orchestra members return . Then a humorously stylized demonstration of how sound is rendered on film is shown . An animated sound track " character " , initially a straight white line , changes into different shapes and colors based on the sounds played .
The Pastoral Symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven . A mythical Greco @-@ Roman world of colorful centaurs and " centaurettes " , cupids , fauns and other figures from classical mythology is portrayed to Beethoven 's music . A gathering for a festival to honor Bacchus , the god of wine , is interrupted by Zeus , who creates a storm and directs Vulcan to forge lightning bolts for him to throw at the attendees .
Dance of the Hours by Amilcare Ponchielli . A comic ballet in four sections : Madame Upanova and her ostriches ( Morning ) ; Hyacinth Hippo and her servants ( Afternoon ) ; Elephanchine and her bubble @-@ blowing elephant troupe ( Evening ) ; and Ben Ali Gator and his troop of alligators ( Night ) . The finale finds all of the characters dancing together until their palace collapses .
Night on Bald Mountain by Modest Mussorgsky and Ave Maria by Franz Schubert . At midnight the devil Chernabog awakes and summons evil spirits and restless souls from their graves to Bald Mountain . The spirits dance and fly through the air until driven back by the sound of an Angelus bell as night fades into dawn . A chorus is heard singing Ave Maria as a line of robed monks is depicted walking with lighted torches through a forest and into the ruins of a cathedral .
= = Production = =
= = = Origins = = =
In 1936 , Walt Disney felt that the Disney studio 's star character Mickey Mouse needed a boost in popularity . He decided to feature the mouse in The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , a deluxe cartoon short based on the poem written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and set to the orchestral piece by Paul Dukas inspired by the original tale . The concept of matching animation to classical music was used as early as 1928 in Disney 's cartoon series , the Silly Symphonies , but he wanted to go beyond the usual slapstick , and produce shorts where " sheer fantasy unfolds ... action controlled by a musical pattern has great charm in the realm of unreality . " Upon receiving the rights to use the music by the end of July 1937 , Disney considered using a well @-@ known conductor to record the music for added prestige . He happened to meet Leopold Stokowski , conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra since 1912 , at Chasen 's restaurant in Hollywood , and talked about his plans for the short . Stokowski recalled that he did " like the music " ; was happy to collaborate on the project , and offered to conduct the piece at no cost .
Following their meeting , Disney 's New York representative ran into Stokowski on a train headed for the East Coast . In writing to Disney , he reported that Stokowski was " really serious in his offer to do the music for nothing . He had some very interesting ideas on instrumental coloring , which would be perfect for an animation medium " . In his excited response dated October 26 , 1937 , Disney wrote that he felt " all steamed up over the idea of Stokowski working with us ... The union of Stokowski and his music , together with the best of our medium , would be the means of a success and should lead to a new style of motion picture presentation . " He had already begun working on a story outline , and wished to use " the finest men ... from color ... down to animators " on the short . The Sorcerer 's Apprentice was to be promoted as a " special " and rented to theatres as a unique film , outside of the Mickey Mouse cartoon series .
An agreement signed by Disney and Stokowski on December 16 , 1937 , allowed the conductor to " select and employ a complete symphony orchestra " for the recording . Disney hired a stage at the Culver Studios in California for the session . It began at midnight on January 9 , 1938 , and lasted for three hours using eighty @-@ five Hollywood musicians . As production costs of The Sorcerer 's Apprentice climbed to $ 125 @,@ 000 , it became clearer to Disney and his brother Roy , who managed the studio 's finances , that the short could never earn such a sum back on its own . Roy wanted his brother to keep any additional costs on the film to a minimum . He said , " because of its very experimental and unprecedented nature ... we have no idea what can be expected from such a production . " Ben Sharpsteen , a production supervisor on Fantasia , noted that its budget was three to four times greater than the usual Silly Symphony , but Disney " saw this trouble in the form of an opportunity . This was the birth of a new concept , a group of separate numbers — regardless of their running time — put together in a single presentation . It turned out to be a concert — something novel and of high quality . "
Ideas to produce a complete feature film were pursued in February 1938 , when inquiries were made to extend Stokowski 's contract . In August , Disney asked Stokowski 's representative to have him return to the studios to select material for the new film , which was initially titled The Concert Feature . The pair further thought of presenting the film with an on @-@ screen host to introduce each number in the program . Both had heard composer and music critic Deems Taylor provide intermission commentary during radio broadcasts of the New York Philharmonic , and agreed he would be most suitable for the role . Disney did contact Taylor about the project , but by then work on Pinocchio , Bambi , and development on his new Burbank studio kept him too busy to work on the new feature . In a change of plans , Taylor was asked during a call on September 3 , 1938 , leave to come to the studios as soon as possible . He left New York City for Los Angeles by train two days later for a month 's visit .
= = = Development = = =
Taylor arrived at the studio one day after a series of meetings began to select the musical pieces for The Concert Feature . Disney made story writers Joe Grant and Dick Huemer gather a preliminary selection of music and along with Stokowski , Taylor , and the heads of various departments , discussed their ideas . Each meeting was recorded verbatim by stenographers with participants being given a copy of the entire conversation for review . As selections were considered , a recording of the piece was located and played back at the next gathering . Disney did not contribute much to early discussions ; he admitted that his knowledge of music was instinctive and untrained . In one meeting , he inquired about a piece " on which we might build something of a prehistoric theme ... with animals " . The group was considering The Firebird by Igor Stravinsky , but Taylor noted that his " Le Sacre du printemps would be something on that order " , to which Disney replied upon hearing a recording , " This is marvelous ! It would be perfect for prehistoric animals . There would be something terrific in dinosaurs , flying lizards , and prehistoric monsters . There could be beauty in the settings . "
Numerous choices were discarded as talks continued , including Moto Perpetuo by Niccolò Paganini with " shots of dynamos , cogs , pistons " and " whirling wheels " to show the production of a collar button . Other deleted material included Prelude in G minor and Troika by Sergei Rachmaninoff , and a rendition of " The Song of the Flea " by Mussorgsky , which was to be sung by Lawrence Tibbett . On September 29 , 1938 , around sixty of Disney 's artists gathered for a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half hour piano concert while he provided a running commentary about the new musical feature . A rough version of The Sorcerer 's Apprentice was also shown that , according to one attendee , had the crowd applauding and cheering " until their hands were red . " The final pieces were chosen the following morning , which included Toccata and Fugue in D minor , Cydalise et le Chèvre @-@ pied by Gabriel Pierné , The Nutcracker Suite , Night on Bald Mountain , Ave Maria , Dance of the Hours , Clair de Lune by Claude Debussy , The Rite of Spring and The Sorcerer 's Apprentice . Disney had already begun working out the details for the segments , and showed greater enthusiasm and eagerness as opposed to his anxiety while starting on Pinocchio .
Clair de Lune was soon removed from the Fantasia program , but Disney and his writers encountered problems of setting a concrete story to Cydalise . Its opening march , " The Entry of the Little Fauns " , attracted Disney to the piece which at first provided suitable depictions of fauns he wanted . On January 5 , 1939 , following a search for a stronger piece to fit the mythological theme , the piece was replaced with sections of Beethoven 's sixth symphony . Stokowski disagreed with the switch , believing that Disney 's " idea of mythology ... is not quite what this symphony is about " . He was also concerned about the reception from classical music enthusiasts who would criticize Disney for venturing too far from the composer 's intent . Taylor on the other hand welcomed the change , describing it as " a stunning one " , and saw " no possible objection to it " .
The new feature continued to be known as The Concert Feature or Musical Feature as late as November 1938 . Hal Horne , a publicist for Disney 's film distributor RKO Radio Pictures , wished for a different title , and gave the suggestion Filmharmonic Concert . Stuart Buchanan then held a contest at the studio for a title that produced almost 1 @,@ 800 suggestions including Bach to Stravinsky and Bach and Highbrowski by Stokowski . Still , the favorite among the film 's supervisors was Fantasia , an early working title that had even grown on Horne , " It isn 't the word alone but the meaning we read into it . " From the beginning of its development , Disney expressed the greater importance of music in Fantasia compared to his past work : " In our ordinary stuff , our music is always under action , but on this ... we 're supposed to be picturing this music — not the music fitting our story . " Disney had hoped that the film would bring classical music to people that , including himself , had " walked out on this kind of stuff . "
= = = Design and animation = = =
Animation on The Sorcerer 's Apprentice began on January 21 , 1938 , when James Algar , the director of the segment , assigned animator Preston Blair to work on the scene when Mickey Mouse wakes from his dream . Each of the seven hundred members of staff at the time received a synopsis of Goethe 's 1797 poem Der Zauberlehrling , and were encouraged to complete a twenty @-@ question form that requested their ideas on what action might take place . Layout artist Tom Codrick created what Dick Huemer described as " brilliantly colored thumbnails " from preliminary storyboard sketches using gouache paints , which featured bolder use of color and lighting than any previous Disney short . Mickey was redesigned by animator Fred Moore who added pupils to his eyes for the first time to achieve greater ranges of expression . Most of the segment was shot in live action , including a scene where a UCLA athlete was asked to run and jump across one of the studio 's sound stages with barrels in the way , which was used for reference when Mickey traverses through water .
Disney had been interested in producing abstract animation since he saw A Color Box by Len Lye from 1935 . He explained the work done in the Toccata and Fugue was " no sudden idea ... they were something we had nursed along several years but we never had a chance to try " . Preliminary designs included those from effects animator Cy Young , who produced drawings influenced by the patterns on the edge of a piece of sound film . In late 1938 Disney hired Oskar Fischinger , a German artist who had produced numerous abstract animated films , including some with classical music , to work with Young . Upon review of three leica reels produced by the two , Disney rejected all three . According to Huemer all Fishinger " did was little triangles and designs ... it didn 't come off at all . Too dinky , Walt said . " Fischinger , like Disney , was used to having full control over his work and was not used to working in a group . Feeling his designs were too abstract for a mass audience , Fishinger left the studio in apparent despair , before the segment was completed , in October 1939 . Disney had plans to make the Toccata and Fugue an experimental three @-@ dimensional film , with audiences being given cardboard stereoscopic frames with their souvenir programs , but this idea was abandoned .
In The Nutcracker Suite , animator Art Babbitt is said to have credited The Three Stooges as a guide for animating the dancing mushrooms in the Chinese Dance routine . He drew with a music score pinned to his desk to work out the choreography so he could relate the action to the melody and the counterpoint , " those nasty little notes underneath ... so something has to be related to that " . The studio filmed professional dancers Joyce Coles and Marjorie Belcher wearing ballet skirts that resembled shapes of blossoms that were to sit above water for Dance of the Flutes . An Arabian dancer was also brought in to study the movements for the goldfish in Arab Dance .
An early concept for The Rite of Spring was to extend the story to the age of mammals and the first humans and the discovery of fire and man 's triumph . John Hubley , the segment 's art director , explained that it was later curtailed by Disney to avoid controversy from creationists , who promised to make trouble should he connect evolution with humans . To gain a better understanding of the history of the planet the studio received guidance from Roy Chapman Andrews , the director of the American Museum of Natural History , English biologist Julian Huxley , paleontologist Barnum Brown , and astronomer Edwin Hubble . Animators studied comets and nebulae at the Mount Wilson Observatory , and observed a herd of iguanas and a baby alligator that were brought into the studio . The camera was kept at a low position throughout the segment to heighten the immensity of the dinosaurs .
According to Ward Kimball , the animators were " extremely specific on touchy issues " . In the making of The Pastoral Symphony Greek mythological segment , the female centaurs were originally drawn bare @-@ breasted , but the Hays office enforcing the Motion Picture Production Code insisted that they discreetly hung garlands around the necks . The male centaurs were also toned down to appear less intimidating to the audience . Originally black female centaurs " braided ' pickaninny ' hair , shining the hooves and grooming the tails of white centaurs " appeared in the film , but this was cut out years later for racial prejudicial reasons ( see Controversies ) .
For inspiration on the routines in Dance of the Hours , animators studied real life ballet performers including Marge Champion and Irina Baronova . Animator John Hench was assigned to work on the segment , but resisted as he knew little about ballet . Disney then gave Hench season tickets to the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo with backstage access so he could learn more about it . According to R. D. Feild 's The Art of Walt Disney , in order to draw Hyacinth , the hippo prima ballerina , a woman weighing over 200 pounds ( 91 kg ) was brought onto the live @-@ action stage and her movements were recorded by cameramen , recording the " least quiver of her flesh , noticing those parts of her anatomy that were subjected to the greatest stress and strain " . Béla Lugosi , best known for his role in Dracula , was brought in to provide reference poses for Chernabog in the Night on Bald Moumtain segment . As animator Bill Tytla disliked the results , he used colleague Wilfred Jackson to pose shirtless which gave him the images he needed . There were ideas of releasing scents throughout the theater during Fantasia , including the smell of incense during Ave Maria .
Over one thousand artists and technicians were used in the making of Fantasia , which features more than 500 animated characters . Segments were color @-@ keyed scene by scene so the colors in a single shot would harmonize between proceeding and following ones . Before a segment 's narrative pattern was complete , an overall color scheme was designed to the general mood of the music , and patterned to correspond with the development of the subject matter . The studio 's character model department would also sculpt three @-@ dimensional clay models so the animators could view their subject from all angles .
= = = Soundtrack = = =
= = = = Recording = = = =
Disney wanted to experiment in more sophisticated sound recording and reproduction techniques for Fantasia . " Music emerging from one speaker behind the screen sounds thin , tinkly and strainy . We wanted to reproduce such beautiful masterpieces ... so that audiences would feel as though they were standing at the podium with Stokowski " . For the recording of The Sorcerer 's Apprentice in January 1938 , engineers at Disney collaborated with RCA Corporation for using multiple audio channels which allowed any desired dynamic balance to be achieved upon playback . The stage was altered acoustically with double plywood semi @-@ circular partitions that separated the orchestra into five sections to increase reverberation . Though as the production of Fantasia developed , the setup used for The Sorcerer 's Apprentice was abandoned for different multi @-@ channel recording arrangements .
On January 18 , 1939 , Stokowski signed an eighteen @-@ month contract with Disney to conduct the remaining pieces with the Philadelphia Orchestra . Recording began that April and lasted for seven weeks at the Academy of Music , the orchestra 's home which was chosen for its excellent acoustics . In the recording sessions , thirty @-@ three microphones were placed around the orchestra that captured the music onto eight optical sound recording machines placed in the hall 's basement . Each one represented an audio channel that focused on a different section of instruments : cellos and basses , violins , brass , violas , and woodwinds and tympani . The seventh channel was a combination of the first six while the eighth provided an overall sound of the orchestra at a distance . A ninth was later added to provide a click track function for the animators to time their drawings to the music . In the forty @-@ two days of recording 483 @,@ 000 feet ( 147 @,@ 000 m ) of film was used . Disney paid all the expenses which included the musician 's wages , stage personnel , a music librarian , and the orchestra 's manager that cost almost $ 18 @,@ 000 . When the finished recordings arrived at the studio , a meeting was held on July 14 , 1939 , to allow the artists working on each segment to listen to Stokowski 's arrangements , and suggest alterations in the sound to work more effectively with their designs .
= = = = Fantasound = = = =
The Disney brothers contacted David Sarnoff of RCA regarding the manufacture of a new system that would " create the illusion that the actual symphony orchestra is playing in the theater . " Sarnoff backed out at first due to financial reasons , but agreed in July 1939 to make the equipment so long as the Disneys could hold down the estimated $ 200 @,@ 000 in costs . Though it was not exactly known how to achieve their goal , engineers at Disney and RCA investigated many ideas and tests made with various equipment setups . The collaboration led to the development of Fantasound , a pioneering stereophonic surround sound system which innovated some processes widely used today , including simultaneous multi @-@ track recording , overdubbing , and noise reduction .
Fantasound , developed in part by Disney engineer William Garity , employed two projectors running at the same time . With one containing the picture film with a mono soundtrack for backup purposes , the other ran a sound film that was mixed from the eight tracks recorded at the Academy to four : three of which contained the audio for the left , center , and right stage speakers respectively , while the fourth became a control track with amplitude and frequency tones that drove variable @-@ gain amplifiers to control the volume of the three audio tracks . In addition were three " house " speakers placed on the left , right , and center of the auditorium that derived from the left and right stage channels which acted as surround channels . As the original recording was captured at almost peak modulation to increase signal @-@ to @-@ noise ratio , the control track was used to restore the dynamics to where Stokowski thought they should be . For this , a tone @-@ operated gain @-@ adjusting device was built to control the levels of each of the three audio tracks through the amplifiers .
The illusion of sound traveling across the speakers was achieved with a device named the " pan pot " , which directed the predetermined movement of each audio channel with the control track . Mixing of the soundtrack required six people to operate the various pan pots in real time , while Stokowski directed each level and pan change which was marked on his musical score . To monitor the recording levels at lower frequencies , Disney ordered eight three @-@ color oscillators from the newly established Hewlett @-@ Packard company , a predecessor from VU meters used today . Between the individual takes , prints , and remakes , approximately three million feet of sound film was used in the production of Fantasia . Almost a fifth of the film 's budget was spent on its recording techniques .
= = Release history = =
= = = Theatrical runs = = =
= = = = 1940 – 1941 roadshows with Fantasound = = = =
RKO balked at the idea of distributing Fantasia , which it described as a " longhair musical " , and believed its duration of two hours and five minutes plus intermission was too long for a general release . It relaxed its exclusive distribution contract with Disney , who wanted a more prestigious exhibit in the form of a limited @-@ run roadshow attraction . A total of thirteen roadshows were held across the United States ; each involving two daily screenings with seat reservations booked in advance at higher prices and a fifteen @-@ minute intermission . Disney hired film salesman Irving Ludwig to manage the first eleven engagements , who was given specific instructions regarding each aspect of the film 's presentation , including the setup of outside theater marquees and curtain and lighting cues . Patrons were taken to their seats by staff hired and trained by Disney , and were given a program booklet illustrated by Gyo Fujikawa .
The first roadshow opened at the Broadway Theatre in New York City on November 13 , 1940 . The Disneys had secured a year 's lease with the venue that was fully equipped with Fantasound , which took personnel a week working around the clock to install . Proceeds made on the night went to the British War Relief Society for the efforts in the Battle of Britain . Ticket demand was so great that eight telephone operators were employed to handle the extra calls while the adjoining store was rented out to cater the box office bookings . Fantasia ran at the Broadway for forty @-@ nine consecutive weeks , the longest run achieved by a film at the time . Its run continued for a total of fifty @-@ seven weeks until February 28 , 1942 .
The remaining twelve roadshows were held throughout 1941 , which included a 39 @-@ week run at the Carthay Circle Theatre in Los Angeles from January 29 . Fantasia broke the long @-@ run record at the venue in its twenty @-@ eighth week ; a record previously held by Gone with the Wind . Its eight @-@ week run at the Fulton Theatre in Pittsburgh attracted over 50 @,@ 000 people with reservations being made from cities located one hundred miles from the venue . Engagements were also held at the Geary Theatre in San Francisco for eight months , the Hanna Theatre in Cleveland for nine weeks , the Majestic Theatre in Boston , the Apollo Theater in Chicago , and also in Philadelphia , Detroit , Buffalo , Minneapolis , Washington , D.C. , and Baltimore .
Fantasia grossed over $ 300 @,@ 000 in the first sixteen weeks in New York ; over $ 20 @,@ 000 in the opening five weeks in San Francisco ; and almost the same amount in the first ten weeks both in Los Angeles and Boston . The first eleven roadshows earned a total of $
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and the Providence Grays . His season @-@ ending statistics included a .232 batting average , one home run , and 31 runs scored .
The Blues were only a major league team for the 1878 season , resulting in Williamson joining the Chicago White Stockings for the 1879 season . He was their regular third baseman , leading the league in multiple fielding categories for his position , including fielding percentage , assists , putouts , and double plays . As a hitter , his numbers improved . He finished second in the league with 13 triples , and eighth in doubles with 20 , while also raising his batting average to .294 . During the next three seasons , his batting statistics fluctuated from year to year . His batting average rose from .251 in 1880 to .282 in 1882 ; likewise , his 20 doubles in 1880 were good for seventh in the league , but dropped to 12 in 1881 . He followed that season with 27 in 1882 , which was fourth in the league . During this time period , when his level of hitting had dropped , his play in the field did not . He led the league in fielding percentage from 1880 to 1882 , and in assists in 1881 and 1882 .
In 1883 , Williamson set the major league record for doubles in a single season by hitting 49 , surpassing King Kelly 's 37 set the previous year . Williamson 's record for doubles stood until Tip O 'Neill of the St. Louis Browns hit 52 in 1887 . Williamson 's doubles achievement was attributed to the short dimensions of Chicago 's Lakeshore Park ; the distances were 186 feet ( 57 m ) in left field , 300 feet ( 91 m ) in center field , and 190 feet ( 58 m ) in right field . Balls that were hit over the fence were counted as doubles until 1884 , when they became home runs . On September 6 , Chicago scored a record 18 runs in one inning during a 26 – 6 victory over the Detroit Wolverines . Williamson contributed three hits , and scored three runs in that inning , setting individual records in both categories . Other than runs scored , the other team records set that day included the most hits and total bases in one inning .
During this time period , the establishment of the ground rules of each park rested with the home team . In 1884 , team captain and on @-@ field manager Cap Anson decided that balls hit over the fence were to be home runs . Williamson used these short dimensions and new ground rules to set the single @-@ season home run record by hitting 27 in a 112 @-@ game season , surpassing the record of 14 set by Harry Stovey the previous year . Of the 27 home runs he hit that year , 25 of them were hit at home . This record stood for 35 years until it was broken in 1919 by Babe Ruth , who hit 29 for the Boston Red Sox in a 140 @-@ game schedule . The first three of Williamson 's 27 home runs came on May 30 , in the second game of a doubleheader against the Detroit Wolverines . Williamson became the first major league baseball player to hit three home runs in one game . During these two record @-@ breaking seasons , his fielding prowess did not recede . He did not lead the league in fielding percentage in either 1883 or 1884 , but did lead in assists , capping off a streak of five consecutive years in which he did so , while also leading the league in double plays for the second and third consecutive years .
After the 1884 season , the White Stockings moved to West Side Park , and Williamson 's power numbers dropped . Without the short fences , his home run total dropped to three , his doubles went down to 16 , and his batting average dropped to .238 , his lowest average since he became a White Stocking . Despite his low hitting numbers , he did lead the league in games played with 116 , bases on balls with 75 , and yet again , led his position in assists , double plays , and for the fifth and last time , fielding percentage . Chicago won the National League championship that season , and agreed to play the American Association champions , the St. Louis Browns in a seven @-@ game " World Series " . Before game one began , the players of both teams held a field day which included contests of skill , and Williamson won the long throw with a toss that traveled 400 feet , four inches . The 1885 series ended in a tie when each team won three games , and one game ended in a tie . Williamson collected two base hits in 23 at bats , for a .087 batting average , and scored one run .
Beginning in 1886 , Williamson switched his fielding position to shortstop , while the Chicago White Stockings again won the National League championship , their fifth in seven years . The team 's success did not coincide with Williamson 's slide in seasonal numbers . His batting average dropped to his career low of .216 , and his strikeouts jumped up to a career high of 71 , in 430 at bats , although he did finish third in bases on balls . The White Stockings met the St. Louis Browns following the season and agreed to play a best of seven " World Series " for the second consecutive year . The Browns won the series , four games to two , and Williamson 's statistics for the series did not improve . In fact , they were worse than in 1885 . He gathered one base hit in 18 at bats , for a .056 batting average , and scored two runs .
1887 was Williamson 's second season at shortstop , his last full season in the majors , and his numbers began to climb back to what they were during the early part of his career . His batting average jumped back up to .267 , hit 20 doubles , 14 triples , 73 base on balls , and nine home runs . In 1888 , his batting average dipped again , this time to .250 , but he did finish fourth in the league in both RBIs with 73 , and base on balls with 65 . In the field , he led the league in assists and double plays .
= = Spalding 's world tour = =
At the completion of the 1888 baseball season , Albert Spalding organized an around @-@ the @-@ world tour to promote the game of baseball . The two teams Spalding selected were the White Stockings and a collection of players from other National League teams . The tour departed on October 20 , 1888 to play exhibition games throughout the western United States for a month , before departing to Hawaii . The tour visited several foreign countries , such as Australia , Egypt , Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) , France , Italy , and England . It was during a game played on at the Parc Aristotique in Paris , France on March 8 , 1889 , when Williamson suffered a torn knee cap which forced him to be bedridden in England on doctor 's orders , missing the tour through Britain . Though players in the 19th century were responsible for their own medical care , Williamson asked Spalding to help him financially with the mounting medical costs . Spalding refused , citing that he was not obligated to assist , and Williamson never forgave him for this . Williamson , among his baseball contemporaries , wrote the most colorful articles to newspapers as the tour was unfolding . Williamson , an 1880s teammate of Anson in Chicago , had a knack for roasting — poking fun at — his teammates while always coming across as good @-@ natured . A testament to the letters ' significance is that they are a dominant source of one recent book 's World Tour presentation . Williamson is portrayed by Charlie Crabtree in the 2015 movie " Deadball " which depicts his life and journaling of the world tour .
= = Late career and death = =
The injury to Williamson 's knee caused his career to suffer , as he played in 47 games during the 1889 season . He batted .237 , and of his 41 hits that season , only five of them were extra base hits . He joined the Chicago Pirates of the Players ' League for the 1890 season , his final major league season , and played in 73 games , hitting .195 .
In the spring of 1894 , Williamson traveled to Hot Springs , Arkansas , in hopes that he could recover from a liver ailment and lose some weight as well , but the treatments did not work . Williamson died on March 3 of that year , at the age of 36 in Willow Springs , Arkansas , of dropsy ( edema ) complicated by consumption ( tuberculosis ) . He is interred in an unmarked grave at Rosehill Cemetery in Chicago .
= Gliese 876 b =
Gliese 876 b is an exoplanet orbiting the red dwarf Gliese 876 . It completes one orbit in approximately 61 days . Discovered in June 1998 , Gliese 876 b was the first planet to be discovered orbiting a red dwarf .
= = Discovery = =
Gliese 876 b was discovered independently by two different teams , one led by Geoffrey Marcy ( with data from Keck Observatory and Lick Observatory ) and the other by Xavier Delfosse ( at Geneva Observatory ) . Like the majority of known extrasolar planets , it was discovered by detecting variations in its star 's radial velocity as a result of the planet 's gravity . This was done by making sensitive measurements of the Doppler shift of the spectral lines of Gliese 876 . It was the first discovered of four known planets in the Gliese 876 system .
= = Orbit and mass = =
Gliese 876 b is in a 1 : 2 : 4 Laplace resonance with the inner planet Gliese 876 c and the outer planet Gliese 876 e : in the time it takes planet e to complete one orbit , planet b completes two and planet c completes four . This is the second known example of a Laplace resonance , the first being Jupiter 's moons Io , Europa and Ganymede . As a result , the orbital elements of the planets change fairly rapidly as they dynamically interact with one another . The planet 's orbit has a low eccentricity , similar to the planets in the Solar System . The semimajor axis of the orbit is only 0 @.@ 208 AU , less than that of Mercury in the Solar System . However Gliese 876 is such a faint star that this puts it in the outer part of the habitable zone .
A limitation of the radial velocity method used to detect Gliese 876 b is that only a lower limit on the planet 's mass can be obtained . This lower limit is around 1 @.@ 93 times the mass of Jupiter . The true mass depends on the inclination of the orbit , which in general is unknown . However , because Gliese 876 is only 15 light years from Earth Benedict et al . ( 2002 ) were able to use one of the Fine Guidance Sensors on the Hubble Space Telescope to detect the astrometric wobble created by Gliese 876 b . This constituted the first unambiguous astrometric detection of an extrasolar planet . Their analysis suggested that the orbital inclination is 84 ° ± 6 ° ( close to edge @-@ on ) . In the case of Gliese 876 b , modelling the planet @-@ planet interactions from the Laplace resonance shows that the actual inclination of the orbit is 59 ° , resulting in a true mass of 2 @.@ 2756 times the mass of Jupiter .
= = Physical characteristics = =
Given the planet 's high mass , it is likely that Gliese 876 b is a gas giant with no solid surface . Since the planet has only been detected indirectly through its gravitational effects on the star , properties such as its radius , composition , and temperature are unknown . Assuming a composition similar to Jupiter and an environment close to chemical equilibrium , it is predicted that the atmosphere of Gliese 876 b is cloudless , though cooler regions of the planet may be able to form water clouds .
This planet , like c and e , has likely migrated inward .
Gliese 876 b currently lies beyond the outer edge of the habitable zone but because Gliese 876 is a slowly evolving main @-@ sequence red dwarf its habitable zone is very slowly moving outwards and will continue to do so for trillions of years . Therefore , Gliese 876 b will , in trillions of years time , lie inside Gliese 876 's habitable zone , as defined by the ability of an Earth @-@ mass planet to retain liquid water at its surface , and remain there for at least 4 @.@ 6 billion years . While the prospects for life on a gas giant are unknown , large moons may be able to support a habitable environment . Models of tidal interactions between a hypothetical moon , the planet and the star suggest that large moons should be able to survive in orbit around Gliese 876 b for the lifetime of the system . On the other hand , it is unclear whether such moons could form in the first place . However , the large mass of the gas giant may make it more likely for larger moons to form .
= Humfrey Gale =
Lieutenant General Sir Humfrey Myddelton Gale KBE , CB , CVO , MC ( 4 October 1890 – 8 April 1971 ) was an officer in the British Army who served in the First and Second World War , during which he was Chief Administrative Officer at Allied Forces Headquarters and later SHAEF under General of the Army Dwight Eisenhower . After the Second World War he was European Director of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration , worked for the Anglo @-@ Iranian Oil Company , and was chairman of the Basildon , Essex New Town Development Corporation
= = Early life = =
Humfrey Myddelton Gale was born in London , England on 4 October 1890 , the eldest of five children of Ernest Sewell Gale , an architect , and his wife Charlotte Sarah née Goddard . He was educated at St Paul 's School , London and studied at the Architectural School , Westminster from 1908 to 1910 . While there he served with the Artists Rifles . He decided to pursue a career in the British Indian Army and applied to the Royal Military College , Sandhurst . His application was successful and he entered the college in 1910 . However he did not graduate sufficiently high in his class to qualify for a posting to the Indian Army and was instead commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Army Service Corps in September 1911 . His early service was at Woolwich and Aldershot .
= = First World War = =
During the First World War , Gale served on the Western Front , where he was awarded the Military Cross . He was promoted to lieutenant and then captain in 1914 . In 1915 , he became Deputy Assistant Director of Transport , British Expeditionary Force , and served in that post at General Headquarters for the remainder of the war . He was twice mentioned in despatches , and was awarded the Order of Wen @-@ Hu ( 5th Class ) . He married Winifred Cross in 1917 . Their marriage lasted until her death in 1936 , and produced two daughters .
= = Between the wars = =
Gale served as a staff captain at the War Office from 1919 to 1923 . Thereafter his inter @-@ war service alternated between regimental duty at home and in Egypt , and postings to the War Office . He was promoted to the brevet rank of major in 1921 but was not promoted substantially until 1930 . He returned to the War Office in 1928 , where he became Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General in 1930 . After ten years as a major he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1932 . In 1934 , he became an instructor at the Staff College , Camberley . He became Assistant Director of Shipping and Transport , War Office and was promoted to colonel in 1937 and then brigadier in 1939 .
= = Second World War = =
Following the outbreak of the Second World War , Gale was appointed Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General of the III Corps , which was deployed to France with the new British Expeditionary Force in 1940 . He was responsible for administrative arrangements during the Battle of Dunkirk and managed to keep the supply system working . For his services in the campaign , he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire . Gale was promoted to major general and appointed Major General , Administration ( MGA ) , Scotland . In 1941 he became Chief Administrative Officer ( CAO ) to General Sir Alan Brooke , Commander in Chief United Kingdom Home Forces . His work was recognised in June 1942 when he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath .
On 15 September 1942 Gale was appointed its Chief Administrative Officer of Lieutenant General Dwight Eisenhower 's Allied Forces Headquarters ( AFHQ ) . While the general staff sections of AFHQ were integrated , the British and American administrative systems differed so greatly that separate organisations were established . Gale 's job , which Eisenhower called " unique in the history of war " , was to coordinate the two . For the Allied invasion of Sicily , Gale was tasked with the planning and coordination of the sea convoys . Ships had to depart multiple ports in the United Kingdom and the Middle East on a predefined schedule , loaded with enormous quantities of supplies , equipment , stores and troops . For a time it was feared that demands of the Sicilian operation would be so great that other operations would have to be curtailed . For his contribution to the victory in the Tunisia Campaign , he was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in August 1943 . He was also appointed a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order , and was awarded the United States Legion of Merit .
When Eisenhower left the Mediterranean to become the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe , Gale was one of a number of key officers that Eisenhower insisted on taking with him to his new headquarters , SHAEF . When Field Marshal Brooke demurred at this , Eisenhower 's chief of staff , Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith pointed out that Eisenhower had always felt " he would be unwilling to undertake another large Allied Command without Gale 's administrative assistance .... He has that irreplaceable quality of being able to handle British @-@ American supply problems with tact and judgement and he is almost as familiar with the American system of supply as with the British . " However , General Gale found that while his title at SHAEF was the same , his role was different from that at Allied Force Headquarters . In the Mediterranean he had also had broad responsibility for logistics . In the European theatre , General Bernard Montgomery 's 21st Army Group controlled its own supply while the American units had Headquarters , Communications Zone under Major General John C. H. Lee . At SHAEF , Gale had less real control over supply and administration than at Allied Force Headquarters and his duties mostly involved coordinating the activities of the SHAEF staff sections and serving as chairman of various high @-@ level committees that dealt with matters of supply . Gale was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant general in August 1944 , and in January 1945 he became Colonel Commandant of the Royal Army Service Corps , a position he held until 1954 . He was also colonel commandant of the Army Catering Corps from 1946 to 1958 . For his work at SHAEF , he was awarded the U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal .
= = Post @-@ war = =
Gale married again in 1945 , this time to Minnie Grace , the daughter of Count Gregorini @-@ Bigham of Bologna and the widow of Prince Charles Louis of Beauvau @-@ Craon . From September 1945 to July 1947 he was the European Director of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration . Gale retired from the British Army with the honorary rank of lieutenant general in October 1947 , and took up a position with the Anglo @-@ Iranian Oil Company . In 1954 Harold Macmillan persuaded Gale to become chairman of the Basildon , Essex New Town Development Corporation , a post Gale served in until 1964 . Macmillan described Gale as one of the most efficient officers he had ever known . Gale and Minnie lived in La Tour de Peilz , Vaud , Switzerland , where he died on 8 April 1971 . His papers are in the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives .
= The Beyoncé Experience Live =
The Beyoncé Experience Live is a live DVD by American recording artist Beyoncé , released by Columbia Records on November 20 , 2007 . It was shot at the Staples Center , Los Angeles , California , on September 2 , 2007 during her worldwide tour The Beyoncé Experience . It features guest appearances from rapper Jay @-@ Z on " Upgrade U " and former Destiny 's Child mates Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland on " Survivor " . The show featured on the album was broadcast on different channels ; for one night only on November 19 , 2007 , the show was shown in ninety @-@ six theaters across the US , Black Entertainment Television ( BET ) aired an edited version of the concert on Thanksgiving day and AEG Network and 3sat also aired the concert .
The album features performances of songs from Beyoncé 's two studio albums Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) and B 'Day ( 2006 ) as well as songs which she recorded with Destiny 's Child . Upon its release , The Beyoncé Experience Live received mostly positive reviews from music critics who praised Beyoncé 's live performances of the songs . The DVD was also commercially successful , peaking at number two on the US Billboard Top Music Videos chart and receiving five certifications including three @-@ time platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The live version of " Me , Myself and I " ( 2003 ) from the album gained a nomination for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance at the 51st Grammy Awards in 2009 . The DVD was re @-@ enacted by performer Neal Medlyn during his performance at the New Museum in April 2008 .
= = Background and release = =
The Beyoncé Experience Live was shot at the Staples Center , Los Angeles , California , on September 2 , 2007 , during Beyoncé 's worldwide tour The Beyoncé Experience in promotion of her second studio album B 'Day ( 2006 ) . The DVD features guest appearances from rapper Jay @-@ Z on " Upgrade U " and former Destiny 's Child mates Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland on " Survivor " . At the end of the show Rowland and Williams led the audience in singing " Happy Birthday to You " to Beyoncé , to mark her birthday two days later . The DVD features a 27 @-@ song jukebox feature which was achieved by the use of advanced " bitwise " programming . The DVD was authored by Neil Matthews at Ascent Media in New York City .
It was released in the United States on November 20 , 2007 , and in the UK on November 26 . The DVD has also been released on iTunes Store on November 19 , 2007 , as an audio version called The Beyoncé Experience : Live Audio . The DVD was released in Blu @-@ ray Disc format on November 18 , 2008 simultaneously with Beyoncé 's third studio album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce . In some countries the live DVD was packed with Irreemplazable as a bonus disc . Some of the concerts live version instrumentations were made available to download on March 25 , 2008 , and included the songs from " Speechless " onward . Although it is credited as Various Artists , technically the album is performed by Beyoncé 's tour band Suga Mama . The Beyoncé Experience Live was shown at ninety @-@ six cinemas across the United States on November 19 , 2007 , one day before its DVD release . Black Entertainment Television ( BET ) broadcast the show on Thanksgiving Day on November 22 , 2007 and later on December 18 the same year . On December 31 , 2007 The Beyoncé Experience Live was broadcast to members of the United States Army serving in the Iraq War through AEG Network . On December 31 , 2008 , European network 3sat aired the concert in Germany , Austria and Switzerland .
= = Concert synopsis = =
Onstage Beyoncé had an all @-@ female band , and the show used men only as dancers for the female audience as noted by Pareles of The New York Times . The show included many references such as to James Brown and Donna Summer as well as routines inspired by Sweet Charity and Marilyn Monroe . It opened in darkness with Beyoncé emerging through a hole in the stage amidst smoke , sparkles and pyrotechnics to perform " Crazy in Love " and a snippet of Gnarls Barkley 's " Crazy " in a sparkling silver gown and walked to the front of the stage , as fifteen disco balls hung from the ceiling . Her background band started playing the music to the funk song and while singing , Beyoncé walked up a huge staircase which moved forward in two places where her all @-@ female band and three backup singers were positioned . At the top of the staircase / mini @-@ stage , she tore off the bottom of her dress and walked back down to the main stage . Her three backup singers came down as well and did the " uh @-@ oh " dance from the song with her .
During " Freakum Dress " Beyoncé played an air guitar , while the stage 's stairs were lit green during " Green Light " which she performed with six female dancers . She wore a belly @-@ dancing outfit , including harem pants , while singing " Baby Boy " . She descended the staircase holding an umbrella and was met by three guys wearing fatigues . A short section of the reggae classic " Murder She Wrote " was incorporated into " Baby Boy " . During " Beautiful Liar " , Beyoncé sang into a microphone that fell from the ceiling and performed a Shakira @-@ styled dance similar to the song 's music video ; Shakira appeared on the video screen throughout the song . " Naughty Girl " was also sung with Donna Summer 's " Love to Love You Baby " being incorporated and while performing she belly @-@ danced on the song 's beat . " Me , Myself and I " was performed at a slower tempo than the original recording , after which Beyoncé sang " Dangerously in Love 2 " with a snippet of " He Loves Me " . She cried during " Flaws and All " and showed her " imperfections " before being embraced by a dancer dressed as an angel . During the performance of the song , she sang wide @-@ eyed in a video close @-@ up . Beyoncé sang " Speechless " while seated on a sofa designed like a pair of lips .
The intro to " Ring the Alarm " paid homage to the " Cell Block Tango " from the film Chicago , as women told of how they had been hurt by men and the performance saw Beyoncé wearing a red overcoat . During the performance of " Suga Mama " , Beyoncé performed a pole dance . Afterwards Beyoncé 's duets with Jay @-@ Z - " Upgrade U " and " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " were performed . During " Get Me Bodied " she removed her robot costume to reveal black and yellow dress to emulate a bee and further led the crowd in a dance routine . " Check on It " was preceded by an instrumental of " The Pink Panther Theme " , during which the stairs were colored pink . A Dreamgirls segment was performed , incorporating the title song and " Listen " from the 2006 musical film in which Beyoncé starred in . The final song on the tour 's set list was " Irreplaceable " ; it began with the audience singing the first verse to Beyoncé after she announced " I 've been singing my heart out for over two hours . Now it 's time for you to sing for me . " Between segments of the show , Suga Mama performed periodic instrumental interludes , with every member giving a solo so Beyoncé could change her costumes seven times . The show included a ten @-@ song Destiny 's Child Medley which contained female solidarity @-@ themed songs . As the concert ended , Beyoncé was walking on the stage and pointing to individual fans saying " I see you ! " and describing their clothes or the signs they held .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Mark Deming of the website Allmusic commented that the album " captures her dazzling live act as she shines in a performance . " A writer of MTV News commented that the album contained " more than two hours ' worth of content in total " . Kurt Orzeck of the same publication commented that the DVD showcases a " huge " tour . Scott Kara of Time Out also praised the " thrilling , booty @-@ shaking pizzazz " of the DVD adding that fans would feel " just like being there [ on the concert ] " . An editor of the website Jam ! graded the DVD with four out of five stars , calling it a spectacle . The editor further noted , " [ It ] has the giant stage , the massive lights , the troupe of dancers , the kickass all @-@ girl band , the costume changes , the VIPs and more . But all of it can 't pull focus from the incredible Ms. Knowles , who works it for two @-@ plus hours , wailing and gyrating through a sweat @-@ soaked show with nary a hair out of place . " Grading the DVD with three out of four stars , Chuck Arnold and Ivory Jeff Clinton from People magazine wrote , " The elaborate production gets a bit overblown at times , but in this concert ... the tireless diva is a veritable force of nature on high @-@ energy numbers such as ' Crazy in Love ' and ' Déjà Vu . ' " The live version of " Me , Myself and I " ( 2003 ) from The Beyoncé Experience Live gained a nomination for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance at the 51st Grammy Awards in 2009 .
= = = Commercial performance = = =
On the chart issue dated March 1 , 2007 , The Beyoncé Experience Live peaked at number two on the US Billboard Top Music Videos chart and it also stayed on the same position the next week , behind Celine Dion 's Live in Las Vegas : A New Day ... at number one . On December 8 , 2007 , the DVD debuted at number twenty three on the Billboard Digital Albums chart and it also became its peak position . The DVD has been certified three @-@ time platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . It appeared at number four , eight and thirty @-@ one on Billboard 's Top Music Video Chart 's year @-@ end list for 2008 , 2009 and 2010 respectively .
For the week ending November 26 , 2007 , The Beyoncé Experience Live peaked at number two on the Spanish Music DVD Chart and later , it was certified Gold by the Productores de Música de España . On December 1 , 2007 the album debuted at number six on the Belgian Music DVD Chart which later also became its peak position on that chart . The next two weeks it stayed on the same position on that chart and its last position was at number nine on December 22 , 2007 before it fell out of the chart . On the Dutch Music DVD Chart , The Beyoncé Experience Live debuted at number three on December 1 , 2007 and after almost a year of ascending and descending the chart , it became its peak position . It appeared on the Dutch Music DVD year @-@ end charts in 2008 and 2009 at number twenty two and forty eight respectively . On November 14 , 2009
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attempt to get him injured , but that McKay made no effort to catch them . Injuries were a large factor . Only five Buccaneers started all 14 games , and neither of the team ’ s projected starting running backs , Harold Hart and Vince Kendrick , ever played a regular @-@ season down for the team . The defense , who played the equivalent of two seasons in one due to the inability of the offense to mount sustained drives , was hit particularly hard by injuries . Toward the end of the year , the roster got so thin that the team signed undersized ex @-@ USC linebacker Jimmie “ Psycho ” Sims straight off the streets . With no time to learn the system , Sims was simply instructed to blitz on every down . Finally , the losing was in part by design : McKay was determined to give experience to young players who he felt could help the team in the future , rather than obtain veterans who might help the team win a few games in the short run , but who would no longer be around by the time the team would develop into a championship contender .
The 2008 NFL Network program “ 10 Worst Teams of All Time ” ( produced prior to the Lions ’ winless season ) recognized the 1976 Buccaneers as the worst NFL team ever , although it is disputed whether their record was not deceptive , as they were decimated by injuries and were a play away from victory several times . There is some opinion that the 1976 team was not even the worst in Buccaneers history , with the 2 – 14 1986 squad deserving of that distinction .
= = = Roster = = =
= = = Coaching staff = = =
= = = Schedule = = =
= = Standings = =
= = Game summaries = =
= = = Week 1 : at Houston Oilers = = =
September 12 , 1976 at The Astrodome , Houston , Texas
The Buccaneers , making their NFL debut against the Houston Oilers , averaged less than two yards per offensive play . They were unable to score despite being given good field position by two Oiler fumbles . Steve Spurrier completed 8 of 21 passes for 36 yards , and starting running backs Jimmy DuBose and Louis Carter rushed for 12 yards on 15 carries . Despite being outgained 169 to 8 by the second quarter , they were only behind 7 – 0 and missed a chance to tie the score when Lee McGriff dropped a Spurrier pass in the end zone . A later drive ended when Spurrier overthrew John McKay , Jr . , instead hitting defender C.L. Whittington . A third chance to tie the score was lost when Mark Cotney dropped an interception of a Dan Pastorini pass with a clear path to the end zone . Whittington gave the Buccaneers the ball on the Oiler 11 @-@ yard line by fumbling a punt , but then killed the Buccaneers ’ scoring chances by intercepting another Spurrier pass . Ronnie Coleman ran 25 times for 142 yards for the Oilers . McKay expressed concern over the team ’ s offense after the defeat , and responded to a reporter ’ s taunt of “ I thought you said you were going to win some games ? ” by saying , “ Houston has been in the league 6 @,@ 000 years and still hasn ’ t won a championship . The Bucs will be heard from ” . It was a day with a bad beginning , middle , and ending for the Buccaneers . The day began with the Buccaneers getting lost in the maze @-@ like Astrodome interior , and ended with the team ’ s charter plane bouncing and rolling before righting itself on landing . In addition , starting tackle Dave Reavis was injured during pregame warmups and was lost for the season .
= = = Week 2 : vs San Diego Chargers = = =
September 19 , 1976 at Tampa Stadium , Tampa , FloridaThe San Diego Chargers got 16 first downs , compared to 5 for the Buccaneers . Chargers players and coaches praised the Buccaneers ’ defense , who held them to 9 points until the final three minutes of the game , saying that they played the equivalent of five quarters . Three Tampa Bay quarterbacks completed a combined 3 of 8 passes for − 4 yards . Buccaneers receiver Bob Moore said , “ We ’ re at rock bottom now ... but if we start pointing a finger , we ’ ll go 0 – 14 ” . The Chargers finished with 325 yards of offense to the Buccaneers ’ 125 . Inconsistent blocking was blamed for the offensive problems , a situation that was not helped by the injury to tackle Dave Reavis . Mercury Morris , who had been picked up on waivers by the Chargers from the Miami Dolphins after the Buccaneers ’ preseason game against the Dolphins , commented that the difference in Buccaneers ’ offensive line protection between the two games was like watching two different teams . The Buccaneers ’ lack of speed was also noticeable . The loss marked the first time since 1961 that a professional football team was shut out in the first two games of the season , when the Oakland Raiders were shut out by the same two teams in the same order .
= = = Week 3 : vs Buffalo Bills = = =
September 26 , 1976 at Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida
The Buccaneers scored their first points , but were not able to score enough to win , despite statistically outperforming the Buffalo Bills in most phases of the game . The Buccaneers had only three Dave Green field goals to show for seven possessions inside the Bills ’ 22 @-@ yard line . O.J. Simpson , who would rush for a season total of 1 @,@ 503 yards , was held to only 39 yards on twenty carries . The Bills , the highest @-@ scoring team in recent years , were 1 of 12 in third @-@ down conversions , and were surpassed in yardage , first downs , rushing average , and number of total plays . Buffalo took the lead on Bob Chandler ’ s 58 @-@ yard reception of a tipped pass . The Buccaneers ’ 338 yards of offense , a great improvement over their previous two games , coincided with coach McKay ’ s relenting to Steve Spurrier ’ s demands that he be able to call his own plays . Spurrier suffered a bone chip in his throwing hand that made his status questionable for the next week ’ s game .
= = = Week 4 : at Baltimore Colts = = =
October 3 , 1976 at Memorial Stadium , Baltimore , Maryland
After taking a 3 – 0 lead against one of the league ’ s better teams on a Dave Green field goal , the Buccaneers were overwhelmed by the Baltimore Colts in a disastrous second quarter . A Danny Reece interception of a Bert Jones pass was called back due to a roughing @-@ the @-@ passer penalty , and another was dropped by Richard Wood . Cornerback Mike Washington was thrown out of the game for fighting . Cal Peterson and Lee Roy Selmon went out with knee injuries . Film of the game appeared to indicate that the injury to Selmon was intentional . The Colts followed with 9 points in each of the next two quarters . The Buccaneers finally scored their first two touchdowns of the year , a fumble return by Danny Reece and a 1 @-@ yard Charlie Davis run . The Colts set team records with eight sacks , and with 124 penalty yards . They outgained Tampa Bay 458 yards to 89 and 31 first downs to 6 . The Buccaneers were only able to complete four passes ; wide receiver Lee McGriff was their leading passer with a 39 @-@ yard completion . Said McKay afterward , “ Field position hurt us badly , dropped passes hurt us badly , no blocking hurt us badly , injuries hurt us badly , and penalties hurt us badly . Otherwise , it was a perfect afternoon . "
= = = Week 5 : at Cincinnati Bengals = = =
October 10 , 1976 at Riverfront Stadium , Cincinnati , Ohio
With four defensive starters out with injuries , the Buccaneers spotted the Cincinnati Bengals a 14 – 0 first @-@ quarter lead . The defense came together for the last three quarters , with the only points coming from Tommy Casanova ’ s 25 @-@ yard fumble return for a touchdown . Ken Anderson , the AFC ’ s leading passer , was held to 98 yards passing . Lacking healthy linebackers , the Buccaneers abandoned their 3 – 4 defense in favor of a 4 – 3 . The Buccaneers held a 191 – 174 yardage advantage over the AFC Central @-@ leading Bengals in the final 45 minutes . The Bengals declined to hand out game balls to any of their players after the win .
= = = Week 6 : vs Seattle Seahawks = = =
October 17 , 1976 at Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida
Seattle Seahawks linebacker Mike Curtis blocked a field goal that would have sent the game into overtime , guaranteeing a Seahawk victory in what was billed as the “ expansion bowl ” meeting between two winless , first @-@ year teams . The Buccaneers outgained the Seahawks , 285 yards to 253 , but the officials outgained both , with 310 yards in penalties . The 35 penalties ( accepted , 41 were thrown by the officials ) were two short of the 25 @-@ year @-@ old league record . Each team was penalized for holding eight times . Defensive tackle Pat Toomay complained that “ the officials made us look like a bunch of idiots ” . Dan Ryczek was the only Buccaneer lineman not to be called for holding . Tampa Bay running back Louis Carter , stuffed at the goal line , threw the ball to Morris Owens , who dived into the end zone for the first Buccaneer passing touchdown . A tackle by Seahawk punter Rick Engles prevented a touchdown return by Danny Reece that would have won the game for the Buccaneers . An earlier field goal try was blocked by Lyle Blackwood . The game ended with Dave Brown being helped from the field after being hit in the eye by the final penalty flag .
= = = Week 7 : vs Miami Dolphins = = =
October 24 , 1976 at Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida
A blocked field goal and extra @-@ point attempt provided the margin of victory for the Miami Dolphins . Ex @-@ Dolphin receiver Morris Owens came back to haunt his old team with three touchdown catches . Starting quarterback Parnell Dickinson threw the first , then was replaced by recently acquired quarterback Terry Hanratty after injuring his ankle . When Hanratty proved ineffective , Steve Spurrier , who had not practiced during the week due to a swollen knee , came off the bench to throw the final two touchdowns . It took a final @-@ minute , 55 @-@ yard Garo Yepremian field goal to clinch the game for the Dolphins , whose pass defense had been decimated by injuries . 192 of the Buccaneers ’ 334 total yards came through the air . John McKay would later point to this game as the high point of the Buccaneers ’ season . Dolphins linebacker Nick Buoniconti saw it differently , calling the narrow victory “ a disgrace ” and “ the low point in Miami Dolphins ’ history ” .
= = = Week 8 : vs Kansas City Chiefs = = =
October 30 , 1976 at Arrowhead Stadium , Kansas City , Missouri
The Kansas City Chiefs credited their defense with the win after holding the Buccaneers to 14 yards rushing . The Buccaneers managed only 2 first downs and 34 yards of total offense before exploding for three touchdowns in the final ten minutes . The Buccaneers were mistake @-@ prone and ineffective throughout the first three quarters . Ken Stone was penalized for roughing on a missed field goal in the first quarter , with the result that the Chiefs got a second chance to kick it . The special teams allowed Henry Marshall to return a punt 59 yards , setting up the Chiefs ’ second touchdown . They got 14 first downs and 162 yards in the final 15 minutes , scoring on an Essex Johnson run and passes from Steve Spurrier to Johnny McKay and Jack Novak . Coach McKay felt that the difference was that the team did not begin giving effort until the fourth quarter . McKay also felt that the Chiefs left themselves vulnerable by trying to run up the score . Bert Cooper , filling in at linebacker for an injured Steve Reese , was consistently exploited in the passing game . McKay later threatened to fire players who he felt were giving a slack effort , specifically referring to a Chiefs kickoff that rolled all the way to the 4 @-@ yard line , with no Buccaneers trying to recover it . Spectators booed the team , and one threw a dead bird at Spurrier as he returned to the locker room after the game . Buccaneer defenders found some consolation in having held the AFC ’ s top offensive team to only 13 points . Defensive end Council Rudolph played , despite the death of his father the previous evening .
= = = Week 9 : at Denver Broncos = = =
November 7 , 1976 at Mile High Stadium , Denver , Colorado
With the score tied 10 – 10 , Buccaneer linebacker Cal Peterson suffered a career @-@ ending injury untouched when his knee gave out while running in an interception for what would have been a touchdown . Lee Roy Selmon also suffered a season @-@ ending knee injury . After taking a 13 – 10 lead on a Dave Green field goal , the injury @-@ riddled Buccaneers were doomed by an 18 ½ minute span in which the Broncos scored 38 points . Coach McKay accused Broncos coach John Ralston of running up the score and stormed off of the field , refusing to shake hands with him after the game . He later referred to Ralston as a “ horse ’ s ass ” and said , “ I don ’ t like any part of him . His day is coming ” . Ralston responded by pointing out that most of the Broncos points came on fumble recoveries and interceptions . McKay later revealed his thoughts on the team ’ s likely high draft position , saying “ This team needs a catalyst . Ricky Bell can run through a wall ” .
= = = Week 10 : at New York Jets = = =
November 14 , 1976 at Shea Stadium , Flushing Meadows @-@ Corona Park , New York
In what was according to coach Lou Holtz a prearranged move , New York Jets rookie quarterback Richard Todd was replaced by Joe Namath late in the first quarter . Namath responded with a passing display that gave the Jets a 24 – 0 halftime lead . Saying that his players were “ polite ” to Namath , coach McKay compared the Buccaneers to a junior @-@ high team , and said that the only thing they did better than the Jets was to be the first team on the field after halftime . Clark Gaines rushed for 103 yards for the Jets . The Buccaneers ’ three quarterbacks combined for 171 yards passing , more than the Jets ’ quarterbacks , but the Buccaneers failed to score for the fourth time in the season . As the score rose , the press box announcer began calling out records set during the game , which included the Jets ’ first shutout in Shea Stadium . This was considered to be the Buccaneers ’ last good chance to win a game , with the next four opponents all in playoff contention . The Jets ’ 34 points were nearly a third of their season total of 110 after ten games , and a fifth of their season total of 169 .
= = = Week 11 : vs Cleveland Browns = = =
November 21 , 1976 at Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida
Strong first @-@ half play left the Buccaneers tied 7 – 7 with the Cleveland Browns at halftime , but they failed to maintain the intensity for the second half of the game . A screen pass from Steve Spurrier to Essex Johnson caught the blitzing Cleveland linebackers out of position for a 13 @-@ yard touchdown . The solid blocking of the first half gave way to the Cleveland rush in the second half , and Spurrier was replaced with Parnell Dickinson in the fourth quarter . Dickinson wound up leaving the game with a season @-@ ending knee injury on a play in which he threw an interception to Terry Brown . Two Browns players were ejected for fighting , in a game in which several Buccaneers complained of cheap shots being taken . Dave Pear said , “ If I had a gun , I would have shot them both in the head ” , of two Cleveland players who tried to take out his knees .
= = = Week 12 : at Oakland Raiders = = =
November 28 , 1976 at Oakland @-@ Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California
The Oakland Raiders , with an NFL @-@ best 11 – 1 record , scored three touchdowns before the Buccaneers got their third first down . Mark van Eeghen scored on two 1 @-@ yard runs . A 2 @-@ yard Ed Williams touchdown run tied the score at 7 – 7 after the Buccaneers recovered a fumble at the Oakland 14 @-@ yard line in the first quarter . A Dave Green field goal made the score 21 – 10 at halftime , but Ken Stabler threw for two third @-@ quarter touchdowns for the Raiders . Steve Spurrier finished the Buccaneers ’ scoring with a fourth @-@ quarter touchdown pass to Morris Owens . Dewey Selmon suffered a serious knee injury , the Buccaneers ’ 14th of the season , on the first play of the game .
= = = Week 13 : at Pittsburgh Steelers = = =
December 5 , 1976 at Three Rivers Stadium , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania
John McKay gave ex @-@ Steelers quarterback Terry Hanratty the start against his former team , saying that Hanratty ’ s familiarity with the Steelers ’ schemes made him the best choice . “ I don ’ t know if I ’ m doing him a favor or not ” , said McKay , who compared the game to Custer ’ s last stand . Hanratty was pulled in favor of Steve Spurrier in the second half . McKay later told reporters critical of Hanratty ’ s performance , “ You guys should take a Sunday off and play behind our offensive line . They just poured in on us . " Rocky Bleier ran for 118 yards and three touchdowns , and Terry Bradshaw completed two touchdown passes to Lynn Swann . Franco Harris , with 55 yards rushing , became the fourth player both to rush for 5 @,@ 000 yards in four seasons , and to gain 1 @,@ 000 yards four or more times . The Steelers jumped out to a quick 21 – 0 lead , helped by two early Tampa Bay turnovers deep in their own territory . Pittsburgh players , some of whom could still remember having gone 0 – 13 after winning their opener in 1969 , described the game as “ strange ” , but declined to comment on the Buccaneers ’ play . The Buccaneers managed only 85 yards of offense against a Steeler team that needed the win to maintain their playoff chances .
This game had the distinction of being what is believed to be the largest points spread in NFL history , as Pittsburgh was favored by 24 . This record was surpassed in 2013 when the Denver Broncos were favored in a 28 point spread against the Jacksonville Jaguars . Though the Broncos won the game , they did not cover ( winning only 35 – 19 ) leaving Pittsburgh with the largest point spread covered by a favourite . This is the only game in NFL history in which a favourite has covered a spread of more than 20 points .
= = = Week 14 : vs New England Patriots = = =
December 12 , 1976 at Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida
Two fumbles deep in New England Patriots territory overcame a stubborn Buccaneer effort . The Patriots ’ 260 rushing yards stood for years as the most allowed in a game by the Buccaneers , while their total of four pass completions remains the least by a Tampa Bay opponent . New England came from behind twice on Andy Johnson touchdown runs , and took the lead for good on Sam Hunt ’ s 58 @-@ yard return of a Steve Spurrier interception . Johnson ’ s first touchdown run was a 69 @-@ yarder that set a club record . Patriots quarterback Steve Grogan set an NFL record with four seconds left , rushing for his 12th touchdown of the year . The Buccaneers also set an NFL record , by becoming the only team to go winless in a 14 @-@ game season .
= = Scores by quarter = =
= = Awards and Records = =
Steve Spurrier and Pat Toomay were named offensive and defensive MVPs , respectively .
Dave Pear was named team MVP by area sportwriters
Morris Owens ’ three touchdowns against Miami on Oct. 24 stood for 9 years as the team record , and is still second @-@ place all @-@ time ( both for touchdowns and points scored in a single game ) .
The defense allowed 933 plays , the lowest until the 1998 team allowed 925 .
The 321 passing attempts and 180 completions are both the least ever allowed by the Buccaneers .
= Jadovno concentration camp =
The Jadovno concentration camp was a concentration and extermination camp in the Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) during World War II . Commanded by Juco Rukavina , it was the first of twenty @-@ six concentration camps in the NDH during the war . Established in a secluded area about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) from the town of Gospić , it held thousands of Serbs and Jews over a period of 122 days from May to August 1941 . Inmates were usually killed by being pushed into deep ravines located near the camp . Estimates of the number of deaths at Jadovno range from 10 @,@ 000 to 68 @,@ 000 , mostly Serbs . The camp was closed on 21 August 1941 , and the area where it was located was later handed over to the Kingdom of Italy and became part of Italian Zones II and III . Jadvono was replaced by the greater sized Jasenovac concentration camp and its extermination facilities .
The camp site remained unexplored after the war due to the depth of the gorges where bodies were disposed and the fact that some of them had been filled with concrete by Yugoslavia 's Communist authorities . Additional sites containing the skeletal remains of camp victims were uncovered in the 1980s . Commemoration ceremonies honouring the victims of the camp have been organized by the Serb National Council ( SNV ) , the Jewish community in Croatia , and local anti @-@ fascists since 2009 , and 24 June has since been designated as a " Day of Remembrance of the Jadovno Camp " in Croatia . A monument commemorating those killed in the camp was constructed in 1975 and stood for fifteen years before being removed in 1990 . A replica of the original monument was constructed and dedicated in 2010 , but disappeared within twenty @-@ four hours of its inauguration . As of 2013 , the construction of a new monument is planned .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
On 6 April 1941 , Axis forces invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Poorly equipped and poorly trained , the Royal Yugoslav Army was quickly defeated . After the invasion , the extreme Croat nationalist and fascist Ante Pavelić , who had been in exile in Benito Mussolini 's Italy , was appointed Poglavnik ( " leader " ) of an Ustaše @-@ led Croatian state – the Independent State of Croatia ( often called the NDH , from the Croatian : Nezavisna Država Hrvatska ) . The NDH combined most of modern Croatia , all of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of modern Serbia into an " Italian @-@ German quasi @-@ protectorate " . NDH authorities , led by the Ustaše militia , then implemented genocidal policies against the Serb , Jewish and Romani populations living in the new state . Aiming to exterminate the entire Serb population of the NDH , the Ustaše sought to murder one @-@ third of Serbs , convert one @-@ third to Roman Catholicism , and force the rest from the country . A series of massacres were committed by the Ustaše , and the degree of cruelty with which the Serb population was persecuted shocked even the Germans . The Cyrillic script was banned , Orthodox Christian church schools were closed , and Serbs were ordered to wear identifying armbands . Similar measures were enacted against Jews , who were required to wear a yellow armband with a black @-@ on @-@ yellow Star of David for identification . These armbands bore the word " Jew " in two languages : German ( " Jude " ) and Croatian ( " Židov " ) .
= = = Operation = = =
Located in a secluded area about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) from the town of Gospić , the Jadovno camp was formed during the early stages of the persecution of Serbs in the NDH and was placed under the command of the Ustaša Juco Rukavina . Intended as an extermination camp , it was established between 11 and 15 April 1941 and was the first of twenty @-@ six concentration camps located in the NDH during the war .
Most inmates at Ustaše camps – including Jadovno – were Croatian Serbs . Other victims included Jews and anti @-@ Ustaše Croats . Notable Jadovno inmates included the mayor of Koprivnica , Ivica Hiršl , and Croatian Jewish Communist Aleksandar Savić .
Immediately , the Ustaše trucked several hundred detainees to a site intended almost exclusively for extermination near Gospić . Located on Mount Velebit , the town contained gorges – some up to 91 @.@ 5 metres ( 300 ft ) deep – that were used as dumping grounds . The Jadovno camp itself was surrounded by such abysses ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : jame ) which were difficult to gain access to and characteristic of the karstic mountain range . The camp itself acted as a " way station " en route to these pits . Here , prisoners had to work the entire day with almost no food until exhaustion . The nearest pit to the camp was the Šaran pit , located 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) away , while the pit where inmates were executed and dumped was 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) from the camp . Here , inmates were bound together in a line and the first few victims were murdered with rifle butts or other objects . Afterwards , an entire row of inmates were pushed into the ravine . In some cases , inmates were also killed by gunfire , as well as with knives and blunt objects . Once inmates were thrown into the ravine , hand grenades were hurtled inside in order to kill off the victims . Dogs would also be thrown in to feed on the wounded and the dead . The pits in the vicinity of the camp were filled with the bodies of Jewish and later Serb inmates . However , killings were not confined to these two groups , and the bodies of some Croats and Roma were disposed of in this fashion as well .
By the end of June , the Ustaše transferred several hundred Jewish families from Zagreb to Jadovno . Afterwards , the camp was visited by Ustaše commander Vjekoslav Luburić , who opened his visit by cutting the throat of a two @-@ year @-@ old Jewish child . Luburić then forced a camp guard to murder and squash the skull of a second child with his foot . The last group of inmates at Jadovno were killed with machine guns . The camp was closed on 21 August 1941 , and the remaining Croat inmates were transferred to other NDH @-@ controlled camps , while the remaining Serbs and Jews were murdered . Work on the replacement Jasenovac concentration camp started in the same month . The area in which the Jadovno camp was located was later handed over to the Italians and became part of Italian Zones II and III .
= = Aftermath and legacy = =
The Jadovno camp site remained unexplored after the war due to the depth of the gorges where bodies were disposed of and the fact that some of these had been filled with concrete by Yugoslavia 's Communist authorities . Additional sites containing the skeletal remains of camp victims were uncovered in the 1980s .
The number of deaths at the camp is difficult to establish as many inmates often went unregistered as they were taken directly to the edge of ravines and murdered . Historian Paul Mojzes lists 38 @,@ 010 Serbs , 1 @,@ 998 Jews , 88 Croats and several " others " as being killed at Jadovno . 1 @,@ 000 children also perished in camp , as did 55 Serbian Orthodox priests . Mojzes states that the total number of deaths at the camp was 40 @,@ 123 . As it operated over a period of 122 days , this would suggest that an average of 329 people were killed there every day . Sources generally offer a range of 10 @,@ 000 – 68 @,@ 000 deaths at the camp . Estimates of the number of Jewish deaths range from several hundred to 2 @,@ 500 – 2 @,@ 800 . The Military Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia estimates that 72 @,@ 000 inmates perished in the camp . On the other hand , the Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia states that at least 35 @,@ 000 were killed in Jadovno , with a possible final death toll of 50 @,@ 000 – 60 @,@ 000 . The highest recorded estimate of Jadovno deaths was made in 1983 by Reverend Atanasije Jevtić , when he claimed that 80 @,@ 000 inmates were killed . However , historian Jozo Tomasevich has referred to this claim as being " exaggerated " , stating that it is not based on any documentation or detailed investigation .
Franjo Tuđman , the President of Croatia from 1990 until his death in 1999 , denied that any deaths took place in Jadovno during the war . This claim was put forward in his 1989 book Horrors of War : Historical Reality and Philosophy . Tuđman has since been called a Holocaust denier by some , including the World Jewish Congress . Commemoration ceremonies honouring the victims of the camp have been organized by the Serb National Council ( SNV ) , representatives of the Jewish community in Croatia , and local anti @-@ fascists since 2009 . 24 June has since been designated as a " Day of Remembrance of the Jadovno Camp " in Croatia . A monument commemorating those who perished was constructed in 1975 and stood for fifteen years before being removed in 1990 prior to the outbreak of ethnic violence during the Croatian War of Independence . A replica of the original monument was constructed and dedicated in 2010 , but disappeared within twenty @-@ four hours of its inauguration . The construction of a new monument is planned .
= = = Books = = =
= = = Websites = = =
= Muammar Gaddafi =
Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi ( and numerous variants ) ( Arabic : معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي ; / ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi / ; audio ; c . 1942 – 20 October 2011 ) , commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi , was a Libyan revolutionary , politician , and political theorist . He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the " Brotherly Leader " of the Great Socialist People 's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011 . Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism , he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan @-@ Africanism .
The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder , Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha , subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy , Benghazi . Founding a revolutionary cell within the military , in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup . Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council ( RCC ) , Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic . Ruling by decree , he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya , and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments . Intent on pushing Libya towards " Islamic socialism " , he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry , using the increased revenues to bolster the military , implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world . In 1973 he initiated a " Popular Revolution " with the formation of General People 's Committees ( GPCs ) , purported to be a system of direct democracy , but retained personal control over major decisions . He outlined his Third International Theory that year , publishing these ideas in The Green Book .
In 1977 , Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state , the Jamahiriya ( " state of the masses " ) . Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance , he retained power as military commander @-@ in @-@ chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents . Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad , Gaddafi 's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya 's label of " international pariah " . A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom , resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations @-@ imposed economic sanctions . Rejecting his earlier ideological commitments , from 1999 Gaddafi encouraged economic privatization and sought rapprochement with Western nations , also embracing Pan @-@ Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 – 10 . Amid the Arab Spring , in 2011 an anti @-@ Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council ( NTC ) broke out , resulting in the Libyan Civil War . NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC , bringing about the government 's downfall . Retreating to Sirte , Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants .
Gaddafi was a controversial and highly divisive world figure . Supporters lauded his anti @-@ imperialist stance and his support for Pan @-@ Africanism and Pan @-@ Arabism , and he was decorated with various awards . Conversely , he was internationally condemned as a dictator and autocrat whose authoritarian administration violated the human rights of Libyan citizens , and supported irredentist movements , tribal warfare and terrorism in many other nations .
= = Early life = =
= = = Childhood : 1942 / 43 – 50 = = =
Muammar Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi , a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya . His family came from a small , relatively un @-@ influential tribal group called the Qadhadhfa , who were Arabized Berber in heritage . His father , Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad , was known as Abu Meniar ( died 1985 ) , and his mother was named Aisha ( died 1978 ) ; Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder . Nomadic Bedouins , they were illiterate and kept no birth records . As such , Gaddafi 's date of birth is not known with certainty , and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943 , although biographers Blundy and Lycett noted that it could have been pre @-@ 1940 . His parents ' only surviving son , he had three older sisters . Gaddafi 's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes for the rest of his life . He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate .
From childhood , Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonialists in Libya ; his nation was occupied by Italy , and during the North African Campaign of World War II it witnessed conflict between Italian and British troops . According to later claims , Gaddafi 's paternal grandfather , Abdessalam Boumin
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ate on that date .
Baraka proceeded to file a civil rights lawsuit under 42 U.S.C. § § 1983 and 1988 and 28 U.S.C. § 2201 in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey to challenge his dismissal and the elimination of the post supported by allegations that his free speech rights had been violated and alleged that McGreevey and other state officials had retaliated against him . However , U.S. District Court Judge Garrett E. Brown , Jr . , dismissed Baraka 's claim citing that he failed to state a grounds on which relief could be granted and under the state 's legislative immunity protections provided by the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution . On March 21 , 2007 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed the lower court 's decision and ruled that state officials were immune from such suits . This appellate decision further stated that " Baraka , like any person , was free to speak his views . But he had no protected legal interest in the maintenance of the position of poet laureate of New Jersey . " Without providing comment and affirming the Third Circuit 's decision , the Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear the case by denying Baraka 's Petition for a Writ for Certiorari .
= = List of Poets Laureate of New Jersey = =
= Diving cylinder =
A diving cylinder , scuba tank or diving tank is a gas cylinder used to store and transport the high pressure breathing gas required by a scuba set . It may also be used for surface @-@ supplied diving or as decompression gas or an emergency gas supply for surface supplied diving or scuba . Cylinders provide gas to the diver through the demand valve of a diving regulator or the breathing loop of a diving rebreather .
Diving cylinders are usually manufactured from aluminium or steel alloys , and are normally fitted with one of two common types of cylinder valve for filling and connection to the regulator . Other accessories such as manifolds , cylinder bands , protective nets and boots and carrying handles may be provided . Various configurations of harness may be used to carry the cylinder or cylinders while diving , depending on the application . Cylinders used for scuba typically have an internal volume ( known as water capacity ) of between 3 and 18 litres ( 0 @.@ 11 and 0 @.@ 64 cu ft ) and a maximum working pressure rating from 184 to 300 bars ( 2 @,@ 670 to 4 @,@ 350 psi ) . Cylinders are also available in smaller sizes , such as 0 @.@ 5 , 1 @.@ 5 and 2 litres , however these are often not used for breathing , instead being used for purposes such as inflation of surface marker buoys , drysuits and buoyancy compensators . Scuba divers may dive with a single cylinder , a pair of similar cylinders , or a main cylinder and a smaller " pony " cylinder , usually carried on the diver 's back . For specialised diving , more that two cylinders may be needed , or the cylinders may be mounted at the waist ( " side @-@ mount " ) .
When pressurised , a cylinder carries an equivalent volume of free gas greater than its water capacity , because the gas is compressed to several hundred times atmospheric pressure . The selection of an appropriate set of diving cylinders for a diving operation is based on the amount of gas required to safely complete the dive . Diving cylinders are most commonly filled with air , but because the main components of air can cause problems when breathed underwater at higher pressure , divers may choose to breathe from cylinders filled with mixtures of gases other than air . A cylinder containing such mixtures needs to be labelled to indicate its contents for safety reasons . Many jurisdictions have regulations that govern the filling , recording of contents , and labelling for diving cylinders . Periodic inspection and testing of cylinders is often obligatory to ensure the safety of operators of filling stations . Pressurised diving cylinders are considered dangerous goods for commercial transportation , and regional and international rules for colouring and labelling may also apply .
= = Terminology = =
The term " diving cylinder " tends to be used by gas equipment engineers , manufacturers , support professionals , and divers speaking British English . " Scuba tank " or " diving tank " is more often used colloquially by non @-@ professionals and native speakers of American English . The term " oxygen tank " is commonly used by non @-@ divers when referring to diving cylinders ; however , this is a misnomer . These cylinders typically contain ( compressed atmospheric ) breathing air , or an oxygen @-@ enriched air mix . They rarely contain pure oxygen , except when used for rebreather diving , shallow decompression stops in technical diving or for in @-@ water oxygen recompression therapy . Breathing pure oxygen at depths greater than 6 metres ( 20 ft ) , equivalent to a partial pressure of oxygen of 1 @.@ 6 bars ( 1 @.@ 6 atm ) , can result in oxygen toxicity , a highly dangerous condition that can trigger seizures and thus lead to drowning .
Diving cylinders have also been referred to as bottles or flasks , usually with one of the epithets scuba , diving , or bailout . Cylinders may also be called aqualungs , a genericized trademark derived from the Aqua @-@ lung equipment made by the Aqua Lung / La Spirotechnique company , although that is more properly applied to an open circuit scuba set or open circuit diving regulator .
Diving cylinders may also be specified by their application , as in bailout cylinders , stage cylinders , deco cylinders , sidemount cylinders , pony cylinders , suit inflation cylinders , etc .
= = Parts of a cylinder = =
The functional diving cylinder consists of the pressure vessel and a cylinder valve :
= = = The pressure vessel = = =
The pressure vessel is a seamless cylinder normally made of cold @-@ extruded aluminium or forged steel . Filament wound composite cylinders are used in fire fighting breathing apparatus and oxygen first aid equipment because of their low weight , but are rarely used for diving , due to their high positive buoyancy . They are occasionally used when portability for accessing the dive site is critical , such as in cave diving . Composite cylinders certified to ISO @-@ 11119 @-@ 2 or ISO @-@ 11119 @-@ 3 may only be used for underwater applications if they are manufactured in accordance with the requirements for underwater use and are marked “ UW ” .
= = = = Aluminium cylinders = = = =
An especially common cylinder provided at tropical dive resorts is the " aluminium @-@ S80 " which is an aluminium cylinder design with an internal volume of 0 @.@ 39 cubic feet ( 11 @.@ 0 L ) rated to hold a nominal volume of 80 cubic feet ( 2 @,@ 300 L ) of atmospheric pressure gas at its rated working pressure of 3 @,@ 000 pounds per square inch ( 207 bar ) . Aluminium cylinders are also often used where divers carry many cylinders , such as in technical diving in water which is warm enough that the dive suit does not provide much buoyancy , because the greater buoyancy of aluminium cylinders reduces the amount of extra buoyancy the diver would need to achieve neutral buoyancy . They are also sometimes preferred when carried as " sidemount " or " sling " cylinders as the near neutral buoyancy allows them to hang comfortably along the sides of the diver 's body , without disturbing trim , and they can be handed off to another diver or stage dropped with a minimal effect on buoyancy . Most aluminium cylinders are flat bottomed , allowing then to stand upright on a level surface , but some were manufactured with domed bottoms .
The aluminium alloys used for diving cylinders are 6061 and 6351 . 6351 alloy is subject to sustained load cracking and cylinders manufactured of this alloy should be periodically eddy current tested according to national legislation and manufacturer 's recommendations . 6351 alloy has been superseded for new manufacture , but many old cylinders are still in service .
= = = = = Manufacture = = = = =
Aluminium cylinders are usually manufactured by cold extrusion of aluminium billets in a process which first presses the walls and base , then trims the top edge of the cylinder walls , followed by press forming the shoulder and neck . The final structural process is machining the neck outer surface , boring and cutting the neck threads and O @-@ ring groove . The cylinder is then heat @-@ treated , tested and stamped with the required permanent markings . Aluminium diving cylinders commonly have flat bases , which allows them to stand upright on horizontal surfaces , and which are relatively thick to allow for rough treatment and considerable wear . This makes them heavier than they need to be for strength , but the extra weight at the base also helps keep the centre of gravity low which gives better balance in the water and reduces excess buoyancy .
= = = = Steel cylinders = = = =
In cold water diving , where a diver wearing a highly buoyant thermally insulating dive suit has a large excess of buoyancy , steel cylinders are often used because they are denser than aluminium cylinders . They also often have a lower mass than aluminium cylinders with the same gas capacity , due to considerably higher material strength , so the use of steel cylinders can result in both a lighter cylinder and less ballast required for the same gas capacity , a two way saving on overall dry weight carried by the diver .
Steel cylinders are more susceptible than aluminium to external corrosion , particularly in seawater , and may be galvanized or coated with corrosion barrier paints to resist corrosion damage . It is not difficult to monitor external corrosion , and repair the paint when damaged , and steel cylinders which are well maintained have a long service life , often longer than aluminium cylinders , as they are not susceptible to fatigue damage when filled within their safe working pressure limits .
Steel cylinders are manufactured with domed ( convex ) and dished ( concave ) bottoms . The dished profile allows them to stand upright on a horizontal surface , and is the standard shape for industrial cylinders . The cylinders used for emergency gas supply on diving bells are often this shape , and commonly have a water capacity of about 50 litres ( " J " ) . Domed bottoms give a larger volume for the same cylinder mass , and are the standard for scuba cylinders up to 18 litres water capacity , though some concave bottomed cylinders have been marketed for scuba .
= = = = = Manufacture = = = = =
Steel alloys used for dive cylinder manufacture are authorised by the manufacturing standard . For example , the US standard DOT 3AA requires the use of open @-@ hearth , basic oxygen , or electric steel of uniform quality . Approved alloys include 4130X , NE @-@ 8630 , 9115 , 9125 , Carbon @-@ boron and Intermediate manganese , with specified constituents , including manganese and carbon , and molybdenum , chromium , boron , nickel or zirconium .
Steel cylinders may be manufactured from steel plate discs , which are cold drawn to a cylindrical cup form , in two or three stages , and generally have a domed base if intended for the scuba market , so they cannot stand up by themselves . After forming the base and side walls , the top of the cylinder is trimmed to length , heated and hot spun to form the shoulder and close the neck . This process thickens the material of the shoulder . The cylinder is heat @-@ treated by quenching and tempering to provide the best strength and toughness . The cylinders are machined to provide the neck thread and o @-@ ring seat ( if applicable ) , then chemically cleaned or shot @-@ blasted inside and out to remove mill @-@ scale . After inspection and hydrostatic testing they are stamped with the required permanent markings , followed by external coating with a corrosion barrier paint or hot dip galvanising .
= = = = Cylinder neck = = = =
The neck of the cylinder is internally threaded to fit a cylinder valve . There are several standards for neck threads , these include :
Taper thread ( 17E ) , with a 12 % taper right hand thread , standard Whitworth 55 ° form with a pitch of 14 threads per inch ( 5 @.@ 5 threads per cm ) and pitch diameter at the top thread of the cylinder of 18 @.@ 036 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 71 in ) . These connections are sealed using thread tape and torqued to between 120 and 150 newton metres ( 89 and 111 lbf · ft ) on steel cylinders , and between 75 and 140 N · m ( 55 and 103 lbf · ft ) on aluminium cylinders .
Parallel threads are made to several standards :
M25x2 ISO parallel thread , which is sealed by an O @-@ ring and torqued to 100 to 130 N · m ( 74 to 96 lbf · ft ) on steel , and 95 to 130 N · m ( 70 to 96 lbf · ft ) on aluminium cylinders ;
M18x1.5 parallel thread , which is sealed by an O @-@ ring , and torqued to 100 to 130 N · m ( 74 to 96 lbf · ft ) on steel cylinders , and 85 to 100 N · m ( 63 to 74 lbf · ft ) on aluminium cylinders ;
3 / 4 " x14 BSP parallel thread , which has a 55 ° Whitworth thread form , a pitch diameter of 25 @.@ 279 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 9952 in ) and a pitch of 14 threads per inch ( 1 @.@ 814 mm ) ;
3 / 4 " x14 NGS ( NPSM ) parallel thread , sealed by an O @-@ ring , torqued to 40 to 50 N · m ( 30 to 37 lbf · ft ) on aluminium cylinders , which has a 60 ° thread form , a pitch diameter of 0 @.@ 9820 to 0 @.@ 9873 in ( 24 @.@ 94 to 25 @.@ 08 mm ) , and a pitch of 14 threads per inch ( 5 @.@ 5 threads per cm ) ;
3 / 4 " x16 UNF , sealed by an O @-@ ring , torqued to 40 to 50 N · m ( 30 to 37 lbf · ft ) on aluminium cylinders .
The 3 / 4 " NGS and 3 / 4 " BSP are very similar , having the same pitch and a pitch diameter that only differs by about 0 @.@ 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 008 in ) , but they are not compatible , as the thread forms are different .
All parallel thread valves are sealed using an O @-@ ring at top of the neck thread which seals in a chamfer or step in the cylinder neck and against the flange of the valve .
The shoulder of the cylinder carries stamp markings providing required information about the cylinder .
= = = The cylinder valve = = =
The purpose of the cylinder valve or pillar valve is to control gas flow to and from the pressure vessel and to provide a connection with the regulator or filling hose . Cylinder valves are usually machined from brass and finished by a protective and decorative layer of chrome @-@ plating . A metal or plastic dip tube or valve snorkel screwed into the bottom of the valve extends into the cylinder to reduce the risk of liquid or particulate contaminants in the cylinder getting into the gas passages when the cylinder is inverted , and blocking or jamming the regulator . Some of these dip tubes have a plain opening , but some have an integral filter .
Cylinder valves are classified by four basic aspects : The cylinder thread specification , the connection to the regulator , pressure rating , and other distinguishing features .
= = = = Cylinder thread variations = = = =
Cylinder threads may be in two basic configurations : Taper thread and parallel thread . These thread specifications are detailed in a previous section . The valve thread specification must exactly match the neck thread specification of the cylinder . Improperly matched neck threads can fail under pressure and can have fatal consequences if someone is hit by the flying valve or cylinder .
= = = = Connection to the regulator = = = =
A rubber o @-@ ring forms a seal between the metal of the pillar valve and the metal of the diving regulator . Fluoroelastomer ( e.g. viton ) O @-@ rings may be used with cylinders storing oxygen @-@ rich gas mixtures to reduce the risk of fire . There are two basic types of cylinder valve to regulator connection in general use for Scuba cylinders containing air :
A @-@ clamp or yoke connectors - the connection on the regulator surrounds the valve pillar and presses the output O @-@ ring of the pillar valve against the input seat of the regulator . The connection is officially described as connection CGA 850 yoke . The yoke is screwed down snug by hand ( overtightening can make the yoke impossible to remove later without tools ) and the seal is created by clamping the O @-@ ring between the surfaces of the regulator and valve . When the valve is opened , cylinder pressure expands the O @-@ ring against the outer surface of the O @-@ ring groove in the valve . Insufficient clamping force may allow the pressure to extrude the O @-@ ring between the valve and regulator faces , resulting in a leak . This type of connection is simple , cheap and very widely used worldwide . It has a maximum pressure rating of 232 bar and the weakest part of the seal , the O @-@ ring , is not well protected from overpressurisation .
DIN screw thread connectors - the regulator screws into the cylinder valve trapping the O @-@ ring securely between the sealing face of the valve and the O @-@ ring groove in the regulator . These are more reliable than A @-@ clamps because the O @-@ ring is well protected , but many countries do not use DIN fittings widely on compressors , or cylinders which have DIN fittings , so a diver traveling abroad with a DIN system may need to take an adaptor , either for connecting the DIN regulator to a rented cylinder , or for connecting an A @-@ clamp filler hose to a DIN cylinder valve .
There are also cylinder valves for scuba cylinders containing gases other than air :
The new European Norm EN 144 @-@ 3 : 2003 introduced a new type of valve , similar to existing 232 bar or 300 bar DIN valves , however , with a metric M26 × 2 fitting on both the cylinder and the regulator . These are intended to be used for breathing gas with oxygen content above that normally found in natural air in the Earth 's atmosphere ( i.e. 22 – 100 % ) . From August 2008 , these were required in the European Union for all diving equipment used with nitrox or pure oxygen . The idea behind this new standard is to prevent a rich mixture being filled to a cylinder that is not oxygen clean . However even with use of the new system there still remains nothing except human procedural care to ensure that a cylinder with a new valve remains oxygen @-@ clean - which is exactly how the previous system worked .
An M 24x2 male thread cylinder valve was supplied with some Dräger semi @-@ closed circuit recreational rebreathers ( Dräger Ray ) for use with nitrox mixtures . The regulator supplied with the rebreather had a compatible connection .
= = = = Pressure rating = = = =
Yoke valves are rated between 200 and 240 bar , and there does not appear to be any mechanical design detail preventing connection between any yoke fittings , though some older yoke clamps will not fit over the popular 232 / 240 bar combination DIN / yoke cylinder valve as the yoke is too narrow .
DIN valves are produced in 200 bar and 300 bar pressure ratings . The number of threads and the detail configuration of the connections is designed to prevent incompatible combinations of filler attachment or regulator attachment with the cylinder valve .
232 bar DIN ( 5 @-@ thread , G5 / 8 ) Outlet / Connector # 13 to DIN 477 part 1 - ( technically they are specified for cylinders with 300 bar test pressure )
300 bar DIN ( 7 @-@ thread , G5 / 8 ) Outlet / Connector # 56 to DIN 477 part 5 - these are similar to 5 @-@ thread DIN fitting but are rated to 300 bar working pressures . ( technically they are specified for cylinders with 450 bar test pressure ) . The 300 bar pressures are common in European diving and in US cave diving .
Adaptors are available to allow connection of DIN regulators to yoke cylinder valves ( A @-@ clamp or yoke adaptor ) , and to connect yoke regulators to DIN cylinder valves . ( plug adaptors and block adaptors ) Plug adaptors are rated for 232 / 240 bar , and can only be used with valves which are designed to accept them . Block adaptors are generally rated for 200 bar , and can be used with almost any 200 bar DIN valve .
= = = = Other distinguishing features = = = =
= = = = = Plain valves = = = = =
The most commonly used cylinder valve type is the single outlet plain valve , sometimes known as a " K " valve , which allows connection of a single regulator , and has no reserve function . It simply opens to allow gas flow , or closes to shut it off . Several configurations are used , with options of DIN or A @-@ clamp connection , and vertical or transverse spindle arrangements . The valve is operated by turning a knob , usually rubber or plastic , which affords a comfortable grip . Several turns are required to fully open the valves . Some DIN valves are convertible to A @-@ clamp by use of an insert which is screwed into the opening .
Y and H cylinder valves have two outlets , each with its own valve , allowing two regulators to be connected to the cylinder . If one regulator " freeflows " , which is a common failure mode , or ices up , which can happen in water below about 5 ° C , its valve can be closed and the cylinder breathed from the regulator connected to the other valve . The difference between an H @-@ valve and a Y @-@ valve is that the Y @-@ valve body splits into two posts roughly 90 ° to each other and 45 ° from the vertical axis , looking like a Y , while an H @-@ valve is usually assembled from a valve designed as part of a manifold system with an additional valve post connected to the manifold socket , with the valve posts parallel and vertical , which looks a bit like an H. Y @-@ valves are also known as " slingshot valves " due to their appearance .
= = = = = Reserve valves = = = = =
Reserve lever or " J @-@ valve " . Until the 1970s , when submersible pressure gauges on regulators came into common use , diving cylinders often used a mechanical reserve mechanism to indicate to the diver that the cylinder was nearly empty . The gas supply was automatically cut @-@ off by a spring loaded valve when the gas pressure reached the reserve pressure . To release the reserve , the diver pulled down on a rod that ran along the side of the cylinder and which activated a lever to open a bypass valve . The diver would then finish the dive before the reserve ( typically 300 pounds per square inch ( 21 bar ) ) was consumed . On occasion , divers would inadvertently trigger the mechanism while donning gear or performing a movement underwater and , not realizing that the reserve had already been accessed , could find themselves out of air at depth with no warning whatsoever . The J @-@ valve got its name from being item " J " in one of the first scuba equipment manufacturer catalogs . The standard non @-@ reserve yoke valve at the time was item " K " , and is often still referred to as a K @-@ valve . J @-@ valves are still occasionally used by professional divers in zero visibility , where the submersible pressure gauge ( SPG ) can not be read . While the recreational diving industry has largely discontinued support and sales of the J @-@ valve , the US Department of Defense , the US Navy , NOAA ( the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration ) and OSHA ( the national Occupational Health and Safety Administration ) all still allow or recommend the use of J @-@ valves as an alternative to a bailout cylinder or as an alternative to a submersible pressure gauge . They are generally not available through recreational dive shops , but are still available from some manufacturers . They can be significantly more expensive than K @-@ valves from the same manufacturer .
Less common in the 1950s thru 1970s was an R @-@ valve which was equipped with a restriction that caused breathing to become difficult as the cylinder neared exhaustion , but that would allow less restricted breathing if the diver began to ascend and the ambient water pressure lessened , providing a larger pressure differential over the orifice . It was never particularly popular because , were it necessary for the diver to descend ( as is often necessary in cave and wreck diving , breathing would become progressively more difficult as the diver went deeper , eventually becoming impossible until the diver could ascent to a low enough ambient pressure .
= = = = = Handed valves = = = = =
Some cylinder valve models have axial spindles - in line with the cylinder axis , and are not handed . Standard side @-@ spindle valves have the handwheel on the diver 's right side when back @-@ mounted . Side @-@ spindle valves used with manifolds must be a handed pair - one with the handwheel to the right and the other with the handwheel to the left , but in all cases the valve is opened by turning the handwheel anticlockwise , and closed by turning it clockwise . This is the convention with almost all valves for all purposes . Left hand side @-@ spindle valves are used by sidemount divers .
= = = = = Bursting disk = = = = =
Some national standards require that the cylinder valve includes a bursting disk , a pressure relief device that will release the gas before the cylinder fails in the event of overpressurization . If a bursting disk ruptures during a dive the entire contents of the cylinder will be lost in a very short time . The risk of this happening to a correctly rated disc , in good condition , on a correctly filled cylinder is very low .
= = = Accessories = = =
Additional components for convenience , protection or other functions , not directly required for the function as a pressure vessel .
= = = = Manifolds = = = =
A cylinder manifold is a tube which connects two cylinders together so that the contents of both can be supplied to one or more regulators . There are three commonly used configurations of manifold :
The oldest type is a tube with a connector on each end which is attached to the cylinder valve outlet , and an outlet connection in the middle , to which the regulator is attached . A variation on this pattern includes a reserve valve at the outlet connector . The cylinders are isolated from the manifold when closed , and the manifold can be attached or disconnected while the cylinders are pressurised .
More recently , manifolds have become available which connect the cylinders on the cylinder side of the valve , leaving the outlet connection of the cylinder valve available for connection of a regulator . This means that the connection cannot be made or broken while the cylinders are pressurised , as there is no valve to isolate the manifold from the interior of the cylinder . This apparent inconvenience allows a regulator to be connected to each cylinder , and isolated from the internal pressure independently , which allows a malfunctioning regulator on one cylinder to be isolated while still allowing the regulator on the other cylinder access to all the gas in both cylinders .
These manifolds may be plain or may include an isolation valve in the manifold , which allows the contents of the cylinders to be isolated from each other . This allows the contents of one cylinder to be isolated and secured for the diver if a leak at the cylinder neck thread , manifold connection , or burst disk on the other cylinder causes its contents to be lost .
A relatively uncommon manifold system is a connection which screws directly into the neck threads of both cylinders , and has a single valve to release gas to a connector for a regulator . These manifolds can include a reserve valve , either in the main valve or at one cylinder . This system is mainly of historical interest .
= = = = Valve cage = = = =
Also known as a manifold cage or regulator cage , this is a structure which can be clamped to the neck or shoulder of the cylinder or manifolded cylinders to protect the valves and regulator first stages from impact and abrasion damage while in use and from rolling the valve closed by friction of the handwheel against an overhead . A valve cage is often made of stainless steel , and some designs can snag on obstructions .
= = = = Cylinder bands = = = =
Cylinder bands are straps , usually of stainless steel , which are used to clamp two cylinders together as a twin set . The cylinders may be manifolded or independent . It is usual to use a cylinder band near the top of the cylinder , just below the shoulders , and one lower down . The conventional distance between centrelines for bolting to a backplate is 11 inches ( 280 mm ) .
= = = = Cylinder boot = = = =
A cylinder boot is a hard rubber or plastic cover which fits over the base of a diving cylinder to protect the paint from abrasion and impact , to protect the surface the cylinder stands on from impact with the cylinder , and in the case of round bottomed cylinders , to allow the cylinder to stand upright on its base . Some boots have flats moulded into the plastic to reduce the tendency of the cylinder to roll on a flat surface . It is possible in some cases for water to be trapped between the boot and the cylinder , and if this is seawater and the paint under the boot is in poor condition , the surface of the cylinder may corrode in those areas . This can usually be avoided by rinsing in fresh water after use and storing in a dry place . The added hydrodynamic drag caused by a cylinder boot is trivial in comparison with the overall drag of the diver , but some boot styles may present a slightly increased risk of snagging on the environment .
= = = = Cylinder net = = = =
A cylinder net is a tubular net which is stretched over a cylinder and tied on at top and bottom . The function is to protect the paintwork from scratching , and on booted cylinders it also helps drain the surface between the boot and cylinder , which reduces corrosion problems under the boot . Mesh size is usually about 6 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 24 in ) . Some divers will not use boots or nets as they can snag more easily than a bare cylinder and constitute an entrapment hazard in some environments such as caves and the interior of wrecks . Occasionally sleeves made from other materials may be used to protect the cylinder .
= = = = Cylinder handle = = = =
A cylinder handle may be fitted , usually clamped to the neck , to conveniently carry the cylinder . This can also increase the risk of snagging in an enclosed environment .
= = = = Dust caps and plugs = = = =
These are used to cover the cylinder valve orifice when the cylinder is not in use to prevent dust , water or other materials from contaminating the orifice . They can also help prevent the O @-@ ring of a yoke type valve from falling out . The plug may be vented so that the leakage of gas from the cylinder does not pressurise the plug , making it difficult to remove .
= = Cylinder pressure rating = =
The thickness of the cylinder walls is directly related to the working pressure , and this affects the buoyancy characteristics of the cylinder . A low @-@ pressure cylinder will be more buoyant than a high @-@ pressure cylinder with similar size and proportions of length to diameter and in the same alloy .
= = = Working pressure = = =
Scuba cylinders are technically all high @-@ pressure gas containers , but within the industry in the US there are three nominal working pressure ratings ( WP ) in common use ;
low pressure ( 2400 to 2640 psi — 165 to 182 bar ) ,
standard ( 3000 psi — 207 bar ) , and
high pressure ( 3300 to 3500 psi — 227 to 241 bar ) .
US made aluminum cylinders usually have a standard working pressure of 3 @,@ 000 pounds per square inch ( 210 bar ) , and the compact aluminum range have a working pressure of 3 @,@ 300 pounds per square inch ( 230 bar ) . Some steel cylinders manufactured to US standards are permitted to exceed the nominal working pressure by 10 % and this is indicated by a ' + ' symbol . This extra pressure allowance is dependent on the cylinder passing the appropriate higher standard periodical hydrostatic test .
Those parts of the world using the metric system usually refer to the cylinder pressure directly in bar but would generally use " high pressure " to refer to a 300 bars ( 4 @,@ 400 psi ) working pressure cylinder , which can not be used with a yoke connector on the regulator . 232 bar is a very popular working pressure for scuba cylinders in both steel and aluminium .
= = = Test pressure = = =
Hydrostatic test pressure ( TP ) is specified by the manufacturing standard . This is usually 1 @.@ 5 × working pressure , or in the USA , 1 @.@ 67 × working pressure .
= = = Developed pressure = = =
Cylinder working pressure is specified at a reference temperature , usually 15 ° C or 20 ° C. and cylinders also have a specified maximum safe working temperature , often 65 ° C. The actual pressure in the cylinder will vary with temperature , as described by the gas laws , but this is acceptable in terms of the standards provided that the developed pressure when corrected to the reference temperature does not exceed the specified working pressure stamped on the cylinder . This allows cylinders to be safely and legally filled to a pressure that is higher than the specified working pressure when the filling temperature is greater than the reference temperature , but not more than 65 ° C , provided that the filling pressure does not exceed the developed pressure for that temperature , and cylinders filled according to this provision will be at the correct working pressure when cooled to the reference temperature .
= = = Pressure monitoring = = =
The internal pressure of a diving cylinder is measured at several stages during use . It is checked before filling , monitored during filling and checked when filling is completed . This can all be done with the pressure gauge on the filling equipment .
Pressure is also generally monitored by the diver . Firstly as a check of contents before use , then during use to ensure that there is enough left at all times to allow a safe completion of the dive , and often after a dive for purposes of record keeping and personal consumption rate calculation .
The pressure is also monitored during hydrostatic testing to ensure that the test is done to the correct pressure .
Most diving cylinders do not have a dedicated pressure gauge , but this is a standard feature on most diving regulators , and a requirement on all filling facilities .
There are two widespread standards for pressure measurement of diving gas . In the USA and perhaps a few other places the pressure is measured in pounds per square inch ( psi ) , and the rest of the world uses bar . Sometimes gauges may be calibrated in other metric units , such as kilopascal (
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minister in the Home Office and then the Northern Ireland Office ; he also had experience of television journalism , having previously managed two television companies . Rampton was a leading barrister specialising in media law and libel . The inquiry 's terms of reference were " to inquire into the making and screening of ' Death on the Rock ' " , including its creation , production , content , and any effect it had had on the inquest .
The report found that the tendency of the evidence presented in the programme was to suggest the terrorists had been unlawfully killed , and that it did not explore alternative explanations in any depth . Nevertheless , Windlesham and Rampton believed that the programme presented evidence for one possible explanation , but sought to raise questions rather than reach a conclusion . In analysing the content of the programme , they found that it allowed the witnesses to give their accounts in their own words rather than presenting them as established fact . Thus , they found that the content did not infringe any requirement for neutrality . The report scrutinised in detail the statements of the eyewitnesses who spoke on camera , including the parts of the interviews that were not included in the broadcast version of the programme . It found , with two exceptions , that the witnesses ' statements were fairly represented in the programme . The exceptions were that the programme suggested that Bullock had not heard a warning , when he was in no position to hear whether such a warning was given or not ; and that the commentary implied that all four witnesses who appeared on the programme had seen no threatening movements from the IRA members , when only two had been asked whether they witnessed such movements . Windlesham and Rampton also considered Asquez 's statement and the journalists ' decision to incorporate it into the programme . The report considered that the journalists acted reasonably in using the statement , despite Asquez 's refusal to sign it , on the grounds that Asquez had given two separate , near @-@ identical statements ( including one to a lawyer ) , and that they considered it unlikely that somebody would invent such a dramatic account . Nonetheless , the report criticised the programme for not informing viewers of Asquez 's refusal to sign the statement .
The Foreign and Commonwealth Office ( FCO ) made representations to the inquiry that " Death on the Rock " could potentially have had an adverse effect on the inquest on the same grounds that Howe had attempted to delay the broadcast . The first was that the programme might have been seen by members of the inquest jury , and could thus have caused them to reach a conclusion on the shootings before hearing the evidence at the inquest . Considering this submission , the report agreed with the opinions of lawyers consulted by Thames and the IBA that " Death on the Rock " was safe to be broadcast on 28 April 1988 . The report considered that Thames withheld distribution of " Death on the Rock " from Gibraltar and Spain specifically to address such concerns , though it was widely discussed in British newspapers ( which are widely sold in the territory ) and extracts later became available in Gibraltar . The report concluded it was foreseeable that the content of " Death on the Rock " would become known in Gibraltar , but that it would not have prejudiced potential jurors as , in the authors ' opinion , the programme raised one possibility , but did not seek to present it as the only possible version of events . The second was that the programme might have contaminated the evidence presented at the inquest , as witnesses might have been tempted to give false or embellished accounts for the television . The report dismissed this concern ; the authors believed that all the eyewitnesses gave honest accounts of what they believed they saw , and pointed out that three had given statements to the Gibraltar Police and two had been interviewed by Gibraltarian and British newspapers prior to being interviewed for " Death on the Rock " .
Overall , Windlesham and Rampton found " Death on the Rock " to be a " trenchant " work of journalism , made in " good faith and without ulterior motives " . In conclusion , the authors believed that " Death on the Rock " proved that " freedom of expression can prevail in the most extensive , and the most immediate , of all the means of mass communication " .
The terms of reference of the report did not invite any recommendations , nor did the authors offer any .
= = Impact = =
" Death on the Rock " was highly praised within the television industry and went on to win the BAFTA Award for Best Documentary and an award from the Broadcasting Press Guild .
Two other programmes were made about the Gibraltar shootings for British television , both by the BBC . BBC Northern Ireland produced an episode of Spotlight which arrived at similar findings to those of This Week ; Howe attempted to have the programme delayed , using the same rationale with which he requested " Death on the Rock " be postponed . The programme was eventually broadcast , but restricted to Northern Ireland . The BBC 's flagship current affairs series Panorama made a programme about the SAS and its role in the Troubles to coincide with the end of the Gibraltar inquest ; it was postponed by BBC executives in the wake of the controversy surrounding " Death on the Rock " .
Academic Christian Potschka described " Death on the Rock " as part of a decade of " unprecedented conflict between government and broadcasters over ... investigative documentaries " . Margaret Thatcher " utterly rejected " the findings of the Windlesham – Rampton report . After the reforms brought in by the Broadcasting Act 1990 , the process of bidding for ITV franchises was overhauled in an attempt to introduce greater competition . In the subsequent auction , Thames Television lost its contract ; several journalists and former Thames employees speculated that the Act was the government 's revenge for " Death on the Rock " . This Week ceased after Thames lost its franchise . Lord Thomson , chairman of the IBA , believed the dispute between the government and the authority had a " very substantial influence on Mrs Thatcher 's attitude towards broadcasting policy " , which led her to the belief that Thames ' franchise should not be renewed . The 1990 Act abolished the IBA , which Thomson believed was directly related the authority 's decision to permit the showing of " Death on the Rock " .
= = = General = = =
= = = Specific = = =
= Eystein I of Norway =
Eystein Magnusson ( Old Norse : Eysteinn Magnússon , Norwegian : Øystein Magnusson ; c . 1088 – 29 August 1123 ) was King of Norway ( as Eystein I ) from 1103 to 1123 together with his brothers Sigurd the Crusader and Olaf Magnusson , although since Olaf died before adulthood , only Eystein and Sigurd were effective rulers of the country .
While Sigurd gained fame as the " warrior king " ( although owed almost exclusively to his three @-@ year crusade to the Holy Land ) , Eystein was in contrast portrayed in the sagas as the " peace king " who stayed home in Norway and improved the country . As Eystein never engaged in warfare , considerably less information is written and known about him than about his brother Sigurd , despite his twenty @-@ year @-@ long reign , just a few years short of Sigurd . Eystein nonetheless gained the affection of his people , and was highly regarded by the saga writers for his deeds . Eystein and Sigurd 's reign became the longest joint rule in Norwegian history .
Although the later saga literature narrates stereotypical accounts about the two kings , Eystein is known to have improved the infrastructure and raised buildings and churches , particularly across the coast in Western Norway and Trøndelag , from Bergen to the fishing centre of Lofoten in the north . Eystein 's activities were especially centered in Bergen , which became an important international trade hub for fish at the time , helped by his construction projects . His activities in Bergen included moving the royal seat to a more central location in the city and building a new royal palace , as well as constructing churches and the Munkeliv Abbey .
Eystein died of illness in August 1123 , and his brother Sigurd thereby became the sole Norwegian king .
= = Background = =
Eystein was born in 1088 or 1089 as the first son of the future king Magnus Barefoot , born to an otherwise unknown mother who is only recorded to have been of " low birth " . Upon the death of his father in 1103 during one of his campaigns in Ireland , Eystein became king together with his two brothers Olaf and Sigurd , all of whom had different mothers . Sigurd was about a year younger than Eystein , while Olaf was more than ten years younger than him . Sigurd was the only son who had accompanied their father Magnus on his campaign in the West , but he returned to Norway after Magnus ' death .
Many accounts concerning Eystein in later sagas are characterized by literary motifs , and have little value as sources on his life . Snorri Sturluson , the Icelandic author of the early 13th century Heimskringla mastered this literary style particularly well , stylistically and psychologically . His stories includes a so @-@ called mannjevning ( literally " comparison of men " ) between Eystein and Sigurd , in which the two boast about their skills and deeds in an attempt to outdo each other . In a similar fashion , Snorri also tells a story about how Eystein managed to cure the melancholy of a friend , by agreeing to regularly clear time to talk with him about what troubled him . On his physical appearance , Snorri wrote that Eystein " was the handsomest man that could be seen . He had blue open eyes ; his hair yellow and curling ; his stature not tall , but of the middle size . " More reliable information , particularly about Eystein 's building @-@ projects , is offered in earlier sagas such as the work of Theodoric the Monk , a Norwegian chronicler who wrote in the late 12th century .
= = Reign = =
The co @-@ rule between Eystein , Sigurd and Olaf entailed a shared kingship , and the kingdom itself was not divided into fixed borders . During the early years of their reign , Eystein is nonetheless said to have stayed mostly in Western Norway and Trøndelag , while Sigurd was in Viken . In practice , only Eystein and Sigurd ever ruled as kings , as Olaf was considerably younger and died when he was only seventeen years old , and virtually nothing is known about him beyond his name . One of the earliest acts by the kings was passing a retterbot , a special law ordained by the king , which among other things abolished various royal taxes that originated from the Danish rule of Sweyn Knutsson and Ælfgifu ( under Cnut the Great ) in the early 1030s . The kings became very popular because of this . According to some sources , the main motivation for abolishing the taxes was to gain the support of the population for Sigurd 's planned crusade .
In 1107 or 1108 , after years of preparations , Sigurd sailed with a large fleet on a crusade to the Holy Land , the first European king ever to do so . Sigurd arrived back in Norway in 1111 . Eystein , on the other hand , did not engage in any warfare , and considerably less information is thus written about him than about Sigurd , although Snorri notes that he " had also effected much in the country that was useful while King Sigurd was on his journey . " While Sigurd gained fame in posterity as the " warrior king " , although mainly because of his one @-@ time crusade , Eystein was portrayed by the saga writers as the " peace king " who stayed at home and improved the country . Since Sigurd remained king for nineteen years after his crusade with little controversy , historian Claus Krag has considered that the domestic peace probably could be attributed equally to Sigurd . In order to contrast Eystein with Sigurd , Snorri tells a story that Eystein instead subdued Jämtland to the Norwegian crown peacefully through the use of gifts and diplomacy . Despite Snorri 's account , historical records indicate that Jämtland did not succumb to Norwegian rule until much later , during the reign of King Sverre in 1178 . Eystein and Sigurd are , however , known to have claimed monopoly on the trade and taxation in Finnmarken .
Fish became an increasingly important commodity during Eystein 's reign , as more cod was fished in Northern Norway and the demand for stockfish soared in Europe . As the most suitable port , Bergen became the main trade hub for exporting stockfish , including trade connections with Grimsby in England , while it also served to import much needed goods such as grain and flour . To further the trade , Eystein had fishing booths and a church built in the fishing centre at Vågan in Lofoten in Northern Norway , and he sailed north to Lofoten and Trondenes himself in 1114 . He also secured the route along the coast by constructing a port in Agdenes on the mouth of the Trondheimsfjord , as well as smaller beacons along the coast . Eystein 's port construction in Agdenes was compared by Theodoric the Monk to that of Augustus Caesar at Brundisium , an association readily reflected by Theodoric 's use of the Latinised name form " Augustinus " for Eystein . ( Otherwise , Pope Callixtus II calls Eystein " Aistano " in a letter . ) The existence of a now lost port in Agdenes dated to around Eystein 's reign has been supported by recent archaeological surveys in the area . Snorri also says that Eystein had several large dry @-@ docks built in Nidaros , and that he had a large ship built which " in size and shape " resembled the great ship Ormen Lange once built by King Olaf Tryggvason . Eystein also improved the shelters in the mountain passes , notably at Hjerkinn in Dovre , to more comfortable houses with permanent supervision .
In Snorri 's mannjevning between Eystein and Sigurd , Eystein allegedly maintains that his own building @-@ projects in Norway were " more useful for the country , " than " you [ Sigurd ] killing bluemen for the devil in Serkland . " Eystein was particularly active in Bergen , and his role in the development of the city was probably more important than that of King Olaf Kyrre , the founder of the city according to the sagas . He moved the royal seat in the city from Alrekstad to Holmen on the eastern shore of Vågen , in the city core , thereby rationalising the bureaucracy . At Holmen , he built a Church of the Apostles ( probably a stave church ) and a St. Nicholas Church , as well as a royal palace which according to Snorri Sturluson was the most imposing wooden building ever raised in Norway ( although Theodoric the Monk who wrote earlier already noted it was " now almost collapsed from excessive age " ) . He also built a St. Michael 's Church and founded the Benedictine abbey Munkeliv Abbey at Nordnes , and the tithe to the church was introduced during the reign of Eystein and Sigurd .
Eystein died on 29 August 1123 , not long after he was " seized with an illness " during a feast at Hustad in Fræna , Møre og Romsdal . Snorri tells that his body thereafter was taken to Nidaros , and buried in the Nidaros Cathedral . According to Snorri , it was " generally said that so many mourners never stood over any man 's grave in Norway as over King Eystein 's , " at least since the death of Magnus the Good . The reign of Eystein and Sigurd was the longest joint rule in Norwegian history . Sigurd ruled alone after Eystein 's death , until Sigurd 's own death in 1130 .
= = Family = =
Eystein married Ingebjørg Guttormsdatter , from a prominent noble family of Gudbrandsdalen . Their marriage was part of Eystein 's strategy of building alliances in Eastern Norway . They had a daughter , Maria , who became the mother of the future royal pretender Olaf Ugjæva by her marriage to the lendmann Gudbrand Skavhoggsson . Olaf was named king in 1165 , during the Norwegian civil war era , but was subsequently defeated by Magnus Erlingsson and forced to flee the country .
= = Legacy = =
Opinions on Eystein have been strongly favourable . Theodoric the Monk wrote about Eystein that he " was a paragon of honesty who governed himself no less than his subjects with moderation and wisdom . He was a king who loved peace , an assiduous manager of public affairs , and above all a fosterer of the Christian religion . " Snorri Sturluson later wrote that Eystein " was wise , intelligent , and acquainted with the laws and history . He had much knowledge of mankind , was quick in counsel , prudent in words , and very eloquent and very generous . He was very merry , yet modest ; and was liked and beloved , indeed , by all the people . " The view of Eystein as a peaceful and domestically active king has been supported by modern historians such as Claus Krag , although noting that the literary embellishments should be disregarded .
A stylized marble bust of Eystein , dated to before the middle of the 12th century , was found during excavations at Munkeliv Abbey in 1853 , and it represents the oldest known preserved portrait of a Norwegian king . The bust has the inscription " EYSTEIN REX " , and was originally probably part of a full figure statue built into the wall . The headpiece worn on the bust has been said to resemble a German Imperial crown , or to be of a Byzantine type . According to Snorri Sturluson , Eystein had " somewhat large eyes " , which seems to correspond with the bust . Since Snorri may have seen the bust in Bergen himself , it is unclear if his account represents an independent source on Eystein 's physical appearance . Today , the bust is located in the collections of Bergen Museum .
To commemorate his status as founder of the fishing town Vågan ( although it had been an important centre for at least a century ) , a huge statue of Eystein ( Øysteinstatuen ) by Arthur Gustavson was raised at Breidablikk in Vågan in 1935 , after an idea of architecht Harald Sund . At Hjerkinn in Dovre , a church dedicated to Eystein ( Eysteinskyrkja ) was constructed in 1969 according to a design by Magnus Poulsson , in commemoration of Eystein 's construction of a sælehus or shelter near the village .
= Dongan Charter =
The Dongan Charter is the 1686 document incorporating Albany , New York as a city . Albany 's charter was issued by Governor Thomas Dongan of the Province of New York , a few months after Governor Dongan issued a similarly worded , but less detailed charter for the city of New York . The city of Albany was created three years after Albany County . The charter is the oldest existing city charter still in force in the United States and " arguably in all the Western Hemisphere " , according to Stefan Bielinski , former senior historian of the New York State Museum . In 1936 the United States Congress commemorated the charter 's 250th anniversary by minting a half dollar coin .
= = History = =
After the city of New York received a municipal charter from Governor Dongan the governor came to Albany , at which time the village sent a delegation of prominent men to request a charter of their own . The Patroon , after being encouraged by the governor , finally released all claims to Albany and forfeited a strip of land 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) wide and 16 miles ( 26 km ) long to Albany . Albany at the time consisted of about 500 residents living in around 140 houses . In July 1686 a delegation led by Pieter Schuyler and Robert Livingston traveled to New York to receive the charter for Albany ; the charter was signed on July 25 , 1686 and was read aloud to the citizens of Albany three days later . Due to England , and by extension Albany , using the Julian calendar at the time , the corrected date for the signing of the document under the Gregorian calendar is August 1 , 1686 .
During Leisler 's Rebellion Jacob Leisler demanded the charters of Albany and the city of New York be forfeited , and New York yielded but Albany 's mayor , Pieter Schuyler , refused . Schuyler went on to become one of the major leaders in suppressing the rebellion . The next major threat to the charter government came during the American Revolution when the Common Council stopped meeting in 1775 . The local Committee of Safety took over daily functions until 1778 when the Common Council began meeting again .
A Dongan Charter Parade was held in 1936 for the 250th anniversary celebrations , and as part of the ceremonies the United States Congress authorized the minting of an Albany Charter half dollar coin . Tricentennial celebrations held in 1986 included a re @-@ enactment of the signing and awarding of the charter by Governor Mario Cuomo playing Governor Dongan , and Mayor Thomas Whalen playing Mayor Schuyler . Other events during the tricentennial were fireworks , music , the unveiling of a tricentennial clock , a hot @-@ air balloon lift @-@ off from Lincoln Park , and a cake large enough to feed thousands . Mayors from other Albanys around the world were among the visiting dignitaries who were invited to the ceremonies and given a tour of the city by Mayor Whalen .
= = Provisions = =
The charter turned the village of Albany into a city under the name of " The Mayor , Aldermen , and Commonalty of the city of Albany " ; this legally separated it from Rensselaerswyck , a nearby colonial estate . The charter also established Albany 's boundaries and a municipal government , as well as specifically naming the first officers . Certain special rights were put into the charter as well , such as the exclusive right to negotiate with the Native Americans . It also established Albany as the sole market town in the upper Hudson region , with the right to purchase land at Tionnderoge and Schaghticoke .
The mayor of Albany was the executive officer and selected by the Lieutenant Governor . He was also designated as the clerk of the marketplace and the coroner for both the city and Albany County . Two alderman and two assistant aldermen were chosen from each ward and sat on the Common Council along with the mayor and recorder . The mayor , recorder , and aldermen were also justices , the assistants however did not have any judicial powers .
The sole right to issue trading privileges anywhere in Albany County rested with the mayor and Common Council . Albany County encompassed all of Upstate New York north and west of Ulster County at that time , as well as the state of Vermont . All residents of New York , except those of Albany , were specifically banned from trading with any Iroquois nation , or with any other native tribe to the west , east , or north of the city of Albany , or with native tribes anywhere within Albany County .
= = Amendments = =
The Dongan Charter was first amended on March 21 , 1787 to remove the mayor 's powers to act as the city and county 's sole coroner , and to regulate trade with Indians . It continued to be used with only minor changes until March 16 , 1870 , when it saw major changes by the state legislature in 1870 and 1883 . In the 1870 revision the name of the city was changed from " The Mayor , Aldermen , and Commonalty of the city of Albany " to the " City of Albany " . In 1998 the people of Albany adopted a revised charter as an amendment to the Dongan Charter .
= = Commemorative coin = =
The United States Congress authorized on June 16 , 1936 the minting of 25 @,@ 000 half dollar coins celebrating the 250th anniversary of the Dongan Charter . These were legal tender , though few actually ever circulated . The Albany Dongan Charter Coin Committee was established to approve the design and chose Gertrude Lathrop , an Albany native , to create a design , she would also go on to design the New Rochelle commemorative coin .
All 25 @,@ 013 coins were minted at the Philadelphia Mint , the 13 extra were for the assay commission and were destroyed . Commemorative coins of this period had normally sold for $ 1 @.@ 00 or $ 1 @.@ 50 , the Albany Charter Coin however was put for sale at $ 2 @.@ 00 . The commemorative coin mania that had been sweeping the country in the spring and summer of 1936 had already seen close to twenty other commemorative coins issued that same year , and had abated by the time of this issuing . 7 @,@ 342 coins were returned to Philadelphia and melted in 1943 and between 1 @,@ 600 to 2 @,@ 400 were sold in 1954 by the State Bank of Albany .
As of 2009 the coins can fetch $ 330 for an uncirculated coin rated as MS @-@ 60 , and $ 470 for an MS @-@ 65 . Original packaging , which is more rare , included a four @-@ page booklet containing an illustration of the coin , a history of Albany , and slots for one to five coins . Both the booklet and the envelope it came in are highly collectible today . Even scarcer today are boxes designed to hold single coins and inscribed with " The National Commercial Bank and Trust Company of Albany " .
= = = Specifications = = =
The Albany Charter coin is 30 @.@ 6 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 20 in ) in diameter and weighs 12 @.@ 5 grams ( 0 @.@ 44 oz ) , with a reeded edge , and was 90 % silver with 10 % copper . The obverse is a beaver gnawing on a maple branch , which represents the importance that the fur trade had in Albany 's economy , with the maple used since it is New York 's state tree . Seeds of a maple tree separate the words " United States of America " from " Half Dollar " , which are arranged around the bottom periphery while " E pluribus unum " and " In God We Trust " appear in small letters above the beaver . On the reverse are Governor Dongan , Robert Livingston , and Mayor Schuyler standing in front of a pine tree on a base inscribed with the year 1936 . The artist 's initials , " GKL " , are inscribed next to the governor 's feet . The mayor is holding the new charter and shaking hands with the governor . Above the three men is an eagle with the legend " Liberty " . Arranged along the top periphery are the words " Settled 1614 Chartered 1686 " , while " Albany , N Y " arcs across the bottom ; pine cones separate the two inscriptions .
= Rosewood massacre =
The Rosewood massacre was a violent , racially motivated massacre of blacks and destruction of a black town that took place during the first week of January 1923 in rural Levy County , Florida . At least six blacks and two whites were killed , and the town of Rosewood was abandoned and destroyed in what contemporary news reports characterized as a race riot . Racial disturbances were common during the early 20th century in the United States , reflecting the nation 's rapid social changes . Florida had an especially high number of lynchings of black males in the years before the massacre , including a well @-@ publicized incident in December 1922 .
Prior to the massacre , the town of Rosewood had been a quiet , primarily black , self @-@ sufficient whistle stop on the Seaboard Air Line Railway . Trouble began when white men from several nearby towns lynched a black Rosewood resident because of unsupported accusations that a white woman in nearby Sumner had been beaten and possibly raped by a black drifter . When the town 's black citizens rallied together to defend themselves against further attacks , a mob of several hundred whites combed the countryside hunting for black people , and burned almost every structure in Rosewood . Survivors from the town hid for several days in nearby swamps until they were evacuated by train and car to larger towns . Although state and local authorities were aware of the violence , no arrests were made for what happened in Rosewood . The town was abandoned by its former black residents ; none ever moved back .
Although the rioting was widely reported around the United States at the time , few official records documented the event . Survivors , their descendants , and the perpetrators remained silent about Rosewood for decades . Sixty years after the rioting , the story of Rosewood was revived in major media when several journalists covered it in the early 1980s . Survivors and their descendants organized to sue the state for having failed to protect Rosewood 's black community . In 1993 , the Florida Legislature commissioned a report on the massacre . As a result of the findings , Florida became the first U.S. state to compensate survivors and their descendants for damages incurred because of racial violence . The incident was the subject of a 1997 feature film directed by John Singleton . In 2004 , the state designated the site of Rosewood as a Florida Heritage Landmark . Officially , the recorded death toll of the first week of January 1923 was six blacks and two whites . Historians disagree about this number . Some survivors ' stories claim there may have been up to 27 black residents killed , and assert that newspapers did not report the total number of white deaths . Minnie Lee Langley , who was in the Carrier house siege , recalls that she stepped over many white bodies on the porch when she left the house . Several eyewitnesses claim to have seen a mass grave filled with black people ; one remembers a plow brought from Cedar Key that covered 26 bodies . Others claimed as many as 150 people were killed . However , by the time authorities investigated these claims , most of the witnesses were dead , or too elderly and infirm to lead them to a site to confirm the stories .
= = Background = =
= = = Settlement = = =
Rosewood was settled in 1845 , nine miles ( 14 km ) east of Cedar Key , near the Gulf of Mexico . Most of the local economy drew on the timber industry ; the name Rosewood refers to the reddish color of cut cedar wood . Two pencil mills were founded nearby in Cedar Key ; local residents also worked in several turpentine mills and a sawmill three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) away in Sumner , in addition to farming of citrus and cotton . The hamlet grew enough to warrant the construction of a post office and train depot on the Florida Railroad in 1870 , but it was never incorporated as a town .
Initially , Rosewood had both black and white settlers . When most of the cedar trees in the area had been cut by 1890 , the pencil mills closed , and many white residents moved to Sumner . By 1900 , the population in Rosewood had become predominantly black . The village of Sumner was predominantly white , and relations between the two communities were relatively amicable . Two black families in Rosewood named Goins and Carrier were the most powerful . The Goins family brought the turpentine industry to the area , and in the years preceding the attacks were the second largest landowners in Levy County . To avoid lawsuits from white competitors , the Goins brothers moved to Gainesville , and the population of Rosewood decreased slightly . The Carriers were also a large family , primarily working at logging in the region . By the 1920s , almost everyone in the close @-@ knit community was distantly related to each other . The population of Rosewood peaked in 1915 at 355 people . Florida had effectively disenfranchised blacks since the start of the 20th century by high requirements for voter registration ; both Sumner and Rosewood were part of a single voting precinct counted by the U.S. Census . In 1920 , the combined population of both towns was 344 blacks and 294 whites .
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a bourgeois interior which leads out towards a courtyard , river , town and landscape . The enclosed garden , illusionistic carvings of Adam and Eve on the arms of Mary 's throne , and attributes of St Luke are amongst the painting 's many iconographic symbols .
Van der Weyden was strongly influenced by Jan van Eyck , and the painting is very similar to the earlier Madonna of Chancellor Rolin , usually dated to around 1434 , with significant differences . The figure 's positioning and colourisation are reversed , and Luke takes centre stage ; his face is accepted as van der Weyden 's self @-@ portrait . Three near contemporary versions are in the Hermitage Museum , Saint Petersburg , the Alte Pinakothek , Munich , and the Groeningemuseum , Bruges . The Boston panel is widely considered the original from underdrawings that are both heavily reworked and absent in other versions . It is in relatively poor condition , having suffered considerable damage , which remains despite extensive restoration and cleaning .
The painting 's historical significance rests both on the skill behind the design and its merging of earthly and divine realms . By positioning himself in the same space as the Madonna , and showing a painter in the act of portrayal , Van der Weyden brings to the fore the role of artistic creativity in 15th @-@ century society . The panel became widely influential with near copies by the Master of the Legend of Saint Ursula and Hugo van der Goes .
= = Commission = =
There are no surviving contemporary archival documents for Rogier van der Weyden 's Saint Luke Drawing the Virgin , but art historians agree that it was almost certainly painted for the Brussels painters ' guild , for their chapel at the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula , where van der Weyden is buried . It may have been commissioned to celebrate the artist 's appointment as city painter for Brussels . Luke the Evangelist was thought to have been a portraitist , and Northern European painters ' guilds were considered to be under his protection .
In the 15th @-@ century images of Luke painting the Virgin were more commonly found in Northern rather than Italian art . Luke was credited with painting the original of the immensely popular Italo @-@ Byzantine Cambrai Madonna , to which numerous miracles were attributed . The original of that work was taken to France from Rome in 1440 , and within four years at least 15 high quality copies had been made . It was regarded as an example of St Luke 's skill , and contemporary painters strove to emulate him in their depictions of Mary . Popular belief held that the essence of the Virgin was captured in Luke 's portrait of her .
= = After van Eyck = =
Van der Weyden closely follows van Eyck 's c . 1435 Madonna of Chancellor Rolin , though there are significant differences . The landscape in the van der Weyden is less detailed , and its top gives less of an illusion of openness than van Eyck 's . The most obvious similarity is the two figures standing at a bridge , who may not carry specific identities ; those in the van der Weyden are sometimes identified as Joachim and Anne , the Virgin 's parents . In van Eyck 's painting the right hand figure wears a red turban , a motif widely accepted as that artist 's indicator of a self @-@ portrait ; similar images can be found on the London Portrait of a Man and the reflection in the knight 's shield in the Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele , Bruges .
In the van der Weyden , the positioning of the main figures is reversed from the van Eyck ; the Virgin appears to the left , a positioning that became predominate in later Netherlandish diptychs . The colours in this work are warmer than those in the van Eyck . Van der Weyden switches the colours of their costumes ; Luke is dressed in red or scarlet , Mary in the more typical warm blues . The Virgin type has further been changed , here she is depicted as a Maria Lactans ( " Nursing Madonna " ) . This is one of the standard depictions of her , different from the Hodegetria ( Our Lady of the Way , or She who points the way ) Virgin type most usually associated with Byzantine and Northern 15th @-@ century depictions of St Luke . This depiction of Mary 's motherhood stresses the " redemption of mankind by Christ as human ... [ and ] spiritual nourishing " .
= = Description = =
The panel comprises four individual pieces of oak , painted over a chalk ground bound with glue . The preparation wood is dated to around 1410 , giving an estimated date for the Van der Weyden in the mid @-@ 1430s . The dominant pigments are lead white ( often used in the panel to highlight blue and green passages ) , charcoal black , ultramarine , lead @-@ tin @-@ yellow , verdigris and red lake . There has been some discolouration – some greens are now brown , including pigments used to depict grass in the background .
Mary sits under a brocade canopy or cloth of honour , painted in brown hues which have since discoloured to dark green . The canopy hangs down to a wooden bench attached to the wall behind her . Mary 's hair is loose and she wears an embroidered dress lined with fur . Around her neck is a light veil , and she is shown in the act of nursing . Her dress is a centrepiece of the panel , composed of a variety of blues overlaid with lead white and deep blue lapis lazuli highlights . The inner parts of her robe contain violet coloured fabrics , lined with greyish blues and purples .
Luke is positioned on a green cushion , between the heavenly figure and the small study behind him . He is either rising from a kneeling position or about to genuflect . His eyes fix on her attentively , and he seems near hypnotised . Jesus is similarly transfixed . Hall describes Luke 's hands as floating before him , holding the tools " with the same delicacy that an angel might hold a lily or sceptre " . Mary has turned her face so that he can depict her in near full profile , a rare honour , while Luke 's kneeling position is closely analogous to that of a typical donor portrait in the presence of the Virgin .
Luke is beardless and in his early 40s , close to van der Weyden 's age in the mid @-@ 1430s . His face is not idealised ; he is middle @-@ aged with light stubble and greying hair . The room behind him contains his attributes including an ox and an open book representing his Gospel . He is painted with more naturalism than Mary ; his eyes in particular are more realistically drawn . Christ 's conform to the then idealised form , as simple crescents . Mary 's are formed from curved lines typical of late Gothic ideals of feminine beauty . Compared to contemporary paintings of this type , the work is unusually free of inscriptions ; they appear only on items in Luke 's study , dimly perceived on his right : on a book , on an ink bottle , and on a scroll emanating from the mouth of his ox , beneath the small desk .
The scene is set within a rather narrow interior space , with a barrel vault ceiling , patterned floor tilings , and stained glass windows . The outer wall opens to the midground , with a patch of grass and plants , and has a view of a river or inlet . Art historian Jeffrey Chipps Smith notes how the transition between the grounds establishes a " complex spatial space in which [ van der Weyden ] achieved an almost seamless movement from the elaborate architecture of the main room to the garden and parapet of the middle ground to the urban and rural landscape behind " .
Two figures in the mid @-@ ground stand at a battlement wall overlooking the water , their backs turned against the viewer , the male pointing outwards . They are framed by columns , and are looking towards the detailed city and landscape in the background . The figures seem preoccupied with " looking " , which Carol Purtle believes , to van der Weyden , was a form of devotionalism ; through meditating on an image , the " beholder experienced visions of transports of ecstasy " . Technical analysis shows that both figures were heavily reworked both in the underdrawing and the final painting ; the hood of the figure on the right was originally red , but over @-@ painted as black , amongst many other differences .
The positioning of these figures closely resembles that of two persons depicted in the van Eyck panel . In that painting the right @-@ hand figure turns to face his companion , gesturing at him to look outwards . In the van der Weyden , the equivalent figure seems protective of his friend , who here is female , while the left @-@ hand figure in the earlier panel might represent a tribute to the artist 's brother Hubert who had died in the 1420s . A red headdress was an indicator of self @-@ portraiture for van Eyck . As in the van Eyck , the figures act as examples of repoussoir , in that they draw our attention to the picture 's underlying theme – the painting 's ability to visualize the infinity of the world in the landscape . The painting may allude to the concept of paragone ; the man points to the landscape , perhaps highlighting the ability of painting , unlike sculpture , to supply its foreground with background .
Examination of the underdrawing shows that the artist intended a van Eyckian angel crowning the Virgin , but this was omitted from the final painting . He heavily reworked the positions of the three main figures even towards the end of completion . The draperies of the mantles were at first larger . Christ 's body at first faced Luke , but was later tilted in the direction of his mother . The mother and child were brought closer together . Luke 's head was at first level with the Virgin 's , but in the final painting is raised slightly above . The differences extend beyond those in the foreground . The fortifications of the inner courtyard have been enlarged , while the two figures looking out over the river were smaller , the river itself narrower .
= = Self @-@ portrait = =
Luke 's face is widely considered to be a van der Weyden self @-@ portrait . He may have wanted to associate himself both with a saint and with the founder of painting . This is reinforced by the fact that Luke is shown drawing in silverpoint on white paper ; an extremely difficult medium that demands high concentration , and is normally used only for preparation . The artist is boldly emphasising his ability and skill with preparatory sketches ; a single surviving silverpoint drawing attributed to van der Weyden , now in the Louvre , contains a female head very similar to Mary 's in the Boston panel .
Van der Weyden appears intelligent and handsome , but weather @-@ worn . He inserted a self @-@ portrait into one other work ; the lost Justice of Trajan and Herkinbald , known through a tapestry copy in the Historical Museum of Bern . Later northern artists followed his lead , using self @-@ portraits in their own depictions of Luke .
What biographical details are available place the artist as a devout Catholic , deeply influenced by mystical and devotional texts , familiar with 12th and 13th century female theologians such as Mechthild of Magdeburg and Hildegard of Bingen . They believed that contemplating devotional images whilst meditating might lead to a vision or a state of ecstasy . It is possible from these teachings that van der Weyden developed a set of devotional motifs such as The Magdalen Reading . The importance of St Luke in Christian art is underscored in St Luke Painting the Virgin , while affirming " the role of art within the context of meditation and contemplation . "
The self @-@ portraiture achieves a number of purposes . It acts as a tribute to his own ability , as a measure of his skill against van Eyck , and as a case for the legitimacy of the craft of painting . By portraying himself as St Luke in the act of drawing rather than painting , De Vries believes van der Weyden reveals an " artistic consciousness by commenting upon artistic traditions and by doing so presents a visual argument for the role and function of the artist and his art , one at that time still predominantly religiously defined . "
Smith describes the panel as an " exposition of the art of painting " , observing that van der Weyden records the essential skills any successful artist should master while claiming to be an heir to St Luke . He works in silverpoint – and thus is unencumbered with the paraphernalia of painting ; an easel , seat or other items which might clutter the composition , or more importantly place a physical barrier between the divine and earthly realms .
= = Iconography = =
The painting is rich in both actual and implied iconography . Van der Weyden presents Mary as the Maria Lactans virgin type , a symbol of " Mother Church " especially popular at times of plague or famine , the implication being that she cares for all and no one will go hungry . This notion ties in with Luke 's dual roles of physician ( and thus healer ) and artist . Van der Weyden had earlier portrayed Mary breast @-@ feeding in his Virgin and Child Enthroned , which depicts equally detailed carvings carrying significance , but is reduced in size and in its cast of characters , and omits the act of beholding .
The architecture of the enclosed space suggests a church . The Virgin sits beneath a canopy , perhaps symbolic of the sacred space , and the spatial separation between the celebrant and the congregation , usually by a Rood screen . The small room to the right could symbolize the vesting chamber . The arms of her throne are painted as carved with figures including Adam , Eve and the serpent before the fall from Paradise . The room faces towards an enclosed garden , another emblem of the Virgin 's chastity . Though Mary is positioned by a throne and under a canopy , indicating her role as Queen of Heaven , she sits on the step , an indication of her humility .
The Virgin occupies an earthly space as opposed to a sacred one , but remains aloof . This approach is emphasised by secondary midground figures who are out in the open air , while the main figures are positioned in an elevated room containing a throne , grand arches and wood carvings . Van der Weyden 's setting is less artificial than van Eyck 's ; here Luke and Mary face each other as equals , rather than in van Eyck 's painting where , as Blum describes " a divinity and a mortal " face one another . Van der Weyden omits the winged angel holding a crown hovering above the Virgin ; the figure was included in the underdrawings , but eventually abandoned . The landscape is more secular than van Eyck 's , which is dominated by church spires .
In the late @-@ 13th century , many of the newly emerging painter 's guilds were nominating Luke as their patron saint . The van der Weyden panel is among the first known depictions of St Luke painting the Virgin in Northern Renaissance art , along with a similar work , a lost triptych panel by Robert Campin . Van der Weyden presents a humanised Virgin and Child , as suggested by the realistic contemporary surroundings , the lack of halos , and the intimate spatial construction . Yet he infuses the panel with extensive religious iconography .
= = Attribution and dating = =
During the 19th century the painting was at times associated with Quentin Massys and Hugo van der Goes . In the early 1930s , based on x @-@ radiographs , art historian Alan Burroughs attributed the Boston painting to Dieric Bouts " under the supervision " of van der Weyden . He later revised his opinion to van der Weyden , but art historians remained unsure as to which of the four panel versions was the original or prime version and which were copies . Infrared reflectography has revealed underdrawing in the Boston version which contains heavy redrafting and re @-@ working . This is absent in the other versions , strong evidence the Boston panel is prime . The approach to the underdrawing is very similar to the paintings where attribution to van der Weyden is established , such as the Descent from the Cross in Madrid , and the Miraflores Altarpiece in Berlin . They are built up with brush and ink , with the most attention given to the outlines of the figures and draperies . Hatching is used to indicate areas of deep shadow . In each , the underdrawing is a working sketch , subject to constant revisions , which continued even after painting had begun . The drawing of Mary is similar to the Louvre 's silverpoint drawing of 1464 attributed to his circle . Both are of a type van der Weyden was preoccupied with , showing " an ongoing refinement and emphasis on [ Mary 's ] youthfulness ... [ which is ] traceable throughout his work " .
Art historians gradually revised their dating from 1450 to the currently accepted 1435 – 40 , earlier in the artist 's career . This estimate is based on three factors ; the dating of the Rolin Madonna , van der Weyden 's opportunity of viewing that panel , and his ability to produce his own work after such a viewing . He is known to have visited Brussels – where van Eyck kept his studio – in 1432 and again 1435 . Erwin Panofsky suggested c . 1434 as the earliest possible date , and that the Rolin panel was completed in 1433 or 1434 . Julius Held was sceptical of this early dating , noting that if true we are " forced to assume that within one year of Jan 's work Rogier received a commission which gave him an opportunity to adopt Jan 's compositional pattern while subjecting it at the same time to a very thorough and highly personal transformation , and all this in Bruges , under Jan 's very eyes " .
Held , as a lone voice and writing in 1955 , argues for a date between 1440 and 1443 , seeing the work as more advanced than other paintings by the artist from the mid @-@ 1430s , and believes it contains " considerable differences " when compared to other early works , especially the Annunciation Triptych of c . 1434 . He further observes that although the painting became highly influential , copies did not appear until the mid @-@ century .
Dendrochronological examination of the growth rings in the panel 's wood suggests that the timber was felled around 1410 . In the 15th century , wood was typically stored for around 20 years before use in panel painting , giving an earliest date in the mid to late 1430s . Analysis of the Munich version places it in the 1480s , around 20 years after van der Weyden 's death . The panel in Bruges is in the best condition and of exceptional quality , but dates from c . 1491 – 1510 .
= = Provenance and conservation = =
Despite the eminence of the painting and its many copies , little is known of its provenance before the 19th century . It seems likely that it is the painting Albrecht Dürer mentions in his diary recollection of his visit to the Low Countries in 1520 . It is probably the same work recorded in an 1574 inventory of Philip II , kept at the Escorial . The painting is recorded in 1835 in the collection of Don Infante Sebastián Gabriel Borbón y Braganza , a grandnephew of Charles III of Spain and himself an artist . Gabriel 's inventory notes described the panel in detail , attributed it to Lucas van Leyden , and suggested an earlier restoration . It was donated to the Museum of Fine Arts in 1893 by Henry Lee Higginson after his purchase at a New York auction in 1889 . Photographs from 1914 show it in an ornate , decorative frame which is probably the same as in Gabriel 's 1835 description .
The panel is in poor condition , with substantial damage to its frame and surface , despite at least four restorations . The earliest recorded restoration was in 1893 , the year it was acquired by the Museum of Fine Arts , but there are no surviving records of the treatment . In the early 1930s , the museum 's curator of paintings , Philip Henry , described the painting as an original van der Weyden , but gave the opinion that its poor condition was hindering wider acceptance of the attribution . On this basis , it was sent to Germany in 1932 to undergo conservation . The effort was led by the restorer Helmut Ruhemann , who described the panel as " structurally sound " , and removed layers of discoloured varnish and " crude overpainting " , while filling in some areas of paint loss . Ruhemann believed he had found evidence of at least two major 19th @-@ century restorations , one of which was probably that carried out in Boston in 1893 . Ruhemann 's cleaning and restoration was widely praised , and contributed to the acceptance of the panel as the original by van der Weyden .
The MFA undertook a third restoration in 1943 , when some yellowing of the glaze was repaired . Most recently , the painting was cleaned in 1980 when small amounts of grime were removed , some losses were filled in , and a light coat of varnish was applied .
= = Influence = =
The painting established van der Weyden as a progenitor and " inventor [ of ] authoritative models ... at the foundation of Netherlandish art " . If it was in the Guild of Saint Luke 's chapel in Brussels , then many near @-@ contemporary artists would have been able to view it . Van der Weyden 's interpretation was hugely influential during the mid @-@ 15th and early @-@ 16th centuries , both in free and faithful adaptations and copies , examples of which are in Brussels , Kassel , Valladolid and Barcelona . This reflects its quality , and the fact that he presents an ideal image of an artist as a self @-@ portrait , legitimising and elevating the trade . Also influential was his Madonna type , which he used again for the c . 1450 Diptych of Jean de Gros . That painting features a ' Virgin and Child ' wing directly modelled on his St Luke panel , extending the devotional aspect to include a donor who appears in the same panel with her . In combining the patron with the Virgin , the " artist has made that personal devotion an integral part of the image . "
Depictions of Luke drawing the Virgin rose in popularity in the mid @-@ to @-@ late 15th century , with van der Weyden 's panel the earliest known from the Low Countries – Campin 's earlier treatment was by then lost . Most were free copies ( adaptations ) of van der Weyden 's design . The anonymous painter known as the Master of the Legend of St. Ursula incorporated the Maria Lactans type for his Virgin and Child , now in New York . Other artists producing works directly influenced by van der Weyden 's portrait include Hugo van der Goes , Dieric Bouts , Derick Baegert and Jan Gossaert . Some artists copied van der Weyden by placing their own likeness in place of St Luke , notably Simon Marmion and Maarten van Heemskerck . By representing themselves as Luke , artists implied a depiction of the Virgin based on first hand contact and thus giving her true likeness .
Van der Goes 's is the earliest extant autographed version , and one of the most important . This panel was originally a diptych wing of which the accompanying panel of the Virgin and Child is lost , and was probably made for a guild . Luke is dressed in a heavy red robe , draws a preparatory sketch in silverpoint , and wears a melancholy expression . Building on van der Weyden 's theme of the role , practice and craft of an artist , van der Goes places pieces of charcoal , a knife and the feathers of a small bird in front of the saint . The similarities to the van der Weyden are many and striking , and include the painting utensils , red robes , physician 's cap and blue mantle . The figure has the same middle @-@ aged facial type and his pose , kneeling on a green cushion , although reversed compared to van der Weyden 's , is the same . Van der Goes 's adaption both increased van der Weyden 's standing in the eyes of the later artist 's followers , and led to a new group of copies that were modelled on the later painting .
A tapestry version woven in Brussels c . 1500 is now in the Louvre . It was probably designed using a reversed drawing of the painting .
= = = Left panel = = =
= Michigan State Capitol =
The Michigan State Capitol is the building housing the legislative branch of the government of the U.S. state of Michigan . It is located in the portion of the state capital of Lansing which lies in Ingham County . The present structure , at the intersection of Capitol and Michigan Avenues , is a National Historic Landmark that currently houses the chambers and offices of the Michigan Legislature as well as the ceremonial offices of the Governor of Michigan and Lieutenant Governor . Historically , this is the third building to house the Michigan government .
The first state capitol was located in Detroit , the original capital of Michigan , and was relocated to Lansing in 1847 , due to the need to develop the western portions of the state and for easy defense from British troops stationed in Windsor , Ontario . The present capitol building , preceded by a temporary wood frame structure , was dedicated in January 1879 , and is designed in a Neoclassical style , more specifically the Italianate style . The capitol was rededicated in 1992 after a three @-@ year restoration project .
= = History = =
= = = First state capitol = = =
On July 13 , 1787 , the Second Continental Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance , creating the Northwest Territory which included Michigan . In 1805 , the U.S. Congress created the Michigan Territory , with Detroit as its territorial capital . Michigan first applied for statehood as early as 1832 , though it was rebuffed due to a dispute with Ohio over the Toledo Strip , a 468 @-@ square mile ( 1 @,@ 210 km ² ) area that included the important port city of Toledo . By 1835 , Michigan had formed a state government without receiving authorization from Congress to do so . The boundaries of the state included the contested area .
The dispute culminated in what has become known as the Toledo War , as Michigan and Ohio militia took up arms in the area . As a condition for entering the Union , Michigan was forced to accept the western three quarters of the Upper Peninsula in exchange for ceding its claim to the Toledo Strip . After a state convention first rejected this condition , a second convention , assembled under some duress in December 1836 , reluctantly accepted the terms and Michigan became the 26th state on January 26 , 1837 , with Detroit as its first capital .
The first building to serve as the State Capitol was built in 1832 as the Territorial Courthouse . The court house was located on the corner of Griswold Street and State Street . This brick structure was one of the earliest Greek revival buildings in Michigan , with a portico of Ionic columns and a central tower of 140 feet ( 42 m ) . Built at a cost of $ 24 @,@ 500 ( $ 580 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) , the building housed the territorial government and state legislatures until 1848 , when a hastily erected wood building was constructed in Lansing following a decision made March 17 , 1847 , to move the capital from Detroit to Lansing . The Detroit building then became a public school ( the Union School , at one time the city 's only high school ) and library until it burned in 1893 .
= = = Second state capitol = = =
The 1835 Michigan Constitution provided that :
The seat of government for this state shall be at Detroit , or at such other place or places as may be prescribed by law until the year eighteen hundred and forty @-@ seven , when it shall be permanently located by the legislature .
Prior to 1847 , Detroit fought to maintain the capitol within its jurisdiction , but communities in the growing western part of the state had many reasons for wanting a move inland , including the need to increase defensibility by moving the state government away from the Canadian border . Detroit had been occupied during the War of 1812 , and the border area of Michigan of less than a mile between Detroit and Windsor , Ontario , at the Detroit River continued to be occupied by British troops on both banks . Proponents of moving the capitol also sought to promote settlement and the economy in the interior , as well as making the government more accessible to the people throughout the state .
Contenders seeking designation as the new capitol included Ann Arbor , Jackson , Grand Rapids , and Shiawassee Township in Shiawassee County . At one point during the debate , Marshall officials were so certain of its selection that they built a governor 's mansion . After extensive debate , State Senator Joseph H. Kilbourne of Ingham County proposed that the nearly uninhabited Lansing Township be made the seat of government . The legislature agreed , with the location north of Ann Arbor , west of Detroit , and east of Grand Rapids being deemed a suitable compromise . The legislature renamed it as the Town of Michigan , though by 1848 the original name of Lansing was restored .
Construction began in 1847 on the state capitol building in Lansing , a temporary structure on the block bordered by Washington Avenue , Capitol Avenue , Allegan Street , and Washtenaw Street . It was a simple two @-@ story wood frame structure , painted white with green wooden shutters and topped by a tin cupola . The total cost for construction was $ 22 @,@ 952 @.@ 01 ( $ 580 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) . The building was sold when the permanent capitol building opened in 1879 . It was then used as a factory until , like the first capitol , it was destroyed by a fire in 1882 .
= = = Third state capitol = = =
In the early 1870s , Governor Henry P. Baldwin urged the legislature to fund a new , permanent capitol . On March 31 , 1871 , a bill was adopted " for the erection of a new state capitol , and a building for the temporary use of the state officers . " The new capitol was to cost $ 1 @.@ 2 million ( $ 24 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) , to be raised by a six @-@ year state income tax .
In 1872 , architect Elijah E. Myers of Springfield , Illinois , was commissioned to design the new capitol building and the design committee selected his design named Tuebor , which means I will defend . Myers used the central dome and wing design found in the United States Capitol in his design and subsequently went on to design two other state capitol buildings , the statehouses of Colorado and Texas , as well as the former territorial capitol building of Idaho , the most by any architect . The cornerstone was laid on October 2 , 1873 , with about 7 @,@ 000 Lansing residents and some 30 @,@ 000 to 50 @,@ 000 visitors attending . Construction and finishing work were completed by late 1878 . The new capitol , with 139 rooms , was dedicated at the same time as the inauguration of Governor Charles Croswell January 1 , 1879 .
The Lansing capitol building inspired a national trend after the American Civil War for fireproof buildings , large enough to house expanding government as well as serving as a durable repository for artifacts of the war , including battle flags that were subsequently moved to the Michigan Historical Museum in 1990 . Over the years the dome , which at first matched the light tan of the building , was repainted a bright white . The legislature funded an extensive historical restoration starting in 1989 which was completed in 1992 . The restoration returned the dome to a creamy @-@ white shade , upgraded mechanical systems , and improved accessibility as well as restoring many of the original design elements . One of the largest phases of the restoration entailed removal of " half @-@ floors " that were installed in 1969 to create 50 @,@ 000 square feet ( 4 @,@ 600 m2 ) of additional office space . The floors were created by dividing the 16 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) -high rooms horizontally and creating a level of rooms which was accessed from the stairway landing . The Capitol Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places January 25 , 1971 ( NRHP Reference # 71000396 ) , and was designated as a National Historic Landmark October 5 , 1992 .
= = Today = =
= = = Building = = =
The Michigan State Capitol is 267 ft ( 81 m ) from the ground to the tip of finial / spire above the dome . The building is 420 ft 2 in ( 128 @.@ 07 m ) long and 273 ft 11 in ( 83 @.@ 49 m ) wide ( including approaches ) . The capitol occupies 1 @.@ 16 acres ( 4 @,@ 700 m2 ) , has a perimeter of 1 @,@ 520 ft ( 460 m ) . The structure contains four stories , with public entrances on the ground floor . Two grand staircases in the north and south corridors go up to the top floor . The rotunda measures 44 @.@ 5 feet ( 13 @.@ 6 m ) in diameter and 160 feet ( 49 m ) in height measured from the floor to the oculus .
When it opened , the Capitol structure was large enough to host all the state agencies and departments . Due to the growth of state government , however , only the offices of Senate and House leadership , and ceremonial offices for the governor and lieutenant governor remain in the capitol . The ground floor corridors led to " store rooms " designed by the architect in the original building plans . This includes an armory in the southwest corner of the south corridor . The original wood floor has been replaced by gray tiles . The rooms were originally lit with gas fixtures , though by 1900 , the entire building had been refitted with electric lights . Today the ground floor is home to several offices , including the Secretary of the Senate , the Clerk of the House , and the Capitol Tours and Information Service .
Starting with the first floor and continuing to the third , black and white floor tiling is made of Vermont marble and limestone . The exception is the floor of the rotunda which is composed of 976 blocks of translucent glass . The blocks vary in size so that when viewed from the upper floors , they appear to form a bowl which mirrors the dome above . The doorknobs are
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/ or / ˌɪstænˈbuːl / or / ɪˈstænbʊl / ; Turkish : İstanbul [ isˈtɑnbuɫ ] ) , historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural , and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosphorus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ) , both hosting a population of around 14 @.@ 7 million residents . Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities and ranks as the world 's 8th @-@ largest city proper and the largest European city .
Founded under the name of Byzantium on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city developed to become one of the most significant in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman and Byzantine ( 330 – 1204 and 1261 – 1453 ) , the Latin ( 1204 – 1261 ) , and the Ottoman ( 1453 – 1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate .
Istanbul 's strategic position on the historic Silk Road , rail networks to Europe and the Middle East , and the only sea route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean have produced a cosmopolitan populace , although less so since the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923 . Overlooked for the new capital Ankara during the interwar period , the city has since regained much of its prominence . The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s , as migrants from across Anatolia have moved in and city limits have expanded to accommodate them . Arts , music , film , and cultural festivals were established at the end of the 20th century and continue to be hosted by the city today . Infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network .
Approximately 12 @.@ 56 million foreign visitors arrived in Istanbul in 2015 , five years after it was named a European Capital of Culture , making the city the world 's fifth most popular tourist destination . The city 's biggest attraction is its historic center , partially listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and its cultural and entertainment hub can be found across the city 's natural harbor , the Golden Horn , in the Beyoğlu district . Considered a global city , Istanbul has one of the fastest @-@ growing metropolitan economies in the world . It hosts the headquarters of many Turkish companies and media outlets and accounts for more than a quarter of the country 's gross domestic product . Hoping to capitalize on its revitalization and rapid expansion , Istanbul has bid for the Summer Olympics five times in twenty years .
= = Toponymy = =
The first known name of the city is Byzantium ( Greek : Βυζάντιον , Byzántion ) , the name given to it at its foundation by Megarean colonists around 660 BCE . The name is thought to be derived from a personal name , Byzas . Ancient Greek tradition refers to a legendary king of that name as the leader of the Greek colonists . Modern scholars have also hypothesized that the name of Byzas was of local Thracian or Illyrian origin and hence predated the Megarean settlement .
After Constantine the Great made it the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire in 330 CE , the city became widely known as " Constantinopolis " ( Constantinople ) , which , as the Latinized form of " Κωνσταντινούπολις " ( Konstantinoúpolis ) , means the " City of Constantine " . He also attempted to promote the name " Nova Roma " and its Greek version " Νέα Ῥώμη " Nea Romē ( New Rome ) , but this did not enter widespread usage . Constantinople remained the most common name for the city in the West until the establishment of the Turkish Republic , and Kostantiniyye ( Ottoman Turkish قسطنطينيه ) and Be Makam @-@ e Qonstantiniyyah al @-@ Mahmiyyah ( meaning " the Protected Location of Constantinople " ) and İstanbul were the names used alternatively by the Ottomans during their rule . The use of Constantinople to refer to the city during the Ottoman period ( from the mid @-@ 15th century ) is now considered politically incorrect , even if not historically inaccurate , by Turks .
By the 19th century , the city had acquired other names used by either foreigners or Turks . Europeans used Constantinople to refer to the whole of the city , but used the name Stamboul — as the Turks also did — to describe the walled peninsula between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara . Pera ( from the Greek word for " across " ) was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus , but Turks also used the name Beyoğlu ( today the official name for one of the city 's constituent districts ) . Islambol ( meaning either " City of Islam " or " Full of Islam " ) was sometimes colloquially used to refer to the city , and was even engraved on some Ottoman coins , but the belief that it was the precursor to the present name , İstanbul , is belied by the fact that the latter existed well before the former and even predates the Ottoman conquest of the city .
The name İstanbul ( Turkish pronunciation : [ isˈtanbuɫ ] , colloquially [ ɯsˈtambuɫ ] ) is commonly held to derive from the Medieval Greek phrase " εἰς τὴν Πόλιν " ( pronounced [ is tim ˈbolin ] ) , which means " to the city " and is how Constantinople was referred to by the local Greeks . This reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity . The importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was also reflected by its Ottoman name ' Der Saadet ' meaning the ' gate to Prosperity ' in Ottoman . An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name Constantinople , with the first and third syllables dropped . A Turkish folk etymology traces the name to Islam bol " plenty of Islam " because the city was called Islambol ( " plenty of Islam " ) or Islambul ( " find Islam " ) as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire . It is first attested shortly after the conquest , and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Sultan Mehmed II himself . Some Ottoman sources of the 17th century , such as Evliya Çelebi , describe it as the common Turkish name of the time ; between the late 17th and late 18th centuries , it was also in official use . The first use of the word " Islambol " on coinage was in 1703 ( 1115 AH ) during the reign of Sultan Ahmed III . Nevertheless , the use of the name Constantinople remained common in English into the 20th century , Istanbul became common only after Turkey adapted the Latin alphabet in 1928 and urged other countries to use the city 's Turkish name .
In modern Turkish , the name is written as İstanbul , with a dotted İ , as the Turkish alphabet distinguishes between a dotted and dotless I. In English the stress is on the last syllable ( bul ) , but in Turkish it is on the second syllable ( tan ) . A person from the city is an İstanbullu ( plural : İstanbullular ) , although Istanbulite is used in English .
= = History = =
Neolithic artifacts , uncovered by archeologists at the beginning of the 21st century , indicate that Istanbul 's historic peninsula was settled as far back as the 7th millennium BCE . That early settlement , important in the spread of the Neolithic Revolution from the Near East to Europe , lasted for almost a millennium before being inundated by rising water levels . The first human settlement on the Asian side , the Fikirtepe mound , is from the Copper Age period , with artifacts dating from 5500 to 3500 BCE , On the European side , near the point of the peninsula ( Sarayburnu ) , there was a Thracian settlement during the early 1st millennium BCE . Modern authors have linked it to the Thracian toponym Lygos , mentioned by Pliny the Elder as an earlier name for the site of Byzantium .
The history of the city proper begins around 660 BCE , when Greek settlers from Megara established Byzantium on the European side of the Bosphorus . The settlers built an acropolis adjacent to the Golden Horn on the site of the early Thracian settlements , fueling the nascent city 's economy . The city experienced a brief period of Persian rule at the turn of the 5th century BCE , but the Greeks recaptured it during the Greco @-@ Persian Wars . Byzantium then continued as part of the Athenian League and its successor , the Second Athenian Empire , before gaining independence in 355 BCE . Long allied with the Romans , Byzantium officially became a part of the Roman Empire in 73 CE . Byzantium 's decision to side with the Roman usurper Pescennius Niger against Emperor Septimius Severus cost it dearly ; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 CE , two years of siege had left the city devastated . Five years later , Severus began to rebuild Byzantium , and the city regained — and , by some accounts , surpassed — its previous prosperity .
= = = Rise and fall of Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire = = =
Constantine the Great effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire in September 324 . Two months later , he laid out the plans for a new , Christian city to replace Byzantium . As the eastern capital of the empire , the city was named Nova Roma ; most called it Constantinople , a name that persisted into the 20th century . On 11 May 330 , Constantinople was proclaimed the capital of the Roman Empire , which was later permanently divided between the two sons of Theodosius I upon his death on 17 January 395 , when the city became the capital of the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire .
The establishment of Constantinople served as one of Constantine 's most lasting accomplishments , shifting Roman power eastward as the city became a center of Greek culture and Christianity . Numerous churches were built across the city , including the Hagia Sophia which was built during the reign of Justinian the Great and remained the world 's largest cathedral for a thousand years . Constantine also undertook a major renovation and expansion of the Hippodrome of Constantinople ; accommodating tens of thousands of spectators , the hippodrome became central to civic life and , in the 5th and 6th centuries , the epicenter of episodes of unrest , including the Nika riots . Constantinople 's location also ensured its existence would stand the test of time ; for many centuries , its walls and seafront protected Europe against invaders from the east and the advance of Islam . During most of the Middle Ages , the latter part of the Byzantine era , Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city on the European continent and at times the largest in the world .
Constantinople began to decline continuously after the end of the reign of Basil II in 1025 . The final blow was given by the conquest of Villardouin and Enrico Dandolo in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade , where the City was sacked and pillaged . The city subsequently became the center of the Latin Empire , created by Catholic crusaders to replace the Orthodox Byzantine Empire . Hagia Sophia was converted to a catholic church in 1204 . The Byzantine Empire was restored , albeit weakened , in 1261 . Constantinople 's churches , defenses , and basic services were in disrepair , and its population had dwindled to a hundred thousand from half a million during the 8th century . After the reconquest of 1261 , however some of the City 's monuments were restored , like the 2 Deisis mosaics in Aghia Sofia and Kariye were created .
Various economic and military policies instituted by Andronikos II , such as the reduction of military forces , weakened the empire and left it vulnerable to attack . In the mid @-@ 14th @-@ century , the Ottoman Turks began a strategy of gradually taking smaller towns and cities , cutting off Constantinople 's supply routes and strangling it slowly . On 29 May 1453 , after an eight @-@ week siege ( during which the last Roman emperor , Constantine XI , was killed ) , Sultan Mehmed II " the Conqueror " captured Constantinople and declared it the new capital of the Ottoman Empire . Hours later , the sultan rode to the Hagia Sophia and summoned an imam to proclaim the Islamic creed , converting the grand cathedral into an imperial mosque due to the city 's refusal to surrender peacefully . Mehmed declared himself as the new " Kaysar @-@ i Rûm " ( the Ottoman Turkish equivalent of Caesar of Rome ) and the Ottoman state was reorganized into an empire .
= = = Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic eras = = =
Following the conquest of Constantinople , Mehmed II immediately set out to revitalize the city , by then also known as Istanbul . He urged the return of those who had fled the city during the siege , and resettled Muslims , Jews , and Christians from other parts of Anatolia . He demanded that five thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September . From all over the Islamic empire , prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city : these people were called " Sürgün " in Turkish ( Greek : σουργουνιδες ) . However , many people escaped again from the city , and there were several outbreaks of plague , so that in 1459 Mehmet allowed the deported Greeks to come back to the city . He also invited people from all over Europe to his capital , creating a cosmopolitan society that persisted through much of the Ottoman period . Plague continued , however , to be essentially endemic in Istanbul for the rest of the century , as it had been from 1520 , with a few years of respite between 1529 and 1533 , 1549 and 1552 , and from 1567 to 1570 ; epidemics originating in the West and in the Hejaz and southern Russia . Population growth in Anatolia , however , allowed Istanbul to replace its losses and maintain its population of around 500 @,@ 000 inhabitants down to 1800 . Mehmed II also repaired the city 's damaged infrastructure , including the whole water system , began to build the Grand Bazaar , and constructed Topkapı Palace , the sultan 's official residence . With the transfer of the capital from Edirne ( formerly Adrianople ) to Constantinople , the new state was declared as the successor and continuation of the Roman Empire .
The Ottomans quickly transformed the city from a bastion of Christianity to a symbol of Islamic culture . Religious foundations were established to fund the construction of ornate imperial mosques , often adjoined by schools , hospitals , and public baths . The Ottoman Dynasty claimed the status of caliphate in 1517 , with Istanbul remaining the capital of this last caliphate for four centuries . Suleiman the Magnificent 's reign from 1520 to 1566 was a period of especially great artistic and architectural achievement ; chief architect Mimar Sinan designed several iconic buildings in the city , while Ottoman arts of ceramics , stained glass , calligraphy , and miniature flourished . The population of Istanbul was 570 @,@ 000 by the end of the 18th century .
A period of rebellion at the start of the 19th century led to the rise of the progressive Sultan Mahmud II and eventually to the Tanzimat period , which produced political reforms and allowed new technology to be introduced to the city . Bridges across the Golden Horn were constructed during this period , and Istanbul was connected to the rest of the European railway network in the 1880s . Modern facilities , such as a water supply network , electricity , telephones , and trams , were gradually introduced to Istanbul over the following decades , although later than to other European cities . The modernization efforts were not enough to forestall the decline of the Ottoman Empire .
In the early 20th century , the Young Turk Revolution deposed Sultan Abdul Hamid II and a series of wars plagued the ailing empire 's capital . The last of these , World War I , resulted in the British , French , and Italian occupation of Constantinople . The Armenian population of the city was also affected by the deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915 , in which leaders of the Armenian community were arrested and mostly killed as part of the Armenian Genocide . To commemorate the victims of the Armenian Genocide , 24 April has now become the day of remembrance . The final Ottoman sultan , Mehmed VI , was exiled in November 1922 ; the following year , the occupation of Constantinople ended with the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne and the recognition of the Republic of Turkey , declared by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk .
In the early years of the republic , Istanbul was overlooked in favor of Ankara , selected as Turkey 's capital to distance the new , secular country from its Ottoman history . From the late 1940s and early 1950s , Istanbul underwent great structural change , as new public squares , boulevards , and avenues were constructed throughout the city , sometimes at the expense of historical buildings . The population of Istanbul began to rapidly increase in the 1970s , as people from Anatolia migrated to the city to find employment in the many new factories that were built on the outskirts of the sprawling metropolis . This sudden , sharp rise in the city 's population caused a large demand for housing , and many previously outlying villages and forests became engulfed into the metropolitan area of Istanbul .
= = Geography = =
Istanbul is located in north @-@ western Turkey within the
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Korsakova in Vladimirsky Municipal Okrug . Most importantly for the country 's musical culture , his name was given to the renowned highest music teaching institution of the city - Nikolay Rimsky @-@ Korsakov Saint Petersburg Conservatory , the oldest one in Russia .
= Abergil crime family =
The Abergil crime family ( Hebrew : משפחת הפשע אברג 'יל ) is a Moroccan @-@ Jewish crime organization based in Israel , and located around the world , founded by Ya 'akov Abergil . The group was headed by Ya 'akov Abergil ( Hebrew : יעקב אברג 'יל ) until his death in 2002 , and is now run under the auspices of Itzhak ( Itzik ) Abergil ( Hebrew : יצחק ( איציק ) אברג 'יל ) , and his brothers Meir Abergil ( Hebrew : מאיר אברג 'יל ) and Avraham ( Ibi ) Abergil ( Hebrew : אייבי אברג 'יל ) . Its illicit activities include drug trafficking , both in Israel and the US , murder , extortion , embezzlement , money laundering , the control of illegal casinos and other crimes . Considered one of the six major organized @-@ crime cells in Israel , and one of the world ’ s top 40 biggest drug importers to the United States , the Abergils have been arrested and detained multiple times worldwide .
Avraham Abergil is currently incarcerated on a slew of drug and attempted murder charges . On January 12 , 2011 Itzhak and Meir Abergil and three associates were extradited to the United States . In a 77 @-@ page 32 @-@ count indictment filed on July 13 , 2008 at federal court in Los Angeles , the Abergil family is considered one of the most powerful crime families in Israel , deriving that power , in part , “ because of its propensity for violence in Israel and around the world . ” They were charged with murder , laundering millions of dollars obtained from embezzlement at Israel Trade Bank , extortion of business people , and operating an ecstasy @-@ distribution network for millions of ecstasy pills . The Abergils and their three associates have denied all charges . According to Israeli police sources , their crime organization has continued to operate in Israel after their extradition .
In August 2011 , Meir Abergil returned to Israel after a California court had approved a plea agreement setting him free . In May 2012 , Itzhak Abergil was sentenced by a Los Angeles federal court to 10 years in prison with credit for time served , after pleading guilty to being part of a racketeering enterprise that distributed Ecstasy and whose members killed a man for stealing a large drug shipment . He is to serve the remaining eight and a half years time in Israel .
= = Operations = =
= = = Assets = = =
According to the Israeli Police , the Abergil crime family , at its height in June 2004 , had tens of millions of shekels in assets in Israel . The organization ran 37 companies , owned 48 apartments and 56 cars .
= = = Money @-@ laundering = = =
According to the indictment , the crime organization headed by Itzhak and Meir Abergil ran a flourishing money @-@ laundering business in the US from 2002 to 2006 , processing tens of millions of dollars of funds embezzled from the Israel Trade Bank , through the “ Jerusalem Gang ′ s ” extortion of Ofer Maximov , that led to his sister Etti Alon ′ s embezzling 250 million shekel . The money was given out as loans to Israeli businesspeople in the United States , who were later extorted to give up their businesses if they did not pay up . Meir Abergil , described as the person in charge of finances , collected the money that was exacted and later laundered and invested it . Gabi Ben Harosh of the “ Jerusalem Gang ” who was arrested in Los Angeles in 2004 , ran the lending bank in the United States and updated Meir and Itzhak Abergil on its balance . Sasson Barashi of Jerusalem and Hai Vaknin of Los Angeles identified borrowers and businesses and also saw to the collection of the money . Yoram Elal , who has fled to Brazil , was responsible for special @-@ operations . The activities have been documented in hundreds of surveillance reports , photographs and phone calls , which were recorded by police departments all over the world and are detailed in the indictment .
= = = Drug trafficking = = =
The US State Department considers the Abergils as one of the world ’ s top 40 drug importers to the US . US federal prosecutors claim that when the Abergils wished to expand their mob syndicate in the US , they turned for help to an upstart Latino street gang known as the Vineland Boyz . The Boyz ' feud with the Mexican Mafia , known as " La Eme " , sent the Boyz looking for a new source of drugs , which the Israelis provided . The Abergils , along with Moshe Malul and Israel Ozifa , are also charged with smuggling cocaine and hashish from Europe to the United States .
On July 22 , 2002 , the Los Angeles Police busted a meeting of ecstasy dealers in the midst of a drug and money exchange , confiscating over 400 @,@ 000 tablets of the drug , valued at more than $ 5 million . According to the LAPD , Moshe Malul was the person behind the distribution of millions of ecstasy tablets in Southern California and Itzhak Abergil the person responsible for the ecstasy shipments from Belgium and the Netherlands .
In May 2008 , a court in Antwerp , Belgium sentenced Itzhak Abergil along with eight other accomplices to a firm 5 @-@ year prison term for his involvement in large scale drug trafficking through the city of Antwerp ′ s port .
= = = Personal safety = = =
In June 2002 Yaakov Abergil , the eldest of the brothers was murdered in front of his family . After his death , the leadership passed on to his brother Itzhak , who has accumulated a number of powerful enemies and survived several assassination attempts . In December 2002 , one of Abergil 's main rivals , underworld kingpin Ze 'ev Rosenstein , was arrested on suspicion of conspiring to assassinate both Abergils . In 2007 , Police learned that at least two contract killers , believed to be from the Commonwealth of Independent States , had come to Israel at the behest of a rival crime family embroiled in a vendetta with the Abergil crime syndicate . The police believed the two hit men to be hired by the competing Alperon crime family .
= = = Murders and assassinations = = =
The Abergils have been accused of number of murders and assassinations .
On August 31 , 2003 , Sami Atias , an Israeli drug dealer who had belonged to an ecstasy ring headed by Abergil and Moshe Malul , was shot at close range and killed in the parking lot of an Encino café as he was getting into his car . Allegedly he had tried to steal 76 kilograms of Ecstasy in 2002 . According to the indictment , Moshe Malul and fugitive Vineland Boyz ′ member Luis Sandoval , were at the scene when Atias was shot , but another man had pulled the trigger . Itzhak Abergil had offered to help with the slaying during a meeting in Spain , but he did not play a direct role in the killing .
On October 5 , 2008 , Amir Sanker and Eitan Gerella , two suspected associates of the Abergil crime family , were acquitted of a charge of grievous bodily harm by a Tel Aviv District Court , instead being convicted of lesser crimes , due to police negligence in collecting evidence . The charge sheet had claimed that the suspects had planned to kill Nissim Alperon , brother of crime boss Yaakov Alperon in retaliation for an attack on Itzhak Abergil said to be carried out by the Alperons five months earlier . On November 2008 , Yaakov Alperon was killed in a car blast in Tel Aviv .
In 2005 , two girls were killed in Ramle by shots fired at a hall where Itzhak Abergil was celebrating . Police believe the slain girls were innocent victims of a mistake by the attacker in identifying his true target .
In August 2008 31 @-@ year @-@ old social worker Margarita Lautin ( Hebrew : מרגריטה לאוטין ) , from Yehud , was killed while dining on the Bat Yam boardwalk with her husband and two young children . The targets of the shooting , attempting to run away from the shooters , had created a clear line of fire on Lautin , who was shot in the chest . The two suspected assassins , Ronen Ben @-@ Adi and Shimon Sabah , members of the Abergil mob , fled the scene on a motorcycle , but were later apprehended by the police . They were convicted in May 2010 , Sabah was sentenced to prison for seven years , and Ben Adi to life in prison and required to pay Lautin 's daughters NIS 350 @,@ 000 in compensation .
The assailants were apparently targeting Rami Amira , who was sitting at a table nearby with Moti Hassin and Simantov Hatayeb , who are all identified with the Abergil group , in an effort to resolve an internal dispute . Amira sustained a slight injury in his cheek as a result of the attack . He was killed on 2 February 2011 in Rishon Letzion , presumably by the Abergil organization which , according to police sources , continued to operate while the two Abergil brothers were extradited and awaiting trial in the United States .
= = Arrests and extradition = =
In 2004 , Gabi Ben Harosh , partner of the Abergil brothers , was arrested in Los Angeles . After two years of house arrest , he signed a plea bargain for minor offenses , connected to bringing in foreign currency without a permit , and was sentenced to community service and judicial supervision for three years . In view of the Abergil brothers extradition to the US , he and his wife were arrested for violating immigration laws . It is believed that American authorities tried to apply pressure to Ben Harosh to incriminate the Abergil brothers but failed .
Hai Vaknin , called an “ Abergil henchman ” by the Israeli daily Haaretz , was arrested in the USA in 2006 . In January 2011 , he signed a plea bargain , confessing to money laundering and receiving a 57 @-@ month jail sentence , which he had already served , and was ordered to serve three years under supervised release . His description of loans and extortion practices was expected to help convict Itzhak and Meir Abergil .
In early August 2008 , Itzhak and Meir Abergil were arrested on suspicion of involvement in the murder of Margarita Lautin who had died after being mistakenly shot during a failed assassination attempt by members of the Abergil mob .
On August 26 , 2008 Itzhak and Meir Abergil along with Moshe Malul and Israel Ozifa were brought before a Jerusalem Magistrate ′ s Court judge for their alleged role in the killing of Israeli drug dealer Sami Atias in Encino in August 2003 , as a revenge for his allegedly having stolen money from them . They were remanded in custody together with Sason Barashi as a result of a request by law enforcement in the United States for their extradition . The indictment includes four different crimes that are attributed to Yitzhak Abergil : involvement together with Malul in the murder of Atias in California in 2003 , trade in Ecstasy , extortion and violence against businessmen , and money laundering and fraud . The inquiry into the case had lasted for six years , involving the FBI , tax authorities and law enforcement officials in more than ten countries in America , Europe , Asia and the Middle East .
In July 2009 , a Jerusalem District Court approved the state ’ s request to extradite the Abergils , Sasson Barashy , Moshe Malul and Israel Ozifa to the US . In December 2010 , the Supreme Court rejected an appeal by the three associates of the Abergil brothers .
On January 12 , 2011 Itzhak and Meir Abergil , together with Sasson Barashy , Moshe Malul and Israel Ozifa , were extradited to the US , arriving in Los Angeles on January 13 , aboard an American government airplane . They were being held in the Metropolitan Detention Center in downtown Los Angeles , facing a 77 @-@ page , 32 @-@ count federal indictment that alleges murder , massive embezzlement , money laundering , racketeering and running a large Los Angeles @-@ based Ecstasy ring . The trial was set for November 8 , 2011 in the Los Angeles Federal District Court . If convicted , they may face life imprisonment , but not the death penalty , as US authorities have promised their Israeli counterparts that even if found guilty of murder , the five suspects would not be given the death penalty . Under the terms of the extradition agreement , they would likely serve their sentence in an Israeli prison . Shortly after the extradition , a threatening letter was found under the car of the wife of the Prosecutor who was involved in the extradition .
Despite evidence , Itzhak Abergil called the allegations “ police provocation ” during an earlier custody hearing , further stating that he had never been to the United States . In an interview on Israeli Television , Meir Abergil dismissed claims that he and his brother were important criminals , saying : “ Who are we ? We 're peanuts compared to the mafias they have in America [ ... ] Who are we ? Nothing , cockroaches . ”
= = After the extradition = =
According to Israeli police sources , the Abergil crime organization has continued to operate in Israel after Itzhak Abergil and his brother Meir were arrested . The Israeli Police reportedly believe that Moti Hassin , a reputed senior member of the Abergil group , took the reins of the organization after the Abergil brothers were extradited to the US . In March 2012 , Hassin and three alleged accomplices were arrested on suspicion of being responsible for two gangland hits carried out in the Tel Aviv area , the killings of Avi David , who was shot dead at point @-@ blank range by a motorcyclist outside a Bat Yam steakhouse in October 2011 , and Itzik Geffen , who died in a hail of gunfire at a gas station in Holon two months later . In February 2013 , the police arrested three men suspected of taking part in the murder of Sharon Mizrachi , who was shot to death while sitting in his car in Bat Yam . According to the police , the main motive for the killings was the victim 's intention to join a rival crime gang , and were ordered by Hassin partly to establish his position as the new leader of the crime family .
In early May 2012 , five alleged members of the Abergil organization who were suspected of conspiring to commit a crime and possessing deadly weapons were arrested in Jerusalem , after police had found a weapons cache inside a storage room in an apartment building in Jerusalem where one of the suspects 's parents live . According to the suspects , they followed the advice of Itzhak Abergil to hide weapons in public buildings in order to deflect suspicion from the organization . At the suspects ’ homes police discovered signs of violence , including ceramic bulletproof vests with bullet holes in them . The police suspects that the organization was planning a major attack . According to the suspects , they were planning to take revenge on a Jerusalem resident , who owed the organization money .
= = Plea agreements = =
In August 2011 , Meir Abergil was freed and returned to Israel after having served about three years in prison first in Israel and then in the United States . Charged with blackmailing U.S. businessmen to whom the brothers had lent money , he allegedly had played a relatively minor role in the crimes and is thought to have been involved mainly in the extortion of Asi Vaknin , who was arrested in Mexico and brought to the United States in April 2011 , but refuses to testify against the Abergils . As a result , U.S. authorities reportedly were not able to build a case against Meir Abergil , leading to a plea agreement approved by a California court in which Abergil confessed to extortion of over a million dollars from another mob figure . In Israel , he faces criminal charges pending against him in the district court in Petah Tikva over allegations regarding his involvement in an Internet gambling business set up about 10 years ago which operated in many locations in Israel , including Internet cafes , convenience stores , soccer lottery outlets and nightclubs functioning as casinos . According to his lawyer , Abergil ′ s involvement in the alleged activities was marginal .
In May 2012 , Itzhak Abergil pleaded guilty in a Los Angeles federal court to being part of a racketeering enterprise that distributed Ecstasy and whose members killed Sami Atias for stealing a large drug shipment . On May 21 , 2012 he was sentenced to 10 years in prison , including the length of his detention in the US , leaving eight and a half years for him to serve . He was also ordered to serve three years under supervised release after his release from prison . His lawyers called it " a good deal , " according to them , Abergil was facing the risk of getting a life sentence . He is to serve his time in Israel .
Moshe Malul pleaded guilty to a charge of racketeering conspiracy , admitting to conspiracy to commit murder and conspiracy to import the drug Ecstasy to the U.S. In his plea agreement , he acknowledged that as part of the Abergil crime family , he hired members of the Vineland Boyz street gang based in North Hollywood , to kill Sami Atias in retaliation for stealing Ecstasy that belonged to the Abergil organization . He was sentenced to 15 years in prison on June 21 , 2012 with credit for time served . He was also ordered to serve three years under supervised release after his release from federal prison .
Israel Ozifa pleaded guilty to a charge of conspiracy to import Ecstasy pills from Belgium into the United States . He was sentenced to eight years in federal prison on July 18 , 2012 with credit for time served . He was also ordered to serve three years under supervised release after his release from federal prison . According to the prosecution , Ozifa was an " important , trusted and , most important , productive member " of the organization ,
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an extinct volcano , which is estimated to have risen about 350 million years ago during the lower Carboniferous period . The Castle Rock is the remains of a volcanic pipe , which cut through the surrounding sedimentary rock before cooling to form very hard dolerite , a type of basalt . Subsequent glacial erosion was resisted by the dolerite , which protected the softer rock to the east , leaving a crag and tail formation .
The summit of the Castle Rock is 130 metres ( 430 ft ) above sea level , with rocky cliffs to the south , west and north , rising to a height of 80 metres ( 260 ft ) above the surrounding landscape . This means that the only readily accessible route to the castle lies to the east , where the ridge slopes more gently . The defensive advantage of such a site is self @-@ evident , but the geology of the rock also presents difficulties , since basalt is extremely impermeable . Providing water to the Upper Ward of the castle was problematic , and despite the sinking of a 28 @-@ metre ( 92 ft ) deep well , the water supply often ran out during drought or siege , for example during the Lang Siege in 1573 .
= = = = Earliest habitation = = = =
Archaeological investigation has yet to establish when the Castle Rock was first used as a place of human habitation . There is no record of any Roman interest in the location during General Agricola 's invasion of northern Britain near the end of the 1st century AD . Ptolemy 's map of the 2nd century AD shows a settlement in the territory of the Votadini named " Alauna " , meaning " rock place " , making this possibly the earliest known name for the Castle Rock . This could , however , refer to another of the tribe 's hill forts in the area . The Orygynale Cronykil of Andrew of Wyntoun ( c . 1350 – c . 1423 ) , an early source for Scottish history , names " Ebrawce " ( Ebraucus ) , a legendary King of the Britons , as having " byggyd [ built ] Edynburgh " . According to the earlier chronicler , Geoffrey of Monmouth ( c . 1100 – c . 1155 ) , Ebraucus had fifty children by his twenty wives , and was the founder of " Kaerebrauc " ( York ) , " Alclud " ( Dumbarton ) and the " Maidens ' Castle " . The 16th @-@ century English writer John Stow ( c . 1525 – 1605 ) , credited Ebraucus with building " the Castell of Maidens called Edenbrough " in 989 BC . The name " Maidens ' Castle " ( Latin : Castra or Castellum Puellarum ) occurs frequently up until the 16th century . It appears in charters of David I ( r.1124 – 1153 ) and his successors , although the reason for it is not known . William Camden 's survey of Britain , Britannia ( 1607 ) , records that " the Britans called [ it ] Castle Myned Agned [ winged rock ] , the Scots , the Maidens Castle and the Virgins Castle , of certaine young maidens of the Picts roiall bloud who were kept there in old time " . According to the 17th @-@ century antiquarian Father Richard Hay , the " maidens " were a group of nuns , who were ejected from the castle and replaced by canons , considered " fitter to live among soldiers " . However , this story was considered " apocryphal " by the 19th @-@ century antiquarian Daniel Wilson and has been ignored by historians since . The name may have been derived from a " Cult of the Nine Maidens " type of legend . Arthurian legends suggest that the site once held a shrine to Morgain la Fee , one of nine sisters . Later , St Monenna , said to be one of nine companions , reputedly invested a church at Edinburgh , as well as at Dumbarton and other places . Similar names are shared by many other Iron Age hillforts and may have simply described a castle that had never been taken by force or derived from an earlier Brittonic name like mag dun .
An archaeological excavation in the early 1990s uncovered evidence of the site having been settled during the late Bronze Age or early Iron Age , potentially making the Castle Rock the longest continually occupied site in Scotland . However , the extent of the finds was not particularly significant and was insufficient to draw any certain conclusions about the precise nature or scale of this earliest known phase of occupation .
The archaeological evidence is more reliable in respect of the Iron Age . Traditionally , it had been supposed that the tribes of central Scotland had made little or no use of the Castle Rock . Excavations at nearby Dunsapie Hill , Duddingston , Inveresk and Traprain Law had revealed relatively large settlements and it was supposed that these sites had been chosen in preference to the Castle Rock . However , the excavation in the 1990s pointed to the probable existence of an enclosed hill fort on the rock , although only the fringes of the site were excavated . House fragments revealed were similar to Iron Age dwellings previously found in Northumbria .
The 1990s dig revealed clear signs of habitation from the 1st and 2nd centuries AD , consistent with Ptolemy 's reference to " Alauna " . Signs of occupation included some Roman material , including pottery , bronzes and brooches , implying a possible trading relationship between the Votadini and the Romans beginning with Agricola 's northern campaign in AD 82 , and continuing through to the establishment of the Antonine Wall around AD 140 . The nature of the settlement in this period is inconclusive , but Driscoll and Yeoman suggest it may have been a broch , similar to the one at Edin 's Hall near Duns in the Scottish Borders .
= = = Early Middle Ages = = =
The castle does not re @-@ appear in contemporary historical records from the time of Ptolemy until around AD 600 . Then , in the epic Welsh poem Y Gododdin there is a reference to Din Eidyn , " the stronghold of Eidyn " . This has been generally assumed to refer to the Castle Rock . The poem tells of the Gododdin King Mynyddog Mwynfawr , and his band of warriors , who , after a year of feasting in their fortress , set out to do battle with the Angles at " Catreath " ( possibly Catterick ) in Yorkshire . Despite performing glorious deeds of valour and bravery , the poem relates that the Gododdin were massacred .
The Irish annals record that in 638 , after the events related in Y Gododdin , " Etin " was besieged by the Angles under Oswald of Northumbria , and the Gododdin were defeated . The territory around Edinburgh then became part of the Kingdom of Northumbria , which was itself absorbed by England in the 10th century . Lothian became part of Scotland , during the reign of Indulf ( r.954 – 962 ) .
The archaeological evidence for the period in question is based entirely on the analysis of middens ( domestic refuse heaps ) , with no evidence of structures . Few conclusions can therefore be derived about the status of the settlement during this period , although the midden deposits show no clear break since Roman times .
= = = High Middle Ages = = =
The first documentary reference to a castle at Edinburgh is John of Fordun 's account of the death of King Malcolm III . Fordun describes his widow , the future Saint Margaret , as residing at the " Castle of Maidens " when she is brought news of his death in November 1093 . Fordun 's account goes on to relate how Margaret died of grief within days , and how Malcolm 's brother Donald Bane laid siege to the castle . However , Fordun 's chronicle was not written until the later 14th century , and the near @-@ contemporary account of the life of St Margaret by Bishop Turgot makes no mention of a castle . During the reigns of Malcolm III and his sons , Edinburgh Castle became one of the most significant royal centres in Scotland . Malcolm 's son King Edgar died here in 1107 .
Malcolm 's youngest son , King David I ( r.1124 – 1153 ) , developed Edinburgh as a seat of royal power principally through his administrative reforms ( termed by some modern scholars the Davidian Revolution ) . Between 1139 and 1150 , David held an assembly of nobles and churchmen , a precursor to the parliament of Scotland , at the castle . Any buildings or defences would probably have been of timber , although two stone buildings are documented as having existed in the 12th century . Of these , St. Margaret 's Chapel remains at the summit of the rock . The second was a church , dedicated to St. Mary , which stood on the site of the Scottish National War Memorial . Given that the southern part of the Upper Ward ( where Crown Square is now sited ) was not suited to being built upon until the construction of the vaults in the 15th century , it seems probable that any earlier buildings would have been located towards the northern part of the rock ; that is around the area where St. Margaret 's Chapel stands . This has led to a suggestion that the chapel is the last remnant of a square , stone keep , which would have formed the bulk of the 12th @-@ century fortification . The structure may have been similar to the keep of Carlisle Castle , which David I began after 1135 .
David 's successor King Malcolm IV ( r.1153 – 1165 ) reportedly stayed at Edinburgh more than at any other location . But in 1174 , King William " the Lion " ( r.1165 – 1214 ) was captured by the English at the Battle of Alnwick . He was forced to sign the Treaty of Falaise to secure his release , in return for surrendering Edinburgh Castle , along with the castles of Berwick , Roxburgh and Stirling , to the English King , Henry II . The castle was occupied by the English for twelve years , until 1186 , when it was returned to William as the dowry of his English bride , Ermengarde de Beaumont , who had been chosen for him by King Henry . By the end of the 12th century , Edinburgh Castle was established as the main repository of Scotland 's official state papers .
= = = Wars of Scottish Independence = = =
A century later , in 1286 , on the death of King Alexander III , the throne of Scotland became vacant . Edward I of England was appointed to adjudicate the competing claims for the Scottish crown , but used the opportunity to attempt to establish himself as the feudal overlord of Scotland . During the negotiations , Edward stayed briefly at Edinburgh Castle and may have received homage there from the Scottish nobles .
In March 1296 , Edward I launched an invasion of Scotland , unleashing the First War of Scottish Independence . Edinburgh Castle soon came under English control , surrendering after a three days long bombardment . Following the siege , Edward had many of the Scottish legal records and royal treasures moved from the castle to England . A large garrison numbering 325 men was installed in 1300 . Edward also brought to Scotland his master builders of the Welsh castles , including Thomas de Houghton and Master Walter of Hereford , both of whom travelled from Wales to Edinburgh . After the death of Edward I in 1307 , however , England 's control over Scotland weakened . On 14 March 1314 , a surprise night attack by Thomas Randolph , 1st Earl of Moray recaptured the castle . John Barbour 's narrative poem The Brus relates how a party of thirty hand @-@ picked men were guided by one William Francis , a member of the garrison who knew of a route along the north face of the Castle Rock and a place where the wall might be scaled . Making the difficult ascent , Randolph 's men scaled the wall , surprised the garrison and took control . Robert the Bruce immediately ordered the destruction of the castle 's defences to prevent its re @-@ occupation by the English . Four months later , his army secured victory at the Battle of Bannockburn .
After Bruce 's death in 1329 , Edward III of England determined to renew the attempted subjugation of Scotland and supported the claim of Edward Balliol , son of the former King John Balliol , over that of Bruce 's young son David II . Edward invaded in 1333 , marking the start of the Second War of Scottish Independence , and the English forces reoccupied and refortified Edinburgh Castle in 1335 , holding it until 1341 . This time , the Scottish assault was led by William Douglas , Lord of Liddesdale . Douglas 's party disguised themselves as merchants from Leith bringing supplies to the garrison . Driving a cart into the entrance , they halted it there to prevent the gates closing . A larger force hidden nearby rushed to join them and the castle was retaken . The English garrison , numbering 100 , were all killed .
= = = David 's Tower and the 15th century = = =
The 1357 Treaty of Berwick brought the Wars of Independence to a close . David II resumed his rule and set about rebuilding Edinburgh Castle which became his principal seat of government . David 's Tower was begun around 1367 , and was incomplete when David died at the castle in 1371 . It was completed by his successor , Robert II , in the 1370s . The tower stood on the site of the present Half Moon Battery and was connected by a section of curtain wall to the smaller Constable 's Tower , a round tower built between 1375 and 1379 where the Portcullis Gate now stands .
In the early 15th century , another English invasion , this time under Henry IV , reached Edinburgh Castle and began a siege , but eventually withdrew due to lack of supplies . From 1437 , Sir William Crichton was Keeper of Edinburgh Castle , and soon after became Chancellor of Scotland . In an attempt to gain the regency of Scotland , Crichton sought to break the power of the Douglases , the principal noble family in the kingdom . The sixteen @-@ year @-@ old William Douglas , 6th Earl of Douglas and his younger brother David were summoned to Edinburgh Castle in November 1440 . After the so @-@ called " Black Dinner " had taken place in David 's Tower , both boys were summarily executed on trumped @-@ up charges in the presence of the ten @-@ year @-@ old King James II ( r.1437 – 1460 ) . Douglas ' supporters subsequently besieged the castle , inflicting damage . Construction continued throughout this period , with the area now known as Crown Square being laid out over vaults in the 1430s . Royal apartments were built , forming the nucleus of the later palace block , and a Great Hall was in existence by 1458 . In 1464 , access to the castle was improved when the current approach road up the north @-@ east side of the rock was created to allow easier movement of the royal artillery train in and out of the area now known as the Upper Ward .
In 1479 , Alexander Stewart , Duke of Albany , was imprisoned in David 's Tower for plotting against his brother , King James III ( r.1460 – 1488 ) . He escaped by getting his guards drunk , then lowering himself from a window on a rope . Albany fled to France , then England , where he allied himself with King Edward IV . In 1482 , Albany marched into Scotland with Richard , Duke of Gloucester ( later King Richard III ) and an English army . James III was trapped in the castle from 22 July to 29 September 1482 until he successfully negotiated a settlement .
During the 15th century the castle was increasingly used as an arsenal and armaments factory . The first known purchase of a gun was in 1384 , and the " great bombard " Mons Meg was delivered to Edinburgh in 1457 . The first recorded mention of an armoury for the manufacture of guns occurs in 1474 , and by 1498 the master gunner Robert Borthwick was casting bronze guns at Edinburgh . By 1511 Edinburgh was the principal foundry in Scotland , supplanting Stirling Castle , with Scottish and European smiths working under Borthwick , who by 1512 was appointed " master melter of the king 's guns " . Their output included guns for the Scottish flagship , the " Great Michael " , and the " Seven Sisters " , a set of cannon captured by the English at Flodden in 1513 . Sir Thomas Howard , England 's Lord Admiral , admired their graceful shape and brilliant finish , declaring them the most beautiful [ cannon ] for their size and length that he had ever seen . From 1510 Dutch craftsmen were also producing hand culverins , an early firearm . After Flodden , Borthwick continued his work , producing an unknown number of guns , of which none survive . He was succeeded by French smiths , who began manufacturing hagbuts ( another type of firearm ) in the 1550s , and by 1541 the castle had a stock of 413 .
Meanwhile , the royal family began to stay more frequently at the Abbey of Holyrood , about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from the castle . Around the end of the fifteenth century , King James IV ( r.1488 – 1513 ) built Holyroodhouse , by the abbey , as his principal Edinburgh residence , and the castle 's role as a royal home subsequently declined . James IV did , however , construct the Great Hall , which was completed in the early 16th century .
= = = 16th century and the Lang Siege = = =
James IV was killed in battle at Flodden Field , on 9 September 1513 . Expecting the English to press their advantage , the Scots hastily constructed a town wall around Edinburgh and augmented the castle 's defences . Robert Borthwick and a Frenchman , Antoine d 'Arces , were involved in designing new artillery defences and fortifications in 1514 , though it appears from lack of evidence that little of the planned work was carried out . Three years later , King James V ( r.1513 – 1542 ) , still only five years old , was brought to the castle for safety . Upon his death 25 years later , the crown passed to his week @-@ old daughter , Mary , Queen of Scots . English invasions followed , as King Henry VIII attempted to force a dynastic marriage on Scotland , although Edinburgh Castle remained largely unaffected . Following these campaigns , refortifications included an earthen angle @-@ bastion , known as the Spur , of the type known as trace italienne , one of the earliest examples in Britain . It may have been designed by Migiliorino Ubaldini , an Italian engineer from the court of Henry II of France , and was said to have the arms of France carved on it . James V 's widow , Mary of Guise , acted as regent from 1554 until her death at the castle in 1560 .
The following year , the Catholic Mary , Queen of Scots , returned from France to begin her reign , which was marred by crises and quarrels amongst the powerful Protestant Scottish nobility . In 1565 , the Queen made an unpopular marriage with Henry Stuart , Lord Darnley , and the following year , in a small room of the Palace at Edinburgh Castle , she gave birth to their son James , who would later be King of both Scotland and England . Mary 's reign was , however , brought to an abrupt end . Three months after the murder of Darnley at Kirk o ' Field in 1567 , she married James Hepburn , 4th Earl of Bothwell , one of the chief murder suspects . A large proportion of the nobility rebelled , resulting ultimately in the imprisonment and forced abdication of Mary at Loch Leven Castle . She escaped and fled to England , but some of the nobility remained faithful to her cause . Edinburgh Castle was initially handed by its Captain , James Balfour , to the Regent Moray , who had forced Mary 's abdication and now held power in the name of the infant King James VI . Shortly after the Battle of Langside , in May 1568 , Moray appointed Sir William Kirkcaldy of Grange Keeper of the Castle .
Grange was a trusted lieutenant of the Regent , but after Moray 's murder in January 1570 his allegiance to the King 's cause began to waver . Intermittent civil war continued between the supporters of the two monarchs , and in April 1571 Dumbarton Castle fell to " the King 's men " . Under the influence of William Maitland of Lethington , Mary 's secretary , Grange changed sides , occupying the town and castle of Edinburgh for Queen Mary , and against the new regent , the Earl of Lennox . The stand @-@ off which followed was not resolved until two years later , and became known as the " Lang Siege " , from the Scots word for " long " . Hostilities began in May , with a month @-@ long siege of the town , and a second short siege in October . Blockades and skirmishing continued meanwhile , and Grange continued to refortify the castle . The King 's party appealed to Elizabeth I of England for assistance , as they lacked the artillery and money required to reduce the castle , and feared that Grange would receive aid from France and the Duke of Alba in the Spanish Netherlands . Elizabeth sent ambassadors to negotiate , and in July 1572 a truce was agreed and the blockade lifted . The town was effectively surrendered to the King 's party , with Grange confined to the castle .
The truce expired on 1 January 1573 , and Grange began bombarding the town . His supplies of powder and shot , however , were running low , and despite having 40 cannon available , there were only seven gunners in the garrison . The King 's forces , now with the Earl of Morton in charge as regent , were making headway with plans for a siege . Trenches were dug to surround the castle , and St Margaret 's Well was poisoned . By February , all Queen Mary 's other supporters had surrendered to the Regent , but Grange resolved to resist despite water shortages within the castle . The garrison continued to bombard the town , killing a number of citizens . They also made sorties to set fires , burning 100 houses in the town and then firing on anyone attempting to put out the flames .
In April , a force of around 1 @,@ 000 English troops , led by Sir William Drury , arrived in Edinburgh . They were followed by 27 cannon from Berwick @-@ upon @-@ Tweed , including one that had been cast within Edinburgh Castle and captured by the English at Flodden . The English troops built an artillery emplacement on Castle Hill , immediately facing the east walls of the castle , and five others to the north , west and south . By 17 May these batteries were ready , and the bombardment began . Over the next 12 days the gunners dispatched around 3 @,@ 000 shots at the castle . On 22 May , the south wall of David 's Tower collapsed , and the next day the Constable 's Tower also fell . The debris blocked the castle entrance , as well as the Fore Well , although this had already run dry . On 26 May , the English attacked and captured the Spur , the outer fortification of the castle , which had been isolated by the collapse . The following day Grange emerged from the castle by a ladder after calling for a ceasefire to allow negotiations for a surrender to take place . When it was made clear that he would
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not be allowed to go free even if he ended the siege , Grange resolved to continue the resistance , but the garrison threatened to mutiny . He therefore arranged for Drury and his men to enter the castle on 28 May , preferring to surrender to the English rather than the Regent Morton . Edinburgh Castle was handed over to George Douglas of Parkhead , the Regent 's brother , and the garrison were allowed to go free . In contrast , Kirkcaldy of Grange , his brother James and two jewellers , James Mossman and James Cokke , who had been minting coins in Mary 's name inside the castle , were hanged at the Cross in Edinburgh on 3 August .
= = = Nova Scotia and Civil War = = =
Much of the castle was subsequently rebuilt by Regent Morton , including the Spur , the new Half Moon Battery and the Portcullis Gate . Some of these works were supervised by William MacDowall , the master of work who fifteen years earlier had repaired David 's Tower . The Half Moon Battery , while impressive in size , is considered by historians to have been an ineffective and outdated artillery fortification . This may have been due to a shortage of resources , although the battery 's position obscuring the ancient David 's Tower and enhancing the prominence of the palace block , has been seen as a significant decision .
The battered palace block remained unused , particularly after James VI departed to become King of England in 1603 . James had repairs carried out in 1584 , and in 1615 – 1616 more extensive repairs were carried out in preparation for his return visit to Scotland . The mason William Wallace and master of works James Murray introduced an early Scottish example of the double @-@ pile block . The principal external features were the three , three @-@ storey oriel windows on the east façade , facing the town and emphasising that this was a palace rather than just a place of defence . During his visit in 1617 , James held court in the refurbished palace block , but still preferred to sleep at Holyrood .
In 1621 , King James granted Sir William Alexander the land in North America between New England and Newfoundland , as Nova Scotia ( " New Scotland " ) . To promote the settlement and plantation of the new territory , the Baronetage of Nova Scotia was created in 1624 . Under Scots Law , baronets had to " take sasine " by symbolically receiving the earth and stone of the land of which they were baronet . To make this possible , since Nova Scotia was so distant , the King declared that sasine could be taken either in the new province or alternatively " at the castle of Edinburgh as the most eminent and principal place of Scotland . "
James ' successor , King Charles I , visited Edinburgh Castle only once , hosting a feast in the Great Hall and staying the night before his Scottish coronation in 1633 . This was the last occasion that a reigning monarch resided in the castle . In 1639 , in response to Charles ' attempts to impose Episcopacy on the Scottish Church , civil war broke out between the King 's forces and the Presbyterian Covenanters . The Covenanters , led by Alexander Leslie , captured Edinburgh Castle after a short siege , although it was restored to Charles after the Peace of Berwick in June the same year . The peace was short @-@ lived , however , and the following year the Covenanters took the castle again , this time after a three @-@ month siege , during which the garrison ran out of supplies . The Spur was badly damaged , and was demolished in the 1640s . The Royalist commander James Graham , 1st Marquis of Montrose was imprisoned here after his capture in 1650 .
In May 1650 , the Covenanters signed the Treaty of Breda , allying themselves with the exiled Charles II against the English Parliamentarians , who had executed his father the previous year . In response to the Scots proclaiming Charles King , Oliver Cromwell launched an invasion of Scotland , defeating the Covenanter army at Dunbar in September . Edinburgh Castle was taken after a three @-@ month siege , which caused further damage . The Governor of the Castle , Colonel Walter Dundas , surrendered to Cromwell despite having enough supplies to hold out , allegedly from a desire to change sides .
= = = Garrison fortress : Jacobites and prisoners of war = = =
After his Restoration in 1660 , Charles II opted to maintain a full @-@ time standing army based on Cromwell 's New Model Army . From this time until 1923 , a garrison was continuously maintained at the castle . The medieval royal castle was transformed into a garrison fortress , but continued to see military and political action . The Marquis of Argyll was imprisoned here in 1661 , when King Charles II settled old scores with his enemies following his return to the throne . Twenty years later , Argyll 's son , the 9th Earl of Argyll , was also imprisoned in the castle for religious Nonconformism in the reign of King James VII . He escaped by disguising himself as his sister 's footman , but was recaptured and returned to the castle after his failed rebellion to oust James from the throne in 1685 .
James VII was deposed and exiled by the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , which installed William of Orange as King of England . Not long after , in early 1689 , the Estates of Scotland , after convening to accept William formally as their new king , demanded that Duke of Gordon , Governor of the Castle , surrender the fortress . Gordon , who had been appointed by James VII as a fellow Catholic , refused . In March 1689 , the castle was blockaded by 7 @,@ 000 troops against a garrison of 160 men , further weakened by religious disputes . On 18 March , Viscount Dundee , intent on raising a rebellion in the Highlands , climbed up the western side of the Castle Rock to urge Gordon to hold the castle against the new King . Gordon agreed , but during the ensuing siege he refused to fire upon the town , while the besiegers inflicted little damage on the castle . Despite Dundee 's initial successes in the north , Gordon eventually surrendered on 14 June , due to dwindling supplies and having lost 70 men during the three @-@ month siege . Under the terms of the Acts of Union , which joined England and Scotland in 1707 , Edinburgh was one of the four Scottish castles to be maintained and permanently garrisoned by the new British Army , the others being Stirling , Dumbarton and Blackness .
The castle was almost taken in the first Jacobite rising in support of James Stuart , the " Old Pretender " , in 1715 . On 8 September , just two days after the rising began , a party of around 100 Jacobite Highlanders , led by Lord Drummond , attempted to scale the walls with the assistance of members of the garrison . However , the rope ladder lowered by the castle sentries was too short , and the alarm was raised after a change of the watch . The Jacobites fled , while the deserters within the castle were hanged or flogged . In 1728 , General Wade reported that the castle 's defences were decayed and inadequate , and a major strengthening of the defences was carried out throughout the 1720s and 1730s . This was the period when most of the artillery defences and bastions on the north and west sides of the castle were built . These were designed by military engineer Captain John Romer , and built by the architect William Adam . They include the Argyle Battery , Mills Mount Battery , the Low Defences and the Western Defences .
The last military action at the castle took place during the second Jacobite rising of 1745 . The Jacobite army , under Charles Edward Stuart ( " Bonnie Prince Charlie " ) , captured Edinburgh without a fight in September 1745 , but the castle remained in the hands of its ageing Deputy Governor , General George Preston , who refused to surrender . After their victory over the government army at Prestonpans on 21 September , the Jacobites attempted to blockade the castle . Preston 's response was to bombard Jacobite positions within the town . After several buildings had been demolished and four people killed , Charles called off the blockade . The Jacobites themselves had no heavy guns with which to respond , and by November they had marched into England , leaving Edinburgh to the castle garrison .
Over the next century , the castle vaults were used to hold prisoners of war during several conflicts , including the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 – 1763 ) , the American War of Independence ( 1775 – 1783 ) and the Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 – 1815 ) . During this time , several new buildings were erected within the castle , including powder magazines , stores , the Governor 's House ( 1742 ) , and the New Barracks ( 1796 – 1799 ) .
= = = 19th century to the present = = =
A mass prison break in 1811 , in which 49 prisoners of war escaped via a hole in the south wall , persuaded the authorities that the castle vaults were no longer suitable as a prison . This use ceased in 1814 and the castle began gradually to assume a different role as a national monument . In 1818 , Sir Walter Scott was given permission to search the castle for the Crown of Scotland , believed lost after the union of Scotland and England in 1707 . Breaking into a sealed room , now known as the Crown Room , and unlocking a chest within , he rediscovered the Honours of Scotland , which were then put on public display with an entry charge of one shilling . In 1822 , King George IV made a visit to Edinburgh , becoming the first reigning monarch to visit the castle since Charles II in 1651 . In 1829 , the cannon Mons Meg was returned from the Tower of London , where it had been taken as part of the process of disarming Scotland after " the ' 45 " , and the palace began to be opened up to visitors during the 1830s . St Margaret 's Chapel was " rediscovered " in 1845 , having been used as a store for many years . Works in the 1880s , funded by the Edinburgh publisher William Nelson and carried out by Hippolyte Blanc , saw the Argyle Tower built over the Portcullis Gate and the Great Hall restored after years of use as a barracks . A new Gatehouse was built in 1888 . During the 19th century , several schemes were put forward for rebuilding the whole castle as a Scottish Baronial style château . Work began in 1858 , but was soon abandoned , and only the hospital building was eventually remodelled in 1897 . Following the death of Prince Albert in 1861 , the architect David Bryce put forward a proposal for a 50 @-@ metre ( 160 ft ) keep as a memorial , but Queen Victoria objected and the scheme was not pursued .
In 1905 , responsibility for the castle was transferred from the War Office to the Office of Works , although the garrison remained until 1923 , when the troops moved to Redford Barracks in south @-@ west Edinburgh . The castle was again used as a prison during the First World War , when " Red Clydesider " David Kirkwood was confined in the military prison block , and during the Second World War , when downed German Luftwaffe pilots were captured . The position of Governor of Edinburgh Castle , vacant since 1876 , was revived in 1935 as an honorary title for the General Officer Commanding in Scotland , the first holder being Lieutenant @-@ General Sir Archibald Cameron of Lochiel . The castle passed into the care of Historic Scotland when it was established in 1991 , and was designated a Scheduled Ancient Monument in 1993 . The buildings and structures of the castle are further protected by 24 separate listings , including 13 at category A , the highest level of protection for a historic building in Scotland . The Old and New Towns of Edinburgh , a World Heritage Site inscribed by UNESCO in 1995 , is described as " dominated by a medieval fortress " .
= = Description = =
Edinburgh Castle is located at the top of the Royal Mile , at the west end of Edinburgh 's Old Town . The volcanic Castle Rock offers a naturally defended position , with sheer cliffs to north and south , and a steep ascent from the west . The only easy approach is from the town to the east , and the castle 's defences are situated accordingly , with a series of gates protecting the route to the summit of the Castle Rock .
= = = Outer defences = = =
In front of the castle is a long sloping forecourt known as the Esplanade . Originally the Spur , a 16th @-@ century hornwork , was located here . The present Esplanade was laid out as a parade ground in 1753 , and extended in 1845 . It is upon this Esplanade that the Edinburgh Military Tattoo takes place annually . From the Esplanade the Half Moon Battery is prominent , with the Royal Palace to its left .
The Gatehouse at the head of the Esplanade was built as an architecturally cosmetic addition to the castle in 1888 . Statues of Robert the Bruce by Thomas Clapperton and William Wallace by Alexander Carrick were added in 1929 , and the Latin motto Nemo me impune lacessit is inscribed above the gate . The dry ditch in front of the entrance was completed in its present form in 1742 . Within the Gatehouse are offices , and to the north is the most recent addition to the castle ; the ticket office , completed in 2008 to a design by Gareth Hoskins Architects . The road , built by James III in 1464 for the transport of cannon , leads upward and around to the north of the Half Moon Battery and the Forewall Battery , to the Portcullis Gate . In 1990 , an alternative access was opened by digging a tunnel from the north of the esplanade to the north @-@ west part of the castle , separating visitor traffic from service traffic .
= = = Portcullis Gate and Argyle Tower = = =
The Portcullis Gate was begun by the Regent Morton after the Lang Siege of 1571 – 73 to replace the round Constable 's Tower , which was destroyed in the siege . In 1584 the upper parts of the Gatehouse were completed by William Schaw , and these were further modified in 1750 . In 1886 – 1887 this plain building was replaced with a Scots Baronial tower , designed by the architect Hippolyte Blanc , although the original Portcullis Gate remains below . The new structure was named the Argyle Tower , from the fact that the 9th Earl of Argyll had been held here prior to his execution in 1685 . Described as " restoration in an extreme form " , the rebuilding of the Argyle Tower was the first in a series of works funded by the publisher William Nelson .
Just inside the gate is the Argyle Battery overlooking Princes Street , with Mills Mount Battery , the location of the One O 'Clock Gun , to the west . Below these is the Low Defence , while at the base of the rock is the ruined Wellhouse Tower , built in 1362 to guard St. Margaret 's Well . This natural spring provided an important secondary source of water for the castle , the water being lifted up by a crane mounted on a platform known as the Crane Bastion .
= = = Military buildings = = =
The areas to the north and west of the Argyle Tower are largely occupied by military buildings erected after the castle became a major garrison in the early 18th century . Adjacent to Mills Mount are the 18th @-@ century cart sheds , now tea rooms . The Governor 's House to the south was built in 1742 as accommodation for the Governor , Storekeeper , and Master Gunner , and was used until the post of Governor became vacant in the later 19th century ; it was then used by nurses of the castle hospital . Today , it functions as an officers ' mess , and as the office of the Governor since the restoration of the post in 1936 .
South of the Governor 's House are the New Barracks , completed in 1799 to house 600 soldiers , and replacing the outdated accommodation in the Great Hall . They now house the Regimental Headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Scotland and the Regimental Headquarters and Museum of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards ( Carabiniers and Greys ) . The latter was opened in 1995 by the regiment 's Colonel , Queen Elizabeth II . Also nearby , in the former Royal Scots drill hall , constructed in 1900 , is the regimental museum of the Royal Scots ( The Royal Regiment ) . The military prison was built in 1842 as a detention block for the castle garrison and was extended in the 1880s . It was last used in 1923 , when the garrison moved to the city 's Redford Barracks .
= = = = National War Museum of Scotland = = = =
West of the Governor 's House , a store for munitions was built in 1747 – 48 and later extended to form a courtyard , in which the main gunpowder magazine also stood . In 1897 the area was remodelled as a military hospital , formerly housed in the Great Hall . The building to the south of this courtyard is now the National War Museum of Scotland , which forms part of the National Museums of Scotland . It was formerly known as the Scottish United Services Museum , and , prior to this , the Scottish Naval and Military Museum , when it was located in the Queen Anne Building . It covers Scotland 's military history over the past 400 years , and includes a wide range of military artefacts , such as uniforms , medals and weapons . The exhibits also illustrate the history and causes behind the many wars in which Scottish soldiers have been involved . Beside the museum is Butts Battery , named after the archery butts ( targets ) formerly placed here . Below it are the Western Defences , where a postern , named the West Sally Port , gives access to the western slope of the rock .
= = = Upper Ward = = =
The Upper Ward or Citadel occupies the highest part of the Castle Rock , and is entered via the late 17th @-@ century Foog 's Gate . The origin of this name is unknown , although it was formerly known as the Foggy Gate , which may relate to the dense sea @-@ fogs , known as haars , which commonly affect Edinburgh . Adjacent to the gates are the large cisterns built to reduce the castle 's dependency on well water and a former fire station , now used as a shop . The summit of the rock is occupied by St Margaret 's Chapel and 15th @-@ century siege gun Mons Meg . On a ledge below this area is a small 19th @-@ century Dogs ' Cemetery for the burial of the soldiers ' regimental mascots . Beside this , the Lang Stair leads down to the Argyle Battery , past a section of a medieval bastion , and gives access to the upper storey of the Argyle Tower . The eastern end of the Upper Ward is occupied by the Forewall and Half Moon Batteries , with Crown Square to the south .
= = = = St. Margaret 's Chapel = = = =
The oldest building in the castle , and in Edinburgh , is the small St. Margaret 's Chapel . One of the few 12th @-@ century structures surviving in any Scottish castle , it dates from the reign of King David I ( r.1124 – 1153 ) , who built it as a private chapel for the royal family and dedicated it to his mother , Saint Margaret of Scotland , who died in the castle in 1093 . It survived the slighting of 1314 , when the castle 's defences were destroyed on the orders of Robert the Bruce , and was used as a gunpowder store from the 16th century , when the present roof was built . In 1845 , it was " discovered " by the antiquary Daniel Wilson , while in use as part of the larger garrison chapel , and was restored in 1851 – 1852 . The chapel is still used for religious ceremonies , such as weddings .
= = = = Mons Meg = = = =
The 15th @-@ century siege gun or bombard known as Mons Meg is displayed on a terrace in front of St. Margaret 's Chapel . She was constructed in Flanders on the orders of Philip III , Duke of Burgundy in 1449 , and given as a gift to King James II , the husband of his niece , in 1457 . The 13 @,@ 000 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 9 t ) gun rests on a reconstructed carriage , the details of which were copied from an old stone relief that can be seen inside the tunnel of the Gatehouse at the castle entrance . Some of Meg 's large gun stones , weighing around 330 pounds ( 150 kg ) each , are displayed alongside her . On 3 July 1558 , she was fired in salute to celebrate the marriage of Mary , Queen of Scots to the French dauphin , François II . The royal Treasurer 's Accounts of the time record a payment to soldiers for retrieving one of her stones from Wardie Muir near the River Forth , fully 2 miles ( 3 km ) from the castle . The gun has been defunct since her barrel burst while firing a salute to greet the Duke of Albany , the future King James VII and II , on his arrival in Edinburgh on 30 October 1681 .
= = = = Half Moon Battery and David 's Tower = = = =
The Half Moon Battery , which remains a prominent feature on the east side of the castle , was built as part of the reconstruction works supervised by the Regent Morton , and was erected between 1573 and 1588 . The Forewall to the north was built between 1689 and 1695 to link the Half Moon to the Portcullis Tower , although part of the original wall of 1540 was incorporated into it . The Half Moon Battery was built around and over the ruins of David 's Tower , two storeys of which survive beneath , with windows facing out onto the interior wall of the battery . David 's Tower was built on an L @-@ plan , the main block being 51 by 38 feet ( 16 by 12 m ) , with a wing measuring 21 by 18 feet ( 6 @.@ 4 by 5 @.@ 5 m ) to the west . The entrance was via a pointed @-@ arched doorway in the inner angle , although in the 16th century this was filled in to make the tower a solid rectangle . Prior to the Lang Siege , the tower was recorded as being 59 feet ( 18 m ) high , and the remaining portions stand up to 49 feet ( 15 m ) from the rock .
The tower was rediscovered during routine maintenance work in 1912 , and excavations below the Half Moon Battery revealed the extent of the surviving buildings . Several rooms are accessible to the public , although the lower parts are generally closed . Outside the tower , but within the battery , is a three @-@ storey room , where large portions of the exterior wall of the tower are still visible , showing shattered masonry caused by the bombardment of 1573 . Beside the tower , a section of the former curtain wall was discovered , with a gun loop which overlooked the High Street : a recess was made in the outer battery wall to reveal this gun loop . Also in 1912 – 1913 , the adjacent Fore Well was cleared and surveyed , and was found to be 110 feet ( 34 m ) deep , and mostly hewn through the rock below the castle .
= = = Crown Square = = =
Crown Square , also known as Palace Yard , was laid out in the 15th century , during the reign of King James III , as the principal courtyard of the castle . The foundations were formed by the construction of a series of large stone vaults built onto the uneven Castle Rock in the 1430s . These vaults were used as a state prison until the 19th century , although more important prisoners were held in the main parts of the castle . The square is formed by the Royal Palace to the east , the Great Hall to the south , the Queen Anne Building to the west , and the National War Memorial to the north .
= = = = Royal Palace = = = =
The Royal Palace comprises the former royal apartments , which were the residence of the later Stewart monarchs . It was begun in the mid 15th century , during the reign of James IV , and it originally communicated with David 's Tower . The building was extensively remodelled for the visit of James VI to the castle in 1617 , when state apartments for the King and Queen were built . On the ground floor is the Laich ( low ) Hall , now called the King 's Dining Room , and a small room , known as the Birth Chamber or Mary Room , where James VI was born to Mary , Queen of Scots , in June 1566 . The commemorative painted ceiling and other decoration were added in 1617 . On the first floor is the vaulted Crown Room , built in 1615 to house the Honours of Scotland : the crown , the sceptre and the sword of state . The Stone of Scone , upon which the monarchs of Scotland were traditionally crowned , has been kept in the Crown Room since its return to Scotland in 1996 . To the south of the palace is the Register House , built in the 1540s to accommodate state archives .
= = = = Great Hall = = = =
The Great Hall measures 29 by 12 @.@ 5 metres ( 95 by 41 ft ) , and was the chief place of state assembly in the castle , although there is no evidence that the Parliament of Scotland ever met here , as is sometimes reported . Historians have disagreed over its dating , although it is usually ascribed to the reign of King James IV , and is thought to have been completed in the early years of the 16th century . The decorative carved stone corbels supporting the roof have Renaissance detailing , which has been compared to works at Blois , France , of around 1515 , indicating that the arts in Scotland were relatively advanced at this time . It is one of only two medieval halls in Scotland with an original hammerbeam roof .
Following Oliver Cromwell 's seizure of the castle in 1650 , the Great Hall was converted into a barracks for his troops ; and in 1737 it was subdivided into three storeys to house 312 soldiers . Following the construction of the New Barracks in the 1790s , it became a military hospital until 1897 . It was then restored by Hippolyte Blanc in line with contemporary ideas of medieval architecture . The Great Hall is still occasionally used for ceremonial occasions , and has been used as a venue on Hogmanay for BBC Scotland 's Hogmanay Live programme . To the south of the hall is a section of curtain wall from the 14th century with a parapet of later date .
= = = = Queen Anne Building = = = =
In the 16th century , this area housed the kitchens serving the adjacent Great Hall , and was later the site of the Royal Gunhouse . The present building was named after Queen Anne and was built during the attempted Jacobite invasion by the Old Pretender in 1708 . It was designed by Captain Theodore Dury , military engineer for Scotland , who also designed Dury 's Battery , named in his honour , on the south side of the castle in 1713 . The Queen Anne Building provided accommodation for Staff Officers , but after the departure of the Army it was remodelled in the 1920s as the Naval and Military Museum , to complement the newly opened Scottish National War Memorial . The museum later moved to the former hospital in the western part of the castle , and the building now houses a function suite and an education centre .
= = = = Scottish National War Memorial = = = =
The Scottish National War Memorial occupies a converted barrack block on the north side of Crown Square . It stands on the site of the medieval St. Mary 's Church which was rebuilt in 1366 , and was converted into an armoury in 1540 . It was demolished in 1755 , and the masonry reused to build a new North Barrack Block on the site . Proposals for a Scottish National War Memorial were put forward in 1917 , during the First World War , and the architect Sir Robert Lorimer was appointed in 1919 . Construction began in 1923 , and the memorial was formally opened on 14 July 1927 by the Prince of Wales . The exterior is decorated with gargoyles and sculpture , while the interior contains monuments to individual regiments . The stained @-@ glass windows are by Douglas Strachan .
The memorial commemorates Scottish soldiers , and those serving with Scottish regiments , who died in the two world wars and in more recent conflicts . Upon the altar within the Shrine , placed upon the highest point of the Castle Rock , is a sealed casket containing Rolls of Honour which list over 147 @,@ 000 names of those soldiers killed in the First World War . After the Second World War , another 50 @,@ 000 names were inscribed on Rolls of Honour held within the Hall , and further names continue to be added there . The memorial is maintained by a charitable trust .
= = Present use = =
Edinburgh Castle is in the ownership of the Scottish Ministers as heads of the devolved Scottish Government . The castle is run and administered , for the most part , by Historic Scotland , an executive agency of the Scottish Government , although the Army remains responsible for some areas , including the New Barracks block and the military museums . Both Historic Scotland and the Army share use of the Guardroom immediately inside the castle entrance .
= = = Tourist attraction = = =
Historic Scotland undertakes the dual tasks of operating the castle as a commercially viable tourist attraction , while simultaneously bearing responsibility for conservation of the site . Edinburgh Castle remains the most popular paid visitor attraction in Scotland , with over 1 @.@ 4 million visitors in 2013 . Historic Scotland maintains a number of facilities within the castle , including two cafés / restaurants , several shops , and numerous historical displays . An educational centre in the Queen Anne Building runs events for schools and educational groups , and employs re @-@ enactors in costume and with period weaponry .
= = = Military role = = =
Direct administration of the castle by the War Office came to an end in 1905 , and in 1923 the Army formally moved to the city 's new Redford Barracks . Nevertheless , the castle continues to have a strong connection with the Army , and is one of the few ancient castles in Britain that still has a military garrison , albeit for largely ceremonial and administrative purposes . Public duties performed by the garrison include guarding the Honours of Scotland , and armed sentries stand watch at the Gatehouse outside opening hours . The post of Governor of Edinburgh Castle is now a ceremonial post , held by the General Officer Commanding Scotland . The New Barracks contain both the Governor 's House , which serves as the Officers ' Mess , and the Regimental Headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Scotland . The Army retains responsibility for these and for the Royal Scots Museum and Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Museum .
= = = Military tattoo = = =
A series of performances known as the Edinburgh Military Tattoo ( since 2010 the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo ) takes place on the Esplanade each year during August . The basis of each performance is a parade of the massed pipes and drums of the Scottish regiments , and since its inception in 1950 the tattoo has developed a complex format which includes a variety of performers invited from around the world , although still with a largely military focus . The climax of the evening is the lone piper on the castle battlements , playing a pibroch in memory of dead comrades @-@ in @-@ arms , followed by massed bands joining in a medley of traditional Scottish tunes . The tattoo attracts an annual audience of around 217 @,@ 000 people , and is broadcast in some 30 countries to a television audience estimated at 100 million .
= = = One O 'Clock Gun = = =
The One O 'Clock Gun is a time signal , fired every day at precisely 13 : 00 , excepting Sunday , Good Friday and Christmas Day . The ' Time Gun ' was established in 1861 as a time signal for ships in the harbour of Leith and the Firth of Forth , 2 miles ( 3 km ) away . It complemented the ' Time Ball ' , which was installed on the Nelson Monument in 1852 , but was useless as a visual signal in foggy weather . Because sound travels relatively slowly ( approximately 343 metres per second ( 770 mph ) ) , a map was produced in 1861 to show the actual time when the sound of the gun would be heard at various locations across Edinburgh .
The original gun was an 18 @-@ pound muzzle @-@ loading cannon , which needed four men to load , and was fired from the Half Moon Battery . This was replaced in 1913 by a 32 @-@ pound breech @-@ loader , and in May 1952 by a 25 @-@ pound Howitzer . The present One O 'Clock Gun is an L118 Light Gun , brought into service on 30 November 2001 . On Sunday 2 April 1916 , the One O 'Clock Gun was fired in vain at a German Zeppelin during an air raid , the gun 's only known use in war .
The gun is now fired from Mill 's Mount Battery , on the north face of the castle , by the District Gunner from the 105th Regiment Royal Artillery ( Volunteers ) . Although the gun is no longer required for its original purpose , the ceremony has become a popular tourist attraction . The longest @-@ serving District Gunner , Staff Sergeant Thomas McKay MBE , nicknamed " Tam the Gun " , fired the One O 'Clock Gun from 1979 until his retirement in January 2005 . McKay helped establish the One O 'Clock Gun Association , which opened a small exhibition at Mill '
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pathi believed that this would " work as the audience that visits theaters is the same that reads my books . " The book was released on 12 August 2011 , at Landmark Bookstores in Mumbai . Actor Vivek Oberoi was present with Tripathi at the launch . The UK publication rights of the Shiva trilogy , including The Secret of the Nagas was purchased by Jo Fletcher Books , with the deal being made by Claire Roberts at Trident Media Group , acting on behalf of the author and the author 's Indian agent , Anuj Bahri of Red Ink Literary Agency .
In 2013 , a music album called Vayuputras , an original soundtrack based on the Shiva Trilogy books , was released . The album is an extension of The Immortals of Meluha and The Secret of the Nagas with special tracks inspired by important junctures like Shiva 's dance and the war speech in the books . Artists like Sonu Nigam , Taufiq Qureshi , Palash Sen , Bickram Ghosh worked on the album . This was the first time ever that an original soundtrack was made for a book series .
= = Critical reception = =
Aadisht Khanna from Mint praised Tripathi 's portrayal of Shiva in the book , complimenting the fact that he was able to successfully deliver the humane side of his characters , and their emotions and motivations . He also pointed out that Tripathi 's experimentation with Indian Scriptures , has been successful in transforming an otherwise mundane genre , " long overdue in popular literature , especially by an Indian author " . However , he was disappointed in the weak dialogue and the grammatical errors scattered throughout the book , especially the inclusion of " glaringly out @-@ of @-@ place world " words , thus having too many anachronism in the book . Rito Paul from Daily News and Analysis shared Khanna 's opinion , while saying that the book " is impressive in its conception . But it is executed poorly . " We 're thrust into the narrative , mid @-@ action , exactly from where the first book ended . And the breathless pace of the action hardly ever lets up ... There are more twists and turns than in a Gordian knot , and at least two revelations of the ' Luke @-@ I @-@ am @-@ your @-@ father ' variety ... And it really rankles , because there is so much scope for flair , adventure and wonder in the world Tripathi has imagined ... The Secrets is not a bad book . The plot holds your attention and the story races along , but the writing veers between the pedestrian and the ridiculous . Tripathi is an excellent story @-@ teller . But he is a poor writer . "
Dipayan Pal of Mumbai Boss was disappointed in the book and theorized a number of reasons for it . He felt that the solid plot and the unambiguous storytelling of The Immortals of Meluha was missing in The Secret of the Nagas , whose ending failed to live up the curiosity . Pal particularly criticized Tripathi 's language , saying " It seems that while writing The Secret of the Nagas , much of Amish ’ s attention was upon language . There are obvious and woefully inept attempts at literary flair that make the novel a tiresome read . The book suffers from a rash of exclamation marks and unnecessary italics . Sentences have been sliced to create weak , dangling fragments ( ' Parashuram charged . Followed by his vicious horde ' ) . Instead of simply talking , people bellow , scream , whisper and fall silent . They are flabbergasted , they pirouette in the middle of a fight , and use words like ' exponentially ' , ' gargantuan ' and ' plethora ' in their speech . The net result is text that is labored , trite and awkward . " Kishwar Desai from Asian Age felt that in The Secret of the Nagas , the characterization of Shiva lost some of the fervor in it from the first book , and is cast more as a Bollywood hero , comparable to the likes of actor Salman Khan . Desai also noticed that there were too many characters in the book , most of them remaining unexplored . Likening the book with a computer game , the reviewer concluded that " one of the remarkable qualities of [ the book ] is that it is a very visual tale and less like a literary exercise . " Some critics like Sandipan Deb of Outlook though favored the visual style more and felt that Tripathi stayed true to the fantasy genre .
" Well @-@ detailed world with its own geography , history and mythology , and he adds a quirky charm to his tale with dashes of modern science . And the second part is arguably the toughest to write , since it ’ s at the centre of the arc of the plot , where the trajectory could very easily flatten out.The writer has to keep the momentum of the first part going , while setting up all the pieces for the finale , scattering around a few clues to tantalise the reader enough to stay with the storyteller for the full journey.But Amish does not disappoint . Mysterious hints dropped in Immortals get explained , the scale widens by several orders of magnitude , and the nature of Shiva ’ s quest becomes more complex , even as its ultimate goal becomes much more fundamental . "
= = Commercial performance = =
The Secret of the Nagas was in high demand before its release . Of the 100 @,@ 000 copies printed for it , 80 @,@ 000 copies had already been pre @-@ ordered , according to Nielsen BookScan . After release it quickly became a best @-@ selling fiction , topping the list published by Hindustan Times . It went on to sell 95 @,@ 000 copies , with a second print run of 50 @,@ 000 more being ordered . Khanna attributed this success to the increasing interest in the series . He explained that Tripathi 's portrayal of mythology in a different way had been long been popular with comics writers , but few Indian writers have used it yet — and none with the sort of success that Tripathi has achieved . Khanna drew a contrast between the retail price of The Secret of the Nagas and that of contemporary author Chetan Bhagat 's novel Revolution 2020 , explaining that while Tripathi 's book was selling at the original price , Bhagat 's novel was sold at a reduced price to attain sales . This view was shared by Deepanjana Paul of The First Post , who believed that " if readers like the writing , they aren 't averse to paying more . " The book sold over 175 @,@ 000 copies , making it one of the best @-@ selling fiction novels of 2010 and also of 2011 . The Immortals of Meluha and The Secret of the Nagas , have crossed a print run of a million copies . These books have continued to top the bestseller lists of Nielsen BookScan , with the gross retail sales of ₹ 220 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 3 million ) within two years of publishing . As of June 2015 over 2 @.@ 5 million copies of the Shiva Trilogy have been sold with gross retail sales of over ₹ 60 crore ( US $ 8 @.@ 9 million ) .
= = Adaptations = =
The books have been translated into a number of local languages like English ( South Asia ) , Hindi , Tamil , Marathi , Gujarati , Assamese , English ( UK ) , Telugu and Malayalam , with the author believing that publishing as a whole is gradually being embedded in the Indian business sensibilities . Further explaining his thoughts , Tripathi said " I genuinely believe those five years from today , we will have a situation when other languages will account for higher sales of books than in English . That is the big change happening in publishing — it is taking pride in its own culture than knowing other cultures like in television , where regional language channels have more TRPs . " Other than the local versions , the books have also been released in the Amazon Kindle version , available in India and UK .
= William H. Seward =
William Henry Seward ( May 16 , 1801 – October 10 , 1872 ) was United States Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869 , and earlier served as Governor of New York and United States Senator . A determined opponent of the spread of slavery in the years leading up to the American Civil War , he was a dominant figure in the Republican Party in its formative years . Although regarded as the leading contender for the party 's presidential nomination in 1860 , he was defeated by Abraham Lincoln .
Seward was born in southeastern New York , where his father , a farmer , owned slaves . He became educated as a lawyer , moving to the Central New York town of Auburn . Seward was elected to the New York State Senate in 1830 as an Anti @-@ Mason . Four years later , he became the Whig Party 's gubernatorial nominee . Though he was not successful in that race , Seward was elected governor in 1838 , winning a second two @-@ year term in 1840 . During this period , he signed several laws advancing the rights and opportunities for black residents , as well as guaranteeing fugitive slaves jury trials in the state , protecting abolitionists , and using his position to intervene in cases of free blacks enslaved in the South .
After several years practicing law in Auburn , he was elected by the state legislature to the U.S. Senate in 1849 . Seward 's strong stances and provocative words against slavery brought him hatred in the South . He was re @-@ elected to the Senate in 1855 , and soon joined the nascent Republican Party , becoming one of its leading figures . As the 1860 presidential election cycle approached , he was regarded as the leading candidate for the Republican nomination . Several factors , including attitudes to his vocal opposition to slavery , his support for immigrants and Catholics , and his association with editor and political boss Thurlow Weed , combined to defeat him . Although devastated by his loss , he campaigned for Lincoln , who was elected , and who appointed him Secretary of State .
Seward did his best to stop the southern states from seceding ; once that failed , he devoted himself wholeheartedly to the Union cause . His firm stance against foreign intervention in the Civil War helped deter Britain and France from entering the conflict and possibly gaining the independence of the Confederate States . He was one of the targets of the 1865 assassination plot that killed Lincoln , and was seriously wounded by conspirator Lewis Powell . Seward remained loyally at his post through the presidency of Andrew Johnson , during which he achieved the Alaska purchase . His contemporary Carl Schurz described Seward as " one of those spirits who sometimes will go ahead of public opinion instead of tamely following its footprints . " .
= = Early life = =
Seward was born in the small community of Florida , New York , in Orange County , on May 16 , 1801 , the third son of Samuel Sweezy Seward and his wife Mary ( Jennings ) Seward . Samuel Seward was a wealthy landowner and slaveholder in New York State ; slavery was not fully abolished until 1827 . Florida , located some 60 miles ( 97 km ) from New York City and west of the Hudson River , was a small rural village of perhaps a dozen homes . Young Seward attended school there , and also in the nearby county seat of Goshen . He was a bright student and enjoyed his studies . In later years , one of the former family slaves would relate that instead of running away from school to go home , Seward would run away from home to go to school .
At the age of 15 , Henry ( he was known by his middle name as a boy ) was sent to Union College in Schenectady , New York . Admitted to the sophomore class , Seward became a star student , elected to Phi Beta Kappa . Samuel Seward kept his son short on cash , and in December 1818 , in the middle of Henry 's final year at Union , the two quarreled about money . The younger Seward returned to Schenectady , but soon left school in company with a fellow student , Alvah Wilson . The two took ship from New York to Georgia , where Wilson had been offered a job in rural Putnam County as rector , or principal , of a new academy . En route , Wilson took a job at another school , leaving Seward to continue on to Eatonton in Putnam County . The trustees interviewed the 17 @-@ year @-@ old Seward , and found his qualifications acceptable .
Seward enjoyed his time in Georgia , where he was accepted as an adult for the first time in his life . He was treated hospitably , but also witnessed the ill @-@ treatment of slaves . Seward was persuaded to return to New York by his family , and did so in June 1819 . As it was too late for him to graduate with his class , he studied law at an attorney 's office in Goshen before returning to Union College , securing his degree with highest honors in June 1820 .
= = Lawyer and state senator = =
= = = Early career and involvement in politics = = =
After graduation , Seward spent much of the following two years studying law in Goshen and New York City with attorneys John Duer , John Anthon and Ogden Hoffman . He passed the bar examination in late 1822 . He could have practiced in Goshen , but disliked the town , and sought a practice in growing Western New York . Seward decided upon Auburn in Cayuga County , about 150 miles ( 240 km ) west of Albany , and 200 miles ( 320 km ) northwest of Goshen . He joined the practice of retired judge Elijah Miller , whose daughter Frances Adeline Miller was a classmate of his sister Cornelia at Emma Willard 's Troy Female Seminary . Seward married Frances Miller on October 20 , 1824 .
In 1824 , while Seward was journeying with his wife to Niagara Falls , one of the wheels on his carriage was damaged while they passed through Rochester . Among those who came to their aid was local newspaper publisher Thurlow Weed . Seward and Weed would become closer in the years ahead as they found they shared a belief that government policies should promote infrastructure improvements , such as roads and canals . Weed , deemed by some one of the earliest political bosses , would become a major ally of Seward . Despite the benefits to Seward 's career of such a supporter , perceptions that Seward was too much controlled by Weed became a factor in the former 's defeat for the Republican nomination for president in 1860 .
Almost from the time he settled in Auburn , Seward involved himself in politics . At that time , the political system was in flux as new parties evolved . In New York State , there were generally two factions , which went by varying names , but were characterized by the fact that Martin Van Buren led one element , and the other opposed him . Van Buren , over a quarter century , held a series of senior posts , generally in the federal government . His allies were dubbed the Albany Regency , as they governed for Van Buren while he was away .
Seward originally supported the Regency , but by 1824 had broken from it , concluding it was corrupt . He became part of the Anti @-@ Masonic Party , which became widespread in 1826 after the disappearance and death of William Morgan , a Mason in Upstate New York ; he was most likely killed by fellow Masons for publishing a book revealing the order 's secret rites . Since the leading candidate in opposition to President John Quincy Adams was General Andrew Jackson , a Mason who mocked opponents of the order , Anti @-@ Masonry became closely associated with opposition to Jackson , and to his policies once he was elected president in 1828 .
Governor DeWitt Clinton had nominated Seward as Cayuga County Surrogate in late 1827 or early 1828 , but as Seward was unwilling to support Jackson , he was not confirmed by the state Senate . During the 1828 campaign , Seward made speeches in support of President Adams ' re @-@ election . Seward was nominated for the federal House of Representatives by the Anti @-@ Masons , but withdrew , deeming the fight hopeless . In 1829 , Seward was offered the local nomination for New York State Assembly , but again felt there were no prospects of winning . In 1830 , with Weed 's aid , he gained the Anti @-@ Masonic nomination for state senator for the local district . Seward had appeared in court throughout the district , and had spoken in favor of government support for infrastructure improvements , a position popular there . Weed had moved his operations to Albany , where his newspaper , the Albany Evening Journal , advocated for Seward , who was elected by about 2 @,@ 000 votes .
= = = State senator and gubernatorial candidate = = =
Seward was sworn in as state senator in January 1831 . He left Frances and their children in Auburn , and wrote to her of his experiences . These included meeting former vice president Aaron Burr , who had returned to practicing law in New York following a self @-@ imposed exile in Europe after his duel with Alexander Hamilton and treason trial . The Regency ( or the Democrats , as the national party led by Jackson and supported by Van Buren was becoming known ) controlled the Senate . Seward and his party allied with dissident Democrats and others to pass some legislation , including penal reform measures , for which Seward would become known .
During his term as state senator , Seward traveled extensively , going to visit other anti @-@ Jackson leaders , including former president Adams . He also accompanied his father Samuel Seward on a trip to Europe , where they met the political men of the day . Seward hoped that the Anti @-@ Masons would nominate Supreme Court Justice John McLean for president against Jackson 's re @-@ election bid in 1832 , but the nomination fell to former Attorney General William Wirt . Kentucky Senator Henry Clay , an opponent of Jackson , was a Mason , and thus unacceptable as party standard @-@ bearer . In the aftermath of Jackson 's easy victory , many of those who opposed him believed a united front necessary to defeat the Democrats , and the Whig Party gradually came into being . The Whigs believed in legislative action to develop the country , and opposed Jackson 's unilateral actions as president , which they deemed imperial . Many Anti @-@ Masons , including Seward and Weed , readily joined the new party .
In preparation for the 1834 election , New York 's Whigs met in Utica to determine a gubernatorial candidate . Democratic Governor William Marcy was heavily favored to be re @-@ elected , and few prominent Whigs were anxious to run a campaign which would most likely be lost . Seward 's wife and father wanted him to retire from politics to increase the income from his law practice , and Weed urged him to seek re @-@ election to the state Senate . Nevertheless , the reluctance of others to run caused Seward to emerge as a major candidate . Weed procured Seward 's triumph at the Utica convention . The election turned on national issues , most importantly President Jackson 's policies . These were then popular , and in a strong year for Democrats , Seward was defeated by some 11 @,@ 000 votes — Weed wrote that the Whigs were overwhelmed by illegally cast ballots .
Defeated for governor and with his term in the state Senate having expired , Seward returned to Auburn and the practice of law at the start of 1835 . That year , Seward and his wife undertook a lengthy trip , going as far south as Virginia . Although they were hospitably received by southerners , the Sewards saw scenes of slavery which confirmed them as its opponents . The following year , Seward accepted a position as agent for the new owners of the Holland Land Company , which owned huge tracts of land in Western New York , upon which many settlers were purchasing real estate on installment . The new owners were viewed as less forgiving landlords than the old , and when there was unrest , they hired Seward , popular in Western New York , in hopes of adjusting the matter . He was successful , and when the Panic of 1837 began , persuaded the owners to avoid foreclosures where possible . He also , in 1838 , arranged the purchase of the company 's holdings by a consortium that included himself .
Van Buren had been elected president in 1836 ; even with his duties , Seward had found time to campaign against him . The economic crisis came soon after the inauguration , and threatened the Regency 's control of New York politics . Seward had not run for governor in 1836 , but with the Democrats unpopular , saw a path to victory in 1838 ( the term was then two years ) . Other prominent Whigs also sought the nomination . Weed persuaded delegates to the convention that Seward had run ahead of other Whig candidates in 1834 ; Seward was nominated on the fourth ballot . Seward 's opponent was again Marcy , and the economy the principal issue . The Whigs argued that the Democrats were responsible for the recession . As it was thought improper for candidates for major office to campaign in person , Seward left most of that to Weed . Seward was elected by a margin of about 10 @,@ 000 votes out of 400 @,@ 000 cast . The victory was the most significant for the Whig Party to that point , and put the Regency permanently out of power in New York State .
= = Governor of New York = =
William Seward was sworn in as New York 's governor on January 1 , 1839 , inaugurated in front of a crowd of jubilant Whigs . In that era , the annual message by the New York governor was published and discussed to an extent that only a president 's would be today . Seward biographer Walter Stahr wrote that his address " brimmed with his youth , energy , ambition , and optimism " . Seward took note of America 's great unexploited resources , and stated that immigration should be encouraged in order to take advantage of them . He urged that citizenship and religious liberty be granted to those who came to New York 's shores . At the time , New York City 's public schools were run by a Protestant group , and used Protestant texts , including the King James Bible . Seward believed the current system was a barrier to literacy for immigrants ' children , and proposed legislation to change it . Education , he stated , " banishes the distinctions , old as time , of rich and poor , master and slave . It banishes ignorance and lays axe to the root of crime " . Seward 's stance was popular among immigrants , but was disliked by nativists ; their opposition would eventually help defeat his bid for the Republican presidential nomination in 1860 .
Although the Assembly had a Whig majority at the start of Seward 's first term as governor , the party had only 13 legislators out of 32 in the state Senate . The Democrats refused to co @-@ operate with Governor Seward except on the most urgent matters , and he initially found himself unable to advance much of his agenda . Accordingly , the 1839 legislative elections were crucial to Seward 's legislative hopes , and to advancing the nominations of many Whigs to state office whose posts required Senate confirmation . Both Seward and President Van Buren gave several speeches across New York State that summer . Henry Clay , one of the hopefuls for the Whig nomination for president , spent part of the summer in Upstate New York , and the two men met by chance on a ferry . Seward refused to formally visit Clay at his vacation home in Saratoga Springs in the interests of neutrality , beginning a difficult relationship between the two men . After the 1839 election , the Whigs had 19 seats , allowing the party full control of state government .
Following the election , there was unrest near Albany among tenant farmers on the land owned by Dutch @-@ descended patroons of the van Rensselaer family . These tenancies allowed the landlords privileges such as enlisting the unpaid labor of tenants , and any breach could result in termination of tenure without compensation for improvements . When sheriff 's deputies in Albany County were obstructed from serving eviction writs , Seward was asked to call out the militia . After an all @-@ night cabinet meeting , he did so , though quietly assuring the tenants that he would intervene with the legislature . This mollified the settlers , though Seward proved unable to get the legislature to pass reforming laws . This question of tenants ' rights was not settled until after Seward had left office .
In September 1839 , a ship sailing from Norfolk , Virginia to New York City had been discovered to have an escaped slave on board . The slave was returned to his owner pursuant to the Fugitive Slave Clause of the Constitution , but Virginia also demanded that three free black sailors , said to have concealed the fugitive aboard ship , be surrendered to its custody . This Seward would not do , and the Virginia General Assembly passed legislation inhibiting trade with New York . With Seward 's encouragement , the New York legislature passed acts in 1840 protecting the rights of African Americans against Southern slave @-@ catchers . One guaranteed alleged fugitive slaves the right of a jury trial in New York to establish whether they were slaves , and another pledged the aid of the state to recover free blacks kidnapped into slavery ( as happened to Solomon Northup of Saratoga Springs in 1841 , who did not regain freedom until 1853 . )
Both Seward and Van Buren were up for re @-@ election in 1840 . Seward did not attend the December 1839 Whig National Convention in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , but Weed did on his behalf . They were determined to support General Winfield Scott for president , but when Weed concluded Scott could not win , he threw New York 's support to the eventual winner , General William Henry Harrison . This action outraged supporters of Senator Clay . These grievances would not be quickly forgotten — one supporter of the Kentuckian wrote in 1847 that he was intent on seeing the " punishment of Seward & Co. for defrauding the country of Mr. Clay in 1840 " .
Seward was renominated for a second term by the Whig convention against Democrat William Brock , a former state legislator . Seward did not campaign in person , but ran affairs with Weed behind the scenes and made his views known to voters through a Fourth of July speech and lengthy letters , declining invitations to speak , printed in the papers . In one , Seward expounds upon the importance of the log cabin — a structure evoking the common man and a theme that the Whigs used heavily in the national campaign — where Seward had always found a far warmer welcome than in the marble palaces of the well @-@ to @-@ do ( evoking the aristocratic Van Buren ) . Both Harrison and Seward were elected . Although Seward would serve another almost thirty years in public life , his name would never again pass before the voters .
In his second term , Seward was involved with the trial of Alexander McLeod , who had boasted of involvement in the 1837 Caroline Affair , in which Canadians came across the Niagara River and sank the Caroline , a steamboat being used to supply William Lyon Mackenzie 's fighters during the Upper Canada Rebellion . McLeod was arrested , but the British Foreign Minister , Lord Palmerston , demanded his release . McLeod , who was part of the Canadian colonial militia , could not be held responsible for actions taken under orders . Although the Van Buren administration had agreed with Seward that McLeod should be tried under state law , its successor did not , and urged that charges against McLeod be dropped . A series of testy letters were exchanged between Governor Seward and Harrison 's Secretary of State Daniel Webster , and also between the governor and the new president John Tyler , who succeeded on Harrison 's death after a month in office . McLeod was tried and acquitted in late 1841 . Stahr pointed out that Seward got his way in having McLeod tried in state court , and the diplomatic experience served him well as Secretary of State .
Seward continued his support of African Americans , signing legislation in 1841 to repeal a " nine @-@ month law " that allowed slaveholders to bring their slaves into the state for a period of nine months before they were considered free . After this , slaves brought to the state were immediately considered freed . Seward also signed legislation to establish public education for all children , leaving it up to local jurisdictions as to how that would be supplied ( some had segregated schools ) .
= = Out of office = =
As governor , Seward incurred considerable personal debt not only because he had to live beyond his salary to maintain the lifestyle expected of the office , but also because he could not pay down his obligation from the land company purchase . At the time he left office , he owed $ 200 @,@ 000 . Returning to Auburn , he absorbed himself in a profitable law practice . He did not abandon politics , and received former president Adams at the Seward family home in 1843 .
According to his biographer , John M. Taylor , Seward picked a good time to absent himself from electoral politics , as the Whig Party was in turmoil . President Tyler , a former Democrat , and Senator Clay each claimed leadership of the Whig Party and , as the two men differed over such issues as whether to re @-@ establish the Bank of the United States , party support was divided . The abolitionist movement attracted those who did not want to be part of a party led by slavery @-@ supporting southerners . In 1844 , Seward was asked to run for president by members of the Liberty Party ; he declined and reluctantly supported the Whig nominee , Clay . The Kentuckian was defeated by Democrat James K. Polk . The major event of Polk 's administration was the Mexican – American War ; Seward did not support this , feeling that the price in blood was not worth the increase in territory , especially as southerners were promoting this acquisition to expand territory for slavery .
In 1846 Seward became the center of controversy in Auburn when he defended , in separate cases , two felons accused of murder . Henry Wyatt , a white man , was charged with fatally stabbing a fellow inmate in prison ; William Freeman , an African American , was accused of breaking into a house after his release and stabbing four people to death . In both cases the defendants were likely mentally ill and had been abused while in prison . Seward , having long been an advocate of prison reform and better treatment for the insane , sought to prevent each man from being executed by using the relatively new defense of insanity . Seward gained a hung jury in Wyatt 's first trial , though he was subsequently convicted in a retrial and executed despite Seward 's efforts to secure clemency . Freeman was convicted , though Seward gained a reversal on appeal . There was no second Freeman trial , as officials were convinced of his insanity . Freeman died in prison in late 1846 . In the Freeman case , invoking mental illness and racial issues , Seward argued , " he is still your brother , and mine , in form and color accepted and approved by his Father , and yours , and mine , and bears equally with us the proudest inheritance of our race — the image of our Maker . Hold him then to be a Man . "
Although contentious locally , the trials boosted Seward 's image across the North . He gained further publicity in association with Ohioan Salmon P. Chase when handling the unsuccessful appeal in the United States Supreme Court of John Van Zandt , an anti @-@ slavery advocate sued by a slaveowner for assisting African Americans in escaping on the Underground Railroad . Chase was impressed with Seward , writing that the former New York governor " was one of the very first public men in our country . Who but himself would have done what he did for the poor wretch Freeman ? "
The main Whig contenders in 1848 were Clay again , and two war hero generals with little political experience , Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor . Seward supported the nominee , General Taylor . The former governor was less enthusiastic about the vice @-@ presidential candidate , New York Comptroller Millard Fillmore , a rival of his from Buffalo . Nevertheless , he campaigned widely for the Whigs against the Democratic presidential candidate , former Michigan senator Lewis Cass . The two major parties did not make slavery an issue in the campaign . The Free Soil Party , mostly Liberty Party members and some Northern Democrats , nominated former president Van Buren . The Taylor / Fillmore ticket was elected , and the split in the New York Democratic Party allowed the Whigs to capture the legislature .
State legislatures elected U.S. Senators until the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . In 1849 one of New York 's seats was up for election , and a Whig would likely be elected to replace John Adams Dix . Seward , with Weed 's counsel , decided to seek the seat . When legislators convened in January 1849 , he was spoken of as the favorite . Some opposed him as too extreme on slavery issues , and intimated that he would not support the slaveholding President @-@ elect Taylor , a Louisianan . Weed and Seward worked to dispel these concerns , and when the vote for the Senate seat took place , the former governor received five times the vote of the nearest other candidate , gaining easy election on the first ballot .
= = U.S. Senator = =
= = = First term = = =
William Seward was sworn in as senator from New York on March 5 , 1849 , during the brief special session called to confirm President Taylor 's cabinet nominees . Seward was seen as having influence over Taylor : taking advantage of an acquaintance with Taylor 's brother . Seward met with the former general several times before Inauguration Day ( March 4 ) , and was friendly with Cabinet officers . Taylor hoped to gain the admission of California to
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Irish Cob ) .
= = History = =
The original ancestry of the Kerry Bog Pony is unknown , but there were horses living a feral existence in peat bogs in what is now County Kerry in southwestern Ireland since at least the 1600s . Some enthusiasts claim that the breed is a descendant of the ancient Irish Hobby . In a 1617 book illustration , the horses pictured resemble both the Kerry Bog Pony of today and the original Irish Hobby , showing the two breeds ' similar morphology . Originally , Kerry Bog Ponies were used to transport peat and kelp . They were known for their ability to navigate through the bogs , around soft spots and over rocks often in wet and windy weather , and for their strength relative to their small size . Some were trained to work in harness and used to pull carts . The ponies were turned loose into the peat bogs when they were not needed , then later re @-@ caught for work . Few if any breeding programs existed ; instead , they were left to reproduce in their feral setting . In 1720 , Isaac Ware travelled to County Kerry and observed that the horses resembled Asturcón ponies from Spain .
The British cavalry became aware of the ponies in 1804 , during the Peninsular War , and used them as pack animals during the conflict ; most did not return to Ireland . The famine of 1845 – 1852 furthered their decline , as farmers who previously utilised them died or emigrated . In addition , Spanish donkeys were brought to the island to replace the ponies , and when peat declined as a fuel source , pack animals were no longer needed . In the 1850s , farms began to be consolidated , and more machinery and large draft horses were employed , further reducing the number of ponies needed . Consequently , the ponies were left to run feral , mostly ignored and sometimes shot at by locals .
= = = Re @-@ emergence = = =
In 1994 , John Mulvihill , who operated the Red Fox Inn at the Kerry Bog Village in Glenbeigh , County Kerry , began a search for remnants of the Kerry Bog Pony population , despite reports that the breed was extinct . He eventually found 20 ponies that resembled those he remembered from his childhood , and removed them from the bog to his stables . In 1995 , he had blood typing performed on the ponies by Weatherby 's Ireland , which identified their DNA markers . Subsequent DNA testing showed them to be a unique breed that formed a separate population from other local ponies and from other breeds in Ireland and Great Britain . Of these 20 ponies , only one was a stallion , named Flashy Fox . Between 1995 and 2012 , he sired more than 140 foals , and played a significant role in repopulating the breed .
Mulvihill continued breeding and promoting the ponies , and in 2002 , the breed was recognised by the Irish Government as the Irish Heritage Pony . The same year , the Kerry Bog Pony Society was formed . Also in 2002 , Americans became interested in the breed , and the first ponies were exported from Ireland to the US in 2003 , to a farm in Ohio . In 2005 , the American Kerry Bog Pony Society was founded , with 11 initial registrants . Also in 2005 , the Irish Department of Agriculture and Food and the European Commission recognised the Kerry Bog Pony as an official breed ; the following year , the Irish Horse Board issued the first equine passports for members of the breed . Until 2009 , there was an exception in place that allowed unrelated ponies that met the physical breed standards to be bred as Kerry Bog Ponies , with the offspring being registered and given passports certifying them as purebred Kerry Bog Ponies . This was in part due to a concern of inbreeding among the small number of ponies initially registered . Kerry Bog Ponies were also part of the Irish Rural Environment Protection Scheme ( closed to new applicants in 2009 ) , which financially rewarded farmers for using environmentally @-@ friendly methods . The Kerry Bog Village , an open @-@ air museum on the Ring of Kerry is one location that breeds and houses part of the existing Kerry Bog Pony population .
As of 2011 , there were 335 mares and 51 stallions registered with the Irish registry , which included 59 new foals that year . Herd numbers have steadily increased since registrations began in 2005 . These numbers make the Kerry Bog Pony third in population numbers among Irish breeds , behind the Connemara pony and the Irish Draught . Despite the increasing numbers , the breed is still considered to be critically endangered by the Equus Survival Trust . The horses are administered by the Kerry Bog Pony Co @-@ Operative Society of Ireland ( formerly the Kerry Bog Pony Society ) , which is based in Ireland with a branch in Great Britain . Inspections are required before ponies are allowed into the studbook . The book is divided into four classes : Class 1 ponies meet all requirements , Class 2 ponies do not meet the height requirement , Class 3 ponies do not meet the color requirements , and Class 4 ponies have yet to submit to an official inspection . The breed association has hosted an annual breed show and sale in Glenbeigh , County Kerry since 2007 .
= Category 6 : Day of Destruction =
Category 6 : Day of Destruction is a 2004 four @-@ hour miniseries that was broadcast in the United States on CBS in two parts , with the first part aired on November 14 and the second on November 17 . It was later released to DVD on February 15 , 2005 . The miniseries focuses primarily on the city of Chicago as three unusual storm systems approach from the west , north and south and combine over the city to form a massive hurricane . At the same time a hacker @-@ induced power outage cuts communications leaving a journalist and power officials scrambling to find the cause .
The miniseries was a success for CBS in terms of ratings , as it was the highest @-@ rated movie for the channel in two years , and it earned the highest ratings during the November sweeps week with 19 @.@ 4 million viewers watching the first part . Critics were less favorable towards the film , with most panning the film for its dialog , implausible science , and poor acting . Some reviewers did praise the film 's high @-@ budget special effects and felt the film had at least some " charm . " In November 2005 a four @-@ hour sequel , Category 7 : The End of the World , aired in the same two @-@ part format .
= = Plot = =
Andy Goodman ( Brian Dennehy ) is a week away from a forced retirement from his position as chief meteorologist at the National Weather Administration 's Severe Weather Center . However , tornadoes level Las Vegas , an area normally not prone to the storms . Concerned and upset that the storm system formed unnoticed and that they were unable to warn the people , Goodman begins closely tracking the system . Goodman receives field reports from his friend " Tornado Tommy " ( Randy Quaid ) and assistance from new intern Sabrina Rogers ( Alicia Johnston ) . As time passes , he realizes the system is heading towards Chicago , joined by an unusual warm storm coming from the south , which is already causing a record @-@ breaking heat wave in the city , and an abnormally early cold front from the Arctic .
Meanwhile , Mitch Benson ( Thomas Gibson ) , the Chief of Operations at Midwest Electric , is struggling to keep power going to the residents because the six @-@ week heat wave is straining the system and residents are refusing to follow power conservation requests . To get more energy , he is working with the company 's largest supplier , Lexer , but the company 's CEO is trying to find new ways to profit from this crisis . Benson also finds himself caught in a conflict of interest as he is having an affair with the Lexer 's public relations representative , Rebecca Kerns ( Chandra West ) .
Ambitious reporter Amy Harkin ( Nancy McKeon ) is stuck reporting on the heat wave while trying to find proof behind the scenes that Lexer and Midwest are responsible for the lack of sufficient power . The Secretary of Energy , Shirley Abbott ( Dianne Wiest ) , is actively warning various politicians and the president that the power grid is too outdated to handle real natural disasters and that it is too vulnerable to attack . Dan London ( Ari Cohen ) , the chief engineer of Lexer , has also repeatedly warned Lexer that their systems are too vulnerable to hackers , but the company is only interested in going with the cheapest options . He decides to blow the whistle on the company to Harkin , but as he refuses to appear on camera , Harkin 's boss will not allow the piece to air .
As the storms approach , early storms knock out the city 's primary power generating plant , and Benson is forced to negotiate with Lexer for even more power . Not realizing the devastating nature of the storms coming , London sets out to force Lexer to listen to his warnings by hacking the system and causing a cascading chain reaction that knocks out all of the power in Chicago . Goodman and his team are unable to warn the citizens that the storms have formed into a category 6 hurricane over the Great Lakes and will hit Chicago head on .
Harkin realizes what happened to the power and rushes to find London , while Benson and Secretary Abbott gather energy from a multitude of other companies to get around the breakdown at Lexer . Unaware of what each party is doing , London quickly reverses the hacks at the same time as the energy starts flowing in from other companies . This overloads the system , knocking out the entire Midwest power grid as the storm hits the city and London is killed in the process .
Unable to do anything further , Benson rushes to find his family after he receives word that they are trapped at a mall and that his daughter has been accidentally shot by her ex @-@ boyfriend . " Tornado Tommy " drives around the city filming tornadoes and is oblivious to another tornado that is headed to his direction . He puts his camcorder in a suitcase and throws it out his window and he is sucked in the tornado . Harkin gives Benson a ride to the mall to pick up his family , then they go to rescue her pregnant sister @-@ in @-@ law from an elevator . After Amy 's cameraman is injured while rescuing her sister @-@ in @-@ law , Harkin stays behind with him and their neighbor . The others rush to reach the airport during the 15 @-@ minute eye of the hurricane , where they are picked up in a plane piloted by Harkin 's brother , an air force weather pilot . After the storm passes , Harkin keeps her promise and tells London 's story on air .
= = Production = =
Executive producer Bob Sertner wanted the film to have higher @-@ end special effects to mimic the quality of those seen in feature films . To do this , the film uses visual computer effects created by special effects company Area 51 FX , which created over 100 different shots using the digital modeling program LightWave 3D . During shooting , special effect supervisor Craig Weiss noted that the scenes with Randy Quaid were particularly difficult to capture on film due to his appearing in multiple scenes where his character was chased by twisters and surrounded by their destructive aftermaths . The actors also faced new challenges , as the film often replaced traditional green screen setup , where the special effects were added during editing , with live shots taken with the effects in place at the same time . Nancy McKeon , who was pregnant with her first child during production , filmed some of her scenes using a green screen . She found the experience to be fun , noting that it challenges actors to use their imaginations while performing . She also found it easy to play a television reporter due to her being a self @-@ admitted " news junkie . "
Unable to find wind machines powerful enough to mimic hurricane @-@ force winds , Sertner brought in a jet engine to aim at the actors and props during necessary scenes . Three dimensional storyboards , called animatics , were used to allow the filmmakers to see what a scene would look like before shooting , using a digital version of the actors . The various weather scenes blended together stock footage of real natural disasters with the computer @-@ generated shots , with care taken to match up the details of the various scenes .
= = Release = =
Category 6 was initially aired in the United States on CBS as a two @-@ part , four @-@ hour miniseries . The first part aired on Sunday , November 14 , 2004 , and the second followed on Wednesday , November 17 , 2004 . It was later aired in Australia on February 12 , 2005 .
The miniseries was first released to Region 1 DVD by CBS Television on February 15 , 2005 . On February 13 , 2007 , Lions Gate Entertainment released it , together with fellow disaster miniseries 10 @.@ 5 , as a two feature set .
= = Reception = =
The miniseries was highly successful for CBS , as 19 @.@ 4 million viewers tuned in to the first part of the film and made it the channel 's best @-@ rated Sunday night movie in over two years . The second part was watched by 17 million viewers , the highest number of viewers for the channel on a Wednesday night for the fall season . Together , the two parts helped to push the channel to the top spot for the year 's November sweeps week .
Despite the high ratings , the film was generally panned by critics , except for almost universal praise for the high @-@ budget special effects . New York Magazine 's John Leonard found it lacking compared to the feature film The Day After Tomorrow , though he did feel it had a certain " raffish zombie charm . " Charlie McCollum of the San Jose Mercury News called it a " third @-@ rate disaster flick — with lame dialogue , voodoo science and wooden performances — spread out over two nights and four seemingly endless hours . " Aaron Barnhart of the Kansas City Star agreed , feeling the filmmakers spent their budget on special effects to the detriment of the film 's dialog . He called the film an " assault on common sense " for positing the idea that the power outage would keep everyone in Chicago from knowing that " something bad " was coming . Daily Variety found the film to be full of clichés and felt the side plots gave the appearance that the film was cast first and that the plot had been written to work around the actors . In comparing the film to a Reese 's Peanut Butter Cup , the magazine notes that it had " two or more disastrous taste treats providing a very loud macro backdrop to the micro tales that play out involving the characters . " Kay McFadden of the Seattle Times also felt the storm became a backdrop " for a contrived soap opera that could take place in sunshine or rain " and that the special effects were fun , but did not feel properly integrated into their scenes .
" Category 6 " has high aspirations . Executive producers Robert Sertner and Frank von Zerneck aren 't interested in providing the escapist pleasures of a " 10 @.@ 5 " or " The Poseidon Adventure . " Instead , expect a brow @-@ furrowing cornucopia of environmental abuse , job cuts , price @-@ rigging , global warming , nuclear energy , gentrification , aging industrial infrastructure , tourist exploitation , computer hackers , workplace sexism , corporate corruption , piggish consumption and infidelity .
The Chicago Tribune 's Sid Smith found the film to be " pretty lousy , despite a wealth of impressive special effects that end with an image of a completely demolished Chicago skyline . " He found the plot to be overly melodramatic and " hokey " with an excessive amount of coincidences and ill @-@ fortunes thrown at the characters , despite the performances of the star @-@ studded cast . Australia 's The Age gave the film a slightly more favorable review , praising the stunts and special effects , though it noted the effects suffer from poor computer editing and referred to the film as " a
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's determination and work ethic contributed to his fast ascent through the Phillies minor league system . He is a perfectionist , who recalled a game in which he made three fielding errors as his most memorable game with the big league Phillies .
= = Personal life = =
Asche is married to Angela Albers , whom he presumably met in college at Nebraska . He is a fan of football and an ardent supporter of the Nebraska Cornhuskers ; he routinely drives six hours to attend their home football games . He also " appreciates the speed and violence of hockey " ; conversely , he does not like basketball . During the offseason , he resides in O 'Fallon , Missouri , which is barely over 10 miles ( 16 km ) from his birthplace of St. Charles , Missouri . According to his MLB.com biography , his hobbies include golfing , fishing , and completing crossword puzzles . In an interview , Asche said his favorite television show was Parks and Recreation , and his favorite food was chicken parmesan . He is close to his family , and noted that he started playing baseball around age five or six , with his first experience being playing in the back yard with his father and brother . When he was first called up to the major leagues , he noted , " Emotions were crazy . Trying to hold back tears seeing your parents in the stands for the first time was tough , then playing on top of that made it a little crazy to start . But that is all part of it . I think the phone call I got to make to my parents the day I was called up was the most memorable part ... "
= Leofric ( bishop ) =
Leofric ( before 1016 – 1072 ) was a medieval Bishop of Exeter . Probably a native of Cornwall , he was educated on the continent . At the time Edward the Confessor was in exile before his succession to the English throne , Leofric joined his service and returned to England with him . After he became king , Edward rewarded Leofric with lands . Although a 12th @-@ century source claims Leofric held the office of chancellor , modern historians agree he never did so .
Edward appointed Leofric as Bishop of Cornwall and Bishop of Crediton in 1046 , but because Crediton was a small town , the new bishop secured papal permission to move the episcopal seat to Exeter in 1050 . At Exeter , Leofric worked to increase the income and resources of his cathedral , both in lands and in ecclesiastical vestments . He was a bibliophile , and collected many manuscripts ; some of these he gave to the cathedral library , including a famous manuscript of poetry , the Exeter Book . Leofric died in 1072 ; although his remains were moved to the new Exeter Cathedral which was built after his death , their location is no longer known and the current tomb does not mark his resting place .
= = Early life = =
Little is known about Leofric , as his cathedral town was not a centre of historical writing , and he took little part in events outside his diocese . Little notice was taken of his life and activities ; only a few charters originated in his household and there is only one listing of gifts to his diocese . No official acts from his episcopate have survived , and there is just a brief death notice in the Leofric Missal , although no notice of his death occurs in the contemporary Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle . He occurs as a witness to royal charters .
Leofric was probably born in Cornwall , and his parents were English . Because canon law required that a bishop be 30 years old when consecrated , it is likely that Leofric was born before 1016 . The medieval chronicler Florence of Worcester referred to him as a Brytonicus , which presumably meant that he was a native of Cornwall . He had a brother , Ordmaer , who acted as his steward and administered the family estates . Leofric was educated in Lotharingia , and may have been brought up abroad . Leofric may have gone into exile either in 1013 when Sweyn Forkbeard , the king of Denmark invaded England or in 1016 , when Sweyn 's son Cnut became king of England . His education possibly took place at the church of St Stephen 's in Toul , where the future Pope Leo IX was a canon from 1017 to 1024 and bishop after 1027 .
= = Service to Edward the Confessor = =
Before Edward the Confessor became king of England , he was exiled to the continent . Leofric served as Edward 's chaplain , although how or when exactly the two met is unknown . The historian Frank Barlow speculates that it may have been at Bruges in 1039 . When Edward returned to England at the invitation of King Harthacnut , Edward 's half @-@ brother , Leofric accompanied him , witnessing charters during Harthacnut 's lifetime along with Herman who later became Bishop of Sherborne . Leofric remained a close supporter and friend of Edward for the king 's entire life . In 1044 , Edward granted him lands at Dawlish in Devon .
Although a 12th @-@ century monastic chronicler at Worcester called Leofric Edward 's chancellor , this is not correct , as Edward had no chancellor at this time . Historians are divided on whether or not Edward ever had an official that could be called a chancellor , but they are agreed that Leofric did not hold such an office .
= = Bishop = =
When Bishop Lyfing died in 1046 , the king made Leofric Bishop of Cornwall as well as Bishop of Crediton . The two sees , or bishoprics , held by Lyfing became the see of Exeter in 1050 when Bishop Leofric moved his episcopal seat from Crediton to Exeter and combined it with Cornwall . The move of the see received the support of Pope Leo IX , and dates from 1051 . Although Leofric had been a royal clerk before he became bishop , after his elevation he managed to avoid entanglement in the various disputes taking place between the king and Godwin , Earl of Wessex . Instead he spent his energies on the administration of his diocese , but remained on good terms with the king . Leofric 's penitential , the Leofric Missal , still survives , and it includes a prayer for a childless king , which probably referred to King Edward .
The abbey church of St. Peter 's at Exeter became Leofric 's cathedral and he was enthroned as Bishop of Exeter there on St Peter 's Day in 1050 with King Edward in attendance . The king , and his wife Edith took part in the ceremony of enthronement , with both of them leading the bishop to his cathedra , or episcopal chair . Edith had dower rights to the town of Exeter , which may explain her presence at the ceremony .
Leofric replaced the monks with canons . The new community was given the Rule of Chrodegang by Leofric , which rule he had probably learned in Lotharingia before his return to England . Leofric moved the seat of his see because Crediton was too poor and rural , and Exeter was a city with protective walls and an abandoned church that could be used as the new cathedral . Leofric claimed that he found his diocese lacking in episcopal vestments and the other items required for church services , and his surviving list of gifts to the church noted that he gave vestments , crosses , chalices , censers , altar coverings , and other furnishings to the cathedral .
After the move to Exeter , Leofric worked to increase the endowment of the diocese , and especially the cathedral library , which he found almost empty upon his arrival . He later claimed that there were only five books owned by the cathedral chapter when he became bishop . He still remained on good terms with the king , for he was present at Edward 's Christmas court in 1065 that saw the consecration of Edward 's Westminster Abbey church at Westminster . No evidence survives that Leofric was employed by the king in any diplomatic missions , nor does Leofric appear to have attended any papal councils or synods . He was a supporter of the cult of Leo IX , who was proclaimed a saint after Leo 's death .
= = Death and legacy = =
Leofric survived William the Conqueror 's 1068 siege of Exeter unscathed , although there is no evidence that he was present in the city during the siege . Whether Leofric had originally supported King Harold against William or if he supported William from the start is unclear . The fact that he survived William 's purge of the native English bishops in 1070 is evidence that he must not have been too outspoken against William . Leofric remained bishop until he died on 10 February or 11 February 1072 . He was buried in the crypt of his cathedral . When the cathedral was rebuilt , his remains were moved to the new church , but the location of the tomb has been lost . The current tomb only dates from 1568 and does not mark Leofric 's resting place .
During Leofric 's bishopric , his cathedral library was the fourth largest in England , and was an important scriptorium . He gave an important manuscript of Old English poetry , the Exeter Book , to the cathedral library in 1072 . Contained in the Exeter Book are a number of poems showing of all the principal types of poems composed in Old English . This manuscript is one of four main sources for modern knowledge of Anglo @-@ Saxon poetry . Along with the Exeter Book , he also gave a number of other manuscripts and books to the cathedral upon his death . Three versions of the donation list drawn up by Leofric survive , which is one of the earliest surviving cathedral library catalogues . The list consists of 31 books used to conduct cathedral services , 24 other ecclesiastical works , and 11 works that were secular . This last group included philosophical works as well as poetry . The number of manuscripts that he owned and bequeathed to his cathedral was quite large for his time . Besides the Exeter Book and the Leofric Missal , Leofric 's own copy of the Rule of Chrodegang also survives , although it is no longer at Exeter . Now it is at Cambridge University , where it is Corpus Christi College MS 191 . Another surviving manuscript from Leofric 's collection is a Gospel book written in Latin now in the Bodleian Library , which was probably acquired by Leofric while he was on the continent , as the manuscript was originally written for a Breton monastery . In all , about 20 of the manuscripts gifted by Leofric can be identified and are still extant , and only two remain at Exeter – including the Exeter Book .
The notice in his cathedral 's records recording his death stated that Leofric was active in his diocese as a preacher , that he built many churches in his bishopric , and was noted as a teacher of his clergy . The historian Frank Barlow describes Leofric as " an able administrator and a progressive force " and one who " exemplifies the foreign prelate at his best " .
= The Mermaid ( 1910 film ) =
The Mermaid is a 1910 American silent short comedy produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film focuses on John Gary , a hotel owner , who wants to revitalize his business . After reading about a reported mermaid sighting , he has his daughter Ethel pose as a mermaid and gets a newspaper reporter to witness and photograph the mermaid . The publicity results in the hotel becoming famous , but Ethel eventually discloses the joke to the guests of the hotel in her mermaid suit . The film was released on July 29 , 1910 and was met with mostly positive reviews . The film is presumed lost .
= = Plot = =
Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from July 30 , 1910 . It states : " John Gary runs a summer hotel at a charming spot on the seashore , but he has been unable to induce people to stop there , and at the opening of the picture he is seen lamenting the fact that there is not a single guest name on his hotel register . At this juncture his daughter Ethel returns from school . Ethel is an expert swimmer , and on reading in the paper the rumor that a mermaid has made several appearances in the water of the Atlantic , he decides to have his daughter pose as the mysterious lady of the sea . He wisely conjectures that a handy mermaid will bring guests . With Ethel clad in appropriate costume , and seated upon the rocks in true mermaid fashion , her father persuades the reporter of the local paper to take a look at the phenomenon . The newspaper man is greatly impressed with the spectacle and obtains a photo of the mermaid , which he publishes . The mermaid gains wide publicity - and vacationists arrive from near and far to see her . Tom , Dick and Harry , a trio of city sports , jump into bathing suits and the water , each bent on capturing the mermaid . She eludes them all , however , and the mystery is not cleared up until Ethel , in a pre @-@ tailored suit , presents herself to the guests and explains the joke . By this time Gary 's hotel is famous and the owner is certain of a big summer business . "
= = Cast = =
Violet Heming as Ethel Gary
Frank H. Crane as John Gary
Marie Eline
= = Production = =
The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production , but at least two possible candidates exist . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The Moving Picture World announced that the film would feature Heming and Crane , but Bowers also credits the " Thanhouser Kid " Marie Eline in an unknown role . It is unknown , but possible , that Eline may have played the role of the young boy usher . By this time , Eline had proven herself capable of handling male characters , with the first such credit as a young Italian boy in The Two Roses . Eline would also star as Hans in The Little Hero of Holland . It is unknown if Anna Rosemond , the other leading lady of Thanhouser , had a role in this film .
As reviewers would note , the production was not without its faults . One error occurred with the photographer improperly taking pictures of the mermaid . The developed photographs of the mermaid were also impossible given the distances involved . A more minor error in the operation of the hotel was given by the office boy who handled the arriving guests with remarkable speed . Despite these errors , the company was at the forefront of the Independent producers and given great praise by Frank E. Woods of the American Biograph Company in The New York Dramatic Mirror .
= = Release and reception = =
The one reel comedy , approximately 1000 feet long , was released on July 29 , 1910 . The film likely had a wide release , but another film of the same name was released by Società Anonima Ambrosio . The Ambrosio film was released on November 16 , 1910 , but several theater advertisements are ambiguous as to the film being shown . It is known that Ambroiso and Thanhouser films were sometimes shown together , as one Maryland theater advertisement shows , further complicating identification . The film received mainly positive reviews from critics . The Morning Telegraph found the story to have a novel way of advertising a hotel , but noted the error in the photographer 's attempt and result to photograph the mermaid . The Moving Picture World found the film to be an effective production , but spared few details and a short summary of the film . The most critical review came from The New York Dramatic Mirror which was neutral in its assessment of the production , but it provided a list of faults with the production that focused on continuity issues with action .
= The Blood Red Tape of Charity =
The Blood Red Tape of Charity is a 1913 American silent short drama film written , directed and starring by Edwin August and produced by Pat Powers . August wrote the scenario with the intent to highlight the evils of organized charity while entertaining the viewers . The film focuses on William Weldon , a telegraph lineman who is injured on the job and cannot work for several weeks . The family seeks aid from charity organizations , but " red tape " regulations prevent the family from receiving timely assistance . A gentleman thief named Marx decides to do one last job for the benefit of the family . Marx forces a doctor to treat the Weldon 's invalid daughter Alice before proceeding to rob a charity ball 's attendees . Marx pawns the stolen articles and saves the family before turning himself into the police .
The film was released on September 26 , 1913 and played in theaters throughout the United States . The unbilled cast list has been stated to include Lon Chaney in the role of the pawn broker . The propaganda film was billed as a popular love story by theaters , but the production was the subject of much concern by organized charities . The Charity Organization Societies sought to produce a film to counter the negative portrayal of charities in The Blood Red Tape of Charity . P. L. Whitney stopped short of directly calling the film 's portrayal dangerous , but advocated that charity members use the media to highlight the film 's faults and exaggerations . Patricia Erens would use the surviving film still of the pawn broker , claimed to be Lon Chaney by scholars , as an example of Jewish character archetypes that were prominent in silent films . The film is now considered lost .
= = Synopsis = =
The film 's plot survives because of Universal 's publication of the details in Moving Picture News . The official description is as follows , " Charity , through excessive organization , often defeats its own purpose . William Weldon , a telegraph lineman , is the father of a large family , and finds it a hard struggle to make ends meet on his small wages . By a fall from a telegraph pole one afternoon he sustains injuries which force a lay @-@ off for several weeks . His family is left destitute and , after a time , seek aid from various charity organizations . In each case the organization promises to make a full investigation and do what they can , but by the time all the red tape and rules are complied with , the family would starve . In the meantime , Marx , a gentleman thief who has a secret retreat in the same building in which the Weldon family live , meets the invalid daughter , Alice Weldon . She tells him of the family 's condition and Marx endeavors to aid her , although at the time he is out of ready cash himself . Taking desperate measures , he holds up a doctor and forces him to attend to Weldon . Then , in company with the female leader of the gang , he attends the charity ball . There he makes a haul — plucking jewelry and trinkets from every one with whom he comes in contact . He pawns the stolen articles and uses the money to help the Weldons . After the family has recovered , through Marx 's aid , the charity organizations finally send a few dollars and a skimpy supply of food . Marx decides to reform — in fact , his reformation has been intended for some time , and his last " job " was only the outcome of his desire to do a worthy charity . He goes to the police , declares himself , and surrenders . Marx is sentenced , and while sitting in his cell a vision of Alice appeared before him , repaying him for his sacrifice and charity . "
= = Cast = =
Edwin August as Marx , a Gentleman Thief
Unknown as William Weldon
Lon Chaney as a pawnbroker .
It is possible that Mary Charleston was a part of the cast due to the Edwin August having been noted as working with her in Powers ' productions .
= = Production = =
According to an interview with Dorothy Donnell , Edwin August wrote The Blood Red Tape of Charity with an intent on showing the evils of organized charity . August would also direct the production . Within months of completing this production , August would leave Universal . Donnell stated that August was tired of earning money for other people when he would make more under his own brand .
The film 's cast and credits were unbilled and very few details emerged , but the film has been claimed to have featured Lon Chaney by two scholars . Jon Mirsalis states that Lon Chaney has an unbilled part as a pawnbroker . Michael Blake also notes that Lon Chaney had a role in the film , but Blake also states that the film had only one reel and lists the production code as 0119 . Blake 's claim that it was a single reel is the subject of dispute because the release was originally as a two reel production in publications and many advertisements for the film .
= = Release = =
The two @-@ reel film was released on September 26 , 1913 by Universal Film Manufacturing Company under the Powers label . On August 15 , 1913 , prior to the film 's release , the Daily Capital Journal of Salem , Oregon contained a brief section on Edwin August which lists The Blood Red Tape of Charity as one of his latest successes . This occurs more than a month prior to the film 's release , is not known to have appeared in any other source or any known pre @-@ release viewing event . After the film was released nationwide , advertisements for its viewing included newspapers in El Paso , Texas , Chicago , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Ohio , Nebraska , Kansas , and Pennsylvania .
= = Reception = =
Jon C. Mirsalis 's website cites a review in Moving Picture World which states " There is considerable strength in the offering , but it has some bad faults . One of these is melodramatic and insincere acting . The photography is good and in spite of numerous absurdities the picture has strong moments . " Descriptive ads for the film were often informative , an ad by the Crystal Theater would indicate that August wrote and acted in the film , but also did not shy away from film 's depiction of charity organizations and instead promoted the films defining message as " Charity Organizations Pay Dearly for Incompetency " . Another advertisement would cite the New York World review detailing the propaganda film 's intent to gain public attention to incite a " regeneration " of charitable organizations . An advertisement in the El Paso Herald by the Alamo Theater described the film as " a beautiful story of love , devotion and charity . It is a strong moral lesson and should appeal to the " charity workers " in this country . " The advertisement would also say the film would make viewers more charitable and good , but the film 's critique on charity workers in particular would be far from appealing or well received .
The film provoked a response by the Charity Organization Societies because the film 's melodramatic and exaggerated depiction of the family 's suffering due to regulation delays . The response to letters about the film the Charity Organization Bulletin wished for a scenario to be written and produced to " give a true picture of the work done by organized charity . " In the book , The Charity Organization Movement in the United States : A Study in American Philanthropy , Volume 19 , the film said to be to an attack on organized charity by a distortion of the facts . These characterizations were accurate as August 's intention to instruct and entertain audiences of the evils of organized charity makes The Blood Red Tape of Charity a propaganda film by definition . Another response by P. L. Whitney , Extension Secretary of United Charities , stopped short of calling the film outright dangerous , but noted its intent and the " poetic justice " that surrounds the two secretaries , one of whom results in Marx postponing his retirement , and later takes their jewelry to provide for the family . Whitney advised the editor and readers to keep watch for the film and use the media to highlight its faults and exaggerations .
Patricia Erens would use the film still of the pawnbroker , claimed by Mirsalis to be Lon Chaney , as an example of the common depictions of the Jews in her book The Jew in American Cinema . The film is now considered lost . It is unknown when the film was lost , but if it was in Universal 's vaults it would have been deliberately destroyed along with the remaining copies of Universal 's silent era films in 1948 .
= Sun Tea ( 30 Rock ) =
" Sun Tea " is the sixth episode of the fourth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock . It was written by show co @-
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@ producers Dylan Morgan and Josh Siegal , and directed by Gail Mancuso . It originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) network in the United States on November 19 , 2009 . Guest stars in this episode include Nate Corddry , Al Gore , Marceline Hugot , Chris Parnell , Bobb 'e J. Thompson , and Tony Torn .
In the episode , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) puts NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) in charge of reducing the fictional sketch comedy show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan 's ( TGS ) carbon footprint . Meanwhile , Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) learns her apartment is becoming a condominium and tries to kick out the resident above her ( Corddry ) . At the same time , Jack and Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) reevaluate fatherhood .
" Sun Tea " received generally mixed reviews from television critics . According to the Nielsen ratings system , the episode was watched by 5 @.@ 858 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 2 @.@ 9 rating / 7 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic .
= = Plot = =
Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) learns that her apartment building is being converted into a condominium and is told that she must purchase her apartment or face a rent increase . She decides that she wants to buy her apartment and the one above her , and turn them into her dream home . When she learns that her neighbor , Brian ( Nate Corddry ) , will not be bribed out of his apartment , she agrees to move in with him , seemingly to save money , hoping to drive him out with her behavior . At work , Liz is disgusted by her staff writer , Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) peeing in bottles to stop global warming . However , she decides to adopt this behavior to force Brian to leave ; she is successful .
At the same time , Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) tells his boss , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) , the negative impact fatherhood has had on his life . They both decide to get vasectomies from Dr. Leo Spaceman ( Chris Parnell ) . While waiting , Jack discovers the respect Tracy 's son , Tracy Jr . ( Bobb 'e J. Thompson ) , has for his father . After being put under , Tracy realizes his life is horrible because he does not have a daughter . Luckily , Jack is able to stop Dr. Spaceman before he conducts the procedure .
Meanwhile , NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) is put in charge of reducing TGS with Tracy Jordan 's carbon footprint . He argues that Frank 's habits , albeit disgusting , are actually environmentally friendly . Kenneth gets advice from former Vice President of the United States Al Gore , who tells him to recycle everything " including jokes " . At that point , Gore declares that a whale is in trouble and runs off .
= = Production = =
" Sun Tea " was written by show co @-@ producers Dylan Morgan and Josh Siegal , and directed by Gail Mancuso . This episode was the first writing credit for both Morgan and Siegal , and Mancuso 's eighth directed 30 Rock episode . Morgan and Siegal , along with series producer Paula Pell , would later collaborate on the episode " Argus " , that aired in the show 's fourth season on April 29 , 2010 . " Sun Tea " originally aired on November 19 , 2009 , on NBC in the United States as the sixth episode of the show 's fourth season .
This episode aired as part of Green Week , an initiative introduced by NBC 's Chief Executive Jeff Zucker which included having every primetime program which aired between November 15 and November 22 , 2009 , contain some sort of positive environmental theme . Jack McBrayer , who plays NBC page Kenneth Parcell , in regards to the environmental theme , said " It 's something that is relatable and is something that a lot of people are doing . Everybody is on board with greening up the place and being more environmentally friendly in real life . Every now and then people need to be reminded of things that can be done . " " Sun Tea " was filmed on October 23 and November 10 , 2009 .
In October 2009 , it was confirmed that actor Nate Corddry , best known as the brother of a former correspondent on the late night satirical television program The Daily Show , would guest star on the show as Liz Lemon 's upstairs neighbor . Former Vice President of the United States Al Gore made his second guest appearance , playing himself , with this episode . Gore first appeared in season two episode " Greenzo " . Actress Marceline Hugot reprised her role as Kathy Geiss , the daughter of Don Geiss ( Rip Torn ) , for the eighth time . Don Geiss 's estranged son , Bertrum ( Tony Torn ) , sues Kathy for control of the Geiss family trust fund . It is later revealed that Kathy is being represented by Teddy Ruxpin . Comedian actor Chris Parnell , who played Dr. Leo Spaceman in this episode , has appeared in the main cast of Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) , a weekly sketch comedy series which airs on NBC in the United States . Series creator , executive producer and lead actress Tina Fey was the head writer on SNL from 1999 until 2006 . This episode was actor Bobb 'e J. Thompson 's third appearance as Tracy Jordan 's son , Tracy Jr . , on the show . Thompson first guest starred in the episodes " Gavin Volure " and " The Bubble " .
The character Astronaut Mike Dexter was first referenced in this episode , in which Liz considers him to be her imaginary perfect husband . In " Sun Tea " , " Dot Com " Slattery ( Kevin Brown ) pretends to be Mike Dexter , Liz 's " crazy black boyfriend " , to help her get Brian out of his apartment . In the following episode , " Dealbreakers Talk Show " , actor John Anderson played the character , when Liz fantasizes about what it would be like following the success of her talk show , and is then notified by Mike Dexter that he has to go back to outer space . Astronaut Mike Dexter would be mentioned further in the season .
One filmed scene from " Sun Tea " was cut out from the airing . Instead , the scene was included on 30 Rock 's season four DVD as part of the deleted scenes bonus feature . Frank Rossitano is told to stop peeing in jars in his office and forced to use the bathroom . After exiting a bathroom in the 30 Rock building Frank runs into Kenneth and tells him " They can make me use the bathroom , Kenneth , but they will NEVER stop me from eating food in the garbage . " Frank then sees a janitors cart and picks up a half @-@ eaten egg muffin , eats it , and goes through the garbage in search for more food .
= = Cultural references = =
In one scene of " Sun Tea " , Jack Donaghy reveals that Don Geiss 's son , Bertram , is suing his half @-@ sister , Kathy , for control of the Geiss family trust fund . Kathy , who is outside of court and interviewed by the news media , is being represented by Teddy Ruxpin , an animatronic talking bear , who is dressed in a suit .
When Liz learns from Kenneth that NBC will have Green Week , she says " Oh brother , are they actually going to do something this year or are they just going to put that stupid green peacock in the corner of the screen ? " , a reference to the NBC peacock symbol having a green logo design during Green Week . As a result of what Liz said , Kenneth breaks the fourth wall , a term used when a character in a television show , film or on stage directly addresses the audience , when he glances down at the logo .
Tracy , under anesthetic for his vasectomy operation , dreams that he is playing actor Bill Cosby 's television character Cliff Huxtable and Tracy Jr. is Theo Huxtable from the television situation comedy The Cosby Show .
Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) admits to Kenneth she once took a low @-@ volume shower with actor Ed Begley , Jr . , and said " What more can I do ? " , after Kenneth told her he was in charge of reducing TGS 's carbon footprint , and that everyone has to help with this . This is a reference to Begley 's environmental activism .
At the end , when Al Gore says " Quiet ! A whale is in trouble . I have to go ! " , he repeats a line from season two episode " Greenzo " , in which he also guest starred .
= = Reception = =
According to the Nielsen ratings system , " Sun Tea " was watched by 5 @.@ 858 million households in its original American broadcast . It earned a 2 @.@ 9 rating / 7 share in the 18 – 49 demographic . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 9 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 7 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . It constituted a three percent drop in viewership from the previous week 's episode , " The Problem Solvers " . During its original broadcast , " Sun Tea " ranked third in its 9 : 30 p.m. slot , behind CBS ' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , which drew 15 @.@ 064 million household viewers , and ABC 's Grey 's Anatomy , which drew 14 @.@ 300 million households .
Television columnist Alan Sepinwall for The Star @-@ Ledger was positive about the episode , writing " This was the strongest overall Thursday this season for NBC 's comedies , and ' Sun Tea ' brought the evening to a fine close . Not all of it worked , but enough of it did ... that I was left happy . " He opined that if the episode gave more time to Kathy being represented by Teddy Ruxpin " I would have given ' Sun Tea ' my stamp of approval " . In regards to the environment story , Sepinwall said it " tied in nicely with both Frank 's disgusting jars and the apartment plot " . Nick Catucci of New York magazine said that the episode was " chockablock with great mini @-@ sketches , gags , and flights of fancy . " Catucci enjoyed Tracy 's Cosby dream , while he was anesthetized , calling it " delightful " . The A.V. Club 's Steven Hyden enjoyed the episode , writing it was " one of the funniest and most enjoyable episodes of the season . " Hyden commented that Liz 's plot had " a string of craaazy [ sic ] jokes . But they were amusing to laugh @-@ out @-@ loud jokes . " " I wouldn 't claim that it was an absolutely top tier episode [ ... ] but what the hell , it had some pretty great moments " , said Sean Gandert for Paste magazine . Gandert enjoyed Jack / Tracy and Liz 's plots , respectively , was glad that Chris Parnell returned as Dr. Spaceman , and said that Gore " also rarely disappoints " , but was not complimentary towards NBC " [ shoehorning ] its green week thing " into " Sun Tea " . Time contributor James Poniewozik observed that " the best bits " from this episode were " Teddy Ruxpin the lawyer ; the declaration that ' I , Bertram Geiss , am still Daddy 's fancy boy ' ; and , especially , the show 's treatment of the Green Is Universal mandate . "
Not all reviews were positive . IGN contributor Robert Canning did not enjoy the green theme in the episode , reasoning that it " just seemed to get in the way of everything else happening in ' Sun Tea ' . " He was not thrilled with Jack and Tracy 's storyline , noting it was missing heart and emotion , and overall it felt " flat " . Canning felt that Al Gore 's cameo was " fun but wholly unnecessary . " Bob Sassone of AOL 's TV Squad gave " Sun Tea " a mixed review , noting " I don 't know how funny it was , though . I mean , sure , there was still a ton of great lines tonight ... but not all of them hit the mark like they usually do . " Nonetheless , Sassone concluded " ... any 30 Rock episode with Dr. Spaceman and a couple of digs at NBC 's Green Week is still a pretty good one . " Meredith Blake , writing for the Los Angeles Times , said this episode of 30 Rock was " even more of a comedy drag race than usual . "
= Hee Seo =
Hee Seo ( Hangul : 서희 ; hanja : 徐姬 ; born 13 March 1986 ) is a South Korean principal dancer for American Ballet Theatre ( ABT ) , one of the three leading classical ballet companies in the United States . She became the company 's first Korean ballerina to be promoted to principal dancer in ABT 's 75 @-@ year history and is one of only three principal dancers in the company who have worked their way up the ranks from the American Ballet Theatre Studio Company . She is also one of the youngest dancers in ABT history to be promoted to principal at the age of twenty @-@ six . The New York Times has described her style and dancing to " exude an unhurried purity that sums up all that is lovely about ballet " and by Vogue as " unspeakably lissome " . Several critics have noted her style as " lyrical and open " and she has been critically acclaimed for her " humility " and " unique feminine strength " .
Seo began training in Russian ballet at the age of twelve ; a relatively late start for a ballet dancer . Seo has stated on numerous occasions that she did not have aspirations of becoming a professional ballet dancer . Her teachers identified her skills and talents early on and within a short period of time she was offered full scholarships to study abroad at prestigious ballet schools . She gained further notice by winning a scholarship at the 2003 Prix de Lausanne as well as the Grand Prix at the 2003 Youth America Grand Prix .
She was rapidly promoted from the ABT Studio Company and joined the full company in May 2005 . She was again quickly promoted into the corps de ballet in March 2006 and then to soloist in August 2010 before finally being named as principal dancer in July 2012 by Kevin McKenzie , the artistic director of ABT . During her time at ABT , she has performed numerous lead roles in classical and contemporary ballet .
= = Early life = =
Seo was born in Seoul , South Korea . Her mother , aunt , and grandmother all studied fine arts and she , along with her two older and younger brothers , studied piano and took swimming lessons . Seo has stated that one of the reasons she has a strong relationship with her mother was because she did not have a sister .
In middle school , Seo was the student class president and was offered the opportunity to attend an entrance competition for the Sunhwa Arts School . She had been dancing for six months but had not received any formal ballet training . She entered into the competition and was awarded a scholarship to attend the Sunhwa . Initially her parents were against her leaving due to her young age but were persuaded otherwise by one of her teachers . Seo enrolled for one year before leaving to study ballet in a professional training program in the United States .
= = Training and career = =
Seo began her formal dance training at age twelve ; a relatively late start for a ballet dancer . Jillian Laub from movmnt has described Seo as having " the perfect body for ballet " . At thirteen , she was invited to attend and awarded a full three @-@ year scholarship to study under Alla Sizova at the Kirov Academy of Ballet ( formerly the Universal Ballet Academy ) in Washington DC . Seo has often stated Sizova was a major influence and mentor in her life . Jacqueline Akhmedova was also one of her teachers and helped train her for competitions . Akhmedova said , " Seo [ was ] the best student she has ever had " .
Seo won the 2003 Prix de Lausanne Award in Switzerland and was offered a scholarship by Reid Anderson to attend the John Cranko Schule . That same year , Seo won the Grand Prix at the 2003 Youth America Grand Prix . John Meehan asked her to join the American Ballet Theatre Studio Company in the following year where she stayed until joining American Ballet Theatre as an apprentice in May 2005 .
In the beginning , Seo 's transition to the ABT company was difficult . She had trained under the Russian syllabus at Cranko and needed to make the transition to the " American style " . Seo noted that " the ABT style is to leave the dancers alone . Individual character matters here , and dance that lacks originality cannot survive " . She was able to adapt with the assistance of her mentors who also at the time helped her overcome a serious back injury . In March 2006 , she was promoted to the rank of corps de ballet . She gained significant attention in 2009 when she performed the female lead in MacMillan 's Romeo and Juliet , La Sylphide , and On the Dnieper . She debuted as Juliet on her twenty @-@ third birthday which she has said was " one of [ her ] favorites " .
She became a soloist in August 2010 and principal dancer in July 2012 . She was the first Korean ballerina to be promoted to principal dancer in ABT 's 75 @-@ year history and , at age 26 , one of the company 's youngest
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311 @.@ 587 km / h ) ) , winning the Bud Pole Award ; Jeff Burton was second fastest . Jeremy Mayfield qualified 25th , the last car to qualify for the race on the first day of time trials . Second round qualifying was held during the afternoon on Friday , October 16 ; the fastest car in the session , placing 26th on the starting grid , was the No. 07 Chevrolet driven by Dan Pardus , qualifying at a speed of 189 @.@ 945 miles per hour ( 305 @.@ 687 km / h ) . Kenny Wallace and Rich Bickle also improved their qualifying times and made the starting field for the race ; Bickle was the slowest car to qualify on time , at 188 @.@ 608 miles per hour ( 303 @.@ 535 km / h ) . Bobby Hamilton , Jimmy Spencer , Ricky Craven , Johnny Benson , Jr . , Ricky Rudd , Kyle Petty and Darrell Waltrip received provisional starting positions ; Rick Mast , Dick Trickle , Rick Wilson , Robert Pressley and Gary Bradberry failed to make the field for the event .
Ernie Irvan , 14th in Winston Cup Series points entering the event , opted to sit out the majority of practice and qualifying , having suffered injuries in a crash the previous week at Talladega Superspeedway ; Ricky Craven practiced and qualified the No. 36 Pontiac for Irvan . Irvan did run a few laps during practice on Friday night , October 16 ; the " Happy Hour " practice session began at 7 : 30pm and was scheduled to run for two and a half hours , but was delayed during its duration for an hour and 45 minutes , as the track was dried following afternoon thunderstorms . Bobby Hamilton posted the fastest speed in the session , 191 @.@ 345 miles per hour ( 307 @.@ 940 km / h ) . Johnny Benson 's car suffered a hood failure during the session , the hood flying off of the car .
= = = Race = = =
The race was held starting at 8pm on Saturday , October 17 , 1998 . Ernie Irvan dropped to the rear of the field prior to the start of the race , due to a driver change ; Ricky Craven had qualified the car . Although Bobby Labonte started on pole , Dale Jarrett , who had started third , led the first lap of the race ; Dale Earnhardt took the lead on lap two and held it through the first caution period of the race , for rain , for three laps starting at lap 13 . A large crash occurred on lap 32 ; initiated by Kevin Lepage losing control of his car in turn two , the wreck collected eleven cars , including Hut Stricklin , Geoff Bodine and three @-@ time Winston Cup champion Darrell Waltrip ; Earnhardt lost the lead during pit stops under caution to Rusty Wallace , with Dave Marcis pitting a lap later than the leaders to pick up five bonus points for leading a lap . Lepage suffered a fractured shoulder in a fall exiting his car .
The race resumed on lap 39 ; after Earnhardt took the lead for one lap at lap 44 Jarrett assumed the lead and held it for the next 37 laps , until pit stops shuffled the field and saw Earnhardt , Jeff Gordon , and Bobby Labonte swapping the lead among themselves . Jimmy Spencer and Jeremy Mayfield each also led a single lap during the long green @-@ flag period that ended on lap 107 when Dan Pardus hit the wall in turn two . Gordon had been leading at the time of the caution ; he lost the lead to rookie Kenny Irwin , Jr. during pit stops , and Irwin retained the lead after the resumption of racing on lap 110 , leading 15 laps in total until being passed by Gordon on lap 123 on account of having a flat tire , just before the caution came out once again for a rain shower .
The brief four @-@ lap caution saw Gordon retaining the lead ; he continued to pace the field as Irwin , on lap 141 , hit the Thunderbird of Chad Little , setting off a nine @-@ car accident that brought out a caution . Gordon continued to lead on the restart , and on lap 155 , five laps from the finish of the event , rain began to fall once again ; the caution flag was thrown , then the red flag , stopping the race to allow the track to be dried and the event to finish under green .
After a 37 @-@ minute red flag period , the race resumed ; Gordon was able to hold off his challengers over the final three laps to take his eleventh win of the season . In the midst of the final sprint , Chad Little ended up getting turned from behind by Jimmy Spencer while in a three wide battle exiting turn 4 and crashed hard into the inside wall , failing to make it to the stripe and finishing 20th . Gordon set an average speed of 144 @.@ 549 miles per hour ( 232 @.@ 629 km / h ) while leading 49 of the race 's 160 laps . Gordon received $ 184 @,@ 325 in purse money . Bobby Labonte finished second ; Mike Skinner was third , while Jeremy Mayfield and Rusty Wallace finished in the top five . The fastest lap of the race was set by Dale Earnhardt , at 191 @.@ 383 miles per hour ( 308 @.@ 001 km / h ) .
Gordon , who had entered the race with the points lead , extended it to 358 points over Mark Martin ; nobody would challenge Gordon over the remainder of the season , and he would go on to win his third Winston Cup Series championship ; he was the youngest driver to accomplish the feat . The race took two hours , forty @-@ six minutes , and two seconds to complete , and the margin of victory was 0 @.@ 176 seconds .
= = = Statistical notes = = =
The 1998 Pepsi 400 was the only Winston Cup Series start by Dan Pardus , and the last by Billy Standridge . It was also the last race for which Rick Wilson attempted to qualify .
The Pepsi 400 would return to its traditional July date in 1999 , and has been held at night every year since the 1998 event , except in 2014 when it was postponed to Sunday due to rain .
= = Results = =
= = = Qualifying = = =
= = = Race results = = =
= Hubble Deep Field =
The Hubble Deep Field ( HDF ) is an image of a small region in the constellation Ursa Major , constructed from a series of observations by the Hubble Space Telescope . It covers an area about 2 @.@ 6 arcminutes on a side , about one 24 @-@ millionth of the whole sky , which is equivalent in angular size to a tennis ball at a distance of 100 metres . The image was assembled from 342 separate exposures taken with the Space Telescope 's Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 over ten consecutive days between December 18 and December 28 , 1995 .
The field is so small that only a few foreground stars in the Milky Way lie within it ; thus , almost all of the 3 @,@ 000 objects in the image are galaxies , some of which are among the youngest and most distant known . By revealing such large numbers of very young galaxies , the HDF has become a landmark image in the study of the early universe , with the associated scientific paper having received over 900 citations by the end of 2014 .
Three years after the HDF observations were taken , a region in the south celestial hemisphere was imaged in a similar way and named the Hubble Deep Field South . The similarities between the two regions strengthened the belief that the universe is uniform over large scales and that the Earth occupies a typical region in the Universe ( the cosmological principle ) . A wider but shallower survey was also made as part of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey . In 2004 a deeper image , known as the Hubble Ultra @-@ Deep Field ( HUDF ) , was constructed from a few months of light exposure . The HUDF image was at the time the most sensitive astronomical image ever made at visible wavelengths , and it remained so until the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field ( XDF ) was released in 2012 .
= = Conception = =
One of the key aims of the astronomers who designed the Hubble Space Telescope was to use its high optical resolution to study distant galaxies to a level of detail that was not possible from the ground . Positioned above the atmosphere , Hubble avoids atmospheric airglow allowing it to take more sensitive visible and ultraviolet light images than can be obtained with seeing @-@ limited ground @-@ based telescopes ( when good adaptive optics correction at visible wavelengths becomes possible , 10 m ground @-@ based telescopes may become competitive ) . Although the telescope 's mirror suffered from spherical aberration when the telescope was launched in 1990 , it could still be used to take images of more distant galaxies than had previously been obtainable . Because light takes billions of years to reach Earth from very distant galaxies , we see them as they were billions of years ago ; thus , extending the scope of such research to increasingly distant galaxies allows a better understanding of how they evolve .
After the spherical aberration was corrected during Space Shuttle mission STS @-@ 61 in 1993 , the improved imaging capabilities of the telescope were used to study increasingly distant and faint galaxies . The Medium Deep Survey ( MDS ) used the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 ( WFPC2 ) to take deep images of random fields while other instruments were being used for scheduled observations . At the same time , other dedicated programs focused on galaxies that were already known through ground @-@ based observation . All of these studies revealed substantial differences between the properties of galaxies today and those that existed several billion years ago .
Up to 10 % of the HST 's observation time is designated as Director 's Discretionary ( DD ) Time , and is typically awarded to astronomers who wish to study unexpected transient phenomena , such as supernovae . Once Hubble 's corrective optics were shown to be performing well , Robert Williams , the then @-@ director of the Space Telescope Science Institute , decided to devote a substantial fraction of his DD time during 1995 to the study of distant galaxies . A special Institute Advisory Committee recommended that the WFPC2 be used to image a " typical " patch of sky at a high galactic latitude , using several optical filters . A working group was set up to develop and implement the project .
= = Target selection = =
The field selected for the observations needed to fulfill several criteria . It had to be at a high galactic latitude , because dust and obscuring matter in the plane of the Milky Way 's disc prevents observations of distant galaxies at low galactic latitudes . The target field had to avoid known bright sources of visible light ( such as foreground stars ) , and infrared , ultraviolet and X @-@ ray emissions , to facilitate later studies at many wavelengths of the objects in the deep field , and also needed to be in a region with a low background infrared ' cirrus ' , the diffuse , wispy infrared emission believed to be caused by warm dust grains in cool clouds of hydrogen gas ( H I regions ) .
These criteria restricted the field of potential target areas . It was decided that the target should be in Hubble 's ' continuous viewing zones ' ( CVZs ) — the areas of sky which are not occulted by the Earth or the moon during Hubble 's orbit . The working group decided to concentrate on the northern CVZ , so that northern @-@ hemisphere telescopes such as the Keck telescopes , the Kitt Peak National Observatory telescopes and the Very Large Array ( VLA ) could conduct follow @-@ up observations .
Twenty fields satisfying these criteria were initially identified , from which three optimal candidate fields were selected , all within the constellation of Ursa Major . Radio snapshot observations with the VLA ruled out one of these fields because it contained a bright radio source , and the final decision between the other two was made on the basis of the availability of guide stars near the field : Hubble observations normally require a pair of nearby stars on which the telescope 's Fine Guidance Sensors can lock during an exposure , but given the importance of the HDF observations , the working group required a second set of back @-@ up guide stars . The field that was eventually selected is located at a right ascension of 12h 36m 49.4s and a declination of + 62 ° 12 ′ 58 ″ ; it is approximately 2 @.@ 6 arcminutes in width , or 1 / 12 the width of the Moon . The area is approximately 1 / 28 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 of the total area of the sky .
= = Observations = =
Once a field had been selected , an observing strategy had to be developed . An important decision was to determine which filters the observations would use ; WFPC2 is equipped with forty @-@ eight filters , including narrowband filters isolating particular emission lines of astrophysical interest , and broadband filters useful for the study of the colours of stars and galaxies . The choice of filters to be used for the HDF depended on the ' throughput ' of each filter — the total proportion of light that it allows through — and the spectral coverage available . Filters with bandpasses overlapping as little as possible were desirable .
In the end , four broadband filters were chosen , centred at wavelengths of 300 nm ( near @-@ ultraviolet ) , 450 nm ( blue light ) , 606 nm ( red light ) and 814 nm ( near @-@ infrared ) . Because the quantum efficiency of Hubble 's detectors is quite low at 300 nm , the noise in observations at this wavelength is primarily due to CCD noise rather than sky background ; thus , these observations could be conducted at times when high background noise would have harmed the efficiency of observations in other passbands .
Between December 18 and December 28 , 1995 — during which time Hubble orbited the Earth about 150 times — 342 images of the target area in the chosen filters were taken . The total exposure times at each wavelength were 42 @.@ 7 hours ( 300 nm ) , 33 @.@ 5 hours ( 450 nm ) , 30 @.@ 3 hours ( 606 nm ) and 34 @.@ 3 hours ( 814 nm ) , divided into 342 individual exposures to prevent significant damage to individual images by cosmic rays , which cause bright streaks to appear when they strike CCD detectors . A further 10 Hubble orbits were used to make short exposures of flanking fields to aid follow @-@ up observations by other instruments .
= = Data processing = =
The production of a final combined image at each wavelength was a complex process . Bright pixels caused by cosmic ray impacts during exposures were removed by comparing exposures of equal length taken one after the other , and identifying pixels that were affected by cosmic rays in one exposure but not the other . Trails of space debris and artificial satellites were present in the original images , and were carefully removed .
Scattered light from the Earth was evident in about a quarter of the data frames , creating a visible " X " pattern on the images . This was removed by taking an image affected by scattered light , aligning it with an unaffected image , and subtracting the unaffected image from the affected one . The resulting image was smoothed , and could then be subtracted from the bright frame . This procedure removed almost all of the scattered light from the affected images .
Once the 342 individual images were cleaned of cosmic @-@ ray hits and corrected for scattered light , they had to be combined . Scientists involved in the HDF observations pioneered a technique called ' drizzling ' , in which the pointing of the telescope was varied minutely between sets of exposures . Each pixel on the WFPC2 CCD chips recorded an area of sky 0 @.@ 09 arcseconds across , but by changing the direction in which the telescope was pointing by less than that between exposures , the resulting images were combined using sophisticated image @-@ processing techniques to yield a final angular resolution better than this value . The HDF images produced at each wavelength had final pixel sizes of 0 @.@ 03985 arcseconds .
The data processing yielded four monochrome images ( at 300 nm , 450 nm , 606 nm and 814 nm ) , one at each wavelength . One image was designated as red ( 814 nm ) , the second as green ( 606 nm ) and the third as blue ( 450 nm ) , and the three images were combined to give a colour image . Because the wavelengths at which the images were taken do not correspond to the wavelengths of red , green and blue light , the colours in the final image only give an approximate representation of the actual colours of the galaxies in the image ; the choice of filters for the HDF ( and the majority of Hubble images ) was primarily designed to maximize the scientific utility of the observations rather than to create colours corresponding to what the human eye would actually perceive .
= = Contents of the Deep Field = =
The final images were released at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society in January 1996 , and revealed a plethora of distant , faint galaxies . About 3 @,@ 000 distinct galaxies could be identified in the images , with both irregular and spiral galaxies clearly visible , although some galaxies in the field are only a few pixels across . In all , the HDF is thought to contain fewer than twenty galactic foreground stars ; by far the majority of objects in the field are distant galaxies .
There are about fifty blue point @-@ like objects in the HDF . Many seem to be associated with nearby galaxies , which together form chains and arcs : these are likely to be regions of intense star formation . Others may be distant quasars . Astronomers initially ruled out the possibility that some of the point @-@ like objects are white dwarfs , because they are too blue to be consistent with theories of white dwarf evolution prevalent at the time . However , more recent work has found that many white dwarfs become bluer as they age , lending support to the idea that the HDF might contain white dwarfs .
= = Scientific results = =
The HDF data provided extremely rich material for cosmologists to analyse and by late 2014 the associated scientific paper for the image had received over 900 citations . One of the most fundamental findings was the discovery of large numbers of galaxies with high redshift values .
As the Universe expands , more distant objects recede from the Earth faster , in what is called the Hubble Flow . The light from very distant galaxies is significantly affected by the cosmological redshift . While quasars with high redshifts were known , very few galaxies with redshifts greater than one were known before the HDF images were produced . The HDF , however , contained many galaxies with redshifts as high as six , corresponding to distances of about 12 billion light @-@ years . Due to redshift the most distant objects in the HDF ( Lyman @-@ break galaxies ) are not actually visible in the Hubble images ; they can only be detected in images of the HDF taken at longer wavelengths by ground @-@ based telescopes .
The HDF galaxies contained a considerably larger proportion of disturbed and irregular galaxies than the local universe ; galaxy collisions and mergers were more common in the young universe as it was much smaller than today . It is believed that giant elliptical galaxies form when spirals and irregular galaxies collide .
The wealth of galaxies at different stages of their evolution also allowed astronomers to estimate the variation in the rate of star formation over the lifetime of the Universe . While estimates of the redshifts of HDF galaxies are somewhat crude , astronomers believe that star formation was occurring at its maximum rate 8 – 10 billion years ago , and has decreased by a factor of about 10 since then .
Another important result from the HDF was the very small number of foreground stars present . For years astronomers had been puzzling over the nature of dark matter , mass which seems to be undetectable but which observations implied made up about 90 % of the mass of the Universe . One theory was that dark matter might consist of Massive Astrophysical Compact Halo Objects ( MACHOs ) — faint but massive objects such as red dwarfs and planets in the outer regions of galaxies . The HDF showed , however , that there were not significant numbers of red dwarfs in the outer parts of our galaxy .
= = Multifrequency followup = =
Very @-@ high redshift objects ( Lyman @-@ break galaxies ) cannot be seen in visible light and generally are detected in infrared or submillimetre wavelength surveys of the HDF instead . Observations with the Infrared Space Observatory ( ISO ) indicated infrared emission from 13 galaxies visible in the optical images , attributed to large quantities of dust associated with intense star formation . Infrared observations have also been made with the Spitzer Space Telescope . Submillimeter observations of the field have been made with SCUBA on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope , initially detecting 5 sources , although with very low resolution . Observations have also been made with the Subaru telescope in Hawaii .
X @-@ ray observations by the Chandra X @-@ ray Observatory revealed six sources in the HDF , which were found to correspond to three elliptical galaxies : one spiral galaxy , one active galactic nucleus and one extremely red object , thought to be a distant galaxy containing a large amount of dust absorbing its blue light emissions .
Ground @-@ based radio images taken using the VLA revealed seven radio sources in the HDF , all of which correspond to galaxies visible in the optical images . The field has also been surveyed with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope and the MERLIN array of radio telescopes at 1 @.@ 4 GHz ; the combination of VLA and MERLIN maps made at wavelengths of 3 @.@ 5 and 20 cm have located 16 radio sources in the HDF @-@ N field , with many more in the flanking fields . Radio images of some individual sources in the field have been made with the European VLBI Network at 1 @.@ 6 GHz with a higher resolution than the Hubble maps .
= = Subsequent HST observations = =
An HDF counterpart in the southern celestial hemisphere was created in 1998 : the HDF @-@ South . Created using a similar observing strategy , the HDF @-@ S was very similar in appearance to the original HDF . This supports the cosmological principle that at its largest scale the Universe is homogeneous . The HDF @-@ S survey used the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph ( STIS ) and the Near Infrared Camera and Multi @-@ Object Spectrometer ( NICMOS ) instruments installed on the HST in 1997 ; the Hubble Deep Field has since been re @-@ observed several times using WFPC2 , as well as by the NICMOS and STIS instruments . Several supernova events were detected by comparing the first and second epoch observations of the HDF @-@ N.
A wider survey , but less sensitive , was carried out as part of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey ; a section of this was then observed for longer to create the Hubble Ultra @-@ Deep Field , which was the most sensitive optical deep field image for years until the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field was completed in 2012 . Images from the Extreme Deep Field , or XDF , were released on 26 September 2012 to a number of media agencies . Images released in the XDF show galaxies which are now believed to have formed in the first 500 million years following the Big Bang .
= Laie Hawaii Temple =
Laie Hawaii Temple is a temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) located on the northeast shore of the Hawaiian island of Oʻahu . The temple sits on a small hill , a half @-@ mile from the Pacific Ocean , in the town of Lāʻie , 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Honolulu . Along with Brigham Young University – Hawaii and the Polynesian Cultural Center , the Laie Hawaii Temple plays an important role in the town of Lā 'ie , with the Visitors ' Center attracting more than 100 @,@ 000 people annually .
In addition to initial building and construction , the temple has been dedicated for use by several presidents of the LDS Church . The temple site was dedicated by Joseph F. Smith on June 1 , 1915 , with Heber J. Grant dedicating the completed structure on November 27 , 1919 . Spencer W. Kimball rededicated the Temple after significant expansion on June 13 , 1978 . After seismic upgrades and remodeling , Thomas S. Monson rededicated the Temple on November 21 , 2010 .
The Laie Hawaii Temple was the first temple built by the LDS Church outside of the continental United States . The temple is also the oldest to operate outside of Utah , and the fifth @-@ oldest LDS temple still in operation . The Laie Hawaii Temple was formerly known as the Hawaiian Temple or the Hawaii Temple until the implementation of the standard naming convention for LDS temples .
= = History = =
= = = Sandwich Islands Mission = = =
During the California Gold Rush , the first ten Mormon missionaries to Hawaii departed San Francisco on the ship Imaum of Muscat . After 20 days at sea , the ship arrived on December 12 , 1850 , in Honolulu Harbor at what was then known as the " Sandwich Islands " ( Hawaiian Islands ) . A week later , nine missionaries received their assignments ; two headed to the island of Kaua 'i , three to Lahaina on the island of Maui , two to the Big Island of Hawaii , and two stayed behind in Honolulu . These nine missionaries formed the basis of the Sandwich Islands Mission . The first LDS Church congregation in Hawaii was established on the island of Maui in 1851 . Missionaries settled on the island of Lānaʻi in 1854 , and in Lāʻie on the island of Oʻahu in 1865 .
= = = Lāʻie = = =
In 1865 , the Church purchased a 6 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 24 km2 ) sugarcane plantation as a gathering place for the Latter @-@ day Saints in the area . While on a mission to the Sandwich Islands , Joseph F. Smith first proposed building a temple in Hawaii during a meeting in Lāʻie on February 15 , 1885 . George Q. Cannon , one of the original ten missionaries , visited Lāʻie in 1900 and became revered as a prophet for promoting the idea of a new Hawaiian temple among his congregations .
In 1915 , Joseph F. Smith , then sixth president of the LDS Church , announced plans for the first temple outside the continental United
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from 10 @,@ 500 square feet ( 980 m2 ) to over 47 @,@ 000 square feet ( 4 @,@ 400 m2 ) . Church president Spencer W. Kimball rededicated the temple on June 13 , 1978 .
A $ 5 @.@ 5 million renovation , renewal , and beautification project along Hale Laʻa Boulevard leading to the temple began in 2003 , lasting 14 months : Norfolk pines suffering from termite infestation were replaced with royal palms , new decorative lighting was added to the terraces , and landscaped roundabouts were put in place . At the same time , the Visitors ' Center was upgraded with interactive kiosks and new displays .
In December 2008 , the Laie Hawaii Temple closed again for structural and seismic upgrades and to restore the ordinance rooms to their original appearance and progressive @-@ style presentation of the endowment ( still using film ) . The baptistry was repaired and renovated . The temple was rededicated on November 21 , 2010 , by Thomas S. Monson .
= = Architecture = =
LDS Church president Joseph F. Smith wanted the architecture of the Laie Hawaii Temple to resemble Solomon 's Temple referred to in the biblical canon . The temple is often compared to the Cardston Alberta Temple , designed by young architects Hyrum Pope and Harold W. Burton . Pope and Burton 's design was also used for Laie , and their work is rooted in the Prairie style architecture made popular by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in the early twentieth @-@ century . The temples also evoke Mesoamerican architectural motifs , a favored theme of Burton 's .
The temple sits on an 11 @-@ acre ( 4 @.@ 5 ha ) site that was once part of a large sugarcane plantation . Construction of the temple first began in February 1916 . Native materials consisting of crushed lava rock were used to build the temple , along with reinforced concrete . The building 's gleaming white finish was created using pneumatic stone @-@ cutting techniques . The temple has the shape of a cross when seen from the air ; the highest point of the temple is 50 ft ( 15 @.@ 2 m ) , and it measures 102 ft ( 31 @.@ 1 m ) from east to west and 78 ft ( 23 @.@ 8 m ) from north to south . The front exterior was designed in the form of a Greek cross , but lacks a tower , a rarity in LDS Church temples . Apart from the Laie Hawaii Temple , only two other church temples lack towers or spires : the Cardston Alberta Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple .
The exterior of the temple exhibits four large friezes planned by American sculptor J. Leo Fairbanks and built with the help of his brother Avard Fairbanks . Modeled four @-@ fifths lifesize and cast in concrete , the bas @-@ relief friezes depict God ’ s dealings with Man . The north frieze depicts the story of the Book of Mormon . The west frieze shows the people of the Old Testament . The New Testament and the Apostasy are depicted on the southern frieze of the temple , and the restoration of the Church through Joseph Smith is shown on the east frieze . On the grounds of the temple are statues also designed by the Fairbanks brothers , including Joseph being blessed by his father and one of the Prophet Lehi in a scene from the Second Book of Nephi in the Book of Mormon .
As visitors approach the temple and pass a number of reflecting pools , a maternity fountain sits in front of the uppermost pool . Designed by the Fairbanks brothers , this bold relief honors Hawaiian Motherhood and depicts a Hawaiian mother holding a giant clam shell while pouring water over her children . The act is supposed to symbolize mothers pouring their love , hope and care onto their children .
The landscaped temple grounds contain tropical gardens , with plants such as hibiscus , Brazilian plume , birds of paradise , lantana , red ginger , bougainvillea , plumeria , Ixora , and others . At the base of the temple grounds is a fountain separating an LDS Family History Center and a Visitors ' Center , where a ten @-@ foot sculpture replica of Bertel Thorvaldsen 's Christus stands inside the entrance .
The Laie Hawaii Temple is 47 @,@ 224 square feet ( 4 @,@ 387 @.@ 3 m2 ) and houses four ordinance rooms and six sealing rooms . Landscape artist LeConte Stewart designed many of the murals found inside the temple .
= = Admittance = =
Laie Hawaii Temple is not used for regular Sunday worship . As temples are considered sacred houses of the Lord , only church members who keep gospel covenants are allowed to enter for the purpose of participating in sacred ceremonies such as endowments , baptism for the dead and eternal marriage , a ritual in which couples and families are sealed for time and all eternity . Because of these guidelines , non @-@ Mormons are not allowed inside temples , but public tours of the grounds outside and of the visitors ' centers are available .
= = Temple presidents = =
Notable temple presidents include Edward L. Clissold ( 1936 – 38 , 1943 – 44 , 1963 – 65 ) ; D. Arthur Haycock ( 1986 – 89 ) ; and J. Richard Clarke ( 1998 – 2001 ) .
= Yvon Cormier =
Yvon Cormier ( November 3 , 1938 – March 4 , 2009 ) was a Canadian professional wrestler . Competing primarily under the ring name The Beast , he and his three wrestling brothers made up the Cormier wrestling family . He wrestled in many countries but regularly returned to Canada , where he competed for the Eastern Sports Association ( ESA ) and the ESA @-@ promoted International Wrestling ( IW ) . He also competed in the Calgary , Alberta @-@ based Stampede Wrestling for many years .
= = Career = =
Cormier was born into a family of thirteen children , of which four of the brothers became professional wrestlers , and another became a referee . His wrestling brothers were Leo Burke ( Leonce Cormier ) , Bobby Kay ( Romeo Cormier ) and Rudy Kay ( Jean @-@ Louis Cormier ) . The oldest brother , Malcolm , worked as a referee under the name Mel Turnbow . As a teenager , he worked in the woods , shoed horses , and drove heavy equipment . He met Emile Dupré in 1957 , who told him to consider a career in professional wrestling . Cormier began training , and later moved to Indianapolis , Indiana to continue his preparation under trainer Les Ruffen , and made his debut in 1963 . At first , he used the ring name Pierre Lebelle before switching to Ivan the Lumberjack . In Texas , he was known as Joe Gump . When he later ventured to the Mid @-@ Atlantic territory , Jim Crockett , Sr. named him The Beast . At that time , he had thick , untamed hair and a large , curly beard .
The Beast spent part of his early career competing for Stampede Wrestling , where he faced such wrestlers as Stu Hart . He won his first championship there in 1966 . He defeated Stampede veteran Dave Ruhl to win the Calgary version of the NWA Canadian Heavyweight Championship . Later that year , he dropped the title to Ruhl . He gained a different title the following year , however , when he teamed with Bob Sweetan to defeat the Christy Brothers ( Bobby and Jerry ) for the Calgary version of the NWA International Tag Team Championship on July 12 , 1967 .
In 1969 , The Beast became the first holder of the IW North American Heavyweight Championship . On August 5 , he gained a second title when he teamed with his brother Rudy Kay to defeat The Fabulous Kangaroos ( Al Costello and Don Kent ) to win the ESA International Tag Team Championship . Three weeks later , he dropped the North American title to The Stomper ( Archie Gouldie ) , who became his longtime rival . He then began competing for the Amarillo , Texas @-@ based territory of the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . He won the NWA Western States Heavyweight Championship and held it for several months before losing it in a match against Ricky Romero on February 2 , 1970 .
Two months later , on April 4 , The Beast teamed with Bull Ramos to win the NWA Western States Tag Team Championship by defeating Terry Funk and Romero . They continued to face Funk and Romero and dropped the title to them later that year . On July 27 , The Beast regained the IW North American Heavyweight Championship from The Stomper and held it for over two months . He lost the championship to Eric Pomeroy that October . While competing in the ESA , The Beast also had another reign as International Tag Team Champion , this time while teaming with his brother Leo Burke . They held the title until dropping it on August 3 , 1971 to The Beast 's former partner Freddie Sweetan and former rival Eric Pomeroy . The Beast had two more reigns with the ESA International Tag Team Championship that year , however . Four weeks after dropping it to Sweetan and Pomeroy , he regained the title from them with the help of his new partner Archie Gouldie , with whom The Beast had once feuded over the North American Heavyweight Championship . The title reign lasted for a little over a month before Pomeroy and Sweetan regained the championship trophy . Pomeroy and Sweetan held the title for only one week , however , as The Beast recruited his brother Rudy Kay to help him win the championship back on October 12 . This time , the brothers ' reign lasted for just over seven months . Sweetan eventually regained the title while teaming with Mike Dubois on May 16 the following year .
Over a year passed before The Beast won another championship . In the summer of 1973 , Sweetan was holding the ESA Tag Team Championship with Kurt von Steiger when The Beast teamed with Bobby Kay , the only one of his brothers with whom he had not held a tag team championship , and regained the trophy . Once again , however , Sweetan won the title back on July 31 along with partner Mr. X. During the ESA off @-@ season , The Beast returned to Texas and reformed his tag team partnership with brother Leo Burke . In January 1974 , the brothers defeated Don Fargo and Hank James to win the NWA Western States Tag Team Championship . Within two months , however , they lost the title to long @-@ time rival Romero and his partner Dory Funk , Jr . Returning to the ESA , The Beast and Bobby Kay defeated Sweetan and Dubois to win the vacant Tag Team Championship . The reign lasted for less than one week before Sweetan and Dubois won the trophy in a rematch . The following month , The Beast had another short reign with the IWA North American Heavyweight Championship , winning the title and losing it back to Great Kuma in less than two weeks . He followed this with a victory for the Tag Team Championship with Burke on July 13 , once again winning the title from Sweetan and Dubois . By early August , the brothers had dropped the title to Kuma and Geto Mongol .
The Beast and Rudy Kay had one last reign as ESA International Tag Team Champions together . They defeated Bob Brown and The Patriot during the autumn of 1975 to win the trophy . They held the title until the end of the ESA 's 1975 season . The Beast 's final title reign began in Texas on February 20 , 1976 . He and Leo Burke won a tournament for the vacant NWA Western States Tag Team Championship , defeating Romero and his son Silver Streak to win the title . They held it for one week before dropping it to Romero and Silver Streak on February 27 .
During his career he wrestled seven different world champions , including six time limit draws . At one point , he wrestled Giant Baba in Japan in front of a crowd of 45 @,@ 000 people . He also participated in numerous chain matches , in which he and an opponent were joined together by a steel chain attached to their wrists .
= = Personal life = =
Cormier was known for his physical strength and intense exercise regimen . He was known to bench press 450 pounds with each , and he was once recorded as bench pressing 527 pounds . During one photo session , Cormier lifted a telephone pole from the ground and carried it around while posing for pictures . According to one story , he once got upset with a horse that refused to cooperate and knocked it down with one punch .
Like his brothers , Cormier was a lifelong ice hockey fan . He also trained horses for harness racing and had six of his own Percheron horses . He had four sons , all of whom are being trained to wrestle , as well as one daughter . He was married to his wife , Doris , for 44 years until his death .
In May 2008 , Cormier was diagnosed with lymphoma . He underwent treatment but suffered a heart attack soon after beginning . Doctors later determined that the cancer had moved into his bone marrow . He died on March 4 , 2009 at a hospital in Moncton , New Brunswick .
= = In wrestling = =
Managers
Rudy LaBelle
Signature and finishing moves
Bear hug
Knee drop
= = Championships and accomplishments = =
Eastern Sports Association
ESA International Tag Team Championship ( 8 times ) - with Rudy Kay ( 3 ) , Leo Burke ( 1 ) , Archie Gouldie ( 1 ) , and Bobby Kay ( 3 )
IW North American Heavyweight Championship ( 4 times )
NWA Western States Sports
NWA Western States Heavyweight Championship ( 2 times )
NWA Western States Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) - with Leo Burke ( 2 ) and Bull Ramos ( 1 )
Stampede Wrestling
NWA Canadian Heavyweight Championship ( Calgary version ) ( 1 time )
NWA International Tag Team Championship ( Calgary version ) ( 1 time ) - with Bob Sweetan
= Sands Hotel and Casino =
The Sands Hotel and Casino was a
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of Sciota cost $ 75 @,@ 711 ( equivalent to $ 1 @.@ 19 million in 2016 ) to rebuild to state highway standards , and it became a state highway on December 12 , 1918 . From Sciota to Chazy , the road was locally maintained until the late 1920s .
In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , hundreds of state @-@ maintained highways without a posted route number were given a signed designation for the first time . The Altona – Chazy Landing state highway was designated as NY 191 . At its east end , the route connected to Vermont Route F @-@ 2 on Isle La Motte by way of a ferry across part of Lake Champlain . The ferry was discontinued in 1937 ; however , the endpoints of NY 191 remained unchanged . On April 1 , 1980 , ownership and maintenance of all of NY 191 was transferred from the state of New York to Clinton County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . The entirety of the highway was designated as CR 23 by Clinton County and NY 191 was truncated to consist only of the portion of the route between Sciota and Chazy . The route was decommissioned in July 2014 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route was in Chazy , Clinton County .
= A Dramatic Turn of Events =
A Dramatic Turn of Events is the eleventh studio album by American progressive metal band Dream Theater , released worldwide on September 12 , 2011 and in the United States on September 13 through Roadrunner Records . It is the band 's first recording to feature drummer Mike Mangini following the departure of founding member Mike Portnoy in September 2010 . The album was written , recorded , mixed , and mastered between January and June 2011 at Cove City Sound Studios in Long Island , New York . It was produced by John Petrucci and mixed by Andy Wallace . Two singles , " On the Backs of Angels " and " Build Me Up , Break Me Down " , were released in promotion of the album .
For A Dramatic Turn of Events , Dream Theater underwent a self @-@ proclaimed musical change , reevaluating and restructuring themselves . The album has drawn stylistic comparisons to two of the band 's past albums , Images and Words and Metropolis Pt . 2 : Scenes from a Memory . Many songs on the album were written with a specific purpose in mind as Petrucci , one of the album 's primary composers , felt a sense of responsibility to fans following Portnoy 's departure . The album 's title was derived from its recurring lyrical themes of dramatic changes in history that have affected people 's lives , including contemporary uprisings such as the Libyan Civil War .
A commercial success , A Dramatic Turn of Events moved 36 @,@ 000 units in the United States in its debut week , charting at number eight on the US Billboard 200 . The album received mixed reviews from critics , but nonetheless earned Dream Theater their first @-@ ever Grammy nomination ( for " On the Backs of Angels " ) . From July 2011 until September 2012 , the band supported the album on the A Dramatic Turn of Events Tour .
= = Background = =
= = = Search for a new drummer = = =
On September 8 , 2010 , Mike Portnoy announced that he would be leaving Dream Theater , citing better relationships in other projects , burnout , and his desire for a break as reasons . Elaborating on the situation for MusicRadar , John Petrucci revealed that originally , Portnoy did not want to leave the band ; he only wanted to take a five @-@ year break . Only after the rest of the band rejected his proposal did Portnoy decide to quit .
Petrucci has called Portnoy 's departure one of the hardest things Dream Theater have had to face , and speaking of when he first heard the news , Jordan Rudess recounted , " You know , just to give you an idea of how deep this was to lose him , how difficult it was ... after we got off the phone with him ... I literally sat on the steps of my studio and cried . This is a guy who 's a friend of mine , who we all love and admire . We didn 't want to see it come crashing down . "
A little more than a month after Portnoy 's departure , Dream Theater began auditioning for a new drummer in New York City . The drummers invited to audition were Mike Mangini , Derek Roddy , Thomas Lang , Virgil Donati , Marco Minnemann , Aquiles Priester , and Peter Wildoer . In April 2011 , the band announced that Mangini was the drummer selected via a three part YouTube documentary series called The Spirit Carries On .
Shortly after Mangini joined Dream Theater , Portnoy e @-@ mailed the band asking to rejoin , but his attempt was rebuffed . Reflecting on his arrival to the band , Mangini told Noisecreep , " As I see it , as I look back , I really think what happened was that this band kind of started over . They were in a new place as they looked for a drummer , and I when got the news , after the shock wore off , I knew what I wanted to do – which was just basically come in and try to support where they wanted to go . They had a vision , they had great ideas , and I just wanted to help them achieve those things . "
= = = Writing and recording = = =
On January 3 , 2011 , Dream Theater entered Cove City Sound Studios to begin working on a new album . Although John Petrucci brought in demos , riffs , and songs from home , the album was mostly written in the studio . Writing was completed on March 2 and done without Mike Mangini . The band made demos for all the songs with drums already programmed , then sent them to Mangini who learned the parts and " added his own stuff . " Reflecting on the writing process for Rock Your Life , Jordan Rudess explained that the band 's approach was more open to his keyboards than in the past , and that after Mike Portnoy 's departure , he and Petrucci " became , like , free . " James LaBrie and John Myung each contributed more to the writing than they had in recent years .
On April 14 , LaBrie began tracking vocals and the album 's mixing and mastering by Andy Wallace were finished by June 28 . LaBrie recorded all the album 's vocals in Canada with Richard Chycki . Originally , LaBrie planned to only record the album 's first two songs away from New York City , but after flying there to finish the remainder of the vocals , decided to go back to Canada because " it just didn 't feel right . "
= = Composition = =
Jordan Rudess has said that , for A Dramatic Turn of Events , the band underwent a musical change , re @-@ evaluating and restructuring " who we are and what we do . " Speaking in an interview for Der Spiegel and Roadrunner Germany , John Petrucci mentioned that the album " tells a story ... not literally but emotionally " and likened the experience to a " roller coaster ride . " In that same interview , James LaBrie emphasized that the album was melodically driven .
In his review of A Dramatic Turn of Events , Rich Wilson – author of the official Dream Theater biography Lifting Shadows – described the album 's material as veering toward progressive rock and being " spiritually reminiscent " of past albums like Images and Words ( 1992 ) and Scenes from a Memory ( 1999 ) . In a post on his forum , Mike Portnoy took these comparisons a step further , suggesting that the new songs were " desperate attempts to re @-@ write the past " .
In composing A Dramatic Turn of Events , Petrucci admitted to feeling a sense of responsibility to fans following Portnoy 's departure . He also explained that the majority of the songs on the album were written to prove to people that everything was grounded and intact with the band . Opener " On the Backs of Angels " was designed to reflect Dream Theater 's signature sound , the heavy " Build Me Up , Break Me Down " was written far into the making of the album to serve as a contrast to its progressive elements , " Outcry " was intended to be the anthem of the album , and " Breaking All Illusions " was used as an epic piece that would not bind the band to conventional songwriting arrangements . The final song written for the album was the ballad " Beneath the Surface " , which is also the album 's closing track . Petrucci wrote the song himself , demoed and recorded it , and then presented it to the band , who were open to including it on the album .
Amidst speculation that A Dramatic Turn of Events ' title was a vague reference to Portnoy 's departure , Petrucci stressed that it is in no way a reference to anyone ; rather , the title references the album 's recurring themes of dramatic changes in history that have affected peoples ' lives . All of the album 's lyrics were written by Petrucci except for " Far from Heaven " , written by LaBrie , and " Breaking All Illusions " , co @-@ written with John Myung .
= = Release = =
A Dramatic Turn of Events ' title , track listing , and United States release date were revealed on June 8 , 2011 . Its cover art , designed by longtime collaborator Hugh Syme , was revealed several days later . On June 29 , " On the Backs of Angels " was released as the album 's first single . Leading up to the release of the album , Dream Theater teased various one @-@ minute long snippets of new songs , including " Breaking All Illusions " , " Beneath the Surface " , and " This Is the Life " . On September 14 , a music video for " On the Backs of Angels " was released . On January 26 , 2012 , the band premiered a lyric video for their upcoming single , " Build Me Up , Break Me Down " , on Loudwire .
A Dramatic Turn of Events was released worldwide on September 12 , 2011 and in the United States on September 13 , debuting at number one in some countries and attaining the eighth position on the US Billboard
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writings of French colonial governor Étienne de Flacourt in the mid @-@ 17th century introduced the existence of giant Malagasy mammals to Western science with recorded eye @-@ witness accounts from the local people of dangerous animals , hornless " water cows " , and a large lemur @-@ like creature referred to locally as the tretretretre or tratratratra . Today , the latter is thought to have been a species of Palaeopropithecus or possibly Megaladapis . Flacourt described it as :
An animal as big as a two @-@ year @-@ old calf , with a round head and a human face : the front feet are monkeylike , and the rear ones as well . It has frizzy hair , a short tail , and humanlike ears . ... One has been seen near Lake Lipomami , around which it lives . It is a very solitary animal ; the local people fear it greatly and flee from it as it does from them .
Local tales of a song 'aomby ( Malagasy for " cow that is not a cow " ) , or pygmy hippopotamus , led French naturalist Alfred Grandidier to follow a village headman to a marsh in southwestern Madagascar , a site called Ambolisatra , which became the first known subfossil site in Madagascar . In 1868 , Grandidier uncovered the first subfossil remains of lemurs — a humerus from Palaeopropithecus and a tibia of a sifaka . The Palaeopropithecus remains were not described for several decades , and it took decades more for the remains to be correctly paired with other sloth lemur remains . It was not until 1893 that giant lemur species were formally described , when Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major discovered and described a long , narrow skull of Megaladapis madagascariensis in a marsh . His discoveries in various marshes of central and southwestern Madagascar sparked paleontological interest , resulting in an overabundance of taxonomic names and confused assemblages of bones from numerous species , including non @-@ primates . Specimens were distributed between European museums and Madagascar , often resulting in the loss of field data that went with the specimens , if the data had been recorded at all .
In 1905 , Alfred Grandidier 's son , Guillaume Grandidier , reviewed subfossil lemur taxonomy and determined that too many names had been created . His review established most of the presently known family and genera names for the extinct lemurs . Despite the taxonomic clarification , subfossil postcrania from different genera , particularly Megaladapis , Palaeopropithecus and Hadropithecus , continued to be incorrectly paired and sometimes assigned to non @-@ primates . Since subfossil remains were often dredged from marshes one by one , pairing skulls with other bones was often guesswork based on size @-@ matching , and was not very accurate as a consequence . Even as late as the 1950s , bones of non @-@ primates were attributed to subfossil lemurs . One reconstruction of the confounded subfossil remains by paleontologist Herbert F. Standing depicted Palaeopropithecus as an aquatic animal that swam near the surface , keeping its eyes , ears , and nostrils slightly above water . Postcranial remains of Palaeopropithecus had previously been paired with Megaladapis by Guillaume Grandidier , who viewed it as a giant tree sloth , which he named Bradytherium . Standing 's aquatic theory was supported by Italian paleontologist Giuseppe Sera , who reconstructed Palaeopropithecus as an " arboreal @-@ aquatic acrobat " that not only swam in water but climbed trees and dove from there into the water . Sera took the aquatic theory further in 1938 by including other extinct lemurs , including Megaladapis , which he viewed as a thin ray @-@ like swimmer that fed on mollusks and crustaceans while concealed underwater . It was primarily the paleontologist Charles Lamberton who correctly paired many of the confused subfossils , although others had also helped address problems of association and taxonomic synonyms . Lamberton also refuted Guillaume Grandidier 's sloth theory for Megaladapis , as well as the aquatic lemur theory of Standing and Sera .
Excavations during the early 20th century by researchers like Lamberton failed to unearth any new extinct lemur genera . Fourteen of the approximately seventeen known species had previously been identified from field work in southern , western , and central Madagascar . When paleontological field work resumed in the early 1980s , new finds provided associated skeletal remains , including rare bones such as carpal bones ( wrist bones ) , phalanges ( finger and toe bones ) , and bacula ( penile bone ) . In some cases , nearly complete hands and feet were found . Enough remains have been found for some groups to demonstrate the physical development of juveniles . Standard long @-@ bone indices have been calculated in order to determine the intermembral index ( a ratio that compares limb proportions ) , and body mass estimates have been made based on long @-@ bone circumference measurements . Even preserved fecal pellets from Archaeolemur have been found , allowing researchers to learn about its diet . More recently , electron microscopy has allowed researchers to study behavioral patterns , and DNA amplification has helped with genetic tests that determine the phylogenetic relationships between the extinct and living lemurs .
A new genus of sloth lemur , Babakotia , was discovered in 1986 by a team led by Elwyn L. Simons of Duke University in karst caves on the Ankarana Massif in northern Madagascar . Along with Babakotia , a new species of Mesopropithecus , M. dolichobrachion , was also discovered , but not formally described until 1995 . The same team has also helped promote new ideas about sloth lemur adaptations and the relationships among the four genera . They have also provided evidence that living species , such as the indri and the greater gamboo lemur , have lost much of their original range . In 2009 , a new species of large sloth lemur , called Palaeopropithecus kelyus , was described from northwestern Madagascar by a Franco @-@ Madagascan team . The new species was found to be smaller than the two previously known species from the genus , and its diet reportedly consisted of more hard @-@ textured food . The resurgence in subfossil lemur work has also sparked new interest in Madagascar 's small mammals , which have also been found at the subfossil sites . This has led to new ideas about the origins , diversity , and distribution of these animals .
The number of Malagasy subfossil sites containing subfossil lemurs has increased significantly since the mid @-@ 20th century . At that time , subfossil lemurs had only been found in the center , south , and southwest of the island . Since then , only the eastern rainforests have not been represented , and paleodistributions are now known for both extinct and living species around most of the island . Large quantities of subfossil lemur remains have been found in caves , marshes , and streambank sites in drier regions . The subfossil sites are clustered together geographically and are recent in age , mostly dating between 2 @,@ 500 and 1 @,@ 000 years old , with a few spanning back into the last glaciation , which ended approximately 10 @,@ 000 years ago .
= = Extinction = =
At least 17 species of giant subfossil lemur vanished during the Holocene , with all or most extinctions happening after the colonization of Madagascar by humans around 2 @,@ 000 years ago . Madagascar 's megafauna included not only giant lemurs , but also elephant birds , giant tortoises , several species of Malagasy hippopotamuses , Cryptoprocta spelea ( a " giant Fossa " ) , large crocodiles ( Voay robustus ) , and Plesiorycteropus , a unique digging mammal , all of which died out during the same period . Madagascar 's megafaunal extinctions were among the most severe for any continent or large island , with all endemic wildlife over 10 kg ( 22 lb ) disappearing , totaling approximately 25 species . The most severely impacted lemurs were generally large and diurnal , particularly the clade containing the living indriids and extinct sloth lemurs . Although only the indriids are alive today and represent only a small percentage of the living lemur species , this clade collectively contained the majority of the extinct giant lemur species .
By region , the Central Highlands lost the greatest number of lemur species . Although it has lost nearly all of its woodland habitat , some lemur species still survive in isolated forest patches . Lemur diversity is tightly linked with plant diversity , which in turn decreases with increased forest fragmentation . In extreme cases , treeless sites such as the town of Ampasambazimba from the central region no longer support any of the lemur species represented in their subfossil record . However , other locations no longer have giant subfossil lemurs , yet they still maintain forested habitat that could support them . Even though the giant lemurs have disappeared from these locations , while the smaller species survive in the forest patches that remain , the subfossil remains indicate that the living species used to be more widespread and coexisted with the extinct species . Although the Central Highlands saw the greatest species loss , it was not the only region or habitat type to witness extinctions . However , the least @-@ understood region is the eastern rainforests , which have not yielded subfossil lemur remains . Consequently , it is impossible to know what percentage of lemur taxa were recently lost there , although studies of Malagasy customs ( ethnohistory ) along with archaeological evidence suggests the eastern rainforests were more ecologically disturbed in the past than they are today . Hunting and trapping by humans may have severely impacted large lemurs in this region as well .
Comparisons of species counts from subfossil deposits and remnant populations in neighboring Special Reserves has further demonstrated decreased diversity in lemur communities and contracted geographic ranges . At Ampasambazimba in central Madagascar , 20 species of subfossil lemur have been found . At nearby Ambohitantely Reserve , only 20 % of those species still survive . Only six of 13 species found at Ankilitelo and Ankomaka Caves in the southwest still survive at Beza Mahafaly Reserve . In the extreme north , the caves of Ankarana have yielded 19 species , yet only nine remain in the surrounding forests . In the northwest , 10 or 11 subfossil species have been found at Anjohibe , whereas only six species remain at nearby Ankarafantsika National Park .
As with the extinctions that occurred on other land masses during the late Pleistocene and Holocene ( known as the Quaternary extinction event ) , the disappearance of Madagascar 's megafauna is tightly linked with the arrival of humans , with nearly all extinctions dating to around the same time of the earliest evidence of human activity on the island or significantly later . The exact date of human arrival is unknown , although a radius ( arm bone ) of a Palaeopropithecus ingens with distinct cut marks from the removal of flesh with sharp objects dates to approximately 2325 ± 43 BP ( 2366 – 2315 cal yr BP ) . Based on this evidence from Taolambiby in the southwest interior , as well as other dates for human @-@ modified dwarf hippo bones and introduced plant pollen from other parts of the island , the arrival of humans is conservatively estimated at approximately 350 cal yr BCE . Measurements of stratigraphic charcoal and the appearance of exotic plant pollen dated from Holocene core samples confirm these approximated dates for human arrival in the southwestern corner of the island and further suggest that the central and northern parts of the island did not experience significant human impact until 700 to 1 @,@ 500 years later . The humid forests of the lower interior of the island were the last to be settled ( as shown by the presence of charcoal particles ) , possibly due to the prevalence of human diseases , such as plague , malaria , and dysentery . The entire island was not fully colonized by humans until the beginning of the second millennium CE .
The extinction of Madagascar 's megafauna , including the giant lemurs , was one of the most recent in history , with large lemur species like Palaeopropithecus ingens surviving until approximately 500 years ago and one bone of the extinct Hippopotamus laloumena radiocarbon dated to about 100 years BP An even wider extinction window for the subfossil lemurs , ranging up until the 20th century , may be possible if reports of unidentified animals are true . As recently as the early 17th century , dwindling populations of subfossil lemurs may have persisted in coastal regions where tree @-@ cutting and uncontrolled fires had less of an impact . By that date , the Central Highlands ' forests were mostly gone , with the exception of scattered forest fragments and strips . Along the northwest coast , forms such as Archaeolemur may have survived for more than a millennium after the arrival of humans . This is supported by radiocarbon dates for Archaeolemur from the Ankarana Massif dating to 975 ± 50 CE as well as archaeological data that show there was little human activity in the area until a few centuries ago , with low human population density along the northwest coast until nearly 1500 CE .
= = = Hypotheses = = =
In the 20th century , six hypotheses for explaining the extinction of the giant subfossil lemurs have been proposed and tested . They are known as the " Great Fire " , " Great Drought " , " Blitzkrieg " , " Biological Invasion " , " Hypervirulent Disease " , and " Synergy " hypotheses . The first was proposed in 1927 when Henri Humbert and other botanists working in Madagascar suspected that human @-@ introduced fire and uncontrolled burning intended to create pasture and fields for crops transformed the habits quickly across the island . In 1972 , Mahé and Sourdat proposed that the arid south had become progressively drier , slowly killing off lemur fauna as the climate changed . Paul S. Martin applied his overkill hypothesis or " blitzkrieg " model to explain the loss of the Malagasy megafauna in 1984 , predicting a rapid die @-@ off as humans spread in a wave across the island , hunting the large species to extinction . That same year , Robert Dewar speculated that introduced livestock outcompeted the endemic wildlife in a moderately fast series of multiple waves across the island . In 1997 , MacPhee and Marx speculated that a rapid spread of hypervirulent disease might explain the die @-@ offs that occurred after the appearance of humans worldwide , including Madagascar . Finally , in 1999 , David Burney proposed that the complete set of human impacts worked together , in some cases along with natural climate change , and very slowly brought about the demise of the giant subfossil lemurs and other recently extinct endemic wildlife .
Since all extinct lemurs were larger than the ones that currently survive , and the remaining large forests still support large populations of smaller lemurs , large size appears to have conveyed some distinct disadvantages . Large @-@ bodied animals require larger habitats in order to maintain viable populations , and are most strongly impacted by habitat loss and fragmentation . Large folivores typically have slower reproductive rates , live in smaller groups , and have low dispersal rates ( vagility ) , making them especially vulnerable to habitat loss , hunting pressure , and possibly disease . Large , slow @-@ moving animals are often easier to hunt and provide a larger amount of food than smaller prey . Furthermore , leaf @-@ eating , large @-@ bodied slow climbers , and semiterrestrial seed predators and omnivores disappeared completely , suggesting an extinction pattern based on habitat use .
Since the subfossil bones of extinct lemurs have been found alongside the remains of highly arboreal living lemur species , we know that much of Madagascar had been covered in forest prior to the arrival of humans ; however , the forest coverage of the high plateau region has been debated . Humbert and other botanists suggested that the central plateau had once been blanketed in forest , later to be destroyed by fire for use by humans . However , recent paleoenvironmental studies by Burney have shown that the grasslands of that region have fluctuated over the course of millennia and were not entirely created by humans . Similarly , the role humans played in the aridification of the south and southwest has been questioned , since natural drying of the climate started before human arrival . The marshes of the region ( in which subfossil remains have been found ) have dried up , subfossil sites have yielded a host of arboreal lemurs , and site names , such as Ankilitelo ( " place of three kily or tamarind trees " ) suggest a recent wetter past . Pollen studies have shown that the aridification process began nearly 3 @,@ 000 years ago , and peaked 1 @,@ 000 years prior to the time of the extinctions . However , no extinctions occurred prior to the arrival of humans , and the recent climatic changes have not been as severe as those prior to human arrival , suggesting that humans and their effect on the vegetation did play a role in the extinctions . The central plateau lost more species than the dry south and southwest , suggesting that degraded habitats were more affected than arid habitats .
Over @-@ hunting by humans has been one of the most widely accepted hypotheses for the ultimate demise of the subfossil lemurs . The extinctions and human hunting pressure are associated due to the synchronicity of human arrival and species decline , as well as the suspected naïveté of the Malagasy wildlife during the early encounters with human hunters . Despite the assumptions , evidence of butchery has been minimal until recently , although folk memories of rituals associated with the killing of megafauna have been reported . Archeological evidence for butchery of giant subfossil lemurs , including Palaeopropithecus ingens and Pachylemur insignis , was found on specimens from two sites in southwestern Madagascar , Taolambiby and Tsirave . Although the bones had been collected in the early 20th century and lacked stratigraphic records , one of the bones with tool marks had been dated to the time of the first arrival of humans . Tool @-@ induced bone alterations , in the form of cuts and chop marks near joints and other characteristic cuts and fractures , indicated the early human settlers skinned , disarticulated , and filleted giant lemurs . Prior to these finds , only modified bones of dwarf hippos and elephant birds , as well as giant aye @-@ aye teeth , had been found .
Although there is evidence that habitat loss , hunting , and other factors played a role in the demise of the subfossil lemurs , prior to the synergy hypothesis , each had its own discrepancies . Humans may have hunted the giant lemurs for food , but no signs of game @-@ dependent butchery have been found . In fact , Madagascar was colonized by Iron @-@ age pastoralists , horticulturalists , and fishermen , not big @-@ game hunters . Additionally , the blitzkrieg hypothesis predicts extinction within 100 and 1 @,@ 000 years as humans sweep across the island , yet humans lived alongside the giant lemurs for more than 1 @,@ 500 years . Alternatively , habitat loss and deforestation have been argued against because many giant lemurs were thought to be terrestrial , they are missing from undisturbed forested habitats , and their environment was not fully forested prior to the arrival of humans . Anthropologist Laurie Godfrey defended the effects of habitat loss by pointing out that most of the extinct lemurs have been shown to have been at least partly arboreal and dependent upon leaves and seeds for food , and also that these large @-@ bodied specialists would be most vulnerable to habitat disturbance and fragmentation due to their low reproductive resilience and their need for large , undisturbed habitats . Still , much of the island remained covered in forest , even into the 20th century .
Linking human colonization to a specific cause for extinction has been difficult since human activities have varied from region to region . Although no single human activity can account for the extinction of the giant subfossil lemurs , the humans are still regarded as being primarily responsible . Each of the contributing human @-@ caused factors played a role ( having a synergistic effect ) in varying degrees . Even the most widespread and adaptable species , such as Archaeolemur , were able to survive despite hunting pressure and human @-@ caused habitat change until human population growth and other factors reached a tipping point , cumulatively resulting in their extinction .
= = = Extinction timeline and the primary trigger = = =
While it is generally agreed that both human and natural factors contributed to the subfossil lemur extinction , studies of sediment cores have helped to clarify the general timeline and initial sequence of events . Spores of the coprophilous fungus , Sporormiella , found in sediment cores experienced a dramatic decline shortly after the arrival of humans . Since this fungus cannot complete its life cycle without dung from large animals , its decline also indicates a sharp decline in giant subfossil lemur populations , as well as other large herbivores , starting around 230 – 410 cal yr CE . Following the decline of megafauna , the presence of charcoal particles increased significantly , starting in the southwest corner of the island , gradually spreading to the other coasts and the island 's interior over the next 1 @,@ 000 years . The first evidence for the introduction of cattle to the island dates to 1 @,@ 000 years after the initial decline of coprophilous fungal spores .
The loss of grazers and browsers might have resulted in the accumulation of excessive plant material and litter , promoting more frequent and destructive wildfires , which would explain the rise in charcoal particles following the decline in coprophilous fungus spores . This in turn resulted in ecological restructuring through the elimination of the wooded savannas and preferred arboreal habits on which the giant subfossil lemurs depended . This left their populations at unsustainably low levels , and factors such as their slow reproduction , continued habitat degradation , increased competition with introduced species , and continued hunting ( although at lower levels , depending on the region ) prevented them from recovering and gradually resulted in their extinction .
Hunting is thought to have caused the initial rapid decline , referred to as the primary trigger , although other explanations may be plausible . In theory , habitat loss should affect frugivores more than folivores , since leaves are more widely available . However , both large @-@ bodied frugivores and large @-@ bodied folivores disappeared simultaneously , while smaller species remained . Furthermore , other large non @-@ primate grazers also disappeared around the same time . Consequently , large body size has been shown to have the strongest link to the extinctions — more so than activity patterns or diet . Since large animals are more attractive as prey , fungal spores associated with their dung declined rapidly with the arrival of humans , and butchery marks have been found on giant subfossil lemur remains , hunting appears to be a plausible explanation for the initial decline of the megafauna .
By region , studies have revealed specific details that have helped outline the series of events that led to the extinction of the local megafauna . In the Central Highlands , dense forests existed until 1600 CE , with lingering patches persisting until the 19th and 20th centuries . Today , small fragments stand isolated among vast expanses of human @-@ created savanna , despite an average annual rainfall that is sufficient to sustain the evergreen forests once found there . Deliberately set fires were the cause of the deforestation , and forest regrowth is restricted by soil erosion and the presence of fire @-@ resistant , exotic grasses . In the southeast , an extended drought dating to 950 cal yr BP led to fires and transition of open grasslands . The drought may also have pushed humans populations to rely more heavily on bushmeat . Had humans not been present , the subfossil lemur populations might have adjusted to the new conditions and recovered . Had the drought not reduced the population of the subfossil lemurs , the pressure from the small number of people living in the region at the time might not have been enough to cause the extinctions . As in the past , all of the factors that have played a role in past extinctions are still present and active today . As a result , the extinction event that claimed Madagascar 's giant subfossil lemurs has not fully concluded .
= = = Lingering populations and oral tradition = = =
Recent radiocarbon dates from accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dating , such as 630 ± 50 BP for Megaladapis remains and 510 ± 80 BP for Palaeopropithecus remains , indicate that the giant lemurs survived into modern times . Moreover , it is likely that memories of these creatures persist in the oral traditions of some Malagasy cultural groups . Some recent stories from around Belo sur Mer in southwestern Madagascar might even suggest that some of the giant subfossil lemurs still survive in remote forests .
Flacourt 's 1658 description of the tretretretre or tratratratra was the first mention of the now extinct giant lemurs in Western culture , but it is unclear if he saw it . The creature Flacourt described has traditionally been interpreted as a species of Megaladapis . However , the size may have been exaggerated , and the " round head and a human face " would not match Megaladapis , which had an enlarged snout and eyes that did not face entirely forward . Megaladapis had the least forward @-@ facing eyes of all primates . The facial description , and the mention of a short tail , solitary habits , and other traits better match the most recent interpretation — Palaeopropithecus . Likewise , Malagasy tales recorded by the 19th @-@ century folklorist Gabriel Ferrand describing a large animal with a flat human @-@ like face that was unable to negotiate smooth rock outcrops best match Palaeopropithecus , which would also have had difficulty on flat smooth surfaces .
In 1995 , a research team led by David Burney and Ramilisonina performed interviews in and around Belo sur Mer , including Ambararata and Antsira , to find subfossil megafaunal sites used early in the century by other paleontologists . During carefully controlled interviews , the team recorded stories of recent sightings of dwarf hippos ( called kilopilopitsofy ) and of a large lemur @-@ like creature known as kidoky ; a report of the interviews was published in 1998 with encouragement from primatologist Alison Jolly and anthropologist Laurie Godfrey . In one interview , an 85 @-@ year @-@ old man named Jean Noelson Pasc
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ou recounted seeing the rare kidoky up close in 1952 . Pascou said that the animal looks similar to a sifaka , but had a human @-@ like face , and was " the size of a seven @-@ year @-@ old girl " . It had dark fur and a discernible white spot both on the forehead and below the mouth . According to Pascou , it was a shy animal that fled on the ground instead of in the trees . Burney interpreted the old man as saying that it moved in " a series of leaps " , but Godfrey later claimed that " a series of bounds " was a better translation — a description that would closely match the foot anatomy of monkey lemurs , such as Hadropithecus and Archaeolemur . Pascou could also imitate its call , a long single " whoop " , and said that kidoky would come closer and continue calling if he imitated the call correctly . The call Pascou imitated was comparable to that of a short call for an indri , which lives on the other side of Madagascar . When shown a picture of an indri , Pascou said kidoky did not look like that , and that it had a rounder face , more similar to a sifaka . Pascou also speculated that kidoky could stand on two legs and that it was a solitary animal .
Another interviewee , François , a middle @-@ aged woodcutter who spent time in the forests inland ( east ) from the main road between Morondava and Belo sur Mer , and five of his friends , reported seeing kidoky recently . Their description of the animal and François 's imitation of its long call were virtually identical to Pascou 's . One of the young men insisted that its fur had a lot of white in it , but the other men could not confirm that . François and his friends reported that it had never climbed a tree in their presence , and that it flees on the ground in short leaps or bounds . When Burney imitated the sideways leaping of a sifaka moving on the ground , one of the men corrected him , pointing out that he was imitating a sifaka . The man 's imitation of the gallop kidoky used was very baboon @-@ like . The men also reported that imitating its call can draw the animal closer and cause it to continue calling .
Burney and Ramilisonina admitted that the most parsimonious explanation for the sightings was that kidoky was a misidentified sifaka or other larger living lemur species . However , the authors did not feel comfortable with such a dismissal because of their careful quizzing and use of unlabeled color plates during the interviews and because of the competence demonstrated by the interviewees in regards to local wildlife and lemur habits . The possibility of a wild introduced baboon surviving in the forests could not be dismissed . However , the descriptions of kidoky , with its terrestrial baboon @-@ like gait , make Hadropithecus and Archaeolemur the most plausible candidates among the giant subfossil lemurs . At the very least , the stories support a wider extinction window for the giant subfossil lemurs , suggesting that their extinction was recent enough for such vivid stories to still survive in the oral traditions of the Malagasy people .
= Nepenthes rajah =
Nepenthes rajah / nᵻˈpɛnθiːz ˈrɑːdʒə / is an insectivorous pitcher plant species of the Nepenthaceae family . It is endemic to Mount Kinabalu and neighbouring Mount Tambuyukon in Sabah , Malaysian Borneo . Nepenthes rajah grows exclusively on serpentine substrates , particularly in areas of seeping ground water where the soil is loose and permanently moist . The species has an altitudinal range of 1500 to 2650 m a.s.l. and is thus considered a highland or sub @-@ alpine plant . Due to its localised distribution , N. rajah is classified as an endangered species by the IUCN and listed on CITES Appendix I.
The species was collected by Hugh Low on Mount Kinabalu in 1858 , and described the following year by Joseph Dalton Hooker , who named it after James Brooke , the first White Rajah of Sarawak . Hooker called it " one of the most striking vegetable productions hither @-@ to discovered " . Since being introduced into cultivation in 1881 , Nepenthes rajah has always been a much sought @-@ after species . For a long time , the plant was seldom seen in private collections due to its rarity , price , and specialised growing requirements . However , recent advances in tissue culture technology have resulted in prices falling dramatically , and N. rajah is now relatively widespread in cultivation .
Nepenthes rajah is most famous for the giant urn @-@ shaped traps it produces , which can grow up to 41 cm high and 20 cm wide . These are capable of holding 3 @.@ 5 litres of water and in excess of 2 @.@ 5 litres of digestive fluid , making them probably the largest in the genus by volume . Another morphological feature of N. rajah is the peltate leaf attachment of the lamina and tendril , which is present in only a few other species .
The plant is known to occasionally trap vertebrates and even small mammals , with drowned rats having been observed in the pitcher @-@ shaped traps . It is one of only two Nepenthes species documented as having caught mammalian prey in the wild , the other being N. rafflesiana . N. rajah is also known to occasionally trap small vertebrates such as frogs , lizards and even birds , although these cases probably involve sick animals and certainly do not represent the norm . Insects , and particularly ants , comprise the staple prey in both aerial and terrestrial pitchers .
Although Nepenthes rajah is most famous for trapping and digesting animals , its pitchers are also host to a large number of other organisms , which are thought to form a mutually beneficial ( symbiotic ) association with the plant . Many of these animals are so specialised that they cannot survive anywhere else , and are referred to as nepenthebionts . N. rajah has two such mosquito taxa named after it : Culex rajah and Toxorhynchites rajah .
Another key feature of N. rajah is the relative ease with which it is able to hybridise in the wild . Hybrids between it and all other Nepenthes species on Mount Kinabalu have been recorded . However , due to the slow @-@ growing nature of N. rajah , few hybrids involving the species have been artificially produced yet .
= = Etymology = =
Joseph Dalton Hooker described Nepenthes rajah in 1859 , naming it in honour of Sir James Brooke , the first White Rajah of Sarawak . In the past , the Latin name was written as Nepenthes Rajah , since it derives from a proper noun . However , this capitalisation is considered incorrect today . ' Rajah Brooke 's Pitcher Plant ' is an accurate , but seldom @-@ used common name . N. rajah is also sometimes called the ' Giant Malaysian Pitcher Plant ' or simply ' Giant Pitcher Plant ' , although the binomial name remains by far the most popular way of referring to this species . The specific epithet rajah means " King " in Malay and this , coupled with the impressive size of its pitchers , has meant that N. rajah is often referred to as the " King of Nepenthes " .
= = Plant characteristics = =
Nepenthes rajah , like virtually all species in the genus , is a scrambling vine . The stem usually grows along the ground , but will attempt to climb whenever it comes into contact with an object that can support it . The stem is relatively thick ( ≤ 30 mm ) and may reach up to 6 m in length , although it rarely exceeds 3 m . N. rajah does not produce runners as some other species in the genus , but older plants are known to form basal offshoots . This is especially common in plants from tissue culture , where numerous offshoots may form at a young age .
= = = Leaves = = =
Leaves are produced at regular intervals along the stem . They are connected to the stem by sheathed structures known as petioles . A long , narrow tendril emanates from the end of each leaf . At the tip of the tendril is a small bud which , when physiologically activated , develops into a functioning trap . Hence , the pitchers are modified leaves and not specialised flowers as is often believed . The green structure most similar to a normal leaf is specifically known as the lamina or leaf blade .
The leaves of N. rajah are very distinctive and reach a large size . They are leathery in texture with a wavy outer margin . The leaves are characteristically peltate , whereby the tendril joins the lamina on the underside , before the apex . This characteristic is more pronounced in N. rajah than in any other Nepenthes species , with the exception of N. clipeata . However , it is not unique to these two taxa , as mature plants of many Nepenthes species display slightly peltate leaves . The tendrils are inserted ≤ 5 cm below the leaf apex and reach a length of approximately 50 cm . Three to five longitudinal veins run along each side of the lamina and pennate ( branching ) veins run towards the margin . The lamina is oblong to lanceolate @-@ shaped , ≤ 80 cm long and ≤ 15 cm wide .
= = = Pitchers = = =
All Nepenthes pitchers share several basic characteristics . Traps consist of the main pitcher cup , which is covered by an operculum or lid that prevents rainwater from entering the pitcher and displacing or diluting its contents . A reflexed ring of hardened tissue , known as the peristome , surrounds the entrance to the pitcher ( only the aerial pitchers of N. inermis lack a peristome ) . A pair of fringed wings run down the front of lower traps and these presumably serve to guide terrestrial insects into the pitchers ' mouth . Accordingly , the wings are greatly reduced or completely lacking in aerial pitchers , for which flying insects constitute the majority of prey items .
Nepenthes rajah , like most species in the genus , produces two distinct types of traps . " Lower " or " terrestrial " pitchers are the most common . These are very large , richly coloured , and ovoid in shape . In lower pitchers , the tendril attachment occurs at the front of the pitcher cup relative to the peristome and wings . Exceptional specimens may be more than 40 cm in length and hold 3 @.@ 5 litres of water and in excess of 2 @.@ 5 litres of digestive fluid , although most do not exceed 200 ml .
The largest recorded pitcher of N. rajah , measuring 41 cm , was found on March 26 , 2011 , during a trip to Mesilau organised by The Sabah Society . The trap was discovered next to a steep sidepath of the Mesilau nature trail and was measured by Alex Lamb , son of Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb , who were also on the trip . It was collected for preservation at Mesilau Headquarters . Another trap measuring 40 cm was spotted on the same day . The previous record for a N. rajah pitcher was 38 cm .
The lower pitchers of N. rajah are probably the largest in the genus by volume , rivaled only by those of N. merrilliana , N. truncata and the giant form of N. rafflesiana . These traps rest on the ground and are often reclined , leaning against surrounding objects for support . They are usually red to purple on the outside , whilst the inside surfaces are lime green to purple . This contrasts with all other parts of the plant , which are yellow @-@ green . The lower pitchers of N. rajah are unmistakable and for this reason it is easy to distinguish it from all other Bornean Nepenthes species .
Mature plants may also produce " upper " or " aerial " pitchers , which are much smaller , funnel @-@ shaped , and usually less colourful than the lowers . The tendril attachment in upper pitchers is normally present at the rear of the pitcher cup . True upper pitchers are seldom seen , as the stems of N. rajah rarely attain lengths greater than a few metres before dying off and being replaced by off @-@ shoots from the main rootstock .
Upper and lower pitchers differ significantly in morphology , as they are specialised for attracting and capturing different prey . Pitchers that do not fall directly into either category are simply known as " intermediate " pitchers .
The peristome of N. rajah has a highly distinctive scalloped edge and is greatly expanded , forming an attractive red lip around the trap 's mouth . A series of raised protrusions , known as ribs , intersect the peristome , ending in short , sharp teeth that line its inner margin . The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 80 % of its total cross @-@ sectional surface length in this species . Two fringed wings run from the tendril attachment to the lower edge of the peristome .
The huge , vaulted lid of N. rajah , the largest in the genus , is another distinguishing characteristic of this species . It is ovate to oblong in shape and has a distinct keel running down the middle , with two prominent lateral veins . The spur at the back of the lid is approximately 20 mm long and unbranched .
Nepenthes rajah is noted for having very large nectar @-@ secreting glands covering its pitchers . These are quite different from those of any other Nepenthes and are easily recognisable . The inner surface of the pitcher , in particular , is wholly glandular , with 300 to 800 glands / cm ² .
= = = Flowers = = =
Nepenthes rajah seems to flower at any time of the year . Flowers are produced in large numbers on inflorescences that arise from the apex of the main stem . N. rajah produces a very large inflorescence that can be 80 cm , and sometimes even 120 cm tall . The individual flowers of N. rajah are produced on partial peduncles ( twin stalks ) and so the inflorescence is called a raceme ( as opposed to a panicle for multi @-@ flowered bunches ) . The flowers are reported to give off a strong sugary smell and are brownish @-@ yellow in colour . Sepals are elliptic to oblong and ≤ 8 mm long . Like all Nepenthes species , N. rajah is dioecious , which means that individual plants produce flowers of a single sex . Fruits are orange @-@ brown and 10 to 20 mm long ( see image ) . A study of 300 pollen samples taken from a herbarium specimen ( J.H.Adam 2443 , collected at an altitude of 1930 – 2320 m ) found the mean pollen diameter to be 34 @.@ 7 μm ( SE
= 0 @.@ 3 ; CV =
7 @.@ 0 % ) .
= = = Other characteristics = = =
The root system of N. rajah is notably extensive , although it is relatively shallow as in most Nepenthes species .
All parts of the plant are covered in long , white hairs when young , but mature plants are virtually glabrous ( lacking hair ) . This covering of hair is known as the indumentum .
The colour of herbarium specimens is dark @-@ brown in varying hues ( see image ) .
Little variation has been observed within natural populations of Nepenthes rajah and , consequently , no forms or varieties have been described . Furthermore , N. rajah has no true nomenclatural synonyms , unlike many other Nepenthes species , which exhibit greater variability .
= = Carnivory = =
See also : Pitfall traps
Nepenthes rajah is a carnivorous plant of the pitfall trap variety . It is famous for occasionally trapping vertebrates , even small mammals . There exist at least two records of drowned rats found in N. rajah pitchers . The first observation dates from 1862 and was made by Spenser St. John , who accompanied Hugh Low on two ascents of Mount Kinabalu . In 1988 , Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb confirmed the plausibility of this record when they managed to observe drowned rats in a large pitcher of N. rajah . In 2011 , the discovery of a drowned mountain treeshrew ( Tupaia montana ) in a N. rajah pitcher was reported .
Nepenthes rajah is also known to occasionally trap other small vertebrates , including frogs , lizards and even birds , although these cases probably involve sick animals , or those seeking shelter or water in the pitcher , and certainly do not represent the norm . Insects , and particularly ants , comprise the majority of prey in both aerial and terrestrial pitchers . Other arthropods , such as centipedes , also fall prey to N. rajah .
Nepenthes rafflesiana is one of the few other Nepenthes species reliably documented as having caught mammalian prey in its natural habitat . In Brunei , frogs , geckos and skinks have been found in the pitchers of this species . The remains of mice have also been reported . On September 29 , 2006 , at the Jardin botanique de Lyon in France , a cultivated N. truncata was photographed containing the decomposing corpse of a mouse .
= = = Mutualism with mammals = = =
Nepenthes rajah has evolved a mutualistic relationship with mountain treeshrews ( Tupaia montana ) in order to collect their droppings . The inside of the reflexed lid exudes a sweet nectar . The distance from the pitcher mouth to the exudate is the same as the average body length of the mountain treeshrew . These proportions also hold true for N. lowii and N. macrophylla . As it feeds , the treeshrew defecates , apparently as a method of marking its feeding territory . It is thought that in exchange for providing nectar , the faeces provide N. rajah with the majority of the nitrogen it requires . In N. lowii , N. macrophylla and N. rajah , the colour of the lower lid surface corresponds to visual sensitivity maxima of the mountain treeshrew in the green and blue wavebands , making the lid underside stand out against adjacent parts of the pitcher . Of the three species , N. rajah shows the tightest ' fit ' , particularly in the green waveband .
In 2011 , it was reported that N. rajah has a similar mutualistic relationship with the summit rat ( Rattus baluensis ) . Whereas the mountain treeshrew visits pitchers during daylight hours , the summit rat is primarily active at night ; this may be an example of resource partitioning . Daily scat deposition rates were found to be similar for both mammalian species .
= = Other interactions with animals = =
= = = Pitcher infauna = = =
Although Nepenthes are most famous for trapping and digesting animals , their pitchers also play host to a large number of other organisms ( known as infauna ) . These include fly and midge larvae , spiders ( most notably the crab spider Misumenops nepenthicola ) , mites , ants , and even a species of crab , Geosesarma malayanum . The most common and conspicuous predators found in pitchers are mosquito larvae , which consume large numbers of other larvae during their development . Many of these animals are so specialised that they cannot survive anywhere else , and are referred to as nepenthebionts .
The complex relationships between these various organisms are not yet fully understood . The question of whether infaunal animals " steal " food from their hosts , or whether they are involved in a mutually beneficial ( symbiotic ) association has yet to be investigated experimentally and is the source of considerable debate . Clarke suggests that mutualism is a " likely situation " , whereby " the infauna receives domicile , protection and food from the plant , while in return , the infauna helps to break down the prey , increase the rate of digestion and keep bacterial numbers low " .
= = = Species specific = = =
As the size and shape of Nepenthes pitchers vary greatly between species
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77 in Curaçao , Netherlands Antilles . Schuringa is a graduate of Leiden University , Leiden . He is a film director of low @-@ budget Dutch films for an Amsterdam @-@ based media company , and was the assistant director for National Lampoon 's Teed Off Too .
Dutch Deputy Prime Minister Wouter Bos phoned Schuringa on behalf of the Dutch government the day after the attack , and conveyed the government 's compliments and gratitude for Schuringa 's part in overpowering the suspect . Dutch Member of Parliament Geert Wilders called Schuringa " a national hero " who " deserves a royal honor " , which Wilders said he would ask the Dutch government to award . According to the Dutch newspaper De Volkskrant , Queen Beatrix expressed her feelings of gratitude towards Schuringa . On May 21 , 2010 , Schuringa received the Honorary Medal of the city Amsterdam from then @-@ acting mayor of Amsterdam , Lodewijk Asscher , for his " extraordinary heroism . " In December 2010 , Schuringa was also awarded the Silver Carnegie Medal from the Dutch division of the Carnegie Hero Fund .
= = Reactions and investigations = =
= = = US response = = =
The U.S. investigation into the incident is being managed by the Detroit Joint Terrorism Task Force , which is led by the FBI and includes U.S. Customs and Border Protection , U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement , the Federal Air Marshal Service , and other law enforcement agencies . Among other questions , they were attempting to find out what training he received , who else ( if anyone ) was in the training program , are others preparing to launch similar attacks , was the attack part of a larger plot , was it a test run , and who assisted him .
President Barack Obama was notified of the incident by an aide while on a vacation in Kailua , Hawaii , and spoke with officials from the Department of Homeland Security . He instructed that all appropriate measures be taken in response to the incident . While the White House called the attack an act of terrorism , U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder has not declared the incident an official terrorist act .
The U.S. is examining what information it had before the attack , why its National Counterterrorism Center did not make a connection between the warning from Abdulmutallab 's father and intercepts by the National Security Agency of conversations among Yemeni al @-@ Qaida leaders about a " Nigerian " to be used for an attack ( months before the attack took place ) , and why the suspect 's U.S. visa was not withdrawn .
On January 7 , 2010 , James L. Jones , the National Security Advisor , said Americans would feel " a certain shock " when a report detailing the intelligence failures that could have prevented the Christmas Day attack were released that day . He said that President Obama would be " legitimately and correctly alarmed that things that were available , bits of information that were available , patterns of behavior that were available , were not acted on . "
The U.S. also increased the installation and use of full @-@ body scanners in many of its major airports as a result of the attack . The scanners are designed to be able to detect bombs under clothing , and 11 airports , including O 'Hare International Airport in Chicago , began to receive the machines in March 2010 . The TSA said that it had plans to have 1 @,@ 000 of the machines in airports by the end of 2011 . Before , the U.S. had only 40 scanners across 19 airports . The government also said that it planned to buy 300 additional scanners in 2010 and another 500 in the following fiscal year , starting October 2010 . It costs around an estimated $ 530 million to purchase the 500 machines and hire over 5 @,@ 300 workers to operate them . However , the U.S. government has stated that being scanned is voluntary and that passengers who object to the process could choose to undergo a pat @-@ down search or be searched with hand @-@ held detectors . Under new rules prompted by the incident , airline passengers traveling to the U.S. from 14 nations would undergo extra screening : Afghanistan , Algeria , Cuba , Iran , Iraq , Lebanon , Libya , Nigeria , Pakistan , Saudi Arabia , Somalia , Sudan , Syria , and Yemen . The inclusion of non @-@ Muslim Cuba on the list was criticized .
= = = International response = = =
Gordon Brown , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , said that the UK would take " whatever action was necessary " . The day after the attack , British police searched a family @-@ owned flat where Abdulmutallab had lived while in London .
Dutch counter @-@ terrorism agency NCTb said that it had started a probe into where the suspect originated . Dutch officials also said that they will now use 3D full @-@ body scanning X @-@ ray technology on flights departing to the U.S. , despite protests from privacy advocates . Dutch officials said that security must take priority over the privacy of the individuals being scanned , but the scanners are not designed to compromise an individual 's privacy , as the imagery resolution is only high enough to detect non @-@ metallic objects under clothing , such as powdered explosives . Members of the Second Chamber ( Lower House ) of the Dutch parliament demanded an explanation from Minister of Justice Hirsch Ballin , asking how the suspect managed to smuggle explosives on board , despite Schiphol 's reportedly strict security measures .
The incident also raised concerns regarding security procedures at Nigeria 's major international airports in Lagos and Abuja . In response to criticism , Nigerian civil aviation officer Harold Demuran announced that Nigeria would also set up full @-@ body scanning X @-@ ray machines in Nigerian airports .
In response to the incident and to comply with new U.S. regulations , the Canadian government said it would install full body scanners at major airports . The first 44 scanners were planned to be installed at airports in Vancouver , Calgary , Edmonton , Winnipeg , Toronto , Ottawa , Montreal , and Halifax .
= = = Other agencies = = =
Delta Air Lines , which owned Northwest until all operations were merged into Delta on January 31 , 2010 , said its Detroit group did not handle security for the flight . It released a statement calling the incident a " disturbance , " and saying that Delta was " cooperating fully with authorities " . Delta 's CEO , Richard Anderson , said in an internal memo that " Having this occur again [ after 9 / 11 ] is disappointing to all of us ... You can be certain we will make our points very clearly in Washington . "
In January 2010 , ICTS International , a security firm that provides security services to Schiphol airport , and G4S ( Group 4 Securicor Aviation Security B.V. ) , another security firm , traded blame over the security oversight , as did authorities at Schiphol Airport , the Federal Aviation Authority , and U.S. intelligence officials . According to Haaretz , the failure was twofold : An intelligence failure , as Obama stated , in the poor handling of information that arrived at the State Department and probably also the CIA from both the father of the would @-@ be bomber and the British security service ; and a failure within the security system , including that of ICTS .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Criminal charges and conviction = = =
On December 26 , a criminal complaint was filed against Abdulmutallab in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan , charging him with two counts : placing a destructive device in , and attempting to destroy , a U.S. civil aircraft . Abdulmutallab was arraigned and officially charged by U.S. District Court Judge Paul D. Borman later the same day at the University of Michigan Hospital .
On January 6 , 2010 , a federal grand jury indicted Abdulmutallab on six criminal counts including attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction and attempted murder . " Not guilty " pleas were entered on the behalf of Abdulmutallab at the hearing . If convicted , Abdulmutallab could face a life sentence plus 90 years . He faced his first court hearing , a detention hearing , on January 8 , 2010 .
When asked about his decision to prosecute Abdulmutallab in federal court rather than have him detained under the law of war , U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder defended his position , saying that it was " fully consistent with the long @-@ established and publicly known policies and practices of the Department of Justice , the FBI , and the United States Government as a whole , " and that he was confident that Abdulmutallab would be successfully prosecuted under the federal criminal law . Holder had originally been asked by U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell , as well as several others , about his choice .
On February 16 , 2012 , Abdulmutallab , who had pleaded guilty but remained unrepentant , was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole .
= = = Effect on travel = = =
The U.S. government did not raise the Homeland Security Advisory System terrorist threat level , orange at the time ( high risk of terrorist attacks ) , following the attack . The Department of Homeland Security said that additional security measures would be in place for the remainder of the Christmas travel period . The TSA detailed several of the measures , including a restriction on movement and access to personal items during the last hour of flight for planes entering U.S. airspace . The TSA also said that there would be more officers and security dogs at airports .
On December 28 , Transport Canada announced that for several days it would not allow passengers flying to the U.S. from Canada a carry @-@ on bag , with some exceptions . British Airways said that passengers flying to the U.S. would only be permitted one carry @-@ on item . Other European countries increased baggage screening , pat @-@ down searches , and random searches for passengers traveling to the U.S. A spokesperson for Schiphol Airport said that heightened security would be in place for " an indefinite period " . However , in spite of the extra measures said to have been put in place to prevent a follow @-@ up attack , Stuart Clarke , a photoreporter from the British newspaper Daily Express , claimed to have smuggled a syringe containing fluid , which could have been a liquid bomb detonator onto another plane . On January 3 , 2010 , Clarke said he boarded a jet from Schiphol Airport bound for Heathrow Airport just five days after the Christmas Day attack , and that the airport appeared to have imposed no additional security , such as precautionary pat @-@ downs which could easily have discovered the syringe which he claimed he kept in his jacket pocket throughout .
= = = U.S. political fallout = = =
White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs and Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano said several times on Sunday talk shows that " the system had worked " , a statement that engendered some controversy . The next day they retracted the statements , saying that the system had in fact " failed miserably . " According to Napolitano , her initial statement had referred to the rapid response to the attack that included alerts sent to the 128 other aircraft in U.S. airspace at the time , and new security requirements for the final hour of flight , rather than the security failures that allowed the attack to happen . Napolitano had originally stated on This Week that " once this incident occurred , everything went according to clockwork " and that " once the incident occurred , the system worked " .
The day after the attack , the U.S. House Homeland Security Committee and Senate Commerce , Science , and Transportation Committee both announced that they would hold hearings in January 2010 to investigate how the device passed through security , and whether further restrictions should be placed on air travel ; the Senate hearings began on January 21 .
Four days after the attack , Obama said publicly that Abdulmutallab 's ability to board the aircraft was the result of a systemic failure that included an inadequate sharing of information among U.S. and foreign government agencies . He called the situation " totally unacceptable . " He ordered that a report be delivered detailing how some government agencies had failed to share or highlight potentially relevant information about the suspect before he allegedly tried to blow up the airliner . Two days later Obama received the briefing , which included statements that information about the suspect had failed to cross agency lines , and that the failures to communicate within the U.S. government had led to the threat posed by Abdulmutallab not being known by certain agencies until the attack . Obama said he would meet with security officials and specifically question why Abdulmutallab was not placed on the U.S. no @-@ fly list , despite the government having received warnings about his potential al @-@ Qaeda links .
On January 27 , 2010 , an official from the U.S. State Department said that Abdulmutallab 's visa was not revoked because federal authorities believed that it would have compromised a larger investigation . The official , Patrick F. Kennedy , said intelligence officials had told the State Department that letting Abdulmutallab keep his visa would allow for a greater chance of exposing the terrorist network .
= = = Alleged subsequent plot = = =
On May 7 , 2012 , American officials claimed that they had thwarted another Al Qaeda plot that would have targeted a civilian passenger plane not unlike Northwest Airlines Flight 253 . American officials stated that the attack would have involved a more sophisticated bomb , also planted in undergarments , and would have been deployed near the anniversary of the killing of Osama Bin Laden . Officials did not state whether any persons had been arrested or charged in their operation .
An American official told MSNBC that the bomb was received by American security personnel in April , " was never near a plane " and " never posed a risk . " They speculated that the bomb might have been constructed by Ibrahim al @-@ Asiri , who is accused of constructing the explosives used by Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab in 2009 .
= Psychedelic music =
Psychedelic music ( sometimes psychedelia ) covers a range of popular music styles and genres influenced by the 1960s psychedelic culture , a subculture of people who used psychedelic drugs such as LSD , psilocybin mushrooms , mescaline and DMT to experience visual and auditory hallucinations , synesthesia and altered states of consciousness . Psychedelic music attempted to replicate the hallucinogenic experience of using these drugs or enhance the experience of using them . Psychedelic music emerged during the mid @-@ 1960s among folk rock and blues rock bands in the United States and Britain .
Psychedelic bands often drew on non @-@ Western sources such as the ragas , drones and sitars of Indian music and they used electric instruments and electronic effects – notably the lead electric guitar played with heavy distortion – and new , unorthodox recording techniques , such as playing tapes backwards or panning the music from one side to the other . Psychedelic influences spread into folk , rock , and soul , creating the subgenres of psychedelic folk , psychedelic rock , psychedelic pop and psychedelic soul in the late 1960s before declining in the early 1970s . Psychedelic music bands expanded their musical horizons , and went on to create and influence many new musical genres including progressive rock , kosmische musik , electronic rock , jazz rock , heavy metal , glam rock , funk , electro and bubblegum pop . Psychedelic music was revived in a variety of forms of neo @-@ psychedelia from the 1980s , in psychedelic hip hop and re @-@ emerged in electronic music in genres including acid house , trance music and new rave .
= = Characteristics = =
A number of features are often included in psychedelic music . Exotic instrumentation , with a particular fondness for the sitar and tabla are common . Songs often have more complex song structures , key and time signature changes , modal melodies and drones than contemporary pop music . Surreal , whimsical , esoterically or literary @-@ inspired , lyrics are often used . There is often a strong emphasis on extended instrumental solos or jams , typically featuring a heavily distorted electric guitar as the main instrument . Electric guitars are plugged into large , powerful guitar amplifiers and speakers , which are turned up to a high volume and used with distortion to create feedback . Electric guitars are typically played through a wah wah pedal , usually with heavy fuzzbox or distortion effects . There is a strong keyboard presence , in the 1960s this especially using electronic organs , harpsichords , or the Mellotron , an early tape @-@ driven ' sampler ' keyboard .
Elaborate studio effects are often used , such as backwards tapes , panning the music from one side to another of the stereo track , using the " swooshing " sound of electronic phasing , long delay loops , and extreme reverb . In the 1960s there was a use of primitive electronic instruments such as early synthesizers and the theremin . Later forms of electronic psychedelia also employed repetitive computer @-@ generated beats .
= = History = =
= = = 1960s : Origins = = =
From the second half of the 1950s , Beat Generation writers like William Burroughs , Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg wrote about and took drugs , including cannabis and Benzedrine , raising awareness and helping to popularise their use . In the early 1960s the use of LSD and other hallucinogens was advocated by new proponents of consciousness expansion such as Timothy Leary , Alan Watts , Aldous Huxley and Arthur Koestler , and , according to L. R. Veysey , they profoundly influenced the thinking of the new generation of youth .
The psychedelic life style had already developed in California , particularly in San Francisco , by the mid @-@ 1960s , with the first major underground LSD factory established by Owsley Stanley . From 1964 the Merry Pranksters , a loose group that developed around novelist Ken Kesey , sponsored the Acid Tests , a series of events involving the taking of LSD ( supplied by Stanley ) , accompanied by light shows , film projection and discordant , improvised music known as the psychedelic symphony . The Pranksters helped popularise LSD use , through their road trips across America in a psychedelically @-@ decorated converted school bus , which involved distributing the drug and meeting with major figures of the beat movement , and through publications about their activities such as Tom Wolfe 's The Electric Kool @-@ Aid Acid Test ( 1968 ) .
San Francisco also had an emerging music scene of folk clubs , coffee houses and independent radio stations that catered to the population of students at nearby Berkeley and the free thinkers that had gravitated to the city . There was already a culture of drug use among jazz and blues musicians , and in the early 1960s use of drugs including cannabis , peyote , mescaline and LSD began to grow among folk and rock musicians . Soon musicians began to refer ( at first indirectly , and later explicitly ) to the drug and attempted to recreate or reflect the experience of taking LSD in their music , just as it was reflected in psychedelic art , literature and film .
= = = = Folk = = = =
One of the first musical uses of the term " psychedelic " in the folk scene was by the New York @-@ based folk group The Holy Modal Rounders on their version of Lead Belly 's ' Hesitation Blues ' in 1964 . Folk / avant @-@ garde guitarist John Fahey recorded several songs in the early 1960s experimented with unusual recording techniques , including backwards tapes , and novel instrumental accompaniment including flute and sitar . His nineteen @-@ minute " The Great San Bernardino Birthday Party " " anticipated elements of psychedelia with its nervy improvisations and odd guitar tunings " . Similarly , folk guitarist Sandy Bull 's early work " incorporated elements of folk , jazz , and Indian and Arabic @-@ influenced dronish modes " . His 1963 album Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo explores various styles and " could also
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ined that maintaining the older Libertad class or Capitán Prat ( respectively ) was now a waste of money .
The Argentine government 's alarm continued under de Oca 's successor , Estanislao Zeballos . In June 1908 , Zeballos presented a plan to the Argentine Congress where they would offer the Brazilian government a chance to give one of their two unfinished dreadnoughts to Argentina . This would allow the two countries a chance to enjoy relative naval parity . Should the Brazilians refuse , Zeballos planned to issue an ultimatum : if they did not comply in eight days , the mobilized Argentine Army would invade what the army and navy ministers claimed was a defenseless Rio de Janeiro . Unfortunately for Zeballos , his plan was leaked to the media , and the resulting public outcry — Argentine citizens happened to not be in favor of their government borrowing large sums of money to mobilize the army and go to war — ensured his resignation .
The Argentine government was also deeply concerned with the possible effect on the country 's large export trade , as a Brazilian blockade of the entrance to the River Plate would cripple the Argentine economy . The acquisition of dreadnoughts to maintain an equal footing with Brazil would , in the words of the Argentine admiral overseeing his countries ' dreadnoughts while they were being constructed , avoid a " preponderance of power on the other side , where a sudden gust of popular feeling or injured pride might make [ a blockade ] a dangerous weapon against us . "
Both countries faced difficulty in financing their own dreadnoughts . Although in Argentina the ruling National Autonomist Party supported the purchases , they initially faced public resistance for such expensive acquisitions . An influx of inflammatory newspaper editorials supporting new dreadnoughts , especially from La Prensa , and renewed border disputes , particularly Brazilian assertions that the Argentines were attempting to restore the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , swayed the public to support the purchases . The Argentine President , José Figueroa Alcorta , attempted to ease the tensions with a message warning the Brazilians of a naval arms race should they continue on their present course . The Brazilian government replied with reasoning similar to Pena 's speech in 1906 , in that they believed the ships were necessary to replace the antiquated equipment left by the long @-@ term neglect of the Brazilian Navy , and they repeatedly insisted that the ships were not meant for use against Argentina .
In August , a bill authorizing the Argentine Navy to acquire three dreadnoughts was passed by the Chamber of Deputies seventy @-@ two to thirteen . Three months later , it was defeated in the Senate after they approved an arbitration treaty and the government made a last @-@ ditch offer to purchase one of the two Brazilian dreadnoughts currently being constructed . The Brazilian government declined , so the bill was reintroduced and passed by the Senate on 17 December 1908 with forty @-@ nine in support to thirteen opposed , over socialist objections that the country needed to be populated and the large sum of money ( £ 14 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ) could be better spent in other areas of the government .
After the Argentine government sent a naval delegation to Europe to solicit and evaluate armament companies ' offers , they received tenders from fifteen shipyards in five countries ( the United States , Great Britain , Germany , France , and Italy ) , and conducted a drawn @-@ out bidding process . The Argentine delegation rejected all of the bids twice , each time recycling the best technical aspects of the tendered designs when crafting new bidding requirements . The reason given for the first rejection was the appearance of the first super @-@ dreadnought , HMS Orion . Still , the shipbuilders were furious , as the process of designing a major warship took large amounts of time and money , and they believed the Argentine tactic revealed their individual trade secrets . A British naval architect published a scathing condemnation of the Argentine tactics , albeit only after the contracts were not awarded to a British company :
We may assume that the British battleships embody good ideas and good practice — in all probability the very best . These cannot fail , in a greater or less degree , to become part of the design which the British shipbuilder first submits to the Argentine Government . In the second inquiry it may be presumed that everything that was good in the first proposals had been seized upon by the Argentine authorities and asked for in the new design . This second request went not only to British builders but to all the builders of the world , and in this way it is exceedingly probable that a serious leakage of ideas and practice of our ships was disseminated through the world by the Argentine government . ... The third inquiry that was issued showed to all the builders of the world what has been eliminated or modified in the second inquiry ; and so the process of leakage went merrily on , and with it that of the education of foreign builders and the Argentine government .
The United States ' Fore River Ship and Engine Company tendered the lowest bid — in part owing to the availability of cheap steel , though they were accused of quoting an unprofitable price so the ships could act as loss leaders — and was awarded the contract . This aroused further suspicion in the European bidders , who had previously believed that the United States was a non @-@ contender , though Argentina did order twelve destroyers from British , French , and German shipyards to soften the blow . These bidders , along with newspapers like the Times ( London ) , turned their anger on the American government under President William Howard Taft , whose so @-@ called " Dollar Diplomacy " policy had led his State Department to go to great lengths to obtain the contracts . Their reactions may have been justified : Taft boasted in the high @-@ profile 1910 State of the Union address that the Argentine dreadnought order was awarded to American manufacturers " largely through the good offices of the Department of State . "
The Argentine contract included an option for a third dreadnought in case the Brazilian government adhered to its contractual obligations to order a third dreadnought . Two newspapers , La Prensa and La Argentina , heavily advocated for a third ship ; the latter even started a petition to raise money for a new battleship . The American minister to Argentina , Charles H. Sherrill , cabled back to the United States that " this newspaper rivalry promises the early conclusion of a movement which means a third battleship whether by public subscription or by Government funds . " On 31 December 1910 , the Argentine government decided against constructing the ship , after Roque Sáenz Peña , who had been making entreaties to Brazil to end the expensive naval race , was elected to the Presidency . In addition , the intended target of the third Argentine dreadnought , the third Brazilian dreadnought , had already been canceled multiple times .
The Chilean government delayed their naval plans after a financial depression brought on by the 1906 Valparaíso earthquake and a drastic fall in the nitrate market in 1907 , but these economic problems were not enough to stop them from countering the dreadnoughts purchased by their traditional rival Argentina . While Argentina 's principal concern was with Brazil , Chile also wished to respond to Peruvian military acquisitions .
Money for a naval building program was allocated in 1910 . Although the Chilean government solicited bids from several armament companies , nearly all believed that a British company would win the contract ; the American naval attaché opined that without anything short of a revolution the contracts were destined for the United Kingdom . The Chilean Navy had cultivated extensive ties with the United Kingdom 's Royal Navy since the 1830s , when Chilean naval officers were given places on British ships to receive training and experience they could bring back to their country . This relationship had recently been cemented when a British naval mission was requested by Chile and sent in 1911 . Still , the American and German governments attempted to swing sentiment to their side by dispatching modern naval vessels ( Delaware and Von der Tann , respectively ) to Chilean ports . Their efforts were futile , and the design tendered by Armstrong Whitworth was chosen on 25 July 1911 .
= = = Other navies = = =
Other South American navies , having limited resources and little expertise in operating large warships , were in no state to respond . The Peruvian Navy , fourth largest on the continent , had been decimated during the naval campaign of the War of the Pacific against Chile ( 1879 – 83 ) . It took the Peruvian government more than twenty years to order new warships — the Almirante Grau class ( Almirante Grau and Coronel Bolognesi ) , scout cruisers delivered in 1906 and 1907 . They were augmented by two submarines and a destroyer ordered from France . Almirante Grau was only intended to be the fleet 's flagship until a more powerful warship was purchased ; along with Coronel Bolognesi , they would be the " pioneers " of a modern navy . Proceedings reported in 1905 that this new navy would be composed of three Swiftsure @-@ like pre @-@ dreadnoughts , three armored cruisers , six destroyers , and numerous smaller warships , all acquired as part of a nine @-@ year , $ 7 million outlay .
None of these plans came to fruition . The closest major expansion came in 1912 , when the Peruvian Navy had an agreement to acquire an obsolete French armored cruiser in 1912 ( Dupuy de Lôme ) for three million francs . The Peruvian government paid one of a planned three planned installments , but the purchase came under criticism at home for not being able to change any balance of power with Chile . When a potential cruiser purchase by Ecuador fell through , the Peruvians quit paying for the ship , which was later converted to a merchant ship and scrapped in 1923 .
Other South American navies also added smaller vessels to their naval forces in the same time period . The Uruguayan Navy acquired a 1 @,@ 400 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 1 @,@ 422 t ) gunboat in 1910 , while the Venezuelan Navy bought an ex @-@ Spanish 1 @,@ 125 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 1 @,@ 143 t ) protected cruiser , Mariscal Sucre , from the United States in 1912 . The Ecuadorian Navy added a Chilean torpedo boat to its fleet in 1907 , complementing its fleet of two avisos , both around 800 long tons ( 810 t ) , two small steamers , and one minor coast guard ship .
= = Results : construction and trials of the new warships = =
Brazil 's Minas Geraes , the lead ship , was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907 , while its sister São Paulo followed thirteen days later at Vickers . Completion of the partial hull needed to launch Minas Geraes was delayed by a five @-@ month strike to 10 September 1908 . São Paulo followed on 19 April 1909 . Both were christened in front of large crowds by the wife of Francisco Régis de Oliveira , the Brazilian ambassador to the United Kingdom . After fitting @-@ out , the period after a warship 's launch where it is completed , Minas Geraes was put through multiple trials of the speed , endurance , efficiency , and weaponry of the ship in September , including what was at that time the heaviest broadside ever fired off a warship , Minas Geraes was completed and handed over to Brazil on 5 January 1910 . The trials proved that the blast from the class ' superfiring upper turrets would not injure crewmen in the lower turrets . The ship itself managed to reach 21 @.@ 432 knots ( 24 @.@ 664 mph ; 39 @.@ 692 km / h ) on an indicated horsepower ( ihp ) of 27 @,@ 212 . São Paulo followed its classmate in July , after its own trials at the end of May , where the ship reached 21 @.@ 623 knots ( 24 @.@ 883 mph ; 40 @.@ 046 km / h ) at 28 @,@ 645 ihp .
Argentina 's Rivadavia was built by the Fore River Ship and Engine Company at its shipyard in Massachusetts . As called for in the final contract , Moreno was subcontracted out to the New York Shipbuilding Corporation of New Jersey . The steel for the ships was largely supplied by the Bethlehem Steel Company of Pennsylvania . Rivadavia was laid down on 25 May 1910 — one hundred years after the establishment of the first independent Argentine government , the Primera Junta — and launched on 26 August 1911 . Moreno was laid down on 10 July 1910 and launched on 23 September 1911 . Construction on both ships took longer than usual , and there were further delays during their sea trials when one of Rivadavia 's turbines was damaged and one of Moreno 's turbines failed . The two were only officially completed in December 1914 and February 1915 . Even the departure of Moreno was marked by mishaps , as the ship sank a barge and ran aground twice .
Chile 's Almirante Latorre was launched on 27 November 1913 . After the First World War broke out in Europe , work on Almirante Latorre was halted in August 1914 , and it was formally purchased on 9 September after the British Cabinet recommended it four days earlier . Almirante Latorre was not forcibly seized like the Ottoman Reşadiye and Sultân Osmân @-@ ı Evvel ( ex @-@ Rio de Janeiro ) , two other ships being built for a foreign navy , as a result of Chile 's " friendly neutral " status with the United Kingdom . The British needed to maintain this relationship owing to their dependence on Chilean nitrate imports , which were vital to the British armament industry . The former Chilean ship — the largest vessel built by Armstrong up to that time — was completed on 30 September 1915 , commissioned into the Royal Navy on 15 October , and served in that navy in the First World War . Work on the other battleship , Almirante Cochrane , was halted after the outbreak of war . The British purchased the incomplete hulk on 28 February 1918 for conversion to an aircraft carrier , as Almirante Cohrane was the only large and fast hull which was immediately available and capable of being modified into a carrier without major reconstruction . Low priority and quarrels with shipyard workers slowed completion of the ship ; it was commissioned into the Royal Navy as Eagle in 1924 .
= = Reciprocation : Brazil orders again = =
= = = Rio de Janeiro = = =
After the first Brazilian dreadnought , Minas Geraes , was launched , the Brazilian government began an extended campaign to remove the third dreadnought from the contract because of political — backlash from the Revolt of the Lash coupled with warming relations with Argentina — and economic reasons . After much negotiating and attempts from Armstrong to hold the Brazilian government to the contract , the Brazilians relented , due in part to lower bond rates that made it possible for the government to borrow the necessary money . Rio de Janeiro was laid down for the first time in March 1910 .
By May , the Brazilian government asked Armstrong to stop work on the new warship and to submit new designs which took in the most recent advance in naval technology , super @-@ dreadnoughts . Eustace Tennyson @-@ d 'Eyncourt served as Armstrong 's liaison to Brazil . The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica specifies this design as a 655 @-@ foot ( 200 m ) long overall , 32 @,@ 000 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 33 @,@ 000 t ) ship mounting twelve 14 @-@ inch guns and costing near £ 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . The many requests made by the Brazilian Navy for minor changes delayed the contract signing until 1
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on 33 reviews . The album was also a commercial success , debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200 , selling 658 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of release . It became the seventh best @-@ selling album of 2013 in the United States . It also debuted within the top two positions in Canada , Denmark , Australia and the United Kingdom . As of August 2015 , the album has sold 1 @,@ 720 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
= = Background = =
While touring the United Kingdom in support of Take Care during March 2012 , Drake announced in an interview that he had begun work on his third studio album . In April 2012 Drake had stated that the album will have a different style and tempo than that of Take Care . This is due to his different mindset and his recent move to the Hidden Hills @-@ Calabasas area , where he is Kanye West 's neighbor . He told GQ , " This is my fucking moment to say if I wanted to rap all the time , really rap , I would , but I also love to make music . I 'll do this for you right now . But it 's for me , too . It 's my story … I 'm trying to get back to that kid in the basement . To say what he has to say . And I 'm trying to make it last . "
On February 10 , 2013 , the same night Drake won a Grammy for Best Rap Album at the 55th Grammy Awards , he announced the title of his third album would be Nothing Was the Same . During an interview with Ryan Seacrest on the red carpet , Drake told E ! , " I think music , it 's a process we all go through , " he said . " It 's an evolution . You 're constantly figuring out what works for you . " He explained the difference between Nothing Was the Same and Take Care to XXL saying ,
" Take Care was about connecting with my city and connecting with my past and sort of still feeling guilty that I 'm not in love with one of these girls that cared about me from back in the day . Now , I 'm 26 , I 'm with my friends , I 'm making jobs for people , I 'm making memories for people that will last a lifetime . I don 't need to be in love right now . I don 't need these things that I maybe once thought that I needed to feel normal and feel righteous about myself . I think for the first time in an album I 'm content — not satisfied — but proud of where I 'm at as a person . "
Drake also stated that Marvin Gaye 's 1978 double album Here , My Dear had been a big influence on his current musical direction and he had been doing recording in Gaye 's old studio " Marvin 's Room " . He later told MTV , " This album is not some straight rap album , I 'll never do a straight rap album . That 's not how I came into this and that ’ s never what I 'll do . I make songs for the people . " He also spoke of Marvin Gaye again saying , " I have aspirations to be Marvin Gaye in the back of my head . So I just want to sing the world 's triumphs and problems on one record . " In the same interview he explained more about the differences between Nothing Was the Same and Take Care saying ; " The music I 'm making is more concise , more clear , I 've been able to get my thoughts across a lot better on this album . Take Care is a great album but I listened to it and realized where I could do better and I think I 've done better on this album . "
= = Recording and production = =
In March 2012 , Drake was reportedly in the studio with American rapper 2 Chainz and record producer Noah " 40 " Shebib . He has been stating that he was hoping that he could work with Jamie xx , while in the United Kingdom , saying that he wants him to " have a bigger presence on my third record " . Jake One produced a song for Drake , originally expected to be released ahead of the third annual OVO Fest . The video , which features Drake previewing the untitled song , while smoking a hookah , was released on June 26 , 2012 through Vimeo . In December 2012 , Young Chop confirmed that he was working on a song with Drake . He also then released two free songs , which is a collaboration with a singer @-@ songwriter James Fauntleroy .
In 2013 , Drake was also seen in the studio with a fellow rapper Jay Z , working on what has yet to be a song , titled " Pound Cake " . On June 3 , 2013 , Drake revealed the first guest appearance on the album , which is American singer Jhené Aiko and then he also said that he had recently been in the studio with fellow rapper Anthony Hamilton . On June 15 , 2013 , Drake confirmed with Hot 107 @.@ 9 , that he had made the final recording process for the album . On September 3 , 2013 , Drake confirmed on Twitter , that the album has been mixed and mastered .
In July 2013 , Complex reported that he was in the studio with artists , such as Future , Rick Ross , Justin Timberlake , Sade , Migos , Saukrates , TLC and Miguel , while working on the album . Complex also reported that he had worked with producers , during the recording process , including Hit @-@ Boy , Just Blaze , Chilly Gonzales , Mike Will Made It , Zaytoven , Bink , Detail , James Blake , Swizz Beatz and Timbaland . On July 27 , 2013 , Drake posted a picture of him and frequent collaborator The Weeknd in the studio .
In August 2013 , Drake told Rolling Stone during the interview , he has spoke that the album would contain features by Jay Z and Lil Wayne , with production from Hudson Mohawke . In a story in the September issue of Rolling Stone , he confirmed that the album was primarily produced by Noah " 40 " Shebib , with production also coming from Hit @-@ Boy , Boi @-@ 1da , Detail and Hudson Mohawke . He also confirmed working with OVO Fest performer , singer and post @-@ dubstep producer James Blake . The final track listing contained guest appearances by Jhené Aiko , Majid Jordan , Detail , Sampha , Jay Z , Big Sean and 2 Chainz .
= = Album artwork = =
On August 21 , 2013 , Drake revealed the album 's cover artwork was an oil painting by Southern California 's Kadir Nelson , the designer behind Michael Jackson 's posthumous album , Michael . The two versions of the cover feature illustrations of profiles of Drake as a child , while the other shows the rapper as an adult . His younger self is adorned only with an afro comb in his hair , and his older self has a gold chain . Both covers are set against a blissful blue sky . The cover artwork was compared to iconic hip hop albums Nas ' Illmatic , The Notorious B.I.G. ' s Ready to Die and Lil Wayne 's Tha Carter III . " What that album art is to me , is the fact that this is my most clear , concise thoughts from now , and my best recollection of then " , Drake explained . Both covers will be available side by side in stores , so consumers may choose which one they want .
The artist , Kadir Nelson told MTV , " Drake wanted a signature painting , he didn 't want something that looked like a hip @-@ hop album cover . He wanted something that was a little bit more artsy and had more weight to it , so I did a number of sketches , and when we picked out what he liked , I sculpted it together . " He said he listened to Drake 's music in the studio to gain inspiration and he also gave Drake a full sized painting of the album cover . The album artwork would end up being named the fourth @-@ best album cover of 2013 by Complex . XXL also listed it among the best album covers of 2013 .
= = Release = =
On June 22 , 2013 , Drake announced a release date of September 17 , 2013 via Twitter . On the following day , he has released the first trailer for the album , featuring him and his friends drinking alcohol out of his 2012 's Grammy Award for Best Rap Album for his previous album Take Care . On August 21 , 2013 , the album was pushed back one week from its initial release date for September 17 , 2013 , until September 24 , 2013 . On September 10 , 2013 , Drake released the second trailer for the album , featuring " Trophies " , which was produced by Hit @-@ Boy . In the video Drake and his entourage drive various luxury cars such as Bentley , Lamborghini and Bugatti 's , all sporting small Canadian flags while driving down an empty street .
= = Promotion = =
In March 2013 , Drake premiered a song , titled " 5AM in Toronto " , which is a sequel to the Thank Me Later track " 9AM in Dallas " . In the same month , he filmed a music video for the song and it was released on April 1 , 2013 . On April 15 , 2013 , Drake released two more songs , " No New Friends " ( which ended up being a track for DJ Khaled 's album Suffering from Success ) and " Girls Love Beyoncé " , which contains a samples from Destiny 's Child 's song " Say My Name " , and the song features guest vocals from James Fauntleroy . On June 17 , 2013 , an unreleased track , titled " On My Way " , which was recorded back in 2010 , that had been leaked . This song also features guest appearances from Fauntleroy . On June 22 , 2013 , Drake released four songs for streaming via his official website . This included collaborations with J. Cole , PartyNextDoor , Migos and a song titled " The Motion " . It was confirmed that these songs were only released , in promotion for the album , that did not make the album . However , " The Motion " appeared as a Best Buy bonus track on the album .
On June 18 , 2013 , Drake announced that he would be going on tour , in support of Nothing Was the Same , starting September 25 , 2013 , in Portland , Oregon . The tour , titled Would You Like a Tour ? , featured supporting acts by singers Future , Miguel and OVO Sound 's PartyNextDoor . In the months leading up to the album 's release , Drake was featured on the covers of various magazines , such as Billboard , GQ and the 150th issue special of XXL . On September 20 , 2013 , Drake revealed that he had rescheduled the " Would You Like A Tour ? " due to " an intense rehearsal schedule and technical production requirements that will be part of the show . " The tour was rescheduled to begin on October 19 , and the first leg ran until December 16 , 2013 .
= = Singles = =
In January 2013 , Drake was seen filming a music video for a new song , titled " Started from the Bottom " , which was directed by Director X. Drake later announced that he would release the song as the first single for his third album , which happened on the night of the 55th Annual Grammy Awards . The single premiered instead on February 1 , 2013 , and was released on iTunes , five days later . On February 10 , 2013 , the music video for " Started from the Bottom " was released . The song charted in many countries , reaching a peak of number 6 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and has been certified double platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) .
On August 4 , 2013 , it was revealed that Drake would soon be releasing the second single , titled " Hold On , We 're Going Home " . The song featuring Majid Jordan , with production by Noah " 40 " Shebib and Nineteen85 , and was released via iTunes on August 7 , 2013 . On August 12 , 2013 , the song was serviced to rhythmic contemporary and contemporary hit radio . On September 24 , 2013 , the music video was released for " Hold On , We 're Going Home " . The song peaked at number 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 8 on the Canadian Hot 100 , respectively .
Drake premiered a song from Nothing Was the Same , titled " All Me " , via SoundCloud on August 1 , 2013 . The song features guest vocals from fellow rappers 2 Chainz and Big Sean , and was produced by Key Wane . On the album 's US release date of September 24 , 2013 , Drake sent " All Me " to urban contemporary radio , as the album 's third single . The song peaked at number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , on the week of the album 's release .
On September 12 , 2013 , Drake released the previously announced track , titled " Wu @-@ Tang Forever " , as the album 's second promotional single , along with the pre @-@ order of Nothing Was the Same on iTunes . The song is a reference to the Wu @-@ Tang Clan and their critically acclaimed double album Wu @-@ Tang Forever ( 1997 ) . The track also samples their song " It 's Yourz " . After the song 's release , Wu @-@ Tang Clan member U @-@ God told Vibe , that Wu @-@ Tang Clan members , including himself and Method Man among others , has recorded a remix to the track .
" Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2 " serves as the album 's outro and consists of two songs , " Pound Cake " featuring a guest appearance from Jay Z , and " Paris Morton Music 2 " is a sequel to " Paris Morton Music " . " Pound Cake " features a significant sample of " C.R.E.A.M. " performed by Wu @-@ Tang Clan , and was produced by frequent collaborator Boi @-@ 1da . " Pound Cake " was serviced to radio in the United Kingdom on September 26 , 2013 , as the album 's fourth single , and was subsequently added to the BBC Radio 1Xtra playlist . The track peaked at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and at number 111 on the UK Singles Chart .
" The Language " was serviced to mainstream urban radio , as the album 's fifth single on October 29 , 2013 . It received many positive reviews , one coming from Nick Cutucci of Entertainment Weekly , which named the song , along with " Hold On , We 're Going Home " as one of the album 's best songs . Erika Ramirez of Billboard also credited Drake with " arrogantly " reinstating his spot in the rap game with the song . Upon its release , the song was said to be " addressed " and " acting passively " towards American rapper Kendrick Lamar 's recent diss record , but it was later denied by Birdman , whom appeared to be seen on MTV , prior to the album 's release and said that it was not directed towards Lamar . The song peaked at number 51 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , and number 13 on the Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart .
In the United Kingdom , " Too Much " impacted urban contemporary radio as the album 's sixth overall single on October 31 , 2013 . On November 11 , 2013 , the music video was released for " Worst Behavior " . " Worst Behavior " was then serviced to urban contemporary radio in the United Kingdom as the album 's seventh single on June 9 , 2014 .
= = Commercial performance = =
Nothing Was the Same debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , with first @-@ week sales of 658 @,@ 000 . The album has the second highest first week sales of any album in 2013 , at the time of its release . It would also be the highest first week sales for a hip hop album since Lil Wayne 's Tha Carter IV ( 2011 ) . In its second week , the album sold 148 @,@ 000 more copies . In its third week , the album sold 83 @,@ 000 more copies . In its fourth week , the album continued to remain in the top five on the Billboard 200 , selling 58 @,@ 000 more copies . The album sold 1 @,@ 344 @,@ 000 copies in 2013 in the United States , making it the seventh best @-@ selling album of the year . As of August 2015 , the album has sold 1 @,@ 720 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
The album debuted at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart , selling 61 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . It would be Drake 's highest debut on the chart and was the fastest selling hip hop album of 2013 in the United Kingdom , at the time of its release . The album also debuted at number one on the main album charts in Canada and Denmark , along with peaking in the top five of the main album charts in Australia , New Zealand and Ireland . The album has sold 108 @,@ 000 copies in Canada in 2013 .
= = Critical reception = =
Nothing Was the Same received generally positive reviews from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 79 , based on 33 reviews , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune said , " Drake 's increasing mastery of not just rhyme , but tone and inflection is readily apparent . " Nick Catucci of Entertainment Weekly gave the album an A , saying " Nothing Was the Same bristles with epiphanies , absurdities , and plenty of bluster , but it 's all fodder for a hyperrealistic portrait of Aubrey Drake Graham , not some coronation ceremony . " Jayson Greene of Pitchfork said , " Nothing Was the Same is Drake and 40 's most audacious experiment yet in how far inward they can push their sound ; a lot of the album sounds like a black hole of all 40 's previous productions being sucked into the center . Song @-@ to @-@ song transitions , which have always been melty and blurry , are more notional than ever . " Eric Diep of XXL gave the album an XL rating , saying " It 's apparent throughout the record that Drake thinks Nothing Was The Same is so good that none of his contemporaries can best him . Drake wants to hold the spot as an innovator , and his signature style is grasping onto newer territories every day , influencing artists in the rap world and beyond . " Bryant Kitching of Consequence of Sound gave the album a A – , saying " Nothing Was the Same wrestles Drake 's successes with his ever @-@ lingering insecurities , and like some of the best music , we can see ourselves in these songs . It 's an exhilarating change of pace for the genre . "
Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson of Rolling Stone said , " After a while , his confessions start to sound like sneaky boasts about all the beautiful hearts he 's broken . And maybe he wants you to see that contradiction . After all , hiding his flaws has never been Drake 's style – they 're the whole point . " Bonsu Thompson of Vibe gave the album a positive review , saying " As a major label artist , Drake has yet to conceive a classic album . While Nothing Was The Same doesn 't end that drought , its accomplishments may end up more pivotal . Hip @-@ hop music hasn 't been blurred and stretched this wide since Kanye ’ s 808s & Heartbreak . " David Amidon of PopMatters , gave the album a seven out of ten , saying " Nothing Was the Same could very easily grow up to be one of those albums deemed “ pretty good ” at the time only to be recognized as Drake 's most likable album years from now . " Elysa Gardner of USA Today stated , " On his latest album Canada 's leading hip @-@ hop export continues to juggle bravado with brooding , though he sounds more empowered in the latter . " Tim Sendra of AllMusic said , " Nothing Was the Same doesn 't show large amounts of growth , but the small changes to the sound and the slightly wider net his lyrics cast make it worthwhile . " Aaron Matthews of Exclaim ! stated , " Nothing Was The Same is a challenging , uncompromised major label rap album with a handful of impeccable songs , weighed down slightly by the rapper 's increasingly solipsistic viewpoint . "
Julia LeConte of Now stated , " To say “ nothing was the same ” might be a stretch , but certainly the record mines enough new sonic territory to make it Kanye @-@ like in its evolution . " Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times said , " By the end , " Nothing Was the Same " overwhelms even by Drake 's selfie standards , and confirms that just because they 're well @-@ marketed and Midwest @-@ palatable doesn 't make internal diaries wholly compelling . " Jesse Cataldo of Slant Magazine gave the album four out of five stars , saying " The album isn 't perfect , but it draws energy from that imperfection , further establishing a persona driven by Drake 's still @-@ developing conflict between assurance and hesitation . " Evan Rytlewski of The A.V. Club gave the album a B + , saying " If Nothing Was The Same doesn 't resonate quite as consistently as Take Care , it 's because Drake and his in @-@ house collaborator Noah " 40 " Shebib sometimes seem content to revisit that album 's sonic landscapes instead of carving out new ones . "
= = = Accolades = = =
Closing out the year , Nothing Was the Same was named to multiple " Best Albums of the Year " lists . XXL named it the best album of 2013 . They commented saying , " The OVO general is at his highest point of his career , perfecting his formula of singing and rapping that truly carries the album from start to finish . With 40 in his corner , the pair executed tighter levels of their dark , lush sound that became easily identifiable . The compelling cuts — " From Time " , " Too Much " , " Hold On , We 're Going Home " — as well as obvious anthems like " Started From The Bottom " and " Worst Behaviour " display leaps of growth . " Complex named it the second best album of 2013 stating , " it was one of the most anticipated albums of the year , and one that actually lived up to the hype . Nothing Was The Same might not have had a legendary producer on hand to " minimalize " its sound , but it has minimized the discussion of who is the most popular rap star in the world right now . " Nick Catucci of Entertainment Weekly also named it the second best album of 2013 saying , " When he gets to flexin ' — as on " Worst Behavior , " with its Rube Goldberg underpinnings ; the MC smackdown " The Language " ; and the hypnotic " Started From the Bottom " — he 's flawlessly confident . But his restless thoughts keep the elegant music here taut . " It was ranked at number 14 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 50 best albums of 2013 . They commented saying , " Drake is the people 's rapper , a smart kid conflicted about his fame , heart , family , everything except his mic potency . But what makes his lonely fantastic voyage matter is its emotional weight , which gets crucial amplification from Noah " 40 " Shebib 's whirlpool beats . "
The Guardian placed it at number 31 on their list of the forty best albums of 2013 . Exclaim ! named it the third best hip hop album of 2013 . It was named the ninth best album of 2013 by Slant Magazine . They commented saying , " Drake , the Canadian master of confession @-@ rap , cuts the usual sharp lines , and his lamentations have never felt so knowing , nor more tuneful . He doesn 't need a handful of guest MCs , and he doesn 't want our sympathy either — just the chance to give us mellow ear @-@ gasms , which he does on nearly every track . " It was ranked at number 19 on Consequence of Sound 's list of the top 50 albums of 2013 . Stereogum ranked it at number 28 on their list of the 50 best albums of the year . " Spin positioned it at number 50 on their list . The album is a shortlisted nominee for the 2014 Polaris Music Prize .
= = Track listing = =
Notes
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@ producer
^ [ b ] signifies an additional producer
" Tuscan Leather " features background vocals by Cappadonna .
" Furthest Thing " features background vocals by Brian Hamilton , Omar Richards , Owen Lee , Deborah Vernal , Jennifer Tulloch , Patricia Shirley and Rachel Craig .
" Own It " features background vocals by PartyNextDoor .
" From Time " features background vocals by Travis Savoury Baka AKA “ Not Nice "
" Hold On , We 're Going Home " features background vocals by Brian Hamilton , Omar Richards , Deborah Vernal , Grace Gayle , Dionne Wilson , Patricia Shirley and Rachel Craig .
" Connect " features background vocals by Shawn Lawrence and Trae tha Truth .
" Come Thru " features background vocals from PartyNextDoor .
Sample credits
" Tuscan Leather " contains interpolations of " Serious " , written by Warren McGlone and Lawrence Parker ; samples of " I Have Nothing " , written by David Foster and Linda Thompson , as performed by Whitney Houston ; and samples from " When Seasons Change " ( live ) by Curtis Mayfield .
" Started from the Bottom " contains samples from the composition Ambessence Piano & Drones , written and performed by Bruno Sanfilippo .
" Wu @-@ Tang Forever " contains samples of " It 's Yourz " , written by Dennis Coles , Robert Diggs , Lamont Hawkins , Jason Hunter , Corey Woods , Thor Baldursson , Mats Bjoerklyn and Juergen Koduletsch , as performed by Wu @-@ Tang Clan ; and samples of " Loss Config " , as performed by Zodiac Beats .
" Too Much " contains samples of " Too Much " , written by Sampha and Emile Haynie , as performed by Sampha .
" Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2 " contains interpolations of " C.R.E.A.M. " , written by Dennis Coles , Robert Diggs , Gary Grice , Lamont Hawkins , Isaac Hayes , Jason Hunter , Russell Jones , David Porter , Clifford Smith and Corey Woods , as performed by Wu @-@ Tang Clan ; samples of " Don 't Say a Word " , written by Jim Eliot and Ellie Goulding , as performed by Ellie Goulding ; and samples of " Jimmy Smith Rap " , as performed by Jimmy Smith .
" All Me " contains samples of " My Man " , written by Albert Lucien Willemetz , Jacques Charles and Maurice Yvain , as performed by Abbey Lincoln .
= = Personnel = =
Credits for Nothing Was the Same adapted from AllMusic .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Macrotarsomys petteri =
Macrotarsomys petteri , also known as Petter 's big @-@ footed mouse , is a Malagasy rodent in the genus Macrotarsomys . With a head and body length of 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) and body mass of 105 g ( 3 @.@ 7 oz ) , Macrotarsomys petteri is the largest species of its genus . The upperparts are brown , darkest in the middle of the back , and the underparts are white to yellowish . The animal has long whiskers , short forelimbs , and long hindfeet . The tail ends in a prominent tuft of long , light hairs . The skull is robust and the molars are low @-@ crowned and cuspidate .
Macrotarsomys petteri is now found only in the Mikea Forest of southwestern Madagascar , but subfossil records indicate that it used to be more widely distributed in southern Madagascar . Climatic changes and competition with introduced species may have led to the shift in its distribution . The Mikea Forest , the only place where it is still known to occur , is threatened by human development .
= = Taxonomy = =
During a 2003 biological inventory of the Mikea Forest , a forest region of southwestern Madagascar , a single specimen of the rodent genus Macrotarsomys was collected . This animal turned out to be distinct from both previously known species of the genus — Macrotarsomys bastardi , which is widespread in western Madagascar , and the larger Macrotarsomys ingens , known only from the Ankarafantsika National Park . Accordingly , Steven Goodman and Voahangy Soarimalala named it in 2005 as a new species , Macrotarsomys petteri . The specific name , petteri , honors French zoologist François Petter for his contributions to the study of Malagasy rodents . M. petteri , the largest species in the genus , is most similar to M. ingens , which may be its closest relative .
= = Description = =
Macrotarsomys petteri is a terrestrial rodent with short forelimbs and long hindfeet . With a head and body length of 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) and body mass of 105 g ( 3 @.@ 7 oz ) in the only known complete specimen , it is much larger than M. bastardi , and its measurements fall at or above the upper end of the known range of variation in M. ingens . The upperparts are covered with soft and short , brown fur . Most cover hairs ( the main part of the fur ) are dark brown for the two @-@ thirds closest to the base , then light brown , with a short dark brown tip . The middle of the back appears darker , because the cover hairs there are entirely dark brown . The hairs are 6 to 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 2 to 0 @.@ 3 in ) long on the shoulders and 7 to 9 mm ( 0 @.@ 3 to 0 @.@ 4 in ) on the back . The guard hairs are gray . Because the flanks lack entirely dark cover hairs , they are slightly lighter than the rest of the upperparts . They are sharply separated in color from the underparts , which are entirely white to buffish . The mystacial vibrissae ( whiskers above the mouth ) are long , up to 60 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) , and white or black in color . The pinnae ( external ears ) are dark brown and covered with fine gray hairs , and ear length is 32 mm ( 1 @.@ 3 in ) .
Hindfoot length is 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) . The upper sides of the feet are covered with grayish white fur , which extends around the claws to form ungual tufts . On the hindfeet , the fifth digit is relatively short at 6 mm ( 0 @.@ 2 in ) ; the hallux ( first digit ) is 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 3 in ) long , and the other digits 11 to 12 mm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 0 @.@ 5 in ) . The tail is 238 mm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) long and naked in part . At the base , it is dark brown both above and below , but slightly lighter below . The upper side remains dark brown for much of its length , though the color does become lighter towards the tip . The lower side becomes mottled at about 55 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) from the tip and then whitish at about 65 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) . Macrotarsomys petteri has a well @-@ developed tuft at its tail tip , consisting of whitish and occasional light brown hairs . This tuft commences at about 130 mm ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) from the base with fairly short hairs and becomes more pronounced at 180 mm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) . In contrast , M. ingens has a weaker , dark brown tuft .
Macrotarsomys petteri has a large and robust skull with well @-@ developed zygomatic arches ( cheekbones ) . The interorbital region of the skull ( between the eyes ) is smooth , as in M. ingens , and lacks the shelves characteristic of M. bastardi . The palate is broad and the incisive foramina ( openings in the front portion of the palate ) are long and broad . In the mandible ( lower jaw ) , the root of the lower incisor is housed in a distinct capsular process , a protuberance at the back of the jawbone . The lower masseteric ridge ( a crest on the outer side of the mandible ) is prominent . As is typical of Macrotarsomys , the molars are cuspidate and low @-@ crowned .
= = Distribution and ecology = =
The single known living specimen , a young adult male , was collected at 80 m ( 260 ft ) altitude in the Andaladomo forest ( part of the Mikea Forest ) . The Andaladomo forest is different in vegetation from the rest of the Mikea Forest , and is similar to forests further to the north on Madagascar . The animal was found in an isolated fragment of dry deciduous forest amid land cleared for maize cultivation . The trap was set at the foot of a tree surrounded by bushes and succulent plants . Other small mammals known from the Mikea Forest include Macrotarsomys bastardi , the introduced black rat ( Rattus rattus ) , several species of tenrecs , and the shrew Suncus madagascariensis . Although only a single individual of M. petteri was caught during Goodman and Soarimalala 's survey , which accrued 3100 trap @-@ nights , they argue that this does not necessarily mean the species is rare , since trapping rates for rodents in the dry forests of Madagascar are often variable depending on year and season . Nothing is known of its behavior , but the animal 's morphology suggests it lives on the ground .
Subsequent to its discovery at the Mikea Forest , Macrotarsomys petteri was also found as a subfossil in cave deposits at Andrahomana in far southeastern Madagascar , a find reported in 2006 . There , it was found together with more abundant remains of the introduced black rat and house mouse ( Mus musculus ) , as well as indigenous rodents such as Macrotarsomys bastardi . Two M. petteri bones were radiocarbon dated to 790 – 410 BCE and 150 – 390 CE , respectively , a period when the local climate became drier and humans first appeared . Macrotarsomys species are thought to burrow in sandy ground and would not be expected to enter caves ; therefore , the subfossils are probably remains of animals eaten by birds of prey . Although M. petteri could conceivably persist in remnant pockets of wet habitat in southeastern Madagascar , searches at two sites near Andrahomana failed to confirm its presence . It may have become locally extinct in the area because of the drying climate and competition with the black rat .
In 2009 , Macrotarsomys petteri was also recorded from the cave of Ankilitelo in southwestern Madagascar . Remains of a large Macrotarsomys had previously been reported from other southern Madagascar sites , and at least some of these may be M. petteri . A karstic deposit near Lake Tsimanampetsotsa ( dated to the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene on unclear grounds ) contained three species of Macrotarsomys , including a very large one that may well be M. petteri . Remains identified as Macrotarsomys ingens have been reported from a cave at Ankazoabo in southern Madagascar ; these may also be M. petteri .
= = Conservation status = =
The IUCN Red List assesses Macrotarsomys petteri as " Data Deficient " , but notes that the species will very probably qualify as threatened if its current distribution turns out to be restricted to primary forest in the Mikea Forest . The Mikea Forest is one of the largest remaining forests of southwestern Madagascar , but it is not protected and is threatened by logging , pasture , and conversion to agricultural land .
= SM UB @-@ 4 =
Seiner Majestät UB @-@ 4 was a German Type UB I submarine ( U @-@ boat ) in the German Imperial Navy ( German : Kaiserliche Marine ) during World War I. She was sunk by a British Q @-@ ship disguised as a fishing smack in August 1915 .
UB @-@ 4 was ordered in October 1914 and was laid down at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel in November . UB @-@ 4 was a little more than 28 metres ( 92 ft ) in length and displaced between 127 and 142 tonnes ( 125 and 140 long tons ) , depending on whether surfaced or submerged . She carried two torpedoes for her two bow torpedo tubes and was also armed with a deck @-@ mounted machine gun . UB @-@ 4 was broken into sections and shipped by rail to Antwerp for reassembly . She was launched and commissioned as SM UB @-@ 4 in March 1915 .
UB @-@ 4 conducted the first sortie of the Flanders Flotilla in April , during which she sank the Belgian Relief ship Harpalyce , the first ship credited to the flotilla . She sank three more ships from mid @-@ April to mid @-@ August . On 15 August , UB @-@ 4 surfaced near the British Q @-@ ship Inverlyon and was sunk by gunfire from the sailing vessel . None of UB @-@ 4 's 14 crewmen survived the attack .
= = Design and construction = =
After the German Army 's rapid advance along the North Sea coast in the earliest stages of World War I , the German Imperial Navy found itself without suitable submarines that could be operated in the narrow and shallow environment off Flanders . Project 34 , a design effort begun in mid @-@ August 1914 , produced the Type UB I design : a small submarine that could be shipped by rail to a port of operations and quickly assembled . Constrained by railroad size limitations , the UB I design called for a boat about 28 metres ( 92 ft ) long and displacing about 125 tonnes ( 123 long tons ) with two torpedo tubes . UB @-@ 4 was part of the initial allotment of eight submarines — numbered UB @-@ 1 to UB @-@ 8 — ordered on 15 October from Germaniawerft of Kiel , just shy of two months after planning for the class began .
UB @-@ 4 was laid down by Germaniawerft in Kiel on 3 November . As built , UB @-@ 4 was 28 @.@ 10 metres ( 92 ft 2 in ) long , 3 @.@ 15 metres ( 10 ft 4 in ) abeam , and had a draft of 3 @.@ 03 metres ( 10 ft ) . She had a single 59 @-@ brake @-@ horsepower ( 44 kW ) Daimler 4 @-@ cylinder diesel engine for surface travel , and a single 119 @-@ shaft @-@ horsepower ( 89 kW ) Siemens @-@ Schuckert electric motor for underwater travel , both attached to a single propeller shaft . Her top speeds were 6 @.@ 47 knots ( 11 @.@ 98 km / h ; 7 @.@ 45 mph ) , surfaced , and 5 @.@ 51 knots ( 10 @.@ 20 km / h ; 6 @.@ 34 mph ) , submerged . At more moderate speeds , she could sail up to 1 @,@ 650 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 060 km ; 1 @,@ 900 mi ) on the surface before refueling , and up to 45 nautical miles ( 83 km ; 52 mi ) submerged before recharging her batteries . Like all boats of the class , UB @-@ 4 was rated to a diving depth of 50 metres ( 160 ft ) , and could completely submerge in 33 seconds .
UB @-@ 4 was armed with two 45 @-@ centimeter ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedoes in two bow torpedo tubes . She was also outfitted for a single 8 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) machine gun on deck . UB @-@ 4 's standard complement consisted of one officer and thirteen enlisted men .
After work on UB @-@ 4 was complete at the Germaniwerft yard , UB @-@ 4 was readied for rail shipment . The process of shipping a UB I boat involved breaking the submarine down into what was essentially a knock down kit . Each boat was broken into approximately fifteen pieces and loaded on to eight railway flatcars . In early 1915 , the sections of UB @-@ 4 were shipped to Antwerp for assembly in what was typically a two- to three @-@ week process . After UB @-@ 4 was assembled and launched sometime in March , she was loaded on a barge and taken through canals to Bruges where she underwent trials .
= = Service career = =
The submarine was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy as SM UB @-@ 4 on 23 March under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Karl Gross , a 29 @-@ year @-@ old first @-@ time U @-@ boat commander . UB @-@ 4 soon joined the other UB I boats then comprising the Flanders Flotilla ( German : U @-@
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dismissed because they are inner city black men in a hobby that has been dominated by successful white men . Cobb , like Mastro back in the late 1980s , does not divulge the exact details of how he came to own the card . He has stated he purchased the card at an estate sale for $ 1 @,@ 800 in 1983 or 1984 , a bargain for the card at that time . When Cobb and Edwards tried to sell the card on eBay in 2002 , a Newport , Kentucky attorney filed a police report against the two men because he believed the card was a reprint that was stolen from his office months earlier . The police launched an investigation , but found no evidence of wrongdoing on the part of the two men . An outraged Edwards dismissed the accusations as " bullshit , " adding that they would not have been made " if we were white . "
Card Collector Services graded the card and officially ruled that it was indeed a reprint . Cobb and Edwards dismissed the findings and went to Integrated Paper Services ( IPS ) , an independent paper testing and analysis lab , in February 2003 to have their card 's paper tested . An IPS expert determined that the card dated back to 1910 , which would be consistent to the time period when the card was distributed . The expert ruled that the " paper stock was consistent with the time that card would have been made . " Cobbs and Edwards later went to an Ohio paper industry consultant who confirmed that the card was from 1909 . The consultant stated that a decent counterfeit of the card could only be produced from a " master pressman with 5 – 10 years experience , and would require a machine which would cost between $ 500 @,@ 000 and $ 2 million . " Afterwards , an appraiser named Bob Connelly valued the card at $ 850 @,@ 000 , based on the two previous paper analysis reports . In November 2005 , Cobb and Edwards put the card up for sale on eBay . They had to shut down the sale , however , because Connelly only agreed to appraise the card if his report was printed in its entirety at the eBay card listing .
A few months after the sale , Edwards asked Connelly if he would accept the card for his auction . Connelly consented and took the card across the country to prospective buyers . Meanwhile , HBO 's Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel decided to cover the progress of Cobb and Edwards ' struggles with the card . Connelly met a card dealer in New York City , Mike Mangasarian , who was sent on behalf of a prominent collector to check the card out . Mr. Mangasarian said the card seemed authentic and stated he would attend the auction for the card later on if the card could be taken out of the thick lucite holder for a closer examination of the card . A promise was made that this could be done the day of the auction in Binghamton , NY . After the auction and by not bidding on the card Mr. Mangasarian revealed to HBO that he felt the back of the card was indeed real but in his opinion the front was not . He explained that all T @-@ 206 's have dark brown letters printed for the team and players name and this one was black . Additionally , he stated that he was not comfortable with the print process exhibited on the card front . Meanwhile , a number of card collectors who doubted the card contacted eBay and demanded that the card 's listing on the website be removed. eBay officials finally pulled the plug the day before the actual Connelly auction was to begin . As a result , a number of previously interested collectors decided not to bid for the card at the auction the next day . As Connelly pointed out , the collectors chose not to make bids because " [ w ] hen eBay pulled the card ... it raised too many questions about its authenticity . "
= = Other notable authentic T206 Wagner cards = =
As a result of the publicity generated from the financially successful Gretzky T206 Honus Wagner , a number of previously undiscovered legitimate T206 Wagner cards have surfaced . There are fewer than 60 authenticated Wagner cards in existence .
= = = The New York Public Library = = =
An authentic card is part of the Leopold Morse Goulston Baseball Collection in The New York Public Library 's George Arents Collection .
= = = The Metropolitan Museum of Art = = =
An authentic card is held by The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City .
= = = Nuns auctioning T206 Honus Wagner = = =
In 2010 , a rare Honus Wagner was found in a box left by the brother of Sister Virginia Muller who left all her possessions to the Baltimore @-@ based School Sisters of Notre Dame . The card came with her brother 's handwritten note : " Although damaged , the value of this baseball card should increase exponentially throughout the 21st century ! " The Roman Catholic nuns auctioned the card , which despite its poor condition was expected to fetch between $ 150 @,@ 000 and $ 200 @,@ 000 . On November 4 , 2010 , the final sale price exceeded the expectations of auctioneers at Dallas @-@ based Heritage Auction Galleries and sold for $ 262 @,@ 000 to Doug Walton , a collector and card @-@ shop owner . Walton , however , never paid , and Heritage Auction Galleries subsequently contacted one of its longtime clients , Nicholas DePace , a New Jersey cardiologist , who immediately agreed to buy the card for the same price . On December 20 , 2010 , after taking its 19 @.@ 5 percent buyer 's premium , the auction house sent $ 220 @,@ 000 by bank wire to the School Sisters of Notre Dame . The religious order had already announced that the proceeds from the sale would go to its ministries in more than 30 countries .
= = = The ' Jumbo Wagner ' = = =
Many of the remaining T206 Honus Wagner cards in existence have rated low on the PSA grading scale . Only three existing Wagner cards received a PSA rating of EX [ 5 ] or better . One such example is known in the industry as the ' Jumbo Wagner ' [ shown on the right ] . Graded EX 5 ( MC ) on the PSA grading scale , the card has unusually ample borders due to a miscut . These dimensions far exceed the standard size for a T206 baseball card virtually preserving a Near Mint example within its boundaries .
President of PSA , Joe Orlando said “ The PSA EX 5 ( MC ) 1909 @-@ 11 T206 Honus Wagner ( serial number 15385994 ) is , without question , one of the top examples of this historic card known . The technical grade includes the MC qualifier . The card was given this designation by PSA due to its oversized nature . This particular T206 Honus Wagner stands out from other known examples and therefore gives it placement as a top @-@ notch specimen . "
Initially sold at auction for $ 1.62M in 2008 , the ' Jumbo Wagner ' was featured by Goldin Auctions in their 2013 Winter Auction , which closed on April 5 , 2013 . Historical price increases and the state of the sports collectible market contributed to projections that the auction could set a new overall price record for the sale of a T206 Honus Wagner . The card ultimately sold for $ 2 @,@ 105 @,@ 770 @.@ 50 , including the buyer 's premium , a record price for a baseball card in a public auction .
= = = The All Star Cafe Wagner = = =
In April 2013 , Robert Edward Auctions was scheduled to begin an auction of a T206 Honus Wagner that was once owned by actor Charlie Sheen . Sheen had loaned the card to the All Star Cafe where it was stolen and later recovered by the FBI . It is graded PSA 1 .
= = = T206 Honus Wagner recent sales = = =
A T206 Wagner given a two on the PSA 's 1 – 10 grading scale sold for $ 75 @,@ 000 in September 2000 .
Five years later , in 2005 , another PSA 2 card sold for $ 237 @,@ 000 .
Included in the above auction , a PSA 1 card sold for $ 110 @,@ 000 .
In 2004 , a PSA PR @-@ FR @-@ 1 Wagner sold for $ 109 , 638 .
Another PSA PR @-@ FR @-@ 1 brought $ 132 @,@ 000 one year later in 2005 .
A T206 Wagner owned by renowned collector Frank Nagy sold for $ 456 @,@ 000 in December 2005 , through Mastro 's auction company .
Two PSA Grade 2 Wagners sold for $ 236 @,@ 705 in 2005 and $ 294 @,@ 338 in 2006 .
In May 2008 , a graded 1 set a new record for a low @-@ grade card , selling at auction for $ 317 @,@ 250 .
Several months later , in November 2008 , an SGC 3 graded Wagner card was sold by Philip Weiss Auctions of New York . The final bid was $ 700 @,@ 000 , but with a 13 % buyer 's premium added , the realized price was $ 791 @,@ 000 .
A PSA PR @-@ FR 1 Wagner sold for $ 400 @,@ 000 in 2009
In 2010 , a PSA Authentic / Altered Wagner sold for $ 219 @,@ 225 .
On April 20 , 2012 , an anonymous New Jersey resident purchased a VG @-@ 3 graded T206 Wagner card for more than $ 1 @.@ 2 million .
On April 6 , 2013 , a T206 card sold for a record for a baseball card on an online auction . It brought in $ 2 @,@ 105 @,@ 770 @.@ 50 in an online sale by Goldin Auctions .
= Grey 's Anatomy ( season 2 ) =
The second season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy commenced airing on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) on September 25 , 2005 , and concluded on May 15 , 2006 . The season was produced by Touchstone Television , in association with Shondaland production company and The Mark Gordon Company , the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . Actors Ellen Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , Justin Chambers , and T.R. Knight reprised their roles as surgical interns Meredith Grey , Cristina Yang , Izzie Stevens , Alex Karev , and George O 'Malley , respectively . Previous main cast members Chandra Wilson , James Pickens , Jr . , Isaiah Washington , and Patrick Dempsey also returned , while Kate Walsh , who began the season in a recurring capacity , was promoted to series regular status , after appearing in seven episodes as a guest star .
The season continued to focus on the surgical residency of five young interns as they try to balance the challenges of their competitive careers with the difficulties that determine their personal lives . It was set in the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , located in the city of Seattle , Washington . Whereas the first season put the emphasis mainly on the unexpected impact the surgical field has on the main characters , the second season provides a detailed perspective on the personal background of each character , focusing on the consequences that their decisions have on their careers . Throughout the season , new story lines were introduced , including the love triangle between Meredith Grey , Derek Shepherd , and Addison Montgomery , the main arc of the season . Also heavily developed was the story line involving Izzie Stevens ' relationship with patient Denny Duquette , which resulted in critical acclaim and positive fan response .
The season kept its original airtime from the previous season , taking over Boston Legal 's time slot at 10 : 00 pm on Sundays , while airing as a lead @-@ out to the already successful ABC series , Desperate Housewives . It contained 27 episodes , out of which five were originally produced for the first season . In addition to the regular episodes , two clip shows recapped previous events of the show , both narrated by Steven W. Bailey in his recently introduced role as Joe the Bartender . " Straight to Heart " aired one week before the winter @-@ holiday hiatus ended , recapping the most memorable events of the first season and the first half of the second . " Under Pressure " aired before the twenty @-@ third episode . The season finale was conceived as a three @-@ part story arc , the first of this kind in the series , and was scheduled to air on two consecutive nights .
The show ended its second season with 21 @.@ 07 million total viewers and a 6 @.@ 9 ratings share in the 18 – 49 demographic . The season opened to critical acclaim , as most agreed on a significant improvement in story lines . The season saw numerous cast and crew members receive awards and nominations at ceremonies like the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards and the 64th Golden Globe Awards . Katherine Heigl and Chandra Wilson were the cast members with the most nominations for their portrayals of Izzie Stevens and Miranda Bailey , respectively . The series was chosen in the top ten for several 2006 " best of television " lists , including USA Today , San Jose Mercury News , TV Guide , and Orlando Sentinel .
= = Production = =
= = = Crew = = =
The season was produced by Touchstone Television , currently ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company . Shonda Rhimes returned as the series ' showrunner and executive producer . She also continued her position from the first two seasons as one of the most prominent members of the writing staff . Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Mark Wilding , and Rob Corn returned as executive producers , along with James D. Parriott , Peter Horton , and Krista Vernoff , who have been in this position since the inception of the series . Parriott , who also served as an episodic writer , left the series at the conclusion of the season . Joan Rater and Tony Phelan continued to serve as co @-@ executive producers , with Rater being a supervising producer as well . Stacy McKee , who would be promoted to co @-@ executive producer for the third season , returned to the series as a producer and a member of the writing staff . Having written three episodes for the first season , Rhimes returned as a writer for five episodes . Parriott , Vernoff , Phelan , Rater , Wilding and Mimi Schmir were the most prominent members of the writing staff , with Parriott , Phelan , Rater , Wilding , Clack writing two episodes and Schmir producing the script for three . Gabrielle Stanton and Harry Werksman , Jr. worked together for the writing of two episodes , after having written one episode for the series in the past .
The season includes the first episode to be written Zoanne Clack , who would become one the series ' main writers , as well as a co @-@ producer and executive story editor . Other writers include Kip Koenig , Blythe Robe and Elizabeth Klaviter . Executive producer Peter Horton returned to the series to direct five episodes for the season , after writing two episodes in the second season . Rob Corn directed two episodes , whereas Adam Davidson is credited for writing three episodes , his last ones in the series . Among the other directors are Wendey Stanzler , Mark Tinker , Jeff Melman , Jessica Yu , Lesli Linka Glatter , Michael Dinner , Dan Minahan , David Paymer , Julie Anne Robinson , Tricia Brock , and Seith Mann . Danny Lux continued his position as the main music composer for the series , while Herbert Davis , Tim Suhrstedt and Adam Kane served as the season 's cinematography directors . Susan Vaill and Edward Ornelas resumed their positions as editors , joined by Briana London , who left the series after nine episodes . Linda Lowy and John Brace , responsible for the casting since the beginning of the series , returned as casting team members . After the departure of Laurence Bennett , the production design team was taken over by Donald Lee Harris , with Amy B. Ancona and Brandee Dell 'Aringa joining for ten episodes each .
The series set decoration crew was led by Karen Bruck , whereas the costume design department was led by Linda M. Bass , who would leave the show at the conclusion of the season , following her being replaced by Mimi Melgaard . The make @-@ up department was led by head Norman T. Leavitt , along with assistant make @-@ up artist Brigitte Bugayong . The special make @-@ up effects team consisted of Thomas R. Burman , Bari Dreiband @-@ Burman and Bart Mixon . Arleen Chavez was the key hair stylist for the second season . Other make @-@ up artists that contributed in the third season were Vincent Van Dyke , Allan Holt and Christopher Payne . The series production managers were unit production managar Carla Corwin and post @-@ production supervisor Joy Ramos , who both depart from the series at the conclusion of the season , being replaced by unit production managar Jeff Rafner , production manager Chad Alber and production executive Tim Herbstrith . Second assistant directors since the inception of the series , Laura Petticord , Shawn Hanley and Chris Hayden returned to the series for the second season . The art department consisted of construction foreman Bob Huffman , set dressers Stacy Doran and Bruce Purcell , leadman Joseph W. Grafmuller , property master Angela M. Whiting , labor foreman Verne Hammond , art department coordinator Angela Trujillo , construction coordinator Curt Jones , set designer Yvonne Garnier @-@ Hackl , stage foreman Tom Talley and paint foreman Alex Thompson . Joining the art department were set painter Shelley Adajian and assistant property masters Andrew Allen @-@ King and Jeanne Bueche . However , the three new additions left the series after the production of the season finale , being temporarily replaced by Nicole Dome and T. Scott Elliott , who joined the team for two episodes . Sound editor Anthony Toretto , additional foley artist Mark McBryde , foley mixer Stacey Michaels , production sound mixer Brydon Baker III , foley artist Noel Vought , boom operator Kevin Maloney and sound re @-@ recording mixers Todd
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her video compilations : The Kylie Tapes 94 – 98 ( 1998 ) , Greatest Hits 87 – 99 ( 2003 ) and Artist Collection ( 2004 ) .
= = Live performances = =
To promote the single , Minogue performed the song on several televised shows . Minogue debuted the single live on the Australian morning TV show Hey Hey , It 's Saturday . She received the opportunity to perform the single on MTV ( Music Television ) on 4 October 1997 . Minogue went on to perform the track on TFI Friday and performed the track on the UK music television series Top of the Pops . " Some Kind of Bliss " was included on the set list for her 1998 concert tour Intimate and Live . The song was featured on the opening act for the tour and featured Minogue singing the track on stage , wearing a black long @-@ collared shirt and three @-@ quarter pants , similar to the costume off " Did It Again " . Like the rest of the costumes on the tour including the performance off " Some Kind of Bliss " , it features Minogue with a lot of " princess " -inspired outfits .
= = Legacy and other usage = =
" Some Kind of Bliss " has been recognized by critics as Minogue 's most " indie " -influenced song to date and one of her least successful singles to date . Author Lee Barron , who wrote the book Social Theory in Popular Culture , discussed the Impossible Princess period and further stated that " Some Kind of Bliss " was one of the main aspects for her " Indie Kylie " label in the media . Craig Mathieson , who wrote the book Playlisted : Everything You Need to Know about Australian Music Right Now ( 2009 ) , stated about the song " It was a statement of intent , but not as planned . A sense of freedom , a belief in in the lure of happiness , did not suit Kylie . She 's best defined by constriction ad reduction , an her music has subsequently become a soundtrack to lack of choice . "
The poor reception prompt Hadfield to release an apology to Minogue , blaming himself for not being in control of the promotion ; " I loved her voice , got on with her and I am embarrassed that I failed her . " Tom Parker , who wrote the liner notes for the 2003 @-@ release of Impossible Princess , had observed that critics slated " Some Kind of Bliss " due to Minogue 's approach to " obtain lyrical and production credibility , which was overshadowed in whole " . Minogue publicly commented about the single 's aftermath " I think the static was that Elton had 75 percent of the sales that week , so mine didn 't get off at a good start . " She went on to say " I 've told not to be frustrated , but I was frustrated because the album should be out [ ... ] The point of it is to get it out and maybe people will like it , they may love it or they might hate it , but it was in my hands . " She also felt guilt for parting with Stock Aitken Waterman after her production team with Deconstruction was not in good terms ; she later commented that she departed on " good terms " .
" Some Kind of Bliss " has been featured on many of Minogue 's compilation albums . Its first appearance was on her 2000 Deconstruction greatest hits Hits + and on her 2001 BMG greatest hits compilation album Confide in Me , a compilation consisting majority off her singles and tracks from her Deconstruction period ; Heather Phares from Allmusic praised the Impossible Princess tracks including " Some Kind of Bliss " . It then appeared on her 2004 compilation albums Artist Collection and , which included most of her Impossible Princess era . The appeared on the first disc of Confide in Me : The Irresistible Kylie released in July 2007 by UK independent label Music Club and her K25 : Time Capsule by Warner Music Australia in October 2012 . The Quivver remix appeared on her 1998 remix compilations Mixes and Impossible Remixes .
= = Formats and track listings = =
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of " Some Kind of Bliss " .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Song credits
Kylie Minogue - lead vocals , backing vocals
James Dean Bradfield - guitar , bass
Nick Nasmyth - keyboards
Sean Moore - drums
Andy Duncan - percussion
Visual credits
Kylie Minogue - stand @-@ in
Stephane Sednaoui - photographer
Farrow Designs - design
= = Charts = =
= Florida State Road 404 =
State Road 404 ( SR 404 ) , the Pineda Causeway , is an east – west divided highway currently running from Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) to SR A1A at Patrick Air Force Base , Florida , US . It was opened as a toll road in 1971 and classified as a state road two years later . The tolls were removed in 1990 . It was named after Pineda , a former village east of Suntree on U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) . With interchanges at US 1 ( SR 5 ) , South Tropical Trail ( County Road 3 , CR 3 ) , and South Patrick Drive ( SR 513 ) , the Pineda Causeway is ( along with SR A1A ) the primary access for Patrick Air Force Base and the southern end of Merritt Island . From US 1 to the eastern terminus , it is part of the Indian River Lagoon Scenic Highway system .
= = Route description = =
From I @-@ 95 , the Pineda Causeway Extension passes between developments to its north and south . After an intersection with a local road , the route curves to the northeast and later resumes its eastward course , reaching Wickham Road . The route turns to the east and moves across the Florida East Coast Railway .
East of the railway , the route crosses below US 1 . The eastbound lane has an exit ramp that connects to both directions of US 1 ; in contrast , the westbound lane has a dedicated exit for both US 1 northbound and a loop to US 1 southbound . The road continues to the east , crossing a small inlet and a small island before ascending over the Indian River with twin bridges . At the eastern end of the bridges , the route again crosses a small island and inlet before reaching a narrow portion of Merritt Island . There , the causeway intersects with CR 3 . The route crosses a series of islands , forming another twin set of bridges over the Banana River . After reaching land for the final time , the route enters South Patrick Shores . It has a partial interchange with SR 513 , with only an eastbound exit and a westbound entrance . After passing north of a housing development , the causeway ends at an intersection with SR A1A .
Along the causeway east of the extension , the Florida Department of Transportation ( FDOT ) estimated that 37 @,@ 500 cars drove on the route each day .
As part of a pilot project , FDOT has painted the shoulders as bike lanes , thus allowing cyclists on a controlled @-@ access highway that had been closed to them .
= = History = =
Due to high traffic involving the Kennedy Space Center and Patrick Air Force Base in eastern Brevard County , local politicians in the early 1960s petitioned the United States Bureau of Public Roads for federal funding in creating a new causeway across the Banana River , between the Eau Gallie Causeway and SR 520 . Although the federal agency declined twice due to low traffic projections , local officials maintained the need for the proposed causeway . In November 1969 , after FDOT opened bids for various state construction projects , the Gregg , Gibson & Gregg Inc. put out a $ 7 @.@ 7 million estimate to build the causeway from US 1 to the eastern shore of the Banana River . Ultimately , the original Pineda Causeway was opened in 1972 , costing about $ 7 million to construct . In the previous year , the route 's interchanges with US 1 and CR 3 , as well as the bridges , were completed . In 1972 , the interchange with SR 513 was finished . On May 31 , 1973 , FDOT classified the bridge and causeway as State Route 404 .
Initially it was a toll road , which funded the road 's maintenance . However , FDOT agreed in 1989 to remove the fee and pay for maintenance . In June 1990 , workers removed the toll along the Pineda Causeway , along with the Bennett Causeway to the north , at a cost of $ 745 @,@ 000 . The interchange with U.S. 1 , which was first built in 1971 , was reconstructed in 1997 . In 1999 , the route became part of the newly created Indian River Lagoon Scenic Highway , which was a series of roads around the Indian River Lagoon .
In conjunction with a project to add additional lanes to I @-@ 95 , FDOT authorized funding in March 2008 to create an interchange with an extension of the Pineda Causeway . The two projects were estimated to cost $ 202 million upon completion . On May 2 , 2011 , the interchange with I @-@ 95 opened . FDOT also authorized $ 10 million to complete the extension from the interchange to its original routing . The overall cost of the extension was estimated at $ 27 million , of which the remainder not financed by FDOT was paid by impact fee and gas tax . Groundbreaking for the extension occurred on December 14 , 2007 , and the project was finished in May 2011 . This created a 1 @.@ 9 mi ( 3 @.@ 1 km ) extension of the highway after decades of
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District 13 of the Texas Senate and represented by Rodney Ellis , a Democrat .
The community is within Texas 's 7th congressional district . As of 2013 , the representative is John Culberson . The United States Post Office Service ( USPS ) operates the River Oaks Post Office at 1900 West Gray Street , supporting the zip codes 77027 and 77019 . The post office sits on a 109 @,@ 160 square feet ( 10 @,@ 141 m2 ) property with a gross building area of 18 @,@ 100 square feet ( 1 @,@ 680 m2 ) . In addition the Julius Melcher Post Office is near River Oaks . In January 2009 the USPS announced that it will put the River Oaks Post Office property up for sale . In October of that year the USPS announced that it , for now , will not sell the River Oaks and Melcher post offices .
Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County , Texas ( METRO ) operates bus services in River Oaks . Lines serving River Oaks include 3 Langley / West Gray , 18 Kirby Limited , 35 Fairview , 73 Bellfort Crosstown , and 82 Westheimer .
= = = Politics = = =
Politicians and political parties conduct fundraising campaigns in River Oaks because it has " six desired qualities " including " allure , location , preening , location , Secret Service familiarity and location . " In both 2000 and 2004 , River Oaks residents gave $ 3 @.@ 9 million to political campaigns . In 2008 , they gave $ 3 @.@ 4 million to political campaigns through the middle of that year . River Oaks has been described as one of Houston 's " richest , most Republican neighborhoods " .
= = Notable residents = =
Jim Bath , businessman
John Connally , Governor of Texas
Clyde Drexler , professional basketball player
Dan Duncan , businessman
Carolyn Farb , philanthropist
Andrew Fastow and Lea Fastow , primary figure of the Enron scandal and his wife
Tilman J. Fertitta , businessman and reality TV star
Ima Hogg , philanthropist and art collector
Molly Ivins , journalist , author
Bob Lanier , former Mayor of Houston
Khalid bin Mahfouz , Saudi Arabian oil figure
John W. Mecom , Sr.
Robert Mosbacher , businessman and politician
Joel Osteen , pastor of Lakewood Church
Fayez Sarofim , investor on the Forbes 500
Jeffrey Skilling , primary figure of the Enron scandal
Lynn Wyatt , socialite and philanthropist
Oscar Wyatt , oil baron
= = Gallery = =
= Second Battle of Kehl ( 1796 ) =
The Second Battle of Kehl occurred on 18 September 1796 , when General Franz Petrasch 's Austrian and Imperial troops stormed the French @-@ held bridgehead over the Rhine river . The village of Kehl , which is now in the German state of Baden @-@ Württemberg , was then part of Baden @-@ Durlach . Across the river , Strasbourg , an Alsatian city , was a French Revolutionary stronghold . This battle was part of the Rhine Campaign of 1796 , in the French Revolutionary War of the First Coalition .
In the 1790s , the Rhine was wild , unpredictable , and difficult to cross . Its channels and tributaries created islands of trees and vegetation that were alternately submerged by floods or exposed during the dry seasons . A complex of bridges , gates , fortifications and barrage dams linked Kehl with Strasbourg . These had been constructed by the fortress architect Sébastien le Préstre de Vauban in the seventeenth century . The crossings had been contested before : in 1678 during the French @-@ Dutch war , in 1703 during the War of the Spanish Succession , in 1733 during the War of the Polish Succession , and earlier in Battle of Kehl , when the French crossed into the German states on 23 – 24 June . Critical to French success would be the army 's ability to cross the Rhine at will . The crossings at Hüningen , near the Swiss city of Basel , and at Kehl , offered access to most of southwestern Germany ; from there , French armies could sweep north , south , or east , depending on their military goal .
In late summer of 1796 , the Austrian force reacquired most of the territory lost to the French earlier in the summer . On 18 September 1796 , the Austrians temporarily acquired control of the tête @-@ du @-@ ponts ( bridgeheads ) joining Kehl and Strasbourg until a strong French counter @-@ attack forced them to retreat , leaving the French in control of the bridges but the Austrians in control of the territory surrounding them . The situation remained in status quo until late October . Control of the surrounding territory there prevented the French from crossing to safety in Strasbourg , and required the French commander , Jean Victor Marie Moreau , to withdraw toward Basel . Immediately after the Battle of Schliengen ( 24 October 1796 ) , while most of Moreau 's army retreated south to cross the Rhine at Hüningen , Count Baillet Latour moved his Austrian force to Kehl to begin a 100 @-@ day siege .
= = Background : general campaign of 1796 = =
The campaign of 1796 was part of the larger , broader French Revolutionary Wars in which republican France pitted itself against a fluid coalition of Prussians and Austrians and several other states of the Holy Roman Empire , the British , Sardinians , Dutch , and royalist French emigres . Although initially the republican French experienced several victories , the campaigns of 1793 through 1795 had been less successful . However , the Coalition partners had difficulty coordinating their war aims , and their own efforts also faltered . In 1794 and 1795 , French victories in northern Italy salvaged French enthusiasm for the war , and forced the Coalition to withdraw further into Central Europe . At the end of the Rhine Campaign of 1795 , the Habsburg Austrian Coalition and the French Republican called a truce between their forces that had been fighting in Germany . This agreement lasted until 20 May 1796 , when the Austrians announced that the truce would end on 31 May .
The Austrian Coalition 's Army of the Lower Rhine included 90 @,@ 000 troops . The 20 @,@ 000 @-@ man right wing , first under Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg , then Wilhelm von Wartensleben , stood on the east bank of the Rhine behind the Sieg River , observing the French bridgehead at Düsseldorf . The garrisons of Mainz Fortress and Ehrenbreitstein Fortress included 10 @,@ 000 more . The remainder of the Imperial and Coalition army , the 80 @,@ 000 @-@ strong Army of the Upper Rhine , secured the west bank behind the Nahe River . Commanded by Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser , this force anchored its right wing in Kaiserslautern on the west bank while the left wing under Anton Sztáray , Michael von Fröhlich and Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé guarded the Rhine from Mannheim to Switzerland . The original Austrian strategy was to capture Trier and to use their position on the west bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn . After news arrived in Vienna of Napoleon Bonaparte 's successes , however , Wurmser was sent to Italy with 25 @,@ 000 reinforcements , and the Aulic Council gave Archduke Charles command over both Austrian armies and ordered him to hold his ground .
On the French side , the 80 @,@ 000 @-@ man Army of Sambre @-@ et @-@ Meuse held the west bank of the Rhine down to the Nahe and then southwest to Sankt Wendel . On the army 's left flank , Jean Baptiste Kléber had 22 @,@ 000 troops in an entrenched camp at Düsseldorf . The right wing of the Army of the Rhine and Moselle was positioned behind the Rhine from Hüningen northward , centered along the Queich River near Landau , and its left wing extended west toward Saarbrücken . Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino led Moreau 's right wing at Hüningen , Louis Desaix commanded the center and Laurent Gouvion Saint @-@ Cyr directed the left wing . Ferino 's wing consisted of three infantry and cavalry divisions under François Antoine Louis Bourcier and Henri François Delaborde . Desaix 's command included three divisions led by Michel de Beaupuy , Antoine Guillaume Delmas and Charles Antoine Xaintrailles . Saint @-@ Cyr 's wing had two divisions commanded by Guillaume Philibert Duhesme and Alexandre Camille Taponier .
The French plan called for a springtime ( April @-@ May @-@ June ) offensive during which the two armies would press against the flanks of the northern Coalition armies in the German states while a third army approached Vienna through Italy . Specifically , Jean @-@ Baptiste Jourdan 's army would push south from Düsseldorf , hopefully drawing troops and attention toward themselves , while Moreau 's army massed on the east side of the Rhine by Mannheim . According to plan , Jourdan 's army feinted toward Mannheim , and Charles repositioned his troops . Once this occurred , Moreau 's army endured a forced march south and attacked the bridgehead at Kehl , which was guarded by 7 @,@ 000 imperial troops — troops recruited that spring from the Swabian Circle polities , inexperienced and untrained — which held the bridgehead for several hours , but then retreated toward Rastatt . Moreau reinforced the bridgehead with his forward guard , and his troops poured into Baden unhindered . In the south , by Basel , Ferino 's column moved quickly across the river and advanced up the Rhine along the Swiss and German shoreline toward Lake Constance , spreading into the southern end of the Black Forest . Worried that his supply lines would be overextended or his army would be flanked , Charles began a retreat to the east .
At this point , in July , the jealousies and competition between the French generals came into play . Moreau could have joined up with Jourdan 's army in the north , but did not ; he proceeded eastward , pushing Charles into Bavaria , while Jourdan pushed eastward , pushing Wartensleben 's autonomous corps into the Ernestine duchies . On either side , the union of two armies — Wartensleben 's with Charles ' or Jourdan 's with Moreau 's — could have crushed their opposition .
In August , Wartensleben 's autonomous corps united with Charles ' imperial troops and turned the tide against the French . The defeat of Jourdan 's army at the battles of Amberg ( 24 August ) , Würzburg ( 3 September ) and 2nd Altenkirchen ( 16 – 19 September ) allowed Charles to move more troops to the south , and effectively removed Jourdan from the remainder of the campaign .
= = = Preliminary action at Bruchsal : September 1796 = = =
While Charles and Moreau jockeyed for position on the eastern slope of the Black Forest , Franz Petrasch engaged the French at Bruchsal . The troops there , commanded by Marc Amand Élisée Scherb , included the 68th Demi @-@ brigade and two squadrons of the 19th Dragoons ; they had remained behind after the Battle of Ettlingen to observe the garrisons of Mannheim and Philippsburg . Realizing that his command was too small to withstand a concerted attack by the stronger Austrians , Scherb withdrew toward Kehl to secure the Rhine crossing to Strasburg , since Moreau , now well into a retreat across the mountains , would need the crossing for a safe passage to France .
An initial Austrian attack on the French position at Bruchsal favored the French , who charged the Austrians with bayonets . Again , on 5 and 6 September , the Austrians spent most of the day skirmishing with the French at their advanced posts , masking their intention of circling around Bruchsal and marching south to secure the crossing to Strasbourg . General Scherb received intelligence of a contingent of infantry and cavalry marching against him and retired south . Scherb found the Austrians already in possession of Untergrombach , a village south of Bruchsal . After he tried to force his way through , the Austrians fell back to Weingarten at 49 ° 3 ′ 5 ″ N 8 ° 31 ′ 50 ″ E. Scherb found himself caught between detachments of Austrians by the Kinzig river and behind him . General Moreau deployed a demi @-@ brigade of infantry and a regiment of cavalry from his army in the Black Forest , with instructions to proceed by forced marches to Kehl , but General Petrasch , acting on his own intelligence , sent Konstantin d 'Aspré with two battalions to occupy Renchen , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) from Kehl . This effectively prevented Moreau 's reinforcements from reaching Kehl and locked Scherb in place . The undermanned garrison at Kehl was on its own .
= = = Kehl garrison status 16 – 17 September = = =
The Kehl garrison consisted of one battalion of the 24th Demi @-@ brigade and some detachments of the 104th under command of Balthazar Alexis Henri Schauenburg . This was too weak a force to defend a position of such importance , or to develop additional extensive works . Moreau reported that some of Scherb 's troops had arrived , but it is unclear which ones . Furthermore , the lack of cooperation from local peasant workers and the exhaustion of troops prevented the enhancements of the fortifications from proceeding with any speed . On the evening of 16 September , Petrasch and most of his column had arrived at Bischofsheim , immediately by Kehl , with three battalions and two squadrons ; more troops were not far behind . By 17 September , a small corps of Austrians approached the outskirts of Kehl and vigorously attacked the French sentries there ; this was merely a prelude to the more significant action the following day .
= = Action of 18 September = =
Before the break of dawn on 18 September ( 03 : 45 ) , three Austrian columns attacked Kehl , while another kept Scherb pinned down by the Kinzig . The Austrian principal column , comprising the 38th Regiment , crossed the Kinzig river above the French position and proceeded toward the dykes of the Rhine above ( south of ) Kehl . This placed them between Scherb 's force and Kehl . Using the dykes as protection , and conducted by some peasants familiar with the fortifications , they advanced as far as the horn work on the Upper Rhine and entered a gorge which led them to the outskirts of Kehl . The second column of the 38th Regiment , under command of Major Busch , proceeded via the hamlet of Sundheim toward Kehl , and obtained possession of the village itself , although not the bridge leading to Strasbourg . The third column , which included three companies of Serbians and a division of Hussars , executed a feint on the left bank of the river . One column of reserve , under the command of Franz Pongratz , approached as far as the French earthworks on the banks of the Rhine to support the columns ahead of him ; another , which included a battalion of the 12th Regiment ( Manfredini ) , moved past the hamlet by Neumuhl at 48 ° 34 ′ 12 ″ N 7 ° 50 ′ 38 ″ E toward Kehl .
Quickly , the Austrians acquired control of all the earthworks of the town , the village itself , and the fortress ; their skirmishers reached one side of the abutment of an old bridge of palisades , and advanced to the other side , across the islands formed by branches of the Kinzig and the Rhine . There , almost within eye @-@ shot of the French sentinels , they halted ; there is some confusion about why they stopped . Possibly they mistook the abutment for the bridge itself , as Moreau seemed to think . Regardless , the troops there did not burn the bridge , but started plundering and drinking . The French cavalry tried to retire into Kehl via the Kinzig bridge , but the heavy Austrians fire destroyed most of them .
The French executed several attempts to retake the bridges . The 68th , under command of general Jean @-@ Baptiste de Sisce , was repulsed three times by the superior numbers of Austrians and the fearsome fire of case shot from four cannons that lined the principal road . Not until 19 : 00 did fortune favor the French , when Colonel d 'Aspré and two hundred men of the Regiment Ferdinand were captured within the fort itself . The next in command , a Major Delas , was badly wounded , leaving no one in overall command of the 38th Regiment . The French general Schauenburg , who had gone to Strasbourg for troops , returned with some reinforcements , including part of the Strasbourg national guard , and led these troops over the pontoon bridges . They met at once an impetuous Austrian attack , but were sufficiently strong to recover . At 22 : 00 , the Austrians still held the redoubt and the houses at the edge of the village ; the arrival of a fresh battalion of the 12th Regiment led to a new attack , but it was repulsed . Ultimately , though , the Austrians had insufficient reserves to meet the fresh troops from Strasbourg . By 23 : 00 , the French had recovered all of the Strasbourg suburbs , the village of Kehl and all of the French earthen works .
According to Digby Smith and his sources , the Austrians lost 2 @,@ 000 men killed , missing and wounded , and the French : 1 @,@ 200 missing and captured . German sources report , though , that the Austrians lost 1 @,@ 500 men and 300 prisoners , and the French had 300 dead and 800 wounded .
= = Impact of September action = =
Despite the limited success of Petrasch 's action , the action had a broad impact on the movements of the main armies of Moreau and Archduke Charles , which still maneuvered to the east . Moreau 's army would debouch through the Black Forest mountains , which lay to the east . By controlling the eastern access to the Kehl / Strasbourg crossing , Petrasch forced Moreau to march south ; any retreat into France would have to occur via the bridges at Hüningen , a longer march , not at Kehl and Strasbourg . The next contact between the main armies occurred on 19 October at Emmendingen in the Elz valley , which winds through the Black Forest . The section of the valley involved in the battle runs south @-@ west through the mountains from Elzach , through Bleibach and Waldkirch . Just to the south @-@ west of Waldkirch , the river emerges from the mountains and flows north @-@ west towards the Rhine , with the Black Forest to its right . This section of the river passes through Emmendingen before it reaches Riegel . Riegel sits in a narrow gap between the Black Forest and an isolated outcropping of volcanic hills known as the Kaiserstuhl .
The Austrian and French armies met again at Schliengen on 24 October . Moreau had arrayed his force in a semi @-@ circle on the heights , offering him a tactically superior position . Charles threw his army against both flanks ; the French left flank fought stubbornly , but gave way under the pressure of Condé 's emigre corps ; the right flank withstood a day @-@ long battering by Latour and Nauendorf , but eventually had to withdraw . The loss of access to the crossing at Kehl forced Moreau to withdraw south to Hüningen .
With a strong rear guard provided by Generals Abbatucci and Lariboisière , he abandoned his position the same night and retreated part of the 9 @.@ 7 miles ( 16 km ) to Hüningen . The right and left wings followed . By 3 November , he had reached Haltingen , where he organized his force to cross over the bridges into France . The Archduke then sent most of his army north to besiege Kehl .
= = Orders of battle = =
The following troops participated in the action at Kehl .
= = =
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@-@ exempt personnel , and deferments were requested only for critical personnel , mainly young scientists and technicians .
= = The war ends = =
On 10 May 1945 , Women 's Army Corps typists at Manhattan District headquarters began preparing press kits on the Manhattan Project for use after an atomic bomb had been dropped . Fourteen press releases were prepared , and thousands of copies made by mimeograph . The final wartime shipment of uranium @-@ 235 left the Clinton Engineer Works on 25 July 1945 . Shipments reached Tinian on C @-@ 54 aircraft on 28 and 29 July . They were incorporated into the Little Boy bomb dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August . The news was greeted with wild celebration in Oak Ridge . Patterson issued a letter to the men and women of the Clinton Engineer Works :
Today the whole world knows the secret which you have helped us keep for many months . I am pleased to be able to add that the warlords of Japan now know its effects better , even than we ourselves . The atomic bomb which you have helped to develop with high devotion to patriotic duty is the most devastating military weapon that any country has ever been able to tum against its enemy . No one of you has worked on the entire project or knows the whole story , Each of you has done his own job and kept his own secret , and so today I speak for a grateful nation when I say congratulations , and thank you all . I hope you will continue to keep the secrets you have kept so well . The need for security and for continued effort is fully as great now as it ever was . We are proud of every one of you .
= = Postwar years = =
By 1945 , Roane @-@ Anderson was divesting itself of many of its tasks . American Industrial Transit took over the transport system , and Southern Bell the telephone system . Tri @-@ State Homes began managing housing . In 1946 , tenants were permitted to paint their houses in different colors from the wartime olive drab . Comprehensive medical insurance , originally instituted for security reasons , was replaced with policies from the Provident Life and Accident Insurance Company . Health care had been provided by the Army . As Army doctors were separated from the service they were replaced with civilian doctors employed by Roane @-@ Anderson . The dental service was transferred to civilians in February 1946 , and private medical practices were permitted at Oak Ridge from 1 March 1946 on .
The hospital remained an Army hospital until 1 March 1949 , when it was transferred to Roanne @-@ Anderson . Monsanto took over the operation of the Clinton Laboratories on 1 July 1945 . Control of the entire site passed to the Atomic Energy Commission on 1 January 1947 . The Clinton Laboratories became the Clinton National Laboratory in late 1947 , and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in January 1948 . Union Carbide took over its management in December 1947 , bringing all of Oak Ridge 's operations under its control .
While the war was in progress , the Manhattan District resisted allowing labor unions access to its facilities . In 1946 , they were permitted to operate at the Clinton Engineer Works . Elections were held at K @-@ 25 , Y @-@ 12 and X @-@ 10 in August and September 1946 and the United Chemical Workers became their representative . A contract was negotiated with Union Carbide on 10 December . The Atomic Trades and Labor Council became the representative of the Clinton Laboratories , signing a contract with Monsanto on 18 December .
At its peak in May 1945 , 82 @,@ 000 people were employed at the Clinton Engineer Works , and 75 @,@ 000 people lived in the township . By January 1946 , these figures had fallen to 43 @,@ 000 and 48 @,@ 000 respectively . By the time the Manhattan Project concluded at the end of 1946 , the corresponding figures were 34 @,@ 000 and 43 @,@ 000 . The departure of large numbers of construction workers meant that 47 percent of those remaining were family members of workers . Eight dormitories were closed in October 1945 . Most of those who remained in dorms now had their own rooms . The white hutments began to be removed . Trailers were returned to the Federal Public Housing Authority .
The end of the war brought national attention to Oak Ridge , and there was bad publicity about the conditions that the Black residents were living in . Roane @-@ Anderson dusted off plans for a village for them . The new village , called Scarboro , was built where the Gamble Valley Trailer Camp had once stood . Construction commenced in 1948 , and the first residents moved in two years later . It would house the entire Black community of Oak Ridge until the early 1960s .
In 1947 , Oak Ridge was still part of " an island of socialism in the midst of a free enterprise economy . " The AEC pressed forward with plans to withdraw from running the community , but it could never be too fast for some members of Congress . AEC officials patiently explained over and over how Roane @-@ Anderson provided far more than regular municipal services . For the residents , the benefits of a free enterprise economy were slight . They enjoyed low rents and no property taxes , but high standards of services and an excellent school system . Oak Ridge City Historian William J. Wilcox , Jr . , noted that the townspeople " thoroughly enjoyed their much protected existence and the benevolence the Army had provided " . A straw poll of the residents on opening the gates showed them opposed , 10 to 1 .
Nonetheless , on 19 March 1949 the residential and commercial portion of Oak Ridge was ceremoniously opened to public access . Vice President Alben W. Barkley , Governor Gordon Browning , Atomic Energy Commission Chairman David E. Lilienthal , and movie star Marie McDonald were on hand to watch the guards take down the barriers . Access to the nuclear facilities was controlled by three Oak Ridge gatehouses . On 6 June 1951 , the Senate Appropriations Committee called on the Atomic Energy Commission to discontinue " the present undemocratic method " of operating the community , and it initiated steps to coerce Oak Ridge residents to establish democratic institutions and adopt a free enterprise system .
= Prince Marko =
Marko Mrnjavčević ( Serbian Cyrillic : Марко Мрњавчевић , pronounced [ mâːrko mr ̩ ̂ ɲaːʋt ͡ ʃeʋit ͡ ɕ ] ; c . 1335 – 17 May 1395 ) was the de jure Serbian king from 1371 to 1395 , while he was the de facto ruler of territory in western Macedonia centered on the town of Prilep . He is known as Prince Marko ( Serbian Cyrillic : Краљевић Марко , Kraljević Marko , IPA : [ krǎːʎeʋit ͡ ɕ mâːrko ] ) and King Marko ( Bulgarian : Крали Марко ; Macedonian : Kрaле Марко ) in South Slavic oral tradition , in which he has become a major character during the period of Ottoman rule over the Balkans . Marko 's father , King Vukašin , was co @-@ ruler with Serbian Tsar Stefan Uroš V , whose reign was characterised by weakening central authority and the gradual disintegration of the Serbian Empire . Vukašin 's holdings included lands in western Macedonia , Kosovo and Metohija . In 1370 or 1371 , he crowned Marko " young king " ; this title included the possibility that Marko would succeed the childless Uroš on the Serbian throne .
On 26 September 1371 , Vukašin was killed and his forces defeated in the Battle of Maritsa . About two months later , Tsar Uroš died . This formally made Marko the king of the Serbian land ; however , Serbian noblemen , who had become effectively independent from the central authority , did not even consider to recognise him as their supreme ruler . Sometime after 1371 , he became an Ottoman vassal ; by 1377 , significant portions of the territory he inherited from Vukašin were seized by other noblemen . King Marko , in reality , came to be a regional lord who ruled over a relatively small territory in western Macedonia . He funded the construction of the Monastery of Saint Demetrius near Skopje ( better known as Marko 's Monastery ) , which was completed in 1376 . Marko died on 17 May 1395 , fighting for the Ottomans against the Wallachians in the Battle of Rovine .
Although a ruler of modest historical significance , Marko became a major character in South Slavic oral tradition . He is venerated as a national hero by the Serbs , Macedonians and Bulgarians , remembered in Balkan folklore as a fearless and powerful protector of the weak , who fought against injustice and confronted the Turks during the Ottoman occupation .
= = Life = =
= = = Until 1371 = = =
Marko was born about 1335 as the first son of Vukašin Mrnjavčević and his wife Alena . The patronymic " Mrnjavčević " derives from Mrnjava , described by 17th @-@ century Ragusan historian Mavro Orbin as a minor nobleman from Zachlumia ( in present
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to be syndicated as reruns during his lifetime . In 1983 , Group W announced that it had come to terms with him for the rights to rebroadcast some of his original television programs from 1966 through 1970 ; some of his earlier shows were made available after Skelton 's death .
= = = Skelton onstage = = =
Skelton 's 70 @-@ year career as an entertainer began as a stage performer . He retained a fondness for theaters , and referred to them as " palaces " ; he also likened them to his " living room " , where he would privately entertain guests . At the end of a performance , he would look at the empty stage where there was now no laughter or applause and tell himself , " Tomorrow I must start again . One hour ago , I was a big man . I was important out there . Now it 's empty . It 's all gone . "
Skelton was invited to play a four week date at the London Palladium in July 1951 . While flying to the engagement , Skelton , Georgia and Father Edward J. Carney , were on a plane from Rome with passengers from an assortment of countries that included 11 children . The plane lost the use of two of its four engines and seemed destined to lose the rest , meaning that the plane would crash over Mont Blanc . The priest readied himself to administer last rites . As he did so , he told Skelton , " You take care of your department , Red , and I 'll take care of mine . " Skelton diverted the attention of the passengers with pantomimes while Father Carney prayed . They ultimately landed at a small airstrip in Lyon , France . He received both an enthusiastic reception and an invitation to return for the Palladium 's Christmas show of that year .
Though Skelton had always done live engagements at Nevada hotels and appearances such as state fairs during his television show 's hiatus , he focused his time and energy on live performances after he was no longer on the air , performing up to 125 dates a year . He often arrived days early for his engagement and would serve as his own promotion staff , making the rounds of the local shopping malls . Before the show , his audiences received a ballot listing about 100 of his many routines and were asked to tick off their favorites . The venue 's ushers would collect the ballots and tally the votes . Skelton 's performance on that given day was based on the skits his audience selected . After he learned that his performances were popular with the hearing @-@ impaired because of his heavy use of pantomimes , Skelton hired a sign language interpreter to translate the non @-@ pantomime portions of his act for all his shows . He continued performing live until 1993 , when he celebrated his 80th birthday .
= = = Later years and death = = =
In 1974 , Skelton 's interest in film work was rekindled with the news that Neil Simon 's comedy The Sunshine Boys would become a movie ; his last significant film appearance had been in Public Pigeon No. 1 in 1956 . He screen tested for the role of Willy Clark with Jack Benny , who had been cast as Al Lewis . Although Simon had planned to cast Jack Albertson , who played Willy on Broadway , in the same role for the film , Skelton 's screen test impressed him enough to change his mind . Skelton declined the part , however , reportedly due to an inadequate financial offer , and Benny 's final illness forced him to withdraw as well . George Burns and Walter Matthau ultimately starred in the film .
In 1981 , Skelton made several specials for HBO including Freddie the Freeloader 's Christmas Dinner ( 1981 ) and the Funny Faces series of specials . He gave a Royal Command Performance for the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in 1984 , which was later shown in the U.S. on HBO . A portion of one of his last interviews , conducted by Steven F. Zambo , was broadcast as part of the 2005 PBS special The Pioneers of Primetime .
Skelton died on September 17 , 1997 , at the Eisenhower Medical Center in Rancho Mirage , California , at the age of 84 , after what was described as " a long , undisclosed illness " . He is interred in the Skelton Family Tomb , the family 's private room , alongside his son , Richard Freeman Skelton , Jr. and his second wife , Georgia Maureen Davis Skelton , in The Great Mausoleum 's Sanctuary of Benediction at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale , California . Skelton was survived by his widow , Lothian Toland Skelton ; his daughter , Valentina Marie Skelton Alonso ; and granddaughter Sabrina Maureen Alonso .
= = Art and other interests = =
= = = Artwork = = =
Skelton began producing artwork in 1943 , but kept his works private for many years . He said he was inspired to try his hand at painting after visiting a large Chicago department store that had various paintings on display . Inquiring as to the price of one which Skelton described as " a bunch of blotches " , he was told , " Ten thousand wouldn 't buy that one . " He told the clerk he was one of the ten thousand who would not buy the painting , instead buying his own art materials . His wife Georgia , a former art student , persuaded him to have his first public showing of his work in 1964 at the Sands hotel in Las Vegas where he was performing at the time . Skelton believed painting was an asset to his comedy work , as it helped him to better visualize the imaginary props used in his pantomime routines .
In addition to his originals , Skelton also sold reproductions and prints through his own mail order business . He made his work available to art galleries by selling them franchises to display and sell his paintings . He once estimated the sale of his lithographs earned him $ 2 @.@ 5 million per year . Shortly after his death , his art dealer said he believed that Skelton made more money on his paintings than from his television work . At the time of his death , Skelton had produced over 1 @,@ 000 oil paintings of clowns . When asked why his artwork focused on clowns , he said at first , " I don 't know why it 's always clowns . " He continued after thinking a moment by saying . " No , that 's not true — I do know why . I just don 't feel like thinking about it ... " At the time of Skelton 's death , his originals were priced at $ 80 @,@ 000 and upward .
= = = Other interests = = =
Skelton was a prolific writer of both short stories and music . After sleeping only four or five hours a night , he would wake up at 5 AM and begin writing stories , composing music , and painting pictures . He wrote at least one short story a week and had composed over 8 @,@ 000 songs and symphonies by the time of his death . He wrote commercials for Skoal tobacco and sold many of his compositions to Muzak , a company that specialized in providing background music to stores and other businesses . Skelton was also interested in photography ; when attending Hollywood parties , he would take photos and give the film to newspaper reporters waiting outside . He was never without a miniature camera and kept a photographic record of all his paintings . Skelton was also an avid gardener who created his own Japanese and Italian gardens and cultivated bonsai trees at his home in Palm Springs , California .
= = Fraternity and honors = =
Skelton was a Freemason , a member of Vincennes Lodge No. 1 , in Indiana . He also was a member of both the Scottish and York Rite . He was a recipient of the Gold Medal of the General Grand Chapter , Royal Arch Masons , for Distinguished Service in the Arts and Sciences . On September 24 , 1969 , he received the honorary 33rd degree in the Scottish Rite and was a Gourgas Medal recipient in 1995 . Skelton became interested in Masonry as a small boy selling newspapers in Vincennes , when a man bought a paper from him with a five dollar bill and told him to keep the change . The young Skelton asked his benefactor why he had given him so much money ; the man explained that he was a Mason and Masons are taught to give . Skelton decided to become one also when he was grown . He was also member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows , as well as a Shriner in Los Angeles .
Skelton was made an honorary brother of Phi Sigma Kappa at Truman State University . In 1961 he became an honorary brother of the Phi Alpha Tau Fraternity of Emerson College when he was awarded the Joseph E. Connor Award for excellence in the field of communications . He also received an honorary degree from the college at the same ceremony . Skelton received an honorary high school diploma from Vincennes High School . He was also an honorary member of Kappa Kappa Psi National Honorary Band Fraternity ; Skelton had composed many marches which were used by more than 10 @,@ 000 high school and college bands . In 1986 , Skelton received an honorary degree from Ball State University .
The Red Skelton Memorial Bridge spans the Wabash River and provides the highway link between Illinois and Indiana on U.S. Route 50 , near Skelton 's home town of Vincennes . He attended the dedication ceremonies in 1963 .
= = Awards and recognition = =
In 1952 , Skelton received Emmy Awards for Best Comedy Program and Best Comedian . He also received an Emmy nomination in 1957 for his non @-@ comedic performance in Playhouse 90 's presentation of " The Big Slide " . Skelton and his writers won another Emmy in 1961 for Outstanding Writing Achievement In Comedy . He was named an honorary faculty member of Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Clown College in 1968 and 1969 .
Skelton 's first major post @-@ television recognition came in 1978 , when the Golden Globe Awards named him as the recipient for their Cecil B. DeMille Award , which is given to honor outstanding contributions in entertainment . His excitement was so great upon receiving the award and a standing ovation , that he clutched it tightly enough to break the statuette . When he was presented with the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ' Governor 's Award in 1986 , Skelton received a standing ovation . " I want to thank you for sitting down " , he said when the ovation subsided . " I thought you were pulling a CBS and walking out on me . " The honor came 16 years after his television program left the airwaves .
Skelton received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Screen Actors Guild in 1987 , and in 1988 , he was inducted into the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ' Television Hall of Fame . He was one of the International Clown Hall of Fame 's first inductees in 1989 . Skelton and Katharine Hepburn were honored with lifetime achievement awards by the American Comedy Awards in the same year . He was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1994 . Skelton also has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his radio and television work .
= = Legacy and tributes = =
Skelton preferred to be described as a clown rather than a comic : " A comedian goes out and hits people right on . A clown uses pathos . He can be funny , then turn right around and reach people and touch them with what life is like . " " I just want to be known as a clown " , he said , " because to me that 's the height of my profession . It means you can do everything — sing , dance and above all , make people laugh . " His purpose in life , he believed , was to make people laugh .
In Groucho and Me , Groucho Marx called Skelton " the most unacclaimed clown in show business " , and " the logical successor to [ Charlie ] Chaplin " , largely because of his ability to play a multitude of characters with minimal use of dialogue and props . " With one prop , a soft battered hat " , Groucho wrote , describing a performance he had witnessed , " he successfully converted himself into an idiot boy , a peevish old lady , a teetering @-@ tottering drunk , an overstuffed clubwoman , a tramp , and any other character that seemed to suit his fancy . No grotesque make @-@ up , no funny clothes , just Red . " He added that Skelton also " plays a dramatic scene about as effectively as any of the dramatic actors . " In late 1965 ventriloquist Edgar Bergen , reminiscing about the entertainment business , singled out Skelton for high praise . " It 's all so very different today . The whole business of comedy has changed — from 15 minutes of quality to quantity . We had a lot of very funny people around , from Charley Chase to Charlie Chaplin and Laurel and Hardy . The last one of that breed is Red Skelton . " Harry Cohn of Columbia Pictures also praised Skelton , saying , " He 's a clown in the old tradition . He doesn 't need punch lines . He 's got heart . "
Skelton and Marcel Marceau shared a long friendship and admiration of each other 's work . Marceau appeared on Skelton 's CBS television show three times , including one turn as the host in 1961 as Skelton recovered from surgery . He was also a guest on the three Funny Faces specials that Skelton produced for HBO . In a TV Guide interview after Skelton 's death , Marceau said , " Red , you are eternal for me and the millions of people you made laugh and cry . May God bless you forever , my great and precious companion . I will never forget that silent world we created together . " CBS
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Chicago Bears = = = =
Chicago finished the season with an NFC best 13 – 3 record and advanced to the second Super Bowl in franchise history . They defeated the Seattle Seahawks 27 @-@ 24 in the divisional round of the playoffs , and the New Orleans Saints 39 @-@ 14 in the NFC Championship game to advance to Super Bowl XLI . The team excelled on defense , ranking third in fewest points allowed ( 255 ) and second in fewest points allowed per drive . They also ranked second in scoring ( 427 points ) , although only tenth in points per offensive drive thanks to a league leading 65 points scored on defensive or special teams plays .
The Bears offense was led by quarterback Rex Grossman , the team 's first round draft pick in 2003 . Over the previous three seasons , Grossman had played in just 8 regular season games due to injuries , but he recovered to start in all 16 games in 2006 . By the end of the season , he finished with 3 @,@ 193 yards and 23 touchdowns , the most by a Bears quarterback since 1995 . Grossman had difficulty avoiding turnovers , however , and threw 20 interceptions and lost five fumbles during the year . In the last seven games of the season , he turned the ball over 18 times . Many fans and sports writers expected head coach Lovie Smith to bench him at some point , but Smith insisted that Grossman would be the starter throughout the entire season .
Receivers Muhsin Muhammad ( 60 receptions , 863 yards , 5 touchdowns ) and Bernard Berrian ( 51 receptions , 775 yards , 7 touchdowns ) provided the main deep threat on the team , along with tight end Desmond Clark , who caught 45 passes for 626 yards and 6 touchdowns . Chicago 's running game was led by running backs Thomas Jones and Cedric Benson . Jones rushed for 1 @,@ 210 yards and caught 36 passes , while Benson rushed for 647 yards and scored 6 touchdowns .
Chicago 's defense allowed the 5th least total yardage , allowed less than 100 yards per game on the ground , and allowed the fewest yards per drive of any NFL team . The line was anchored by Adewale Ogunleye , who had 6 @.@ 5 sacks , and Pro Bowler Tommie Harris , who recorded 5 , along with rookie Mark Anderson , who led the team with 12 sacks . Behind them , two of the three Bears starting linebackers , Lance Briggs , and Brian Urlacher , were selected to the 2007 Pro Bowl . In the secondary , cornerbacks Ricky Manning , Jr. and Charles Tillman each recorded five interceptions . The defense was also able to make up for the offense 's poor performance earlier in the season , as explained in the win against the Cardinals in Week 6 .
The loss of Harris to injury after the twelfth game of the season coincided with a decline in defensive performance . Before his loss , the Bears allowed only two opponents to score more than twenty points ( 23 points to the Arizona Cardinals in week six and 31 to the Miami Dolphins in week 9 ) . After his injury , Chicago opponents scored more than 20 points in six of the seven remaining games , including two of three playoff games . Only the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Championship game were held below 21 points .
The Bears special teams sent 3 players to the Pro Bowl , including special teams ace Brendon Ayanbadejo , kicker Robbie Gould ( who led all NFL kickers with 143 points ) , and rookie return man Devin Hester , who gained 600 punt return yards with a 12 @.@ 8 yards per return average , the second highest in the NFL . He also set a league record with 6 touchdowns on special teams .
= = = = Indianapolis Colts = = = =
The Colts ' first trip to the Super Bowl in 36 years set a record for longest time between appearances by a team . Their return was the culmination of a nine @-@ year @-@ long building process . In 1998 , they drafted quarterback Peyton Manning to lead the team . Over the next four seasons , Manning , along with other stars such as receiver Marvin Harrison and running back Edgerrin James , turned the Colts into one of the best offensive teams in the NFL , but the team struggled to find consistency on defense and always ended up with either a losing season or elimination from the playoffs in the first round . In 2002 , Indianapolis fired head coach Jim Mora and replaced him with Tony Dungy . Dungy had developed one of the best defenses in the NFL while coaching the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , and it was hoped he could solve the Colts ' defensive problems as well .
Over the next four seasons , the Colts won 48 of 64 games , but still could not find much success in the postseason . In 2002 , they were blown out 41 – 0 in the wild card round by the New York Jets . In 2003 , they won their first two playoff games behind impressive offensive performances , and reached the AFC title game . There , they lost to the eventual champion New England Patriots 24 – 14 , with Manning throwing four interceptions . In 2004 , the Colts had one of the most spectacular offensive seasons in NFL history , scoring 522 points and gaining 6 @,@ 582 yards , while Manning set NFL records for most touchdown passes and highest passer rating . But again the Patriots ' defense ( and snowy conditions ) proved too formidable , as they lost 20 – 3 in the divisional round of the playoffs .
In 2005 , the Colts ' defense improved , making the team the clear favorites in the NFL . They won the first 13 games of the season and finished with a 14 – 2 record , while ranking second in the NFL in both points scored and fewest points allowed . But once again they lost in the divisional round of the playoffs , this time to the # 6 seeded Pittsburgh Steelers , 21 – 18 . After another disappointing loss , Manning had developed a reputation of being unable to make it to a championship , a reputation that followed him from college after he was unable to win an NCAA title with the Tennessee Volunteers ( who won a title the year after he graduated ) . The Colts lost some key players after the 2005 season , including James , who departed the Colts for the Arizona Cardinals , and kicker Mike Vanderjagt , the NFL 's all @-@ time leader in field goal percentage , who left for the Dallas Cowboys .
Still , the Colts remained one of the AFC 's top teams in the 2006 season . Manning made the Pro Bowl for the 7th time in his career , completing 362 of 555 passes for 4 @,@ 397 yards and an NFL @-@ best 31 touchdowns , with an additional 4 rushing touchdowns and with only 9 interceptions and 15 sacks . His favorite target was Harrison , who caught 95 passes for 1 @,@ 366 yards and 12 touchdowns . Receiver Reggie Wayne was also a major deep threat with 86 receptions for 1 @,@ 310 yards and 9 touchdowns . Tight ends Ben Utecht and Dallas Clark were also reliable targets , each recording over 30 receptions for over 300 yards . On the ground , rookie running back Joseph Addai led the team with 1 @,@ 081 yards and a 4 @.@ 8 yards @-@ per @-@ carry average despite not starting any games in the regular season . He also caught 40 receptions for 325 yards and scored 8 touchdowns . Running back Dominic Rhodes was also a major contributor , rushing for 641 yards and catching 36 passes for 251 yards . The offensive line was led by Pro Bowlers Jeff Saturday and Tarik Glenn . On special teams , the Colts signed kicker Adam Vinatieri to replace Vanderjagt . While Vinatieri 's career field goal percentage was lower , the Colts considered him to be an improvement because of his reputation for making " clutch " kicks , a reputation aided by his game winning field goals in Super Bowl XXXVI and Super Bowl XXXVIII .
Indianapolis ' defense ranked second in the NFL in fewest passing yards allowed . Dwight Freeney and Robert Mathis ( who recorded 9 @.@ 5 sacks and forced 4 fumbles ) were widely considered to be among the best pass @-@ rushing defensive ends in the NFL . Behind them , linebacker Cato June led the team in tackles ( 92 ) and interceptions ( 3 ) . The Colts ' run defense , however , was a major problem , giving up 2 @,@ 768 yards on the ground , an average of 173 per game and last in the NFL . Another major issue for the Colts was their coverage teams , as they ranked 30th out of 32 teams in average kickoff return yardage allowed and 31st in average punt return yardage allowed .
Indianapolis started out the season winning their first nine games , but ended up losing four of their next seven and finished with a 12 – 4 record , giving them the # 3 playoff seed . Thus , having to play in a wild card playoff game . In the playoffs , they defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 23 @-@ 8 , defeated the Baltimore Ravens 15 @-@ 6 in the divisional round , and advanced to Super Bowl XLI with a 38 @-@ 34 win over the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship game .
= = = = Regular season statistical comparison = = = =
The chart below provides a comparison of regular season statistics in key categories ( overall rank amongst 32 teams in parentheses ) .
= = = Playoffs = = =
Although the Colts ' rushing defense looked extremely weak during the season , it ended up being a key factor on their road to the Super Bowl . First , Indianapolis defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 23 – 8 , holding Chiefs running back Larry Johnson ( who rushed for 1 @,@ 789 yards during the season ) to just 32 yards on 13 carries . Then , they defeated the Baltimore Ravens 15 – 6 , winning on a playoff record @-@ tying five field goals by Vinatieri and holding running back Jamal Lewis ( who rushed for 1 @,@ 132 yards during the season ) to just 53 yards .
Then the Colts faced their arch @-@ rival New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game . New England jumped to an early 21 – 3 lead , but Indianapolis stormed back in the second half , outscoring the Patriots 32 – 13 with an additional field goal late in the first half . With 2 : 22 left in the game , the Colts had the ball on their own 20 @-@ yard line trailing 34 – 31 . On the first four plays of the drive , Manning completed three passes , moving the ball 69 yards to the Patriots 11 @-@ yard line in just 24 seconds . Three plays later , Addai scored a 3 @-@ yard touchdown run to put them in the lead , 38 – 34 with only 60 seconds left in regulation . The Patriots responded with a drive to the Colts 45 @-@ yard line , but defensive back Marlin Jackson ended the drive with an interception to give Indianapolis the win . This happened to be the biggest comeback in AFC @-@ NFC Conference Championship history .
Meanwhile , the Bears started out their post @-@ season with a 27 – 24 win over the Seattle Seahawks with Robbie Gould 's 49 @-@ yard field goal in overtime . One week later , they defeated the New Orleans Saints 39 – 14 in the NFC Championship Game . Chicago dominated most of the game , jumping to a 16 – 0 early lead . Two touchdown passes from Saints quarterback Drew Brees , cut the score to 16 – 14 , but the Bears responded with 23 unanswered points to propel them to their first Super Bowl since 1985 . Thomas Jones finished the game with a franchise postseason record 123 rushing yards and two touchdowns .
It was the first time since the 1996 postseason that the home team won both of the conference championship games . The Colts were the first dome team to win the Super Bowl in an outdoor game ( the St. Louis Rams were the first dome team to win a Super Bowl , XXXIV inside the Georgia Dome in Atlanta ) . The 2006 Indianapolis Colts were the first division champion to win a Super Bowl with four postseason wins and the second division champion ( 2003 Carolina Panthers ) to win a conference title with three postseason wins .
For the Bears , this marked the first time that a Chicago sports team not owned by Jerry Reinsdorf had reached the finals in their league since the Blackhawks lost in the 1992 Stanley Cup Finals .
= = = Super Bowl pre @-@ game practices and notes = = =
The Indianapolis Colts held pre @-@ game practices for Super Bowl XLI at the Miami Dolphins Training Facility on the campus of Nova Southeastern University in Davie , Florida . The Colts ' " Team and Family " hotel was the Marriott Harbor Beach . At the 2007 Indianapolis 500 pre @-@ race ceremonies on May 27 , 2007 , eventual Super Bowl XLI MVP Peyton Manning stated to ABC Sports commentator Brent Musburger the day before the game that two @-@ time Indianapolis 500 winner Hélio Castroneves gave a pep talk to the Colts team .
The Chicago Bears held pre @-@ game practices for Super Bowl XLI at the Miami Hurricanes Football Facility , on the campus of the University of Miami in Coral Gables , Florida .
Chicago defensive tackle Tank Johnson was required to request a judge 's order to leave the state of Illinois due to an arrest for unlicensed ownership of six firearms and two assault rifles . On January 23 , 2007 , the judge granted him permission to travel out of state to play in the Super Bowl .
Chicago and Indianapolis are the two closest cities , geographically , to ever play in a Super Bowl ; at 182 miles ( 293 km ) apart ( connected by a route that is mostly Interstate 65 ) , they are slightly closer than New York and Baltimore , whose teams played each other at III ( 207 miles ) and XXXV ( 188 miles ) . This prompted Colts coach Tony Dungy to joke to Jim Nantz , at the end of the AFC Championship game , that the two teams should split the difference and play the game in Fort Wayne .
= = Broadcasting = =
= = = United States = = =
The game was televised in the United States by CBS in high @-@ definition with play @-@ by @-@ play announcer Jim Nantz and color commentator Phil Simms . This was the first Super Bowl announced by Nantz . Additionally , the game had Steve Tasker ( Bears sideline ) and Solomon Wilcots ( Colts sideline ) reporting on the sidelines and Lesley Visser ( Bears sideline ) and Sam Ryan ( Colts sideline ) in the stands .
This was the first Super Bowl aired on CBS since the Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake incident three years earlier , in Super Bowl XXXVIII ; and the first since the Viacom / CBS split at the end of 2005 . Extensive pre @-@ game coverage , hosted by The NFL Today team of James Brown , Shannon Sharpe , Boomer Esiason and Dan Marino , whose name graces the address of the game site ( 2269 Dan Marino Boulevard ) , began at noon ( US EST ) with NFL Films ' " Road to the Super Bowl " year in review ( narrated by Tom Selleck ) . This was followed by " The Phil Simms All @-@ Iron Team " , and a four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ hour Super Bowl Today pre @-@ game show followed by game coverage at 6 : 25 PM . Other contributors to the pre @-@ game show included Katie Couric , anchor of the CBS Evening News , Armen Keteyian , CBS News Chief Investigative Corrrespondent , Randy Cross , who reported from Iraq where U.S. military forces played a touch football game known as " The Baghdad Bowl " and Dick Enberg , who participated in his 12th Super Bowl telecast as a host , play @-@ by @-@ play announcer , or contributor . Westwood One provided radio coverage of the event , with Marv Albert and Boomer Esiason as announcers .
The American Forces Network ( AFN ) provided coverage of the Super Bowl for U.S. forces stationed overseas and to all U.S. Navy ships at sea .
The opening title sequence of CBS television coverage featured the composition Lux Aeterna , by artist Clint Mansell , in the background .
Nielsen Media Research reported 93 million viewers for Super Bowl XLI , making it at the time the fifth most watched program in U.S. television history ( trailing only the M * A * S * H finale and Super Bowls XLIII , XXX , and XLII ) .
= = = Commercials = = =
Advertising rates were reported as being slightly higher than in the year before , with CBS confirming a price of $ 2 @.@ 6 million for some 30 @-@ second spots , compared with $ 2 @.@ 5 million during Super Bowl XL . However , CNN reported that after discounts , the average price is likely closer to $ 1 @.@ 8 to $ 2 million . Familiar advertisers in recent years such as Anheuser @-@ Busch , CareerBuilder , General Motors and Coca @-@ Cola bought multiple advertising spots , and other popular advertisers like Go Daddy and Emerald Nuts had commercials this year .
The only major hype related to commercials in the months leading up to Super Bowl XLI involved various campaigns to allow consumers to be involved in the creation of Super Bowl ads , inspired by consumer @-@ generated content sites like YouTube . Frito @-@ Lay announced a campaign in September 2006 to allow the public to submit ads for their Doritos brand and vote on the best one , which aired during the Super Bowl . Doritos actually aired two of the ads due to a close voting margin ; the winning ad ( featuring a chance meeting with a man and a woman that feature the qualities of Doritos ) aired in the first quarter , while a second ( with a checkout lady overly enamored with the product ) aired in the second quarter . The five finalists each received $ 10 @,@ 000 in this contest . General Motors announced a similar contest , open only to college students , for their Chevrolet brand ; however , the ad would be produced professionally based on ideas suggested by the public . The winning ad featured men gathering around an HHR model with women in it and stripping off their clothes and giving it a car wash . The NFL itself advertised a similar contest to generate suggestions for a commercial promoting the league , with the winning concept featuring fans ' disappointment that their teams ' season was over .
The annual USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter survey chose a Budweiser ad featuring crabs worshiping an ice chest with that particular beer inside as the top ad of Super Bowl XLI , followed by another Bud commercial featuring a stray dog with mud spots climbing onto the brewery 's trademark Clydsedale @-@ drawn wagon in a parade . In all , Anheuser @-@ Busch took seven of the top ten spots in the annual survey , sweeping the top three spots . A YouTube user survey chose the Doritos " Snack Hard " ad ( produced for the incredible price of $ 12 , the cost of three bags of the snack product ) as their top ad , that ad finished fourth in the USA Today survey . ADBOWL results were slightly different with only 6 of Anheuser @-@ Busch 's ads finishing in the top ten . The highest ranked being the Bud Light " Rock , Paper , Scissors " spot . Also in the top ten were Blockbuster Video 's " Mouse " , Doritos ' " Car Wreck " , GM 's " Robot " and Taco Bell 's " Lion 's Talk ' Carne ' . "
One ad that drew criticism from the gay community was for the Snickers candy bar featuring two men accidentally " kissing " each other after sharing the product in question , then proceeded to rip chest hairs as a manly act as homophobic . The ad proved to be controversial , and the ad was cancelled the next day by Masterfoods USA ( Mars , Incorporated 's snack food division ) , and three other versions were deleted from the snickers.com web site . The ad was ninth in the USA Today ad survey , and according to a Masterfoods publicist , not intended to harm anyone .
A different ad for General Motors featured a laid off assembly line robot contemplating suicide , which drew criticism from the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention . The group asked for an apology from GM , and that the ad be taken off the air and the company 's website . The suicide scene was replaced with a scene of the robot watching a car being crushed at a junkyard when it was shown again during the 79th Academy Awards on February 25 .
= = = International = = =
The Super Bowl was broadcast live in Canada on CBS ( which is available in Canada ) as well as Global TV and NTV which both took the main CBS commentary , and on the French cable channel RDS . In the United Kingdom the Super Bowl was broadcast on ITV1 , Sky Sports 1 & Sky Sports HD1 with Sky Sports taking the main CBS commentary and ITV taking the NFL supplied international commentary feed of Spero Dedes and Sterling Sharpe .
Super Bowl XLI was broadcast in over 200 countries . Amongst the television networks who broadcast Super Bowl XLI were :
= = Entertainment = =
= = = Pre @-@ game ceremonies = = =
Before the game , Cirque du Soleil , Romero Britto and Louie Vega performed as the pre @-@ game act , and Billy Joel sang the National Anthem , accompanying himself on piano . He also performed at Super Bowl XXIII , which was played at the same venue . Joel became the second person to sing the National Anthem twice for a Super Bowl ; Aaron Neville sang the national anthem before Super Bowl XXIV , in New Orleans , and Super Bowl XL ( along with Aretha Franklin ) , in Detroit . Joel also became the most recent male artist to perform the national anthem as all performers who sang after him were female .
Marlee Matlin and Jason Hay @-@ Southwell performed the National Anthem in American Sign Language .
Besides participating in the CBS telecast of the pre @-@ game show , Dan Marino also participated in the coin toss along with Norma Hunt , the widow of Lamar Hunt , the former owner of the Kansas City Chiefs and the man who gave the Super Bowl its name .
= = = Halftime show = = =
American singer and musician Prince performed in the halftime show . The setlist for Prince 's performance was a short rendition of " We Will Rock You " by Queen , his signature hit " Let 's Go Crazy " , " Baby , I 'm a Star " , cover versions of the Creedence Clearwater Revival hit " Proud Mary " , the Bob Dylan composition " All Along the Watchtower " , and the Foo Fighters song " Best of You " , and in light of the conditions , he fittingly finished the performance with another signature song , " Purple Rain " in the downpour . The 12 @-@ minute performance featured Prince accompanied by two dancers he calls " The Twinz " and the Florida A & M University marching band , the Marching 100 . Prince had rehearsed with the drum line for a week before the performance . The performance was on a large , central stage which was shaped after the artist 's logo , and was outlined with lights . He played before 74 @,@ 512 fans at Dolphin Stadium ( who had been given flashlights to point at the stage during the performance of Purple Rain ) . The event was carried " to the biggest audience of his life – 140 million television viewers . " Overall , the show was energetic and quite well received by the rain @-@ soaked audience surrounding the stage . Music critics were extremely enthusiastic about his performance , one calling it " arguably the best halftime show in Super Bowl history " , and others saying it was one of the best ever .
Following the game , however , controversy emerged about a silhouetted camera shot of Prince , projected against a large sheet by a bright light on the other side of the performer . The controversy centered around his guitar , which detractors claimed seemed phallic , and critics stating that it " looked embarrassingly rude , crude and unfortunately placed . " Though the guitar has been considered by some an extension of a male player 's sexuality ( especially highlighted by such artists as Jimi Hendrix , Eddie Van Halen , and even Prince himself ) , supporters of Prince say that the show did not , in fact , become any more sexually charged than usual , noting that " a guitar at waist level does look like an enormous phallus . " ABC late @-@ night talk show Jimmy Kimmel Live ! responded to this mild controversy by including two satirically pixelized Super Bowl clips on its weekly segment " This Week in Unnecessary Censorship " for the February 9 , 2007 episode . The first " censored " clip was the kickoff show introduction for CBS ' coverage of the Super Bowl , with the first two letters of " kickoff " blurred out as if " jackoff " were censored , then with a clip of the shadow of Prince playing guitar with the guitar neck blurred out as if an actual penis were being blurred .
= = = Post @-@ game ceremonies = = =
Former Colts and Dolphins head coach Don Shula presented the Vince Lombardi Trophy to the Colts after the game , and Peyton Manning was named MVP .
= = Game summary = =
= = = First half = = =
The Bears won the coin toss and elected to receive . For the first time in Super Bowl history , the game was played in the rain , which was continuous throughout the game .
The rain did not hinder Bears ' return man Devin Hester , who ran back the opening kickoff 92 yards for a touchdown to give Chicago the then earliest lead in Super Bowl history . The Colts avoided kicking to Hester for the rest of the game , allowing him only one punt return , and choosing to squib kick whenever Hester was in the deep kickoff return position .
On Indianapolis ' first drive of the game , defensive back Chris Harris intercepted a deep , third @-@ down pass from Peyton Manning and returned it 6 yards to the Bears ' 35 @-@ yard line . However , Chicago could not gain a first down on their ensuing possession and they were forced to punt . After several short runs and passes , Manning beat the Bears ' defense with a 53 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Reggie Wayne , cutting the Bears ' lead to 7 – 6 . The touchdown occurred because of a mental error on the Bears ' secondary . Cornerback Charles Tillman passed Reggie Wayne onto safety Danieal Manning . However , Manning chose to follow tight end Ben Utecht over the middle , leaving Wayne all alone . The score remained the same , at 7 – 6 , after punter / holder Hunter Smith fumbled the snap on the point @-@ after @-@ touchdown ( PAT ) attempt . On the ensuing kickoff , Chicago tight end Gabe Reid fumbled Adam Vinatieri 's bouncing kickoff while being tackled by Robert Mathis ; Colts linebacker Tyjuan Hagler recovered the loose ball . However , on the next play , Indianapolis gave the ball back when running back Joseph Addai fumbled the handoff and Bears defensive end Mark Anderson recovered it .
On the first play after the turnover , Thomas Jones ' 52 @-@ yard run moved the ball to the Colts ' 5 @-@ yard line . Three plays later , Rex Grossman threw a 4 @-@ yard touchdown pass to receiver Muhsin Muhammad , giving the Bears a 14 – 6 lead . After forcing an Indianapolis punt , Chicago lost another turnover when Cedric Benson 's fumble was recovered by Colts defensive end Dwight Freeney on the Bears ' 43 @-@ yard line . Indianapolis subsequently advanced to the 36 @-@ yard line , but decided to punt rather than risk a 53 @-@ yard field @-@ goal attempt .
Following a Chicago punt , Indianapolis drove 47 yards and scored with Vinatieri 's 29 @-@ yard field goal to make the score 14 – 9 . Chicago was forced to punt again on their next drive , and return man Terrence Wilkins returned the ball 12 yards to his own 42 @-@ yard line . Manning started out the drive with a 22 @-@ yard completion to Marvin Harrison . His next pass went to tight end Dallas Clark for 17 yards . Two more completions moved the ball to the Bears ' 11 @-@ yard line , and then Dominic Rhodes took the ball to the end zone with three consecutive carries , the last one a 1 @-@ yard touchdown run to give his team a 16 – 14 lead with 6 : 09 left in the second quarter .
After another Chicago punt , the Colts advanced to the Bears ' 36 @-@ yard line before Tillman ended the drive by forcing and recovering a fumble from tight end Bryan Fletcher . But on the next play , Grossman fumbled a snap , and Colts defensive lineman Raheem Brock recovered the ball . Manning then led the Colts to Chicago 's 17 @-@ yard line . With two seconds left , Vinatieri attempted a 36 @-@ yard field goal , but his kick sailed wide left , and the score remained 16 – 14 at halftime .
= = = Second half = = =
Wilkins returned the second half kickoff 26 yards to the Colts 's 38 @-@ yard line . On the ensuing possession , Addai rushed five times for 25 yards and caught four passes for 19 yards as the Colts drove 56 yards in 13 plays and scored with a 29 @-@ yard field goal from Vinatieri , increasing their lead to 19 – 14 . On the Bears ' next drive , Jones started out with a 14 @-@ yard run , and then Muhammad caught a 9 @-@ yard pass , bringing up second down and one on the Colts ' 45 @-@ yard line . But on the next play , Grossman was sacked for an 11 @-@ yard loss by Anthony McFarland . Then , on third down , he fumbled the snap . Grossman recovered the fumble himself , but the Bears were forced to punt , and Wilkins returned the ball 12 yards to the Colts ' 36 @-@ yard line . Rhodes then gained 52 yards on four carries , with a facemask penalty adding another 10 . Chicago managed to halt the drive at their own 2 @-@ yard line , but Vinatieri kicked his third field goal to make the score 22 – 14 .
Chicago tight end John Gilmore picked up Vinatieri 's bouncing kickoff and returned it 9 @-@ yards to his own 45 @-@ yard line , with an unnecessary roughness penalty on Mathis adding another 15 yards and giving the Bears a first down on the Colts ' 40 @-@ yard line . Chicago could only gain 14 yards on their ensuing possession , but it was enough for Robbie Gould to make a 44 @-@ yard field goal , cutting the score to 22 – 17 . After an Indianapolis 7 @-@ play drive ended in a punt , Chicago started on their own 20 @-@ yard line with 13 : 38 left in the game . But four plays later , Colts defensive back Kelvin Hayden intercepted a pass intended for Muhammad and returned it 56 yards for a touchdown .
From that point on , the Colts took over the game . Four plays after the ensuing kickoff , Colts defensive back Bob Sanders intercepted Grossman 's pass and returned it 38 yards to the Bears 41 @-@ yard line . Chicago 's defense eventually forced a punt , but Smith 's 32 @-@ yard kick pinned the Bears back at their own 8 @-@ yard line . The Bears drove to their own 47 , but on a fourth down conversion attempt , tight end Desmond Clark dropped a potential first down reception after being leveled by defensive back Matt Giordano . The Colts subsequently called eight consecutive Dominic Rhodes runs before turning the ball over on downs themselves , leaving only 1 : 42 remaining in regulation . Five plays later , the game was over .
= = = Box score = = =
= = = Statistical overview = = =
This was the third Super Bowl to have two players rush for more than 100 yards as Dominic Rhodes had 113 for the Colts and Thomas Jones had 112 for the Bears . Tony Dungy is the third man to win the Super Bowl as a head coach as well as a player , following Tom Flores and Mike Ditka .
For the Colts , Rhodes rushed for 113 yards and a touchdown , while also catching an 8 @-@ yard reception . Addai rushed for 77 yards and caught 10 passes for 66 yards . Wilkins returned four kickoffs for 89 yards and 3 punts for 42 yards . Adam Vinatieri became the first kicker ever to play in five Super Bowls and the first to win four Super Bowl rings . Vinatieri 's three field goals and two extra points gave him a total of 49 points for the entire 2006 post @-@ season , an NFL record . The Colts ' win was the first major professional championship for Indiana since the Indiana Pacers ' ABA title in the 1972 – 73 season .
Hester 's touchdown for the Bears on the opening kickoff was the first one in Super Bowl history
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, and the ninth kick return for a touchdown in a Super Bowl ; only three of the nine teams who did this went on to win the game ( the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXI , the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV , and the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII ) . Hester 's return also kept a streak alive for there being a kickoff return for a touchdown in each Super Bowl played at Dolphin Stadium . Hester 's and Wayne 's touchdowns in the first quarter marked the first time in Super Bowl history the first two touchdowns were scored by players from the same college ( University of Miami ) . Jones was the Bears ' top rusher with 112 yards , while also catching four passes for 18 yards . Desmond Clark was the Bears top receiver with six receptions for 64 yards . Grossman completed 20 of 28 passes for 165 yards and a touchdown , with two interceptions , leaving him with a QB rating of 68 @.@ 3 for the game . Muhsin Muhammad became the third player ever to score a touchdown in the Super Bowl for two different teams , joining Ricky Proehl and Jerry Rice .
= = Final statistics = =
Source : NFL.com Super Bowl XLI
= = = Statistical comparison = = =
= = = Individual leaders = = =
1Completions / attempts 2Carries 3Long gain 4Receptions
= = Starting lineups = =
Source :
Hall of Fame ‡
= = Officials = =
Referee : Tony Corrente # 99
Umpire : Carl Paganelli # 124
Head Linesman : George Hayward # 54
Line Judge : Ron Marinucci # 107
Field Judge : Jim Saracino # 58
Side Judge : John Parry # 132
Back Judge : Perry Paganelli # 46
Alternate Referee : Jeff Triplette # 42
Alternate Umpire : Butch Hannah # 40
Alternate Line Judge : Carl Johnson # 101
Alternate Field Judge : Buddy Horton # 82
Alternate Back Judge : Richard Reels # 83
= = Controversies prohibiting fan parties and presentations = =
= = = Prohibiting tailgating = = =
The NFL upset many fans by banning the traditional practice of tailgating at Super Bowl XLI . Originally , spokesmen for Dolphin Stadium announced that tailgating would be permitted as usual , however the NFL quickly contradicted this statement announcing an NFL owner @-@ imposed ban on all tailgating and non @-@ ticketed fans were forbidden within a two @-@ block @-@ radius of the stadium .
= = = Prohibiting church display = = =
The NFL upset a large number of fans by threatening churches with lawsuits if they had Super Bowl parties . National Football League assistant counsel Rachel L. Margolies sent a letter to the Fall Creek Baptist Church in Indianapolis , ordering the church to cancel its party and remove the trademarked Super Bowl name from its website . She said that the church could not use the words " Super Bowl " as it violates trademark law , could not charge admission as that violates copyright law , could not use its projection screen ( only one television could be used and it could not be over 55 inches ) , and could not " promote a message " in connection with the game . Regarding the last point , the Fall Creek Baptist church planned to also show an extra video to highlight the Christian testimonies of Colts coach Tony Dungy and Chicago Bears coach Lovie Smith . " While this may be a noble message " , Rachel L. Margolies wrote , " we are consistent in refusing the use of our game broadcasts in connection with events that promote a message , no matter the content . " Sports bars nationwide were allowed to show the game , as are businesses that televise sports as part of their everyday operations because they don 't charge admission and they leave the message the NFL intended intact .
The Indianapolis Star picked up the story , and soon pastors across the U.S. were working to cancel their parties . Immediately the NFL received a backlash of bad publicity , with indignant football fans in constant sarcasm ( akin to rules imposed about on @-@ field behavior i.e. taunting opposition teams ) referring to the NFL as the " No Fun League . " For example , the enforcement of this policy earned the NFL a " Worst Person in the World " silver on the edition of February 2 , 2007 of Countdown with Keith Olbermann .
After a long series of bad press , the NFL issued a written statement clarifying their policy , saying that they did not object to churches hosting Super Bowl parties so long as they did not charge admission and showed the game on " a television of the type commonly used at home " . This statement did not attempt to forbid coordination of any other message with the game , something typically done by churches , nor did it attempt to forbid the use of the term " Super Bowl . "
= David Jewett Waller , Sr. =
David Jewett Waller , Sr. ( January 26 , 1815 – December 7 , 1893 ) was an American Presbyterian minister , entrepreneur , landowner and civic leader who lived in the American state of Pennsylvania . He also helped build several local railroads , such as the North and West Branch Railway and also owned many coal mines . By the time of his death , he was one of the most well @-@ known people in northeastern Pennsylvania . He helped increasing the population and industrialization of Bloomsburg , Pennsylvania . He also organized and created a number of churches in Pennsylvania .
Waller was born in Wilkes @-@ Barre , Pennsylvania and attended the Wilkes @-@ Barre Academy , Williams College , and the Princeton Theological Seminary . He spent most of his life in Bloomsburg , Pennsylvania , where he died . He was ordained in 1839 and attended General Assemblies of the Presbyterian Church in addition to preaching in Columbia County . He retired from preaching in 1871 and most of his involvement in industrial and commercial work started at this point , including involvement in the railroad and the coal industries . He died in 1893 at the age of 78 .
= = Early life and education = =
Waller was born on January 26 , 1815 , in Wilkes @-@ Barre , Pennsylvania , the oldest of five children . He was born to Phineas Waller and Elizabeth Jewett and was descended from early settlers of Massachusetts and Connecticut . His ancestors moved to Pennsylvania two generations before his birth . When he was eight years old , his father moved to Oquago , New York , while he and his half @-@ brother Nathan remained in Pennsylvania . He then went to live with his aunts Rachel and Sally , enabling him to attend the Wilkes @-@ Barre Academy and avoid his mother , who was an alcoholic . Waller attended the Wilkes @-@ Barre Academy and received good grades , despite what historian William M. Ballie called a " prickly " personality . However , he received good grades in school .
Waller taught Sunday school while in his early teens . When he was 15 , he attended Williams College , from which he graduated in 1834 . At Williams College , he came near to being expelled after arguing with a teacher . After Williams College , he considered being a lawyer , businessman or government worker . His brother William advised against his becoming a government worker or businessman , so he decided to become a minister . He attended the Princeton Theological Seminary starting in October 1834 and continuing for three years . Here he also came near to being expelled after a dispute with the teacher John Breckenridge . He graduated from the Princeton Theological Seminary in 1837 with a Bachelor of Divinity degree . Waller moved to Bloomsburg , Pennsylvania in 1838 .
= = Service to the church = =
In 1838 , the Presbyterian Church in Milton , Pennsylvania requested Waller 's service , but he instead began preaching in Bloomsburg , Pennsylvania . He also preached in Wilkes @-@ Barre and Lancaster in late 1838 and in Danville and Milton in early 1839 . On May 1 , 1839 , he was ordained in Bloomsburg , Pennsylvania . His Presbyterian ministry began on a church on Third Street in Bloomsburg . When he began preaching , his ministry covered all of Columbia County , as well as an area from Danville to the Wyoming Valley . In 1840 , he stopped preaching at Briar Creek and Berwick , as they became part of a separate ministry . In 1842 , he began preaching in Orangeville and New Columbia. he preached in Espy since at least 1857 . Due to the size of his ministry , he was never able to preach at a given church more than once every two weeks and only preached at most churches once a month . He typically traveled approximately 5000 miles per year to preach or conduct funerals . Initially his salary was $ 600 .
Waller was a counsel in ecclesiastical trials . He went to the General Assemblies in 1844 , 1853 , 1861 , 1865 to 1867 , 1876 , 1886 , and 1890 . He was interested in foreign missions and devoted one service per month to news from foreign missions and was elected to a four @-@ year term on the Board of Foreign Missions in 1865 . He was elected to be the Moderator of Presbytery in 1842 , 1851 , and 1881 . At that time he was the only person to be elected to that position more than once .
In addition to preaching at churches , Waller also revived , organized , or founded a number of them . In 1839 , he revived the Hidlay Church , near Briar Creek , and a church at Berwick . He and two other people officially organized the Presbyterian church in Orangeville in October 1843 . He and three others also attempted unsuccessfully to organize a church it Catawissa . In 1856 , he traveled to Schuylkill County and preached in churches there numerous times and in 1857 , he and two other people organized a church in Ashland in Schuylkill County .
= = Land purchase and sale = =
Waller owned 20 percent ( 900 acres ) of the land in Bloomsburg at various times during his life , which is more than any other person has held in the town to date . He also owned land in other parts of Columbia County and the Wyoming Valley. his lands in Bloomsburg primarily included northeastern , southeastern , and south @-@ central Bloomsburg , but also included some small areas of land near Bloomsburg 's border with Hemlock Township . He sold some of his land , but also donated parts of it by selling those areas for $ 1 .
Waller developed a number of community features on this land , including five churches , the Columbia County Courthouse and Jail , and several industries such as the Magee Carpet Company and the Bloomsburg Silk Mills . In 1870 , he sold three acres of land on Seventh Street in Bloomsburg for the purpose of building a park , but the land was instead used for athletic competitions . In 1890 , he sold two lots at the corner of Sixth Street and Iron Street to Paul E. Wirt , a fountain pen manufacturer . He also hired the town engineer Samuel Neyhard to develop Bloomsburg from Fifth Street to the Susquehanna River . Most of this work was done after Waller was no longer a minister .
In 1869 , Waller purchased 330 acres of land along Fishing Creek from the Bloomsburg Iron Company and for $ 3000 and later sold it for $ 19 @,@ 037 . He sold some land in Mount Pleasant Township for a place to house poor people . He also made a number of a number of purchases of land near the end of his life , including 93 acres at the confluence of Fishing Creek and Raven Creek in 1890 and 22 @.@ 5 acres along the Susquehanna River in Scott Township and Bloomsburg in May 1893 .
In 1854 , Waller and two other people were
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chosen to find a location for Bloomsburg 's Rosemont Cemetery . They chose a hill immediately north of Bloomsburg , which was partly his land , so on August 1 , 1855 he sold them 2 acres and 33 @.@ 5 perches of land to the Rosemont Cemetery Company for $ 490 . He was president of the company from 1856 to his death in 1893 .
= = Work in industries = =
Waller was also involved in matters related the local railroads . On October 3 , 1877 , he sold some of his land in Bloomsburg to the Delaware , Lackawanna and Western Railroad for the purpose of a new railroad station . He was also involved in the building of the North and West Branch Railway between 1880 and 1881 . He started raising money for this railroad in 1872 and broke the ground for the railroad in March 1872 . Waller put most of his money into the building of the North and West Branch Railway . The work on the railroad stopped during the Panic of 1873 but resumed in 1880 . The North and West Branch Railway Company was sold in 1881 but he managed to regain much of the company . The company was leased to the Pennsylvania Railroad on November 23 , 1881 , but remained its own company for approximately 20 years . He was president of the North and West Branch Railway in the 1880s . In 1888 , he sold a piece of land to the town of Bloomsburg for the purpose of building the Bloomsburg and Sullivan Railroad through it . It was he who initially conceived the idea of the Bloomsburg and Sullivan Railroad . Waller also successfully convinced the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg Railroad to move its Bloomsburg station to his land on Market Street .
Waller was involved in the process of mining anthracite and owned large tracts of coal @-@ containing land . In 1837 , he invested jointly in an area of coal @-@ containing land in Plymouth Township ( now Larksville ) with his uncle , Oristus Collins . He and Collins divided the land into their own parcels in 1840 . He and several of his siblings also bought a piece of coal @-@ mining land from his father for $ 10 @,@ 000 in 1857 . Waller gradually bought the coal @-@ containing lots of his siblings until he had close to 250 acres of land with coal in 1872 . In 1878 , he purchased 28 acres of coal @-@ mining land in Plymouth Township from Joseph Jaquish 's heirs . Altogether his coal @-@ mining lands outputted 50 @,@ 000 tons ( 45 @,@ 454 tonnes ) per year , although this was only a small portion of the total coal output of the Wyoming Valley . After retiring as a minister he also purchased 2000 acres of coal @-@ mining land near Chattanooga .
= = Other work = =
In 1834 , Waller went to New York City to be a tutor , but left after three or four weeks . This was the last time in his life that he was paid as a teacher but he still opened and funded some schools . He opened a classical school in Bloomsburg , which was built in 1839 , and he contributed $ 3500 to it . Shortly after arriving in Bloomsburg , he organized a singing school and also created a Bible class in 1839 . The class continued until after his death . He helped to open Bloomsburg 's State Normal School . He was appointed a trustee of Lafayette College in 1849 by the Synod of Philadelphia . He held that position until 1879 . He was also on Lafayette College 's Ways and Means committee and helped stop the college from closing in 1852 . In 1856 , Waller helped convert a classical school into the Bloomsburg Literary Institute and served as one of the nine initial trustees . He resigned from being a trustee in 1866 after a dispute about where to set up a new building for the institute . Despite resigning from the trustees , he helped conduct the opening ceremony of the institute 's new building on April 3 , 1867 .
In 1876 , Waller ran as a Republican candidate for US Congress . He lost the election by 8376 votes to Democratic lawyer Francis Dolan Collins . He did , however , win Columbia County in the election . He was also the proprietor of a furnace on Roaring Creek and built the Bloomsburg Sanitarium at the corner of Sixth Street and Market Street in Bloomsburg in 1870 . Waller was vice president of the State Agricultural Society . He also extended Market Street in Bloomsburg and built many houses along it . Along with John Ramsay , he built First Street in Bloomsburg and sold the lots on it to Welsh immigrants some time before 1847 . He also laid out other residential streets in Bloomsburg . He supported moving the county seat of Columbia County from Danville to Bloomsburg , although he was unable to convince Danville 's businessmen to move their industries to Bloomsburg . In 1866 , he was made one of three trustees of Bloomsburg 's Board of Trade .
= = Personal life = =
On May 23 , 1839 , Waller married Philadelphian Julia Ellmaker . He first met Ellmaker while visiting friends in Philadelphia during his time at the Princeton Theological Seminary . The couple had nine children between 1840 and 1858 , six of whom survived to adulthood , and five of whom were alive at the time of his death . He lived at the corner of 5th and Market Streets in Bloomsburg , although at one point he owned much of the land between 4th Street , the Susquehanna River , Railroad Street , and Ferry Road in Bloomsburg . In 1871 , he suffered a driving accident and was temporarily injured . He was in another accident in 1875 and due to this , he needed to walk with crutches for the remainder of his life . Waller also suffered from rheumatism and neuralgia due to extensive traveling . He retired from being a minister on April 16 , 1871 . He died in on December 7 , 1893 , at the age of 79 . The services for his death were held in his home . The historian J.H. Battle made note of Waller 's hospitality . He was interested in geology and another Presbyterian minister gave him a large mineralogy @-@ related collection in 1848 .
= = Legacy = =
On the day of Waller 's funeral , businesses in Bloomsburg closed from 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. , a unique honor in the town 's history . He was buried in the Old Rosemont Cemetery . During his lifetime , Waller made 25 purchases and 130 sales of land . By 1887 the area that he owned between 4th and 9th Streets in Bloomsburg were home to more than 200 houses . The community of Waller , Pennsylvania is named after him . In his two @-@ column obituary in Bloomsburg 's newspaper , it was stated that " No other man has left or probably will leave a greater impression on this community that he [ Waller ] did " . There is a stained glass window that features Waller on a church in Bloomsburg . Approximately 20 of his sermons still survive . He was also the creator of the Waller Trust , which existed until the 1970s .
= Port of Liverpool Building =
The Port of Liverpool Building ( formerly Mersey Docks and Harbour Board Offices , more commonly known as the Dock Office ) is a Grade II * listed building in Liverpool , England . It is located at the Pier Head and , along with the neighbouring Royal Liver Building and Cunard Building , is one of Liverpool 's Three Graces , which line the city 's waterfront . It is also part of Liverpool 's UNESCO @-@ designated World Heritage Maritime Mercantile City .
The building was designed by Sir Arnold Thornely and F.B. Hobbs and was developed in collaboration with Briggs and Wolstenholme . It was constructed between 1904 and 1907 , with a reinforced concrete frame that is clad in Portland Stone . The building was the headquarters of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board ( MDHB ) for 87 years , from 1907 to 1994 , when the company relocated to new premises at Seaforth Dock . In 2001 it was sold to Downing , a Liverpool @-@ based property developer , and between 2006 and 2009 underwent a major £ 10m restoration that restored many original features of the building .
The Port of Liverpool Building is in the Edwardian Baroque style and is noted for the large dome that sits atop it , acting as the focal point of the building . It is approximately rectangular in shape with canted corners that are topped with stone cupolas . At 220 feet ( 67 m ) the building is the fourteenth tallest building in Liverpool . Like the neighbouring Cunard Building , it is noted for the ornamental detail both on the inside and out , and in particular for the many maritime references and expensive decorative furnishings .
= = History = =
In 1898 the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board ( MDHB ) decided to close down and infill George 's Dock , which was located on the site of what is the Pier Head today . The land was sold to the Liverpool Corporation in 1900 , although the MDHB opted to keep the southern section so that they could build a new central headquarters for the company , having been previously located at various sites around the city , including the Old Custom 's House .
In 1900 a committee was formed by the MDHB to plan and develop a new building for the company . Under the leadership of Robert Gladstone , a competition was launched for local architects to submit designs for the new building . Alfred Waterhouse , a renowned local architect , was brought in to help judge the competition and prizes of £ 300 , £ 200 and £ 100 were offered for the three best designs . In total , seven entries were submitted , with the winning design being that of the architects Sir Arnold Thornely and F.B. Hobbs , which had been developed in collaboration with Briggs and Wolstenholme . Due to boundary changes of the land on which the building was to be built , amendments were made to the design , most notably with the central dome , which was only added at the last minute .
In 1903 , with the design now confirmed , the MDHB requested that a number of builders submit a tender document for the construction of the building to the revised design . Over 30 builders were contacted , with William Brown & Son of Manchester winning the contract to construct the new building . Work began in 1904 , with the first nine months of construction focusing on laying the building 's foundations , which were dug to a depth of 30 – 40 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 – 12 @.@ 2 m ) below ground level . The building 's frame was built from reinforced concrete , which was then clad in Portland Stone , a design that meant the building was more fire resistant than with other structural forms . It was completed in 1907 at a cost of approximately £ 250 @,@ 000 , although when the cost of furniture , fittings and professional fees was taken into account , the total cost was nearer £ 350 @,@ 000 . Staff from the MDHB headquarters officially moved into the building on 15 July 1907 , with staff from departments located in other areas of the city moving in throughout the rest of the year .
During the Second World War , Liverpool 's importance as a major port saw it become a target for the Luftwaffe and during the May Blitz of 1941 , a heavy bomb exploded in the basement , on the eastern side of the building . The damage from the explosion was significant with the eastern wing being seriously damaged by fire . Nonetheless the building 's structural integrity meant that much of the building could be re @-@ occupied with only temporary repairs . In the aftermath of the war the building was fully restored ; the cost of restoration exceeding the original construction costs .
The building acted as the head offices of the MDHB ( renamed the Mersey Docks and Harbour Company in 1972 ) for some 87 years . In 1994 the company moved to new headquarters at the Maritime Centre near Seaforth Dock in the north of the city , in order to be closer to what was now the centre of Liverpool 's docking system . However , the company remained the owners of the building until 2001 when it was acquired by Downing , a Liverpool @-@ based property developer .
Plans submitted in 2005 for the restoration of the building were approved by Liverpool City Council . The scheme involved major internal and external work that would fully restore the Grade II * listed building . The plans included opening the building to the public , by creating a new viewing floor inside the dome and a publicly accessible sunken piazza on the riverside frontage that would provide a small parade of restaurants , cafes and shops . A sixth level of the building , which had been " dismantled " in the aftermath of the Second World War , was also to be restored , providing a series of luxury apartments . The first stage of the renovation was completed in early 2008 , when the restoration of the Portland stone on the river facing side of the building was completed . The £ 10m restoration project was fully completed in early 2009 , when the last scaffolding was removed from the outside of the building and 20 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 2 @,@ 000 m2 ) of refurbished office space was completed .
= = Architectural design = =
The Port of Liverpool Building is one of the Three Graces that line the Pier Head and the architectural features were designed to be reflective of Liverpool 's importance to the maintenance of the British Empire . However , the building that exists today is actually a modified version of the originally chosen design . Initially , the plan had called for the main entrance of the building to be located on the south @-@ west corner , but boundary changes to land on which it was to be built meant that the design was significantly revised to give it the symmetrical look it has today . Notably , the initial design did not include the large dome that sits so prominently above the building today . Inspired by an unused design for Liverpool 's Anglican Cathedral , which had been developed several years earlier , the architects added the dome to the design in order to give the building a more imposing look . This decision , however , was not without controversy , as many board members believed that it should not be down to the Port Authority to " beautify the town " . Nonetheless , it was added to the design , becoming the focal point of the building itself .
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ler , the Somerset folk singer , whose backing band was The Wurzels . He worked at the Coates cider factory . The Wurzels ' album Live at the Royal Oak was recorded at The Royal Oak , a public house on the High Street . Cutler is buried in Christ Church graveyard .
Mervyn Kitchen was born in Nailsea in 1940 , He became an English first @-@ class cricketer . In his playing days he was a left @-@ handed batsman for Somerset County Cricket Club , making 15 @,@ 230 runs in his 354 first @-@ class games . He topped the county averages in 1966 and 1968 . He went on to umpire in 20 Test matches and 28 One Day Internationals before retiring in 2005 . Another Somerset cricketer , Stephen Newton , was also born in Nailsea in 1853 .
The gymnast Charles Sederman , who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics , was born in Nailsea in 1881 .
Professional golfer Chris Wood grew up in Nailsea , and currently resides there .
= Brazil v Germany ( 2014 FIFA World Cup ) =
The Brazil vs Germany football match that took place on 8 July 2014 at the Estádio Mineirão in Belo Horizonte , Brazil , was the first semi @-@ final match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup .
Both Brazil and Germany reached the semifinals with an undefeated record in the competition , with the Brazilians ' quarterfinals with Colombia causing them to lose striker Neymar to injury , and defender and captain Thiago Silva to accumulation of yellow cards . Despite the absences , a close match was expected , given both teams were traditional FIFA World Cup forces , sharing eight tournaments won and having previously met in the 2002 FIFA World Cup Final , where Brazil won 2 – 0 and earned their fifth title . This match , however , ended in a stunning loss for Brazil ; Germany led 5 – 0 at half time , with four goals scored within six minutes , and subsequently brought the score up to 7 – 0 in the second half . Brazil scored a goal in the last minute , ending the match 7 – 1 . Germany 's Toni Kroos was selected as the man of the match .
The game marked a number of tournament records . Germany 's win marked the largest margin of victory in a FIFA World Cup semi @-@ final . The game saw Germany overtake Brazil as the highest scoring team in World Cup tournament history and become the first team to reach eight World Cup Finals . Miroslav Klose scored his 16th career World Cup goal and surpassed Brazil 's own Ronaldo as the tournament 's all @-@ time record goalscorer . Brazil 's loss broke their 62 @-@ match home unbeaten streak in competitive matches going back to Copa America 1975 ( to Peru 1 – 3 ) and equalled their biggest margin of defeat , a 6 – 0 loss to Uruguay in 1920 . Ultimately , the match was described as a national humiliation .
The game was subsequently referred to by the international media as the Mineirazo ( Mineiraço [ minejˈɾasu ] in Brazil ) , evoking the spirit of national shame brought by the Maracanazo ( Maracanaço ) in which Brazil unexpectedly lost the 1950 FIFA World Cup on home soil to Uruguay . Brazil subsequently lost the third place playoff to Netherlands , and Germany went on to win the World Cup for the fourth time after defeating Argentina in the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final .
= = Background = =
Brazil were hosting the FIFA World Cup for the second time ( after 1950 ) , and had won the tournament on five previous occasions . Germany were a three @-@ time winner but had not won the tournament in 24 years . Brazil were in the semi @-@ finals for the first time since 2002 , from which they emerged victorious and subsequently won the tournament against Germany ; while Germany were in a record @-@ breaking fourth consecutive semi @-@ final . Both teams had entered the tournament among the favourites to win , with Germany ranked 2nd and Brazil ranked 3rd in the FIFA World Rankings .
Brazil 's route to the semi @-@ final included a group stage with Croatia , Mexico and Cameroon in Group A , from which they advanced with seven points before beating Chile in the Round of 16 in a penalty shoot @-@ out , and Colombia in the quarter @-@ finals . Germany had been drawn with Portugal , Ghana and the United States in Group G , and advanced with seven points before beating Algeria in the Round of 16 ( after extra time ) and France in the quarter @-@ finals . The two teams had met in 21 previous matches , but their only previous encounter in the single @-@ elimination round of the World Cup was the final of the 2002 FIFA World Cup , which Brazil won 2 – 0 .
Brazil defender and captain Thiago Silva was suspended for the match due to accumulation of yellow cards , despite an appeal against the suspension by the Brazilian Football Confederation . Forward Neymar was also unavailable for the match , having been sidelined for the rest of the tournament after suffering a fractured vertebra in the quarter @-@ final match against Colombia . Dante and Bernard , making their first starts of the tournament , replaced Thiago Silva and Neymar respectively with Luiz Gustavo replacing Paulinho in defensive midfield . Germany were unchanged from their quarter @-@ final . Goalkeeper Júlio César and stand @-@ in captain David Luiz paid tribute to Neymar by holding his shirt during the national anthem ceremony . Even with the absences , analysts expected a close match , feeling the home crowd could provide an advantage .
= = Match = =
Both teams had reached the semi @-@ finals undefeated in their previous matches of the tournament . The officiating was led by Mexican referee Marco Antonio Rodríguez , in what proved to be the final match of his career .
= = = First half = = =
Both teams started with attacking play , with Brazilian Marcelo 's shot going wide in the 3rd minute and German Sami Khedira 's shot in the 7th minute being inadvertently blocked by his team @-@ mate Toni Kroos . In the 11th minute , the Germans scored from their first corner of the game . Thomas Müller escaped his mark by David Luiz in the penalty box , and Toni Kroos 's delivery found him wide open for a side @-@ footed shot into the net . In the following minutes , Brazil tried to respond immediately but their attacking forays came to naught ; although Philipp Lahm needed to deliver a brilliant tackle to keep Marcelo from setting up a chance in the penalty box . Instead , in the 23rd minute , Germany scored again after Kroos and Müller combined to set up Miroslav Klose , who scored on the rebound after his initial shot was saved by goalkeeper Júlio César . It was Klose 's 16th goal at a World Cup , surpassing Ronaldo as the all @-@ time World Cup top scorer .
Klose 's goal initiated a flurry of German scoring as Brazil appeared to lose control of the game . Kroos added two more goals in quick succession : in the 24th minute , he volleyed home from Lahm 's cross while unmarked , then in the 26th minute , just a few seconds after Brazil 's kick @-@ off , Kroos caught Fernandinho in possession in his own half , then linking up with Khedira to evade the Brazilian defence , leading to Kroos scoring again with a simple finish , just 70 seconds after his first goal . Khedira himself scored in the 29th minute after exchanging passes with Mesut Özil . All five of Germany 's first half goals came within the first half @-@ hour , with four of them coming within six minutes . Brazil had no shots on target in the first half . Many Brazil supporters in the crowd were reduced to tears and a state of shock such that the crowd 's first serious dissent at the Brazil team came only at half time . The resulting fights in the Mineirão stands forced the Military Police to send a special forces squad into the stadium .
= = = Second half = = =
Brazil 's substitution of Paulinho and Ramires for Fernandinho and Hulk resulted in them threatening more from the restart ; they forced Germany goalkeeper Manuel Neuer to save shots from Oscar , Paulinho and Fred . By the 60th minute , the Germans came close to scoring again , with Júlio César denying Müller twice . Another German goal indeed came in the 69th minute — Lahm picked out substitute André Schürrle , who was left unmarked and side @-@ footed the ball in from close @-@ range . Schürrle was not done yet ; in the 79th minute , he received Müller 's cross from the left and hit a powerful shot over Júlio César at the near post . At this point with the score at 7 – 0 , the remaining home fans gave the Germans a standing ovation , as they applauded Schürrle 's goal and started cheering for Germany 's passes . Close to the end , Özil received a through ball but barely missed the chance to make it eight . Seconds later , Brazil broke away and Oscar scored in the 90th minute to make it 7 – 1 , but it was no consolation , as the final score matched Brazil 's worst ever loss ( 6 – 0 to Uruguay in 1920 ) , and ended a run of 62 competitive home matches unbeaten for Brazil . The Brazilian players left the pitch in tears to a chorus of boos .
Toni Kroos was selected Man of the Match , with 3 shots , 2 goals , 93 % pass accuracy , 1 assist and 2 chances created .
Brazilian striker Fred , who was replaced by Willian in the 70th minute , received a particularly hostile reaction from the home fans . According to Opta Sports , Fred failed to make a single tackle , cross , run or interception during the match , and actually spent the majority of his time in possession of the ball on the centre spot due to six restarts .
= = = Details = = =
= = = Statistics = = =
= = Records = =
The game 's result was the biggest winning margin in a World Cup semi @-@ final or final . The outcome was also the worst loss by a host country in World Cup history , as the six @-@ goal difference doubled the previous record margin . By the end of the game , a total of 167 goals had been scored at the 2014 World Cup , the 2nd @-@ most at a single World Cup , after 1998 with 171 goals . With 18 total shots on target , the match had the joint @-@ most shots on target of any match in 90 minutes at the 2014 World Cup . The match also had the fastest four goals scored in World Cup history , with Germany scoring in the span of six minutes ( from 23 ' to 29 ' ) ; in 1954 , Austria took seven minutes ( 25 ' to 32 ' ) and in 1982 , Hungary also took seven minutes ( 69 ' to 76 ' ) to score four goals . Germany equalled the record for most goals scored against the host nation of the World Cup , with Austria defeating Switzerland 7 – 5 in the 1954 World Cup . Germany also overtook Brazil to become the all @-@ time highest @-@ scoring team in FIFA World Cup history , their total of 223 at full @-@ time passing Brazil 's 221 . Before the match Brazil and Germany were even with seven World Cup finals each , the German victory made them the only squad to reach 8 finals .
For Brazil , the result became one of their two worst losses , equalling a 6 – 0 defeat to Uruguay in 1920 , and was their worst @-@ ever defeat at home ; their previous worst defeat at home was a 5 – 1 defeat by Argentina in Rio de Janeiro in 1939 . The loss broke Brazil 's 62 @-@ match home unbeaten streak in competitive matches , dating back to their 1 – 3 loss to Peru in the 1975 Copa América ; this match was also played at Estádio Mineirão in Belo Horizonte . The last time Brazil had lost a World Cup semi @-@ final was in 1938 , in a dramatic game against Italy in Marseille , and had emerged victorious from this stage the previous six times they had reached it , since the loss in 1974 against Netherlands was not formally a semi @-@ final . Brazil had never before conceded seven goals at home , although they once conceded eight goals in a 4 – 8 friendly defeat to Yugoslavia on 3 June 1934 ; the last time they conceded at least five was in a 6 – 5 win in the 1938 World Cup versus Poland ; at least four was in a 2 – 4 defeat at the 1954 World Cup against Hungary . Brazil 's previous largest losing deficit at the World Cup prior to the match was three goals , which came in the 0 – 3 defeat to France in the 1998 final . The game 's outcome also marked Brazil 's worst result against Germany , passing a 0 – 2 defeat in a 1986 friendly .
For Germany , the final result meant that , for the fourth straight time , they were positioned among the tournament 's top 3 teams ; moreover , the victory allowed the Germans to become the first side to reach eight World Cup finals . The match was a record 12th time a German team played in a semi @-@ final . Germany became the first team to score 7 goals in a World Cup semi @-@ final . The last time a team scored six goals was West Germany
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in 1954 versus Austria , same as in both semi @-@ finals in 1930 . It was Germany 's highest half @-@ time lead in a World Cup match , with their previous best being 4 – 0 against Saudi Arabia in 2002 , the match finished 8 – 0 which is Germany 's biggest World Cup victory . Only two teams have previously trailed by at least five goals at half @-@ time : Zaire ( versus Yugoslavia in 1974 ) and Haiti ( versus Poland in 1974 ) . The seven goals scored by Germany reflected a better goal @-@ scoring record in the World Cup Finals than that of 28 other nations in their respective history of the World Cup .
Germany 's Miroslav Klose equalled the Brazilian Cafu as the player with most matches being on the winning side at the World Cup , with 16 victories . Klose played his 23rd World Cup match , equalling Paolo Maldini on 2nd place on most World Cup matches , with only Lothar Matthäus remaining with more ( 25 ) . Klose has played in more knockout games than Matthäus or Cafu – 13 , and also became the only player to take part in four World Cup semi @-@ finals ( Uwe Seeler previously played in three semi @-@ finals ) . In the match , he broke the record for the most goals scored at the World Cup with 16 , overtaking Brazil 's Ronaldo 's total of 15 ; Ronaldo was in attendance at the match as a commentator . Thomas Müller 's goal was Germany 's 2,000th in the history of their national team . Müller became the third player in history to score five or more goals in two different World Cups ( after Klose and the Peruvian Teófilo Cubillas ) and the second player to score five or more goals in consecutive World Cups ( after Klose ) . Toni Kroos ' first @-@ half double scored in 69 seconds was the fastest pair of goals scored in World Cup history by the same player .
= = Reactions = =
= = = Professional = = =
According to reports , after Germany had scored their seventh goal , Neymar , who was watching the match on television , switched off his set and went to play poker . Brazil manager Luiz Felipe Scolari said the result was the " worst loss by a Brazilian national team ever " and accepted all responsibility for the defeat . He called it " the worst day of my life " , and resigned after the tournament . Stand @-@ in captain David Luiz and goalkeeper Júlio César both offered apologies to the people of Brazil . Fred , who was booed by Brazilian fans during the match , said it was the worst defeat in his and his teammates ' careers . He later announced his retirement from international football following the tournament . Recovering from his injury , Neymar expressed his support to his teammates and , despite the 7 – 1 score , said he was proud to be part of this team .
During the match , the German team seemed to realise that what was unfolding was not a normal football event . In a post @-@ match statement , Mats Hummels said that the German team had decided that they did not want to humiliate the Brazilians during the second half and after the match :
We just made it clear that we had to stay focused and not try to humiliate them . We said we had to stay serious and concentrate at half @-@ time . That 's something you don 't have to show on the pitch if you are playing .
You have to show the opponent respect and it was very important that we did this and didn 't try to show some magic or something like this . It was important we played our game for 90 minutes .
Accordingly , the Germans cut theatrics from their goal celebrations ; arms were raised but there was no jumping or screaming after scoring . Coach Joachim Löw stated his team had " a clear , persistent game @-@ plan " , and as they realised Brazil were " cracking up " , they took advantage as in contrast to the Brazilians ' nervousness the German players were " extremely cool " . Toni Kroos , who was chosen as Man of the Match , added that as the Germans felt that in " no game of the Cup , [ the Brazilians ] played their best " , the squad entered with the tactical knowledge on how to counter Brazil : " we took all the balls , and scored the goals " . Löw also declared the team had " no euphoria " during or after the game , as they knew that the 7 – 1 win meant nothing for the upcoming final , saying " We didn 't celebrate . We were happy , but we still have a job to do " .
Following the match , the German players and managers offered words of consolation to the Brazilians . Löw and players Per Mertesacker and Philipp Lahm even compared the pressure on the Brazilian team and resulting heartbreaking defeat with Germany 's own when they hosted the 2006 FIFA World Cup and also lost in the semifinals . Lahm added in an interview after the tournament that he had felt " very uneasy " during the match and " not at all euphoric " since the Brazilian team had made mistakes that " don 't usually happen at this level " , and Mertesacker noted that despite featuring the Germans at the top of their game , " even from the bench , [ the semifinal ] was crazy to watch " . Kroos stated that , despite Brazil having good players , " they couldn 't show their best performance " due to all the outside pressure , and expressed faith in " them returning with a good squad " . Löw observed in the immediate aftermath of the match that the Brazilian people were applauding his team . Later the Brazilian newspaper O Globo expressed appreciation for the gestures of the German players , calling them " world champions of sympathy " .
Brazilian footballing icon Pelé tweeted " I always said that football is a box of surprises . Nobody in this world expected this result " , followed by " [ Brazil ] Will try to get the sixth title in Russia . Congratulations to Germany " . Carlos Alberto Torres , the captain of Brazil 's winning team in 1970 , said that the country lost due to a " feeling of ' we 've already won ' " . He added that " Germany played how I like to see and Scolari 's tactics for this match were suicidal " . Argentina coach Alejandro Sabella struggled to explain Brazil 's loss , saying " Football is illogical " . In contrast , famed Argentinian striker Diego Maradona was seen singing a song mocking the Brazilian defeat .
= = = Society = = =
In Germany , the match 's coverage by ZDF set a record for the country 's most watched TV broadcast ever , with 32 @.@ 57 million viewers ( 87 @.@ 8 % of all viewers ) , beating the Germany v. Spain match at the 2010 FIFA World Cup . This record was beaten five days later with the final . In contrast , despite a weekly spike in audience , the broadcast by Brazilian Rede Globo saw the viewers total fall with each German goal .
The match was the most discussed sports game ever on Twitter with over 35 @.@ 6 million tweets , surpassing Super Bowl XLVIII , with 24 @.@ 9 million tweets during the game . At first incentive hashtags such as " # PrayForBrazil " were common , but once Germany built a 5 – 0 lead Brazilian users instead lent their frustration into self @-@ deprecatory humor , comparing Germany 's goals with the Volkswagen Gol car and stating the Brazilian team looked like " 11 Freds " . Other Twitter users compared Germany 's dominating performance to their military efforts during World War II and The Holocaust , for example , dubbing it the " Goalocaust " . Bung Moktar Radin , a member of parliament of Malaysia , came under heavy criticism from the Malaysian public and the German ambassador , Holger Michael , for posting such a comment . The President of Brazil , Dilma Rousseff , stated on Twitter following the match that " like all Brazilians , I am deeply saddened by our loss " . The Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs , Yigal Palmor , mentioned the match when countering Brazil 's claim that his country was using disproportionate force in the Gaza conflict , saying " This is not football . In football , when a game ends in a draw , you think it is proportional , but when it finishes 7 – 1 it 's disproportionate " .
Due to the pressure on the home nation Brazil to win the World Cup and the subsequent shock of the loss , the media and FIFA dubbed the game the Mineirazo ( Mineiraço in Brazil ) , meaning " The Mineirão blow " , evoking the Maracanazo ( Maracanaço ) in which Brazil were defeated on home soil by outsiders Uruguay in the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . The daughter of goalkeeper Moacir Barbosa , who was scapegoated for the 1950 defeat , said the loss was enough to redeem her father 's legacy , while Uruguayan striker Alcides Ghiggia , responsible for the Cup @-@ winning goal of the Maracanazo , felt that though both games were traumatic they could not be compared as the 1950 match had more at stake . Following the match , German fans were escorted out of the stadium by police and police were put on alert for possible riots . Observers noted that while the German supporters had shown respect to the defeated hosts , Argentinian fans were celebrating Brazil 's elimination .
There were reports of a mass robbery at a fan party in Rio de Janeiro and of fans setting fire to Brazilian flags in the streets of São Paulo even before the match was over . A number of buses were burned across São Paulo and an electronics store looted .
= = = Media = = =
Brazilian newspapers greeted the result with headlines such as " The Biggest Shame in History " ( Lance ! ) , a " Historical humiliation " ( Folha de S.Paulo ) and " Brazil is slain " ( O Globo ) . German paper Bild heralded the " 7 – 1 Madness " by the " Lightning DFB team " . The French L 'Équipe simply said , " Le Désastre " ( The Disaster ) . Writing for Sky Sports , Matthew Stanger described the game as the " ultimate embarrassment " , while Miguel Delaney of ESPN referred to the match as the Mineirazo , echoing the term invented for the event by the South American Spanish language press .
Barney Ronay in The Guardian described it as " the most humiliating World Cup host nation defeat of all time " , and Joe Callaghan of The Independent described it as " the darkest night in Brazil 's footballing history " . Wyre Davies , the BBC 's Rio de Janeiro correspondent , said of Brazilian 's reactions at the stadium and fan parks that the " collective sense of shock , embarrassment and national humiliation across Brazil was impossible to ignore " . Football journalist Tim Vickery postulated that the all @-@ time low the result might be the catalyst for over @-@ due reform of Brazilian club football , which in his opinion had become complacent in comparison to other countries , resting on the laurels of the national team 's history of success . In his words , this was a chance to " recapture parts of its historic identity and reframe them in a modern , global context " . Reports had many comparisons with the Maracanazo that cost Brazil a title at home in 1950 , with the Brazilian media even considering that the 2014 defeat redeemed the 1950 squad .
Analysts deconstructed all the tactical and technical deficiencies that led to the blowout result . Scolari still relied on the team that won the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup despite many players going through dry spells , and most of them not having any World Cup experience . Brazil had not played particularly well during the group stage and first two knockout games , relying heavily upon Neymar in attack , and their flaws were exposed in the semi @-@ finals where they faced a much tougher adversary in Germany . Neymar was such a focal point that the team barely trained any formations without him . In his absence , Scolari replaced Neymar with Bernard to maintain the attacking tradition of Brazilian football , instead of the " logical call " [ which ] was surely to bring in an extra midfielder " against the Germans . The assistant coaches even supported bringing in the more defensive @-@ minded Ramires and Willian . Thus Fernandinho and Luiz Gustavo were overwhelmed in dealing the Germany midfield trio of Toni Kroos , Sami Khedira and Bastian Schweinsteiger . The defense that had already been questioned in previous games collapsed as Dante was proven to be an inadequate replacement for the suspended Silva , while David Luiz made uncharacteristic errors during the semi @-@ final . Other errors included setting up Marcelo to a more attacking play , while Gustavo was tasked with covering him , and the ineffective role of Fred who is often regarded as a tactical striker rather than goal @-@ scoring striker .
= = Aftermath = =
Brazil finished fourth after being defeated 0 – 3 in the third place play @-@ off by the Netherlands on 12 July . The defeat matched Brazil 's previous worst loss at the World Cup , 0 – 3 to France in the 1998 Final , and meant that they conceded a total of 14 goals throughout the tournament , which was the most Brazil had conceded in a single tournament , the most ever conceded by a World Cup host , and the most conceded by any team since Belgium allowed 15 during the 1986 tournament . Germany went on to win the World Cup for the fourth time , the first as a unified nation , after defeating Argentina 1 – 0 in the final match on 13 July . Germany had the support of the Brazilian crowd despite having eliminated the home team , given Brazil has a long @-@ standing football rivalry with neighbours Argentina .
The two consecutive losses , Brazil 's first consecutive home defeats since 1940 , led to coach Luiz Felipe Scolari 's resignation on 15 July . Two weeks later , the Brazilian Football Confederation brought back Dunga as head coach of the Brazil national team . He had managed the team from 2006 until 2010 , being dismissed following a 2 – 1 loss to the Netherlands in the 2010 FIFA World Cup quarter @-@ finals .
= John Adams =
John Adams ( October 30 [ O.S. October 19 ] 1735 – July 4 , 1826 ) was an American lawyer , author , statesman , and diplomat . He served as the second President of the United States ( 1797 – 1801 ) , the first Vice President ( 1789 – 97 ) , and as a Founding Father was a leader of American independence from Great Britain . Adams was a political theorist in the Age of Enlightenment who promoted republicanism and a strong central government . His innovative ideas were frequently published . He was also a dedicated diarist and correspondent , particularly with his wife and key advisor Abigail .
He collaborated with his cousin , revolutionary leader Samuel Adams , but he established his own prominence prior to the American Revolution . After the Boston Massacre , despite severe local anti @-@ British sentiment , he provided a successful though unpopular legal defense of the accused British soldiers , driven by his devotion to the right to counsel and the " protect [ ion ] of innocence " . As a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress , Adams played a leading role in persuading Congress to declare independence . He assisted Thomas Jefferson in drafting the Declaration of Independence in 1776 , and was its foremost advocate in the Congress . As a diplomat in Europe , he helped negotiate the eventual peace treaty with Great Britain , and acquired vital governmental loans from Amsterdam bankers . Adams was the primary author of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780 which influenced American political theory , as did his earlier Thoughts on Government ( 1776 ) .
Adams ' credentials as a revolutionary secured for him two terms as President George Washington 's vice president ( 1789 to 1797 ) and also his own election in 1796 as the second president . In his single term as president , he encountered fierce criticism from the Jeffersonian Republicans , as well as the dominant faction in his own Federalist Party , led by his rival Alexander Hamilton . Adams signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts , and built up the army and navy in the face of an undeclared naval " Quasi @-@ War " with France . The major accomplishment of his presidency was a peaceful resolution of the conflict in the face of Hamilton 's opposition . Due to his strong posture on defense , Adams is " often called the father of the American Navy " . He was the first U.S. president to reside in the executive mansion , now known as the White House .
In 1800 , Adams lost re @-@ election to Thomas Jefferson , and retired to Massachusetts . He eventually resumed his friendship with Jefferson upon the latter 's own retirement by initiating a correspondence which lasted fourteen years . He and his wife established a family of politicians , diplomats , and historians now referred to as the Adams political family . Adams was the father of John Quincy Adams , the sixth President of the United States . He died on the fiftieth anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence . Modern historians in the aggregate have ranked his administration favorably .
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, and community . Not to sound weird , but it seems like the heart of America . Seriously , the heart .
= = = Synopsis = = =
As Perry sits in her car outside of her boyfriend 's job , she sees her boyfriend ( played by actor and model Lucas Kerr ) interacting flirtatiously with a woman ( Ashley Tisdale ) . She confronts him in his office , and ends their relationship . The title track begins as she drives to a gas station , where she buys a can of tea . After paying for her items , she sees a moto @-@ sticker on a notice board which reads , " All women are created equal , then some become Marines " . The increasingly emotional Perry gathers her possessions from her car trunk , enters a nearby restroom , and begins her change of identity . She cuts her hair short ( at this point bursting into tears ) , removes her bracelets , flattens her breasts , and changes into a hoodie and jeans .
Perry enlists in the United States Marine Corps , and after a brief scene of recruit training , reports to the School of Infantry for the Marine Corps ' rigorous basic combat instruction course . She reminisces over her experiences with her ex @-@ boyfriend , yet remains spiteful towards him . She then burns a love note from him and vents her frustration through the Marine Corps Martial Arts Program . The remainder of the video depicts Perry 's training , and shows her dancing beneath a large garrison flag . Perry ultimately transforms into a trained warrior , clad in Marine Pattern ( MARPAT ) camouflage utilities , body armor and camouflage face paint .
= = = Reception = = =
The video garnered positive reviews from critics , who praised its self @-@ empowerment theme and its different approach in comparison to Perry 's previous music videos . Bruno Nessif of E ! Online compared the video to Demi Moore 's role in G.I. Jane . Ray Rahman from Entertainment Weekly echoed the similarity of the G.I. Jane influence in the video , and called it an " intense ride " . MTV 's James Montgomery praised the video and Perry 's role , saying :
" Over the years , Perry has been a California Gurl , a nerdy teenager , an alien and just about everything in between , but up until now , she 's never really been an actual person . " He went on to praise the video stating : " Part of Me " is unlike any pop video in recent memory . Rihanna did military chic in her " Hard " video ( she even straddled a tank ) , and just about every one of Perry 's pop contemporaries have ventured down the same path . But they were never really in the military ; they were just making it more fabulous . Perry takes the opposite tact [ sic ] : She cuts off her hair , she eschews makeup , she fights , crawls , suffers . It 's a commendable level of commitment . Your move , everybody else . "
Feminist author Naomi Wolf criticized the video as propaganda for the Marine Corps , stating " I really want to find out if she was paid by them for making it ..... it is truly shameful . I would suggest a boycott of this singer whom I really liked if you are as offended at this glorification of violence as I am . " Glenn Selig , founder of The Publicity Agency , responded to these claims on Fox News Live , stating , " In her efforts to boycott the video , Naomi Wolf has brought more attention to it , without her comments , most people would clearly have seen the military simply as a metaphor and not as an attempt by Katy Perry to glamorize the military or war . " Perry told MTV that she chose the military plot because it represented the song , saying , " It 's an affirmation of strength , so I wanted to go the strongest route I ever could . "
= = Live performances = =
" Part of Me " was given its first live performance on February 12 , 2012 , at the 54th Grammy Awards . The performance began with " E.T. " with dancers and a singer who appeared to be Perry on a darkened stage . It ended partway through the chorus as electronic sound effects and the lights andsound suddenly went out , implying technical difficulties . Wearing sunglasses and a metallic bodysuit with the appearance of golden armor , a blue @-@ haired Perry , slowly singing the first part of " Part of Me , " descended from the roof of the venue in a transparent cube , revealing the singer on the stage below to be a body double . Perry shattered the cube , fireworks went off around the stage , and Perry began " Part of Me " as the dancers present during " E.T. " reappeared , lifted her up , and performed a routine behind her .
On March 19 , 2012 , Perry performed " Part of Me " as part of a Live Lounge special for BBC Radio 1 , along with " The One That Got Away " ( 2011 ) , " Firework " ( 2011 ) , " Thinking of You " ( 2009 ) and a censored version of " Niggas in Paris " ( 2011 ) . The performances were closely similar , through their depiction of Perry as a superhero and their theme of self @-@ empowerment . Katie Brine of MTV commented that " Even when Katy is getting serious , there 's always fun to be had . "
On April 26 , 2012 , Perry performed the track for season 11 of American Idol . This was similar to her previous performances and the video , but was pre @-@ taped due to illness . After a short , introductory military @-@ style video , Perry made a simulated airdrop onto a military base peopled by female background dancers , all clad in military clothing . It was met with mixed reviews from critics and fans , who criticized Perry 's decisions to pre @-@ tape her performance and to lipsync . However , the complexity and originality of the performance were praised . Brian Mansfield , of USA Today , called it a " pretty impressive production " , but criticized Perry 's vocal abilities .
Perry included the song in the set list of her June 9 , 2012 performance at Capital FM 's Summertime Ball festival , during which she wore a fifties @-@ style black and white polka dot dress and a black fringe haircut . DJ Earworm had also made a mashup called " Fly " for the Summertime Ball and included " Part of Me " and Perry 's previous single , " The One That Got Away " in the mashup . On June 26 , 2012 Perry performed " Part of Me " in her set list at the premiere for her July 2012 , 3D autobiographical documentary @-@ concert film Katy Perry : Part of Me on Hollywood Boulevard as part of Pepsi 's " Summer Beats " concert series . During the performance , Perry emerged from a large box of popcorn , wearing a shirt that resembled a film reel with the stage decorated with life @-@ sized lollipops and neon lights . This was Perry 's final performance prior to her taking a musical hiatus after two years of continuous promotion for Teenage Dream .
= = Usage in media = =
" Part of Me " was used in a national marketing campaign for The Sims 3 limited @-@ edition expansion pack , The Sims 3 : Showtime . Perry filmed a 30 @-@ second commercial , in which she performed the song onstage as a Sim version of herself . The expansion pack includes Katy Perry @-@ themed items , inspired by the concept and artwork of her album Teenage Dream ( 2010 ) , that players can use on their own Sims . In May 2012 , Perry signed a deal with Pepsi to promote Katy Perry : Part of Me . This deal was a part of Pepsi 's first global campaign titled , " Live For Now " which partners with entertainment artists and properties to promote their work . " Part of Me " was used in a series of trailers as part of this deal as well as various other media related campaigns to promote the film . The track is available as downloadable content for the video game Just Dance 2014 .
= = Track listing = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= James Milner =
James Philip Milner ( born 4 January 1986 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for Premier League club Liverpool and the England national team . He has previously played for Leeds United , Swindon Town , Newcastle United , Aston Villa and Manchester City . Playing as a central midfielder with Aston Villa , Milner was named PFA Young Player of the Year and in the PFA Team of the Year for the 2009 – 10 Premier League season ; however , after his move to Manchester City , Milner was more often utilised as a winger .
Milner 's talent in football , cricket , and long @-@ distance running was recognised at a very young age . He represented his school in these sports and played football for amateur teams from Rawdon and Horsforth . He supported Leeds United from a young age and was a season ticket holder at the club . In 1996 , he joined the Leeds United youth academy . He made his debut for the first team in 2002 aged only 16 and gained prominence as the youngest player to score in the Premier League .
While at Leeds United , he spent time on loan at Swindon Town to gain experience as a first @-@ team player . Following his move to Newcastle United , he was loaned to Aston Villa for a season . He went on to establish himself as a regular starter in the Newcastle , and later Aston Villa and Manchester City first teams . He made more than 100 appearances for Newcastle , as well as making a record number of appearances for the England under @-@ 21 team . He made his debut for the full team against the Netherlands in August 2009 and also played at the 2010 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2012 .
= = Early life = =
Born in Wortley , Leeds , Milner played most of his childhood football for Westbrook Lane Primary School in Horsforth . He was later educated at Horsforth School . Graeme Coulson , a coach from Rawdon , recognised Milner 's talent and persuaded him to play for Rawdon in several tournaments , including a tournament at Rawdon Meadows , where Milner scored four goals in their victory in the final .
Milner was described as a " first class " student at his school ; he left with 11 GCSEs and an award for his performance in physical education . Milner also showed talent in cricket , sprinting and long @-@ distance running . He played for the Yorkshire Schools cricket team , was the cross @-@ country champion at his school for three consecutive years and was the district champion over 100 metres for two years in a row . He then completed his studies at Boston Spa School ; at which the sports college was a partner to the football club .
Milner supported his hometown club Leeds United from a young age . His earliest memory of the team was watching them win the FA Youth Cup in 1993 . He and his
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as the last song of the encore segment of the concert shows . During the performances , she invited fans onto the stage to dance with her as confetti " filled the entire arena . "
= = Legacy = =
As of May 2014 , " Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) " has reportedly sold nearly ten million units worldwide , making it one of Shakira 's best @-@ selling songs along with " Hips Don 't Lie " . It has been proclaimed as one of the best FIFA World Cup songs of all time by publications including Billboard , BuzzFeed , Dallas Observer and The Sydney Morning Herald . With more than 1 @.@ 14 billion views on YouTube as of July 2016 , the music video of " Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) " stands as the twenty @-@ second most @-@ watched video of all time on the site . In an interview in 2014 , Shakira spoke about the importance of the song in her life as she met Spanish footballer Gerard Piqué during the filming of the video , with whom she pursued a romantic relationship and had a son , Milan Piqué Mebarak , in January 2013 .
The song returned to prominence in 2014 after a large number of Brazilian fans criticised " We Are One ( Ole Ola ) , " the official song of the 2014 FIFA World Cup , for not correctly representing the culture of the host country Brazil . Many " expressed their frustration " on Twitter using the hashtag " # VoltaWakaWaka " ( Portuguese for " ReturnWakaWaka " ) , demanding FIFA to reinstate " Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) " as the official song .
= = Track listing = =
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= Eleanor Sophia Smith =
Eleanor Sophia Smith ( 15 June 1858 – 30 June 1942 ) was an American composer and music educator . She was one of the founders of Chicago 's Hull House Music School , and headed its music department from 1893 to 1936 .
Born into a musical family , Smith taught herself to play the piano and later became a classically trained musician . Earning a teaching degree , she began publishing music compositions for children using the philosophy of Friedrich Fröbel , advocating for less memorization and drilling and more attention to intuitive appreciation of music . Studying composition and voice in Germany , she also toured the country observing choirs and their teaching techniques .
Returning to the United States in 1890 , Smith began working at the settlement house , Hull House , as a music instructor . Within three years she had co @-@ founded the Hull House Music School , a school which followed her progressive teaching ideas , cross @-@ training students in vocal music as well as instruments . Simultaneously , she worked in several institutions in the Chicago area which trained music educators .
Smith published numerous compilations of songs , including two six @-@ volume textbook series , which were widely used throughout the United States . Most of her writings were focused on children 's voices and contained short songs written with attention paid to the limited range and short attention span of children . Many of her compositions were still being used in music education programs in the latter part of the 20th century .
= = Early years and education = =
Born in Atlanta , Illinois in 1858 , Eleanor was the daughter of Willard Newton and Matilda ( Jaspersen ) Smith . She came from a musical family , as her father was a noted bass in the First Presbyterian Church Choir in Chicago between 1860 and 1871 . In an interview she gave in 1908 , Smith claimed that both sides of her family were musical , noting that a paternal great @-@ grandfather composed hymns and that her maternal line was a musical mix of Danish , French , German and Jewish ancestry . Smith taught herself to play the piano and did not begin any formal training for voice or composition until she was eighteen years old . She had very poor vision , which limited her ability to use her eyes for long periods of time . She studied at the Hershey School of Musical Art , and published her first cantata , " The Golden Asp " , while still a student there . She later graduated from Cook County Normal School , but continued to study music privately as a pupil of Frances A. Root ( voice ) and Frederick Grant Gleason ( composition ) .
= = Career = =
After completing her schooling , Smith commenced teaching at the Cook County Normal School for a few years , before moving to Germany to continue her studies . She went to Berlin in 1887 , where she studied with Moritz Moszkowski ( composition ) , Julius Hey ( voice ) and Ludwig Bussler for three years . While she was in Germany , she traveled through the country observing choirs where she could obtain permission to do so . In some instances , she was not allowed to observe or be seen , as her presence was deemed improper in groups made up of only male performers or students . While in Berlin , she and friends discussed the benefits of teaching where students were cross @-@ trained in both piano and voice , which would be advantageous to both . Such study would prevent pianists from losing the melodic focus and being overly technical and singers would gain technique rather than focusing solely on performance . As early as 1885 , she was publishing songs and collaborating with poets for lyrics , including such works as " Cradle Song " , " A Million Little Diamonds " , " Only Thine Own Mine Art " , " The Quest " and " She Kisses with her Eyes " . Smith gained a reputation as a songwriter by the early 1890s and many of her works were translated into German during this period . She also wrote hymns , though they may have remained in manuscript .
= = = Composition = = =
Smith began publishing for children in 1887 , with her first volume of children 's music entitled Songs for Little Children , Part 1 . She was a proponent and follower of the teaching philosophy of Friedrich Fröbel . Smith incorporated Fröbel 's ideas that childhood is a universal experience in which children learn by imitation , using their natural abilities . Her compositions also recognized that children learn by movement and play , but have limited attention spans . Thus , the compositions she created were usually short melodies , with limited vocal ranges , and were easy to sing . The songs were in major keys , typically C , F , and G and extended only from C1 to F2 . Most melodies were made in stepped triads and provided pauses for activity . For example , in her song " The Wind Mill " there is an eight measure rest for the children to make the motions of the turning blades .
In 1894 , after Smith returned from Germany , she published her second volume Songs for Little Children , Part 2 . As in her previous work , most of the songs were in major keys with the most common being A @-@ flat major and E @-@ flat major . Second , third , fourth and fifth intervals were typical in her voice scores with the piano accompaniment creating interest through varied rhythm patterns . In this volume , most of the compositions were Smith 's own work , though some of the pieces were adaptations of German folk songs .
Smith 's first textbook series , The Modem Music Series , in six volumes was published in 1898 by Scott , Foresman and Company , with rights later purchased by the Silver Burdette Company . It was a collaboration with Robert Foresman , another music educator who believed that children should be allowed to learn intuitively . It set forth a new movement in music instruction which rejected the traditional sight singing memorization method of training and instead relied on the " song method " . In this type of instruction , students learned the skills for reading music from a combination of interval recognition , ear training and observation of songs . The books were successful , using many of Smith 's own songs and became the basis for similar textbooks based on her ideas and works , such as the publication in 1909 by Charles H. Congdon called the Congdon Music Readers series , which incorporated 21 songs by Smith . Smith published a second textbook series , The Eleanor Smith Music Series , in 1908 , which also contained six volumes and was widely distributed in US public schools .
In 1910 , Smith published Songs of a Little Child ’ s Day , which included 66 songs of original compositions by Smith and text by Emilie Poulsson . The songs focused on a limited range to make it easy for high @-@ pitched children 's voices to sing the works and most of the songs contained sixteen bars or less . Accompaniment lines for the piano , duplicated the vocal lines , but had artistic flourishes , such as a section in the piece " The Busy Wind " , which used a repetitive pattern of sixteenth notes to imitate the sound of blowing wind . In honor of the 25th anniversary of Hull House , in 1915 , five of Smith 's compositions were published as The Hull @-@ House Songs . The themes represented social issues which were prevalent at the time including " The Land of the Noonday Night " about mining safety , the " Suffrage Song " about women 's voting , and " The Shadow Child " about child labor with words penned by poet , Harriet Monroe . As early as 1901 , she had written compositions for poems with social themes , such as the work she created for Morris Rosenfeld 's poem " Sweat Shop " . Other works Smith authored include : " Song Pictures " ; " Twelve Songs for Twelve Boys " ; " The Golden Asp " ( cantata ) ; " Wedding Music " ( No. 1 and No. 2 ) ; " Trolls ' Holiday " ( operetta ) ; and " Twelve Songs " . Her works continued to be popular into the 1980s , attesting to the quality of their composition .
= = = Teaching = = =
Smith arrived at Hull House in the autumn of 1890 and shortly after her first visit began to give voice and piano lessons to both children and adults . Initially free concerts were given on Sunday , both as a means to uplift the community and to highlight the talents of the settlement house teachers and musicians . Between November 1891 and April 1892 , there were 22 Sunday concerts held at Hull House before the music school was officially founded . Smith was one of the founders of Hull House Music School the following year , which became the first settlement music school in the United States . She invited one of her friends from Germany , Amalie Hannig , who had been teaching piano at the Klindworth Conservatory to help her with the school . Hannig taught both piano and voice at the school until 1898 . Mary Rozet Smith , one of the benefactors of Hull House provided the funding to establish the school .
In the late 1890s , Jane Addams and Smith had a disagreement over Hull House 's Sunday concerts . Smith , a classically trained musician , felt that the purpose of the events should be to present educationally challenging programs . Addams , felt that the programs should feature more popular music to promote Hull House and recruit broad audiences to experience the environment which the settlement house offered . A compromise was finally reached at the turn of the decade , with Sunday concerts featuring music which had a more popular appeal , and weekday evening programs focusing on more challenging material . The disagreement over content was serious enough to lead to Smith 's resignation in 1901 . Though Addams did not relent on the Sunday content , she was able to persuade Smith to remain .
Smith 's teaching style differed from conventional music instruction at the time in that she required instrumental students to study voice . Piano , organ and violin instruction was offered by 1907 . Organ was under the instruction of Gertrude Madeira Smith , Eleanor 's sister , and violin was taught by Charles Moerenhout of the Chicago Orchestra . Five assistants also helped the teachers . Smith felt that adding vocal training gave a level of experience that was neglected by singular focus on memorization of scales and structural drills usually prevalent for those learning instruments . She also incorporated songs from the students ' homelands as a way to intermingle their old cultures with their new lives and made effort to involve the parents in the development of the curricula . As a progressive reformer , Smith advocated that inclusive diversity was a means of building a cosmopolitan citizenry united by pursuit of music excellence . She also encouraged students to compose music from their earliest instruction and to recover songs from their cultural backgrounds .
As well as teaching music at Hull House , Smith served as the choral director . She also composed songs and arranged music specifically for her students to perform . She initiated an annual Christmas concert which also included a dramatic presentation and was eagerly anticipated by the neighborhood for its holiday pageantry . Under her direction of the music school , the Hull House Boy 's Band developed , which included immigrant boys from the neighborhood who would later become noted jazz performers . Jazz pianist Art Hodes recalled that one of the first jam sessions he ever had occurred when a young clarinetist named Benny Goodman joined the Boy 's Band . James Petrillo , who would later become the leader of the musician 's union , the American Federation of Musicians , was also a member of the group .
In addition to her work at Hull House , Smith was involved in public education . Francis Wayland Parker invited her to head the vocal music department at the Chicago Normal School in 1897 and she was asked by John Dewey to teach at the University of Chicago as the head of the Department of Music , School of Education from 1901 to 1910 . She not only trained teachers for Dewey but assisted him in developing a revised curriculum for the music education program . Smith also instructed courses at the Chicago Kindergarten College and at the Froebel Kindergarten College , both training colleges for teachers of very young children .
= = Personal life = =
Smith favored women 's suffrage , and was an Episcopalian by religion . She was a member of the Chicago Woman 's Club , Chickaming Country Club , North Side Branch Equal Suffrage League , and the Audubon Society . In 1897 , she moved into the settlement house and lived there until 1924 . At that time , she lived in the home of Mary Rozet Smith , where she remained until around 1934 . Smith returned to Hull House as a resident until she retired in 1936 , and was succeeded by her sister , Gertrude . For health reasons , at that time , Smith moved to Midland , Michigan , where she resided with a niece until her death on June 30 , 1942 in Midland . She was buried in Annapolis , Maryland .
Posthumously , Smith 's papers were donated to the University of Illinois at Chicago to preserve what Jane Addams described as " one of the most finely creative minds " which " fulfilled the highest mission of music " .
= = Selected works = =
Smith , Eleanor ; with words by Kate Starr Kellogg ( 1885 ) . Five Songs . Chicago , Illinois : W. H. Willis and company .
Smith , Eleanor ( 1887 ) . Songs for little children : pt . 1 : a collection of songs and games for kindergartens and primary schools . Springfield , Massachusetts : Milton Bradley Company .
Smith , Eleanor ( 1891 ) . A first book in vocal music . Chicago , Illinois : Scott , Foresman & Co .
Smith , Eleanor ( 1894 ) . Songs for little children : pt . 2 : a collection of songs and games for kindergartens and primary schools . Springfield , Massachusetts : Milton Bradley Company .
Smith , Eleanor ; Adam , Julia M. ( 1898 ) . The beginner 's book of vocal music . Chicago , Illinois : Scott , Foresman & Co .
Smith , Eleanor ( 1901 ) . A First Book in Vocal Music . The Modern Music Series . Book 1 . New York , New York : Silver Burdette and Company .
Smith , Eleanor ( 1901 ) . A Second Book in Vocal Music . The Modern Music Series . Book 2 . New York , New York : Silver Burdette and Company .
Smith , Eleanor ( 1901 ) . A Third Book in Vocal Music . The Modern Music Series . Book 3 . New York , New York : Silver Burdette and Company .
Smith , Eleanor ( 1905 ) . A Fourth Book in Vocal Music . The Modern Music Series . Book 4 . New York , New York : Silver Burdette and Company .
Smith , Eleanor ( 1909 ) . The Eleanor Smith Music Course Manual . New York , New York : American Book Company .
Smith , Eleanor ( 1911 ) . The Eleanor Smith Music Primer . New York , New York : American Book Company .
= Stefan Lochner =
Stefan Lochner ( the Dombild Master or Master Stefan ) ( c . 1410 – 1451 ) was a German painter working in the late " soft style " of the International Gothic . His paintings combine that era 's tendency towards long flowing lines and brilliant colours with the realism , virtuoso surface textures and innovative iconography of the early Northern Renaissance . Based in Cologne , a commercial and artistic hub of northern Europe , Lochner was one of the most important German painters before Albrecht Dürer . Extant works include single panel oil paintings , devotional polyptychs and illuminated manuscripts , which often feature fanciful and dark blue winged angels . Today some thirty @-@ seven individual panels are attributed to him with confidence .
Less is known of his life . Art historians associating the Dombild Master with the historical Stefan Lochner believe he was born in Meersburg in south @-@ west Germany around 1410 , and that he spent some of his apprenticeship in the Low Countries . Records indicate that his career developed quickly but was cut short by an early death . We know that he was commissioned around 1442 by the Cologne council to provide decorations for the visit of Emperor Frederick III , a major city occasion . Records from the following years indicate growing wealth and the purchase of a number of properties around the city . Thereafter he seems to have over @-@ extended his finances and fallen into debt . Plague hit Cologne in 1451 and there , apart from the records of creditors , mention of Stephan Lochner ends ; it is presumed he died that year , aged around 40 .
Lochner 's identity and reputation were lost until a revival of 15th century art during the early 19th century romantic period . Despite extensive historical research , attribution remains difficult ; for centuries a number of associated works were grouped and loosely attributed to the notname the Dombild Master , a name taken from the Dombild Altarpiece ( in English cathedral picture , also known as the Altarpiece of the City 's Patron Saints ) still in Cologne Cathedral . One of Dürer 's diary entries became key , 400 years later , in the 20th century establishment of Lochner 's identity . Only two attributed works are dated , and none are signed . His influence on successive generations of northern artists was substantial . Apart from the many direct copies made in the later 15th century , echoes of his panels can be seen in works by Rogier van der Weyden and Hans Memling . Lochner 's work was praised by Friedrich Schlegel and Goethe for its qualities , especially the " sweetness and grace " of his Madonnas .
= = Identity and attribution = =
There are no signed paintings by Lochner , and his identity was not established until the 19th century . J. F. Böhmer in an 1823 article identified the Dombild ( meaning " Cathedral picture " ) or Altarpiece of the City 's Patron Saints with a work mentioned in an account of a visit to Cologne in 1520 in the diary of Albrecht Dürer . The notoriously thrifty artist paid 5 silver pfennig to see an altarpiece by " Maister Steffan " some seventy years after Lochner 's death . Although Dürer fails to mention specifically which of Maister Steffan 's panels he had seen , his description matches exactly the centre panel of the Dombild Altarpiece . The altarpiece is referred to in a number of other records . It was repaired and re @-@ gilded in 1568 , and mentioned in Georg Braun 's Civitates Orbis Terrarum in 1572 .
German Gothic art underwent a revival in the early 19th century Romantic period , when the work was seen as a climax of the late Gothic period . The German philosopher and critic Friedrich Schlegel was instrumental in reviving Lochner 's reputation . He wrote lengthy tracts comparing the Dombild favourably to the work of Raphael , and believed it exceeded anything by van Eyck , Dürer or Holbein . Later , Goethe was enthusiastic , emphasising Lochner 's German " spirit and origin " ; he described the Dombild as the " axis around which the ancient Netherlandish art resolves into the new " .
Lochner 's identity remained unknown for centuries , and no other known works were associated with the Dombild altarpiece . In 1816 Ferdinand Franz Wallraf identified him as Philipp Kalf , based on a reading of a name inscribed on the cloth of a figure on the right of the centre panel . He misinterpreted markings on the stone floor pictured in Annunciation to read 1410 , which he took as the year of completion . Johann Dominicus Fiorillo discovered a 15th @-@ century record that read " in 1380 there was an excellent painter in Cologne called Wilhelm , who had no equal in his art and who depicted human beings as if they were alive " . In 1850 Johann Jakob Merlo identified " Maister Steffan " with the historical Stefan Lochner .
In 1862 , Gustav Waagen became one of the first art historians to try to place Lochner 's works in chronological order . His reasoning was based the assumption that Lochner developed from the early idealised forms usually associated with early 15th century Cologne , and later absorbed the techniques and realism of the Netherlandish painters . In this way he placed the lighter " gaiety " of Lochner 's Madonna paintings as from the beginning of his career , with the more stern and pessimistic crucifixions and doom panels at the end . Today , art historians believe the reverse to be true ; the dramatic and innovative polyptychs came first , and the single Madonnas and panels of saints are from his mid career .
Based on their similarity to the Altar of the City Patrons , art historians have attributed other paintings to Lochner , although a number have questioned whether the diary entry was authentically made by Dürer . Documentary evidence linking the paintings and miniatures with the historical Lochner has also been challenged , most notably by the art historian Michael Wolfson in 1996 . In either case , the extent of Lochner 's direct hand , as opposed to those of workshop members or followers , is debated . Some panels formerly attributed to him are now thought to date from after 1451 , the year of his death .
= = Life = =
The outline of the historical Stefan Lochner 's life has been established from a small number of records , mostly relating to commissions , payments and property transfers . There are no documents relating to his early life , a contributing factor being the loss of archival records from his supposed birthplace during the French occupation of Cologne .
The primary sources relating to Lochner 's life are a June 1442 payment by the city of Cologne in relation to Friedreich 's visit ; deeds of 27 October 1442 and 28 August 1444 outlining the transfer of ownership of the house at Roggendorp ; October 1444 deeds for the purchase of two houses in st Alban ; his 24 June 1447 registration as a citizen of Cologne ; his December 1447 election to the municipal council ; his Christmas 1450 re @-@ election to that post ; an August 1451 correspondence with the city council ; a 22 September 1451 announcement of the setting up of a plague graveyard next to his property , and finally , court records dated 7 January 1452 detailing the appropriation of his property .
= = = Early life = = =
Through threadbare clues and supposition , mostly centred around a relatively wealthy couple that perished during a plague , believed to be his parents , Lochner is thought to have come from Meersburg , near Lake Constance . Georg and Alhet Lochner were citizens and died there in 1451 . A " Stefan " is referred to as " Stefan Lochner of Constance " in two documents dated 1444 and 1448 . However , there is no archival evidence that he was there , and his style bears no trace of the art in that region . There are no further records of him or his family in the town except for a mention of Lochners ( a fairly uncommon name ) in the village of Hagnau , two kilometers from Meersburg .
However records indicate that Lochner 's talent was recognised from an early age . He may have been of Netherlandish origin or worked there for a master , possibly Robert Campin . Lochner 's work seems influenced by Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden ; elements of their styles can be detected in the structure and colourisation of Lochner 's mature works , especially in his Last Judgment , although neither is thought to be the master with whom he studied .
= = = Move to Cologne and success = = =
By the 1440s , Cologne was the largest and wealthiest city in the Holy Roman Empire . It controlled and taxed the passage of trade from Flanders to Saxony , and became a financial , religious and artistic center . The city had a long tradition of producing high quality visual art , and in the 14th century its output was considered to be equal to that of Vienna and Prague . Cologne 's artists concentrated on more personal and intimate subject matters , and the area became known for its production of small panels of " great lyrical charm and loveliness , which reflected the deep devotion of the writings of the German mystics " .
During the 1430s , painting in Cologne had become conventional and somewhat old fashioned , and still under the influence of the courtly style of the Master of Saint Veronica , active until 1420 . After his arrival Lochner , who was earlier exposed to the Netherlandish painters and already working in oils , eclipsed other artists in the city . According to the art historian Emmy Wellesz , after Lochner 's arrival " painting in Cologne became infused with a new life " , perhaps enriched by the earlier exposure to the Netherlandish artists . He became widely celebrated as the most capable and modern painter in the city , where he was known as " Maister Steffan zu Cöln " .
Lochner first appears in extant records in 1442 , nine years before he died . He moved to Cologne where he received a commission from the city council for the provision of decorations for the visit of Emperor Frederick III . Lochner was seemingly well established and although other artists were involved in preparing for the event , he was responsible for the most important arrangements . The centrepiece seems to have been the Dombild Altarpiece , described by modern art historians as " the most important commission of the fifteenth century in Cologne " . He is recorded as having been paid forty marks and ten shillings for his effort .
Lochner bought a house with his wife Lysbeth around 1442 . Nothing else is known about her and the couple apparently had no children . In 1444 he acquired two larger properties , the " zome Carbunckel " , near Saint Alban Church , and the " zome Alden Gryne " . Historians have speculated whether these acquisitions indicate a need to house a growing group of assistants due to his rising commercial success . It is likely that he lived in one house and worked in the other . The purchases may have caused a strain ; in around 1447 he seems to have encountered financial difficulties , and he was forced to remortgage the homes . Second mortgages were taken out in 1448 .
= = = Plague and death = = =
In 1447 the local painter 's guild elected Lochner as their representative municipal councilor , or Ratsherr . The appointment implies that he had lived in Cologne since at least 1437 , as only those who had been living in the city for ten years could take up the position . He had not taken up citizenship immediately , possibly to avoid paying the 12 guilder fee . He was obliged to act as Ratsherr , and on 24 June 1447 he became a burgher of Cologne . The role of municipal councilor could only be held for a one @-@ year term , with two years vacated before reoccupation . Lochner was re @-@ elected for a second term in the winter of 1450 – 51 , but died in office .
There was an outbreak of plague in 1451 , and there are no surviving records of him after Christmas of that year . On 16 August 1451 the council of Meersburg was informed by officials in Cologne that Lochner would be unable to attend to the will and estate of his parents , recently deceased . It is presumed he was by then already ill ; plague was widespread in the area . On 22 September Saint Alban parish requested permission to burn victims in the lot next to his house – there was no longer room in their cemetery . Lochner died sometime between this date and December 1451 when creditors took possession of his house . Records from 1451 do not mention Lysbeth , who was presumably already dead .
= = Style = =
Lochner worked in the late International Gothic ( schöne stil ) style , already considered dated and old @-@ fashioned by the 1440s , yet is widely regarded as innovative . He introduced a number of progressions to painting in Cologne , especially by filling his backgrounds and landscapes with specific and elaborate details , and by rendering his figures with more bulk and volume . Wellesz described his paintings as evidencing an " intensity of feeling which gives a very special and very moving quality to his work . His devotion is reflected in his figures : it charges with symbolic meaning the smallest details of his paintings ; and , in a hidden , almost magical way , it speaks from the concord of his pure and glowing colours . "
Lochner painted with oil , preparing the surface in a way typical of other North German artists ; in some works he attached canvas to the panel support underneath the usual chalk ground . This was probably done where there were to be large areas of plain gilding . Where the gold ground was to have a pattern such as a brocade , this was carved into the chalk ground before gilding , and , in some paintings , elements had moulded additions applied to raise the surface to be gilded . He employed a number of techniques when gilding , to give different effects . These included laying the leaf with water for burnished passages , and with oil or varnish
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sizing ( mordant gilding ) for the more decorative areas . His colour schemes tend to be bright and luminous , filled with varieties of red , blue and green pigments . He often employed ultramarine , then expensive and difficult to source . His figures are regularly outlined with red paint . He was innovative in his rendering of flesh tones , which he built up using lead whites to give pale complexions with almost porcelain qualities . In this he refers to an older tradition of indicating women of high nobility whose paleness was associated with a life spent indoors , " shielded from toiling in the fields , which was the lot of most " . In particular , this technique follows the Master of Veronica , although the earlier painter 's figures had an almost yellowish , ivory hue . Lochner 's Madonnas tend to be clothed in saturated blues which resonate with surrounding yellow , red and green paint . According to James Snyder , the artist " employed these four basic colors for his harmonies " , but went beyond by using more subdued and deep hues in a technique referred to as " pure color " .
Like Conrad von Soest , Lochner often applied black cross @-@ hatching on gold , usually to render metallic objects such as brooches , crowns or buckles , in imitation of goldsmiths work on precious objects such as reliquaries and chalices . He was heavily influenced by the art and process of metalwork and goldsmithing , especially in his painting of gold grounds , and it has been suggested that he may have once trained as a goldsmith . Evidence of his imitation of elements of their craft is apparent even in his underdrawings . Notable and elaborate painted examples include the tooled gold border of the angelic concert in his Last Judgement , and Gabriel 's clasp on the outer wing of the Dombild altarpiece .
Lochner seems to have prepared on paper before approaching his underdrawings ; there is little evidence of reworking , even when positioning large groups of figures . Infrared reflectography of the underdrawings for the Last Judgment panels show letters used to denote the final colour to be applied , for example g for gelb ( yellow ) or w for weiss ( white ) , and there are few deviations in the finished work . He often rearranged drapery fold lines or to denote perspective , enlarged or diminished the size of figures . The underdrawings reveal a draughtsman of skill , dynamism and confidence ; the figures appear fully formed with little evidence of reworking . Many are extremely detailed and precisely modelled , for example St Ursula 's brooch in the Altarpiece of the City Patron Saints , which contains closely detailed garlands and diadems .
Perhaps influenced by van Eyck 's Madonna in the Church , Lochner closely detailed the fall and gradient of light . According to the art historian Brigitte Corley , the clothes of " protagonists change their hues in delicate reaction to the influx of light , reds being transformed through a symphony of pink tonalities to a dusty greyish white , greens to a warm pale yellow , and lemon shading through oranges to a saturated red " . Lochner employed the notion of supernatural illumination not just from van Eyck , but also from von Soest 's Crucifixion , where light emanating from Christ dissolves around John 's red robe , as yellows rays eventually become white . There is a real possibility that a number of the faces of saints are modelled on historical persons , i.e. as donor portraits of the commissioners and their wives . Figures fitting this theory include St Ursula and St Gereon panels from the City Saints altarpiece .
Unlike the painters in the Low Countries , Lochner was not so concerned with delineating perspective ; his pictures are often set in shallow space , while his backgrounds give little indication of distance and often dissolve into solid gold . Thus , and given his harmonious colour schemes , Lochner is usually described as one of the last exponents of the International Gothic . This is not to say his paintings lack contemporary northern sophistication ; his arrangements are often innovative . The worlds he paints are hushed , according to Snyder , achieved with the symmetry of subdued use of colour and the often repeated stylistic element of circles . Angels form circles around the heavenly figures ; the heavenly figures ' heads are highly circular and they wear round haloes . According to Snyder , the viewer is slowly " drawn into empathy with the revolving forms " .
Because of the paucity of surviving attributed works , it is difficult to detect any evolution in Lochner 's style . Art historians are unsure if his style became progressively more or less influenced by Netherlandish art . Recent dendrochronological examination of attributed works indicate that his development was not linear , suggesting that the more advanced Presentation in the Temple is of 1445 , predating the more Gothic Saints panels now divided between London and Cologne .
= = Work = =
= = = Panel paintings = = =
Lochner 's major works include three large polyptychs : the Dombild Altarpiece ; the Last Judgement , which is broken apart and in several collections ; and Nuremberg 's Crucifixion . Only two attributed paintings are dated ; the 1445 Nativity now in the Alte Pinakothek , Munich , and the Presentation in the Temple from 1447 , now in Darmstadt . There is a smaller , earlier version of the presentation scene at the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation , Lisbon , dated 1445 . As secular works grew in demand and religious works became unfashionable in later centuries , 15th @-@ century polyptychs were often broken up and sold as individual works , especially if a panel or section contained an image that could pass as a secular portrait .
Wing panels and other fragments of Lochner 's larger works are today spread across various museums and collections . Two surviving double @-@ sided wing panels from an altarpiece with images of saints are in the London 's National Gallery and the Wallraf @-@ Richartz Museum , Cologne ( this now sawn through so both sides can be displayed on a wall ) . The wings of the Last Judgement originally had six parts , painted on both sides , but have been sawn into twelve individual pictures , now divided between the Wallraf @-@ Richartz Museum , the Alte Pinakothek in Munich and the Städel Museum in Frankfurt . It is probably from early in his career , but in subject matter and background differs from other extant and attributed works . While the elements are arranged in typical harmony , the composition and tone are unusually dark and dramatic . The Crucifixion is also an early work and reminiscent of late medieval painting . It has a heavily ornamented gilded background and the smooth flowing quality of the ' soft ' Gothic style .
The extant works repeatedly address the same scenes and themes . The nativity is recurrent , while several panels depict the Virgin and Child , often surrounded by a chorus of angels , or in earlier panels , blessed by a hovering representation of God or a dove ( representing the Holy Ghost ) . In many instances Mary is enclosed in her usual enclosed garden . Several reveal the work of a number of hands , with weaker and less confident passages attributed to workshop members . The figures of Mary and Gabriel on the reverse of the Dombild were drawn more rapidly and with less skill than the figures on the main panels , and their drapery is modelled with , according to the art historian Julien Chapuis , a certain " stiffness " , while the cross hatching " achieves no clear definition of relief " . A number of drawings have been associated with him , but only one , a c.1450 brush and ink on paper entitled Virgin and Child and now in the Musee du Louvre , is attributed with confidence .
= = = Illuminated manuscripts = = =
Lochner is associated with three surviving books of hours ; in Darmstadt , Berlin and Anholt . The extent of his association in each is debated ; workshop members were probably heavily involved in their production . The most famous is the early 1450s Prayer book of Stephan Lochner now at Darmstadt ; the others are the Berlin Book of Prayers of c . 1444 , and the Anholt Prayerbook , completed in the 1450s . The manuscripts are very small ( Berlin : 9 @.@ 3 cm x 7 cm , Darmstadt : 10 @.@ 7 cm x 8 cm , Anholt : 9 cm x 8 cm ) and similar in layout and colourisation and are each extensively decorated in gold and blue . The borders are ornamented in bright colours and contain acanthus scrolls , gold foliage , flowers , berry @-@ like fruits and round pods . The Darmstadt book includes a complete cycle of the Martyrdom of the Apostles . Its illustrations contain Lochner 's characteristic application of deep blue , reminiscent of his Virgin in the Rose Garden .
The art historian Ingo Walther detects Lochner 's hand in the " pious intimacy and soulfulness of the figures , always expressed so gently and elegantly , even in the extremely small format of the pictures " . Chapuis agrees with the attribution , noting how many of the miniatures share thematic similarities to attributed panels . He writes that the illustrations " are not a peripheral phenomenon . On the contrary , they address several of the concerns articulated in Lochner 's paintings and formulate them anew . There is little doubt that these exquisite images stem from the same mind . " The text of the Darmstadt book is written in Cologne vernacular , the Berlin book in Latin .
= = = Other formats = = =
There are extant liturgical vestments containing embroidered figures , including that of St. Barbara , in Lochner 's style and with similar facial types . This has led to some speculation whether Lochner provided the models . In addition a number of contemporary stained glass panels are similar in style , and there has been debate whether he might have been responsible for church murals ; the over @-@ life size figures of the Dombild and Virgin with the Violet indicate his ability to work on a monumental scale .
Two drawings on paper in the British Museum and the École nationale supérieure des Beaux @-@ Arts were at times thought to be studies for the Munich Nativity . The lines of the folds in the garments closely match those of the painting , although the technical ability does not . The Paris drawing has blotches of paint indicating that it was a study piece for workshop members . The London piece is superior , but its lines are more rigid , lacking Lochner 's fluidity , and so its attribution has been relegated to a draughtsman closely associated with Lochner .
= = Influences = =
Lochner 's art seems indebted to two broad sources ; Netherlandish artists van Eyck and Robert Campin , and the earlier German masters Conrad von Soest and the Master of Saint Veronica . From the former Lochner drew his realism in depicting naturalistic backgrounds , objects and clothes . From the latter he adopted the somewhat antiquated manner of depicting figures , especially females , with doll @-@ like , eloquent and sensitive features , to present " iconic , almost timeless " atmospheres , enhanced by the then old @-@ fashioned gold backgrounds . Lochner 's figures have idealised facial features typical of medieval portraiture . His subjects , females in particular , usually have the high foreheads , long noses , small rounded chins , tucked blond curls and prominent ears typical of the late Gothic , giving them the characteristic monumentality of 13th @-@ century art , placing them on seemingly similar shallow backgrounds .
Lochner probably saw van Eyck 's c . 1432 Ghent Altarpiece during his visit to the Netherlands and seems to have borrowed a number of its compositional elements . The similarities include the manner in which the figures engage with their space and the emphasis on and rendering of elements such as brocades , gems and metals . Some figures in Lochner 's paintings are directly borrowed from Ghent , and a number of facial features match those seen in van Eyck . His Virgin with the Violet has often been compared to van Eyck 's 1439 Virgin at the Fountain . Similarly to those in van Eyck 's work , Lochner 's angels often sing or play musical instruments , including lutes and organs .
He seemingly rejected some aspects of van Eyckian realism , notably in his depictions of shadows , and his unwillingness to apply transparent glazes . As a colourist , Lochner was more inclined towards the International Gothic style , even if this inhibited realism . He did not utilise the newly developed Netherlandish techniques of representing perspective , but rather indicated distance through the diminution of parallel objects .
= = Legacy = =
The historical evidence suggests that Lochner 's paintings were well known and widely copied during his lifetime , and remained so until the 16th century . Early examples in ink after his Virgin in Adoration are in the British Museum and École nationale supérieure des Beaux @-@ Arts . The influence of Lochner 's Last Judgement can be seen in Hans Memling 's Gdansk altarpiece , where the gates of Heaven are similar , as is the rendering of the blessed . Albrecht Dürer knew of him before his stay in Cologne , and Van der Weyden saw his paintings during his travel to Italy . The latter 's Altar of Saint John is similar to Lochner 's Flaying of Bartholomew , especially in the executioner 's pose , while his Saint Columba altarpiece includes two motifs from Lochner 's Adoration of the Magi triptych ; specifically , the king in the central panel with his back to the viewer , and the girl in the right hand wing holding a basket containing doves .
The Heisterbach Altarpiece , a dismantled double set of wings now broken apart and divided between Bamberg and Cologne , is heavily indebted to Lochner 's style . The inner panels show sixteen scenes from the lives of Christ and the Virgin that bear multiple similarities to Lochner 's work , including in format , compositional motifs , physiognomy and colourisation . The work was for a period attributed to Lochner , but is now generally accepted as bearing his strong influence . In 1954 Alfred Stange described the Master of the Heisterbach Altarpiece as Lochner 's " best @-@ known and most important pupil and follower " , although research in 2014 indicates that the two may have collaborated on the panels .
Research in 2014 by
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ators . In the midst of the conflict , Athrun learns that Kira survived and searches for him under orders to recover Gundam Freedom , and is given an equally powerful prototype Gundam Justice . However , after learning of Patrick Zala 's , Athrun 's father and the radical militant faction leader of the PLANT Supreme Council , plan to commit genocide Athrun deserts him and joins the Three Ships Alliance . In a final battle , the Earth Forces deploys nuclear weapons equipped Neutron Jammer Canceler technology copied from stolen data on the Freedom and Justice Gundams power systems . The Earth Forces intend to destroy the PLANT space colonies but are stopped by ZAFT 's GENESIS , a super weapon microwave laser designed to commit genocide on the Naturals . The Three Ship Alliance intervenes to defeat the GENESIS ending the battle . The war ultimately ends as a peace treaty is signed .
= = Development = =
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED was directed by Mitsuo Fukuda ( Future GPX Cyber Formula and Gear Fighter Dendoh ) with music by Toshihiko Sahashi . The series was first announced in June 2002 , while a trailer was available in September on the series ' official website . A total of eight writers were in charge of the series . The characters were designed by Hisashi Hirai , while the mechanical designs were made by Kunio Okawara and Kimitoshi Yamane . Mobile Suit Gundam planning manager Koichi Inoue stated that the staff making Gundam SEED was a new and young team that would continue working with following Gundam series . Inoue , however , would work with anime based on the original Gundam series . Fukuda stated that Gundam SEED was initially told from Kira 's point of view , but deeper into the series the point of view would shift to other characters . His main focus with the series was to entertain the audience , pointing out that the drama would develop through the series in a similar vein to previous Gundam series . The first part worked on was the plot followed by action sequences , stating that the human characters were more important than the combat sequences . In retrospect , Fukuda said that Kira 's wish to fight was forced upon him stemming from his desire to protect his friends . Moreover , he considered these actions as being based on Japanese thoughts .
= = Media = =
= = = Anime = = =
The series premiered in Japan on the terrestrial Tokyo Broadcasting System and Mainichi Broadcasting System networks , where it occupied the Saturday 6 pm timeslot , replacing Ultraman Cosmos . Mobile Suit Gundam SEED aired between October 5 , 2002 , and September 27 , 2003 . Each episode was streamed on the Internet the day after broadcast , for users subscribing to Nippon Telegraph and Telephone services , in Windows Media or Real format . The series was sold in Japan as thirteen DVD volumes released from March 28 , 2003 to March 26 , 2004 . On March 26 , 2004 , a five @-@ minute epilogue called After Phase : In the Valley of Stars was released on the thirteenth and final DVD of the Japanese release . A DVD box set of the series was released on February 23 , 2010 . A fifty @-@ episode sequel titled Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny aired in Japan from October 9 , 2004 to October 1 , 2005 , airing on the same stations as Gundam SEED . Gundam SEED Destiny takes place two years after the original series and follows Shinn Asuka , focusing mainly on his involvement in the new war .
A HD remaster edition of the series was confirmed in August 2011 although Mitsuo Fukuda stated it was leaked information and that the official information would come in few following days . In November 2011 , Bandai announced the release of the series in four Blu @-@ ray compilations between March and the December of 2012 . The HD version was first streamed on the Bandai Channel website in December 2011 and aired in Japan between January and November 2012 .
Bandai Entertainment licensed the animation of Gundam SEED on February 15 , 2004 , and it began airing in the United States and Canada in 2004 and 2005 respectively . The English adaptation was produced in association with The Ocean Group and the English @-@ language dub was recorded at Ocean Studios in Vancouver , Canada . The series was released on ten DVDs in bilingual format between August 10 , 2004 , and May 10 , 2005 . The epilogue was not released on the North American DVD release because it was not licensed to Bandai Entertainment by Sunrise ; however , it was released on the final European DVD release . Beez Entertainment also published the series in ten DVDs from June 13 , 2005 to March 6 , 2006 . A two part box set called the " Anime Legends Edition " was released on January 8 , 2008 , and March 4 , 2008 , with each set containing five DVDs .
On October 11 , 2014 at their 2014 New York Comic @-@ Con panel , Sunrise announced they will be re @-@ releasing all of the Gundam franchise , including Gundam SEED in North America though distribution from Right Stuf Inc . , beginning in Spring 2015 .
= = = Films = = =
A three @-@ part film compilation of the television series has been released as Mobile Suit Gundam SEED : Special Edition . Each compilation film is 90 minutes long and retells the story of Gundam SEED , with additional and altered scenes from the TV series . Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny followed the same formula in four compilation movies as Gundam SEED Destiny : Special Edition . They were released from August 27 to October 22 during 2004 in DVD format . The three films were released alongside the four films from Gundam SEED Destiny on February 25 , 2010 . Gundam SEED : Special Edition has been licensed for North America by Bandai Entertainment and was released on DVDs in English , between July 11 , 2005 , and November 22 , 2005 . A DVD box of the three films was released by Bandai on November 26 , 2008 under the title of " Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Complete Feature Collection " .
= = = Soundtracks = = =
The music from the series is composed by Toshihiko Sahashi with CDs published by Victor Entertainment . Notable artists who sang opening and ending themes for the series include Nami Tamaki , who was fourteen years old when the third opening theme was used , and T.M. Revolution , who also provided the voice for the character , Miguel Aiman . Four original soundtracks were released between December 4 , 2002 and December 16 , 2004 . They include background music , insert themes as well as some opening and ending themes . Symphony SEED -Symphonic Suit Mobile Suit Gundam SEED- is a collaboration album between Mobile Suit Gundam SEED music and the London Symphony Orchestra released on May 8 , 2004 containing a total of ten tracks . A compilation DVD , featuring four music videos from Mobile Suit Gundam SEED and Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny , was released on May 24 , 2006 under the title Mobile Suit Gundam SEED & SEED DESTINY Clipping 4 Songs . Five character CDs with themes performed by the Japanese voice actors were released between March 21 , 2003 and July 23 , 2003 . Two compilation albums have also been released : Mobile Suit Gundam SEED COMPLETE BEST was released on November 22 , 2006 , featuring thirteen tracks . Mobile Suit Gundam SEED ~ SEED DESTINY BEST " THE BRIDGE " Across the Songs from GUNDAM SEED & SEED DESTINY is a two @-@ CD compilation of ending themes , insert and character songs from Gundam SEED and Gundam SEED Destiny . All the songs from Gundam SEED and Gundam SEED Destiny by T.M.Revolution were collected in a CD titled X42S @-@ REVOLUTION , released on March 24 , 2010 . The limited edition version includes a DVD with music videos from the anime series . Two other CD singles were released during 2012 featuring the new theme songs from the HD rerelease of Gundam SEED .
= = = Manga = = =
A manga series was written by Masatsugu Iwase based on the events from the anime series . It was published in five tankōbon volumes from March 20 , 2003 to January 21 , 2005 by Kodansha . The English version was published in North America by Del Rey Manga who licensed it in January 2004 as one of their first titles , and released between April 27 , 2004 and August 30 , 2005 . Another spin @-@ off series is Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Astray , written by Tomohiro Chiba and illustrated by Kōichi Tokita , which focused on the three MBF @-@ P0x mobile suit prototypes and their respective pilots and organizations . It was published in three tankōbon volumes from April 28 , 2003 to February 26 , 2004 by Kadokawa Shoten . The English release was announced by Tokyopop in December 2003 . The volumes were released between May 11 , 2004 and November 9 , 2004 . A one @-@ volume manga titled Mobile Suit Gundam SEED featuring SUIT CD ( 機動戦士ガンダムSEED featuring SUIT CD ) was written by Yasushi Yamaguchi and released on January 22 , 2005 by Kadokawa . In 2012 , Kadokawa released a new manga series titled Mobile Suit Gundam SEED : Re by Juu Ishiguchi . The manga retells the events from the television series . It is currently collected into 3 Tankobon Volumes by Kadokawa Shoten .
Two more side stories titled Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Astray R and Mobile Suit Gundam SEED X Astray were created . Toda Yasunari replaced Tokita as the illustrator in the former , while Tokita reprised his role in the latter . Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Astray R follows the adventures of the Red Frame 's pilot Lowe and his Junk Guild associates and interlocks with the events of the original Astray @-@ series . It spanned four volumes published from March 20 , 2003 to August 26 , 2004 . The English volumes published by TokyoPop were released from February 8 , 2005 to November 8 , 2005 . Gundam SEED X Astray is about Canard Pars , who is a failed experiment from the Ultimate Coordinator program . Canard is searching for Kira Yamato , the successful Ultimate Coordinator , so that he can defeat him and prove he was not a " failure " . Two volumes were published for the series in May and October , 2005 . TokyoPop published its two volumes on October 31 , 2006 and February 27 , 2007 . There was a " photo novel " side story titled Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Astray B which was illustrated by Toda Yasunari . A single volume from the series was published on August 31 , 2005 and follows Gai Murakumo and his fellow Serpent Tail mercenaries .
There is yonkoma series titled Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Club Yonkoma that parodies the events from both Gundam SEED and Gundam SEED Destiny . The comics were a joint venture between Sunrise 's official Gundam SEED fan club and Newtype Japanese magazine . Kadokawa Shoten released the first publications of the yonkoma on August 8 , 2005 .
= = = Light novels = = =
A light novel adaptation of the TV series was authored by Riu Goto . It was originally a supplement of Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko with illustrations by Ogasawara Tomofumi . The stories were eventually published in five volumes by Kadokawa Shoten with the first one in March 2003 and the fifth in January 2004 . Tokyopop released the first three light novels in North America from October 11 , 2005 to May 9 , 2006 . Two light novels volumes from Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Astray spin @-@ off series were also authored by Tomohiro Chiba and published by Kadokawa on September 1 , 2003 and July 1 , 2004 .
= = = Video games = = =
Video games have been released based on the anime series : Gundam Seed : Federation vs. Z.A.F.T. II for arcades , Mobile Suit Gundam Seed : Tomo to Kimi to Senjou de ( 機動戦士ガンダムSEED : 友と君と戦場で , lit . " Friends and Foes on the Battelfield " ) and Gundam Seed : Battle Assault for the Game Boy Advance , Gundam Seed : Federation vs. Z.A.F.T. , Mobile Suit Gundam Seed , Mobile Suit Gundam Seed : Never Ending Tomorrow , Mobile Suit Gundam Seed Destiny : Generation of CE , and Gundam Seed : Federation vs. Z.A.F.T. 2 Plus for PlayStation 2 , A PlayStation Portable game was also released under the title of Gundam Seed : Federation vs. Z.A.F.T. Portable as well as a mobile phone game , Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Phase @-@ Act Delivery . Artdink developed the first PlayStation Vita Gundam game , Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Battle Destiny ( 機動戦士ガンダムSEED BATTLE DESTINY ) . Released on June 7 , 2012 , the game covers events from both Gundam SEED and Gundam SEED Destiny .
Characters from Gundam SEED have been featured in Gundam crossover games . These include Mobile Suit Gundam : Gundam vs. Gundam Next , the SD Gundam G series and a few games from the Gundam Battle Assault series , Dynasty Warriors : Gundam 2 , and Dynasty Warriors : Gundam 3 . Other crossover games featuring them are games from the Super Robot Wars series as well as Another Century 's Episode 3 and Another Century 's Episode : R.
= = = Other merchandise = = =
Guidebooks have been released for Gundam SEED such as Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Ultimate Super Encyclopedia ( 決定版 機動戦士ガンダムSEED超百科 ) on July 10 , 2003 . Two official guidebooks were released in Japan on July 18 , 2003 by Kadokawa Shoten : Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Photos Freedom Kira ( 機動戦士ガンダムSEED写真集 FREEDOMキラ ) and Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Photos Justice Athrun ( 機動戦士ガンダムSEED写真集 JUSTICEアスラン ) focus on Kira Yamato and Athrun Zala respectively . In the same year , a series of guidebooks with the label of " Official File " were released in Japan . A guidebook titled Mobile Suit Gundam SEED – All Characters Analysis ( 僕たちの好きなガンダムSEED 全キャラクター徹底解析編 ) was published on April 19 , 2004 , featuring an extensive analysis on the storyline and characters . A more detailed guidebook , Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Perfect Archive Series ( 僕たちの好きなガンダムSEED PERFECT ARCHIVE SERIES ) , featuring articles on the characters , technology and universe was published in March 2006 . An artbook titled Mobile Suit Gundam SEED RGB Illustrations ( 機動戦士ガンダムSEED RGB ILLUSTRATIONS ) was released on July 26 , 2004 .
= = Reception = =
The show has become one of the most popular of the Gundam series in Japan , enjoying high television ratings and DVD sales . In April 2004 , Bandai Visual announced that one million copies of the Gundam SEED DVD had been sold in Japan , with the first volume having sold over 100 @,@ 000 copies . CDs sales have also been high with the single CD from the series ' first ending theme becoming one of the top @-@ selling CDs in Japan during 2002 . By July 2004 , 10 million plastic Gundam SEED models had been sold worldwide . In the same month , Jerry Chu , marketing manager for Bandai Entertainment Inc . , stated the response to Gundam SEED has been highly positive , having broken rating records when it first aired in Japan . Chu added that reaction in the United States was the most enthusiastic Bandai received in the last six years . According to the analyst John Oppliger of AnimeNation Gundam SEED became the first Gundam series which was widely successful not only among " Gundam fans and hardcore otaku " but also among " mainstream , casual Japanese viewers " . Gundam SEED was the eighth TV Feature Award winner at the Animation Kobe Awards in 2003 . It was the third winner at the Japanese Otaku Awards in 2003 . It won Animage
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attempt to secure the American copyright , and was another big success with both critics and audiences . Gilbert , Sullivan and Carte tried for many years to control the American performance copyrights over their operas , without success . Nevertheless , Pirates was a hit both in New York , again spawning numerous imitators , and then in London , and it became one of the most frequently performed , translated and parodied Gilbert and Sullivan works , also enjoying successful 1981 Broadway and 1982 West End revivals by Joseph Papp that continue to influence productions of the opera .
In 1880 , Sullivan wrote the cantata The Martyr of Antioch , presented at the Leeds Triennial Music Festival , with a libretto modified by Gilbert from an 1822 epic poem by Henry Hart Milman concerning the martyrdom of St. Margaret of Antioch in the 3rd century . Sullivan became the conductor of the Leeds festival beginning in 1880 and conducted the performance . It could be said that Martyr was the 15th opera of the partnership , since the Carl Rosa Opera Company presented the work as an opera in 1898 .
= = = Savoy Theatre opens = = =
= = = = Patience = = = =
Patience ( 1881 ) satirised the aesthetic movement in general and its colourful poets , in particular , combining aspects of Algernon Charles Swinburne , Dante Gabriel Rossetti , Oscar Wilde , James McNeill Whistler and others in the rival poets Bunthorne and Grosvenor . Grossmith , who created the role of Bunthorne , based his makeup , wig and costume on Swinburne and especially Whistler , as seen in the adjacent photo . The work also lampoons male vanity and chauvinism in the military . The story concerns two rival " aesthetic " poets , who attract the attention of the young ladies of the village , who had been engaged to the members of a cavalry regiment . But both poets are in love with Patience , the village milkmaid , who detests one of them and feels that it is her duty to avoid the other despite her love for him . Richard D 'Oyly Carte was the booking manager for Oscar Wilde , a then lesser @-@ known proponent of aestheticism , and dispatched Wilde on an American lecture tour in conjunction with the opera 's U.S. run , so that American audiences might better understand what the satire was all about .
During the run of Patience , Carte built the large , modern Savoy Theatre , which became the partnership 's permanent home . It was the first theatre ( indeed the world 's first public building ) to be lit entirely by electric lighting . Patience moved into the Savoy after six months at the Opera Comique and ran for a total of 578 performances , surpassing the run of H.M.S. Pinafore and becoming the second longest @-@ running work of musical theatre up to that time in history .
= = = = Iolanthe = = = =
Iolanthe ( 1882 ) was the first of the operas to open at the Savoy . The fully electric Savoy made possible numerous special effects , such as sparkling magic wands for the female chorus of fairies . The opera poked fun at English law and the House of Lords and made much of the war between the sexes . The critics felt that Sullivan 's work in Iolanthe had taken a step forward . The Daily Telegraph wrote , " The composer has risen to his opportunity , and we are disposed to account Iolanthe his best effort in all the Gilbertian series . " Similarly , the Theatre asserted that " the music of Iolanthe is Dr Sullivan 's chef d 'oeuvre . The quality throughout is more even , and maintained at a higher standard , than in any of his earlier works ... "
Iolanthe is one of a number of Gilbert 's works , including The Wicked World ( 1873 ) , Broken Hearts ( 1875 ) , Princess Ida ( 1884 ) and Fallen Fairies ( 1909 ) , where the introduction of men and " mortal love " into a tranquil world of women wreaks havoc with the status quo . Gilbert had created several " fairy comedies " at the Haymarket Theatre in the early 1870s . These plays , influenced by the fairy work of James Planché , are founded upon the idea of self @-@ revelation by characters under the influence of some magic or some supernatural interference .
In 1882 , Gilbert had a telephone installed in his home and at the prompt desk at the Savoy Theatre so that he could monitor performances and rehearsals from his home study . Gilbert had referred to the new technology in Pinafore in 1878 , only two years after the device was invented and before London even had telephone service . Sullivan had one installed as well , and on 13 May 1883 , at a party to celebrate the composer 's 41st birthday , the guests , including the Prince of Wales ( later Edward VII ) , heard a direct relay of parts of Iolanthe from the Savoy . This was probably the first live " broadcast " of an opera .
During the run of Iolanthe , in 1883 , Sullivan was knighted by Queen Victoria . Although it was the operas with Gilbert that had earned him the broadest fame , the honour was conferred for his services to serious music . The musical establishment , and many critics , believed that this should put an end to his career as a composer of comic opera — that a musical knight should not stoop below oratorio or grand opera . Sullivan , despite the financial security of writing for the Savoy , increasingly viewed his work with Gilbert as unimportant , beneath his skills , and repetitious . Furthermore , he was unhappy that he had to simplify his music to ensure that Gilbert 's words could be heard . But paradoxically , in February 1883 , just after Iolanthe opened , Sullivan had signed a five @-@ year agreement with Gilbert and Carte requiring him to produce a new comic opera on six months ' notice .
= = = = Princess Ida = = = =
Princess Ida ( 1884 ) spoofed women 's education and male chauvinism and continued the theme from Iolanthe of the war between the sexes . The opera is based on Tennyson 's poem The Princess : A Medley . Gilbert had written a blank verse farce based on the same material in 1870 , called The Princess , and he reused a good deal of the dialogue from his earlier play in the libretto of Princess Ida . Ida is the only Gilbert and Sullivan work with dialogue entirely in blank verse and is also the only one of their works in three acts . Lillian Russell had been engaged to create the title role , but Gilbert did not believe that she was dedicated enough , and when she missed a rehearsal , he dismissed her .
Princess Ida was the first of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas that , by the partnership 's previous standards , was not a success . A particularly hot summer in London did not help ticket sales . The piece ran for a comparatively short 246 performances and was not revived in London until 1919 . Sullivan had been satisfied with the libretto , but two months after Ida opened , Sullivan told Carte that " it is impossible for me to do another piece of the character of those already written by Gilbert and myself . " As Princess Ida showed signs of flagging , Carte realised that , for the first time in the partnership 's history , no new opera would be ready when the old one closed . On 22 March 1884 , he gave Gilbert and Sullivan contractual notice that a new opera would be required in six months ' time . In the meantime , when Ida closed , Carte produced a revival of The Sorcerer .
= = = Dodging the magic lozenge = = =
= = = = The Mikado = = = =
The most successful of the Savoy Operas was The Mikado ( 1885 ) , which made fun of English bureaucracy , thinly disguised by a Japanese setting . Gilbert initially proposed a story for a new opera about a magic lozenge that would change the characters , which Sullivan found artificial and lacking in " human interest and probability " , as well as being too similar to their earlier opera , The Sorcerer . As dramatised in the film Topsy @-@ Turvy , the author and composer were at an impasse until 8 May 1884 , when Gilbert dropped the lozenge idea and agreed to provide a libretto without any supernatural elements .
The story focuses on a " cheap tailor , " Ko @-@ Ko , who is promoted to the position of Lord High Executioner of the town of Titipu . Ko @-@ Ko loves his ward , Yum @-@ Yum , but she loves a musician , who is really the son of the emperor of Japan ( the Mikado ) , and who is in disguise to escape the attentions of the elderly and amorous Katisha . The Mikado has decreed that executions must resume without delay in Titipu . When news arrives that the Mikado will be visiting the town , Ko @-@ Ko assumes that he is coming to ascertain whether Ko @-@ Ko has carried out the executions . Too timid to execute anyone , Ko @-@ Ko cooks up a conspiracy to misdirect the Mikado , which goes awry . Eventually , Ko @-@ Ko must persuade Katisha to marry him , in order to save his own life and the lives of the other conspirators .
With the opening of trade between England and Japan , Japanese imports , art and styles became fashionable in London , making the time ripe for an opera set in Japan . Gilbert said , " I cannot give you a good reason for our ... piece being laid in Japan . It ... afforded scope for picturesque treatment , scenery and costume , and I think that the idea of a chief magistrate , who is ... judge and actual executioner in one , and yet would not hurt a worm , may perhaps please the public . "
Setting the opera in Japan , an exotic locale far away from Britain , allowed Gilbert and Sullivan to satirise British politics and institutions more freely by clothing them in superficial Japanese trappings . Gilbert wrote , " The Mikado of the opera was an imaginary monarch of a remote period and cannot by any exercise of ingenuity be taken to be a slap on an existing institution . " G. K. Chesterton compared it to Jonathan Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels : " Gilbert pursued and persecuted the evils of modern England till they had literally not a leg to stand on , exactly as Swift did ... I doubt if there is a single joke in the whole play that fits the Japanese . But all the jokes in the play fit the English . ... About England Pooh @-@ bah is something more than a satire ; he is the truth . " Several of the later operas are similarly set in foreign or fictional locales , including The Gondoliers , Utopia Limited , and The Grand Duke .
The Mikado became the partnership 's longest @-@ running hit , enjoying 672 performances at the Savoy Theatre , which was the second longest run for any work of musical theatre ( surpassing the 571 performances of Pinafore and 576 of Patience ) and one of the longest runs of any theatre piece up to that time . The Mikado remains the most frequently performed Savoy Opera . It has been translated into numerous languages and is one of the most frequently played musical theatre pieces in history .
= = = = Ruddigore = = = =
Ruddigore ( 1887 ) , a topsy @-@ turvy take on Victorian melodrama , was less successful than most of the earlier collaborations with a run of 288 performances . The original title , Ruddygore , together with some of the plot devices , including the revivification of ghosts , drew negative comments from critics . Gilbert and Sullivan respelled the title and made a number of changes and cuts . Nevertheless , the piece was profitable , and the reviews were not all bad . For instance , the Illustrated London News praised the work and both Gilbert and , especially , Sullivan : " Sir Arthur Sullivan has eminently succeeded alike in the expression of refined sentiment and comic humour . In the former respect , the charm of graceful melody prevails ; while , in the latter , the music of the most grotesque situations is redolent of fun . " Further changes were made , including a new overture , when Rupert D 'Oyly Carte revived Ruddigore after the First World War , and the piece was regularly performed by the D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company thereafter .
Some of the plot elements of Ruddigore were introduced by Gilbert in his earlier one @-@ act opera , Ages Ago ( 1869 ) , including the tale of the wicked ancestor and the device of the ghostly ancestors stepping out of their portraits . When Ruddigore closed , no new opera was ready . Gilbert again proposed a version of the " lozenge " plot for their next opera , and Sullivan reiterated his desire to leave the partnership . While the two men worked out their artistic differences , Carte produced revivals of such old favourites as H.M.S. Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance , and The Mikado .
= = = = The Yeomen of the Guard = = = =
The Yeomen of the Guard ( 1888 ) , their only joint work with a serious ending , concerns a pair of strolling players — a jester and a singing girl — who are caught up in a risky intrigue at the Tower of London during the 16th century . The dialogue , though in prose , is quasi @-@ early modern English in style , and there is no satire of British institutions . For some of the plot elements , Gilbert had reached back to his 1875 tragedy , Broken Hearts . The Times praised the libretto : " It should ... be acknowledged that Mr. Gilbert has earnestly endeavoured to leave familiar grooves and rise to higher things . " Although not a grand opera , the new libretto provided Sullivan with the opportunity to write his most ambitious score to date . The critics , who had recently lauded the composer for his successful oratorio , The Golden Legend , considered the score to Yeomen to be Sullivan 's finest , including its overture , which was written in sonata form , rather than as a sequential pot @-@ pourri of tunes from the opera , as in most of his other overtures . The Daily Telegraph wrote :
The accompaniments ... are delightful to hear , and especially does the treatment of the woodwind compel admiring attention . Schubert himself could hardly have handled those instruments more deftly , written for them more lovingly ... We place the songs and choruses in The Yeomen of the Guard before all his previous efforts of this particular kind . Thus the music follows the book to a higher plane , and we have a genuine English opera ...
Yeomen was a hit , running for over a year , with strong New York and touring productions . During the run , on 12 March 1889 , Sullivan wrote to Gilbert ,
I have lost the liking for writing comic opera , and entertain very grave doubts as to my power of doing it ... You say that in a serious opera , you must more or less sacrifice yourself . I say that this is just what I have been doing in all our joint pieces , and , what is more , must continue to do in comic opera to make it successful .
Sullivan insisted that the next opera must be a grand opera . Gilbert did not feel that he could write a grand opera libretto , but he offered a compromise that Sullivan ultimately accepted . The two would write a light opera for the Savoy , and at the same time , Sullivan a grand opera ( Ivanhoe ) for a new theatre that Carte was constructing to present British grand opera . After a brief impasse over the choice of subject , Sullivan accepted an idea connected with Venice and Venetian life , as " this seemed to me to hold out great chances of bright colour and taking music . "
= = = = The Gondoliers = = = =
The Gondoliers ( 1889 ) takes place partly in Venice and partly in a kingdom ruled by a pair of gondoliers who attempt to remodel the monarchy in a spirit of " republican equality . " Gilbert recapitulates a number of his earlier themes , including the satire of class distinctions figuring in many of his earlier librettos . The libretto also reflects Gilbert 's fascination with the " Stock Company Act " , highlighting the absurd convergence of natural persons and legal entities , which plays an even larger part in the next opera , Utopia Limited . Press accounts were almost entirely favourable . The Illustrated London News reported :
... Gilbert has returned to the Gilbert of the past , and everyone is delighted . He is himself again . The Gilbert of the Bab Ballads , the Gilbert of whimsical conceit , inoffensive cynicism , subtle satire , and playful paradox ; the Gilbert who invented a school of his own , who in it was schoolmaster and pupil , who has never taught anybody but himself , and is never likely to have any imitator — this is the Gilbert the public want to see , and this is the Gilbert who on Saturday night was cheered till the audience was weary of cheering any more .
Sullivan 's old collaborator on Cox and Box ( later the editor of Punch magazine ) , F. C. Burnand , wrote to the composer : " Magnificento ! ... I envy you and W.S.G. being able to place a piece like this on the stage in so complete a fashion . " The opera enjoyed a run longer than any of their other joint works except for H.M.S. Pinafore , Patience and The Mikado . There was a command performance of The Gondoliers for Queen Victoria and the royal family at Windsor Castle in 1891 , the first Gilbert and Sullivan opera to be so honoured . The Gondoliers was Gilbert and Sullivan 's last great success .
= = = Carpet quarrel = = =
Gilbert and Sullivan sometimes had a strained working relationship , partly caused by the fact that each man saw himself as allowing his work to be subjugated to the other 's , and partly caused by the opposing personalities of the two — Gilbert was often confrontational and notoriously thin @-@ skinned ( though prone to acts of extraordinary kindness ) , while Sullivan eschewed conflict . In addition , Gilbert imbued his libretti with " topsy @-@ turvy " situations in which the social order was turned upside down . After a time , these subjects were often at odds with Sullivan 's desire for realism and emotional content . Also , Gilbert 's political satire often poked fun at the wealthy and powerful whom Sullivan sought out for friendship and patronage .
Gilbert and Sullivan disagreed several times over the choice of a subject . After both Princess Ida and Ruddigore , which were less successful than the seven other operas from H.M.S. Pinafore to The Gondoliers , Sullivan asked to leave the partnership , saying that he found Gilbert 's plots repetitive and that the operas were not artistically satisfying to him . While the two artists worked out their differences , Carte kept the Savoy open with revivals of their earlier works . On each occasion , after a few months ' pause , Gilbert responded with a libretto that met Sullivan 's objections , and the partnership was able to continue successfully .
In April 1890 , however , during the run of The Gondoliers , Gilbert challenged Carte over the expenses of the production . Among other items to which Gilbert objected , Carte had charged the cost of a new carpet for the Savoy Theatre lobby to the partnership . Gilbert believed that this was a maintenance expense that should be charged to Carte alone . Gilbert confronted Carte , who refused to reconsider the accounts . Gilbert stormed out and wrote to Sullivan that " I left him with the remark that it was a mistake to kick down the ladder by which he had risen " . Helen Carte wrote that Gilbert had addressed Carte " in a way that I should not have thought you would have used to an offending menial . " As scholar Andrew Crowther has explained :
After all , the carpet was only one of a number of disputed items , and the real issue lay not in the mere money value of these things , but in whether Carte could be trusted with the financial affairs of Gilbert and Sullivan . Gilbert contended that Carte had at best made a series of serious blunders in the accounts , and at worst deliberately attempted to swindle the others . It is not easy to settle the rights and wrongs of the issue at this distance , but it does seem fairly clear that there was something very wrong with the accounts at this time . Gilbert wrote to Sullivan on 28 May 1891 , a year after the end of the " Quarrel " , that Carte had admitted " an unintentional overcharge of nearly £ 1 @,@ 000 in the electric lighting accounts alone .
Things soon degraded , a legal hearing was held , and Sullivan supported Carte by making an affidavit erroneously stating that there were minor legal expenses outstanding from a battle Gilbert had with Lillian Russell . On 5 May 1890 , Gilbert had written to Sullivan : " The time for putting an end to our collaboration has at last arrived . " Gilbert later asked Sullivan to say he had been mistaken in his affidavit , but Sullivan refused . Gilbert felt it was a moral issue , and could not look past it . Sullivan felt that Gilbert was questioning his good faith , and in any event , Sullivan had other reasons to stay in Carte 's good graces : Carte was building a new theatre , the Royal English Opera House , to produce Sullivan 's only grand opera , Ivanhoe . Gilbert brought suit , and after The Gondoliers closed in 1891 , he withdrew the performance rights to his libretti , vowing to write no more operas for the Savoy .
Gilbert next wrote The Mountebanks with Alfred Cellier and the flop Haste to the Wedding with George Grossmith , and Sullivan wrote Haddon Hall with Sydney Grundy . Gilbert eventually won the law suit , but his actions and statements had been hurtful to his partners . Nevertheless , the partnership had been so profitable that , after the financial failure of the Royal English Opera House , Carte and his wife sought to reunite the author and composer . In late 1891 , after many failed attempts at reconciliation , Gilbert and Sullivan 's music publisher , Tom Chappell , stepped in to mediate between two of his most profitable artists , and within two weeks he had succeeded , eventually leading to two further collaborations between Gilbert and Sullivan .
= = = Last works = = =
Utopia , Limited ( 1893 ) , their penultimate opera , was a very modest success , and their last , The Grand Duke ( 1896 ) was an outright failure .
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and Sullivan Opera Company , and to amateur troupes . For almost a century , until the British copyrights expired at the end of 1961 , and even afterwards , the D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company influenced productions of the operas worldwide , creating a " performing tradition " for most of the operas that is still referred to today by many directors , both amateur and professional . Indeed , Gilbert , Sullivan and Carte had an important influence on amateur theatre . Cellier and Bridgeman wrote in 1914 that , prior to the creation of the Savoy operas , amateur actors were treated with contempt by professionals . After the formation of amateur Gilbert and Sullivan companies in the 1880s licensed to perform the operas , professionals recognised that the amateur performing groups " support the culture of music and the drama . They are now accepted as useful training schools for the legitimate stage , and from the volunteer ranks have sprung many present @-@ day favourites . " Cellier and Bridgeman attributed the rise in quality and reputation of the amateur groups largely to " the popularity of , and infectious craze for performing , the Gilbert and Sullivan operas " . The National Operatic and Dramatic Association ( NODA ) was founded in 1899 . It reported , in 1914 , that nearly 200 British troupes were performing Gilbert and Sullivan that year , constituting most of the amateur companies in the country ( this figure included only the societies that were members of NODA ) . The association further reported that almost 1 @,@ 000 performances of the Savoy operas had been given in Britain that year , many of them to benefit charities . Cellier and Bridgeman noted that strong amateur groups were performing the operas in places as far away as New Zealand . In the U.S. , and elsewhere where British copyrights on the operas were not enforced , both professional and amateur companies performed the works throughout the 20th century – the Internet Broadway Database counts about 150 productions on Broadway alone from 1900 to 1960 . The Savoy Company , an amateur group formed in 1901 in Philadelphia , continues to perform today .
Recordings of excerpts from the Gilbert and Sullivan operas began to be released in 1906 . In 1917 , the Gramophone Company ( also known as HMV ) produced the first album of a complete musical score of a Gilbert and Sullivan opera , The Mikado , followed by recordings of eight more of the operas . Electrical recordings of the complete musical scores of most of the operas were then issued by the Gramophone Company and Victor Talking Machine Company beginning in the late 1920s . These recordings were supervised by Rupert D 'Oyly Carte . The original D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company continued to produce well @-@ regarded recordings until 1979 , helping to keep the operas popular through the decades . Many of these recordings have been reissued on CD . After the copyrights on the operas expired , other professional companies were free to perform and record the operas . Many performing companies arose to produce the works , such as Gilbert and Sullivan for All in Britain and the Light Opera of Manhattan and Light Opera Works in the U.S. , and existing companies , such as English National Opera and Australian Opera added Gilbert and Sullivan to their repertories . These companies also released popular audio and video recordings of the operas . In 1980 , a Broadway and West End production of Pirates produced by Joseph Papp brought new audiences to Gilbert and Sullivan , and between 1988 and 2003 , the revived D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company revived the operas on tour and on the West End , also recording seven of the operas . A set of eleven of the operas ( omitting the last two ) was produced in 1982 for television , ten of which are available on VHS and DVD .
Today , numerous professional repertory companies , small opera companies , amateur societies , churches , schools and universities continue to produce the works . The most popular G & S works also continue to be performed from time to time by major opera companies , and professional recordings of the operas , and albums of songs from the operas , continue to be released . Since 1994 , a three @-@ week @-@ long International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival has been held every August in England , with some two dozen or more performances of the operas given on the main stage , and several dozen related " fringe " events given in smaller venues . The Festival sells both professional and amateur videos of its most popular productions . In connection with the 2009 festival , a contemporary critic wrote , " The appeal of G & S ’ s special blend of charm , silliness and gentle satire seems immune to fashion . " There continue to be hundreds of amateur companies performing the Gilbert and Sullivan works worldwide .
= = = Cultural influence = = =
In the past 125 years , Gilbert and Sullivan have pervasively influenced popular culture in the English @-@ speaking world , and lines and quotations from their operas have become part of the English language ( even if not originated by Gilbert ) , such as " short , sharp shock " , " What never ? Well , hardly ever ! " , " let the punishment fit the crime " , and " A policeman 's lot is not a happy one " . The operas have influenced political style and discourse , literature , film and television , have been widely parodied by humorists , and have been quoted in legal rulings .
The American and British musical owes a tremendous debt to G & S , who were admired and copied by early musical theatre authors and composers such as Ivan Caryll , Adrian Ross , Lionel Monckton , P. G. Wodehouse , Guy Bolton , and Victor Herbert , and later Jerome Kern , Ira Gershwin , Yip Harburg , Irving Berlin , Ivor Novello , Oscar Hammerstein II , and Andrew Lloyd Webber . Gilbert 's lyrics served as a model for such 20th @-@ century Broadway lyricists as Cole Porter , Ira Gershwin , and Lorenz Hart . Noël Coward wrote : " I was born into a generation that still took light music seriously . The lyrics and melodies of Gilbert and Sullivan were hummed and strummed into my consciousness at an early age . My father sang them , my mother played them , my nurse , Emma , breathed them through her teeth .... My aunts and uncles ... sang them singly and in unison at the slightest provocation .... "
Professor Carolyn Williams has noted , however : " The influence of Gilbert and Sullivan – their wit and sense of irony , the send ups of politics and contemporary culture – goes beyond musical theater to comedy in general . Allusions to their work have made their way into our own popular culture " . Gilbert and Sullivan expert and enthusiast Ian Bradley agrees :
The musical is not , of course , the only cultural form to show the influence of G & S. Even more direct heirs are those witty and satirical songwriters found on both sides of the Atlantic in the twentieth century like Michael Flanders and Donald Swann in the United Kingdom and Tom Lehrer in the United States . The influence of Gilbert is discernible in a vein of British comedy that runs through John Betjeman 's verse via Monty Python and Private Eye to ... television series like Yes , Minister ... where the emphasis is on wit , irony , and poking fun at the establishment from within it in a way which manages to be both disrespectful of authority and yet cosily comfortable and urbane .
The works of Gilbert and Sullivan are themselves frequently pastiched and parodied . Well known examples of this include Tom Lehrer 's The Elements and Clementine ; Allan Sherman 's I 'm Called Little Butterball , When I Was a Lad , You Need an Analyst and The Bronx Bird @-@ Watcher ; and The Two Ronnies ' 1973 Christmas Special . Other comedians have used Gilbert and Sullivan songs as a key part of their routines , including Hinge and Bracket , Anna Russell , and the HMS Yakko episode of the animated TV series Animaniacs . Songs from Gilbert and Sullivan are often pastiched in advertising , and elaborate advertising parodies have been published , as have the likenesses of various Gilbert and Sullivan performers throughout the decades . Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas are commonly referenced in literature , film and television in various ways that include extensive use of Sullivan 's music or where action occurs during a performance of a Gilbert and Sullivan opera , such as in the film The Girl Said No . There are also a number of Gilbert and Sullivan biographical films , such as Mike Leigh 's Topsy @-@ Turvy ( 2000 ) and The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan ( 1953 ) , as well as shows about the partnership , including a 1938 Broadway show , Knights of Song and a 1975 West End show called Tarantara ! Tarantara !
It is not surprising , given the focus of Gilbert on politics , that politicians and political observers have often found inspiration in these works . Chief Justice of the United States William Rehnquist added gold stripes to his judicial robes after seeing them used by the Lord Chancellor in a production of Iolanthe . Alternatively , Lord Chancellor Charles Falconer is recorded as objecting so strongly to Iolanthe 's comic portrayal of Lord Chancellors that he supported moves to disband the office . British politicians , beyond quoting some of the more famous lines , have delivered speeches in the form of Gilbert and Sullivan pastiches . These include Conservative Peter Lilley 's speech mimicking the form of " I 've got a little list " from The Mikado , listing those he was against , including " sponging socialists " and " young ladies who get pregnant just to jump the housing queue " . Political humour based on Gilbert and Sullivan 's style and characters continues to be written .
= = Collaborations = =
= = = Major works and original London runs = = =
Thespis ; or , The Gods Grown Old ( 1871 ) 63 performances
Trial by Jury ( 1875 ) 131 performances
The Sorcerer ( 1877 ) 178 performances
H.M.S. Pinafore ; or , The Lass That Loved a Sailor ( 1878 ) 571 performances
The Pirates of Penzance ; or , The Slave of Duty ( 1879 ) 363 performances
The Martyr of Antioch ( cantata ) ( 1880 ) ( Gilbert modified the poem by Henry Hart Milman )
Patience ; or Bunthorne 's Bride ( 1881 ) 578 performances
Iolanthe ; or , The Peer and the Peri ( 1882 ) 398 performances
Princess Ida ; or , Castle Adamant ( 1884 ) 246 performances
The Mikado ; or , The Town of Titipu ( 1885 ) 672 performances
Ruddigore ; or , The Witch 's Curse ( 1887 ) 288 performances
The Yeomen of the Guard ; or , The Merryman and his Maid ( 1888 ) 423 performances
The Gondoliers ; or , The King of Barataria ( 1889 ) 554 performances
Utopia , Limited ; or , The Flowers of Progress ( 1893 ) 245 performances
The Grand Duke ; or , The Statutory Duel ( 1896 ) 123 performances
= = = Parlour ballads
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transporting water and nutrients from the roots to the aerial parts of the tree and to distribute the food produced by the leaves to all other parts including the roots .
In the case of angiosperms and gymnosperms , the outermost layer of the trunk is the bark and is mostly composed of dead cells . It provides a thick , waterproof covering to the living inner tissue . It protects the trunk against the elements , disease , animal attack and fire . It is perforated by a large number of fine breathing pores called lenticels , through which oxygen diffuses . Bark is continually replaced by a living layer of cells called the cork cambium . The London plane ( Platanus × acerifolia ) periodically sheds its bark in large flakes . Similarly , the bark of the silver birch ( Betula pendula ) peels off in strips . As the tree 's girth expands , newer layers of bark are larger in circumference , and the older layers develop fissures in many species . In some trees such as the pine ( Pinus species ) the bark exudes sticky resin which deters attackers whereas in rubber trees ( Hevea brasiliensis ) it is a milky latex that oozes out . The quinine bark tree ( Cinchona officinalis ) contains bitter substances to make the bark unpalatable . Large tree @-@ like plants with lignified trunks in the Pteridophyta , Arecales , Cycadophyta and Poales such as the tree ferns , palms , cycads and bamboos have no true bark , but they do have an outer protective covering of some form .
Although the bark functions as a protective barrier , it is itself attacked by boring insects such as beetles . These lay their eggs in crevices and the larvae chew their way through the cellulose tissues leaving a gallery of tunnels . This may allow fungal spores to gain admittance and attack the tree . Dutch elm disease is caused by a fungus ( Ophiostoma species ) carried from one elm tree to another by various beetles . The tree reacts to the growth of the fungus by blocking off the xylem tissue carrying sap upwards and the branch above , and eventually the whole tree , is deprived of nourishment and dies . In Britain in the 1990s , 25 million elm trees were killed by this disease .
The innermost layer of bark is known as the phloem and this is involved in the transport of the sap containing the sugars made by photosynthesis to other parts of the tree . It is a soft spongy layer of living cells , some of which are arranged end to end to form tubes . These are supported by parenchyma cells which provide padding and include fibres for strengthening the tissue . Inside the phloem is a layer of undifferentiated cells one cell thick called the vascular cambium layer . The cells are continually dividing , creating phloem cells on the outside and wood cells known as xylem on the inside .
The newly created xylem is the sapwood . It is composed of water @-@ conducting cells and associated cells which are often living , and is usually pale in colour . It transports water and minerals from the roots to the upper parts of the tree . The oldest , inner part of the sapwood is progressively converted into heartwood as new sapwood is formed at the cambium . The conductive cells of the heartwood are blocked in some species , and the surrounding cells are more often dead . Heartwood is usually darker in colour than the sapwood . It is the dense central core of the trunk giving it rigidity . Three quarters of the dry mass of the xylem is cellulose , a polysaccharide , and most of the remainder is lignin , a complex polymer . A transverse section through a tree trunk or a horizontal core will show concentric circles or lighter or darker wood - tree rings . These rings are the annual growth rings There may also be rays running at right angles to growth rings . These are vascular rays which are thin sheets of living tissue permeating the wood . Many older trees may become hollow but may still stand upright for many years .
= = = Buds and growth = = =
Trees do not usually grow continuously throughout the year but mostly have spurts of active expansion followed by periods of rest . This pattern of growth is related to climatic conditions ; growth normally ceases when conditions are either too cold or too dry . In readiness for the inactive period , trees form buds to protect the meristem , the zone of active growth . Before the period of dormancy , the last few leaves produced at the tip of a twig form scales . These are thick , small and closely wrapped and enclose the growing point in a waterproof sheath . Inside this bud there is a rudimentary stalk and neatly folded miniature leaves , ready to expand when the next growing season arrives . Buds also form in the axils of the leaves ready to produce new side shoots . A few trees , such as the eucalyptus , have " naked buds " with no protective scales and some conifers , such as the Lawson 's cypress , have no buds but instead have little pockets of meristem concealed among the scale @-@ like leaves .
When growing conditions improve , such as the arrival of warmer weather and the longer days associated with spring in temperate regions , growth starts again . The expanding shoot pushes its way out , shedding the scales in the process . These leave behind scars on the surface of the twig . The whole year 's growth may take place in just a few weeks . The new stem is unlignified at first and may be green and downy . The Arecaceae ( palms ) have their leaves spirally arranged on an unbranched trunk . In some tree species in temperate climates , a second spurt of growth , a Lammas growth may occur which is believed to be a strategy to compensate for loss of early foliage to insect predators .
Primary growth is the elongation of the stems and roots . Secondary growth consists of a progressive thickening and strengthening of the tissues as the outer layer of the epidermis is converted into bark and the cambium layer creates new phloem and xylem cells . The bark is inelastic . Eventually the growth of a tree slows down and stops and it gets no taller . If damage occurs the tree may in time become hollow .
= = = Leaves = = =
Leaves are structures specialized for photosynthesis and are arranged on the tree in such a way as to maximise their exposure to light without shading each other . They are an important investment by the tree and may be thorny or contain phytoliths , lignins , tannins or poisons to discourage herbivory . Trees have evolved leaves in a wide range of shapes and sizes , in response to environmental pressures including climate and predation . They can be broad or needle @-@ like , simple or compound , lobed or entire , smooth or hairy , delicate or tough , deciduous or evergreen . The needles of coniferous trees are compact but are structurally similar to those of broad @-@ leaved trees . They are adapted for life in environments where resources are low or water is scarce . Frozen ground may limit water availability and conifers are often found in colder places at higher altitudes and higher latitudes than broad leaved trees . In conifers such as fir trees , the branches hang down at an angle to the trunk , enabling them to shed snow . In contrast , broad leaved trees in temperate regions deal with winter weather by shedding their leaves . When the days get shorter and the temperature begins to decrease , the leaves no longer make new chlorophyll and the red and yellow pigments already present in the blades become apparent . Synthesis in the leaf of a plant hormone called auxin also ceases . This causes the cells at the junction of the petiole and the twig to weaken until the joint breaks and the leaf floats to the ground . In tropical and subtropical regions , many trees keep their leaves all year round . Individual leaves may fall intermittently and be replaced by new growth but most leaves remain intact for some time . Other tropical species and those in arid regions may shed all their leaves annually , such as at the start of the dry season . Many deciduous trees flower before the new leaves emerge . A few trees do not have true leaves but instead have structures with similar external appearance such as Phylloclades – modified stem structures – as seen in the genus Phyllocladus .
= = = Reproduction = = =
Tree forms are found in a wide range of plants and their reproductive strategies are substantially the same as shrub or herbaceous plant forms . Many trees are wind pollinated which may be an evolutionary adaptation to take advantage of increased wind speeds high above the ground , particularly in the case of those that produce pollen before the leaves emerge . A vast quantity of pollen is produced because of the low likelihood of any particular grain landing on an appropriate female flower . Wind @-@ pollinated flowers of broad @-@ leaved trees are characterised by a lack of showy parts , no scent and a copious production of pollen , often with separate male and female flowers , or separate male and female trees . The male flowers may be high up in the tree , often in the form of dangling catkins . The female flowers may be lower down the tree . The pollen of pine trees contains air sacs which give it buoyancy and it has been known to travel as far as 800 kilometres ( 500 mi ) . Tree pollen can cause allergies and hay fever .
= = = Seeds = = =
Seeds are the primary way that trees reproduce and their seeds vary greatly in size and shape . Some of the largest seeds come from trees , but the largest tree , Sequoiadendron giganteum , produces one of the smallest tree seeds . The great diversity in tree fruits and seeds reflects the many different ways that tree species have evolved to disperse their offspring .
The single extant species of Ginkgophyta ( Ginkgo biloba ) has fleshy seeds produced at the ends of short branches on female trees , and Gnetum , a tropical and subtropical group of gymnosperms produce seeds at the tip of a shoot axis . The seeds of conifers , the largest group of gymnosperms , are enclosed in a cone and most species have seeds that are light and papery that can be blown considerable distances once free from the cone . Sometimes the seed remains in the cone for years waiting for a trigger event to liberate it . Fire stimulates release and germination of seeds of the jack pine , and also enriches the forest floor with wood ash and removes competing vegetation . Similarly , a number of angiosperms including Acacia cyclops and Acacia mangium have seeds that germinate better after exposure to high temperatures .
For a tree seedling to grow into an adult tree it needs light and space . If seeds only fell straight to the ground , competition among the concentrated saplings and the shade of the parent would likely prevent it from flourishing . Many seeds such as birch are small and have papery wings to aid dispersal by the wind . Ash trees and maples have larger seeds with blade shaped wings which spiral down to the ground when released . The kapok tree has cottony threads to catch the breeze . The flame tree does not rely on fire but shoots its seeds through the air when the two sides of its long pods crack apart explosively on drying . The miniature cone @-@ like catkins of Alder trees produce seeds that contain small droplets of oil that help disperse the seeds on the surface of water . Mangroves often grow in water and some species have propagules , which are buoyant fruits with seeds that start germinating before becoming detached from the parent tree . These float on the water and may become lodged on emerging mudbanks and successfully take root . Other seeds , such as apple pips and plum stones , have fleshy receptacles and smaller fruits like hawthorns have seeds enclosed in edible tissue ; animals including mammals and birds eat the fruits and either discard the seeds , or swallow them so they pass through the gut to be deposited in the animal 's droppings well away from the parent tree . The germination of some seeds is improved when they are processed in this way . Nuts may be gathered by animals such as squirrels that cache any not immediately consumed . Many of these caches are never revisited , the nut @-@ casing softens with rain and frost , and the seed germinates in the spring . Pine cones may similarly be hoarded by red squirrels , and grizzly bears may help to disperse the seed by raiding squirrel caches .
= = Evolutionary history = =
The earliest tree @-@ like organisms were tree ferns , horsetails and lycophytes , which grew in forests in the Carboniferous period . The first tree may have been Wattieza , fossils of which have been found in New York State in 2007 dating back to the Middle Devonian ( about 385 million years ago ) . Prior to this discovery , Archaeopteris was the earliest known tree . Both of these reproduced by spores rather than seeds and are considered to be links between ferns and the gymnosperms which evolved in the Triassic period . The gymnosperms include conifers , cycads , gnetales and ginkgos and these may have appeared as a result of a whole genome duplication event which took place about 319 million years ago . Ginkgophyta was once a widespread diverse group of which the only survivor is the maidenhair tree Ginkgo biloba . This is considered to be a living fossil because it is virtually unchanged from the fossilised specimens found in Triassic deposits .
During the Mesozoic ( 245 to 66 million years ago ) the conifers flourished and became adapted to live in all the major terrestrial habitats . Subsequently the tree forms of flowering plants evolved during the Cretaceous period . These began to dominate the conifers during the Tertiary era ( 66 to 2 million years ago ) when forests covered the globe . When the climate cooled 1 @.@ 5 million years ago and the first of four ice ages occurred , the forests retreated as the ice advanced . In the interglacials , trees recolonised the land that had been covered by ice , only to be driven back again in the next ice age .
= = Tree ecology = =
Trees are an important part of the terrestrial ecosystem , providing essential habitats including many kinds of forest for communities of organisms . Epiphytic plants such as ferns , some mosses , liverworts , orchids and some species of parasitic plants ( e.g. , mistletoe ) hang from branches ; these along with arboreal lichens , algae , and fungi provide micro @-@ habitats for themselves and for other organisms , including animals . Leaves , flowers and fruits are seasonally available . On the ground underneath trees there is shade , and often there is undergrowth , leaf litter , fallen branches and / or decaying wood that provide other habitat . Trees stabilise the soil , prevent rapid run @-@ off of rain water , help prevent desertification , have a role in climate control and help in the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem balance .
Many species of tree support their own specialised invertebrates . In their natural habitats , 284 different species of insect have been found on the English oak ( Quercus robur ) and 306 species of invertebrate on the Tasmanian oak ( Eucalyptus obliqua ) . Non @-@ native tree species provide a less biodiverse community , for example in the United Kingdom the sycamore ( Acer pseudoplatanus ) , which originates from southern Europe , has few associated invertebrate species , though its bark supports a wide range of lichens , bryophytes and other epiphytes .
In ecosystems such as mangrove swamps , trees play a role in developing the habitat , since the roots of the mangrove trees reduce the speed of flow of tidal currents and trap water @-@ borne sediment , reducing the water depth and creating suitable conditions for further mangrove colonisation . Thus mangrove swamps tend to extend seawards in suitable locations . Mangrove swamps also provide an effective buffer against the more damaging effects of cyclones and tsunamis .
= = Uses = =
Silviculture is the practice of controlling the establishment , growth , composition , health , and quality of forests , which are areas that have a high density of trees . Cultivated trees are planted and tended by humans , usually because they provide food ( fruits or nuts ) , ornamental beauty , or some type of wood product that benefits people . A small wooded area , usually with no undergrowth , is called a grove and a small wood or thicket of trees and bushes is called a coppice or copse . A large area of land covered with trees and undergrowth is called woodland or forest . An area of woodland composed primarily of trees established by planting or artificial seeding is known as a plantation and an area of land planted with fruit or nut trees is an orchard .
= = = Food = = =
Trees are the source of many of the world 's best known fleshy fruits . Apples , pears , plums , cherries and citrus are all grown commercially in temperate climates and a wide range of edible fruits are found in the tropics . Other commercially important fruit include dates , figs and olives . Palm oil is obtained from the fruits of the oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis ) . The fruits of the cocoa tree ( Theobroma cacao ) are used to make cocoa and chocolate and the berries of coffee trees , Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora , are processed to extract the coffee beans . In many rural areas of the world , fruit is gathered from forest trees for consumption . Many trees bear edible nuts which can loosely be described as being large , oily kernels found inside a hard shell . These include coconuts ( Cocos nucifera ) , Brazil nuts ( Bertholletia excelsa ) , pecans ( Carya illinoinensis ) , hazel nuts ( Corylus ) , almonds ( Prunus dulcis ) , walnuts ( Juglans regia ) , pistachios ( Pistacia vera ) and many others . They are high in nutritive value and contain high @-@ quality protein , vitamins and minerals as well as dietary fibre . Walnuts are particularly beneficial to health and contain a higher level of antioxidants than do other nuts . A variety of nut oils are extracted by pressing for culinary use ; some such as walnut , pistachio and hazelnut oils are prized for their distinctive flavours , but they tend to spoil quickly .
Many trees have flowers rich in nectar which are attractive to bees . The production of forest honey is an important industry in rural areas of the developing world where it is undertaken by small @-@ scale beekeepers using traditional methods . The flowers of the elder ( Sambucus ) are used to make elderflower cordial and petals of the plum ( Prunus spp . ) can be candied .
The leaves of trees are widely gathered as fodder for livestock and some can be eaten by humans but they tend to be high in tannins which makes them bitter . Leaves of the curry tree ( Murraya koenigii ) are eaten , those of kaffir lime Citrus × hystrix ( e.g. , Thai food ) Ailanthus ( e.g. , in Korean dishes such as bugak ) and those of the European bay tree ( Laurus nobilis ) and the California bay tree ( Umbellularia californica ) are used for flavouring food . Camellia sinensis , the source of tea , is a small tree but seldom reaches its full height , being heavily pruned to make picking the leaves easier .
In temperate climates there is a sudden movement of sap at the end of the winter as trees prepare to burst into growth . In North America , the sap of the sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ) is most often used in the production of a sweet liquid , maple syrup . About 90 % of the sap is water , the remaining 10 % being a mixture of various sugars and certain minerals . The sap is harvested by drilling holes in the trunks of the trees and collecting the liquid that flows out of the inserted spigots . It is piped to a sugarhouse where it is heated to concentrate it and improve its flavour . One litre of maple syrup is obtained from every forty litres of sap and has a sugar content of exactly 66 % . Similarly in northern Europe the spring rise in the sap of the silver birch ( Betula pendula ) is tapped and collected , either to be drunk fresh or fermented into an alcoholic drink . In Alaska , the sap of the sweet birch ( Betula lenta ) is made into a syrup with a sugar content of 67 % . Sweet birch sap is more dilute than maple sap ; a hundred litres are required to make one litre of birch syrup .
Various parts of trees are used as spices . These include cinnamon , made from the bark of the cinnamon tree ( Cinnamomum zeylanicum ) and allspice , the dried small fruits of the pimento tree ( Pimenta dioica ) . Nutmeg is a seed found in the fleshy fruit of the nutmeg tree ( Myristica fragrans ) and cloves are the unopened flower buds of the clove tree ( Syzygium aromaticum ) . Sassafras oil is an important flavouring obtained from distilling bark from the roots of the white sassafras tree ( Sassafras albidum ) .
= = = Fuel = = =
Wood has traditionally been used for fuel , especially in rural areas . In less developed nations it may be the only fuel available and collecting firewood is often a time consuming task as it becomes necessary to travel further and further afield in the search for fuel . It is often burned inefficiently on an open fire . In more developed countries other fuels are available and burning wood is a choice rather than a necessity . Modern wood @-@ burning stoves are very fuel efficient and new products such as wood pellets are available to burn .
Charcoal can be made by slow pyrolysis of wood by heating it in the absence of air in a kiln . The carefully stacked branches , often oak , are burned with a very limited amount of air . The process of converting them into charcoal takes about fifteen hours . Charcoal is used as a fuel in barbecues and by blacksmiths and has many industrial and other uses .
Wood smoke can be used to preserve food . In the hot smoking process the food is exposed to smoke and heat in a controlled environment . The food is ready to eat when the process is complete , having been tenderised and flavoured by the smoke it has absorbed . In the cold process , the temperature is not allowed to rise above 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . The flavour of the food is enhanced but raw food requires further cooking . If it is to be preserved , meat should be cured before cold smoking .
= = = Timber = = =
Timber , " trees that are grown in order to produce wood " is cut into lumber ( sawn wood ) for use in construction . Wood has been an important , easily available material for construction since humans started building shelters . Engineered wood products are available which bind the particles , fibres or veneers of wood together with adhesives to form composite materials . Plastics have taken over from wood for some traditional uses .
Wood is used in the construction of buildings , bridges , trackways , piles , poles for power lines , masts for boats , pit props , railway sleepers , fencing , hurdles , shuttering for concrete , pipes , scaffolding and pallets . In housebuilding it is used in joinery , for making joists , roof trusses , roofing shingles , thatching , staircases , doors , window frames , floor boards , parquet flooring , panelling and cladding .
Wood is used to construct carts , farm implements , boats , dugout canoes and in shipbuilding . It is used for making furniture , tool handles , boxes , ladders , musical instruments , bows , weapons , matches , clothes pegs , brooms , shoes , baskets , turnery , carving , toys , pencils , rollers ,
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shortly after midnight , and arrested . Inside , the barrels of gunpowder were discovered hidden under piles of firewood and coal .
= = = Torture = = =
Fawkes gave his name as John Johnson and was first interrogated by members of the King 's Privy chamber , where he remained defiant . When asked by one of the lords what he was doing in possession of so much gunpowder , Fawkes answered that his intention was " to blow you Scotch beggars back to your native mountains . " He identified himself as a 36 @-@ year @-@ old Catholic from Netherdale in Yorkshire , and gave his father 's name as Thomas and his mother 's as Edith Jackson . Wounds on his body noted by his questioners he explained as the effects of pleurisy . Fawkes admitted his intention to blow up the House of Lords , and expressed regret at his failure to do so . His steadfast manner earned him the admiration of King James , who described Fawkes as possessing " a Roman resolution " .
James 's admiration did not , however , prevent him from ordering on 6 November that " John Johnson " be tortured , to reveal the names of his co @-@ conspirators . He directed that the torture be light at first , referring to the use of manacles , but more severe if necessary , authorising the use of the rack : " the gentler Tortures are to be first used unto him et sic per gradus ad ima tenditur [ and so by degrees proceeding to the worst ] " . Fawkes was transferred to the Tower of London . The King composed a list of questions to be put to " Johnson " , such as " as to what he is , For I can never yet hear of any man that knows him " , " When and where he learned to speak French ? " , and " If he was a Papist , who brought him up in it ? " The room in which Fawkes was interrogated subsequently became known as the Guy Fawkes Room .
Sir William Waad , Lieutenant of the Tower , supervised the torture and obtained Fawkes 's confession . He searched his prisoner , and found a letter , addressed to Guy Fawkes . To Waad 's surprise , " Johnson " remained silent , revealing nothing about the plot or its authors . On the night of 6 November he spoke with Waad , who reported to Salisbury " He [ Johnson ] told us that since he undertook this action he did every day pray to God he might perform that which might be for the advancement of the Catholic Faith and saving his own soul " . According to Waad , Fawkes managed to rest through the night , despite his being warned that he would be interrogated until " I had gotton the inwards secret of his thoughts and all his complices " . His composure was broken at some point during the following day .
The observer Sir Edward Hoby remarked " Since Johnson 's being in the Tower , he beginneth to speak English " . Fawkes revealed his true identity on 7 November , and told his interrogators that there were five people involved in the plot to kill the King . He began to reveal their names on 8 November , and told how they intended to place Princess Elizabeth on the throne . His third confession , on 9 November , implicated Francis Tresham . Following the Ridolfi plot of 1571 prisoners were made to dictate their confessions , before copying and signing them , if they still could . Although it is uncertain if he was tortured on the rack , Fawkes 's scrawled signature bears testament to the suffering he endured at the hands of his interrogators .
= = = Trial and execution = = =
The trial of eight of the plotters began on Monday 27 January 1606 . Fawkes shared the barge from the Tower to Westminster Hall with seven of his co @-@ conspirators . They were kept in the Star Chamber before being taken to Westminster Hall , where they were displayed on a purpose @-@ built scaffold . The King and his close family , watching in secret , were among the spectators as the Lords Commissioners read out the list of charges . Fawkes was identified as Guido Fawkes , " otherwise called Guido Johnson " . He pleaded not guilty , despite his apparent acceptance of guilt from the moment he was captured .
The outcome was never in doubt . The jury found all of the defendants guilty , and the Lord Chief Justice Sir John Popham proclaimed them guilty of high treason . The Attorney General Sir Edward Coke told the court that each of the condemned would be drawn backwards to his death , by a horse , his head near the ground . They were to be " put to death halfway between heaven and earth as unworthy of both " . Their genitals would be cut off and burnt before their eyes , and their bowels and hearts removed . They would then be decapitated , and the dismembered parts of their bodies displayed so that they might become " prey for the fowls of the air " . Fawkes 's and Tresham 's testimony regarding the Spanish treason was read aloud , as well as confessions related specifically to the Gunpowder Plot . The last piece of evidence offered was a conversation between Fawkes and Wintour , who had been kept in adjacent cells . The two men apparently thought they had been speaking in private , but their conversation was intercepted by a government spy . When the prisoners were allowed to speak , Fawkes explained his not guilty plea as ignorance of certain aspects of the indictment .
On 31 January 1606 , Fawkes and three others – Thomas Wintour , Ambrose Rookwood , and Robert Keyes – were dragged ( i.e. drawn ) from the Tower on wattled hurdles to the Old Palace Yard at Westminster , opposite the building they had attempted to destroy . His fellow plotters were then hanged and quartered . Fawkes was the last to stand on the scaffold . He asked for forgiveness of the King and state , while keeping up his " crosses and idle ceremonies " ( Catholic practices ) . Weakened by torture and aided by the hangman , Fawkes began to climb the ladder to the noose , but either through jumping to his death or climbing too high so the rope was incorrectly set , he managed to avoid the agony of the latter part of his execution by breaking his neck . His lifeless body was nevertheless quartered and , as was the custom , his body parts were then distributed to " the four corners of the kingdom " , to be displayed as a warning to other would @-@ be traitors .
= = Legacy = =
On 5 November 1605 Londoners were encouraged to celebrate the King 's escape from assassination by lighting bonfires , " always provided that ' this testemonye of joy be carefull done without any danger or disorder ' " . An Act of Parliament designated each 5 November as a day of thanksgiving for " the joyful day of deliverance " , and remained in force until 1859 . Although he was only one of 13 conspirators , Fawkes is today the individual most associated with the failed plot .
In Britain , 5 November has variously been called Guy Fawkes Night , Guy Fawkes Day , Plot Night and Bonfire Night ; the latter can be traced directly back to the original celebration of 5 November 1605 . Bonfires were accompanied by fireworks from the 1650s onwards , and it became the custom to burn an effigy ( usually the pope ) after 1673 , when the heir presumptive , James , Duke of York , made his conversion to Catholicism public . Effigies of other notable figures who have become targets for the public 's ire , such as Paul Kruger and Margaret Thatcher , have also found their way onto the bonfires , although most modern effigies are of Fawkes . The " guy " is normally created by children , from old clothes , newspapers , and a mask . During the 19th century , " guy " came to mean an oddly dressed person , but in American English it lost any pejorative connotation , and was used to refer to any male person .
William Harrison Ainsworth 's 1841 historical romance Guy Fawkes ; or , The Gunpowder Treason portrays Fawkes in a generally sympathetic light , and transformed him in the public perception into an " acceptable fictional character " . Fawkes subsequently appeared as " essentially an action hero " in children 's books and penny dreadfuls such as The Boyhood Days of Guy Fawkes ; or , The Conspirators of Old London , published in about 1905 . According to historian Lewis Call , Fawkes is now " a major icon in modern political culture " , whose face has become " a potentially powerful instrument for the articulation of postmodern anarchism " in the late 20th century , exemplified by the mask worn by V in the comic book series V for Vendetta , who fights against a fictional fascist English state .
Guy Fawkes is sometimes toasted as " the last man to enter Parliament with honest intentions " .
= The Road to Total Freedom =
The Road to Total Freedom : A Sociological Analysis of Scientology is a non @-@ fiction book about Scientology by sociologist Roy Wallis . Originally published in 1976 by Heinemann , it was republished in 1977 by Columbia University Press . The original manuscript was the product of Wallis 's doctoral research at Oxford under the tutelage of Bryan Wilson . Wallis , after a review of the original manuscript by Scientology leaders , made edits to about 100 passages before publication .
In the book , Wallis first analyzes the degree to which the Church of Scientology views itself as legitimate , as well as to what degree external society regarded the organization as " respectable " or " deviant " . Furthermore , he provides a contextual history of the organization , including a discussion of the Dianetics movement founded by L. Ron Hubbard . Next , Wallis discusses the appeal of the Scientology practice of Auditing , and compares this to abreaction therapy . And finally , he examines how Scientology shifted from a cult to a sect in structure , and analyzes the authoritarian nature of the management of the organization .
While Wallis was researching the book , the Guardian 's Office , Scientology 's intelligence agency , investigated him . They assigned an individual as an undercover agent who pretended to be a student at Stirling University , where he was teaching . The agent inquired if Wallis was involved with illegal drugs . Wallis later discovered forged letters purportedly sent by him and designed to implicate him in controversial acts . Wallis assumed this was a reaction by the Guardian 's Office to The Road to Total Freedom .
The Road to Total Freedom received generally positive reception in book reviews and media coverage . The Encyclopedia of Religion and Society acknowledged Wallis " displayed characteristic skill " in bringing a large amount of information together in an analysis of Scientology . Similarly , Choice : Current Reviews for Academic Libraries described the author 's research as " substantively important " , and Library Journal called it " a sociological analysis for the serious student , with all the appropriate scholarly apparatus " .
= = Research = =
Wallis completed his doctoral studies under Bryan Wilson at the University of Oxford . The author 's research into new religious movements began in the 1970s with study of the Church of Scientology . He had performed research on the subject of Scientology for his doctoral thesis ; this was later printed as The Road to Total Freedom in 1976 . Wallis ' study of Scientology also led to an article by Wallis in the Sociological Yearbook of Religion in Britain .
The research began with an attempt at participant observation : Wallis enrolled at a " Communications Course " in Scientology 's facility at Saint Hill Manor , but left after two days because he was not willing to lie about his reaction to the course content . To collect further data , Wallis circulated a survey by post and reviewed Scientology 's extensive published material . He also interviewed current and former members , including Helen Parsons Smith , a former sister @-@ in @-@ law of Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard .
After Wallis had finished the initial manuscript for The Road to Total Freedom , he provided representatives of Scientology leadership with a copy . Wallis negotiated with the Scientology leaders , and it was agreed upon that certain sections of the book would be edited . In total , approximately 100 sections of the book were edited due to input from Scientology leaders . This fact was not made public at the time of the book 's publication .
= = Content = =
In the book , Wallis brings together a significant amount of information and presents an analysis of the church @-@ sect structure which simultaneously exhibited a denomination @-@ cult pattern . The book presents a critical analysis of Scientology . Wallis introduces an argument that individuals were intrigued by the Church of Scientology for two reasons : the level with which the organization viewed itself as a sincere structure , and the degree to which the external society saw Scientology as " respectable " as opposed to " deviant " in nature .
The Road to Total Freedom begins with a history of Scientology , then explores it within a context of a belief system , organizational structure , and form of social control . Wallis then describes how Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard " asserted the originality of the entire theory and practice and acknowledges having been influenced only in a most general way by other writers " . He next compares the Scientology practice of Auditing to that of abreaction therapy – a process where repressed memories are unearthed , usually through hypnosis , to aid improving the mental well @-@ being of a patient .
The author goes on to explain how individuals were attracted to Dianetics , the precursor to Scientology . Wallis notes , " [ Dianetics ] offered a rationale for failure in social mobility and in social interaction . It provided an explanation in terms of traumatic incidents in which the individual had been unwittingly involved , and thereby relieved him of responsibility for his failure . " Scientologists who participated in a questionnaire for Wallis ' research identified areas of their life that they hoped Scientology would improve , including : loneliness , financial difficulties , marital issues , other interpersonal relationships , psychological problems , and physical illness . Wallis describes Hubbard 's thought process to turn his methodology of Dianetics into a religion , noting , " Hubbard 's theory and techniques had been moving increasingly in this direction " . Wallis notes how Scientology became a focus for those previously involved in the Dianetics movement . Wallis points out that Hubbard instructed members of Scientology not to immediately tell new followers about methodologies that might be less familiar to some , such as belief in the existence of prior lives .
Wallis then continues his argument regarding the transitional period the organization underwent , and describes how Scientology has transformed from a cult to a sect , and explains patterns of membership and leaving the group . He delves into the structure of authoritarian managerial control of the organization , which is seen to have developed as a result of perceived problems in society . He characterizes the " Org " management system in Scientology as " an elaborate and imposing bureaucratic structure " . Wallis describes a process referred to as " deviance amplification " , and analyzes how individuals maintain perceptions of reality within a deviant belief system . He notes that individual believers in Scientology methodologies are kept within the organization by management techniques which shield members from external society . Wallis posits that exposure of members of the Church of Scientology to a reality external to the organization presents " a major challenge to the legitimacy or validity of their definition of reality " .
Unusually for a sociological study , the book features a rebuttal from a believing member of the organisation ; a fellow sociologist called J. L. Simmons . He criticises many of Wallis ' procedures and conclusions , saying that these alleged errors are " indicative of either a decline in scholastic method or are deliberate and malicious . " Simmons invites the reader to compare The Road to Total Freedom against Hubbard 's Dianetics : The Modern Science of Mental Health , asking which is more " alive and hopeful and scientifically objective " .
= = Scientology 's response = =
Author Stewart Lamont writes in Religion Inc. that while Wallis was researching the book , individuals from the Scientology intelligence agency called the Guardian 's Office investigated the author . Alan E. Aldridge notes in his book Religion in the Contemporary World : A Sociological Introduction , " Roy Wallis gave graphic accounts of attempts by members of the Church of Scientology to discredit him personally and professionally , and to subvert or suppress his research findings . "
An undercover agent for Scientology went to Stirling University , where Wallis was a teacher . The individual pretended to be a student , and asked Wallis if he was involved with illegal drugs . Wallis recognized the individual from the Scientology facility Saint Hill Manor , and the agent switched his cover and then asserted that he was actually a defector from Scientology . In a 1977 article in Doing Sociological Research titled " The Moral Career of a Research Project " , Wallis details what occurred after this incident , " In the weeks following his visit a number of forged letters came to light , some of which were supposedly written by me . These letters sent to my university employers , colleagues and others , implicated me in a variety of acts from a homosexual love affair to spying for the drug squad . Because I had few enemies and because this attention followed so closely upon the receipt of my paper by the Church of Scientology organization , it did not seem too difficult to infer the source of these attempts to inconvenience me . " According to Lamont , as of the publication of Religion Inc. in 1986 , " the book is now accepted by the Public Affairs office of the Church of Scientology as reasonable and fair
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tracks , accurate track predictions depend on determining the position and strength of high- and low @-@ pressure areas , and predicting how those areas will change during the life of a tropical system . Combining forecast models with increased understanding of the forces that act on tropical cyclones , and a wealth of data from Earth @-@ orbiting satellites and other sensors , scientists have increased the accuracy of track forecasts over recent decades . An accurate track forecast is important , because if the track forecast is incorrect , forecasts for intensity , rainfall , storm surge , and tornado threat will also be incorrect .
= = = 1 @-@ 2 @-@ 3 rule = = =
The 1 @-@ 2 @-@ 3 rule ( mariner 's 1 @-@ 2 @-@ 3 rule or danger area ) is a guideline commonly taught to mariners for severe storm ( specifically hurricane and tropical storm ) tracking and prediction . It refers to the rounded long @-@ term NHC / TPC forecast errors of 100 @-@ 200 @-@ 300 nautical miles at 24 @-@ 48 @-@ 72 hours , respectively . These numbers were close to the 10 @-@ year average for the 1982 @-@ 1991 time frame . However , these errors have decreased to near 50 @-@ 100 @-@ 150 as NHC forecasters become more accurate . The " danger area " to be avoided is constructed by expanding the forecast path by a radius equal to the respective hundreds of miles plus the forecast wind radii ( size of the storm at those hours ) .
= = Intensity = =
Forecasters say they are less skillful at predicting the intensity of tropical cyclones than cyclone track . They attribute the lack of improvement in intensity forecasting to the complexity of tropical systems and an incomplete understanding of factors that affect their development .
An accurate track forecast is essential to creating accurate intensity forecasts , particularly in an area with large islands such as the western north Pacific and the Caribbean Sea , as proximity to land is an inhibiting factor to developing tropical cyclones . A strong hurricane / typhoon / cyclone can weaken if an outer eye wall forms ( typically around 80 @-@ 160 kilometers ( 50 – 100 miles ) from the center of the storm ) , choking off the convection within the inner eye wall . Such weakening is called an eyewall replacement cycle , and is usually temporary .
= = = Maximum potential intensity = = =
Dr. Kerry Emanuel created a mathematical model around 1988 , called the maximum potential intensity or MPI , to compute the upper limit of tropical cyclone intensity based on sea surface temperature and atmospheric profiles from the latest global model runs . Maps created from this equation show values of the maximum achievable intensity due to the thermodynamics of the atmosphere at the time of the last model run ( either 0000 or 1200 UTC ) . However , MPI does not take vertical wind shear into account . MPI is computed using the following formula :
<formula>
Where <formula> is the maximum potential velocity in meters per second ; <formula> is the sea surface temperature underneath the center of the tropical cyclone , <formula> is a reference temperature ( 30 ˚ C ) and <formula> , <formula> and <formula> are curve @-@ fit constants . When <formula> , <formula> , and <formula> , the graph generated by this function corresponds to the 99th percentile of empirical tropical cyclone intensity data .
= = Rainfall = =
Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting is important , since between 1970 – 2004 , inland flooding from tropical cyclones caused a majority of the fatalities from tropical cyclones in the United States . While flooding is common to tropical cyclones near a landmass , there are a few factors which lead to excessive rainfall from tropical cyclones . Slow motion , as was seen during Hurricane Danny and Hurricane Wilma , can lead to high amounts . The presence of topography near the coast , as is the case across much of Mexico , Haiti , the Dominican Republic , much of Central America , Madagascar , Réunion , China , and Japan acts to magnify amounts due to upslope flow into the mountains . Strong upper level forcing from a trough moving through the Westerlies , as was the case during Hurricane Floyd , can lead to high amounts even from systems moving at an average forward motion . A combination of two of these factors could be especially crippling , as was seen during Hurricane Mitch in Central America . Therefore , an accurate track forecast is essential in order to produce an accurate tropical cyclone rainfall forecast .
= = Storm surge = =
The main storm surge forecast model in the Atlantic basin is SLOSH , which stands for Sea , Lake , Overland , Surge from Hurricanes . It uses the size of a storm , its intensity , its forward motion , and the topography of the coastal plain to estimate the depth of a storm surge at any individual grid point across the United States . An accurate forecast track is required in order to produce accurate storm surge forecasts . However , if the landfall point is uncertain , a maximum envelope of water ( MEOW ) map can be generated based on the direction of approach . If the forecast track itself is also uncertain , a maximum of maximums ( MoM ) map can be generated which will show the worst possible scenario for a hurricane of a specific strength .
= = Tornado = =
The location of most tropical cyclone @-@ related tornadoes is their northeast quadrant in the Northern Hemisphere and southeast quadrant in the Southern Hemisphere . Like most of the other forecasts for tropical cyclone effects , an accurate track forecast is required in order to produce an accurate tornado threat forecast .
= = Seasonal forecast = =
By looking at annual variations in various climate parameters , forecasters can make predictions about the overall number and intensity of tropical cyclones that will occur in a given season . For example , when constructing its seasonal outlooks , the Climate Prediction Center in the United States considers the effects of the El Niño @-@ Southern Oscillation , 25 @-@ 40 year tropical cycle , wind shear over the oceans , and ocean surface temperature .
= Katharine Way =
Katharine " Kay " Way ( February 20 , 1902 – December 9 , 1995 ) was an American physicist best known for her work on the Nuclear Data Project . During World War II , she worked for the Manhattan Project at the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago . She became an adjunct professor at Duke University in 1968 .
= = Education and early life = =
Katharine Way was born in Sewickley , Pennsylvania , the second child of William Addisson Way , a lawyer , and his wife Louise Jones . She had an older brother and a younger sister . Originally named Catherine , she later changed her name to Katharine . Friends and colleagues generally knew her as Kay . Her mother died when she was twelve years old , and her father married an ear and throat specialist , who provided Kay with a role model of a career woman .
Way was educated at Miss Hartridge 's boarding school in Plainfield , New Jersey , and Rosemary Hall in Greenwich , Connecticut . In 1920 she entered Vassar College , but was forced to drop out after two years after becoming ill with suspected tuberculosis . After convalescing in Saranac Lake , New York , she attended Barnard College for a couple of semesters in 1924 and 1925 .
From 1929 to 1934 she studied at Columbia University , where Edward Kasner stoked an interest in mathematics , and co @-@ authored Way 's first published academic paper . She finally graduated with her BS in 1932 . She next went to the University of North Carolina , where John Wheeler stimulated an interest in nuclear physics , and she became his first PhD student . Because jobs were hard to come by during the Great Depression , she stayed on as a graduate student after completing the requirements of her PhD .
In 1938 , she became a Huff Research Fellow at Bryn Mawr College , which allowed her to receive her PhD for her thesis on nuclear physics about the " Photoelectric cross section of the deuteron " , She subsequently took up a teaching position at the University of Tennessee in 1939 , becoming an assistant professor in 1941 .
At a conference in New York in 1938 , Way presented a paper on " Nuclear Quadrupole and Magnetic Moments " in which she examined deformation of a spinning atomic nucleus under three models , including Niels Bohr 's liquid drop model . She followed this up with a closer examination of the liquid drop model in a paper entitled " The Liquid @-@ Drop Model and Nuclear Moments " , in which she showed that the resulting cigar @-@ shaped nucleus could be unstable . Wheeler later recalled that :
One day [ Katherine Way ] came in and reported a difficully . The equations gave no solution in the case of a sufficiently great angular velocity . It was clear that one had to do in this case with a kind of instability . It took only 1939 and the discovery of Hahn and Strasmann to recognize the nature of the instability : nuclear fission . Why did we not do to the analysis of the higher order terms in the deformation energy and predict fission in advance of its discovery ? It was not any difficulty in mathematics . It was a difficulty in the model . It failed to give the right magnitudes and right trends for nuclear magnetic moments .
= = Manhattan Project = =
In 1942 , Wheeler recruited Way to work on the Manhattan Project at the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago . Working with physicist Alvin Weinberg , Way analyzed neutron flux data from Enrico Fermi 's early nuclear reactor designs to see whether it would be possible to create a self @-@ sustaining nuclear chain reaction . These calculations were put to use in the construction of Chicago Pile @-@ 1 . Afterwards , she examined the problem of nuclear poisoning of reactors by certain fission products . With physicist Eugene Wigner she developed the Way @-@ Wigner approximation for fission product decay .
Apart from working on the Manhattan Project in Chicago , Way also visited the Hanford Site and the Los Alamos Laboratory . In mid @-@ 1945 she moved to Oak Ridge , Tennessee , where she continued her research into nuclear decay . While there , she began to specialize in the collection and organization of nuclear data .
With Dexter Masters , she co @-@ edited the 1946 New York Times bestseller One World or None : a Report to the Public on the Full Meaning of the Atomic Bomb . The book included essays by Niels Bohr , Albert Einstein and Robert Oppenheimer , and sold over 100 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Later life = =
Way moved to Washington , D.C. , in 1949 , where she went to work for the National Bureau of Standards . Four years later , she persuaded the National Academy of Sciences ' National Research Council to establish the Nuclear Data Project ( NDP ) , an organization with special responsibility for gathering and disseminating nuclear data , under her leadership . The NDP moved to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1964 , but Way remained its head until 1968 . Beginning in 1964 , the NDP published a journal , Nuclear Data Sheets , to disseminate the information that the NDP had gathered . This was joined the following year by a second journal , Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables . She also persuaded the editors of Nuclear Physics to add keywords to the subject headings of articles to facilitate cross @-@ referencing .
Way left the NDP in 1968 and became an adjunct professor at Duke University in Durham , North Carolina , although she continued as editor of Nuclear Data Sheets until 1973 , and Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables until 1982 . In later life she became interested in the health problems of seniors , and lobbied for improved health care for them .
Way , who never married , died at Chapel Hill , North Carolina , on December 9 , 1995 .
= Toa Payoh ritual murders =
The Toa Payoh ritual murders took place in Singapore in 1981 . On 25 January , the body of a nine @-@ year @-@ old girl was found dumped next to the lift of a block of flats in the town of Toa Payoh , and two weeks later , a ten @-@ year @-@ old boy was found dead nearby . The children had been killed , purportedly as blood sacrifices to the Hindu goddess Kali . The murders were masterminded by Adrian Lim , a self @-@ styled medium , who had tricked scores of women into believing he had supernatural powers . His victims offered money and sexual services in exchange for cures , beauty , and good fortune . Two of the women became his loyal assistants ; Tan Mui Choo married him , and Hoe Kah Hong became one of his " holy wives " . When the police investigated a rape charge filed by one of Lim 's targets , he became furious and decided to kill children to derail the investigations . On each occasion , Hoe lured a child to Lim 's flat where he or she was drugged and killed by the trio . Lim also sexually assaulted the girl before her death . The trio were arrested after the police found a trail of blood that led to their flat . Although the case name suggested ritualistic murders , the defendants said they did not conduct prayers , burning of joss sticks , ringing of bells , or any other rituals during the killings .
The 41 @-@ day trial was the second longest to have been held in the courts of Singapore at the time . None of the defendants denied their guilt . Their appointed counsels tried to spare their clients the death sentence by pleading diminished responsibility , arguing that the accused were mentally ill and could not be held entirely responsible for the killings . To support their case they brought in doctors and psychologists , who analysed the defendants and concluded that they had exhibited schizophrenia , and depressions of the psychotic and manic order . The prosecution 's expert , however , refuted these testimonies and argued that they were in full control of their mental faculties when they planned and carried out the murders . The judges agreed with the prosecution 's case and sentenced the trio to death . While on death row , the women appealed to the Privy Council in London and pleaded for clemency from the President of Singapore to no avail . Lim did not seek any pardons ; instead , he accepted his fate and went smiling to the gallows . The three were hanged on 25 November 1988 .
The Toa Payoh ritual murders shocked the public in Singapore , who were surprised by such an act taking place in their society . Reports of the trio 's deeds and the court proceedings were closely followed and remained prominent in the Singaporean consciousness for several years . Twice , movie companies tried to capitalise on the sensation generated by the murders by producing motion pictures based on the killings ; however , critics panned both films for indulging in gratuitous sex and violence , and the movies performed poorly at the box office . The actions and behaviour of the three killers were studied by academics in the criminal psychology field , and the rulings set by the courts became local case studies for diminished responsibility .
= = Singaporean society in the 1980s = =
Early in the nineteenth century , immigrants flooded into Peninsular Malaysia , colonising the Straits Settlements including the island city of Singapore . Migrants and natives held differing beliefs , but over time the boundaries between those belief systems blurred . Most of the population believed in spirits that inhabit the jungles , and in gods and devils that hover around , capable of benevolence and mischief . Certain people claimed that they could communicate with these supernatural beings . Through rituals in which they danced and chanted , these spirit mediums — tang @-@ kees and bomohs — invited the beings to possess their bodies and dole out wisdoms , blessings , and curses to their believers . As time passed and the cities grew , the jungles gave way to concrete structures and the mediums ' practices moved deeper into the heartland of communities .
By 1980 , 75 % of the residents in Singapore were living in public housing . Government @-@ built high @-@ rise blocks of flats clustered in the population centres , of which Toa Payoh was typical . Although a high density of people lived in each block , the residents mostly kept to themselves , valuing their privacy and tending to ignore what was happening around their homes . During this time , Singapore was a relatively peaceful society — a stark contrast to the prevalence of secret societies , triads and gang warfare during the pre @-@ independence days . The low crime rate , brought on by strict laws and tough enforcement , gave citizens a sense of security . Nonetheless , the government warned against complacency and lectured in its local campaigns , " Low crime doesn 't mean no crime " . In 1981 , three Singaporeans committed a crime that shocked the nation .
= = Two murders , three arrests = =
For several years , a medium in Block 12 , Toa Payoh Lorong 7 , had been performing noisy rituals in the middle of the night . The residents complained several times to the authorities , but the rituals would always resume after a short time . On the afternoon of 24 January 1981 , nine @-@ year @-@ old Agnes Ng Siew Heok ( simplified Chinese : 黄秀叶 ; traditional Chinese : 黃秀葉 ; pinyin : Huáng Xìuyè ) disappeared after attending religious classes at her church in Toa Payoh . Hours later , her naked body was found stuffed in a bag outside a lift in Block 11 , less than a kilometre ( five @-@ eighths of a mile ) from the church . The girl had been smothered to death ; the investigation revealed injuries to her genitals and semen in her rectum . Although the police launched an intensive investigation , questioning more than 250 people around the crime scene , they failed to obtain any leads . On 7 February ten @-@ year @-@ old Ghazali bin Marzuki was found dead under a tree between Blocks 10 and 11 , naked . He had been missing since the previous day , after being seen boarding a taxi with an unknown woman . Forensic pathologists on the scene deemed the cause of death as drowning , and found on the boy suffocation marks similar to those on Ng . There were no signs of sexual assault , but burns were on the boy 's back and a puncture on his arm . Traces of a sedative were later detected in his blood .
The police found a scattered trail of blood that led to the seventh floor of Block 12 . Stepping into the common corridor from the stairwell , Inspector Pereira noticed an eclectic mix of religious symbols ( a cross , a mirror , and a knife @-@ blade ) on the entrance of the first flat ( unit number 467F ) . The owner of the flat , Adrian Lim , approached the inspector and introduced himself , informing Pereira that he was living there with his wife , Tan Mui Choo , and a girlfriend , Hoe Kah Hong . Permitted by Lim to search his flat , the police found traces of blood . Lim initially tried to pass the stains off as candle wax , but when challenged claimed they were chicken blood . After the police found slips of paper written with the dead children 's personal details , Lim tried to allay suspicions by claiming that Ghazali had come to his flat seeking treatment for a bleeding nose . He discreetly removed hair from under a carpet and tried to flush it down the toilet , but the police stopped him ; forensics later determined the hair to be Ng 's . Requesting a background check on Lim , Pereira received word from local officers that the medium was currently involved in a rape investigation . Lim overheard them and became agitated , raising his voice at the law enforcers . His ire was mimicked by Hoe as she gestured violently and shouted at the officers . Their actions further raised the investigators ' suspicions that the trio were deeply involved in the murders . The police collected the evidence , sealed the flat as a crime scene , and took Lim and the two women in for questioning .
= = Perpetrators = =
= = = Adrian Lim = = =
Born on 6 January 1942 , Adrian Lim ( simplified Chinese : 林宝龙 ; traditional Chinese : 林寶龍 ; pinyin : Lín Bǎolóng ) was the eldest son of a middle @-@ class family . Described at the trial by his sister as a hot @-@ tempered boy , he dropped out of secondary school and worked a short stint as an informant for the Internal Security Department , joining the cable radio company Rediffusion Singapore in 1962 . For three years , he installed and serviced Rediffusion sets as an electrician before being promoted to bill collector . In April 1967 , Lim married his childhood sweetheart with whom he had two children . He converted to Catholicism for his marriage . Lim and his family lived in rented rooms until his 1970 purchase of a three @-@ room flat — a seventh floor unit ( unit number 467F ) of Block 12 , Toa Payoh .
Lim started part @-@ time practice as a spirit medium in 1973 . He rented a room where he attended to the women — most of whom were bargirls , dance hostesses , and prostitutes — introduced to him by his landlord . Lim 's customers also included superstitious men and elderly females , whom he cheated only of cash . He had learned the trade from a bomoh called " Uncle Willie " and prayed to gods of various religions despite his Catholic baptism . The Hindu goddess Kali and " Phragann " , which Lim described as a Siamese sex god , were among the spiritual entities he called on in his rituals . Lim deceived his clients with several confidence tricks ; his most effective gimmick , known as the " needles and egg " trick , duped many to believe that he had supernatural abilities . After blackening needles with soot from a burning candle , Lim carefully inserted them into a raw egg and sealed the hole with powder . In his rituals , he passed the egg several times over his client while chanting and asked her to crack open the egg . Unaware that the egg had been tampered with , the client would be convinced by the sight of the black needles that evil spirits were harassing her .
Lim particularly preyed on gullible girls who had deep personal problems . He promised them that he could solve their woes and increase their beauty through a ritual massage . After Lim and his client had stripped , he would knead her body — including her genitals — with Phragann 's idol and have sex with her . Lim 's treatments also included an electro @-@ shock therapy based on that used on mental patients . After placing his client 's feet in a tub of water and attaching wires to her temples , Lim passed electricity through her . The shocks , he assured her , would cure headaches and drive away evil spirits .
= = = Tan Mui Choo = = =
Catherine Tan Mui Choo ( simplified Chinese : 陈梅珠 ; traditional Chinese : 陳梅珠 ; pinyin : Chén Méizhū ) was referred to Lim by a fellow bargirl , who claimed the spirit medium could cure ailments and depression . Tan , at that time , was grieving the death of her grandmother to whom she had been devoted . Furthermore , her estrangement from her parents weighed on her mind ; having been sent away at the age of 13 to a vocational centre ( a home mostly for juvenile delinquents ) , she felt unwanted by them . Tan 's visits to Lim became regular , and their relationship grew intimate . In 1975 she moved into his flat on his insistence . To allay his wife 's suspicions that he was having an affair with Tan , Lim swore an oath of denial before a picture of Jesus Christ . However , she discovered the truth and moved out with their children a few days later , divorcing Lim in 1976 . Lim quit his Rediffusion job and became a full @-@ time medium . He enjoyed brisk business , at one point receiving S $ 6 @,@ 000 – 7 @,@ 000 ( US $ 2 @,@ 838 – 3 @,@ 311 ) a month from a single client . In June 1977 , Lim and Tan registered their marriage .
Lim dominated Tan through beatings , threats , and lies . He persuaded her to prostitute herself to supplement their income . He also convinced her that he needed to fornicate with young women to stay healthy ; thus , Tan assisted him in his business , preparing their clients for his pleasure . Lim 's influence over Tan was strong ; on his encouragement and promise that sex with a younger man would preserve her youth , Tan copulated with a Malay teenager and even with her younger brother . The boy was not her only sibling to be influenced by Lim ; the medium had earlier seduced Tan 's younger sister and tricked her into selling her body and having sex with the two youths . Despite the abuses , Tan lived with Lim , enjoying the dresses , beauty products and slimming courses bought with their income .
= = = Hoe Kah Hong = = =
Born on 10 September 1955 , Hoe Kah Hong ( simplified Chinese : 何家凤 ; traditional Chinese : 何家鳳 ; pinyin : Hé Jiāfèng ) was eight years old when her father died ; she was sent to live with her grandmother until she was fifteen . When she returned to her mother and siblings she was constantly required to give way to her elder sister Lai Ho . Under the perception that her mother favoured her sister , Hoe became disgruntled , showing her temper easily . In 1979 her mother brought Lai to Lim for treatment , and became convinced of Lim 's powers by his " needles and egg " trick . Believing that Hoe 's volatile temper could also be cured by Lim , the old woman brought her younger daughter to the medium . After witnessing the same trick , Hoe became Lim 's loyal follower . Lim desired to make Hoe one of his " holy wives " , even though she was already married to Benson Loh Ngak Hua . To achieve his goal , Lim sought to isolate Hoe from her family by feeding her lies . He claimed that her family were immoral people who practiced infidelity , and that Loh was an unfaithful man who would force her into prostitution . Hoe believed Lim 's words , and after going through a rite with him she was declared by the medium as his " holy wife " . She no longer trusted her husband and family , and became violent towards her mother . Three months after she had first met Lim , Hoe moved from her house and went to live with him .
Loh sought his wife at Lim 's flat and ended up staying to observe her treatment . He was persuaded by her to participate in the electro @-@ shock therapies . In the early hours of 7 January 1980 , Loh sat with Hoe , their arms locked together and their feet in separate tubs of water . Lim applied a large voltage to Loh , who was electrocuted , while Hoe was stunned into unconsciousness . When she woke , Lim requested her to lie to the police about Loh 's death . Hoe repeated the story Lim had given her , saying that her husband had been electrocuted in their bedroom when he tried to switch on a faulty electric fan in the dark . The coroner recorded an open verdict , and the police made no further investigations .
Despite her antipathy towards Loh , Hoe was affected by his death . Her sanity broke ; she started hearing voices and hallucinating , seeing her dead husband . At the end of May she was admitted to the Woodbridge Hospital . There , psychologists diagnosed her condition as schizophrenia and started appropriate treatments . Hoe made a remarkably quick recovery ; by the first week of July , she was discharged . She continued her treatment with the hospital ; follow @-@ up checks showed that she was in a state of remission . Hoe 's attitude towards her mother and other family members began to improve after her stay in the hospital , although she continued to live with Lim and Tan .
= = Rape and revenge = =
With Hoe and Tan as his assistants , Lim continued his trade , tricking more women into giving him money and sex . By the time of his arrest , he had 40 " holy wives " . In late 1980 he was arrested and charged with rape . His accuser was Lucy Lau , a door @-@ to @-@ door cosmetic salesgirl , who had met Lim when she was promoting beauty products to Tan . On 19 October , Lim told Lau that a ghost was haunting her , but he could exorcise it with his sex rituals . She was unconvinced , but the medium persisted . He secretly mixed two capsules of Dalmadorm , a sedative , into a glass of milk and offered it to her , claiming it had holy properties . Lau became groggy after drinking it , which allowed Lim to take advantage of her . For the next few weeks , he continued to abuse her by using drugs or threats . In November , after Lim had given her parents a loan smaller than the amount they had requested , Lau made a police report about his treatment of her . Lim was arrested on charges of rape , and Tan for abetting him . Out on bail , Lim persuaded Hoe to lie that she was present at the alleged rape but saw no crime committed . This failed to stop the police enquiries ; Lim and Tan had to extend their bail , in person , at the police station every fortnight .
Frustrated , Lim plotted to distract the police with a series of child murders . Moreover , he believed that sacrifices of children to Kali would persuade her supernaturally to draw the attention of the police away from him . Lim pretended to be possessed by Kali , and convinced Tan and Hoe that the goddess wanted them to kill children to wreak vengeance on Lau . He also told them Phragann demanded that he have sex with their female victims .
On 24 January 1981 , Hoe spotted Agnes at a nearby church and lured her to the flat . The trio plied her with food and drink that was laced with Dalmadorm . After Agnes became groggy and fell asleep , Lim sexually abused her . Near midnight , the trio smothered Agnes with a pillow and drew her blood , drinking and smearing it on a portrait of Kali . Following that , they drowned the girl by holding down her head in a pail of water . Finally , Lim used his electro @-@ shock therapy device to " make doubly sure that she was dead " . They stuffed her body in a bag and dumped it near the lift at Block 11 .
Ghazali suffered a similar fate when he was brought by Hoe to the flat on 6 February . He , however , proved resistant to the sedatives , taking a long time to fall asleep . Lim decided to tie up the boy as a precaution ; however , the boy awoke and struggled . Panicking , the trio delivered karate chops to Ghazali 's neck and stunned him . After drawing his blood , they proceeded to drown their victim . Ghazali struggled , vomiting and losing control of his bowels as he died . Blood kept streaming from his nose after his death . While Tan stayed behind to clean the flat , Lim and Hoe disposed of the body . Lim noticed that a trail of blood led to their flat , so he and his accomplices cleaned as much as they could of these stains before sunrise . What they missed led the police to their flat and resulted in their arrest .
= = Trial = =
Two days after their arrest , Lim , Tan and Hoe were charged in the Subordinate Court for the murders of the two children . The trio were subjected to further interrogations by the police , and to medical examinations by prison doctors . On 16 – 17 September , their case was brought to the court for a committal procedure . To prove that there was a case against the accused , Deputy Public Prosecutor Glenn Knight called on 58 witnesses and arrayed 184 pieces of evidence before the magistrate . While Tan and Hoe denied the charges of murder , Lim pleaded guilty and claimed sole responsibility for the acts . The magistrate decided that the case against the accused was sufficiently strong to be heard at the High Court . Lim , Tan , and Hoe remained in custody while investigations continued .
= = = Judiciary , prosecution , and defence = = =
The High Court was convened in the Supreme Court Building on 25 March 1983 . Presiding over the case were two judges : Justice Thirugnana Sampanthar Sinnathuray , who would deliver judgment on serial murderer John Martin Scripps 13 years later , and Justice Frederick Arthur Chua , who was at the time the longest serving judge in Singapore . Knight continued to build his case on the evidence gathered by detective work . Photographs of the crime scenes , together with witness testimonies , would help the court to visualise the events that led to the crimes . Other evidence — the blood samples , religious objects , drugs , and the notes with Ng and Ghazali 's names — conclusively proved the defendants ' involvement . Knight had no eyewitnesses to the murders ; his evidence was circumstantial , but he told the court in his opening statement , " What matters is that [ the accused ] did intentionally suffocate and drown these two innocent children , causing their deaths in circumstances which amount to murder . And this we will prove beyond all reasonable doubt . "
Tan , with Lim 's and the police 's permission , used $ 10 @,@ 000 of the $ 159 @,@ 340 ( US $ 4 @,@ 730 of US $ 75 @,@ 370 ) seized from the
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discontent with Blanco government policies that they regarded as harmful to their interests . Brazil eventually decided to intervene in the Uruguayan affair to reestablish the security of its southern frontiers and its regional ascendancy .
In April 1864 , Brazil sent Minister Plenipotentiary José Antônio Saraiva to negotiate with Atanasio Aguirre , who had succeeded Berro in Uruguay . Saraiva made an initial attempt to settle the dispute between Blancos and Colorados . Faced with Aguirre 's intransigence regarding Flores ' demands , the Brazilian diplomat abandoned the effort and sided with the Colorados . On 10 August 1864 , after a Brazilian ultimatum was refused , Saraiva declared that Brazil 's military would begin exacting reprisals . Brazil declined to acknowledge a formal state of war , and for most of its duration , the Uruguayan – Brazilian armed conflict was an undeclared war .
In a combined offensive against Blanco strongholds , the Brazilian – Colorado troops advanced through Uruguayan territory , taking one town after another . Eventually the Blancos were left isolated in Montevideo , the national capital . Faced with certain defeat , the Blanco government capitulated on 20 February 1865 . The short @-@ lived war would have been regarded as an outstanding success for Brazilian and Argentine interests , had Paraguayan intervention in support of the Blancos ( with attacks upon Brazilian and Argentine provinces ) not led to the long and costly Paraguayan War .
= = Uruguayan Civil War = =
= = = Blanco – Colorado strife = = =
The Oriental Republic of Uruguay in South America had been , since its independence in 1828 , troubled by strife between the Blanco Party and the Colorado Party . They were not political parties in the modern sense , but factions that engaged in internecine rebellion whenever the other dominated the government . The nation was deeply divided into Colorado and Blanco camps . These partisan groups formed in the 1830s and arose out of patron – client relationships fostered by local caudillos in the cities and countryside . Rather than a unity based upon common nationalistic sentiments , each had differing aims and loyalties informed by their respective , insular political frameworks .
Uruguay had a very low population density and a weak government . Ordinary citizens were compelled by circumstances to seek the protection of local caudillos — landlords who were either Colorados or Blancos and who used their workers , mostly gaucho horsemen , as private armies . The civil wars between the two factions were brutal . Harsh tactics produced ever @-@ increasing alienation between the groups , and included seizure of land , confiscation of livestock and executions . The antagonism caused by atrocities , along with family loyalties and political ties , made reconciliation unthinkable . European immigrants , who came in great numbers during the latter half of the nineteenth century , were drawn into one party or the other ; both parties had liberal and conservative wings , so the social and political views of newcomers could be reconciled with either . The feuding blocs impeded development of a broadly supported central national administration .
= = = Liberating Crusade of 1863 = = =
In the latter half of the 1850s , leading members of the Colorados and Blancos attempted a reconciliation . With the approval of many from both parties efforts were made to implement " Fusionist " policies , which began to show results in cooperation in government and military spheres . The attempt at healing the schism was dealt a setback in 1858 when reactionaries in the Colorado Party rejected the scheme . The revolt was put down by Gabriel Pereira , a former Colorado and Uruguayan president under the Fusionist government . The rebellious leaders were executed at Paso de Quinteros along the Río Negro , sparking renewed conflict . The Colorados suspected Fusionism of promoting Blanco aims to their own detriment and called for the " martyrs of Quinteros " to be avenged .
With the internal weaknesses of Fusionism now exposed , the Colorados moved to oust its supporters from the government . Their leader Brigadier General Venancio Flores , a caudillo and an early proponent of Fusionism , found himself without sufficient military resources to mount a sustained revolt and resorted to asking for intervention by Argentina .
Argentina was a fragmented nation ( since the 1852 downfall of Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas ) , with the Argentine Confederation and the State of Buenos Aires each vying for supremacy . Flores approached the Buenos Aires Minister of War , Bartolomé Mitre , agreeing to throw the support of the Colorados behind Buenos Aires in exchange for subsequent Argentine assistance in their fight against the Fusionist government in Montevideo ( the Uruguayan capital ) . Flores and his Colorado units served Buenos Aires with fierce determination . They played a decisive role in the Battle of Pavón on 17 September 1861 , in which the Confederation was defeated and all Argentina was reunited under the government in Buenos Aires .
In fulfillment of his commitment , Mitre arranged for the Colorado militia , Argentine volunteer units and supplies to be carried aboard Argentine vessels to Uruguay in May and June 1863 . Ships of the Argentine navy kept Uruguayan gunships away from the operation . Back on his native soil , Flores called for the ouster of the constitutional government , by that time headed by Bernardo Berro . Flores accused the Montevideo government of Blanco sympathies and framed his " Liberating Crusade " ( as he called his rebellion ) in the familiar terms of a Colorado vs. Blanco struggle . Colorados from rural areas joined defectors from the military in responding to his call .
= = International crisis = =
= = = Paraguayan – Blanco ties = = =
Although the Colorados had defected to the Flores insurgency , the National Guard continued to support the Fusionist government . Blanco partisans filled its depleted ranks . They also replaced army officers who had deserted to Flores . The Blancos received aid from several Argentine Federalists who joined their cause . As in Uruguay , Argentina had long been a battleground of rival parties , and Bartolomé Mitre 's victory at Pavón in 1861 had signaled the triumph of his Unitarian Party over the Federal Party led by Justo José de Urquiza . Mitre denied any involvement in the Flores rebellion , even though his complicity was widely known and taken for granted .
Relations between Argentina and Uruguay worsened , and both nations came close to declaring war on each other , although neither could afford a direct military conflict . Argentina had only recently emerged from a long civil war , and was still struggling to suppress a Federalist rebellion in its western province of La Rioja . Uruguay was too weak militarily to engage in a fight unaided .
Since 1862 , the Blancos had made repeated overtures to Paraguay , governed by dictator Carlos Antonio López , in an attempt to forge an alliance that might advance both their interests in the Platine region . Upon the death of Carlos Antonio López , his son Francisco Solano López succeeded him as Paraguayan dictator . Unlike the elder López , who strove to avoid encumbering alliances , Solano greeted the Blanco 's proposal with enthusiasm . He believed Argentina was working towards the annexation of both Uruguay and Paraguay , with the goal of recreating the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , the former Spanish colony that once encompassed the territories of all three nations . Solano López had , as far back as 1855 , expressed this concern , commenting to the Uruguayan Andrés Lamas that " the idea of reconstructing [ the old viceroyalty ] is in the soul of the Argentines ; and as a result , it isn 't just Paraguay that needs to stand guard : your country , the Oriental Republic [ of Uruguay ] , needs to get along with my own in order to prepare for any eventualities . " In late 1863 , Solano López was mobilizing his army and was in talks with Urquiza , the leader of the dissident Argentine Federalists , to convince him to join the proposed Paraguayan – Uruguayan alliance .
= = = Brazil and the civil war = = =
The developments in Uruguay were closely watched by the Empire of Brazil , which had vital interests in the Río de la Plata Basin . After Rosas fell in 1852 , Brazil became the dominant regional power . Its foreign policy included the covert underwriting of opposition parties in Uruguay and Argentina , preventing strong governments that might threaten Brazil 's strategic position in the area . Brazilian banking and commercial firms also had ventures in the area , furthering ties within the region . In Uruguay , the bank run by Irineu Evangelista de Sousa ( then @-@ Baron and later Viscount of Mauá ) became so heavily involved in commercial enterprises that the economy depended on this source of continued capital flow .
About 18 percent ( 40 @,@ 000 ) of the Uruguayan population ( 220 @,@ 000 ) spoke Portuguese and regarded themselves as Brazilian rather than Uruguayan . Many within Flores ' ranks were Brazilians , some hailing from the nearby Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Sul . Life along the frontier between Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay was often chaotic , with hostilities erupting between partisans of various cattle barons , cattle @-@ rustling and random killings . Large landowners on both sides of the border had long been antagonistic toward Berro 's policies . The Uruguayan president attempted to tax the cattle coming from Rio Grande do Sul and to impose curbs on the use of Brazilian slaves within Uruguayan territory ; slavery had been outlawed years before in Uruguay .
Among the Brazilian land barons were David Canabarro and Antônio de Sousa Neto , both allies of Flores and former separatist rebels during the Ragamuffin War that had ravaged Rio Grande do Sul from 1835 until 1845 . Canabarro , a frontier military commander , misled Brazil 's government by denying that Brazilians were crossing the border to join Flores . Sousa Neto went to the Brazilian capital to request immediate government intervention in Uruguay , claiming that Brazilians were being murdered and their ranches robbed . The " fact that Uruguayan citizens had just as valid claims against Brazil as Brazilians had against Uruguay was ignored " , said historian Philip Raine . Although Sousa Neto had ties with the governing political party , his claims , including that he could amass a force of 40 @,@ 000 to invade Uruguay , were not taken seriously by all . The Uruguayan crisis arrived at a difficult moment for Brazil , which was on the verge of a full @-@ blown war with the British Empire for unrelated reasons . Brazil 's government decided to intervene in Uruguay , fearful of showing any weakness in the face of an impending conflict with Britain , and believing that it would be better for the central government to take the lead rather than allow the Brazilian ranchers on the frontier to decide the course of events .
= = Early engagements = =
= = = Brazilian ultimatum = = =
On 1 March 1864 , Berro 's term of office ended . The ongoing civil war prevented elections ; therefore Atanasio Aguirre , president of the Uruguayan senate and a member of the Amapolas ( the radical wing of the Blanco Party ) replaced Berro , on an interim basis . In April , José Antônio Saraiva was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary by the Brazilian government and charged with quickly reaching an accord that would settle Brazil 's claims and ensure the safety of Brazilian citizens . His focus soon shifted from satisfying Brazil 's terms to a more immediate goal of hammering out a deal between the antagonists in the civil war , with the expectation that only a more stable regime would be able to reach a settlement with Brazil .
The government in Montevideo was at first reluctant to consider Saraiva 's proposals . With backing from Paraguay , it saw little advantage in negotiating a close to the civil war or in seeking to comply with Brazil 's demands . The main factor , as historian Jeffrey D. Needell summarized , was that the " Uruguayan president had been unwilling to resolve these , particularly because the Brazilians whose grievances were at issue were allies of Venancio Flores , a client of the Argentines , and a man who was seeking his overthrow . " A mutual enmity between Brazil and its Hispanic @-@ American neighbors compounded the difficulties , the result of a long @-@ standing distrust and rivalry between Spain and Portugal that had been carried over to their former American colonies . Brazil and Uruguay exhibited loathing for one another ; as Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham put it : " the Brazilians holding the Uruguayans as bloodthirsty savages , and the Uruguayans returning their contempt for the unwarlike ways of the Brazilians , whom they called monkeys , and looked down upon , for their mixed blood . "
Eventually , in July 1864 , Saraiva 's persistent diplomacy moved the Uruguayan government to agree to mediated talks including Edward Thornton ( the British resident minister in Buenos Aires ) , Argentine Foreign Minister Rufino de Elizalde and Saraiva himself . Initially , the negotiations seemed promising , but soon bogged down . On 4 August , convinced that the government in Montevideo was unwilling to work toward a settlement , a frustrated Saraiva delivered an ultimatum , which the Uruguayans rebuffed . On 10 August , Saraiva informed Aguirre that the Brazilian military commanders would receive orders to begin retaliation , marking the beginning of the war .
= = = Alliance with rebel Colorados = = =
Under the orders of Vice @-@ Admiral Joaquim Marques Lisboa ( then Baron of Tamandaré ) , a Brazilian fleet was stationed in Uruguayan territorial waters . The naval force comprised twelve steamships : one frigate , six corvettes and five gunboats . On 11 August 1864 , Tamandaré , as the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of Brazilian naval and land forces in the war , received orders from Saraiva to begin retaliatory operations . Brazilian warships were deployed to the Uruguayan towns of Salto , Paysandú and Maldonado , ostensibly to " protect Brazilian subjects , " while Uruguay 's only warships , the small steamers Villa del Salto and General Artigas , were to be neutralized . When Tamandaré demanded these steamships remain at their docks , only the crew of General Artigas complied .
Tamandaré created a naval command assigned to Captain of Sea and War Francisco Pereira Pinto ( later Baron of Ivinhema ) . Consisting of two corvettes and one gunboat , the division was sent to patrol the Uruguay River , a tributary of the Río de la Plata and part of the Platine region . On 24 August , Pereira Pinto sighted the Villa del Salto , which was conveying troops to fight the Colorados . The Villa del Salto ignored warning shots and a demand to surrender ; after a desperate run from the Brazilian warships , it escaped to Argentine waters . This first skirmish of the war prompted the Uruguayan government to sever all diplomatic ties with Brazil on 30 August . On 7 September , Pereira Pinto again encountered the Villa del Salto sailing from Salto to Paysandú . The two Brazilian corvettes attacked the Uruguayan ship as it again tried to escape to Argentina . The battle ended when the Villa del Salto ran aground near Paysandú , where its crew set it on fire to prevent it falling into Brazilian hands . Meanwhile , the General Artigas had been sold to prevent its capture by the Brazilians .
To Flores , Brazil 's military operations against the Blanco government represented a priceless opportunity , since he had been unable to achieve any lasting results during the rebellion . He entered talks with Saraiva , winning the Brazilian government over , after promising to settle their claims refused by the Blanco government . The Brazilian plenipotentiary minister gave instructions to Tamandaré to form a joint offensive with the Colorado leader and overthrow the Blancos . On 20 October , after a swift exchange of letters , Flores and the Brazilian vice @-@ admiral formed a secret alliance .
= = Colorado – Brazil joint offensive = =
= = = Sieges of Uruguayan towns = = =
The Brazilian naval fleet in Uruguay was supposed to work in conjunction with a Brazilian land force . But months passed , and the " Army of the South " ( called the " Division of Observation " until the ultimatum ) stationed in Piraí Grande ( in Rio Grande do Sul ) was still not ready to cross into Uruguayan territory . Its main objectives were to occupy the Uruguayan towns of Paysandú , Salto and Melo ; once taken , they were to be handed over to Flores and his Colorados .
On 12 October , a brigade led by Brigadier José Luís Mena Barreto detached from the main army . Two days later , near the Brazilian town of Jaguarão , the force invaded Uruguay 's Cerro Largo Department . After skirmishes failed to halt their march , the Blancos abandoned Melo , and the brigade entered this capital of Cerro Largo unopposed , on 16 October . After handing over control of Melo to the Uruguayan Colorados , the Brazilians withdrew on 24 October , to rejoin their Army of the South . The next Brazilian target was Salto . Pereira Pinto sent two gunboats under First Lieutenant Joaquim José Pinto to blockade the town . On 24 November , Flores arrived with his troops and began the siege . Colonel José Palomeque , commander of the Uruguayan garrison , surrendered almost without firing a shot , on the afternoon of 28 November . Flores ' army captured and incorporated four artillery pieces and 250 men ; 300 Colorados and 150 Brazilians were left behind to occupy Salto .
Paysandú , the last Brazilian target , was already under blockade by Pereira Pinto . Tamandaré , who had been in Buenos Aires until this point , took charge of the blockade on 3 December . It was enforced by one corvette and four gunboats . Paysandú was garrisoned by 1 @,@ 274 men and 15 cannons , under the command of Colonel Leandro Gómez . Flores , who had come from Salto , headed a force of 3 @,@ 000 men , mostly cavalry . He invested Paysandú , deploying 800 infantrymen , 7 cannons ( 3 of which were rifled ) , and detachments of an additional 660 Brazilians . Gómez declined the offer to surrender . From 6 December until 8 December , the Brazilians and Colorados made attempts to storm the town , advancing through the streets , but were unable to take it . Tamandaré and Flores opted to wait for the arrival of the Army of the South . Meanwhile , Aguirre had sent General Juan Sáa with 3 @,@ 000 men and 4 cannons to relieve the besieged town , forcing the Brazilians and Colorados to briefly lift the siege while dealing with this new threat . Sáa abandoned his advance before encountering the enemy force , and fled north of the Río Negro .
= = = Army of the South in Paysandú = = =
Rather than the show of force that had been intended by the Brazilian government , the war revealed the Empire 's lack of military readiness . The Army of the South , stationed in Piraí Grande , was commanded by Field Marshal João Propício Mena Barreto ( later Baron of São Gabriel ) with two divisions . The 1st Division , under Brigadier Manuel Luís Osório ( later Marquis of Erval ) , was formed by regular army units . The 2nd Division , under Brigadier José Luís Mena Barreto ( who had since returned from his attack on Melo ) , was composed entirely of national guardsmen . Altogether , it numbered only 5 @,@ 711 men — all ( except some officers ) native to Rio Grande do Sul . The army was poorly equipped for siege operations : it brought along no engineers ( who could direct the construction of trenches ) ; it was under @-@ equipped , lacking even hatchets ( necessary to cut fences , break through doors and scale walls ) ; and its 12 cannons ( a mix of La Hitte and Paixhans ) were of small calibers ill @-@ suited to attacking fortifications .
On 1 December , almost four months after Saraiva presented the ultimatum , the Army of the South invaded Uruguay . Its troops were accompanied by a semi @-@ independent militia unit , consisting of no more than 1 @,@ 300 Brazilian gaucho cavalrymen , under the former Ragamuffin Antônio de Sousa Neto . The 7 @,@ 011 @-@ strong force ( with 200 supply carts ) marched through Uruguayan territory unopposed , heading toward Paysandú in the southwest . The disorganized and undisciplined bands of gauchos , who formed the armies of both Blancos and Colorados , were no match for the Brazilian troops . The Uruguayan gauchos " had combat experience but no training and were poorly armed save for the usual muskets , boleadoras , and facón knives " , remarked historian Thomas L. Whigham . " Fire arms he [ the Uruguayan gaucho ] rarely possessed , " said Cunninghame Graham , " or if by chance he owned a pair of long brass @-@ mounted pistols or a flintlock blunderbuss , they were in general out of order and unserviceable . Upon the other hand , a little training made him a formidable adversary with the sabre and the lance . "
Field Marshal João Propício Mena Barreto reached Paysandú on 29 December with two infantry brigades and one artillery regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Émile Louis Mallet ( later Baron of Itapevi ) . The Army of the South 's cavalry established its camp a few kilometers away . Meanwhile , Gómez beheaded forty Colorados and fifteen Brazilian prisoners and " hung their still @-@ dripping heads above his trenches in full view of their compatriots . " On 31 December , the Brazilians and Colorados recommenced their attack and overran the city 's defenses , after a bitter struggle , on 2 January 1865 . The Brazilians captured Gómez and handed him over to the Colorados . Colonel Gregorio " Goyo " Suárez shot Gómez and three of his officers . According to Whigham , " Suárez 's actions were not really unexpected , as several members of his immediate family had fallen victim to Gómez 's wrath against the Colorados . "
= = Blanco capitulation = =
= = = Further operations = = =
On 12 November 1864 , before the siege of Paysandú , the Paraguayan dictator Solano López seized the Brazilian steamer Marquês de Olinda , beginning the Paraguayan War . While the Army of the South crossed Uruguay heading toward Paysandú , Brazil 's government sent José Maria da Silva Paranhos ( later Viscount of Rio Branco ) to replace Saraiva . He arrived in the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires on 2 December and a few days later sought a formal alliance with Mitre against the Blancos . The Argentine president refused , insisting that neither he nor his government had any role in Flores ' rebellion , and that Argentina would remain neutral . On 26 December , the Paraguayans invaded the Brazilian province of Mato Grosso , laying waste to towns and the countryside .
As the situation deteriorated , the Brazilian government mobilized army units from other regions of the Empire . On 1 January 1865 , one brigade ( composed of two infantry battalions and one artillery battalion ) with 1 @,@ 700 men from the Brazilian province of Rio de Janeiro disembarked and occupied the Uruguayan town of Fray Bentos . Paranhos , along with Tamandaré , met Flores in Fray Bentos and decided to launch a combined attack against Montevideo . It was apparent that the Paraguayans would take too long to reach Uruguay and no help would come from Urquiza and his Argentine Federalists . Increasingly isolated , Aguirre hoped that the foreign powers could intervene , but when , on 11 January , he asked the diplomatic corps in Montevideo whether they would provide military assistance to him and his government , none responded positively . João Propício Mena Barreto sailed from Fray Bentos on 14 January with the Brazilian infantry , bound for a landing near the mouth of the Santa Lucía River near Montevideo . On the way , he occupied the Uruguayan town of Colonia del Sacramento , garrisoning it with 50 soldiers .
The cavalry and artillery were placed under Osório and went overland . They met João Propício Mena Barreto and the infantry at their landing place . From there , the reunited Army of the South marched on Montevideo . On 31 January , Brazil and the Colorados besieged the Uruguayan capital . In the meantime , on 19 January , Paranhos attempted to clarify the nature of the Brazilian operations against the Blancos . He issued notes to the foreign diplomatic corps in Buenos Aires declaring that a state of war existed between Brazil and Uruguay . Until then , there had been no formal declaration of war , and the Empire 's military operations in Uruguay since August 1864 had been mere " reprisals " — the vague term used by Brazilian diplomacy since the ultimatum .
= = = Armistice = = =
In an attempt to divert the attention of Brazil from the siege of the capital , the Blanco government ordered the " Vanguard Army of the Republic of Uruguay " , composed of 1 @,@ 500 men under General Basilio Muñoz , to invade Brazilian soil . On 27 January 1865 , Muñoz crossed the border and exchanged fire with 500 cavalrymen from Brazil 's National Guard units . The Brazilians retreated to the town of Jaguarão , where they were joined by 90 infantrymen also from the National Guard , and hurriedly constructed trenches . There were also two small steamers and one other large vessel , each equipped with one artillery piece , to protect Jaguarão . The Blanco army attacked the town in the Battle of Jaguarão , but were repelled . Muñoz established a brief siege and asked Colonel Manuel Pereira Vargas ( the commander of the Brazilian garrison ) to surrender , but to no effect . In the early hours of 28 January , Muñoz retreated with his men toward Uruguay , ransacking property and taking all the slaves they could find .
On 2 February , Tamandaré declared to foreign diplomats that Montevideo was under siege and blockade . The Uruguayan capital was defended by between 3 @,@ 500 and 4 @,@ 000 armed men with little to no combat experience and 40 artillery pieces of various calibers . On 16 February , the Army of the South was further reinforced by 1 @,@ 228 men from the 8th Battalion of Caçadores ( Sharpshooters ) arriving from the Brazilian province of Bahia , raising its numbers to 8 @,@ 116 . Sousa Neto and his gauchos had detached from the main force weeks before to pursue Muñoz and his army . British and French nationals were evacuated to Buenos Aires . The " general exodus of foreigners that followed caused those who remained in Montevideo to feel terror for the first time . All agreed that a full @-@ scale assault against the city could not be postponed . " However , neither Paranhos nor his government were willing to risk the destruction of Montevideo and face the inevitable outcry from other nations that would follow it .
On 15 February , Aguirre 's term of office expired . Against the wishes of the Amapolas , the moderate Tomás Villalba was elected by the Senate to replace Aguirre . French , Italian and Spanish troops landed in Montevideo at Villalba 's request to dissuade the radical Blancos from attempting a coup to retake power . Villalba entered into talks with Flores and Paranhos . With the Italian resident minister Raffaele Ulisse Barbolani serving as intermediary , an agreement was reached . Flores and Manuel Herrera y Obes ( representing Villalba 's government ) signed a peace accord on 20 February at the Villa de la Unión . A general amnesty was granted to both Blancos and Colorados , and Villalba handed over the presidency to Flores on an interim basis until elections could be held .
= = Aftermath = =
In early March , Flores assembled a cabinet composed entirely of Colorados , among them a brother of the Blanco Leandro Gómez . The new Uruguayan president purged government departments of employees with Fusionist or Blanco associations . All Blanco officers and enlisted men were eliminated from the army and replaced by those Colorado and Brazilian loyalists who had remained with Flores throughout the conflict . Public commemorations glorified the Colorados , and a monument dedicated to the " Martyrs of Quinteros " was erected . The costs of the Liberating Crusade are unknown . Flores ' losses amounted to around 450 dead and wounded ; there are no estimates of the number of civilians who died of famine and disease , nor is it known how much damage was sustained by the national economy . The effects of the Uruguayan War have received
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gan and British Columbia ( ED & BC ) line , should be sold to either the Canadian National Railway or the Canadian Pacific Railway . Though neither was interested in purchasing the lines , in 1925 both expressed an interest in leasing the ED & BC . However , the Royal Bank of Canada , which held the mortgage on the ED & BC , refused to consent to any lease arrangement unless the Alberta government redeemed its stock in the railway as security for the mortgage . Brownlee was inclined to agree with Minister of Railways Vernor Smith that the government should buy the mortgage from the Royal Bank and become the owner and operator of the line , but Greenfield was resistant to this approach and resolution of the railways question had to wait until Brownlee was premier .
Brownlee was also active on natural resource issues . Alberta , along with Saskatchewan and Manitoba , had been admitted into Confederation without being granted the control over its natural resources that the older provinces enjoyed over theirs . While the federal government did provide a compensatory grant in lieu of resource rights , Alberta sought control over the resources not only because it believed that this would yield higher revenues than the grant , but out of sheer pride . In 1920 , Prime Minister Arthur Meighen committed the federal government in principle to transferring resource rights ; all that remained to discuss were the terms . Alberta , while willing to forgo the annual subsidy , wanted compensation for some of the land and resources previously awarded by the federal government to private interests , including 6 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 acres ( 2 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 ha ) of land granted to eastern railway companies , mineral leases that deprived the government of royalties for more than half of the 6 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 short tons ( 5 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 t ) of coal extracted from Alberta annually , and assorted areas with hydroelectric potential that had been yielded to private companies .
Brownlee became the province 's chief negotiator on resource questions in October 1921 . Though early attempts at reaching agreement were hampered by the unwillingness of the Maritime provinces to agree to the necessary constitutional amendments unless their own annual subsidies were increased , negotiations between the provincial and federal government continued intermittently throughout the 1920s . Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King occasionally appeared receptive to Alberta 's demands , but never fully agreed to them . A possible explanation for this is found in a 1924 letter from Alberta Liberal Party leader John R. Boyle to King , explaining that the UFA was likely to lose the next provincial election to Boyle 's Liberals " unless something extraordinary happens . That extraordinary thing which Greenfield wants to happen now is obtaining from you the natural resources at once . " Despite this letter , the sides seemed close to agreement in early 1925 : at a January conference Alberta accepted in principle a federal offer of three years of continuing subsidy after the transfer of resource rights . After an exhaustive series of meetings between Brownlee and the federal counsel , the agreement went back to the governments for approval . As Greenfield and Brownlee expressed their impatience with federal inaction , an intergovernmental meeting was convened in May . The meeting proceeded at a leisurely pace into June , after which King announced that his cabinet would like the summer to consider the agreement in greater detail . The Albertans returned home in disgust .
The consequences of continued control of Alberta 's resources by the federal government extended beyond the merely financial . As Alberta 's smaller towns and rural areas were being connected to the electrical grid , Calgary Power made an application to the federal government for hydroelectric rights on the upper Bow River . Not wanting these rights to fall into private hands , Brownlee made an application of his own on behalf of the Alberta government . It was denied by Charles Stewart , federal Minister of the Interior and the Premier of Alberta whom the UFA had defeated in 1921 .
In 1924 , the UFA government passed the Mineral Tax Act , which taxed mineral rightsholders at a rate of three cents per acre . The two largest such rightsholders , the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Hudson 's Bay Company , urged the federal government to use its power of disallowance to put a stop to the legislation . When the federal government complied , Brownlee protested its action on three grounds : first , as a direct tax the proposed levy was within Alberta 's rights under section 92 of the British North America Act , 1867 , and it was constitutional convention for the federal government to exercise disallowance only when the impugned legislation was clearly unconstitutional . Second , disallowance allowed the province no recourse to the courts , where the constitutionality of the legislation could be tested . Third , the federal government 's stated reasons for disallowing the legislation , which were released belatedly by justice minister Ernest Lapointe , were ( according to Brownlee ) erroneous and led Brownlee to suggest that Lapointe , a Québécois lawyer trained in the civil law tradition of his home province rather than the common law system used in the rest of Canada , must be unfamiliar with the land @-@ holding system outside of Quebec . Brownlee 's attacks were rejected , and the disallowance stood .
= = Agricultural policy = =
The UFA took office at a time of drought in the southern regions of the province . At Brownlee 's instigation , the government appointed a three @-@ person panel , led by Charles Alexander Magrath , to investigate the problem . In 1922 the government passed the Drought Relief Act . The Act , a Brownlee brainchild , created a Drought Relief Commissioner to whom farmers in affected areas could turn for financial counselling and asset administration . It authorized the adjustment of farmers ' debts to levels that were within the debtors ' means , but still sufficiently acceptable to creditors that their willingness to make loans would not disappear altogether . Brownlee hoped that this system would provide affected farmers with sound financial advice and facilitate the fair division of farmers ' assets among competing creditors without forcing farmers to pay high legal fees . In 1923 this was replaced by the Debt Adjustment Act , which strengthened the commissioner 's powers and was intended to extend his jurisdiction over the entire province ; due to opposition from lenders , the portions of the act dealing with other than drought @-@ stricken areas were never proclaimed .
The name change of the legislation reflected Brownlee 's growing belief that farmers ' financial troubles were due to factors more systemic than lack of rain . Angry over the federal government 's decision to allow the first incarnation of the Canadian Wheat Board ( CWB ) to lapse , many Albertan farmers began to advocate the " pooling " of their wheat , which would render individual farmers less susceptible to the machinations of grain speculators by introducing collective marketing , with each farmer receiving an averaged , identical price . Farmers in Saskatchewan and Manitoba were more adamant about the return of the CWB ; Prime Minister King eventually agreed to its re @-@ creation , provided that at least two of Alberta , Saskatchewan , and Manitoba passed enabling legislation and found the personnel necessary to sit on the Board . By June 1923 , the provinces had not found anybody suitable . Interest in pooling experienced a resurgence . In July , a UFA meeting , which Brownlee attended as the government 's representative , endorsed the creation of a wheat pool as soon as practicable . Brownlee and his cabinet colleague Richard Gavin Reid undertook an investigation of how soon this might be , which included a trip to San Francisco to meet with Aaron Sapiro , an American agricultural cooperative leader . Sapiro proclaimed that a wheat pool could be organized in a few weeks , though both Brownlee and Reid disagreed and returned to Canada committed to caution . However , in their absence the Edmonton Journal and Calgary Herald had invited Sapiro to tour Alberta , and his speeches stirred up extravagant expectations among UFA members for immediate action , in time for the new organization to market the 1923 crop .
Faced with the zeal of its membership , the UFA leadership appointed a 17 @-@ person committee , including Brownlee , to create the Alberta Cooperative Wheat Producers Limited . The membership fee was to be three dollars , and the organization was to work with similar organizations in Saskatchewan and Manitoba . The provincial government — at Brownlee 's insistence — and the UGG both provided startup loans . The UGG also took the lead in agreeing to let its grain elevators be used by the pool , which allowed Brownlee to defeat those committee members who thought the new company should acquire its own elevators .
By the end of August it was obvious that the organizations in Saskatchewan and Manitoba were not going to be ready in time for the 1923 crop , and the committee decided to proceed alone . It determined that if farmers representing half of Alberta 's total wheat acreage agreed to pool their crop by September 15 , the pool would proceed . Brownlee believed that this was an impossible objective . Despite the experimental and unproven nature of the model and the as @-@ yet nonexistent organization that was to execute it , this objective was met . The Alberta Wheat Pool was born . By the following year 's harvest , comparable organizations had formed in Saskatchewan and Manitoba , and a Central Selling Agency ( CSA ) was formed to sell all three provinces ' wheat . The CSA 's first president , Alexander James McPhail ( whom Brownlee helped select ) , offered Brownlee the position of CSA general manager , at the attractive salary of $ 20 @,@ 000 per year ( a figure that Brownlee had helped set ) . At the urging of his government colleagues and the UFA leadership , both of who felt his continued presence in Edmonton was vital to the UFA government 's hold on power , he declined ; he was instead made the CSA 's general counsel . Brownlee was also heavily involved in the creation of a livestock pool and three dairy pools , as a sort of " poolmania " hit Alberta farmers .
= = Prohibition and Sunday shopping = =
As Attorney @-@ General , Brownlee inherited the prohibition implemented by the previous Liberal government . While the UFA base and public opinion both favoured prohibition , the existing law was full of loopholes and unevenly enforced . Some judges , opponents of prohibition , refused to convict defendants charged with liquor offences . The UFA had pledged during the election campaign to introduce prohibition in fact as well as in law , and the task fell to Brownlee . He initially cooled expectations by announcing that he had no interest in making " any hasty or ill @-@ considered move " , either in changing the law or altering enforcement of the existing one .
On September 21 , 1922 , Constable Steve Lawson of the Alberta Provincial Police was murdered at his Blairmore home by bootlegger Emil Picariello and his companion Florence Lassandra . He was the third policeman killed in Alberta in liquor @-@ related incidents in 1922 . The murder opened up a rift between Albertans of British descent , who saw bootlegging as an affront to the rule of law even if they did not support prohibition , and Albertans of southern and eastern European descent , who found prohibition to be something of a joke and accepted bootlegging . Brownlee authorized the deployment of special constables to apprehend Picariello and Lassandra . Once they were arrested , he appeared personally at the prosecution 's bench alongside A. A. McGillivray , reputedly Alberta 's best courtroom lawyer , whose services he secured specifically for the case . Picariello and Lassandra were convicted and sentenced to death by hanging .
By the time of their executions in May 1923 , public opinion was turning against prohibition . The sentiment that criminal activities such as Picariello 's were the inevitable result of prohibition laws became a popular one , as did the view that the government should legalize and regulate liquor sales . Brownlee , morally supportive of prohibition , began to personally support this course , believing that prohibition was unenforceable in the face of widespread public opposition . A 1923 referendum opted for the end of prohibition . In 1924 Brownlee guided the Government Liquor Control Act — drafted with the assistance of R. B. Bennett , who received $ 1 @,@ 000 for his services — through the legislature .
As Attorney @-@ General , Brownlee was responsible for administration of the Lord 's Day Act , which forbade most commerce on Sundays . Charles Huestis of the Lord 's Day Alliance took issue with the Edmonton Orchestra 's Sunday concerts , on the grounds that by opening them only to its subscription holders it was de facto charging admission , and that by paying its musicians honoraria it was gainfully employing them in their regular professions on Sundays . Brownlee declined to prosecute , since courts had previously held that the concerts were legal . Huestis retorted that as Attorney @-@ General Brownlee should make them illegal , to which Brownlee responded that he fully appreciated the importance of the Sabbath and did not need to be lectured on the subject by Huestis . There were also complaints about farmers violating the act by working Sundays ; Brownlee felt that such complaints were often more about conflicts between neighbours than preservation of the Sabbath , and prosecuted only the most gratuitous and flagrant cases .
= = Political machinations and succession = =
In the 1921 federal election , 65 of the Canadian House of Commons ' 235 seats were won by Progressives and allied factions , including the UFA , which won both seats it contested . Liberal Prime Minister @-@ designate William Lyon MacKenzie King had only a minority , and expected to rely on the support of these Progressives to govern . Progressive leader Thomas Crerar envisioned forming a coalition government with the Liberals , and knew that he would be expected to provide cabinet members from Alberta , which had been swept by Progressives and allied parties . Seeing no " cabinet material " among the elected members , he sent an emissary to Edmonton to convince Greenfield or Brownlee to enter federal politics . Brownlee refused and advised Greenfield to do the same , on the grounds that their abandonment of provincial politics soon after the UFA 's election would be seen as a betrayal .
As Greenfield 's shortcomings became obvious , Brownlee found himself fielding propositions closer to home : in 1924 a group of UFA MLAs dissatisfied with Greenfield — including George Johnston , George MacLachlan , William Shield , Donald Cameron , Oran McPherson , and Austin Claypool — approached Brownlee to advise him that they planned to ask the premier to resign in favour of his attorney @-@ general . To their surprise , Brownlee immediately told them that if Greenfield resigned , so would he . Faced with Brownlee 's refusal to cooperate with their coup , the dissidents relented . They made another attempt in 1925 ; Brownlee again threatened to resign , but this time was persuaded by Henry Wise Wood to accept the crown if Greenfield relinquished it willingly . Greenfield assured Brownlee that he had not wanted the job of premier in the first place and would happily see Brownlee take it from him . Faced with these assurances , Brownlee agreed to form a government , and became Premier of Alberta November 23 , 1925 . He remained Attorney @-@ General until after the 1926 election , when he appointed the newly elected John Lymburn to replace him .
= Scottish Terrier =
The Scottish Terrier ( also known as the Aberdeen Terrier ) , popularly called the Scottie , is a breed of dog . Initially one of the highland breeds of terrier that were grouped under the name of Skye Terrier , it is one of five breeds of terrier that originated in Scotland , the other four being the modern Skye , Cairn , Dandie Dinmont , and West Highland White Terrier . They are an independent and rugged breed with a wiry outer coat and a soft dense undercoat . The First Earl of Dumbarton nicknamed the breed " the diehard " . The modern breed is said to be able to trace its lineage back to a single female , named Splinter II .
They are a small breed of terrier with a distinctive shape and have had many roles in popular culture . They have been owned by a variety of celebrities , including the 32nd President of the United States , Franklin Delano Roosevelt , whose Scottie " Fala " is included with FDR in a statue in Washington , D.C. , as well as the 43rd President George W. Bush . They are also well known for being a playing piece in the board game Monopoly . Described as a territorial , feisty dog , they can make a good watchdog and tend to be very loyal to their family . Healthwise , Scottish Terriers can be more prone to bleeding disorders , joint disorders , autoimmune diseases , allergies , and cancer than some other breeds of dog and there is a condition named after the breed called Scotty cramp . They are also one of the more successful dog breeds at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show with a recent best in show in 2010 .
= = Description = =
= = = Appearance = = =
The Scottish Terrier is a small , compact , short @-@ legged , sturdily @-@ built terrier of good bone and substance . They have a hard , wiry , weather @-@ resistant coat and a thick @-@ set , cobby body which is hung between short , heavy legs . These characteristics , joined with his very special keen , piercing , " varminty " expression , and his erect ears and tail are salient features of the breed . The Scottish Terrier 's bold , confident , dignified aspect exemplifies power in a small package . The eyes should be small , bright and piercing , and almond @-@ shaped not round . The color should be dark brown or nearly black , the darker the better . The ears should be small , prick , set well up on the skull and pointed , but never cut . They should be covered with short velvety hair .
Height at withers for both genders should be roughly 25 cm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) , and the length of back from withers to tail is roughly 28 cm ( 11 in ) . Generally a well @-@ balanced Scottie dog should weigh from 8 @.@ 5 to 10 kg ( 19 to 22 lb ) and a female from 8 to 9 @.@ 5 kg ( 18 to 21 lb ) . It is about 10 to 11 inches ( 25 to 28 cm ) in height .
= = = Coat = = =
The Scottish Terrier typically has a hard , wiry outer coat with a soft , dense undercoat . The coat should be trimmed and blended into the furnishings to give a distinct Scottish Terrier outline . The longer coat on the beard , legs and lower body may be slightly softer than the body coat but should not be or appear fluffy .
The coat colours range from dark gray to jet black and brindle , a mix of black and brown . Scotties with wheaten ( straw to nearly white ) coats sometimes occur , and are similar in appearance to the Soft @-@ Coated Wheaten Terrier or West Highland White Terrier .
= = = Temperament = = =
Scotties are territorial , alert , quick moving and feisty , perhaps even more so than other terrier breeds . The breed is known to be independent and self @-@ assured , playful , intelligent and has been nicknamed the ' Diehard ' because of its rugged nature and endless determination . The " Diehard " nickname was originally given to it in the 19th century by George , the fourth Earl of Dumbarton . The Earl had a famous pack of Scottish Terriers , so brave that they were named “ Diehards ” . They were supposed to have inspired the name of his Regiment , The Royal Scots , " Dumbarton ’ s Diehards " .
Scotties , while being described as very loving , have also been described as stubborn . They are sometimes described as an aloof breed , although it has been noted that they tend to be very loyal to their family and are known to attach themselves to one or two people .
It has been suggested that the Scottish Terrier can make a good watchdog due to its tendency to bark only when necessary and because it is typically reserved with strangers , although this is not always the case . They have been described as a fearless breed that may
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fried Tsonga defeated Djokovic and Murray in the third round and quarter @-@ finals respectively before defeating Federer in the final . Federer continued his return to form , winning his first Masters title since 2012 in Cincinnati . Later , he also won the Shanghai Masters , and returned to No. 2 in the rankings , overtaking Nadal , whose season had been curtailed by a wrist injury .
The US Open 2014 saw the Big Four 's collective grip on the major titles slip still further , however , as Kei Nishikori and Marin Cilic beat Djokovic and Federer in the semi @-@ finals respectively to contest the first Slam final featuring none of the Big Four since the 2005 Australian Open , and the first time since 2003 that multiple first @-@ time Grand Slam tournament winners have been crowned in a single season . Following the tournament , Murray dropped to 11th in the rankings , his first time outside the top 10 since 2008 . The tournament as a whole further signalled the decline of the Big Four 's dominance . Towards the end of the year , Andy Murray managed to return to form , winning three titles in Shenzhen , Vienna and Valencia , allowing him to return to the top ten in the rankings and qualify for the Tour Finals , but he bowed out at the group stages following a humiliating defeat by Federer , in which he won just a single game . Indeed , throughout the year Murray failed to register a single victory against another member of the Big Four in nine meetings .
The 2014 season drew to a close with Djokovic winning the China Open title , extending his record at the event to 24 – 0 , and the Paris Masters title . At the tour finals Federer and Djokovic both reached the final , but Federer withdrew citing injury following a brutal semifinal against Wawrinka . Federer recovered to win the Davis Cup as part of the Switzerland team for his , and the country 's , first triumph in the competition , leading many people to say that his tennis career was now complete . Collectively , the Big Four won 19 titles in 2014 , but two Slam titles and two Masters titles went to other players . In the end @-@ of @-@ year rankings , Djokovic , Federer and Nadal held the top three spots , with Murray in sixth .
Following Murray 's strong end to 2014 and reaching the final of the 2015 Australian Open , he moved into the top four in the ATP rankings for the first time in over year , meaning that the Big Four held the top four places in the rankings for the first time since early 2013 , slowing the idea of the regression of the quartet . However , Federer and Nadal both lost early in the third round and quarterfinals respectively , the first time in 12 appearances that Federer had lost before the semi @-@ finals at the first Slam of the season . Djokovic won the title , as well as well as the first three Masters titles of the year in Indian Wells ( where the Big Four were the top four seeds in ATP Masters 1000 event for the time since 2012 ) , Miami and Monte @-@ Carlo , defeating Murray in the final in Miami ( his seventh straight victory against the Brit ) and Federer in the final of Indian Wells respectively . With these victories , Djokovic became the only man to win the Indian Wells @-@ Miami sweep on three separate occasions .
Andy Murray 's strong form continued and on his return in the clay @-@ court season he won his first title on a clay court in Munich . Then , in the Madrid Open , he defeated Milos Raonic and Kei Nishikori to reach the final , where he defeated Nadal in straight sets to win his first Masters title on clay and first since 2013 . This was also the first time he had beaten another member of the Big Four in a Tour match since his victory in the final at Wimbledon 2013 , going into the match 0 – 12 against the other members . The defeat saw Nadal slip to seventh in the rankings , his first time outside the Top 5 for more than a decade . Djokovic , returning after skipping Madrid , again defeated Federer in the final for his fourth Masters title of the year in Rome . Nadal suffered his worst European clay @-@ court season in a decade , failing to win a single title and appearing in just one final , whereas Djokovic and Murray entered the second Grand Slam event of the year unbeaten on clay .
Murray continued his clay court form during the French Open , defeating David Ferrer in the quarter @-@ finals to set up a semifinal against Djokovic , who had defeated Nadal in straight sets in the opposing quarter . This was only Nadal 's second defeat at the French Open , seeing him drop to No. 10 in the rankings , while Federer had been knocked out by fellow Swiss Stan Wawrinka in the quarter @-@ final held the previous day . Djokovic emerged victorious over Murray in a five set match that was spread over two days but succumbed to Wawrinka in the final in four sets , Wawrinka 's second Slam title in two years .
As the grass court season began , Nadal 's inconsistent form continued , as he won the title in Stuttgart before losing in the first round of Queen 's the following week and in the second round at the Wimbledon championships two weeks later . Murray went on to win Queen 's for a record @-@ tying fourth time , whilst Federer went on to win an eighth title in Halle . They both reached the semifinals of Wimbledon with Federer emerging victorious over Murray in straight sets . Djokovic claimed the other spot in the final , seeing off Kevin Anderson in five sets in the fourth round along the way , to set up a rematch of the previous year 's final , and defeated Federer in four sets to win his second grand slam of the year , denying Federer a record eighth Wimbledon title for the second year in a row .
Murray and Federer shared the two North American Hard Court Masters titles , at Montreal and Cincinnati respectively , with Djokovic being the losing finalist on both occasions . Murray 's victory over Djokovic in the Montreal final was his first in 2015 and followed eight successive losses against the Serb , and briefly saw him return to the No. 2 ranking , before Federer reclaimed the No. 2 position the following week , having defeated Murray in the semi @-@ finals . Nadal meanwhile was defeated at the quarter @-@ finals in Montreal and the third round in Cincinnati , and also suffered an early exit at the US Open . Murray was beaten by Kevin Anderson in the fourth round , his earliest defeat at a slam tournament since the 2010 US Open , but the final was contested by Djokovic and Federer . Djokovic won in four sets , giving him a third slam title of the season . Murray led Great Britain to Davis Cup victory in 2015 , winning all eight of a possible eight singles rubbers and becoming the latest member of the quartet to win the Davis Cup .
= = = 2016 = = =
In 2016 Djokovic collected his sixth Australian Open title in a straight sets victory over Murray . He followed up this solid run of form with a record setting fifth Indian Wells and record equaling sixth Miami masters titles .
At the 2016 French Open , Djokovic again beat Murray in the final to become the third Big Four member after Federer and Nadal to complete a Career Grand Slam .
Nadal withdrew from that year 's Wimbledon with a damaged wrist tendon , while a shock defeat for Novak Djokovic in the third round at the hands of the American Sam Querrey in four sets meant that only two of the Big Four were present in the tournament 's quarter @-@ finals ; Federer and Murray . Federer lost his semifinal to Milos Raonic in five sets . In the final Murray beat Raonic in straight sets to win his second Wimbledon title , and third Grand Slam title overall . Murray 's victory marked the first time since the 2010 French Open that a member of the Big Four had won a Grand Slam title without having to defeat one of the other three members .
Federer withdrew from the remainder of the 2016 season due to a knee injury , missing the 2016 Olympics and 2016 US Open .
= = Overall dominance = =
= = = Grand Slam tournaments and the Olympics = = =
Since the 2005 Australian Open , the opening Grand Slam tournament of the 2005 ATP Tour , the Big Four have won both Olympic Games singles tournaments. all but four Majors , and all but two Tennis Masters Cups / ATP World Tour Finals .
The dominance does not just consist of winning the events either , with all four members regularly making it to the latter stages of the tournament . Since 2010 they have occupied all but 4 finalist spots . Since 2008 they have occupied all four semifinal spots on four occasions , at the 2008 US Open , 2011 French Open , 2011 US Open & 2012 Australian Open , as well as taking three of the four spaces on nine other separate occasions . In 2011 they occupied 14 out of a possible 16 Grand Slam semifinal slots . In the same period , only twice have two or more not made the semifinal stage ( 2009 & 2010 French Open ) , while in 2012 they took 13 out 16 Grand Slam tournament semifinal slots . At the Olympics , members of the Big Four took two of the three available singles medals in 2008 and 2012 , and including doubles have a total of three golds , two silvers and a bronze from these games . Federer and Murray are the only members of the Big Four to have two Olympic medals , and Murray is the only one to have won two medals at the same tournament , taking both the singles ' gold medal and the mixed doubles ' silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics . Djokovic is the only member to not have won a gold medal in any event so far , having taken the singles ' bronze medal in 2008 .
The Big Four , along with Rod Laver , Tony Roche and Ivan Lendl , are the only men in Open Era history to reach the semifinals at all four Majors in a single calendar year , Federer has achieved this a record 5 times in his career so far and Djokovic four times . However , this feat has been accomplished many more times in the pre @-@ Open Era . Similarly , the Big Four make up four of the ten players to have made the semi @-@ finals twice or more at each of the four Grand Slam events .
= = = = Combined Grand Slam tournament singles performance timeline ( best result ) = = = =
= = = = Combined Olympic Games singles performance timeline ( best result ) = = = =
= = List of Multiple Grand Slam champions - Open Era ( post 1968 ) = =
= = = Big Four Grand Slam finals : 29 = = =
= = = Big Four Olympic final = = =
= = = ATP World Tour Finals = = =
= = = = Combined performance timeline ( best result ) = = = =
= = = = Big Four ATP World Tour Finals finals : 5 = = = =
= = = ATP Masters tournaments = = =
Similarly , ATP Masters / ATP Masters 1000 events have been dominated by the Big Four . Djokovic leads with a record 29 titles followed by Nadal ( 28 ) , Federer ( 24 ) , and Murray ( 12 ) . Since 2005 , spanning 104 events , they have won 89 , since 2007 of the 85 they 've won 72 , since 2009 of the 68 events that have taken place , they 've won 61 and since 2011 of the 50 events that have taken place , they 've won 47 . This includes all 9 in 2011 , 2013 and 2015 . Moreover , between the 2010 Paris Masters and 2012 Paris Masters , they won 17 consecutive ATP Masters 1000 events . As of the 2013 Rome Masters , they had won 109 titles from 121 finals at all levels of the ATP Tour since the start of the 2008 season . Since the tournaments were revamped and renamed ATP World Tour Masters 1000 events at the beginning of 2009 , no player outside the Big Four has won more than one title .
Of these ATP Masters events , excluding the Paris Masters ( where the Big Four have had less success , although they have still won it five times in the last seven years ) they have won :
All but one Indian Wells Masters events since ( and including ) 2004 .
All but two Miami Masters events since ( and including ) 2005 .
All but one Monte @-@ Carlo Masters event since ( and including ) 2005 .
Every Rome Masters event since ( and including ) 2005 .
All but one Madrid Masters event since ( and including ) 2005 .
All but one Canada Masters event since ( and including ) 2004 .
All but one Cincinnati Masters event since ( and including ) 2005 .
All but one Shanghai Masters event since its introduction in 2009 .
All but one Hamburg Masters event between 2
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are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear all the responsibility for raising them . River dolphins produce a variety of vocalizations , usually in the form of clicks and whistles .
River dolphins are rarely kept in captivity ; breeding success has been poor and the animals often die within a few months of capture . As of 2015 , there are only three river dolphins in captivity .
= = Taxonomy and evolution = =
= = = Classification = = =
Four families of river dolphins ( Iniidae , Pontoporiidae , Lipotidae and Platanistidae ) are currently recognized , comprising three superfamilies ( Inioidea , Lipotoidea and Platanistoidea ) . Platanistidae , containing the two subspecies of South Asian river dolphin , is the only accepted family of Platanistoidea . Previously , many taxonomists had assigned all river dolphins to a single family , Platanistidae , and treated the Ganges and Indus River dolphins as separate species . A December 2006 survey found no members of Lipotes vexillifer ( commonly known as the baiji , or Chinese river dolphin ) and declared the species functionally extinct . With their disappearance , one of the recently accepted superfamilies , Lipotoidea , has become extinct .
The current classification of river dolphins is as follows :
Superfamily Platanistoidea
Family Platanistidae
Genus Platanista
South Asian river dolphin , Platanista gangetica , with two subspecies
Ganges River dolphin ( susu ) , P. g. gangetica
Indus River dolphin ( bhulan ) , P. g. minor
Family † Allodelphinidae ( Miocene )
Family † Squalodelphinidae ( Oligocene to Miocene )
Family † Squalodontidae ( Oligocene to Miocene )
Family † Waipatiidae ( Oligocene to Miocene )
Superfamily Inioidea
Family Iniidae
Genus Inia
Amazon river dolphin ( boto ) , Inia geoffrensis
Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis
Inia geoffrensis humbotiana
Araguaian river dolphin , Inia araguaiaensis
Bolivian river dolphin , Inia boliviensis
Genus † Meherrinia ( late Miocene )
Family Pontoporiidae
Genus † Auroracetus
† Auroracetus bakerae
Genus Pontoporia
La Plata dolphin ( Franciscana ) , Pontoporia blainvillei
Superfamily † Lipotoidea
Family † Lipotidae
Genus † Lipotes
† Baiji ( or Chinese river dolphin ) , Lipotes vexillifer ( functionally extinct since December 2006 )
In 2012 the Society for Marine Mammalogy began considering the Bolivian ( Inia geoffrensis boliviensis ) and Amazonian ( Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis ) subspecies as full species Inia boliviensis and Inia geoffrensis , respectively ; however , much of the scientific community , including the IUCN , continue to consider the Bolivian population to be a subspecies of Inia geoffrensis .
In October 2014 , the Society for Marine Mammalogy took Inia boliviensis and Inia araguaiaensis off their list of aquatic mammal species and subspecies and currently does not recognize these species @-@ level separations .
= = = Evolution = = =
River dolphins are members of the infraorder Cetacea , which are descendants of land @-@ dwelling mammals of the order Artiodactyla ( even @-@ toed ungulates ) . They are related to the Indohyus , an extinct chevrotain @-@ like ungulate , from which they split approximately 48 million years ago . The primitive cetaceans , or archaeocetes , first took to the sea approximately 49 million years ago and became fully aquatic by 5 – 10 million years later . It is unknown when river dolphins first ventured back into fresh water .
River dolphins are thought to have relictual distributions , that is , their ancestors originally occupied marine habitats , but were then displaced from these habitats by modern dolphin lineages . Many of the morphological similarities and adaptations to freshwater habitats arose due to convergent evolution ; thus , a grouping of all river dolphins is paraphyletic . Amazon river dolphins are actually more closely related to oceanic dolphins than to South Asian river dolphins . Isthminia panamensis is an extinct genus and species of river dolphin , living 5 @.@ 8 to 6 @.@ 1 million years ago . Its fossils were discovered near Piña , Panama .
River dolphin has been considered a taxonomic description , suggesting an evolutionary relationship among the group , although it is now known that they form two distinct clades . ' True ' river dolphins are descendants of ancient evolutionary lineages that evolved in freshwater environments .
Some species of cetacean live in rivers and lakes , but are more closely related to oceanic dolphins or porpoises and entered fresh water more recently . Such species are considered facultative freshwater cetaceans as they can use both marine and freshwater environments . These include species such as the Irrawaddy dolphin , Orcaella brevirostris , found in the Mekong , Mahakam , the Irrawaddy Rivers , as well as the Yangtze finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis .
The tucuxi ( Sotalia fluviatilis ) in the Amazon River is another species descended from oceanic dolphins ; however , it does not perfectly fit the label of ' facultative ' either , as it occurs only in fresh water . The tucuxi was until recently considered conspecific with the Guiana dolphin ( Sotalia guianensis ) , which inhabits marine waters . It may also be true for the Irrawaddy dolphin and the finless porpoise that , although the species may be found in both freshwater and marine environments , individual animals found in rivers may not be able to survive in the ocean , and vice versa . The tucuxi is currently classified as an oceanic dolphin ( Delphinidae ) .
The Franciscana ( Pontoporia blainvillei ) has shown a converse evolutionary pattern , and has an ancient evolutionary lineage in freshwater , but inhabits estuarine and coastal waters .
= = Biology = =
= = = Anatomy = = =
River dolphins have a torpedo shaped body with a flexible neck , limbs modified into flippers , non @-@ existent external ear flaps , a tail fin , and a small bulbous head . River dolphin skulls have small eye orbits , a long snout and eyes placed on the sides of the head . River dolphins are rather small , ranging in size from the 5 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) long South Asian river dolphin to the 8 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) and 220 @-@ pound ( 100 kg ) Amazon river dolphin . They all have female @-@ biased sexual dimorphism , with the females being larger than the males . River dolphins are polygynous , meaning male river dolphins typically mate with multiple females every year , but females only mate every two to three years . Calves are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear all the responsibility for raising them .
River dolphins have conical teeth , used to catch swift prey such as small river fish . They also have very long snouts , with some measuring 23 inches ( 58 cm ) , four times longer than most of their oceanic counterparts . They have a two @-@ chambered stomach that is similar in structure to that of terrestrial carnivores . They have fundic and pyloric chambers . Breathing involves expelling stale air from their blowhole , followed by inhaling fresh air into their lungs . They do not have the iconic spout , as this only forms when the warm air exhaled from the lungs meets cold external air , which does not occur in their tropical habitats .
River dolphins have a thin layer of blubber , this is due to a lack of necessity . Blubber can help with buoyancy , protection from predators ( they would have a hard time getting through a thick layer of fat ) , energy for leaner times , and insulation from harsh climates . The habitats of river dolphins lack these needs .
= = = Locomotion = = =
River dolphins have two flippers and a tail fin . These flippers contain four digits . Although river dolphins do not possess fully developed hind limbs , some possess discrete rudimentary appendages , which may contain feet and digits . River dolphins are slow swimmers in comparison to oceanic dolphins , which can travel at speeds up to 35 miles per hour ( 56 km / h ) ; the tucuxi can only travel at about 14 miles per hour ( 23 km / h ) . Unlike other cetaceans , their neck vertebrae are not fused together , meaning they have greater flexibility than other non @-@ terrestrial aquatic mammals , at the expense of speed . This means they can turn their head without actually moving their entire body . When swimming , river dolphins rely on their tail fins to propel themselves through the water . Flipper movement is continuous . River dolphins swim by moving their tail fins and lower bodies up and down , propelling themselves through vertical movement , while their flippers are mainly used for steering . All species have a dorsal fin .
= = = Senses = = =
The ears of river dolphins have specific adaptations to their aquatic environment . In humans , the middle ear works as an impedance equalizer between the outside air 's low impedance and the cochlear fluid 's high impedance . In river dolphins , and other cetaceans , there is no great difference between the outer and inner environments . Instead of sound passing through the outer ear to the middle ear , river dolphins receive sound through the throat , from which it passes through a low @-@ impedance fat @-@ filled cavity to the inner ear . The ear is acoustically isolated from the skull by air @-@ filled sinus pockets , which allows for greater directional hearing underwater . Dolphins send out high frequency clicks from an organ known as a melon . This melon consists of fat , and the skull of any such creature containing a melon will have a large depression . This allows river dolphins to produce biosonar for orientation . They are so dependent on echolocation that they can survive even if they are blind . Beyond locating an object , echolocation also provides the animal with an idea on the object 's shape and size , though how exactly this works is not yet understood . The small hairs on the rostrum of the Amazon river dolphin are believed to function as a tactile sense , possibly to compensate for their poor eyesight .
River dolphins have very small eyes for their size , and do not have a very good sense of sight . In addition , the eyes are placed on the sides of the head , so the vision consists of two fields , rather than a binocular view like humans have . When river dolphins surface , their lens and cornea correct the nearsightedness that results from the refraction of light . They have both rod and cone cells , meaning they can see in both dim and bright light . Most river dolphins have slightly flattened eyeballs , enlarged pupils ( which shrink as they surface to prevent damage ) , slightly flattened corneas and a tapetum lucidum ; these adaptations allow for large amounts of light to pass through the eye and , therefore , a very clear image of the surrounding area . They also have glands on their eyelids and an outer corneal layer that act as protection for the cornea .
Olfactory lobes are absent in river dolphins , suggesting that they have no sense of smell .
River dolphins are not thought to have a sense of taste , as their taste buds are atrophied or missing altogether . However , some dolphins have preferences between different kinds of fish , indicating some sort of attachment to taste .
= = Interactions with humans = =
= = = Threats = = =
= = = = Development = = = =
Development and agriculture have had devastating impacts on the habitats on river dolphins . The total population of Araguaian river dolphins is estimated to be between 600 and 1 @,@ 500 individuals , and genetic diversity is limited . The ecology of their habitat has been adversely affected by agricultural , ranching and industrial activities , as well as by the use of dams for hydroelectric power . The inhabited section of the Araguaia River probably extends over about 900 miles ( 1 @,@ 400 km ) out of a total length of 1 @,@ 300 miles ( 2 @,@ 100 km ) . The Tocantins river habitat is fragmented by six hydroelectric dams , so the population there is at particular risk . Its probable eventual IUCN status is Vulnerable or worse .
Both subspecies of South Asian river dolphins have been very adversely affected by human use of the river systems in the subcontinent . Irrigation has lowered water levels throughout both subspecies ' ranges . Poisoning of the water supply from industrial and agricultural chemicals may have also contributed to population decline . Perhaps the most significant issue is the building of more than 50 dams along many rivers , causing the segregation of populations and a narrowed gene pool in which the dolphins can breed . Currently , three subpopulations of Indus river dolphins are considered capable of long @-@ term survival if protected .
As China developed economically , pressure on the baiji river dolphin grew significantly.Industrial and residential waste flowed into the Yangtze . The riverbed was dredged and reinforced with concrete in many locations . Ship traffic multiplied , boats grew in size , and fishermen employed wider and more lethal nets . Noise pollution caused the nearly blind animal to collide with propellers . Stocks of the dolphin 's prey declined drastically in the late 20th century , with some fish populations declining to one thousandth of their pre @-@ industrial levels . In the 1950s , the population was estimated at 6 @,@ 000 animals , but declined rapidly over the subsequent five decades . Only a few hundred were left by 1970 . Then the number dropped down to 400 by the 1980s and then to 13 in 1997 when a full @-@ fledged search was conducted . On December 13 , 2006 , the baiji ( Lipotes vexillifer ) was declared " functionally extinct " , after a 45 @-@ day search by leading experts in the field failed to find a single specimen . The last verified sighting was in September 2004 .
= = = = Competition = = = =
The region of the Amazon in Brazil has an extension of 3 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 sq mi ( 8 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 km2 ) containing diverse fundamental ecosystems . One of these ecosystems is a floodplain , or a várzea forest , and is home to a large number of fish species which are an essential resource for human consumption . The várzea is also a major source of income through excessive local commercialized fishing . Várzea consist of muddy river waters containing a vast number and diversity of nutrient @-@ rich species . The abundance of distinct fish species lures the Amazon River dolphin into the várzea areas of high water occurrences during the seasonal flooding .
In addition to attracting predators such as the Amazon river dolphin , these high @-@ water occurrences are an ideal location to draw in the local fisheries.Human fishing activities directly compete with the dolphins for the same fish species , the tambaqui ( Colossoma macropomum ) and the pirapitinga ( Piaractus brachypomus ) , resulting in deliberate or unintentional catches of the Amazon river dolphin . The local fishermen overfish , and when the Amazon River dolphins remove the commercialized fish from the nets and lines , it damages the equipment and the capture and causes a negative reaction from the local fishermen . The Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources prohibit fishermen from killing the Amazon river dolphin , yet they are not compensated for the damage to their equipment and the loss of their catch .
= = = = Bycatch = = = =
During the process of catching the commercialized fish , the Amazon river dolphins get caught in the nets and exhaust themselves until they die , or the local fishermen deliberately kill the dolphins that become entangled in their nets . The carcasses are discarded , consumed , or used as bait to attract a scavenger catfish , the piracatinga ( Calophysus macropterus ) . The use of the Amazon river dolphin carcass as bait for the piracatinga dates back from 2000 . The increasing consumption demand by the local inhabitants and Colombia for the piracatinga has created a market for distribution of the Amazon river dolphin carcasses to be used as bait throughout these regions .
For example , of the 15 dolphin carcasses found in the Japurá River in 2010 – 2011 surveys , 73 % of the dolphins were killed for bait , disposed of , or abandoned in entangled gillnets . The data does not fully represent the actual overall number of deaths of the Amazon river dolphins , whether accidental or intentional , because a variety of factors make it extremely complicated to record and medically examine all the carcasses . Scavenger species feed upon them and the complexity of the river currents makes it nearly impossible to locate all the carcasses . More importantly , the local fishermen do not report these deaths out of fear that legal action will be taken against them , as the Amazon river dolphin and other cetaceans are protected under the Brazilian federal law , prohibiting any takes , harassments , and kills of the species .
= = = In captivity = = =
A baiji conservation dolphinarium was established at the Institute of Hydrobiology ( IHB ) in Wuhan in 1992 . This was planned as a backup to any other conservation efforts by producing an area completely protected from any threats , and where the baiji could be easily observed . The site includes an indoor and outdoor holding pool , a water filtration system , food storage and preparation facilities , research labs and a small museum . The aim is to also generate income from tourism which can be put towards the baiji plight . The pools are not very large , only kidney shaped tanks with dimensions of 82 feet ( 25 m ) arc 23 feet ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) width and 11 feet ( 3 @.@ 4 m ) depth , 33 feet ( 10 m ) diameter , 6 @.@ 6 feet ( 2 @.@ 0 m ) deep and 39 feet ( 12 m ) diameter , 11 feet ( 3 @.@ 4 m ) deep , and are not capable of holding many baijis at one time . Douglas Adams and Mark Carwardine documented their encounters with the endangered animals on their conservation travels for the BBC programme Last Chance to See . The book by the same name , published in 1990 , included pictures of a captive specimen , a male named Qi Qi ( 淇淇 ) that lived in the Wuhan Institute of Hydrobiology dolphinarium from 1980 to July 14 , 2002 . Discovered by a fisherman in Dongting Lake , he became the sole resident of the Baiji Dolphinarium ( 白鱀豚水族馆 ) beside East Lake . A sexually mature female was captured in late 1995 , but died after half a year in 1996 when the Shishou Tian @-@ e @-@ Zhou Baiji Semi @-@ natural Reserve ( 石首半自然白鱀豚保护区 ) , which had contained only finless porpoises since 1990 , was flooded .
The Amazon river dolphin has historically been kept in dolphinariums . Today , only three exist in captivity : one in Acuario de Valencia in Venezuela , one in Zoologico de Guistochoca in Peru , and one in Duisburg Zoo in Germany . Several hundred were captured between the 1950s and 1970s , and were distributed in dolphinariums throughout the US , Europe , and Japan . Around 100 went to US dolphinariums , and of that , only 20 survived ; the last died in Pittsburgh Zoo in 2002 .
= = = In mythology = = =
= = = = Old World = = = =
In Hindu mythology , the Ganges River Dolphin is associated with Ganga , the deity of the Ganges river . The dolphin is said to be among the creatures which heralded the goddess ' descent from the heavens and her mount , the Makara , is sometimes depicted as a dolphin .
In Chinese mythology , the baiji has many origin stories . For example , near the mouth of the Yangtze , the baiji was a princess that had lost her parents and had lived with her step @-@ father , whom she had longed to get away from . The step @-@ father wanted to trade her since she would have been sold for a great sum of money , but as they were crossing the river to get to the trader , a storm rolled in , and they were drenched . The step @-@ father , enraged , tried to take her , but she plunged herself into the river . Before being drowned in the river , she was transformed into a dolphin , and swam away from her abusive step @-@ father , who also fell in and was transformed into a porpoise .
In another story further upstream the Yangtze , the baiji was the daughter of a general who was deported from the city of Wuhan during a war . During his duty , the daughter ran away . Later , the general met a woman who told him how her father was a general , and when he realized that she was his daughter , he threw himself into the river out of shame . The daughter ran after him and also fell into the river . Before they were drowned , the daughter was transformed into a dolphin , and the general a porpoise .
= = = = New World = = = =
Amazon river dolphins , known by the natives as the boto or encantados , are very prevalent in the mythology of the native South Americans . They are often characterized in their mythology as wielding superior musical ability , their seductiveness and love of sex , often resulting in illegitimate children , and their attraction to parties . Despite the fact that the Encante are said to come from a utopia full of wealth and without pain or death , the encantados crave the pleasures and hardships of human societies .
Transformation into human form is said to be rare , and usually occurs at night . The encantado will often be seen running from a festa , despite protests from the others for it to stay , and can be seen by pursuers as it hurries to the river and reverts to dolphin form . When it is under human form , it wears a hat to hide its blowhole , which does not disappear with the shapeshift .
Besides the ability to shapeshift into human form , encantados frequently wield other magical abilities , such as the power to control storms , enchant humans into doing their will , transform humans into encantados themselves , and inflict illness , insanity , and even death . Shamans often intervene in these situations .
Kidnapping is also a common theme in such folklore . Encantados are said to be fond of abducting humans with whom they fall in love , children born of their illicit love affairs , or just about anyone near the river who can keep them company , and taking them back to the Encante . The fear of this is so great among people who live in the Amazon river area that both children and adults are terrified of going near the water between dusk and dawn , or entering water @-@ bodies alone . Some who supposedly have encountered encantados while out in their canoes have been said to have gone insane , although in fact , the creatures seem to have done little more than follow their boats and nudge them from time to time .
= Far Away ( Ayumi Hamasaki song ) =
" Far Away " ( stylized as " Far away " ) is a song recorded by Japanese recording artist Ayumi Hamasaki for her third studio album , Duty ( 2000 ) . It was written by Hamasaki , while production was handled by Max Matsuura . It premiered on May 17 , 2000 as the second single from the album . The song is part of a trilogy from Duty ; the other two singles being " Vogue " and " Seasons " .
Musically , " Far Away " is a Japanese pop song . The lyrics highlights theme of nostalgia , describing Hamasaki 's past . Upon its release , the track garnered positive reviews from music critics , who praised Hamasaki 's song writing and selected it as an album and career stand out track . It also achieved success in Japan , peaking at number two on the Oricon Singles Chart and on the TBS Count Down TV chart . " Far Away " has sold over 510 @,@ 000 units in Japan .
The accompanying music video for " Far Away " was directed by Wataru Takeishi , and serves as a sequel to the video for " Vogue " ; it features two children in a post @-@ apocalypse city , reading a book that has video imagery of Hamasaki in a cherry blossom field . Hamasaki then appears in the post @-@ apocalypse city . Both the music video and the song has appeared on several compilations by Hamasaki , including A Best ( 2001 ) and A Complete : All Singles ( 2008 ) . For additional promotion , the song was featured on several concert tours by Hamasaki including her 2000 Japan tour and her Power of Music tour .
= = Background and release = =
" Far Away " was written by Hamasaki , while production was handled by Japanese producer Max Matsuura . The song was composed by long @-@ term collaborators Kazuhito Kikuchi and Dai Nagao , whilst arrangement was handled by Japanese production team HΛL . This was one of Kikuchi 's final collaborations with Hamasaki , until he returned as the main composer for her sixth studio album , My Story ( 2004 ) . For the track 's instrumentation , HΛL played the keyboard and mixed the final composition , Naoki Akimoto played the guitar , and Junko Hirotani provided background vocals . Atushi Hattori co @-@ mixed the final composition alongside HΛL . It was selected as the second single from Duty , and was released on May 17 , 2000 by Avex Trax .
The maxi CD of the single contains the original composition and its instrumental version , plus nine remixes . As a single from the Duty trilogy , which included Hamasaki 's singles " Vogue " and " Seasons " , the singles were released as DVD singles and on VHS ; it included the three mini @-@ music videos , alongside the making videos and a TV commercial . The CD and digital cover sleeve has a polaroid photo of Hamasaki in water . The standalone CD cover was used as the digital EP cover for the iTunes Store and Amazon.com.
= = Composition = =
" Far Away " was recorded in 2000 at Avex Studios and Prime Sound Studios in Tokyo , Japan . As part of the trilogy set with " Vogue " and " Seasons " , " Far Away " highlights theme of nostalgia , describing Hamasaki 's past . Following the same theme , " Vogue " details the present and " Seasons " discusses Hamasaki 's future . The trilogy set also focuses on hopelessness , a reflection of Hamasaki 's disappointment that she had not expressed herself thoroughly on any of her previous lyrics . Based on her song writing , she described her feelings after the writing all the tracks from Duty as " unnatural " and was constantly " nervous " for the final result . A staff reviewer from Amazon Japan noticed that the trilogy set had a " healing effect " that was absent on Hamasaki 's two previous studio albums .
= = Critical response = =
" Far Away " received generally favourable reviews from music critics . Alexey Eremenko , who had written her extended biography at AllMusic , highlighted the song as an album and career stand out track . Morimosa from Nifty.com complimented Hamasaki 's songwriting ; he compared the song writing to the rest of the songs from Duty , and praised Hamasaki 's ability to write about both " positive " and " negative " topics in the song . Hamasaki hosted an online voting poll for fans to choose their favourite tracks to be featured on her Ayumi Hamasaki 15th Anniversary Tour Best Live Tour . As a result , " Far Awa " was included on the list . In early 2014 , in honor of Hamasaki 's sixteenth @-@ year career milestone , Japanese website Goo.ne.jp hosted a poll for fans to rank their favourite songs by Hamasaki out of thirty positions ; the poll was held in only twenty @-@ four hours , and thousands submitted their votes ; as a result , " Far Away " was ranked at 22 , with 19 @.@ 9 percent of the votes .
= = Commercial performance = =
In Japan , " Far Away " debuted at number two on the Oricon Singles Chart ; it lasted for 13 weeks on the chart , selling 510 @,@ 460 units by the end of 2000 . This became Hamasaki 's fifth highest selling single at the time ; the song is currently Hamasaki 's 15th best selling single according to Oricon Style . The DVD single , released under the title of Vogue / Far Away / Seasons reached at number one on the Oricon DVD Chart , spending seventeen weeks in the top fifty . It is Hamasaki 's second best selling DVD single , and her eighth best seller overall . " Far Away " was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for shipments of 400 @,@ 000 units . The single entered at number two on Japan 's TBS Count Down TV Chart ; it stayed there for one week , and lasted 14 weeks in the chart . It was placed at number 51 on their Annual Count Down TV chart in 2000 .
= = Music video = =
The accompanying music video was directed by Wataru Takeishi . Because the music video was part of the trilogy set with " Vogue " and " Seasons " , only a portion of the song was shot for the video . As a result , the video for " Far Away " lasts for two minutes and 21 seconds . Two outtake shots from the " Vogue " video were then used for the artworks of " Far Away " and " Seasons " . The music video was included on the DVD and VHS formats of " Far Away " . The music video also appeared on Hamasaki 's DVD compilation box sets : A Clips Vol.2 ( 2002 ) , Complete Clip Box ( 2004 ) , A Clip Box 1998 – 2011 ( 2011 ) , and the bonus DVD version with A Complete : All Singles .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The video opens with a close @-@ up shot of Hamasaki , similar to the one in " Vogue " . Two children are seen in the distance , both of whom were in the " Vogue " music video " . Hamasaki holds up a fishbowl with a goldfish inside , where it is then digitally edited with textile layers and gradients . As Hamasaki continues singing the song , she is then standing in the middle of the post @-@ apocalyptic world from " Vogue " . Both the children look into the distance , with inter cut scenes of Hamasaki singing and different fish swimming in the fish bowl . As the children look into the distance , a storm starts in the sky . The kids drop the picture book in the " Vogue " video , and run of into the distance . The final scene has Hamasaki singing on the front cover of the book .
= = Live performances and other appearances = =
Hamasaki has performed " Far Away " on several concert tours throughout Asia . The song was performed on both of Hamasaki 's 2000 concerts in Japan , where it was included during the first segment . It was included on two live DVD 's ( Vol.1 and Vol.2 ) released on September 27 , 2000 . The song was performed on her 2011 Power of Music tour in Japan , where it was included in the trilogy segment with " Vogue " and " Seasons " . It was included on the live DVD , released on March 21 , 2012 . The song has been included on three of her greatest hits compilations ; A Best ( 2002 ) , A Complete : All Singles ( 2008 ) , and A Summer Best ( 2012 ) . The 2000 vol . 1 live performance was included on Hamasaki 's live DVD compilation , A 50 Singles : Live Selection ( 2011 ) , and the DVD edition of A Summer Best .
" Far Away " has been remixed by several professional disc jockeys and producers , and has appeared on several remix albums by Hamasaki , including the Hex Hector and Rank remix on ayu @-@ mi @-@ x III Non @-@ Stop
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disorderly conduct and resisting arrest at a barroom brawl in Seaside Heights , New Jersey . His 20 @-@ year @-@ old brothers Brian and Gregory as well as New York Jets wide receiver Wayne Chrebet were also arrested . Elias jumped on a police officer who was attempting to handcuff one of his brothers . According to The New York Times Brian Elias was engaged to Jennifer Chrebet , Wayne 's sister , but the New York Daily News reported that they were married . When the case was heard in court , the three Elias brothers and Chrebet all pleaded guilty to a public nuisance violation and paid fines of $ 230 apiece . Chrebet pleaded guilty in absentia via a legal representative . After playing two years for the Colts on special teams , while rushing for 52 yards on 21 carries , Elias ' veteran salary would not fit under the salary cap for the 2000 team . Thus , Elias did not play in the NFL during the 2000 NFL season .
In November 2000 , Elias attended the minicamp of the New York / New Jersey Hitmen of the XFL who were scheduled to begin play the following February . He hoped to survive roster cuts as the team went from 70 men to a 38 @-@ man roster . Elias made the team as a backup running back . In the early season games , he saw plenty of action as a ball carrier , even though he was struggling with a knee injury . However , in March , he was placed on injured reserve . Elias hasn 't participated in a season since and during the season Elias prepared for life after football by writing screenplays .
= = Personal = =
Elias is a devout Born Again Christian and is a lay leader in Building On The Rock Community Church , in Manchester Township , New Jersey ; which is affiliated with the Christian and Missionary Alliance . He has been a volunteer with Christian and youth outreach programs and vice president of development for the medical company Hemo Concepts Inc . , in Eatontown , N.J.
In 2000 , Elias married his longtime girlfriend Barbara Fury . The couple had dated since 1993 . The couple divorced in 2004 , and Barbara remarried . Elias is currently married to Christa Tafaro of Jackson Township , New Jersey . As of 2010 Elias was an inspirational and motivational speaker and an aspiring writer . On occasion , he also instructs at the TEST Sports Football Academy in Martinsville , New Jersey .
= HMS Hereward ( H93 ) =
HMS Hereward , named after Hereward the Wake , was an H @-@ class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the mid @-@ 1930s . She was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet before and the ship spent four months during the Spanish Civil War in mid @-@ 1937 in Spanish waters , enforcing the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides of the conflict . When the Second World War began in September 1939 , the ship was in the Mediterranean , but was shortly transferred to the South Atlantic Command to hunt for German commerce raiders and blockade runners , capturing one of the latter in November . Hereward was transferred to the Home Fleet in May 1940 and rescued Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands after the Germans had invaded .
The ship was transferred back to the Mediterranean Fleet later that month , and escorted convoys to Malta as well as escorting the larger ships of the fleet . She sank an Italian submarine in December before sinking the Italian torpedo boat Vega the following month . Hereward participated in the Battle of Cape Matapan in March 1941 and helped to evacuate Allied troops from Greece in April . In May the ship sank several small ships of a German convoy attempting to land troops on Crete . Later that month , she was bombed and sunk by German dive bombers as she was evacuating Allied troops from Crete . Her survivors were rescued by Italians and they became prisoners of war .
= = Description = =
Hereward displaced 1 @,@ 350 long tons ( 1 @,@ 370 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 883 long tons ( 1 @,@ 913 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 323 feet ( 98 @.@ 5 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 5 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 34 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 25 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3 @-@ drum water @-@ tube boilers . Hereward carried a maximum of 470 long tons ( 480 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5 @,@ 530 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 240 km ; 6 @,@ 360 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The ship 's complement was 137 officers and men in peacetime , but this increased to 146 in wartime .
The ship mounted four 45 @-@ calibre 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) Mk IX guns in single mounts . For anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) defence , Hereward had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0 @.@ 5 inch Vickers Mk III machine gun . She was fitted with two above @-@ water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 @-@ inch torpedoes . One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted ; 20 depth charges were originally carried , but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began . Beginning in mid @-@ 1940 , the ship 's anti @-@ aircraft armament was increased , although when exactly the modifications were made is not known . The rear set of torpedo tubes was replaced by a 12 @-@ pounder AA gun .
= = Service = =
The ship was laid down by the High Walker Yard of Vickers Armstrong at Newcastle @-@ on @-@ Tyne on 28 February 1935 , launched on 10 March 1936 and completed on 9 December 1936 . Excluding government @-@ furnished equipment like the armament , the ship cost £ 249 @,@ 591 . She tested the twin @-@ gun mounted intended for use on the Tribal @-@ class destroyers in January – March 1937 at Gibraltar . It was removed at the end of the trials and her two forward guns were replaced immediately afterwards . The ship was then assigned to the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet and began patrolling Spanish waters in the Mediterranean enforcing the Non @-@ Intervention Agreement during the Spanish Civil War . Hereward was refitted in Malta from 30 September to 30 October 1937 and again a year later , this time in Portsmouth Dockyard in June – July 1939 and she returned to the Mediterranean afterwards .
Hereward was transferred to Freetown to hunt for German commerce raiders in the South Atlantic with Force K in October . The ship and her sisters , Hardy , Hasty , and Hostile , rendezvoused with the battlecruiser Renown , the aircraft carrier Ark Royal , and the light cruiser Neptune on 17 December . They refueled in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , before proceeding to the estuary of the River Plate in case the damaged German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee attempted to escape from Montevideo , Uruguay , where she had taken refuge after losing the Battle of the River Plate . Hereward captured the German blockade runner Uhenfels on 5 November . The ship was based at Trinidad from 20 November to 23 January 1940 and blockaded the German merchant ship Arauca in Port Everglades , Florida whilst based there . She escorted the battleship Valiant to Halifax , but suffered weather damage en route that required three weeks for repairs . Hereward then escorted the light cruiser Orion to the UK as the latter carried the ashes of John Buchan , Governor General of Canada , home . She required further repairs at Portsmouth upon arrival and missed the Battles of Narvik in April .
Hereward escorted ships into Scheveningen , Netherlands on 11 May to evacuate British citizens after the Germans invaded the previous day . She evacuated Queen Wilhelmina and her family from the Netherlands on 13 May , and was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet a few days later . The ship arrived at Alexandria on 24 May and began escorting convoys and larger ships of the fleet . Hereward participated in the Battle of Calabria in July 1940 , where she was hit by splinters from a near @-@ miss of the Italian battleship Giulio Cesare . The ship escorted a convoy during Operation Collar and then fired at retreating Italians in Cyrenaica after the Battle of Sidi Barrani . Together with her sister Hyperion , she sank the Italian submarine Naiade on 13 December . Hereward escorted the battleships of the Mediterranean Fleet as they bombarded Valona on 19 December and then sortied into the North Atlantic when Convoy WS @-@ 5A reported that it had been attacked by the German cruiser Admiral Hipper on 25 December . She escorted three of the convoy 's ship to Gibraltar on 29 December .
The ship participated in Operation Excess in early January 1941 and sank the Italian torpedo boat Vega on 10 January with a torpedo in the Strait of Sicily . Together with the destroyer Decoy and the gunboat Ladybird , Hereward landed commandos on the island of Kastelorizo as part of Operation Abstention , but they were overwhelmed by an Italian counter @-@ attack . Only a few survivors were taken off two days later . The ship participated in the Battle of Cape Matapan in early March 1941 and the evacuation of Greece in April 1941 . She sank a number of fishing boats transporting German troops to Crete on 21 May and helped evacuate the Allied garrison of Heraklion on 29 May . Later that day she was attacked by German Junkers Ju 87 " Stuka " dive bombers and hit by one bomb just in front of her forward funnel . She turned towards the nearby coast of Crete , but was sunk by further attacks . Four officers and 72 crewmen were killed , but the 89 survivors were rescued by Italian MAS torpedo boats and taken prisoner .
= 1991 Sierra Madre earthquake =
The 1991 Sierra Madre earthquake occurred on June 28 at 07 : 43 : 55 local time with a moment magnitude of 5 @.@ 6 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII ( Very Strong ) . The thrust earthquake resulted in two deaths , around 100 injuries , and damage estimated at $ 33 @.@ 5 – 40 million . The event occurred beneath the San Gabriel Mountains on the Clamshell – Sawpit Fault , which is a part of the Sierra Madre – Cucamonga Fault System . Instruments captured the event at a number of strong motion stations in Southern California , including the two largest aftershocks ( both 4 @.@ 0 local magnitude ) that occurred on June 28 and on July 6 .
= = Preface = =
Due to its history of generating great earthquakes ( 1857 , 1906 ) the focal point of earthquake hazard assessment in California has been the strike @-@ slip San Andreas System of faults . However , a system of faults , including the Sierra Madre – Cucamonga Fault System that runs along the border of the San Gabriel and San Fernando Valleys , has also caused a series of moderate to large events in the Greater Los Angeles Area . The westernmost portion of this fault system ruptured in 1971 and has been identified as one of six major fault systems that pose a threat to the highly populated region .
Geodetic research has shown that crustal shortening is occurring in the region of the Transverse Ranges at a rate of 0 @.@ 33 inches ( 8 @.@ 5 mm ) per year . Although a number of earthquakes have occurred in the Los Angeles area since 1971 , the rate of moderate events since then may not be typical , and few large events have occurred since records have been kept . The rate of contraction and too few moderate events that have occurred indicated to researchers that a deficit of seismic energy release exists , and that larger , but less frequent events may also contribute to the release of strain accumulation .
= = Tectonic setting = =
To the west of the San Andreas Fault , the southern edge of the Transverse Ranges has been in a state of contraction during the Quaternary Period , with active reverse faulting that has uplifted San Gabriel Mountains . The west @-@ striking ( and range @-@ bounding ) Sierra Madre – Cucamonga Faults , as well as the San Cayetano Fault and Santa Susana Faults all exhibit a component of left @-@ lateral strike @-@ slip motion and share a similar trend .
The Malibu Coast – Santa Monica Fault lies at the southern flank of the Santa Monica Mountains and the Raymond Fault runs to the south of the Verdugo Mountains and meets the San Gabriel Mountains at Monrovia . The Clamshell – Sawpit Fault lies beneath the San Gabriel Mountains inline with the Raymond Fault . The characteristics of the various faults are difficult to interpret , but they all dip steeply to the north with several thousand feet of displacement .
= = Earthquake = =
The shock occurred on June 28 , 1991 at 07 : 43 : 55 local time , and was the result of thrust faulting on the Clamshell – Sawpit Fault at the southern boundary of the San Gabriel Mountains . At less than 0 @.@ 39 in ( 1 cm ) , the total amount of uplift was very minimal , considering the 6 ft 7 in ( 2 m ) of vertical displacement that was observed during the 1971 San Fernando earthquake . The uplift initiated about two million years ago , and is a result of the convergence of the Pacific and North American Plates near the restraining bend of the San Andreas Fault .
= = = Damage = = =
The earthquake was felt from Santa Barbara in the north , to Palm Springs in the east , and south to the Mexico – United States border . It was centered about 7 @.@ 5 miles ( 12 @.@ 1 km ) northeast of Sierra Madre . Hundreds of homes were damaged and at least three roads leading up to Mount Wilson were blocked by landslides . A woman was killed when a steel beam fell at the Santa Anita Park raceway in Arcadia and another woman died as a result of a heart attack in Glendale .
Also in Arcadia , a Motel 6 was badly damaged . Other structural damage resulted from the shock . For example , both Monrovia and Pasadena each had more than a dozen buildings that were uninhabitable , but for the most part damage was limited to cracked plaster and broken windows . The Pasadena City Hall had moderate damage consisting of a cracked wall , dislodged marble barriers in the restrooms , and an offset dome . In Sierra Madre , four apartment buildings and nine homes were also tagged as uninhabitable . Of the more than 100 injuries that were reported in Arcadia , Pasadena , Glendale , and Sierra Madre , most were cuts , bruises , and sprains , but some serious injuries also occurred .
= = = Strong motion = = =
The California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program ( CSMIP ) obtained 120 records from 48 ground response stations , 38 buildings , six dams , an airport control tower , and a power station . The individual stations that reported were as close as 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 km ) ( Cogswell Dam ) to as far as 50 miles ( 80 km ) ( Neenach ) , but most were within 40 km ( 25 mi ) . In downtown Pasadena , accelerations of .20g were measured at the bottom floor of three buildings , but the duration of strong motion was only about two seconds . At the Altadena station ( 8 @.@ 1 mi ( 13 km ) from the epicenter ) .46g was recorded . The Cogswell Dam station recorded a peak horizontal acceleration of .58g , but no major damage occurred .
= = Recurrence interval = =
Although the long term slip rate of the constituent faults that make up the Sierra Madre Fault Zone are not precisely known , several studies have put forth scenarios for possible future activity . Two independent reports suggested that if the complete ( 62 mi ( 100 km ) ) fault system were to rupture , it could result in a Ms 7 @.@ 7 shock similar to the 1952 Kern County earthquake . One researcher stated that the recurrence interval for such an event would be greater than 5 @,@ 000 years . Another proposal was for one of the seven individual segments to rupture in a M6.4 – 6 @.@ 6 event , comparable with the 1971 San Fernando earthquake . The recurrence interval for this type of event was placed at 200 years .
= 1986 Atlantic hurricane season =
The 1986 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 , 1986 , and lasted until November 30 , 1986 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . During the 1986 season , the first subtropical depression formed in the first week of June , while the last tropical cyclone dissipated at the end of the third week of November . The 1986 season had lower than average activity because of an ongoing El Niño event , and was the least active season in the North Atlantic since the 1983 Atlantic hurricane season . This was also the first season since 1972 to have no major hurricanes . Earl was the strongest hurricane of the season , reaching Category 2 status . Few storms caused significant damage ; Hurricane Bonnie caused heavy rains and flooding across southeast Texas when it made landfall near Sea Rim State Park . Hurricane Charley caused limited damage in North Carolina and Massachusetts , but crossed the Atlantic as an extratropical cyclone and caused considerable damage in the British Isles .
= = Seasonal forecast and summary = =
Dr. William M. Gray of Colorado State University issued forecasts on May 29 and July 28 indicating within both forecasts the anticipation of a below normal hurricane season . In May , a total of 8 named tropical storms were expected , with four hurricane expected , 15 days with hurricanes , and a total of 35 days with a tropical storm active in the northern Atlantic ocean . In July , the numbers were dropped to a total of 7 named storms , 4 hurricanes , 10 hurricane days , and 25 days with a named tropical storm , which almost perfectly verified .
The season 's activity was reflected with a cumulative accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 36 , which is classified as " below normal " . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots ( 39 mph , 63 km / h ) or tropical storm strength . Subtropical cyclones are excluded from the total .
= = = Timeline of events = = =
= = Storms = =
= = = Tropical Storm Andrew = = =
In early June , a large area of disturbed weather persisted over the Greater Antilles , bringing heavy rains to the islands . The area moved northward , developing a circulation over the Bahamas . Strong upper @-@ level winds caused when satellite imagery showed a circulation developing over the Bahamas . Strong upper @-@ level winds caused the structure to resemble a subtropical cyclone , and as a result , the system was classified as a subtropical depression on June 5 . The depression moved to the northwest and transitioned into a tropical storm on June 6 ; it was named Andrew about 258 mi ( 415 km ) southeast of Charleston , South Carolina . The tropical storm approached the South Carolina coast within 115 mi ( 185 km ) before recurving to the northeast on June 7 . The storm passed within 70 mi ( 110 km ) of Cape Hatteras while recurving , while near its peak intensity of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . The storm accelerated to the northeast , briefly crossing into the forecasting territory of Environment Canada , the first of three storms of the season to do so , before ultimately being absorbed by a low pressure system over Canada on June 8 .
While active , Andrew posed a threat to the Carolinas . Gale warnings were posted from an area ranging from Cape Lookout to south of Virginia Beach , Virginia on June 7 . Waves reached heights of 12 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) off the coast of the Carolinas , which killed a person on Ocracoke Island . Three companions were also swept out , all of whom made it back to shore . At Wrightsville Beach and Carolina Beach , at least 40 swimmers were caught in the currents , four of whom were hospitalized . The precursor to the storm produced heavy rainfall across Jamaica that caused a deadly flood event .
= = = Hurricane Bonnie = = =
During late June , a frontal trough drifted into the northeastern Gulf of Mexico , and by June 22 a surface circulation formed . Tracking west @-@ northwestward , it developed into Tropical Depression Two on June 23 while located about 330 miles ( 535 km ) south of Pensacola , Florida . The next day , it attained tropical storm status , and with continued favorable conditions attained hurricane status on June 25 to the south of Louisiana . Bonnie turned to the northwest and made landfall near Sea Rim State Park in Texas . The storm quickly weakened over land as it turned to the north and northeast , and on June 28 it was absorbed by an approaching frontal zone in southeastern Missouri .
Prior to moving ashore , 22 @,@ 000 people were evacuated . Upon making landfall , Hurricane Bonnie produced a storm surge peaking at 5 @.@ 2 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) at Sabine Pass . Rainfall from the storm peaked at 13 inches ( 330 mm ) in Ace , Texas , which caused some street flooding and destroyed a small dam in Liberty County , Texas . The hurricane also spawned eleven tornadoes , which , in combination with moderate winds , destroyed about 25 residencies in southwestern Louisiana . Three storm deaths occurred in the Port Arthur , Texas area ; two deaths occurred from separate car accidents , and another occurred after a partially paralyzed woman died in a house fire . Hurricane Bonnie caused minor damage totaling $ 2 million ( 1986 USD , $ 3 @.@ 5 million 2006 USD ) .
= = = Tropical Depression Three = = =
The third tropical depression of the season was detected early on July 27 in the open waters of the Atlantic , north of Bermuda . While about 180 miles ( 290 km ) north of the island , the storm was moving northward at 15 mph ( 24 km / h ) while its maximum sustained winds were about 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) . Later that afternoon , aircraft reconnaissance found no well @-@ defined circulation and the storm 's status was reduced from a depression . The depression never threatened any land areas .
= = = Unnumbered Tropical Depression = = =
A tropical disturbance was detected on August 4 in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico along the lower Texas coast . The low @-@ pressure system moved slowly toward land , limiting the system 's development . On August 5 , the system became organized enough to be considered a tropical depression . The storm moved inland overnight , dumping several inches of rain over South Texas and causing street flooding in Brownsville and nearby South Padre Island . The system caused rainfall up to 4 @.@ 45 inches ( 113 mm ) in some areas but had no major problems attributed to it . This storm was not carried as a depression operationally , and thus has no assigned number .
= = = Hurricane Charley = = =
Hurricane Charley was the costliest tropical cyclone of the season , and the first hurricane to threaten the east @-@ central United States since Hurricane Gloria in the previous year . The third tropical storm and second hurricane of the season , Charley formed as a subtropical low on August 13 along the Florida panhandle . A few days later intensified it into a tropical storm off the coast of South Carolina , and Charley attained hurricane status before moving across eastern North Carolina . It gradually weakened over the north Atlantic Ocean before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone , though its remnants remained identifiable for over a week until after crossing the British Isles and dissipating on August 30 .
The storm brought light to moderate precipitation along its path through the southeastern United States . In Georgia and South Carolina , the rainfall alleviated drought conditions . In North Carolina , where the hurricane made landfall , tidal flooding and downed trees were the primary impact . The storm brought high winds to southeastern Virginia , where 110 @,@ 000 people were left without power . Minor damage extended along the Atlantic coastline northward through Massachusetts . One traffic fatality was reported each in North Carolina and Virginia . Three people in Maryland died due to a plane crash related to the storm . Throughout the United States , Hurricane Charley caused an estimated $ 15 million in damage ( 1986 US $ , $ 29 million 2008 USD ) .
As an extratropical cyclone , Charley brought heavy rainfall and strong winds to Ireland and the United Kingdom , causing at least 11 deaths . In Ireland , the rainfall set records for 24 ‑ hour totals , including an accumulation of more than 7 @.@ 8 in ( 200 mm ) which set the record for the greatest daily rainfall total in the country . In the country , the rainfall caused widespread flooding , resulting in two rivers overflowing their banks . In the Dublin area , 451 buildings were flooded , some up to a depth of 8 ft ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) . In the United Kingdom , the storm caused downed trees and power lines , as well as flooded rivers .
= = = Tropical Depression Five = = =
This tropical depression formed in the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean on August 31 . The depression moved west @-@ northwest , then northwest away from the Caribbean Sea without further development before dissipating east @-@ southeast of Bermuda on September 4 .
= = = Tropical Depression Six = = =
A tropical wave crossed the Caribbean sea , moving into a favorable upper environment in the western Caribbean sea on August 31 . The system formed into a weak tropical depression before crossing the Yucatán peninsula , becoming better organized as it moved into the south @-@ central and western Gulf of Mexico between September 1 and 3 . The system moved ashore east @-@ central Mexico before quickly dissipating as a tropical cyclone on September 4 . Satellite imagery revealed that its residual cloud pattern persisted over Mexico for an additional couple of days before degenerating . Heavy rainfall fell primarily north of its track , with the maximum across northeast Mexico falling at El Barranco / Altamira , where a total of 9 @.@ 33 inches ( 237 mm ) was measured .
= = = Tropical Storm Danielle = = =
On September 1 , a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa and headed westward . The disturbance was below the 10 degree latitude as it organized into a tropical depression on September 7 and then a tropical storm later that day . Danielle peaked as a 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) storm on September 8 , while Reconnaissance Aircraft reported gusts of up to hurricane force . After passing through the Lesser Antilles , Danielle encountered vertical wind shear , and on September 10 it dissipated in the central Caribbean Sea . The remnants continued westward and ultimately regenerated into Tropical Storm Lester .
The islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines experienced wind gusts up to hurricane force , causing severe power outages and causing roof damage . In the Grenadines , the storm drove a coast guard ship aground , while five people were injured and hundreds of homes were destroyed . Torrential rainfall produced several mudslides , which , in turn , damaged roads , bridges , electricity , and water services . Danielle also destroyed twelve homes on the island of Barbados . In Trinidad and Tobago , strong flooding of up to four feet caused 27 landslides , destroying four bridges . The storm caused $ 8 million in damage in Tobago . Total damage from the storm amounted to $ 9 @.@ 2 million ( 1986 USD ) , mostly to crops , though no deaths were reported .
= = = Hurricane Earl = = =
The strongest storm of the season began as a tropical wave off Africa on September 4 . After moving across the tropical Atlantic Ocean it strengthened as Tropical Depression Five on September 10 while about 1240 miles ( 2000 km ) east of Puerto Rico . The depression quickly strengthened and reached hurricane strength on September 11 , peaked as a Category 2 hurricane on September 12 as it made a half circle , weakened to a Category 1 on September 16 and bounced back the way it came . Earl then turned north and became extratropical southeast of Newfoundland on September 19 . At its peak , Earl had sustained winds of 105 mph ( 170 km / h ) and a minimum central pressure of 979 mbar .
= = = Hurricane Frances = = =
First spotted as a tropical disturbance near the Lesser Antilles on November 15 , the system moved generally northward while slowly developing . The system organized into a tropical depression on November 18 and quickly strengthened into a tropical storm . The storm curved northeast and strengthened further , reaching hurricane strength on November 20 . However , a surface high @-@ pressure system to the north caused the storm to weaken as the vertical wind shear increased over its center . Frances was later absorbed by an extratropical cyclone on November 21 .
= = Storm names = =
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1986 . No names were retired , so it was used again in the 1992 season . This is the same list used for the 1980 season except for Andrew , which replaced Allen . A storm was named Andrew for the first time in 1986 . Names that were not assigned are marked in gray .
= = = Retirement = = =
The World Meteorological Organization retired no names used in the 1986 season .
= Shamrock Rovers F.C. =
Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 24 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All @-@ Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall .
Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1901 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922 – 23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 .
They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983 – 84 , after a long decline .
The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers . Shamrock Rovers spent the next 22 years playing home games at various venues around Dublin and on occasions , Ireland . They moved into Tallaght Stadium prior to the start of the 2009 season after years of delays and legal disputes , during which time the club 's supporters saved them from extinction .
Shamrock Rovers wore green and white striped jerseys until 1926 , when they adopted the green and white hooped strip that they have worn ever since . Their club badge has featured a football and a shamrock throughout their history . The club has a relatively large support base and shares an intense rivalry with Bohemian Football Club . On 26 August 2011 Rovers became the first Irish side to reach the group stages of either of the top two European competitions by beating Partizan Belgrade in the play @-@ off round of the Europa League .
= = History = =
= = = Foundation and early history = = =
The foundation of Shamrock Rovers is disputed amongst supporters of the club . No official documentation of the era exists . The earliest known mention of the club in the newspaper archives at the National Library of Ireland comes from 1901 and an article in the club programme from 28 December 1941 claims that the club was founded in this year . The only two certainties about the origins of the club in relation to what year they were formed are the facts that , Rovers played only exhibition games for the first two years of their existence and the club registered with the Leinster Football Association in 1901 . Essentially , the dispute is over whether the two years of exhibition games were played before or after the registration . Throughout the 1970s and 1980s , the date 1899 was written on the gates of Glenmalure Park but since the 1990s , 1901 has been adopted as the founding year by the various regimes which have run the club .
Shamrock Rovers originate from Ringsend , a Southside inner suburb of Dublin . The name of the club derives from Shamrock Avenue in Ringsend , where
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ldi . A military trial was held in Budapest between 23 December 1943 and January 1944 , and those that were convicted were sentenced to between 10 and 15 years imprisonment for their part in the massacres . Feketehalmy @-@ Czeydner , Grassy , Deák and Zöldi were not sentenced as they could not be located , and had fled to Germany . It is apparent from the trial proceedings that Zöldi was present during some of the trial . Professor Lajčo Klajn has stated that those most responsible for the massacre were not tried before this military court , and that they included Prime Minister Bárdossy and the Minister for Interior Affairs Dr. Ferenc Keresztes @-@ Fischer , both of whom appeared only as witnesses . Klajn also states that the Chief of the General Staff , Ferenc Szombathelyi and the Minister of Defence should also have been examined by the court , that the " genocide had been planned by the highest military and political circles in Hungary for a long time in advance " , and had been intended to convince the German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop that Hungarian troops were needed on its territory instead of the Eastern Front . In mid @-@ 1944 , Partisan activity increased in Bačka to such an extent that special regulations similar to the " Special Administrative Regulations " that applied to the operational zones of the Hungarian Army were extended to Bačka : curfews were imposed and political activities were forbidden . A self @-@ defence organization , the Pandurs , was created .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = German occupation and the Holocaust = = =
The occupation of Bačka and Baranja lasted until 1944 . Fearing that Hungary might conclude a separate peace with the Allies , Hitler launched Operation Margarethe I on 15 March 1944 , and ordered German troops to occupy Hungary . In the meantime , some of those that had escaped prosecution for the 1942 massacres had joined various German military and police organisations . Feketehalmy @-@ Czeydner had become the highest @-@ ranking foreign officer in the Allgemeine SS , being promoted to SS @-@ Obergruppenführer ( lieutenant general ) . Grassy became a SS @-@ Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen @-@ SS ( major general ) and was appointed to command the 25th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Hunyadi ( 1st Hungarian ) , and Zöldi joined the Gestapo . The case against them was re @-@ opened after the German occupation , and in this second trial they were all found not guilty .
After Germany occupied Hungary in March 1944 , the genocidal policies of the authorities were applied comprehensively . Hungarian Jews were subjected to starvation and death marches , and those that had remained in the occupied territories were transported to extermination camps . From 26 April 1944 , the remaining Jews in Bačka and Baranja , mostly women , but including children and the elderly , were rounded up into local concentration camps then moved to larger camps in Hungary proper . Between 14 @,@ 000 and 15 @,@ 000 Jews from Bačka , Baranja and other parts of Hungary were collected at Baja and Bácsalmás then transported to Auschwitz where most were killed . In September 1944 , the workforce of the Bor mine was force @-@ marched for several weeks back to extermination camps where the survivors were killed . One of the two groups of workers numbered 2 @,@ 500 , but only a few survived .
Such was the extent of the Holocaust in the occupied territories that by the end of the war , nearly 85 per cent of the Jews that had been living in the Hungarian @-@ occupied Yugoslav territories in April 1941 had been killed . This figure comprised about 13 @,@ 500 Jews from Bačka and Baranja , and about 1 @,@ 300 from Međimurje and Prekmurje .
= = = Flight of the Volksdeutsche and Yugoslav military control = = =
In September 1944 , the Hungarian authorities began evacuating the Székelys settled in the occupied territories since 1941 to Transdanubia . Several days after the Soviet Red Army entered the Banat on 1 October 1944 , the Germans began the evacuation of Bačka , including the local Volksdeutsche . With the advance of the Partisans and the Red Army , some of the Volksdeutsche left the region while some others stayed , despite the situation .
In October 1944 , the Banat and Bačka were captured by Soviet troops . Subotica was captured on the 12 October . After a few weeks , they withdrew and ceded full control of the region to the Partisans , who established a military administration in the Banat , Bačka and Baranja on 17 October 1944 . In the first few weeks after Bačka returned to Yugoslav control , about 16 @,@ 800 Hungarians were killed by Serbs in revenge for killings during the Hungarian occupation . In November 1944 , Tito declared that the Volksdeutsche of Yugoslavia were hostile to the nation , and ordered the internment of those living in areas under Partisan control . About 60 @,@ 000 – 70 @,@ 000 Volksdeutsche had been evacuated from Bačka ; while an additional 30 @,@ 000 – 60 @,@ 000 from Bačka were serving in the Wehrmacht at the time .
= = = Return to Yugoslav civilian control = = =
On 15 February 1945 , the Banat , Bačka and Baranja were transferred from military to civilian administration with a people 's liberation committee ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : narodnooslobodilački odbor , NOO ) taking control . Until early 1945 , the Yugoslav communist administration was characterized by persecution of some elements of the local population , with mass executions , internments and abuses . Approximately 110 @,@ 000 Volksdeutsche were interned , with around 46 @,@ 000 dying in captivity due to poor conditions in the camps and the hard labour they were subjected to . Victims of the communist regime were of various ethnic backgrounds and included some members of the Hungarian and Volksdeutsche population , as well as Serbs . The Hungarian writer Tibor Cseres has described in detail the crimes he claims the Yugoslav communists committed against Hungarians . An estimated 5 @,@ 000 Hungarians were killed following the return of the occupied territories to Yugoslav control . About 40 @,@ 000 Hungarians left the Banat , Bačka and Baranja after the war . In late 1946 , there were 84 @,@ 800 refugees from Yugoslavia living in Hungary .
= = = Prosecutions = = =
After these territories returned to Yugoslav control , the military and national courts in Bačka prosecuted collaborators who had killed about 10 @,@ 000 – 20 @,@ 000 civilians . The Security Service of Vojvodina captured the majority of these people . Meanwhile , some of those who were responsible for the 1942 massacres in southern Bačka were captured in , and extradited from , the newly formed People 's Republic of Hungary . In his book Mađari u Vojvodini : 1941 – 1946 ( " Hungarians in Vojvodina : 1941 – 1946 " ; Novi Sad , 1996 ) , Professor Sándor Kaszás from the University of Novi Sad listed a total of 1 @,@ 686 executed war criminals by name , of whom around 1 @,@ 000 were Hungarian .
In a third trial in early 1946 , the National Court of Hungary in Budapest found Szombathelyi , Feketehalmy @-@ Czeydner , Grassy , Deák , and Zöldi guilty of involvement in the massacres in the occupied territories , and in carrying out the deportation of Jews to extermination camps . In accordance with the provisions of Article 14 of the Armistice Agreement , the Hungarian authorities then extradited them to Yugoslavia , where they underwent a fourth trial in Novi Sad in October 1946 . They were all sentenced to death and executed the following month .
= = = Demographic and political changes = = =
Of the approximately 500 @,@ 000 Volksdeutsche living in Yugoslavia before the war , about half were evacuated , 50 @,@ 000 died in Yugoslav concentration camps , 15 @,@ 000 were killed by the Partisans and about 150 @,@ 000 were deported to the Soviet Union as forced labourers . They were also stripped of their property . By 1948 , only 55 @,@ 337 Volksdeutsche remained in Yugoslavia . Yugoslav Bačka is now part of Vojvodina , an autonomous province of Serbia , Yugoslav Baranja and Međimurje are part of modern @-@ day Croatia , and Yugoslav Prekmurje is part of modern @-@ day Slovenia .
= = = Formal apologies = = =
In 2013 , the National Assembly of Serbia adopted a declaration condemning the atrocities which were committed against Hungarian civilians between 1944 and 1945 . On 26 June 2013 , Hungarian President János Áder visited Serbia and formally apologised for war crimes committed against Serbian civilians by Hungarian forces during World War II .
= = = Books = = =
= = = Journals = = =
= = = Websites = = =
= Francesco Caracciolo @-@ class battleship =
The Francesco Caracciolo @-@ class battleships were a class of battleships designed for the Italian Regia Marina in 1912 – 1913 and ordered in 1914 ; the first ship of the class , Francesco Caracciolo , was laid down that year . The other three ships , Cristoforo Colombo , Marcantonio Colonna , and Francesco Morosini were all laid down in 1915 . Armed with a main battery of eight 381 mm ( 15 @.@ 0 in ) guns and possessing a top speed of 28 knots ( 52 km / h ; 32 mph ) , the four ships of the class were intended to be the equivalent of the British Queen Elizabeth class . They were never completed , however , due to material shortages and shifting construction priorities after the outbreak of World War I in 1914 . Only the lead ship was launched , and several proposals to convert her into an aircraft carrier were considered , but budgetary problems prevented any work being done . She was sold to an Italian shipping firm for conversion into a merchant ship . This too proved to be too expensive , and so she was broken up for scrap .
= = Design = =
In 1913 , Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel became the Chief of Staff of the Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) . He secured authorization for a huge new construction program , which called for four new battleships , three cruisers , and numerous other warships . The Francesco Caracciolo class was the first type of super @-@ dreadnought battleship designed by the Regia Marina . They were intended to match the new fast battleships being built in foreign navies , such as the British Queen Elizabeth class . Rear Admiral Edgardo Ferrati was responsible for preparing the designs . He originally called for a ship armed with twelve 381 @-@ millimetre ( 15 @.@ 0 in ) guns and twenty 152 mm ( 6 @.@ 0 in ) secondary guns , but by the time he had finalized the design , he had reduced the main battery to eight guns and the secondary battery to twelve guns .
= = = Characteristics = = =
The Francesco Caracciolo class was 201 @.@ 6 m ( 661 ft ) long at the waterline and 212 m ( 696 ft ) long overall . They had a beam of 29 @.@ 6 m ( 97 ft ) and a draft of 9 @.@ 5 m ( 31 ft ) . They would have displaced 31 @,@ 400 metric tons ( 30 @,@ 900 long tons ; 34 @,@ 600 short tons ) at normal loading and up to 34 @,@ 000 t ( 33 @,@ 000 long tons ; 37 @,@ 000 short tons ) at full combat load . They were to be equipped with two tripod masts .
The ships would have been powered by four Parsons steam turbines , with steam provided by twenty oil @-@ fired Yarrow boilers . The boilers were trunked into two large funnels . The engines were rated at 105 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 78 @,@ 000 kW ) , which provided a top speed of 28 knots ( 52 km / h ; 32 mph ) . At a more economical speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) , the ships could have cruised for 8 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 15 @,@ 000 km ; 9 @,@ 200 mi ) .
= = = Armament = = =
Francesco Caracciolo and her sisters were to be armed with a main battery of eight 381 mm 40 @-@ caliber guns in four twin gun turrets , all mounted on the centerline in superfiring pairs fore and aft . They had a secondary battery of twelve 152 mm 45 @-@ caliber guns mounted in casemates clustered amidships . These were supplemented by eight 102 mm ( 4 @.@ 0 in ) 45 @-@ caliber guns . Anti @-@ aircraft defense was to be provided by twelve 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) autocannon . As was typical for capital ships of the period , the ships of the Francesco Caracciolo class were to be armed with eight torpedo tubes , either 450 mm ( 18 in ) or 533 mm ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) in diameter .
Armor for the class consisted of Krupp cemented steel manufactured by Terni . The main belt armor was 303 mm ( 11 @.@ 9 in ) thick ; horizontal protection consisted of a 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick deck . The main conning tower had 400 mm ( 16 in ) thick sides . The same level of protection was applied to the main battery turrets , while the secondary guns had 220 mm ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) of armor protection .
= = Construction = =
Francesco Caracciolo was laid down at the Castellammare shipyard on 16 October 1914 . Marcantonio Colonna was laid down on 3 March 1915 at the Odero Shipyard in Sestri Ponente . Cristoforo Columbo followed on eleven days later on the 14th , at the Ansaldo shipyard in Genoa . The last member of the class , Francesco Morosini , was laid down at the Orlando Shipyard in Livorno on 27 June 1915 . Francesco Caracciolo was the only member of the class to be launched , on 12 May 1920 .
Shortages of steel slowed the construction of the ships , and after Italy entered World War I , other classes of warships , particularly destroyers , submarines , and other light craft were needed to combat the Central Powers . As a result , work on the ships was suspended in March 1916 . Around 9 @,@ 000 t ( 8 @,@ 900 long tons ; 9 @,@ 900 short tons ) of steel had been built into the hull for Francesco Caracciolo when work stopped . Cristoforo Columbo was the next furthest along ship , with 12 @.@ 5 percent of the hull completed and 5 percent of the machinery assembled . Work on the last two ships had not progressed significantly by the time work on them halted . Two of the heavy guns intended for Cristoforo Colombo were installed aboard the monitor Faà di Bruno . The monitor Alfredo Cappellini received a pair of 381 mm guns from Francesco Morosini , and the two Monte Santo and four Monte Grappa @-@ class monitors were also equipped with spare 381 mm guns . Another pair of guns was installed in Venice as Batteria Amalfi to protect the harbor .
Work resumed on Francesco Caracciolo in October 1919 , but she was not to be completed . That year , the Regia Marina considered converting Francesco Caracciolo into a flush @-@ deck aircraft carrier similar to the British HMS Argus . The poor economic situation in Italy in the aftermath of World War I , and the heavy expenses of the Italian pacification campaigns in Libya , forced severe reductions in the naval budget . As a result , a modern carrier conversion could not be completed . Ansaldo proposed converting Franceso Caracciolo into a floatplane carrier , a cheaper alternative . It was nevertheless still too expensive for the Regia Marina .
In addition to the budgetary problems , the senior Italian navy commanders could not agree on the shape of the post @-@ war Regia Marina . One faction advocated a traditional surface battle fleet , while a second believed a fleet composed of aircraft carriers , torpedo boats , and submarines would be ideal . A third faction , led by Admiral Sechi , argued that a balanced fleet with a core of battleships and carriers was the most flexible option . In order to secure budgetary space for new construction , Sechi drastically reduced the number of older ships in service ; he also cancelled the battleships of the Francesco Caracciolo class . Francesco Caracciolo was sold on 25 October 1920 to the Navigazione Generale Italiana shipping company . The firm planned to convert her into a merchant ship , but the work was deemed too expensive , and so she was temporarily mothballed in Baia Bay outside Naples .
By this time , the Regia Marina had returned to the idea of converting the ship into an aircraft carrier . In the on @-@ going negotiations Washington Naval Conference , the proposed tonnage limits for the Regia Marina was to be 60 @,@ 000 long tons ( 61 @,@ 000 t ) , which was now to include a converted Francesco Caracciolo and two new , purpose @-@ built ships . A new conversion design for Francesco Caracciolo was prepared , with an island superstructure , but Italy 's chronic budgetary problems prevented the navy from building any of these ships . Francesco Caracciolo was subsequently broken up for scrap , starting in the fall of 1926 . The other three ships had also been dismantled shortly after the end of the war .
= Mycena fuscoaurantiaca =
Mycena fuscoaurantiaca is a species of mushroom in the Mycenaceae family . First reported as a new species in 2007 , the diminutive mushroom is only found in Kanagawa , Japan , where it grows on dead fallen twigs in lowland forests dominated by hornbeam carpinus and Chinese evergreen oak trees . The mushroom has a brownish @-@ orange conical cap that has grooves extending to the center , and reaches up to 11 mm ( 0 @.@ 43 in ) in diameter . Its slender stem is colored similarly to the cap , and long — up to 60 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) tall . Microscopic characteristics include the weakly amyloid spores ( turning blue to black when stained with Melzer 's reagent ) , the smooth , swollen cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edges and faces , respectively ) with long rounded tips , the diverticulate hyphae of the cap cuticle , and the absence of clamp connections .
= = Taxonomy , naming , and classification = =
The mushroom was first collected by Japanese mycologist Haruki Takahashi in 1999 and , along with seven other Mycena species , identified as a new species in a 2007 publication . The specific epithet is derived from the Latin words fusco- ( meaning " dark " ) and aurantiaca ( " orange @-@ yellow " ) , and refers to the color of the fruit bodies . Its Japanese name is Taisha @-@ ashinagatake タイシャアシナガタケ ( 代赭足長茸 ) .
Takahashi suggests that the species is best classified in the section Fragilipedes , as defined by Dutch Mycena specialist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus . Within the section , the North American species M. subfusca appears to be closely related to M. fuscoaurantiaca . M. subfusca may be distinguished by its spindle- to broadly club @-@ shaped cheilocystidia without a narrow neck , club @-@ shaped to irregularly shaped caulocystidia , and lack of pleurocystidia .
= = Description = =
The cap , which reaches 8 to 11 mm ( 0 @.@ 31 to 0 @.@ 43 in ) in diameter , is initially conical to convex to bell @-@ shaped , but becomes flattened in age . It is radially grooved almost to the center , and somewhat hygrophanous ( changing color as it loses or absorbs moisture ) . The cap surface is dry , minutely pruinose initially ( that is , appearing as if covered with a fine white powder ) , but soon becomes smooth . The cap is brown to brownish @-@ orange when young , with a somewhat darker center , and fades to paler toward the margin with age . The flesh is white , and up to 0 @.@ 5 mm thick . It does not have any distinctive taste or odor . The stem is 30 to 60 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 2 @.@ 4 in ) long by 0 @.@ 5 to 0 @.@ 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 020 to 0 @.@ 031 in ) thick , cylindrical , centrally attached to the cap , slender , hollow , and dry . Its color is orange to brownish @-@ orange , and it is initially pruinose , but later becomes smooth . The base of the stem is covered with coarse , stiff white hairs . The gills are adnexed ( narrowly attached to the stem ) , and distantly spaced , with between 16 and 18 gills reaching the stem . The gills are up to 1 @.@ 8 mm broad , thin , and pale brownish . The gill edges are pruinose , and the same color as the gill face .
= = = Microscopic characteristics = = =
The basidiospores are ellipsoid and measure 9 – 10 @.@ 5 by 6 – 7 µm . They are smooth , thin @-@ walled , colorless , and weakly amyloid . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are 19 – 30 by 7 – 9 µm , club @-@ shaped , and two @-@ spored . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are thin @-@ walled , smooth , 25 – 47 by 3 – 20 µm , abundant , spindle @-@ shaped with a prolonged thickened tip , smooth , and colorless or pale vinaceous . The pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) are 27 – 75 by 5 – 20 µm , scattered , and similar in shape and color to the cheilocystidia . The hymenophoral tissue ( tissue of the hymenium @-@ bearing structure ) is made of thin @-@ walled hyphae that are 10 – 22 µm wide , cylindrical , often somewhat inflated , smooth , colorless , and dextrinoid ( turning reddish to reddish @-@ brown when stained with Melzer 's reagent ) . The cap cuticle is made of parallel , bent @-@ over hyphae that are 2 – 7 µm wide , and cylindrical . These hyphae are smooth or covered with scattered , warty or finger @-@ like thin @-@ walled brownish diverticulae . The layer of hyphae beneath the cap cuticle is arranged in a parallel manner , hyaline ( translucent ) , and dextrinoid , containing short and inflated cells that measure up to 34 µm wide . The cuticle of the stem is made of parallel , bent @-@ over hyphae that are 2 – 4 µm wide , cylindrical , smooth , brownish , and thin @-@ walled . The flesh of the stem is composed of longitudinally running , cylindrical hyphae that are 8 – 20 µm wide , smooth , colorless , and dextrinoid . The strigose ( stiff or bristly ) hairs at the base of the stem are 2 – 6 µm wide , and arise directly from the stem cuticle . They are bent @-@ over or erect , cylindrical , with rounded tips , sometimes flexuous ( winding from side to side ) , smooth , colorless , and thin @-@ walled . Clamp connections are absent in all tissues of this species .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
Mycena fuscoaurantiaca is known only from Kanagawa , Japan . It is found growing solitary to scattered on dead fallen twigs in lowland forests dominated by hornbeam carpinus ( Carpinus tschonoskii ) and Chinese evergreen oak ( Quercus myrsinifolia ) . Fruit bodies appear in November .
= Diamonds Are Forever ( film ) =
Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) is the seventh spy film in the James Bond series by Eon Productions , and the sixth and final Eon film to star Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond .
The film is based on Ian Fleming 's 1956 novel of the same name , and is the second of four James Bond films directed by Guy Hamilton . The story has Bond impersonating a diamond smuggler to infiltrate a smuggling ring , and soon uncovering a plot by his old nemesis Ernst Stavro Blofeld to use the diamonds to build a giant laser . Bond has to battle his nemesis for one last time , to stop the smuggling and stall Blofeld 's plan of destroying Washington , D.C. , and extorting the world with nuclear supremacy .
After George Lazenby left the series , producers Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli tested other actors , but studio United Artists wanted Sean Connery back , paying a then @-@ record $ 1 @.@ 25 million salary for him to return . The producers were inspired by Goldfinger , eventually hiring that film 's director , Guy Hamilton , as well as Shirley Bassey performing vocals on the title theme song . Locations included Las Vegas , California , Amsterdam and Lufthansa 's hangar in Germany . Diamonds Are Forever was a commercial success , but received criticism for its humorous camp tone .
= = Plot = =
James Bond — agent 007 — pursues Ernst Stavro Blofeld and eventually finds him at a facility where Blofeld look @-@ alikes are being created through surgery . Bond kills a test subject , and later the " real " Blofeld , by drowning him in a pool of superheated mud .
While assassins Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd systematically kill several diamond smugglers , M suspects that South African diamonds are being stockpiled to depress prices by dumping , and orders Bond to uncover the smuggling ring . Disguised as professional smuggler and assassin Peter Franks , Bond travels to Amsterdam to meet contact Tiffany Case . The real Franks shows up on the way , but Bond intercepts and kills him , then switches IDs to make it seem like Franks is Bond . Case and Bond then go to Los Angeles , smuggling the diamonds inside Franks ' corpse .
At the airport Bond meets his CIA ally Felix Leiter , then
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travels to Las Vegas . At a funeral home , Franks ' body is cremated and the diamonds are passed on to another smuggler , Shady Tree . Bond is nearly killed by Wint and Kidd when they put him into a coffin and send to a cremation oven , but Tree stops the process when he discovers that the diamonds in Franks ' body were fakes planted by Bond and the CIA .
Bond tells Leiter to ship him the real diamonds . Bond then goes to the Whyte House , a casino @-@ hotel owned by the reclusive billionaire Willard Whyte , where Tree works as a stand @-@ up comedian . Bond discovers there that Tree has been killed by Wint and Kidd , who did not know that the diamonds were fake .
At the craps table Bond meets the opportunistic Plenty O 'Toole , and after gambling , brings her to his room . Gang members ambush them , throwing O 'Toole out the window and into the pool . Bond spends the rest of the night with Tiffany Case , instructing her to retrieve the real diamonds at the Circus Circus casino .
Tiffany reneges on her deal to meet back with Bond and instead flees , passing off the diamonds to the next smuggler . However , seeing that O 'Toole was killed after being mistaken for her , Tiffany changes her mind . She drives Bond to the airport , where the diamonds are given to Whyte 's casino manager , Bert Saxby , who is followed to a remote facility . Bond enters the apparent destination of the diamonds ; a research laboratory owned by Whyte , where a satellite is being built by Professor Metz , a laser refraction specialist . When Bond 's cover is blown , he escapes by stealing a moon buggy and reunites with Tiffany .
Bond scales the walls to the Whyte House 's top floor to confront Whyte . He is instead met by two identical Blofelds , who use an electronic device to sound like Whyte . Bond kills one of the Blofelds , which turns out to be a look @-@ alike . He is then knocked out by gas , picked up by Wint and Kidd , and taken out to Las Vegas Valley , where he is placed in a pipeline and left to die .
Bond escapes , then calls Blofeld , using a similar electronic device to pose as Saxby . He finds out Whyte 's location and rescues him , Saxby being killed in the gunfight . In the meantime , Blofeld abducts Case . With the help of Whyte , Bond raids the lab and uncovers Blofeld 's plot to create a laser satellite using the diamonds , which by now has already been sent into orbit . With the satellite , Blofeld destroys nuclear weapons in China , the Soviet Union and the United States , then proposes an international auction for global nuclear supremacy .
Whyte identifies an oil platform off the coast of Baja California as Blofeld 's likely base of operations . After Bond 's attempt to change the cassette containing the satellite control codes fails due to a mistake by Tiffany , a helicopter attack on the oil rig is launched by Leiter and the CIA .
Blofeld tries to escape in a midget submarine , but Bond gains control of the submarine 's launch crane and crashes the sub into the control room , causing both the satellite control and the base to be destroyed . Bond and Tiffany then head for Britain on a cruise ship , where Wint and Kidd pose as room @-@ service stewards and attempt to kill them with a hidden bomb . Bond turns the tables on them , causing Kidd to hurl himself overboard after being set aflame and Wint to detonate with the bomb after being thrown overboard . Tiffany then asks James Bond a sensitive question : " How the hell do we get those diamonds down again ? "
= = Cast = =
Sean Connery as James Bond : 007
Jill St. John as Tiffany Case : A diamond smuggler .
Charles Gray as Ernst Stavro Blofeld : The head of SPECTRE . ( Gray had previously appeared in the series when he played Dikko Henderson in 1967 's You Only Live Twice ) .
Jimmy Dean as Willard Whyte : An entrepreneur , based on Howard Hughes .
Bruce Glover and Putter Smith as Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd : Blofeld 's henchmen .
Norman Burton as Felix Leiter : CIA agent and Bond 's ally in tracking Blofeld .
Joseph Furst as Professor Doctor Metz : A brilliant scientist and world 's leading expert on laser refraction .
Lana Wood as Plenty O 'Toole : A beauty Bond meets who comes to an unhappy ending .
Bruce Cabot as Bert Saxby : Whyte 's casino manager in cahoots with Blofeld .
Bernard Lee as M : The head of MI6 .
Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny : M 's secretary .
Desmond Llewelyn as Q : Head of MI6 's technical department .
Joe Robinson as Peter Franks : Diamond smuggler whose identity is taken by Bond .
Marc Lawrence as Rodney , Slumber Inc. attendant
Sid Haig as Slumber Inc. attendant
Leonard Barr as Shady Tree : A stand @-@ up comedian and smuggler .
Laurence Naismith as Sir Donald Munger : Diamond expert who brings the case to MI6 .
David Bauer as Morton Slumber : President of Slumber Incorporated , a funeral home .
Ed Bishop as Klaus Hergerscheimer : Health physicist for WW Techtronics . ( uncredited )
David de Keyser as Doctor
Lola Larson and Trina Parks as Bambi and Thumper ( uncredited )
= = Production = =
The producers originally intended to have Diamonds Are Forever re @-@ create commercially successful aspects of Goldfinger , including hiring its director , Guy Hamilton . Peter R. Hunt , who had directed On Her Majesty 's Secret Service and worked in all previous Bond films as editor , was invited before Hamilton , but due to involvement with another project could only work on the film if the production date was postponed , which the producers declined to do .
= = = Writing = = =
While On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was within its post @-@ production stages , Richard Maibaum wrote initial treatments and a script for Diamonds Are Forever as a revenge @-@ themed sequel with Irma Bunt and Marc @-@ Ange Draco returning , and Bond mourning his deceased wife Tracy while Louis Armstrong 's " We Have All the Time in the World " played in the background . When George Lazenby departed from the role prior to the film 's release , a complete rewrite was requested , in addition to Maibaum 's script failing to impress Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman . Following this , an original plot had as a villain Auric Goldfinger 's twin , seeking revenge for the death of his brother . The plot was later changed after Albert R. Broccoli had a dream , where his close friend Howard Hughes was replaced by an imposter . So the character of Willard Whyte was created , and Tom Mankiewicz was chosen to rework the script . Mankiewicz says he was hired because Cubby Broccoli wanted an American writer to work on the script , since so much of it was set in Las Vegas " and the Brits write really lousy American gangsters " — but it had to be someone who also understood the British idiom , since it had British characters . David Picker from United Artists had seen the stage musical Georgy ! written by Mankiewicz , and recommended him ; he who was hired on a two week trial and kept on for the rest of the movie . Mankiewicz later estimated the novel provided around 45 minutes of the film 's final running time .
The adaptation eliminated the main villains from the source Ian Fleming novel , mobsters called Jack and Seraffimo Spang , but used the henchmen Shady Tree , Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd .
Richard Maibaum 's original idea for the ending was a giant boat chase across Lake Mead with Blofeld being pursued by Bond and all the Las Vegas casino owners who would be sailing in their private yachts . Bond would rouse the allies into action with a spoof of Lord Nelson 's famous cry , " Las Vegas expects every man to do his duty . " Maibaum was misinformed ; there were no Roman galleys or Chinese junks in Las Vegas , and the idea was too expensive to replicate , so it was dropped .
Maibaum may have thought the eventual oil rig finale a poor substitute , but it was originally intended to be much more spectacular . Armed frogmen would jump from the helicopters into the sea and attach limpet mines to the rig 's legs ( this explains why frogmen appear on the movie 's poster ) . Blofeld would have escaped in his BathoSub and Bond would have pursued him hanging from a weather balloon . The chase would have then continued across a salt mine with the two mortal enemies scrambling over the pure white hills of salt before Blofeld would fall to his death in a salt granulator . Permission was not granted by the owners of the salt mine . It also made the sequence too long . Further problems followed when the explosives set up for the finale were set off too early ; fortunately , a handful of cameras were ready and able to capture the footage .
= = = Casting = = =
George Lazenby originally was offered a contract for seven Bond films , but declined and left after just one , On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , on the advice of his agent . Producers contemplated replacing him with John Gavin ( though Batman star Adam West was also considered ) , as well as Michael Gambon , who rejected the offer telling Broccoli that he was " in terrible shape . " United Artists ' chief David Picker was unhappy with this decision and made it clear that Connery was to be enticed back to the role and that money was no object . When approached about resuming the role of Bond , Connery demanded the fee of £ 1 @.@ 25 million and to entice the actor to play Bond one more time United Artists offered to back two films of his choice . After both sides agreed to the deal , Connery used the fee to establish the Scottish International Education Trust , where Scottish artists could apply for funding without having to leave their country to pursue their careers . Since John Gavin was no longer in the running for the role , his contract was paid in full by United Artists . The first film made under Connery 's deal was The Offence directed by his friend Sidney Lumet . The second was to be an adaptation of Macbeth by William Shakespeare using only Scottish actors and in which Connery himself would play the title role . This project was abandoned because another production of Macbeth ( the Roman Polanski version ) was already in production .
Charles Gray was cast as villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld , after playing a Bond ally named Dikko Henderson in You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) . David Bauer , who plays Morton Slumber , previously appeared uncredited as an American diplomat also in You Only Live Twice .
Jazz musician Putter Smith was invited by Harry Saltzman to play Mr. Kidd after a Thelonious Monk Band show . Musician Paul Williams was originally cast as Mr. Wint . When he couldn 't agree with the producers on compensation , Bruce Glover replaced him . Glover said he was surprised at being chosen , because at first producers said he was too normal and that they wanted a deformed , Peter Lorre @-@ like actor .
Film star Bruce Cabot , who played the part of Bert Saxby , died the following year and this turned out to be his final film role . Jimmy Dean was cast as Willard Whyte after Saltzman saw a presentation of him . Dean was very worried about playing a Howard Hughes pastiche , because he was an employee of Hughes at the Desert Inn .
Actresses considered for the role of Tiffany Case included : Raquel Welch , Jane Fonda and Faye Dunaway . Jill St. John had originally been offered the part of Plenty O 'Toole but landed the female lead after Sidney Korshak who assisted the producers in filming in Las Vegas locations recommended his client St. John , who became the first American Bond girl . Lana Wood was cast as Plenty O 'Toole following a suggestion of screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz . The woman in the bikini named " Marie " , who in the beginning of the film is convinced by Bond to give up the location of Blofeld , was Denise Perrier , Miss World 1953 .
A cameo appearance by Sammy Davis , Jr. playing on the roulette table was filmed , but his scene was eventually deleted .
= = = Filming = = =
Filming began on 5 April 1971 , with the South African scenes actually shot in the desert near Las Vegas , and finished on 13 August 1971 . The film was shot primarily in the US , with locations including the Los Angeles International Airport , Universal City Studios and eight hotels of Las Vegas . Besides the Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire , other places in England were Dover and Southampton . The climactic oil rig sequence was shot off the shore of Oceanside , California . Other filming locations included Cap D 'Antibes in France for the opening scenes , Amsterdam and Lufthansa 's hangar at Frankfurt Airport , Germany .
Filming in Las Vegas took place mostly in hotels owned by Howard Hughes , since he was a friend of Cubby Broccoli . Getting the streets empty to shoot was achieved through the collaboration of Hughes , the Las Vegas police and shopkeepers association . The Las Vegas Hilton doubled for the Whyte House , and since the owner of the Circus Circus was a Bond fan , he allowed the Circus to be used on film and even made a cameo . The cinematographers said filming in Las Vegas at night had an advantage : no additional illumination was required due to the high number of neon lights . Sean Connery made the most of his time on location in Las Vegas . " I didn 't get any sleep at all . We shot every night , I caught all the shows and played golf all day . On the weekend I collapsed – boy , did I collapse . Like a skull with legs . " He also played the slot machines , and once delayed a scene because he was collecting his winnings .
The site used for the Willard Whyte Space Labs ( where Bond gets away in the Moon Buggy ) was actually , at that time , a Johns @-@ Manville gypsum plant located just outside Las Vegas . The home of Kirk Douglas was used for the scene in Tiffany 's house , while the Elrod House in Palm Springs , designed by John Lautner , became Willard Whyte 's house . The exterior shots of the Slumber mortuary were of the Palm Mortuary in Henderson , NV . The interiors were a set constructed at Pinewood Studios , where Ken Adam imitated the real building 's lozenge @-@ shaped stained glass window in its nave . During location filming , Adam visited several funeral homes in the Las Vegas area , the inspiration behind the gaudy design of the Slumber mortuary ( the use of tasteless Art Nouveau furniture and Tiffany lamps ) came from these experiences . Production wrapped with the crematorium sequence , on 13 August 1971 .
Since the car chase in Las Vegas would have many car crashes , the filmmakers had an arrangement with Ford to use their vehicles . Ford 's only demand was that Sean Connery had to drive the 1971 Mustang Mach 1 which serves as Tiffany Case 's car . The Moon Buggy was inspired by the actual NASA vehicle , but with additions such as flailing arms since the producers didn 't find the design " outrageous " enough . Built by custom car fabricator Dean Jeffries on a rear @-@ engined Corvair chassis , it was capable of road speeds . The fibreglass tires had to be replaced during the chase sequence because the heat and irregular desert soil ruined them .
Hamilton had the idea of making a fight scene inside a lift , which was choreographed and done by Sean Connery and stuntman Joe Robinson . The car chase where the red Mustang comes outside of the narrow street on the opposite side in which it was rolled , was filmed over three nights on Fremont Street in Las Vegas . The alleyway car roll sequence is actually filmed in two locations . The entrance was at the car park at Universal Studios and the exit was at Fremont Street , Las Vegas . It eventually inspired a continuity mistake , as the car enters the alley on the right side tires and exits the street driving on the left side . While filming the scene of finding Plenty O 'Toole drowned in Tiffany 's swimming pool , Lana Wood actually had her feet loosely tied to a cement block on the bottom . Film crew members held a rope across the pool for her , with which she could lift her face out of the water to breathe between takes . The pool 's sloping bottom made the block slip into deeper water with each take . Eventually , Wood was submerged but was noticed by on @-@ lookers and rescued before actually drowning . Wood , being a certified diver , took some water but remained calm during the ordeal , although she later admitted to a few " very uncomfortable moments and quite some struggling until they pulled me out . "
= = = Music = = =
" Diamonds Are Forever " , the title song , was the second James Bond theme to be performed by Shirley Bassey , after " Goldfinger " in 1964 . Producer Harry Saltzman reportedly hated the song , and only the insistence of co @-@ producer Cubby Broccoli kept it in the film . Saltzman 's major objection was to the sexual innuendo of the lyrics . Indeed , in an interview for the television programme James Bond 's Greatest Hits composer John Barry revealed that he told Bassey to imagine she was singing about a penis . Bassey would later return for a third performance for 1979 's Moonraker .
The original soundtrack was once again composed by John Barry , his sixth time composing for a Bond film .
With Connery back in the lead role , the " James Bond Theme " was played by an electric guitar in the somewhat unusual , blued gunbarrel sequence accompanied with prismatic ripples of light , and pre @-@ credits sequence , and in a full orchestral version during a hovercraft sequence in Amsterdam .
= = Release and reception = =
Diamonds are Forever premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square . It was released on 14 December 1971 . It grossed $ 116 million worldwide , of which $ 43 million was from the United States .
Reviews were mixed , and the camp tone had a mostly negative reaction . The film currently has a 67 % " fresh " rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Connery was applauded by Kevin A. Ranson of MovieCrypt and Michael A. Smith of Nolan 's Pop Culture . Critic Roger Ebert criticised the complexity of the plot and " moments of silliness " such as Bond finding himself driving a moon buggy with antennae revolving and robot arms flapping . He praised the Las Vegas car chase scene , particularly the segment when Bond drives the Mustang on two wheels . Twenty @-@ five years after its release , James Berardinelli criticised the concept of a laser @-@ shooting satellite and the performances of Jill St. John , Norman Burton and Jimmy Dean . Christopher Null called St. John " one of the least effective Bond girls – beautiful , but shrill and helpless " . Steve Rhodes said , " looking and acting like a couple of pseudo @-@ country bumpkins , they ( Putter Smith and Bruce Glover ) seem to have wandered by accident from the adjoining sound stage into the filming
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first half of the episode was " tightly written and very funny " , but the second half " waned a bit , with less than stellar conclusions to the stories and far less funny bits " . Canning said that Jack 's storyline was the " most disappointing " , and hoped that future guest stars were used properly , rather than for the sake of having a name guest star . George Freitag of BuddyTV said that although Tracy was " not as strong as the previous two episodes " , he was " still terrific and the nod to his old SNL skit was a nice touch " . He felt that the lack of focus on the personal life of Liz seemed to give the series " a lack of focus " . Freitag hoped that her private issues would be further explored , as " her approachable yet successful persona was one of the main draws to the series in the first place " . Matt Webb Mitovich of TV Guide felt that the episode " fell a bit flat " , and that the season lacked the other TGSers , Lonny , Frank , Twofer [ sic ] and " director guy " . He did not enjoy Jack 's storyline , but said that Jenna 's storyline " ultimately won a thumbs @-@ up from me for her getting turned on by Kenneth 's rudeness " .
Steve Buscemi was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for this episode .
= The Arrival ( Fringe ) =
" The Arrival " is the fourth episode of the first season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe . The episode was written by the series co @-@ creator and executive producer J. J. Abrams and executive producer and show runner Jeff Pinkner . Paul A. Edwards directed it .
The episode concerns a mysterious cylindrical object called " The Beacon " which appears at a construction site in New York City . The story also involves the relationship between Walter Bishop ( John Noble ) and the mysterious Observer ( Michael Cerveris in his first feature appearance ) .
" The Arrival " first aired in the United States on September 30 , 2008 on the Fox Network to more than 10 million viewers . It received positive to mixed reviews , with many praising the new revelations about the Observers .
= = Plot = =
At a diner in Brooklyn , New York , a bald man with no eyebrows sits down at a table and orders a raw roast beef sandwich with eleven jalapeño peppers and a glass of room temperature water . When the sandwich arrives , he drowns it in Tabasco sauce and black pepper and wolfs it down in large , quick bites , to the bemusement of the diner staff . During this time he is also watching the construction site across the street through high @-@ tech binoculars and taking notes from right to left in unrecognizable characters . The ground shakes and a gas main explodes at the site , toppling a crane . The bald man — the Observer — calmly pays for his sandwich and wanders to the gaping hole where the construction site was . On a wireless phone , he says " It has arrived . "
In their shared hotel room Walter keeps Peter awake by reciting the chemical formula for root beer . The next morning Peter expresses his unhappiness with the arrangement to Olivia ( Anna Torv ) and tells her he wants to leave . She can 't let him do that , telling him that Walter refuses to work without him . The Fringe Team investigates the object that arrived in Brooklyn , a cylinder that is determined to vibrate at a particular frequency . In the course of the investigation , Walter assaults and forcibly sedates Junior Agent Astrid Farnsworth ( Jasika Nicole ) in order to hide the cylinder . He later meets with the bald man at a diner .
Meanwhile , a violent criminal named John Mosley ( Michael Kelly ) is also searching for the Beacon . After killing one of Olivia 's mentors , Mosley kidnaps and tortures Peter to find out the location . After he recovers the beacon from the grave of Robert Bishop , John Mosley is taken down by Olivia . The beacon escapes into the earth , and The Observer reports that its departure was " on schedule . " Peter confronts The Observer about the beacon , only to have a gibberish conversation that implies that the Observer knows what Peter is going to say before he says it , or , as Peter puts it , " he knew me [ ... ] he was inside my head . " The Observer then knocks Peter out with an advanced sort of stun gun .
After being hospitalized for his injuries , Peter admits to Olivia that his experience with The Observer has caused him to start to believe in The Pattern . Peter decides that he wants to stay with the Fringe team until he gets some explanations . Walter apologizes to Astrid , who doesn 't yet forgive him . Walter admits to Peter that , during an accident many years ago , a mysterious third party saved both their lives . The man was bald and had no eyebrows , who " knew my [ Walter 's ] thoughts before I did . " Walter admits that his behaviour regarding the capsule , and his desire to protect it , was motivated by his debt to this bald man , and that the capsule somehow contained instructions from this man . At the end of the episode , Olivia returns home , and sees recently deceased lover John Scott ( Mark Valley ) in her kitchen . He greets her with " Hello , Liv . "
= = Production = =
" The Arrival " was written by co @-@ creator J.J. Abrams and executive producer Jeff Pinkner . Paul A. Edwards directed the episode , his second of the season . Early in the series , actress Jasika Nicole feared her character was going to become liked by the audience only to suddenly die . She explained that " When I was reading the script in the episode where Dr. Bishop stabs her in the neck with the sedative … and all [ the script ] says is , ' Dr. Bishop grabs Astrid from behind and jams the needle into her neck . ' Then it fades to black . My mouth hung open for awhile and I was like , ' Oh my God , I only made it through six episodes . "
While Michael Cerveris has appeared as the Observer in the three previous episodes — and has appeared in every episode to date — his previous appearances had been brief background cameos . When initially cast for Fringe , Cerveris assumed he was a mere guest star , and that his character was " one of several nuggets dropped in " by J.J. Abrams in a manner similar to his other science fiction series , Lost . Cerveris soon discovered that his character was " this sort of Where 's Waldo thing ( as ) the linchpin in an overarching story of the series " . He continued :
I wasn 't told , because I don 't think they knew at the time , whether I was a good guy , a bad guy , human , alien , other @-@ dimensional . I just kind of felt my way through it with the first directors and input , obviously , from the writers in the scripts that we had . Even things like wardrobe , they weren 't given extremely big instructions , so we kind of worked things out together and just found something we all thought was interesting and iconic and went with that .
Executive producer Jeff Pinkner commented , " Our goal was to take a character who is by definition unknowable and make him someone you can connect to emotionally . He 's more specifically connected with the overall character mythology of the show than we ever expected . " The decision to remove his eyebrows was made an hour before he first appeared , which caused stress in the make @-@ up department because Cerveris would not shave his eyebrows ; he commented about the affair , " I 've got a little too much else going on , and who knows if they would ever grow back . I have little enough hair as it is . " " The Arrival " was the first episode in which the Observer had dialogue , and the first in which he was treated as a focal character . In addition to Cerveris , actor Michael Kelly made a guest appearance in the episode .
In the episode , a character introduced as " the Rogue " has a specialized weapon that fires massive amounts of energy . To simulate the energy gun the Rogue fires at Olivia in the forest , the crew placed pyrotechnic charges near the trees to make it appear large blasts were close to hitting her . In a DVD special feature , one of the crew commented it was " challenging " to choreograph the fight scene between The Observer and Peter , because the former does not fight back as he is only there to observe .
The DVD special features include a deleted scene , where Peter emphatically denies the existence of parallel universes after Walter implies their existence in a quote from Shakespeare 's Hamlet .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
More than 10 @.@ 04 million viewers watched " The Arrival " as it was broadcast in the United States , for a 4 @.@ 3 / 11 share among viewers 18 – 49 . At the point the episode aired , Fringe was the most watched new show on television in the important 18 @-@ 49 demographic . Several days after its airing , Fox announced on October 1 , 2008 that Fringe had been picked up for a full season order .
= = = Reviews = = =
The episode 's reception ranged from positive to mixed . Critic Maureen Ryan was very positive about the episode in her blog at The Chicago Tribune , writing , " I liked this week 's episode , and for once , it wasn 't a case of really wanting to like it and trying to find reasons to see past various flaws . I just enjoyed the hour and felt it had just the right mixture of creepiness and character development ( plus , the Observer was awesome . If only they 'd called him the Watcher , but let 's not quibble ) . " Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger found " The Arrival " a noticeable improvement over previous episodes . " ... After being more than prepared to give " Fringe " That 's It For Me ! status going into the episode , I enjoyed the strangeness of it — The Observer 's hairlessness and diet , Capt. Patterson from " Generation Kill " toting around a futuristic @-@ looking ray gun and a retro @-@ looking mind @-@ reading machine , Walter casually injecting whatsername with a sedative — that I think I 'll be sticking around for a bit ... If I can brace myself for the probability that this will all lead to nonsense , I can groove on all the atmospherics along the way . And , if nothing else , Abrams is great at atmosphere . "
Also seeing improvement was Jane Boursaw of AOL 's TV Squad , commenting " Tonight 's episode definitely got me intrigued about fringe science , and this is the first time I can really say I 'm looking forward to the next episode . It 's a combination of things , and of course , Walter 's scattered ramblings about whatever strikes him at any particular moment . " Less impressed was Noel Murray of The Onion 's A. V. Club , who gave the episode a grade of C + . Murray wrote , " ' The Arrival ' was the weirdest episode of Fringe yet – a deep @-@ down sci @-@ fi spookfest that minimized the show 's procedural side and instead raised far more questions than it answered . In fact , I can 't think of any questions that " The Arrival " satisfactorily answered – not even ' What happened in the Fringe episode entitled ' The Arrival ' ? ' ... The shock and awe factor of " The Arrival " was strong , but as a piece of storytelling , the episode felt slight and soggy , and hardly the satisfying standalone experience that the creators promised each Fringe chapter would be . "
IGN contributor Travis Fickett rated the episode 7 @.@ 5 / 10 , explaining that he liked the " attention to bits of logic that work as the glue , holding the show together " such as Peter 's security clearance , but was skeptical of the episode 's fringe science . Fickett also noticed many similarities to The X @-@ Files , writing " not enough is being done to move the show into its own direction " ; he concluded " The production values are exceptional , the acting is top notch , and it certainly seems to be going somewhere . Where , is another matter all together , but there does seem to be momentum . " Website blogger io9 highlighted " The Arrival " as one of the " crucial " episodes new viewers must watch to understand the show . Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly named " The Arrival " the twelfth best episode of the series , explaining the episode " formally , memorably introduced the Observer known as September ( Michael Cerveris ) , a Tabasco @-@ loving , Fedora @-@ wearing , bald @-@ headed time traveling surveyor from the future . His altercation with Peter in the graveyard — mirroring his movements ; parroting his speech in real time — was one of the show 's earliest water @-@ cooler @-@ weird moments . "
= Dejan ( magnate ) =
Dejan ( Serbian Cyrillic : Дејан ; fl . 1346 – ca . 1366 ) was a Serbian magnate who served Emperor Stefan Dušan ( r . 1331 – 55 ) as sevastokrator , and Emperor Uroš V ( r . 1355 – 71 ) as despot . He was married to Emperor Dušan 's sister Teodora , and possessed a large province in the Kumanovo region , east of Skopska Crna Gora . It initially included the old župe ( counties ) of Žegligovo and Preševo ( modern Kumanovo region with Sredorek , Kozjačija and the larger part of Pčinja ) . Uroš V later gave Dejan the Upper Struma river with Velbužd ( Kyustendil ) . Dejan built the Zemen Monastery , among others , and reconstructed several church buildings throughout his province .
Dejan was one of the prominent figures of Dušan 's reign and during
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their last . The fighting in Russia exposed the vehicle 's unsuitability for cold weather operations and general unreliability . This weakness , in addition to their thin armor and inadequate firepower , resulted in the 6th Panzer Division being reequipped with German tanks on its withdrawal from Russia in April 1942 . All 26 remaining Panzer 35 ( t ) s still in working condition in 1942 were sold to Romania . Some vehicles had their turrets and hull machine guns removed so that the chassis could serve as a munition carrier or an artillery tractor , the Artillerie Schlepper and the Mörserzugmittel 35 ( t ) . These had a towing capacity of 12 tonnes ( 12 long tons ; 13 short tons ) .
= = = Romania = = =
Romania ordered 126 of the tanks on 14 August 1936 as the R @-@ 2 and received the first 15 , which had been diverted from the Czech order , in April – May 1937 to display in a parade . They suffered from numerous teething problems and the Romanians put a hold on production until these issues were resolved . The constantly changing Romanian demands didn 't help the situation , but they refused to accept any vehicles until trials were conducted in Romania . Three R @-@ 2s were shipped to Romania on 12 July 1938 for the trials , but Skoda knew which one would be chosen and prepared the vehicle well and it passed all tests . After disassembly and checks of the trial tank were completed , the Romanian commission approved the design on 23 August . In the meantime , the initial batch was returned to Skoda to be upgraded to current standards on 28 July . Shipments to Romania began on 1 September with 27 shipped before the Munich Crisis forced the Czechs to hold all remaining tanks in case they were needed . 5 finished tanks and 6 almost @-@ finished tanks were appropriated and shipped to Slovakia although they were quickly returned after the Munich Agreement was signed . The last shipment departed on 22 February 1939 .
The R @-@ 2s were assigned to the 1st Armored Regiment of the 1st Armored Division where they participated in Operation Barbarossa . The division was withdrawn from combat after the Battle of Odessa in 1941 . It returned to the front on 29 August 1942 with 109 R @-@ 2s . By the eve of the Soviet Stalingrad Counter @-@ offensive on 19 November the division could only muster 84 serviceable R @-@ 2s with as many as 37 unserviceable tanks stationed in the rear . The division was on the outer edges of the Stalingrad Pocket , but managed to breakthrough the western wing of the encirclement , although 77 R @-@ 2s were lost in the process . Only about a third of these were destroyed by the Soviets , the rest were either abandoned or broke down and couldn 't be recovered . One R @-@ 2 arrived from Romania during December as a reinforcement . The 1st Armored Division was ordered home in early January 1943 .
Despite the delivery of 26 Pz.Kpfw. 35 ( t ) s during 1942 , Romania could only muster 59 R @-@ 2 / Pz.Kpfw. 35 ( t ) s on 1 April and 30 August 1943 , but raised this to 63 by 25 March 1944 . There were 44 on hand on 19 July 1944 . By this time they were relegated to training duties with the 1st Training Armored Division . A company of R @-@ 2s was sent to Transnistria with the ad @-@ hoc Cantemir Mixed Tank Group on 24 February 1944 , but it did not see combat before being withdrawn on 28 March 1944 .
A company of R @-@ 2s was assigned to the Popescu Armored Detachment after King Michael 's Coup and Romanian 's defection from the Axis at the end of August 1944 . The Detachment was tasked with preventing the German units stationed around Ploiești from breaking out to the north and finding refuge in Hungary . They accomplished their task and the R @-@ 2s were withdrawn from combat operations until the following year . Romania had concentrated all of its remaining tanks and armored fighting vehicles in the 2nd Armored Regiment in early 1945 as the unofficial Soviet arms embargo began to have effect . It had five R @-@ 2s on hand in early February 1945 when it was sent to the front , but the Soviets confiscated most of them when it arrived . Both R @-@ 2s were serviceable when the regiment entered Bratislava on 4 April 1945 , but these were probably destroyed when the regiment was virtually surrounded in Austria on 10 April because they are no longer listed among the regiment 's vehicles afterwards .
Twenty @-@ one tanks were rebuilt as TACAM R @-@ 2 tank destroyers with an ex @-@ Soviet 76 @.@ 2 mm gun in 1943 — 44 .
= = = Slovakia = = =
The Slovak Army seized 52 LT vz . 35 tanks when they declared their independence from Czechoslovakia in March 1939 . They were organized into a battalion that was later incorporated into the Armored Regiment . Three of these tanks participated in the Slovak @-@ Hungarian War of March 1939 . One tank company participated in the invasion of Poland , but didn 't see any fighting . The Army upgraded the internal communications system of its tanks with German intercoms in 1941 , but it is unknown if they added a fourth crewman as did the Germans . When Slovakia joined the German invasion of the Soviet Union it sent a Mobile Group that included thirty LT vz . 35 . The Mobile Group was reinforced and reorganized in early July 1941 as the Mobile Brigade , also known as Brigade Pilfousek after its commander , and it mustered only twenty seven tanks despite seven reinforcements because breakdowns had caused ten to be evacuated back to Slovakia . This was due to a conspiracy among the Slovak tankers that the tanks would be needed to overthrow the regime at some point and couldn 't be wasted in combat against the Soviets . This caused a high incidence of crew sabotage to which the officers and maintainers turned a blind eye , which caused the tanks to be withdrawn to Slovakia at the beginning of August 1941 . On 1 January 1942 , the Slovaks had 49 LT vz . 35 on hand because three had been destroyed in the battle for Lipovec earlier in the summer . However , of these 49 only seven were operational as part of the conspiracy to keep the tanks in Slovakia The LT vz . 35s were relegated to the training / reserve role by 1943 when the Germans began to supply more modern tanks to Slovakia . At least eight LT vz . 35s were used by the insurgents during the Slovak National Uprising in 1944 .
= = = Bulgaria = = =
Bulgaria used 26 tanks , delivered by Germany in early 1940 , with the normal A @-@ 3 gun and 10 T @-@ 11 tanks with the more powerful A @-@ 7 gun from the confiscated Afghan order were delivered between August and October 1940 . They were supposedly relegated to training duties once the Germans began to deliver Panzerkampfwagen IV medium tanks in 1944 , but apparently remained in service into the Fifties . But Kliment and Francev claim that the T @-@ 11s participated in the fighting in Yugoslavia and ended the war south of Vienna as part of the 1st Tank Brigade .
= = = Hungary = = =
Hungary captured one LT vz . 35 in Carpatho @-@ Ukraine on 15 March 1939 , when it conquered that country , and another in fighting with the Slovaks on 24 March 1939 . They were impressed and asked Škoda for a quote to repair them . The Hungarians did not accept the price , but Škoda fixed them for free once the Hungarians had bought a license to build the medium 40M Turán I tank in August 1940 . The tanks were returned to Hungary in March 1941 and were used for training through 1943 .
= Pride and Prejudice ( 1995 TV series ) =
Pride and Prejudice is a six @-@ episode 1995 British television drama , adapted by Andrew Davies from Jane Austen 's 1813 novel of the same name . Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth starred as Elizabeth Bennet and Mr Darcy . Produced by Sue Birtwistle and directed by Simon Langton , the serial was a BBC production with additional funding from the American A & E Network . BBC1 originally broadcast the 55 @-@ minute episodes from 24 September to 29 October in 1995 . The A & E Network aired the series in double episodes on three consecutive nights beginning 14 January 1996 .
Critically acclaimed and a popular success , Pride and Prejudice was honoured with several awards , including a BAFTA Television Award for Jennifer Ehle for " Best Actress " and an Emmy for " Outstanding Individual Achievement in Costume Design for a Miniseries or a Special " . The role of Mr Darcy elevated Colin Firth to stardom . A scene showing Firth in a wet shirt was recognised as " one of the most unforgettable moments in British TV history " . The New York Times called the adaptation " a witty mix of love stories and social conniving , cleverly wrapped in the ambitions and illusions of a provincial gentry " . The series inspired author Helen Fielding to write the popular Bridget Jones novels and their screen adaptations subsequently featured Firth as Bridget 's love interest Mark Darcy .
= = Plot = =
Episode 1 – Part One : Mr. Charles Bingley , a rich man from the north of England , settles down at Netherfield estate near Meryton village in Hertfordshire for the autumn . Mrs Bennet , unlike her husband , is excited at the prospect of marrying off one of her five daughters ( Jane , Elizabeth , Mary , Kitty , and Lydia ) to the newcomer . Bingley takes an immediate liking to Jane at a local country @-@ dance , while his best friend Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy , rumoured to be twice as rich , refuses to stand up with anyone including Elizabeth . Elizabeth 's poor impression of his character is confirmed at a later gathering at Lucas Lodge and she and Darcy verbally clash on the two nights she spends at Netherfield caring for the sick Jane .
Episode 2 – Part Two : A sycophantic clergyman named Mr. William Collins visits his cousins , the Bennets . He is the entailed heir of their home and estate , Longbourn , and intends to marry one of Mr. Bennet 's daughters . This is meant , on his part , as an act of benign goodwill towards the Bennets , because Mrs. Bennet and her unwed daughters will be rendered homeless once Mr. Bennet dies and Mr. Collins inherits the estate . He therefore invites himself for a two @-@ week visit , to get to know the Bennets better and select a wife from among the daughters of the family . However , the Bennet girls judge Mr. Collins to be a rather ridiculous man , an " oddity " with many peculiarities of speech and deportment . They are nevertheless civil to him , and take him to balls and social events in Meryton . One day , while on a walk around Meryton village , they meet members of a newly arrived militia , including a Mr George Wickham . At a social event , Wickham befriends Elizabeth and tells her that Darcy , who is the son of Wickham 's late father 's employer , has denied Wickham a living ( a curacy ) which had been assured to him by Mr. Darcy 's father . At another social event , Darcy surprises Elizabeth with a dance offer at a ball at Netherfield , which she grudgingly but politely accepts . Mr Collins proposes to Elizabeth the next day , but she resoundingly rejects him . While Mrs Bennet disagrees about Elizabeth 's decision , her close friend Charlotte Lucas invites Mr Collins to stay at Lucas Lodge .
Episode 3 – Part Three : Elizabeth is stunned and appalled when she learns that Charlotte Lucas has accepted a proposal from Mr Collins . When the Netherfield party departs for London in autumn , Jane stays with her modest London relatives , the Gardiners , but she soon notices that the Bingleys ignore her . After befriending Mr Wickham , Elizabeth departs for the Collinses ' home in Kent in the spring . They live near Rosings , the estate of the formidable Lady Catherine de Bourgh , and as Lady Catherine is Darcy 's aunt , Elizabeth meets Darcy several times . Shortly after Elizabeth learns of Darcy 's direct responsibility for Jane and Bingley 's separation , Darcy unexpectedly proposes to her , expressing his ardent admiration and love despite Elizabeth 's inferior family connections . Elizabeth flatly rejects him , noting his arrogant , disagreeable , and proud character , and his involvement in her sister 's failed romance and Mr Wickham 's misfortune .
Episode 4 – Part Four : Darcy justifies his previous actions in a long letter to Elizabeth : he misjudged Jane 's affection for Bingley and exposes Wickham as a gambler who once attempted to elope with his young sister , Georgiana , to obtain her inheritance . Back at Longbourn , Mr Bennet allows Lydia to accompany the militia to Brighton as a personal friend of the militia colonel 's wife . Elizabeth joins the Gardiners on a sightseeing trip to Derbyshire and visits Pemberley , Darcy 's estate , during his absence . Greatly impressed by the immense scale and richness of the estate , Elizabeth listens to the housekeeper 's earnest tales of her master 's lifelong goodness , while Darcy refreshes from his unannounced journey home by taking a swim in a lake . After an unexpected and awkward encounter with Elizabeth , a damp Darcy is able to prevent the party 's premature departure with an unusual degree of friendliness and politeness .
Episode 5 – Part Five : Elizabeth and the Gardiners receive an invitation to Pemberley , where Darcy and Elizabeth share significant glances . The next morning , Elizabeth receives two letters from Jane , discussing Lydia 's elopement with Wickham . As Elizabeth is about to return to Longbourn , Darcy walks in and offers his help , but , upon digesting the bad news , gradually appears more remote , and soon takes his leave . Elizabeth supposes she will never see him again . Mr and Mrs Bennet try to deal with the possible scandal until they receive a letter from Mr Gardiner , saying that Lydia and Wickham have been found and are not married , but will be soon under the Gardiners ' care . After Mr Bennet states his surprise at how easily the issue has been resolved , Elizabeth informs Jane about her last meeting with Darcy , including her ambivalent feelings for him .
Episode 6 – Part Six : After Lydia carelessly mentions Darcy 's involvement in her wedding , Mrs Gardiner enlightens Elizabeth how Darcy found the errant couple and paid for all the expenses . When Bingley and Darcy return to Netherfield in the autumn , Darcy apologises to Bingley for intervening in his relationship with Jane and gives his blessing for the couple to wed . Lady Catherine de Bourgh , who has heard rumours of an engagement between Darcy and Elizabeth but wants him to marry her sickly daughter Anne , pays Elizabeth an unannounced visit . She insists that Elizabeth renounce Darcy , but Elizabeth does not rule out a future engagement . When Elizabeth thanks Darcy for his role in Lydia 's marriage , Lady Catherine 's story encourages Darcy to reconfirm his feelings for Elizabeth . Elizabeth admits the complete transformation of her feelings and agrees to an engagement , which takes her family by surprise . The series ends with a double wedding in the winter months : Jane with Bingley , and Elizabeth to Fitzwilliam Darcy .
= = Cast = =
When casting the many characters of Pride and Prejudice , the producer Sue Birtwistle and director Simon Langton were looking for actors with wit , charm and charisma , who could also play the Regency period . Their choices for the story 's protagonists , 20 @-@ year @-@ old Elizabeth Bennet and 28 @-@ year @-@ old Mr Darcy , determined the other actors cast . Hundreds of actresses between 15 and 28 auditioned , and those with the right presence were screen @-@ tested , performing several prepared scenes in period costumes and makeup in a television studio . Straight offers were made to several established actors .
Actress Jennifer Ehle was chosen out of half a dozen serious candidates to play Elizabeth , the second Bennet daughter , the brightest girl , and her father 's favourite . At the time in her mid @-@ 20s , Ehle had first read Pride and Prejudice at the age of 12 and was the only actor to be present throughout the whole filming schedule . Sue Birtwistle particularly wanted Colin Firth , a relatively unknown British actor in his mid @-@ 30s at the time , to play the wealthy and aloof Mr. Darcy . Birtwistle had worked with him on the mid @-@ 1980s comedy film Dutch Girls , but he repeatedly turned down her offer as he neither felt attracted to Austen 's feminine perspective nor believed himself to be right for the role . Birtwistle 's persistent coaxing and his deeper looks into the Darcy character finally convinced him to accept the role . Firth and Ehle began a romantic relationship during the filming of the series , which only received media attention after the couple 's separation .
Benjamin Whitrow and BAFTA @-@ nominated Alison Steadman were cast to play Mr and Mrs Bennet , Elizabeth 's distinguished but financially imprudent and occasionally self @-@ indulgent parents . Steadman was offered the role without auditions or screen tests . Elizabeth 's four sisters , whose ages ranged between 15 and 22 , were cast to look dissimilar from each other . Susannah Harker portrayed Elizabeth 's beautiful older sister Jane , who desires to only see good in others . Lucy Briers , Polly Maberly , and Julia Sawalha played Elizabeth 's younger sisters – the plain Mary , the good @-@ natured but flighty and susceptible Kitty , and frivolous and headstrong Lydia . Being 10 years older than 15 @-@ year @-@ old Lydia , Julia Sawalha , of Absolutely Fabulous fame , had enough acting experience to get the role without screen tests . Joanna David and Tim Wylton appeared as the Gardiners , Elizabeth 's maternal aunt and uncle . David Bamber played the sycophantic clergyman , Mr Collins , a cousin of Mr Bennet . Lucy Scott portrayed Elizabeth 's best friend and Mr Collins 's wife , Charlotte Lucas , and David Bark @-@ Jones portrayed Lt. Denny .
The producers found Crispin Bonham @-@ Carter to have the best physical contrast to Firth 's Darcy and gave him his first major television role as the
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good @-@ natured and wealthy Mr Charles Bingley . Bonham @-@ Carter had originally auditioned for the part of Mr George Wickham , a handsome militia lieutenant whose charm conceals his licentiousness and greed , but Adrian Lukis was cast instead . Anna Chancellor , of Four Weddings and a Funeral fame , played Mr Bingley 's sister Caroline Bingley . ( Chancellor is also Jane Austen 's niece by eight generations . ) Mr Bingley 's other sister and his brother @-@ in @-@ law were played by Lucy Robinson ( Louisa Hurst ) and Rupert Vansittart ( Mr Hurst ) . Casting the role of Darcy 's young sister , Georgiana , proved hard as the producers were looking for a young actress who appeared innocent , proud and yet shy , had class and could also play the piano . After auditioning over 70 actresses , Simon Langton suggested Emilia Fox , the real @-@ life daughter of Joanna David ( Mrs Gardiner ) , for the part . Barbara Leigh @-@ Hunt was cast as Darcy 's meddling aunt , Lady Catherine de Bourgh , without auditions or screen tests .
= = Production = =
= = = Conception and adaptation = = =
Jane Austen 's novel Pride and Prejudice had already been the subject of numerous television and film adaptations , including BBC television versions in 1938 , 1952 , 1958 , 1967 and 1980 . In the autumn of 1986 , after watching a preview of Austen 's Northanger Abbey , Sue Birtwistle and Andrew Davies agreed to adapt Pride and Prejudice , one of their favourite books , for television . Birtwistle in particular felt that a new adaptation on film would serve the drama better than the previous videotaped Pride and Prejudice television adaptations , which looked too " undernourished " and " unpoetic " . The needs of TV scheduling forced Davies to change his original plan of a five @-@ episode adaptation to six . Birtwistle and Davies then offered the first three scripts to ITV in late 1986 to build on the guaranteed BBC audience , but the recent TV adaptation led to a delay . When ITV announced its renewed interest in 1993 , Michael Wearing of the BBC commissioned the final scripts with co @-@ funding from the American A & E Network . Director Simon Langton and the art department joined pre @-@ production in January and February 1994 .
Although Birtwistle and Davies wished to remain true to the tone and spirit of the novel , they wanted to produce " a fresh , lively story about real people " , not an " old studio @-@ bound BBC drama that was shown in the Sunday teatime slot " . Emphasising sex and money as the themes of the story , Davies shifted the focus from Elizabeth to Elizabeth and Darcy and foreshadowed Darcy 's role in the narrative resolution . To portray the characters as real human beings , Davies added short backstage scenes such as the Bennet girls dressing up to advertise themselves in the marriage market . New scenes where men pursue their hobbies with their peers departed from Jane Austen 's focus on women . The biggest technical difficulty proved to be adapting the long letters in the second half of the story . Davies employed techniques such as voice @-@ overs , flashbacks , and having the characters read the letters to themselves and to each other . Davies added some dialogue to clarify events from the novel to a modern audience but left much of the novel 's dialogue intact .
= = = Filming = = =
Director of photography John Kenway used Super 16mm film , which has a slightly smaller widescreen aspect ratio than 16 : 9 , but the series was originally broadcast 4 : 3 pan and scan .
The budget of about £ 1 million per episode ( totalling US $ 9 @.@ 6 million ) allowed 20 shooting weeks of five days to film six 55 @-@ minute episodes . Production aimed for 10 @.@ 5 @-@ hour shooting days plus time for costume and make @-@ up . Two weeks before filming began , about 70 of the cast and crew gathered for the script read @-@ through , followed by rehearsals , lessons for dancing , horse @-@ riding , fencing , and other skills that needed to be ready ahead of the actual filming . Filming took place between June 1994 and 1 November 1994 to reflect the changing seasons in the plot , followed by post @-@ production until mid @-@ May 1995 . Scenes in the same place were grouped in the filming schedule .
Twenty @-@ four locations , most of them owned by the National Trust , and eight studio sets were used for filming . Reflecting the wealth differences between the main characters , the filming location for Longbourn showed the comfortable family house of the Bennet family , whereas Darcy 's Pemberley needed to look like the " most beautiful place " , showing good taste and the history of the aristocracy . The first location that the producers agreed on was Lacock in Wiltshire to represent the village of Meryton . Luckington Court nearby served as the interior and exterior of Longbourn . Lyme Hall in Cheshire was chosen as Pemberley but management problems forced production to film Pemberley 's interiors at Sudbury Hall in Sudbury , Derbyshire .
The producers found Belton House in Grantham , Lincolnshire the best match for Rosings , Lady Catherine de Bourgh 's estate , which needed to appear " over @-@ the @-@ top " to reflect her disagreeableness . Old Rectory at Teigh in Rutland was chosen as Hunsford parsonage , Mr Collins 's modest home . Edgcote House in south @-@ west Northamptonshire served as the interior and exterior of Bingley 's Netherfield , along with Brocket Hall in Welwyn Garden City , Hertfordshire as the Netherfield ballroom . The London streets were filmed in Lord Leycester Hospital in Warwick , Warwickshire . Wickham 's and Georgiana 's planned elopement in Ramsgate was filmed in the English seaside resort Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare in Somerset .
= = = Costumes and make @-@ up = = =
Because Pride and Prejudice was a period drama , the design required more research than contemporary films . The personality and wealth of the characters were reflected in their costumes ; the wealthy Bingley sisters were never shown in print dresses and they wore big feathers in their hair . As the BBC 's stock of early 19th century costumes was limited , costume designer Dinah Collin designed most of the costumes , visiting museums for inspiration while trying to make the clothes attractive to a modern audience ( although some costumes , mostly worn by extras , were re @-@ used from earlier BBC productions or hired ) . Elizabeth 's clothes had earthy tones and were fitted to allow easy and natural movements in line with the character 's activity and liveliness . In contrast , Collin chose pale or creamy white colours for the clothes of the other Bennet girls to highlight their innocence and simplicity and richer colours for Bingley 's sisters and Lady Catherine de Bourgh . Colin Firth participated in the wardrobe decisions and wanted his character to wear darker colours , leaving the warmer colours for Bingley .
The producers imagined Darcy to be dark despite no such references in the novel and asked Firth to dye black his light @-@ brown hair , eyebrows and lashes ; they instructed all male actors to let their hair grow before filming and shave off their moustaches . Three brunette wigs were made to cover Ehle 's short , blonde hair and one wig for Alison Steadman ( Mrs. Bennet ) because of her thick , heavy hair . Susannah Harker 's ( Jane ) hair was slightly lightened to contrast with Elizabeth 's and was arranged in a classic Greek style to highlight the character 's beauty . Mary 's plainness was achieved by painting spots on Lucy Briers 's face ; her hair was greased to suggest an unwashed appearance and was arranged to emphasise the actress 's protruding ears . As Kitty and Lydia were too young and wild to have their hair done by the maids , the actresses ' hair was not changed much . Makeup artist Caroline Noble had always considered Mr. Collins a sweaty character with a moist upper lip ; she also greased David Bamber 's hair and gave him a low parting to suggest baldness .
= = = Music and choreography = = =
Carl Davis had been writing scores for BBC adaptations of classic novels since the mid @-@ 1970s and approached Sue Birtwistle during pre @-@ production . Aiming to communicate the wit and vitality of the novel and its theme of marriage and love in a small town in the early 19th century , he used contemporary classical music as inspiration , in particular a popular Beethoven septet of the period , as well as a theme strongly reminiscent of the finale of Beethoven 's Emperor Concerto . For control over the sound , the music was recorded in six hours by a group of up to 18 musicians and was then fed into tiny earpieces of the screen musicians , who mimed playing the instruments . The actresses whose characters played the piano , Lucy Briers ( Mary ) and Emilia Fox ( Georgiana ) , were already accomplished pianists and were given the opportunity to practise weeks ahead of filming . Among the songs and movements that were played in the serial were Handel 's " Air con Variazioni " from Suite No. 5 in E Major HWV 430 and " Slumber , Dear Maid " from his opera Xerxes , Mozart 's " Rondo Alla Turca " , " Voi Che Sapete " and other music from his operas The Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni , Beethoven 's Andante Favori , the second movement from Muzio Clementi 's Sonatina No.4 and the traditional folk song " The Barley Mow " . A soundtrack with Davis 's themes was released on CD in 1995 .
Many scenes in the book were set at dances or balls . Jane Gibson based her choreography on The Apted Book of Country Dances ( 1966 ) by W.S. Porter , which had several late @-@ 18th @-@ century dances by Charles and Samuel Thompson such as " The Shrewsbury Lasses " , " A Trip to Highgate " and " Mr. Beveridge 's Maggot " . Although these dances gave the story an impression of authenticity , they were anachronistic , being out of fashion by the time of the story . Some fifteen dances were choreographed and rehearsed before filming . Polly Maberly and Julia Sawalha , the dance @-@ mad Kitty and Lydia , had three days to learn the dances . Three days were allotted for the filming of the ball at Netherfield , whose pace and style concentrated on elegance rather than the community enjoying themselves as at the dance at Meryton . The musicians and dancers had earpieces with music playing to allow dialogue recording . Many wide @-@ shots of Elizabeth 's and Darcy 's dance at Netherfield later turned out to be unusable because of a hair in front of a lens so the editors resorted to close @-@ up shots and material provided by a steadicam .
= = Themes and style = =
The adaptation received praise for its faithfulness to the novel , which highlights the importance of environment and upbringing on peoples ' development , although privilege is not necessarily advantageous . Describing the adaptation as " a witty mix of love stories and social conniving , cleverly wrapped in the ambitions and illusions of a provincial gentry " , critics noted that Davies 's focus on sex and money and Austen 's wry , incisive humour and the " deft " characterisation , prevented the television adaptation from " descending into the realm of a nicely @-@ costumed , brilliantly @-@ photographed melodrama " .
To avoid a narrator , the serial delegates the novel 's first ironic sentence to Elizabeth in an early scene . The adaptation opens with a view of Darcy 's and Bingley 's horses as they race across a field toward the Netherfield estate , expressing vitality ; Elizabeth watches them before breaking into a run . While the novel indicates Elizabeth 's independence and energy in her three @-@ mile trek to Netherfield , the adaptation of this scene also shows her rebelliousness and love of nature .
In what is " perhaps the most radical revision of Austen 's text " , the BBC drama departs from a late 18th @-@ century vision of emotional restraint and portrays emotions in a " modern " interpretation of the story . The novel leaves Elizabeth and the reader uncertain of Darcy 's emotions and the adaptation uses additional scenes to hint at Darcy 's inability to physically contain or verbally express his emotional turmoil . On the other hand , whereas the climax of the novel describes Darcy expressing his ardent love for Elizabeth at length ( though Austen leaves his actual words to the reader 's imagination ) , the adaptation elides this moment and passes directly to the next lines of dialogue . Scholars argue that activities such as billiards , bathing , fencing and swimming ( see the lake scene ) offer Darcy to a female gaze ; he is often presented in profile by a window or a fireplace when his friends discuss Elizabeth . Many passages relating to appearance or characters ' viewpoints were lifted from the novel .
The novel shows irony with " unmistakable strains of cynicism , ... laughing at human nature without any real hope of changing it " . Laughter in the story , which ranges from irresponsible laughter to laughter at people and laughter of amusement and relief , can also be linked to the sexual tensions among the different characters . Despite their appeal to modern audiences , laughter and wit were seen as vulgar and irreverent in Austen 's time . The BBC drama made changes " with a view to exposing a character , or adding humour or irony to a situation " . The adaptation comically exaggerates the characters of Mrs. Bennet , Miss Bingley and Mr. Collins , even showing Mrs. Bennet on the verge of hysteria in many of the early scenes .
The serial expands on Austen 's metaphorical use of landscapes , reinforcing beauty and authenticity . Elizabeth takes every opportunity to enjoy nature and to escape exposure to Mr. Collins and Lady Catherine . The most symbolic use of nature in the novel is Elizabeth and the Gardiners ' visit to Pemberley in Derbyshire , where Elizabeth becomes conscious of her love for Darcy . The story makes nature integral in the form of Old England . Elizabeth 's appreciation of the beauties of Derbyshire elevates Darcy in her and her relatives ' opinion . Darcy 's gaze through the window works as a movie screen , projecting Elizabeth 's actions for him and the viewer . His participation in the English landscape is his redemption .
= = Reception = =
= = = Broadcast = = =
Between 10 and 11 million people watched the original six @-@ episode broadcast on BBC One on Sunday evenings from 24 September to 29 October 1995 . The episodes were repeated each week on BBC Two . The final episode of Pride and Prejudice had a market share of about 40 percent in Britain , by which time eight foreign countries had bought the rights to the serial . 3 @.@ 7 million Americans watched the first broadcast on the A & E Network , which aired the serial in double episodes on three consecutive evenings beginning 14 January 1996 .
= = = Home release and merchandise = = =
The serial was released on VHS in the UK in the week running up to the original transmission of the final episode . The entire first run of 12 @,@ 000 copies of the double @-@ video set sold out within two hours of release . 70 @,@ 000 copies had been sold by the end of the first week of sales , increasing to 200 @,@ 000 sold units within the first year of the original airing . A BBC spokeswoman called the initial sale results " a huge phenomenon " , as " it is unheard of for a video to sell even half as well , especially when viewers are able to tape the episodes at home for free " . The CD soundtrack was also popular , and 20 @,@ 000 copies of an official making @-@ of book were sold within days . The serial was released on DVD four times , initially in 2000 , as a digitally remastered " Tenth Anniversary Edition " in September 2005 , and in April 2007 as part of a " Classic Drama DVD " magazine collection . A high @-@ definition transfer was produced from the original negatives and released as a Blu @-@ ray in October 2008 . The HD version has not been broadcast on television ; the BBC refuses to broadcast anything shot in 16mm in HD . The same restored version was released on DVD in March 2009 . The Blu @-@ ray was released on 14 April 2009 .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The critical response to Pride and Prejudice was overwhelmingly positive . Gerard Gilbert of The Independent recommended the opening episode of the serial one day before the British premiere , saying the television adaptation is " probably as good as it [ can get for a literary classic ] . The casting in particular deserves a tilt at a BAFTA , Firth not being in the slightest bit soft and fluffy – and Jennifer Ehle showing the right brand of spirited intelligence as Elizabeth . " He considered Benjamin Whitrow a " real scene @-@ stealer with his Mr. Bennet " , but was undecided about Alison Steadman 's portrayal of Mrs. Bennet . Reviewing the first episode for the same newspaper on the day after transmission , Jim White praised Andrew Davies for " injecting into the proceedings a pace and energy which at last provides a visual setting to do justice to the wit of the book . With everyone slinging themselves about at high speed ( the dances , in a first for the genre , actually involve a bit of sweat ) , it looks like people are doing something you would never have suspected they did in Austen 's time : having fun . "
A few days before the American premiere , Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times considered the adaptation " decidedly agreeable " despite its incidental liberties with Austen 's novel , and named Elizabeth 's parents and Mr. Collins as the main source of humour . John O 'Connor of The New York Times lauded the serial as a " splendid adaptation , with a remarkably faithful and sensitively nuanced script " . He commented on Jennifer Ehle 's ability to make Elizabeth " strikingly intelligent and authoritative without being overbearing " , and noted how Firth " brilliantly captures Mr. Darcy 's snobbish pride while conveying , largely through intense stares , that he is falling in love despite himself " . O 'Connor praised
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and Pam 's actor friend , Steve .
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) brags about his discovery that he is related to First Lady Michelle Obama . Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) finds his new job as Assistant Regional Manager difficult . Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) attempts to teach Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) the Dothraki language from HBO series Game of Thrones so that she can impress Andy 's educated family . Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) tells Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) that Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) may be having an affair ; meanwhile , Jim reveals his entrepreneurial plans to Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) in the warehouse .
" Andy 's Ancestry " received moderately positive reviews from television critics . Many felt that the emotional elements in the episode were effective and that the cold opening was particularly humorous . Many noted that the episode bore stylistic similarities to early episodes of the show . Some , however , were slightly disappointed by the episode 's various subplots . " Andy 's Ancestry " was viewed by 4 @.@ 14 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 2 rating among adults between the age of 18 and 49 . The episode ranked fourth in its timeslot and was also the highest @-@ rated NBC series of the night .
= = Plot = =
In the cold open , an Asian man ( Randall Park ) arrives to the office and sits at Jim Halpert 's ( John Krasinski ) desk . Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) asks who he is . The man claims to be the real Jim , and offers proof : he is able to recall his last sales , Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) gives him a kiss , and he has a picture of Pam and himself and their two Asian children . Dwight begins to worry , but Pam explains in a talking head that the man is an actor friend of Jim and Pam 's named Steve .
Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) demands that Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) research his family tree . To spite him , she falsely tells him that he is related to U.S. First Lady Michelle Obama . He begins to brag about his discovery , which causes his co @-@ workers to wonder if Andy 's family ever owned slaves . In order to get back at his co @-@ workers , Andy asks Nellie to " dig up dirt " on the rest of the office . In turn , she makes up more fake facts as a prank . It is revealed by Andy 's mother that the Bernards never owned slaves : they simply transported them .
Meanwhile , Pam has been helping Nellie practice for a driving test . The two bond after Nellie shows appreciation for Pam 's art . After telling her that she is worried that her husband Jim is not telling her something , Nellie immediately states that Jim is probably having an affair . Nellie later asks Pam to paint a mural in the warehouse .
Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) has been promoted to Assistant Regional Manager and as a result is inspired to find ways to be more productive , for himself and the office . However , his ideas for the office are ignored by Andy , leading to a discussion with Jim in the warehouse about their increasing dissatisfaction with Dunder Mifflin . Jim tells Darryl about his sports marketing job opportunity in Philadelphia and offers him a possible position . However , as Jim has yet to tell Pam , Darryl says he should before going forward . When Pam comes back , Jim reveals the job opportunity to Pam , who , despite giving her approval , is upset that Jim didn 't consult her beforehand .
Dwight attempts to teach Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) the Dothraki language from the HBO series Game of Thrones so that she can impress Andy 's educated family . Andy , however , points out that it is a fictional language , leaving Erin dejected . However , as the office leaves for the day , Pete ( Jake Lacy ) gives Erin a Dothraki farewell .
= = Production = =
" Andy 's Ancestry " was written by co @-@ executive producers Jonathan Green and Gabe Miller , making it their first joint writing credit for the series . The episode was directed by series editor David Rogers . This was Roger 's seventh directing credit for the series , he previously directed the seventh season entry " Ultimatum " . The episode guest stars Randall Park as Jim and Pam 's actor friend . After the release of the episode 's plot synopsis , Geni.com , a genealogy and social networking website , claimed that Ed Helms is in fact Michelle Obama 's 18th cousin once removed . The NBC website later produced the " real " Bernard family tree after the release of the full episode .
= = Cultural references = =
Dwight attempts to teach the Dothraki language from the popular book series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin . The books were later turned into the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones . Dwight later compares learning Dothraki to learning Klingon , a fictional language from franchise Star Trek . Andy refers to Ladysmith Black Mambazo as " Ladysmith African @-@ American Mambazo " in an attempt to prove he is not racist . Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) later changes Andy 's ringtone to the song " Dixie " .
After Andy asks her to find information regarding the relatives of the office members , Nellie intentionally lies and tells Andy that Kevin is related to John Wayne Gacy and John Wayne Bobbitt . He is disappointed to learn that he is not related to either John Wayne or Dwayne " The Rock " Johnson , whom he erroneously calls " Wayne " . Andy also informs the office that Jim is related to former president Richard Nixon and that Meredith Palmer ( Kate Flannery ) is related to infamous axe @-@ murder suspect Lizzie Borden . Before he realizes that all of the office members ancestors are fakes , Dwight admits that his were members of the German American Bund , a pro @-@ Nazi group in the 1930s .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Andy 's Ancestry " originally aired on NBC on October 4 , 2012 . The episode was viewed by 4 @.@ 14 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 2 / 6 percent share in the 18 – 49 demographic . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 2 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 6 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The episode marked a slight increase when compared to the previous episode , " Roy 's Wedding " . The Office finished fourth in its time slot , being beaten by an episode of the ABC series Grey 's Anatomy which received a 3 @.@ 8 / 10 percent rating ; an entry of the CBS drama Person of Interest , which received a 3 @.@ 0 / 8 percent rating ; and an installment Fox series Glee , which received a 2 @.@ 6 / 7 percent rating . Despite this , The Office was the highest @-@ rated NBC television program of the night .
= = = Reviews = = =
Erik Adams of The A.V. Club gave the episode a moderately positive review and awarded it a " B " . Adams highlighted the serious discussion between Darryl and Jim in the warehouse , noting that " Jim ’ s extrication is something to root for " , and that it honored " Craig Robinson ’ s dedication to the show " . While feeling that some of the episode 's subplots were " forced " , he did , however , compliment the Pam and Nellie pairing due to " Pam ’ s past ability to break through [ people like ] Angela and Dwight ’ s defenses " . Bonnie Stiernberg of Paste magazine noted that , despite Andy 's regression to " his old ways " , it was beneficial for the episode and allowed for many jokes to be played out . Furthermore , Stiernberg applauded the subtle drama that ran throughout the entry , writing Darryl , Erin , and Pete 's interactions with Andy were important to the overall storyline . Mark Trammell of TV Equals named it " the best episode of the final season of “ The Office ” to date " because it " played to the show ’ s strengths " . Furthermore , he complimented the character development of Nellie , writing that she " really started to grow on me this week " and that his favorite line was Darryl 's " words of wisdom " to Jim : “ It ’ s not real until your wife is on board . ” Michael Tedder of New York magazine gave the episode a positive review and noted that " It 's been a while since The Office was this surprising and moving . " He wrote that the main plot allowed for " overdue development " in regards to other characters and applauded the continued drama involving Pam and Jim ; he called the last shot " quietly heartbreaking " . He did , however , call it a " particularly overstuffed episode " , and felt that Erin 's subplot could have been saved for a different episode .
E ! Online called Pete " especially charming " after " Andy 's Ancestry " , and named him one of the " Best Things in Pop Culture " . Joseph Kratzer of WhatCutlure ! awarded the episode four out of five stars and called it " another enjoyable episode " which continued to signal " the triumphant return of The Office " . He explained that the success of the first episodes of the ninth season " comes from a fluidity not seen in recent years , an organic component that helped make the series such a success in its second and third seasons " . Ultimately , he noted that it was not " the tightest plotted episode " but that it was " better than 90 % of last season " . IGN writer Cindy White awarded the episode an 8 @.@ 2 , designating a " great " episode . She applauded the fact that " the show is returning to its roots " as well as the fact that the actors themselves " seem more invested " in the series . She also called the conversation between Darryl and Jim a " nice change of pace " . She concluded that the plot allowed for a " good source of laughs in the smartly written " episode .
Other reviews were more mixed . Dan Forcella of TV Fanatic awarded the episode three and a half stars out of five and called it " another decent episode " . Furthermore , he wrote that Pam and Nellie 's bonding was the subplot that " worked best " . Nick Campbell of TV.com wrote that " the writers [ are ] trying to shove Andy Bernard in a Michael Scott @-@ shaped hole . " Furthermore , he called Nellie " the greatest square peg of them all . " Brett Harrison Davinger of the California Literary Review , despite enjoying the tension between Pam and Jim , felt that the main story never went anywhere . He called the main action of the episode " lifeless " , but wrote that the entry as a whole " set up the conclusion of the series " . Davinger also applauded Darryl 's sound byte call back .
The episode 's cold open attracted particular praise . Adams called it a " killer cold open " . Stierngerg referred to the sequence as " one of the funniest in a long time " . Kratzer called Steve 's remark to Dwight about " not seeing race " one of his " favorite moments " from the episode . Forcella called it " hilarious " and " one of the best openings we 've seen in a long , long time . " Trammell called the prank " classic Office " .
= The Matty Johns Show =
The Matty Johns Show was an Australian variety television show largely focused on the National Rugby League ( NRL ) competition , starring former rugby league player Matthew " Matty " Johns . It first aired in 2010 on Thursdays at 7 @.@ 30 pm in New South Wales and Queensland , on the Seven Network . The show usually ran for 1 hour . It was produced by Matty Johns and John Singleton .
The show 's rugby league content was directly comparable to The Footy Show , produced by the Nine Network , which has been on air since 1994 . The Matty Johns Show was described as a " smut @-@ free " , more family @-@ friendly version of it . The Matty Johns Show also featured interviews , music and character @-@ based skits . Portions of it was co @-@ hosted by Shane Webcke , Jason Stevens and Chloe Maxwell . The house band , Aston , gained attention for their arrangements of popular music , using classical instruments .
The show 's first season in 2010 rated strongly , and was compared favorably to The Footy Show by critics . It had been criticised for lacking serious football analysis , but had also been praised for its typically Australian character @-@ based sketches . The Controversy Corner segment of the show was briefly spun off as a standalone Sunday morning program during the 2010 NRL finals .
The Matty Johns Show did not return in 2011 .
= = History = =
Matty Johns was a professional rugby league player from 1991 to 2002 . He played for nine seasons with the Newcastle Knights , during which he and the Knights won the 1997 ARL season . He then played one season each with the Wigan Warriors and the Cronulla @-@ Sutherland Sharks . During his career , he played in the State of Origin series for New South Wales four times , played international tests for Australia eight times , and was part of the Australian squad that won the 1995 Rugby League World Cup .
He made his first forays into entertainment in 1999 , appearing in the low @-@ budget film In Search of the Holy Grail , which screened at the Newcastle Film Festival . He played Reg Reagan , a stereotype of Australian rugby league players .
= = = The Footy Show = = =
In 2002 , after his retirement from professional rugby league , Matty Johns became a regular performer on The Footy Show . The Footy Show is a popular variety show based on the NRL competition and broadcast by the Nine Network in those states where rugby league is the dominant football code ( New South Wales and Queensland ) . It should not be confused with the identically @-@ named The Footy Show based on Australian rules football , which is targeted at the other states of Australia where Australian rules is dominant .
Johns was a popular member of the cast of The Footy Show , and played several characters for the show . He further developed the Reg Reagan character as a beer @-@ swilling rugby league fan , and the character became hugely popular . He also appeared as Trent , a gay flight attendant . In 2004 , Johns recorded a novelty song and wrote a book , This Is My Life in character as Reg Reagan , and produced a DVD featuring both characters . He also commentated on Nine 's telecasts of rugby league games . In 2008 , he wrote a second book , From the Sheds , under his own name . He also became assistant coach of the Melbourne Storm NRL team .
However , in 2009 , Johns was suspended by the Nine Network over a sex scandal . It emerged in 2009 that Johns had participated in group sex with several Cronulla players and a young woman seven years earlier , in 2002 , at a hotel in Christchurch , New Zealand . She claimed to Australian current affairs program Four Corners in 2009 that she had suffered psychological problems as a result .
Matty Johns and the other players were investigated by police and cleared of any criminal wrongdoing . In May 2009 , Johns appeared on the Nine Network 's A Current Affair program to explain his role in the event . He admitted having sex with the young woman , but claimed that it was consensual . He was later described as appearing during this interview like a " broken @-@ down wreck " . Johns later said that he " disconnected " for a month after his suspension . He stated that his wife and family experienced " great pain " in the midst of the publicity . He said , " It took us a long time to get over it . It pains me they have to go through it again . " There was speculation that his media career was over .
During his month off , the Newcastle Knights approached him about coaching their team . He was later approached by Laurie Daley to become an assistant coach to the Country Rugby League side in the City vs Country Origin series . In August 2009 , the Nine Network approached him about returning to commentary duties , reportedly offering $ 600 @,@ 000 a year for him to continue with Nine . However , Johns turned down all of these offers and instead began a collaboration with Australian media stalwart John Singleton .
= = = John Singleton = = =
John Singleton is an Australian media entrepreneur , a rugby league fan and former part owner of the Brisbane Broncos . Johns and Singleton founded a television production company in November 2009 , in which each owns a 50 % stake . They developed a show to rival The Footy Show , and it was pursued by both the Seven Network and Network Ten . The Seven Network signed the new show and aggressively promoted it , even before it had a name .
Johns is under an exclusive contract with the company until 2011 , and may not appear on any other electronic media without Singleton 's approval . According to Paul Kent of The Daily Telegraph , the deal with Singleton and Seven " has the potential to make him wealthy far beyond anything he could have achieved had he remained at Nine . "
= = = Recruitment of on @-@ air talent = = =
Matty Johns asked former rugby league player Shane Webcke to be his co @-@ host . Webcke played prop forward for the Brisbane Broncos from 1995 to 2006 . He also played State of Origin for Queensland 21 times , played international tests for Australia 20 times , and was part of the Australian squad that won the 2000 Rugby League World Cup . Webcke provided rugby league commentary for Seven News and read the sports bulletin for Seven News Brisbane . Webcke was initially hesitant before he accepted the offer to co @-@ host The Matty Johns Show , and said at the time :
" I was pretty thorough in terms of going and seeing Matt and seeing what they had in mind ; the actual guts of the show , what they were going to be about and that it was definitely something new ... I wanted to make sure that we were trying to do something that was rugby league , that was different and that I just liked the feel of . "
It was reported that Johns also pursued former rugby league player Mario Fenech , who appears on The Footy Show , and that Fenech declined the offer to join the new show . Matt Nable , former rugby league player turned screenwriter , worked as a writer on the show .
= = = Premiere = = =
The first episode of The Matty Johns Show aired Thursday evening , 25 March 2010 , three weeks into the NRL season . It was Johns ' first television appearance since appearing on A Current Affair in relation to the sex scandal . The Australian Associated Press reported that Matty Johns ' performance on his first show was " impressive " , and that he appeared " nervous but cheerful " . The Daily Telegraph 's Phil Rothfield compared the " far brighter and more radiant " appearance of Johns in his first show to the " broken down wreck " seen on A Current Affair in May 2009 in the context of the sex scandal .
= = = Future = = =
Towards the end of the 2010 season , Matty Johns said , " I 've been really happy with what we 've done - particularly the mix at the back end of the year . " The show was slated to return in 2011 , as the show was initially contracted for two years .
Seven offered Johns the 10.30pm Thursday timeslot , which Johns had the option of declining owing to
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a clause in his contract . Co @-@ host Webcke was not happy with the late time , and Johns ' producers perceived that there may be difficulty in booking guests at that time . Consequently , Johns declined the offer and sat out 2011 on full pay . It has also been suggested that success of The Matty Johns Show depended on the success of related AFL show The Bounce , which failed in 2010 . The future of The Matty Johns Show is currently unclear .
= = = Related projects = = =
Johns discussed the possibility of new projects with the Seven Network during 2010 . He also developed two sitcoms , which are being shopped to the major commercial networks .
The popular Controversy Corner segment was spun off into a Sunday morning one @-@ hour program during the 2010 NRL finals series . There was also a " Daily Telegraph edition " of Controversy Corner in the week before the 2010 NRL Grand Final . Starting in the summer of 2010 , co @-@ host Jason Stevens began hosting a variety program on 7Two called Big J 's Place .
= = Style = =
The Matty Johns Show was pitched as a family @-@ friendly variety show based on the National Rugby League ( NRL ) competition . It is primarily aimed at New South Wales and Queensland audiences ( in which NRL is the dominant football code ) . The show features many comedy sketches , recurring characters and celebrity interviews in a variety format . This mixture has resulted in criticism from some media observers for a perceived lack of serious football analysis . Sports website The Roar notes that the show appears to be made to slick ( and expensive ) production values .
= = = Comparison with The Footy Show = = =
The Footy Show is a variety show based on the National Rugby League ( NRL ) competition , broadcast weekly by the Nine Network . The rugby league component of The Matty Johns Show is directly comparable to The Footy Show , and The Matty Johns Show has been described as a " smut @-@ free " version of it . Being on the Seven Network , The Matty Johns Show cannot incorporate NRL footage ( the rights to which are currently held by the Nine Network , and put to use on The Footy Show ) . The Matty Johns Show is not sanctioned by the NRL , while The Footy Show is .
The main cast of The Matty Johns Show was initially not invited to the 2010 Dally M Awards night ( an annual ceremony to honour the best NRL players of the year ) , while the cast of The Footy Show was invited . Johns said of the snub , " ... with the politics going around and with the rights coming up , and with Seven being an integral part of the NRL getting the money they are after , it 's a little surprising that Seven weren 't extended an invitation . " Matty Johns and his team were belatedly invited . Johns reacted to the incident by appearing at the awards night in character as Harry Hardman , and attempting to interview Footy Show regulars for his program , in spite of the fact that they were contractually forbidden from appearing on his show .
= = = Comparison with other shows = = =
The Matty Johns Show has also been compared to The Bounce , which was a show based on the Australian Football League ( AFL ) and targeted at those states in which AFL predominates . Johns plays a range of recurring Australian characters , in a style that has drawn comparisons to comic Paul Hogan , star of The Paul Hogan Show . The variety elements of the show have inspired comparisons with Hey Hey It 's Saturday . The set has been compared to that of Rove Live , a variety show formerly produced at Global Television .
= = Format = =
The show was produced during the 2010 NRL season ( corresponding to winter in the Southern Hemisphere ) . In New South Wales and Queensland , ( in which NRL is the dominant football code ) , The Matty Johns Show was broadcast on Thursdays at 7 @.@ 30 pm , two hours before The Footy Show . In all other states ( in which the Australian Football League predominates ) , The Matty Johns Show may have been broadcast Thursdays at 7 @.@ 30 pm , or broadcast around midnight , after The AFL Footy Show . When broadcast at 7 @.@ 30 pm , the show followed long @-@ running soap opera Home and Away .
It was pre @-@ taped the day of broadcast , and usually ran for 60 minutes ( including commercials ) . Once , the running time was extended in order to provide coverage of important League news ( the Melbourne Storm salary cap scandal ) . The show was recorded at Global Television studios in Eveleigh , Sydney . However , it has recorded one episode in South Bank Parklands , Brisbane . The 2010 Grand Final episode was recorded at the Overseas Passenger Terminal of Sydney Harbour .
= = = Hosts = = =
The show is hosted by Matty Johns and Shane Webcke . In a tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek review , satirical website The Un @-@ Australian describes Johns as " a buffoonish , quintissentially ( sic ) Australian sportsperson spouting blokeisms " , and describes co @-@ host Shane Webcke as " surprisingly articulate " .
Also featured are Jason Stevens and Chloe Maxwell . Stevens is a former prop for the St. George Dragons and Cronulla @-@ Sutherland Sharks rugby teams , known for his Christian faith and clean image . Chloe Maxwell is a model , best known for her appearance in a series of advertisements for Jeans West . She is the wife of rugby player Mat Rogers . Sonia Kruger has also co @-@ hosted .
= = = Guests = = =
The guests on the show are a mix of rugby league identities and entertainment figures . For example , on the 19 August 2010 episode , Sydney Roosters player Anthony Minichiello appeared alongside Hollywood stars Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg .
= = = House band = = =
The house band is Aston , a group of six young music students from the Sydney Conservatorium of Music . Their style is to " take contemporary hits and classics and re @-@ arrange them into classical form " , using classical instruments . In April 2010 they posted a classical version of the song " Telephone " by Lady Gaga , released on YouTube . The video caught the attention of blogger Perez Hilton , and became the most watched Australian music video of the year with 700 @,@ 000 views in two weeks . Aston have recorded their first album , and it is expected to be released shortly by Warner Music Australia .
= = = Segments = = =
Controversy Corner is a segment in which Johns and Webcke , along with guest Paul Kent ( a sports writer from Sydney 's Daily Telegraph ) discuss NRL news . They are usually joined by rugby league personalities . Controversy Corner is a revival of a segment originated by Rex Mossop on the Seven Network . Johns hosted a weekly Sunday morning one @-@ hour version of Controversy Corner during the 2010 NRL finals . Branded as Matty Johns ' Controversy Corner , it ran Sundays from 12 September to 3 October 2010 at 10am . In New South Wales and Queensland it was broadcast on Seven , and in other markets it was broadcast on 7Two . Johns also hosted a short " Daily Telegraph edition " of Controversy Corner in the week before the 2010 NRL Grand Final , featuring Jason Stevens , Paul Kent and Steve " Blocker " Roach . This video was streamed online on the Daily Telegraph website , and transcribed for the print and online versions of the newspaper .
Home When You 're Away is a segment in which two rugby league players from the same team ( usually from a team scheduled to play " away " from their home ground in the next match ) visit the home of one of their supporters . The person whose home is featured then answers questions .
= = = Characters = = =
Don Kirk is a parody of Australian gardening expert Don Burke . He is shown as being accident prone , arrogant and ignorant . Alby Sandals is a parody of Alby Mangels , a Dutch @-@ Australian adventurer and documentary @-@ maker . He travels around visiting rugby @-@ supporting towns with his pet chihuahua , Alan . Sandals usually runs into a battle with the town 's team mascot . Steven the Man Child is portrayed as a 10 @-@ year @-@ old child , who is inexplicably mature for his age , playing rugby league . He has a monobrow and is mute . Harry Hardman is a " garbo " ( rubbish collector ) who vents his frustrations with the game of rugby league . While in character as Hardman , Matty Johns " ambushed " The Footy Show regulars at the 2010 Dally M Awards .
= = Reception = =
= = = First shows = = =
Reviews of the debut show were mixed . Despite this , the first episode of The Matty Johns Show was that day 's most @-@ watched program in Sydney with 396 @,@ 000 viewers , and it collected another 199 @,@ 000 viewers in Brisbane . Of the initial ratings , Johns said in a press statement , " We ’ re humbled by the support for our show ... Our aim was to produce a great fun footy show for the whole family and we ’ re glad people liked it . " Reporters Amanda Meade from The Australian and Michael Idato from The Sydney Morning Herald suggested after the first episode that the earlier timeslot gives The Matty Johns Show a ratings advantage over The Footy Show . The Daily Telegraph 's Phil Rothfield stated that the first show put " pressure " on Paul Vautin , host of The Footy Show .
Both The Matty Johns Show and The Footy Show had improved ratings the following Thursday , after news broke of the Melbourne Storm salary cap scandal earlier that day .
= = = First series = = =
The show continued to rate well throughout 2010 . In mid @-@ July , an unnamed Seven spokesperson stated , " Matthew has destroyed The Footy Show in Sydney and Brisbane . That 's what counts . " The first series faced stiff competition from the very popular MasterChef Australia , which aired on Network Ten in the same timeslot as The Matty Johns Show . After MasterChef ended , The Matty Johns Show 's ratings rose 25 % over the previous week , which Seven 's head of programming conceded was probably due to the end of MasterChef .
= A Day in the Life =
" A Day in the Life " is the final song on the Beatles ' Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band album . Credited to Lennon – McCartney , the song comprises distinct sections written independently by John Lennon and Paul McCartney , with orchestral additions . While Lennon 's lyrics were inspired by contemporary newspaper articles , McCartney 's lyrics were based on reminiscences about his youth . The decisions to link sections of the song with orchestral glissandos and to end the song with a sustained piano chord were made only after the rest of the song had been recorded .
The supposed drug reference in the line " I 'd love to turn you on " resulted in the song initially being banned from broadcast by the BBC . Since its original album release , " A Day in the Life " has been released as a B @-@ side , and also on various compilation albums . It has been covered by other artists , and since 2008 , by McCartney in his live performances . It was ranked the 28th greatest song of all time by Rolling Stone magazine . On a different list , the magazine ranked it as the greatest Beatles song .
= = Lyricism = =
According to Lennon , the inspiration for the first two verses was the death of Tara Browne , the 21 @-@ year @-@ old heir to the Guinness fortune who had crashed his Lotus Elan on 18 December 1966 in Redcliffe Gardens , Earls Court . Browne had been a friend of Lennon and McCartney , and had , earlier in 1966 , instigated McCartney 's first experience with LSD . Lennon 's verses were adapted from a story in the 17 January 1967 edition of the Daily Mail , which reported the ruling on a custody action over Browne 's two young children :
Guinness heir Tara Browne 's two children will be brought up by their 56 @-@ year @-@ old grandmother , the High Court ruled yesterday . It turned down a plea by their mother , Mrs. Nicky Browne , 24 , that she should have them ... This , she said , happened after Mr. Browne , 21 , from whom she was estranged , had taken them for a holiday in County Wicklow [ Ireland ] with his mother .
Mrs. Browne began an action for their return in October [ 1966 ] , naming Mr. Browne and his mother as defendants . The action , held in private , was part way through when Mr. Browne died in a crash in his Lotus Elan car in South Kensington a week before Christmas .
" I didn 't copy the accident " , Lennon said . " Tara didn 't blow his mind out , but it was in my mind when I was writing that verse . The details of the accident in the song — not noticing traffic lights and a crowd forming at the scene — were similarly part of the fiction . " McCartney expounded on the subject : " The verse about the politician blowing his mind out in a car we wrote together . It has been attributed to Tara Browne , the Guinness heir , which I don 't believe is the case , certainly as we were writing it , I was not attributing it to Tara in my head . In John 's head it might have been . In my head I was imagining a politician bombed out on drugs who 'd stopped at some traffic lights and didn 't notice that the lights had changed . The ' blew his mind ' was purely a drugs reference , nothing to do with a car crash . "
Author Neil Sinyard attributed the third verse line " The English Army had just won the war " to Lennon 's role in the film How I Won the War , released on 18 October 1967 , but having filmed his part in September 1966 : " It 's hard to think of [ the verse ] ... without automatically associating it with Richard Lester 's film . "
In the authorized biography Many Years from Now , McCartney said about the line " I 'd love to turn you on " , which concludes both verse sections , " This was the time of Tim Leary 's ' Turn on , tune in , drop out ' and we wrote , ' I 'd love to turn you on . ' John and I gave each other a knowing look : ' Uh @-@ huh , it 's a drug song . You know that , don 't you ? ' " Lennon on composing the song with McCartney :
" Paul and I were definitely working together , especially on ' A Day in the Life ' that was a real ... The way we wrote a lot of the time : you 'd write the good bit , the part that was easy , like ' I read the news today ' or whatever it was , then when you got stuck or whenever it got hard , instead of carrying on , you just drop it ; then we would meet each other , and I would sing half , and he would be inspired to write the next bit and vice versa . He was a bit shy about it because I think he thought it 's already a good song . Sometimes we wouldn 't let each other interfere with a song either , because you tend to be a bit lax with someone else 's stuff , you experiment a bit . So we were doing it in his room with the piano . He said ' Should we do this ? ' ' Yeah , let 's do that . ' "
McCartney provided the middle section of the song , a short piano piece he had been working on independently , with lyrics about a commuter whose uneventful morning routine leads him to drift off into a dream . McCartney had written the piece as a wistful recollection of his younger years , which included riding the bus to school , smoking , and going to class . This theme matched with the original concept of the album which was going to be about their youth .
Lennon wrote the song 's final verse inspired by a Far & Near news brief , in the same 17 January edition of the Daily Mail that had inspired the first two verses . Under the headline " The holes in our roads " , the brief stated :
There are 4 @,@ 000 holes in the road in Blackburn , Lancashire , or one twenty @-@ sixth of a hole per person , according to a council survey . If Blackburn is typical , there are two million holes in Britain 's roads and 300 @,@ 000 in London .
The story had been sold to the Daily Mail in Manchester by Ron Kennedy of the Star News agency in Blackburn . Ron had noticed a Lancashire Evening Telegraph story about road excavations and in a telephone call to the Borough Engineer 's department had checked the now famous annual number of holes in the road . Lennon had a problem with the words of the final verse , however , not being able to think of how to connect " Now they know how many holes it takes to " and " the Albert Hall " . His friend Terry Doran , managing director of Apple , suggested that they would " fill " the Albert Hall .
= = Musical structure and development = =
In a 1968 editorial for Jazz & Pop , writer Gene Sculatti called the Beach Boys 1966 single " Good Vibrations " the " ultimate in @-@ studio production trip " , positing that it was a primary influence for the recording of " A Day in the Life " .
= = = Basic track = = =
The Beatles began recording the song , with a working title " In the Life of ... " , on 19 January 1967 , in the innovative and creative studio atmosphere ushered in by the recording of " Strawberry Fields Forever " and " Penny Lane " over the preceding weeks . The two sections of the song are separated by a 24 @-@ bar bridge . The track was refined with remixing and additional parts added at recording sessions on 20 January and 3 February .
Starr elaborated his approach to drumming on the song :
I only have one rule and that is to play with the singer . If the singer 's singing , you don 't really have to do anything , just hold it together . If you listen to my playing , I try to become an instrument ; play the mood of the song . For example , ' Four thousand holes in Blackburn , Lancashire , ' - boom ba bom . I try to show that ; the disenchanting mood . The drum fills are part of it .
At first , the Beatles were not sure how to fill its linking section . Thus , at the conclusion of the recording session for the basic tracks , the transition solely consisted of a simple repeated piano chord and the voice of assistant Mal Evans counting the bars . Evans ' guide vocal was treated with gradually increasing amounts of echo . The 24 @-@ bar bridge section ended with the sound of an alarm clock triggered by Evans . The original intent was to edit out the ringing alarm clock when the missing section was filled in ; however it complemented McCartney 's piece well ; the first line of McCartney 's song began " Woke up , fell out of bed " , so the decision was made to keep the sound . Martin later said that editing it out would have been unfeasible in any case .
= = = Orchestra = = =
As a solution for the missing 24 @-@ bar middle section of the song , McCartney proposed the idea of bringing in a full orchestra to fill the gap . To allay concerns that classically trained musicians would not be able to improvise the section , producer George Martin wrote a loose score for the section . It was an extended , atonal crescendo that encouraged the musicians to improvise within the defined framework . The orchestral part was recorded on 10 February 1967 , with McCartney and Martin conducting a 40 @-@ piece orchestra . The recording session was completed at a total cost of £ 367 ( equivalent to £ 6 @,@ 007 in 2015 ) for the players , an extravagance at the time . Martin later described explaining his improvised score to the puzzled orchestra :
What I did there was to write ... the lowest possible note for each of the instruments in the orchestra . At the end of the twenty @-@ four bars , I wrote the highest note ... near a chord of E major . Then I put a squiggly line right through the twenty @-@ four bars , with reference points to tell them roughly what note they should have reached during each bar ... Of course , they all looked at me as though I were completely mad .
McCartney noted that the strings were able to keep themselves in the designated time , while the trumpets were " much wilder " . McCartney had originally wanted a 90 @-@ piece orchestra , but this proved impossible ; the difference was made up , as the semi @-@ improvised segment was recorded multiple times and eventually four different recordings were overdubbed into a single massive crescendo . The results were successful ; in the final edit of the song , the orchestral bridge is reprised after the final verse . It was arranged for the orchestral session to be filmed by NEMS Enterprises for use in a planned television special . The film was never released in its entirety , although portions of it can be seen in the " A Day in the Life " promotional film ( included in the three @-@ disc versions of the Beatles ' 2015 video compilation 1 ) , which includes shots of studio guests Mick Jagger , Marianne Faithfull , Keith Richards , Brian Jones , Donovan , Pattie Boyd , and Michael Nesmith . Reflecting the Beatles ' taste for experimentation and the avant @-@ garde at this point in their careers , the orchestra players were asked to wear or were given a costume piece on top of their formal dress . This resulted in different players wearing anything from fake noses to fake stick @-@ on nipples . Martin recalled that the lead violinist performed wearing a gorilla paw , while a bassoon player placed a balloon on the end of his instrument .
Due to the multiple takes required to perfect the orchestral cacophony and the final chord , as well as their considerable procrastination in composing the song , the total duration of time spent recording " A Day in the Life " was 34 hours . In contrast , the Beatles ' earliest work , their first album Please Please Me , had been recorded in its entirety in only 10 hours , 45 minutes .
= = = Final chord = = =
Following the final orchestral crescendo , the song ends with one of the most famous final chords in music history . Lennon , McCartney , Starr , and Evans shared three different pianos , with Martin on the harmonium , and all played an E @-@ major chord simultaneously . The final chord was made to ring out for over forty seconds by increasing the recording sound level as the vibration faded out . Towards the end of the chord the recording level was so high that listeners can hear the sounds of the studio , including rustling papers and a squeaking chair .
The piano chord was a replacement for a failed vocal experiment . On the evening following the orchestra recording session , the four Beatles had recorded an ending of their voices humming the chord , but after multiple overdubs they wanted something with more impact . This final E chord represents a VI to the song 's tonic G major , although Pedler argues that the preceding chord changes ( from F ( " them all " ) to E ( " Now they know " ) Em7 ( " takes to fill " ) C ( " love to turn you " ) and B ( " on " ) ) followed by the chromatic ascent , shift our sense of the tonic from G to E ; creating a different feeling from the usual emotional uplift associated with a VI modulation .
= = = Personnel = = =
= = Variations = =
On the Sgt. Pepper album , the start of " A Day in the Life " is cross @-@ faded with the applause at the end of the previous track " Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( Reprise ) " . On The Beatles 1967 – 1970 LP , " A Day in the Life " fades in through the Sgt. Pepper cross @-@ fade , but on Imagine : John Lennon and the CD version of 1967 – 1970 , the song starts cleanly , without any fade or cross @-@ fade .
Following " A Day in the Life " on the Sgt. Pepper album ( as first released on LP in the UK and years later worldwide on CD ) is a high @-@ frequency 15 @-@ kilohertz tone and some randomly spliced Beatles studio chatter . The frequency is best understood as what we know as a dog whistle as the frequency is picked up by a dog 's ear and was part of their humour . They joked about picturing barking dogs should they be present when the album would finish . Recorded two months after the mono and stereo masters for " A Day in the Life " had been finalised , the studio chatter ( titled in the session notes " Edit for LP End " ) was added to the run @-@ out groove of the initial British pressing . There are even a few variations of the chatter , though the best known one is them saying during the laughter and chatter " never could see any other way . "
The Anthology 2 album includes an early , pre @-@ orchestral version of the song and Anthology 3 includes a version of " The End " that concludes by having the last note fade into the final chord of " A Day in the Life " ( reversed , then played forwards ) .
The Love version has the song starting with Lennon 's intro of " sugar plum fairy " , with the strings being more prominent during the crescendos .
= = Supposed drug references = =
The song became controversial for its supposed references to drugs . The BBC announced that it would not broadcast " A Day in the Life " due to the line " I 'd love to turn you on " , which , according to the corporation , advocated drug use . Other lyrics allegedly referring to drugs include " found my way upstairs and had a smoke / somebody spoke and I went into a dream " . A spokesman for the BBC stated , " We have listened to this song over and over again . And we have decided that it appears to go just a little too far , and could encourage a permissive attitude to drug @-@ taking . " The ban was eventually lifted on 13 March 1972 .
Lennon and McCartney denied that there were drug references and publicly complained about the ban at a dinner party at the home of their manager , Brian Epstein , celebrating their album . Lennon said that the song was simply about " a crash and its victim " , and called the line in question " the most innocent of phrases . " McCartney later said " This was the only one in the album written as a deliberate provocation . A stick @-@ that @-@ in @-@ your @-@ pipe ... But what we want is to turn you on to the truth rather than pot . " However , George Martin later commented that he had always suspected that the line " found my way upstairs and had a smoke " was a drug reference , recalling how the Beatles would " disappear and have a little puff " , presumably of cannabis , but not in front of him . " When [ Martin ] was doing his TV programme on Pepper " , McCartney recalled later , " he asked me , ' Do you know what caused Pepper ? ' I said , ' In one word , George , drugs . Pot . ' And George said , ' No , no . But you weren 't on it all the time . ' ' Yes , we were . ' Sgt. Pepper was a drug album . "
When Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band was released in South Asia , Malaysia and Hong Kong , " A Day in the Life " " With a Little Help from My Friends " and " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " were excluded because of supposed drug references .
= = Recognition and reception = =
" A Day in the Life " became one of the Beatles ' most influential songs . Paul Grushkin in his book Rockin ' Down the Highway : The Cars and People That Made Rock Roll , called the song " one of the most ambitious , influential , and groundbreaking works in pop music history " . In " From Craft to Art : Formal Structure in the Music of The Beatles " , the song is described thus : " ' A Day in the Life ' is perhaps one of the most important single tracks in the history of rock music ; clocking in at only four minutes and forty @-@ five seconds , it must surely be among the shortest epic pieces in rock . " Richard Goldstein of The New York Times called the song " a deadly earnest excursion in emotive music with a chilling lyric ... [ that ] stands as one of the most important Lennon @-@ McCartney compositions ... an historic Pop event " .
The song appears on many top songs lists . It placed twelfth on CBC 's 50 Tracks , the second highest Beatles song on the list after " In My Life " . It placed first in Q Magazine 's list of the 50 greatest British songs of all time , and was at the top of Mojo Magazine 's 101 Greatest Beatles ' Songs , as decided by a panel of musicians and journalists . " A Day in the Life " was also nominated for a Grammy in 1967 for Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist Or Instrumentalist . In 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked " A Day in the Life " at number 28 on the magazine 's list of " The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time " , and in 2010 , the magazine deemed it to be the Beatles ' greatest song . It is listed at number 5 in Pitchfork Media 's The 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s .
= = Legacy = =
In July 1978 Barry Gibb released a cover version of the song , taken from the multi @-@ platinum double covers compilation album Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , which is regarded as one of the worst albums ever recorded .
On 27 August 1992 Lennon 's handwritten lyrics were sold by the estate of Mal Evans in an auction at Sotheby 's London for $ 100 @,@ 000 ( £ 56 @,@ 600 ) . The lyrics were put up for sale again in March 2006 by Bonhams in New York . Sealed bids were opened on 7 March 2006 and offers started at about $ 2 million but it failed to sell . The lyric sheet was auctioned again by the owner at Sotheby 's in June 2010 . It was purchased by an anonymous American buyer who paid $ 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 ( £ 810 @,@ 000 ) .
McCartney has been performing this song in a majority of his live shows since his 2008 tour ; the most recent performance was after the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix on 13 November 2011 . It is played in a medley with " Give Peace a Chance " . The Beatles ' friend and contemporary Bob Dylan references the song 's opening lyrics in his 2012 tribute to John Lennon , " Roll on John " . David Bowie paraphrased the line " I read the news today , oh boy " with the line " I heard the news today , oh boy " on his 1975 single and album title track " Young Americans " as did Devo who paraphrased the line " I read the news today , oh boy " with the line " I saw the news today , oh boy " on their 1988 song " Some Things Never Change " from the album " Total Devo " .
In 2015 , the Royal Albert Hall released supposed correspondence between their Chief Executive and John Lennon , showing the RAH 's displeasure at the reference to holes in the building . This was an April Fool stunt .
= = Live performances = =
Paul McCartney performed the song live for the first time by any Beatle on 1 June 2008 at Anfield stadium , Liverpool , England . Both Beatles widows , Olivia Harrison and Yoko Ono , attended the concert . Also he performed the songs at some Spring and Summer shows in 2008 ( Kiev , Quebec City and Tel Aviv ) and 2009 ( Indio , Las Vegas ) and throughout his subsequent tours : Summer Live ' 09 , 2009 Good Evening Europe Tour , 2010 – 2011 Up and Coming Tour and 2011 – 2012 On the Run Tour .
= = Covers = =
The song has been recorded by many other artists , notably by Jeff Beck on the 2008 album Performing This Week : Live at Ronnie Scott 's Jazz Club which was also used in the film Across the Universe and won the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance . As of winter 2013 , the jam band Phish has covered the song 61 times .
The London Symphony Orchestra released an orchestral cover of the song in 1978 on Classic Rock : The Second Movement . It was also covered by Barry Gibb in 1978 for the film Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts
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